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advisors , and in any case the crown was only valuable if recognized by the European nobility , most important the Holy Roman Emperor . In 1699 , negotiations were renewed with emperor Leopold I , who in turn was in need of allies since the War of the Spanish Succession was about to break out . On 16 November 1700 , the emperor approved Frederick 's coronation in the Krontraktat ( " Crown tract " ) . With respect to Poland @-@ Lithuania , who held the provinces of Royal Prussia and Ermland , it was agreed that Frederick would call himself King in Prussia , instead of King of Prussia . Great Britain and the Dutch Republic , for similar reasons as the emperor , accepted Frederick 's elevation prior to the coronation .
On 17 January 1701 , Frederick dedicated the royal coat of arms , the Prussian black eagle , and motto , " suum cuique " . On 18 January , he crowned himself and his wife Sophie Charlotte in a baroque ceremony in Königsberg Castle .
On 28 January , August the Strong congratulated Frederick , yet not as Polish king , but as Saxon elector . In February , Denmark – Norway accepted Frederick 's elevation in hope of an ally in the Great Northern War , and the Tsardom of Russia likewise approved in 1701 . Most princes of the Holy Roman Empire followed . Charles XII of Sweden accepted Frederick as Prussian king in 1703 . In 1713 , France and Spain also accepted Frederick 's royal status .
The coronation was not accepted by the Teutonic Order , who despite the secularization of the Duchy of Prussia in 1525 upheld claims to the region . The Grand Master protested at the emperor 's court , and the pope sent a circular to all Catholic regents to not accept Frederick 's royal status . Until 1787 , papal documents continued to speak of the Prussian kings as " Margraves of Brandenburg " . Neither did the Polish – Lithuanian nobility accept Frederick 's royal status , seeing the Polish province of Royal Prussia endangered , and only in 1764 was the Prussian kingship accepted .
Since Brandenburg was still legally part of the Holy Roman Empire , the personal union between Brandenburg and Prussia technically continued until the empire 's dissolution in 1806 . However , the emperor 's power was only nominal by this time , and Brandenburg soon came to be treated as a de facto province of the Prussian kingdom . Although Frederick was still only an elector within the portions of his domain that were part of the empire , he only acknowledged the emperor 's overlordship over them in a formal way .
= = Administration = =
In the mid @-@ 16th century , the margraves of Brandenburg had become highly dependent on the estates ( counts , lords , knights and towns , no prelates due to the Protestant Reformation in 1538 ) . The margraviate 's liabilities and tax income as well as the margrave 's finances were controlled by the Kreditwerk , an institution not controlled by the elector , and the Großer Ausschuß ( " Great Committee " ) of the estates . This was due to concessions made by Joachim II in 1541 in turn for financial aid by the estates , however , the Kreditwerk went bankrupt between 1618 and 1625 . The margraves further had to yield the veto of the estates in all issues concerning the " better or worse of the country " , in all legal commitments , and in all issues concerning pawn or sale of the elector 's real property .
To reduce the influence of the estates , Joachim Frederick in 1604 created a council called Geheimer Rat für die Kurmark ( " Privy Council for the Electorate " ) , which instead of the estates was to function as the supreme advisory council for the elector . While the council was permanently established in 1613 , it failed to gain any influence until 1651 due to the Thirty Years ' War .
Until after the Thirty Years ' War , the territories of Brandenburg @-@ Prussia were politically independent from each other , connected only by the common feudal superior . Frederick William , who envisioned the transformation of the personal union into a real union , started to centralize the Brandenburg @-@ Prussian government with an attempt to establish the Geheimer Rat as a central authority for all territories in 1651 , but this project proved to be unfeasible . Instead , the elector continued to appoint a governor ( Kurfürstlicher Rat ) for each territory , who in most cases was a member of the Geheimer Rat . The most powerful institution in the territories remained the governments of the estates ( Landständische Regierung , named Oberratsstube in Prussia and Geheime Landesregierung in Mark and Cleves ) , which were the highest government agencies regarding jurisdiction , finances and administration . The elector attempted to balance the estates ' governments by creating Amtskammer chambers to administer and coordinate the elector 's domains , tax income and privileges . Such chambers were introduced in Brandenburg in 1652 , in Cleves and Mark in 1653 , in Pomerania in 1654 , in Prussia in 1661 and in Magdeburg in 1680 . Also in 1680 , the Kreditwerk came under the aegis of the elector .
Frederick William 's excise tax ( Akzise ) , which since 1667 replaced the property tax raised in Brandenburg for Brandenburg @-@ Prussia 's standing army with the estates ' consent , was raised by the elector without consultation of the estates . The conclusion of the Second Northern War had strengthened the elector politically , enabling him to reform the constitution of Cleves and Mark in 1660 and 1661 to introduce officials loyal to him and independent of the local estates . In the Duchy of Prussia , he confirmed the traditional privileges of the estates in 1663 , but the latter accepted the caveat that these privileges were not to be used to interfere with the exertion of the elector 's sovereignty . As in Brandenburg , Frederick William ignored the privilege of the Prussian estates to confirm or veto taxes raised by the elector : while in 1656 , an Akzise was raised with the estates ' consent , the elector by force collected taxes not approved by the Prussian estates for the first time in 1674 . Since 1704 , the Prussian estates had de facto relinquished their right to approve the elector 's taxes while formally still entitled to do so . In 1682 , the elector introduced an Akzise to Pomerania and in 1688 to Magdeburg , while in Cleves and Mark an Akzise was introduced only between 1716 and 1720 . Due to Frederick William 's reforms , the state income increased threefold during his reign , and the tax burden per subject reached a level twice as high as in France .
Under the rule of Frederick III ( I ) , the Brandenburg Prussian territories were de facto reduced to provinces of the monarchy . Frederick William 's testament would have divided Brandenburg @-@ Prussia among his sons , yet firstborn Frederick III with the emperor 's backing succeeded in becoming the sole ruler based on the Treaty of Gera , which forbade a division of Hohenzollern territories . In 1689 , a new central chamber for all Brandenburg @-@ Prussian territories was created , called Geheime Hofkammer ( since 1713 : Generalfinanzdirektorium ) . This chamber functioned as a superior agency of the territories ' Amtskammer chambers . The General War Commissariat ( Generalkriegskommissariat ) emerged as a second central agency , superior to the local Kriegskommissariat agencies initially concerned with the administration of the army , but until 1712 transformed into an agency also concerned with general tax and police tasks .
= = = Map = = =
= = = List of territories = = =
( Kotulla ( 2008 ) , p . 261 )
= = Religion and immigration = =
In 1613 , John Sigismund converted from Lutheranism to Calvinism , but failed to achieve the conversion of the estates by the rule of cuius regio , eius religio . Thus , on 5 February 1615 , he granted the Lutherans religious freedom , while the electors court remained largely Calvinist . When Frederick William I rebuilt Brandenburg @-@ Prussia 's war @-@ torn economy , he attracted settlers from all Europe , especially by offering religious asylum , most prominently by the Edict of Potsdam which attracted more than 15 @,@ 000 Huguenots .
= = Navy and colonies = =
Brandenburg @-@ Prussia established a navy and colonies during the reign of Frederick William . The " Great Elector " had spent part of his childhood at the Pomeranian court and port cities of Wolgast ( 1631 – 1633 ) and Stettin ( 1633 – 1635 ) , and afterwards studied at the Dutch universities of Leyden and The Hague ( 1635 – 1638 ) . When Frederick William became elector in 1640 , he invited Dutch engineers to Brandenburg , sent Brandenburgian engineers to study in the Netherlands , and in 1646 married educated Luise Henriette of the Dutch House of Orange @-@ Nassau . After the Thirty Years ' War , Frederick William tried to acquire finances to rebuild the country by participating in oversea trade , and attempted to found a Brandenburg @-@ Prussian East Indies Company . He engaged former Dutch admiral Aernoult Gijsels van Lier as advisor and tried to persuade the Holy Roman Emperor and princes of the empire to participate . The emperor , however , declined the request as he considered it dangerous to disturb the interest of the other European powers . In 1651 , Frederick William bought Danish Fort Dansborg and Tranquebar for 120 @,@ 000 reichstalers . As Frederick William was unable to raise this sum , he asked several people and Hanseatic towns to invest in the project , but since none of these were able or willing to give sufficient money , the treaty with Denmark was nullified in 1653 .
= = = Navy = = =
In 1675 , after the victory at Fehrbellin and the Brandenburg @-@ Prussian advance in Swedish Pomerania during the Scanian War , Frederick William decided to establish a navy . He engaged Dutch merchant and shipowner Benjamin Raule as his advisor , who after a first personal meeting with Frederick William in 1675 settled in Brandenburg in 1676 and became the major figure of Brandenburg @-@ Prussia 's emerging naval and colonial enterprise . The Brandenburg @-@ Prussian navy was established from ten ships which Frederick William leased from Raule , and achieved first successes in the war against Sweden supporting the siege of Stralsund and Stettin and the invasion of Rügen . In Pillau ( now Baltiysk ) on the East Prussian coast , Raule established shipyards and enlarged the port facilities .
After the Treaty of Saint @-@ Germain @-@ en @-@ Laye ( 1679 ) , the navy was used to hijack Swedish ships in the Baltic Sea , and in 1680 , six Brandenburg @-@ Prussian vessels captured the Spanish vessel Carolus Secundus near Oostende to pressure Spain to pay promised subsidies . The Spanish ship was renamed Markgraf von Brandenburg ( " Margrave of Brandenburg " ) and became the flagship of an Atlantic fleet that was ordered to capture Spanish vessels carrying silver ; it was not successful in this mission . In the following years , the navy was expanded , and the policy of leasing ships was replaced by the policy of building or purchasing them . On 1 October 1684 Frederick William bought all ships that had been leased for 110 @,@ 000 talers . Also in 1684 , the East Frisian port of Emden replaced Pillau as the main Brandenburg @-@ Prussian naval base . From Pillau , part of the shipyard , the admiral 's house and the wooden church of the employees was transferred to Emden . While Emden was not part of Brandenburg @-@ Prussia , the elector owned a nearby castle , Greetsiel , and negotiated an agreement with the town to maintain a garrison and a port .
= = = West African Gold Coast ( Großfriedrichsburg ) = = =
In 1679 , Raule presented Frederick William a plan to establish colonies in African Guinea , and the elector approved . In July 1680 , Frederick William issued respective orders , and two ships were selected to establish trade contacts with African tribes and explore places where colonies could be established . On 17 September , frigate Wappen von Brandenburg ( " Seal of Brandenburg " ) and Morian ( poetic for " Mohr " , " Negro " ) left for Guinea . The ships reached Guinea in January 1681 . Since the crew of the Wappen von Brandenburg sold a barrel of brandy to Africans in a territory claimed by the Dutch West Indies Company , the latter confiscated the ship in March . The crew of the remaining ship Morian managed to have three Guinean chieftains sign a contract on 16 May , before the Dutch expelled the vessel from the coastal waters . This treaty , officially declared as trade agreement , included a clause of subjection of the chiefs to Frederick William 's overlordship and an agreement allowing Brandenburg @-@ Prussia to establish a fort , and is thus regarded the beginning of the Brandenburg @-@ Prussian colonial era .
To facilitate the colonial expeditions , the Brandenburg African Company was founded on 7 March 1682 , initially with its headquarters in Berlin and its shipyards in Pillau , since 1683 in Emden . Throughout its existence , the company was underfunded , and expeditions were financed also by private capital , including payments by Raule and Frederick William . In July 1682 , an expedition under East Prussian Otto Friedrich von der Groeben was sent to Guinea to erect the fortress Großfriedrichsburg . On 24 February 1684 , another treaty with indigenous chiefs was signed that allowed the erection of a second fort in nearby Accada ( now Akwida ) , named Dorotheenschanze after Frederick William 's second wife . On 4 February 1685 , a treaty was signed with the chiefs of Taccararay ( now Takoradi ) , some 30 kilometers east of Großfriedrichsburg . A fourth fort was built at a spring near the village of Taccrama , between Großfriedrichsburg and Dorotheenschanze , named Loge or Sophie @-@ Louise @-@ Schanze . Overall , the colony comprised roughly 50 kilometers of coastline , and did not extend into the hinterland .
= = = Arguin = = =
A second colony was established at the Arguin archipelago off the West African coast ( now part of Mauritania ) . In contrast to the Guinean colony , Arguin had been a colony before : In 1520 , Portugal had build a fort on the main island , which with all of Portugal came under Spanish control in 1580 . In 1638 it was conquered by the Dutch Republic , and in 1678 by France , who due to high maintenance costs abandoned it and demolished the fort soon after . On 27 July 1685 , an expedition was mounted by Frederick William and Raule , who took possession of the vacated colony on 1 October . Subsequently , the fort was rebuilt and contacts to the indigenous population established . France was alarmed and sent a vessel to re @-@ conquer the fort in late 1687 , but the attack of a French frigate and a smaller vessel was beaten back by the Brandenburg @-@ Prussian garrison . The victory improved the relations to the indigenous people , many of whom were carried off as slaves by the French before . While Arguin did not reach the economic importance of Großfriedrichsburg , it temporarily advanced to the world 's primary staple port for slaves .
= = = Caribbean = = =
The African colonies enabled Brandenburg @-@ Prussia to participate in the Triangular trade , yet it lacked its own trading post in the Caribbean Sea . In 1684 , Brandenburg @-@ Prussia was denied the purchase of the French islands Sainte Croix and Saint Vincent . In November 1685 , after a failed attempt to purchase Saint Thomas from Denmark – Norway , a Brandenburg @-@ Danish agreement was reached that allowed the Brandenburg African Company to rent part of Saint Thomas as a base for 30 years , while the sovereignty remained with Denmark and administration with the Danish West Indies and Guinean Company . The first Brandenburgian vessel arrived in 1686 with 450 Slaves from Großfriedrichsburg . Brandenburg @-@ Prussia was allotted an area near the capital city Charlotte Amalie , called Brandenburgery , and other territories named Krum Bay and Bordeaux Estates further west . In 1688 , 300 Europeans and several hundred slaves lived on the Brandenburgian estates . In November 1695 , French forces looted the Brandenburgian ( not the Danish ) colony . In 1731 , the Brandenburg @-@ Prussian company on Saint Thomas ( BAAC ) became insolvent , and abandoned the island in 1735 . Their last remains were sold by auction in 1738 .
Brandenburg @-@ Prussia tried to acquire Crab Island in 1687 , but the island was claimed also by Denmark , Great Britain and Spain , and when a second expedition in 1692 found the island in Danish hands , the plan was abandoned . 1689 , Brandenburg @-@ Prussia annexed Peter Island , but the small rock proved ineligible for trade or settlement . In 1691 , Brandenburg @-@ Prussia and the Duchy of Courland agreed on a partition of Tobago , but since Courland was no longer present on the island which was meanwhile claimed by Great Britain , the agreement was nullified , and negotiations with Great Britain did not result in an agreement . In 1695 , Brandenburg @-@ Prussia tried to get a hold of Tortola , but Great Britain denied them settlement . Likewise , Great Britain declined an offer to purchase Sint Eustatius in 1697 .
= Naruto Uzumaki =
Naruto Uzumaki ( うずまき ナルト , Uzumaki Naruto ) is a fictional character in the anime and manga franchise Naruto , created by Masashi Kishimoto . The eponymous protagonist of the series , he is a teen ninja from the fictional village of Konohagakure . The villagers ridicule Naruto because of the Nine @-@ Tailed Demon Fox — a malevolent creature that attacked Konohagakure — sealed in his body . To be recognized , he aspires to become the village 's leader , the Hokage . His cheerful and boisterous personality lets him befriend other Konohagakure ninja , as well as ninja from other villages . Naruto appears in the series ' films and in other media related to the franchise , including video games and original video animations .
When creating Naruto in the initial part of the series , Kishimoto kept the character " simple and stupid " , while giving him many attributes of an ideal hero . Kishimoto added a harsh past to give him a side of darkness . Many times he has revised Naruto 's image , providing the character with different clothes to appeal to Western audiences and make him easier to illustrate . Kishimoto changed his design for Part II of the storyline , which starts two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years after Part I. Naruto is voiced by Junko Takeuchi in the original animated series and Maile Flanagan in the English adaptations .
Naruto has remained popular with the Naruto fan @-@ base , placing high in popularity polls . Merchandise based on Naruto has been released , including figurines and keychains . Naruto 's character has been praised by anime and manga publications . Although some saw him as a stereotypical manga and anime protagonist comparable to those in other shōnen manga , they have praised his personality and development as he avoids stereotypes .
= = Description = =
Naruto Uzumaki is introduced as a young man with blonde , spiky hair and blue eyes . He frequently wears an orange tracksuit . Following his ninja graduation he also wore a headband that denotes his position as a ninja from Konohagakure . In Part II of the manga , which features an older Naruto , he wears a new outfit as a result of his physical growth . The Nine @-@ Tailed Demon Fox sealed in Naruto influences his body , causing him to resemble the Fox over the course of his battles . While initially Naruto only shows small changes such as sharp teeth and claws , he later develops a red tail made of the Fox 's vital energy , or chakra . The red chakra starts by surrounding his body ; once four tails are manifested , Naruto 's blood starts merging with the chakra , coloring his entire body red . As the sixth tail appears , Naruto appears to wear the Fox 's skeleton . Once Naruto takes control of the fox 's chakra , he is able to maintain his regular form while using it . As a ninja , Naruto carries many weapons , but relies mostly on his ninja techniques while fighting , specializing in making clones of himself .
Introduced as childish clown , Naruto seeks attention as he was ridiculed during his childhood . To be accepted and respected , he resolves to become Konohagakure 's Hokage and surpass all the previous leaders no matter the difficulties . While becoming a ninja , Naruto forms friendships he initially lacked , linking some of them to family relationships . Although Naruto sometimes finds himself unable to accomplish the tasks he proposes to do , characters believe that Naruto will be an excellent Hokage because of his positive impact on their lives .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In Naruto = = =
Naruto is an orphan who , as a newborn , had the dangerous fox @-@ like entity known as Kurama the Nine @-@ Tailed Fox sealed within his body by his father , the Fourth Hokage Minato Namikaze , the leader of Konoha 's ninja force , at the cost of his own life . Because he became the host of the Nine Tails , Naruto was isolated by most of Konoha 's residents during his early childhood for being associated with him was considered taboo . Since then , Naruto has commonly made jokes and played pranks to attract attention . Desiring what he lacked in early life , Naruto dreams of becoming a Hokage himself with the hope that it will bring him the villagers ' recognition and respect . In an attempt to become a ninja , Naruto is horrified to learn of his Jinchuriki nature , but finds acceptance from his teacher Iruka Umino , whom he views as a father . After learning the powerful Multi @-@ Shadow Clone Jutsu , an ability to creates physical copies of the user , Naruto becomes a ninja . He joins a ninja group under the leadership of Kakashi Hatake , where Naruto gains the friends he lacked during his childhood in his classmates who are also assigned to Team 7 : Sasuke Uchiha , with whom he has a rivalry with since they first met at the ninja academy , and Sakura Haruno .
While going through an exam to increase his ninja rank , Naruto meets the legendary ninja Jiraiya and learns how to summon toads to aid him in battle and to control part of the Nine Tails 's chakra energy . The exams are interrupted as a result of the invasion of Konohagakure by the criminal Orochimaru and the ninja of Sunagakure , with Naruto defeating the sand village 's One Tail Jinchuriki Gaara and convincing him of a better way to live . Shortly afterward , Naruto discovers the Akatsuki , a criminal organization that seeks to extract the Nine @-@ Tails from his body . Though Jiraiya drives them off during this first meeting , learning its member Itachi is both Sasuke 's brother and the man who killed their family , the Akatsuki still plan to kidnap Naruto . While accompanying Jiraiya to find a new leader for the village , Naruto also learns the Rasengan , a sphere of chakra for offensive purposes . When Sasuke leaves the village to join Orochimaru 's forces to obtain the power to kill Itachi , Naruto becomes part of a rescue team to retrieve him . Naruto and Sasuke ultimately have a one @-@ on @-@ one battle , though neither can convince himself to finish off the other . The two go their separate ways , but Naruto does not give up on Sasuke , leaving Konoha with Jiraiya to prepare himself for his next encounter with Sasuke and the Akatsuki .
After his two and a half years of training , Naruto returns to Konoha as begins to deal more actively with the Akatsuki threat by first saving Gaara from their clutches . To fight them , Naruto trains with Kakashi to infuse the Rasengan with his own wind @-@ element chakra , creating the Rasen @-@ Shuriken attack that proves instrumental in the downfall of the Akatsuki member Kakuzu . Despite being targeted by the Akatsuki , Naruto dedicates himself to finding and retrieving Sasuke as he eventually deposes of Orochimaru and starts acting on his vengeance @-@ driven whims . Over time , though resisting the urge to use the creature 's power , the Nine Tails 's influence over him expands to the point where he begins to lose his rationality as more chakra manifests in the form of tails to the point the Tailed Beast can take control of his body which ultimately causes Naruto to go on a rampage , destroying everything in his path .
After learning that Jiraiya has been killed by the Akatsuki leader , Pain , Naruto prepares for a future encounter by learning toad @-@ style Senjutsu , a power @-@ enhancing ability involving the gathering of natural energy . When they finally face off , Naruto defeats Pain and convinces him to quit Akatsuki . At that time , Naruto learns that the Fourth Hokage was his father who sealed the Fox so that Naruto could use it to defeat the Akatsuki founder Tobi who was behind the Fox 's attack on Konohagakure .
When Naruto discovers Sasuke 's past role within the Akatsuki , his friend learning that Itachi acted in the village 's interests , he decides to confront Sasuke in battle which could end in both their deaths should Naruto be unable to save him . As a result , he prepares himself for the upcoming fights by becoming a student under the Jinchiriki of Gyuki the Eight Tails , Killer Bee , to take full control of Kurama 's powers . He succeeds with help from his late mother , Kushina Uzumaki , who placed a chakra imprint of herself within the seal . When Naruto learns that all his comrades are battling Tobi 's army to protect him , he takes Killer Bee to join the battle , eventually cooperating with Kurama . Across the battle , Naruto meets Hagoromo Ōtsutsuki , the Sage of the Six Paths , who grants him enhanced Senjutsu that allows him to heal most fatal injuries in order to face Madara along with the powers of all nine tailed beasts at his disposal . He later faces the force and true mastermind behind Madara 's actions : alien Princess Kaguya Ōtsutsuki , the core of the Ten Tails . Though Naruto manages to seal Kaguya with Sasuke 's help , he ends up forced to fight his friend when he reveals his true reason for helping him . Naruto convinces Sasuke to reconcile , losing his right arm from their final battle before later gaining a new limb created from Hashirama 's cells . Years later , Naruto is married to Hinata Hyuga with two children , Boruto and Himawari , and becomes the Seventh Hokage ( 七代目火影 , Nanadaime Hokage ) after Kakashi 's retirement , last seen attending a Kage summit held in the Hidden Leaf .
= = = In other media = = =
As the series ' title character , Naruto appears in every movie in the series . He typically appears as the lead character on a mission with comrades from Konohagakure . Naruto : Shippūden the Movie marks the first appearance of Naruto in his Part II appearance . In Road to Ninja : Naruto the Movie , an alternate version of the character named Menma appears as the main antagonist of the film .
In The Last : Naruto the Movie , which takes place after the events of the series , Naruto faces Toneri Otsutsuki while eventually take his relationship to Hinata to the next step leading their marriage . In Boruto : Naruto the Movie , taking place after the series epilogue , Naruto 's Hokage status caused a strained relationship with his son Boruto as his duties often kept him from his family . When it came ahead with Naruto having his son disqualified for cheating at the final phase of Chunin Exams , he is abducted by Momoshiki and Kinshiki . Once saved by his Boruto , Sasuke , and the Kage before helping his son create a giant Ransegan to destroy Momoshiki , Naruto is able to reconcile with Boruto . There is also a spin @-@ off where Naruto and his allies go to defeat a new Akatsuki organization .
He also appears in all four original video animations produced for the series : helping his friend Konohamaru Sarutobi find a four @-@ leaf clover in the first ; escorting a ninja to his village and fighting the criminal who stole the village 's " Hero 's Water " in the second ; , participating in a tournament in the third and working with Team 7 in the fourth one . He appears as a supporting character in the spin @-@ off manga titled Rock Lee and his Ninja Pals where his fellow Konohagakure ninja Rock Lee is the main character .
Naruto is a playable character in the Naruto video games . In several titles , it is possible to access a special version of him enhanced with the power from the Nine @-@ Tailed Fox . In several games from the Ultimate Ninja series he is playable with his own versions of Rock Lee and Might Guy 's techniques while wearing their costume . Naruto Shippūden : Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX marks the first appearance of Naruto in his Part II appearance in a video game . For the series ' 10th anniversary , Masashi Kishimoto made an illustration of Naruto as Hokage . This portrayal of Naruto later appears as a secret character in the game Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 2 . He appears in several crossover video games that feature Naruto fighting against characters from other manga ; these games include Battle Stadium D.O.N , Jump Super Stars and Jump Ultimate Stars . A Naruto avatar made a guest appearance in the MMORPG Second Life for a Jump Festa promotion titled Jumpland @ Second Life . In Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Z Naruto 's costume appears as an alternate costume for Goku .
= = Creation and conception = =
In the creation of Naruto , Kishimoto incorporated traits he felt made an ideal hero : a straightforward way of thinking , a mischievous side , and attributes possessed by Goku from the Dragon Ball franchise . Aiming to keep Naruto " simple and stupid " , Kishimoto avoided modeling Naruto after anyone in particular , instead conceiving him as naïve with a dark side induced by his harsh past . Despite this , he is always optimistic , a trait Kishimoto says makes him unique . Naruto 's personality is , by and large , childish ; the creator tries to convey this trait in his illustrations . On the manga cover of volume 10 , for example , Naruto is depicted mimicking a turtle as a child might do . Naruto was Kishimoto 's first published
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instead of jail , and will be released as soon as they are sober , or at most 48 hours .
Likewise a person charged with a non @-@ indictable criminal offense , including those being adjudicated in juvenile court , may request alcohol treatment in lieu of criminal prosecution . If a physician attests that the defendant is an alcoholic , the court may impose inpatient treatment for up to 30 days , outpatient treatment for up to 60 days , or both . If the person successfully completes the treatment program , the criminal charges will be dismissed . A person with alcohol dependency who has been charged with an indictable crime may apply for " special probation " ( also known as drug court ) . Those charged with severe violent crimes ( e.g. murder , kidnapping ) are not eligible , but people charged with offenses with mandatory sentences , or who have extensive non @-@ violent criminal records may be eligible . If admitted to special probation , the defendant will be subject to 18 months to 5 years of intense probation and residential treatment as an alternative to prison .
An employer who terminates an employee for being an alcoholic is in violation of the state 's anti @-@ discrimination laws unless they can show that person 's condition affected their job performance or created a substantial safety risk . No general hospitals may refuse a patient treatment for intoxication or alcoholism , and all individual and group health insurance plans which are regulated by the state of New Jersey are required to offer both inpatient and outpatient treatment for alcoholism . Under federal law , all group health insurances plans for private companies with more than 50 employees must offer insurance coverage for alcoholism that is equal to their insurance coverage for other medical conditions .
= = Areas outside state ABC jurisdiction = =
= = = Casinos = = =
In a 1976 referendum , New Jersey voters approved casino gambling in Atlantic City . Because of concerns about organized crime connections to gambling , New Jersey enacted strict regulations that included licensing of all casino employees and contractors , and a separation of powers between the Division of Gaming Enforcement ( DGE ) and the Casino Control Commission ( CCC ) . The Division of Gaming Enforcement is part of the New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety , and is responsible for investigating casino license applications , monitoring casino operations , and enforcing New Jersey 's casino laws and regulations as defined in Title 5 , Chapter 12 of New Jersey 's statutes , and Title 13 , Chapter 69I of New Jersey 's Administrative Code . The Casino Control Commission is an independent agency in the state Treasury Department with both quasi @-@ legislative and quasi @-@ judicial powers , and is responsible for creating casino regulations , hearing appeals of DGE penalties , and make decisions on casino licensing . In light of such regulation and the uniqueness of casino gambling , New Jersey 's twelve casinos are not under the jurisdiction of the Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control ( ABC ) or Atlantic City 's alcoholic beverage control board .
Casinos , and vendors serving , selling or storing alcoholic beverages for a casino , are required to obtain a casino hotel alcoholic beverage ( CHAB ) license from the Division of Gaming Enforcement . CHAB licenses must be renewed every five years . New Jersey 's casino alcohol regulations are divided into five different regions of activity : ( a ) the casino floor ( includes simulcasting facilities ) ; ( b ) the hotel ( includes restaurants and meeting rooms ) ; ( c ) package goods ; ( d ) room service ; and ( e ) storage . Alcohol sold or given away on the casino floor and in hotel areas must be in an open container for immediate consumption , whereas alcohol sold in a package goods area must be sealed . Alcoholic beverages brought to a patron as a room service may be open or closed , whereas storage areas must not be accessible to the public .
Although casinos are not under the jurisdiction of the ABC , many of the regulations for casinos and casino vendors are similar to those for ABC class C retailer licensees . Casinos may generally only purchase alcoholic beverages from licensed wholesalers ( i.e. ABC Class B licensees ) . A casino may have a brewpub on site , but production is limited to 3 @,@ 000 barrels of beer per year , and the beer may only be distributed in open containers on casino floor and in hotel areas of the casino . Casinos may obtain a permit to have tastings , and tasting dinners . Non @-@ profit organizations may obtain a permit to have a social event at a casino where they charge for alcoholic beverages . Organizations are limited to 12 casino social event permits per year , and a given casino may only host 25 such events per year .
Casinos are not allowed to serve alcohol to people who are under 21 or intoxicated , are strictly liable for patron 's behavior , and are subject to dram shop lawsuits for injuries stemming from negligence in serving alcohol . Casinos are permitted to give away " comp " drinks , and many do to reward and encourage gambling . Except on New Year 's Eve , a casino cannot sell an unlimited amount of alcoholic beverages at a set price , nor may they require patrons to purchase alcoholic beverages in order to access an event or service . In 1983 , because of difficulties in preventing underage drinking in casinos , the legal age to gamble at a casino was raised to 21 . In Hakimoglu v. Trump Taj Mahal Associates , a federal appeals court decided that casinos are not legally responsible for gambling losses and debts incurred by intoxicated gamblers , but it is not clear if the decision applies if the intoxicated gambler is also underage .
Because they serve alcoholic beverages , casino nightclubs are prohibited from offering full nudity . In 2013 , Trump Taj Mahal opened the nation 's first casino strip club , featuring scantily clad dancers . New Jersey 's casinos initially had closing times like most ABC @-@ licensed establishments , but were allowed to stay open 24 hours per day , 7 days a week starting in 1992 It is legal for a minor to go to a casino , insofar as they do not gamble , consume alcoholic beverages in public areas of the casino , or remain on the gambling floor . Because Atlantic City has ordinances prohibiting underage drinking on private property , it is illegal for a person underage 21 to drink in a casino hotel room unless a family member is present .
= = = Federal lands = = =
The applicability of state and municipal alcohol laws on federal lands is a complex and partially unresolved legal issue that depends on whether the federal property is considered a federal enclave , what rights the state reserved when it granted the property to the federal government , and whether the law is criminal or civil . If the federal property is not an enclave , the federal government either has concurrent jurisdiction ( shared authority with the state ) or proprietary jurisdiction ( only the rights of a landowner ) , and the state can enforce alcohol laws .
If the federal property is an enclave , then the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction , unless the state reserved rights when it ceded the land to the federal government . The Assimilative Crimes Act makes it a federal crime to violate a state law while at a federal enclave in that state . The Assimilative Crimes Act only applies to criminal laws ( not regulatory laws ) , and is not applicable if the conduct is already regulated by federal law . Under federal law , military facilities are required to adopt state traffic laws , but the base commander is permitted to institute additional traffic laws .
In New Jersey , older Department of Defense and Department of Interior properties such as Fort Dix and parts of Sandy Hook are federal enclaves , but most other federal properties are not enclaves . Because New Jersey generally did not reserve any right to regulate federal enclaves , state liquor licensing rules and alcohol taxes cannot be enforced . There is no universal policy regarding the sale of alcoholic beverages on federal lands , but almost all military bases , and some national parks allow for alcohol concessions , both for on @-@ premises or off @-@ premises consumption .
Unlike the state , federal agencies which allow alcohol sales do not have a system of liquor licenses or alcoholic beverage control boards , but instead simply award contracts to business per federal procurement laws . New Jersey does not consider municipal ordinances to be criminal offenses , and so open container laws cannot be enforced in federal enclaves under the Assimilative Crimes Act . Public consumption of alcohol is allowed on federal lands , except when in an automobile , or when the park superintendent has prohibited open containers in an area . For example , it is legal to consume alcoholic beverages on the beach at Sandy Hook .
Because DUI in New Jersey is a non @-@ criminal traffic violation , state DUI laws are not subject to the Assimilative Crimes Act . Members of the Armed Forces can be court martialed for drunk driving , military bases can enforce New Jersey traffic law on civilians , and it is a misdemeanor under federal law to drive while intoxicated on land administered by the National Park Service , the Department of Veterans Affairs , or the Postal Service . Similar to New Jersey , federal DUI statutes prohibit the operation of a motor vehicle while having a BAC of 0 @.@ 08 % or greater , and require a driver to give a breath sample if requested by a law enforcement authority .
Federal DUI law differs from New Jersey law in that there are no mandatory minimum jail sentences , irrespective of the number of previous DUI convictions , and plea bargaining is allowed . A federal DUI conviction will result in unexpungeable criminal record . Federal courts cannot suspend a driver 's license , but may notify the New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission of a DUI conviction . In federal enclaves that are under the jurisdiction of other federal departments ( e.g. Fish and Wildlife Service ) , it is unclear if drunk driving could be prosecuted since the Assimilative Crimes Act is inapplicable , and there is no federal law defining DUI on those properties .
Under federal law , the drinking age for the Armed Forces is the same as the state or nation where the military base is located , or the drinking age of a state or nation within 50 miles of the base . Effectively , that restricts the purchase of alcohol at New Jersey military bases to those over 21 . Irrespective of state laws on underage consumption , the Army , Navy , Air Force , and Coast Guard prohibit the consumption of alcohol by underage personnel when stationed in the United States . Marines under 21 are permitted to drink alcohol at U.S. bases on special occasions .
Federal law states that national parks will have the same underage laws as the state that they are located in , and the Assimilative Crimes Act is applicable to New Jersey 's underage drinking statute . Thus , in a private location , such as a cabin in a federal enclave in New Jersey , a parent can serve alcohol to their child , and an underage person can possess and consume alcohol . Outside of these exceptions , underage drinking and serving alcohol to a minor are federal misdemeanors , punishable by a fine and up to 6 months in jail . There is a 5 @-@ year statute of limitations for DUI , underage drinking , and other alcohol violations that take place in federal enclaves .
= Sinsen ( station ) =
Sinsen is a rapid transit station on the Ring Line of the Oslo Metro . It is located at Sinsen in the Sagene borough of Oslo , Norway . Next to the station is the tram station Sinsenkrysset , that has been part of the Sinsen Line of the Oslo Tramway since 1939 . The station opened on 20 August 2006 , as part of the first section of the Ring Line . The station is served by line 6 of the metro , as well as several local bus services . Sinsen is a mixed residential and commercial area .
= = History = =
Storo opened as a tram station as part of the extension of the Sinsen Line to Grefsen in 1939 . The tram station was built adjacent to the Sinsen Interchange , between Ring 3 and National Road 4 . In 1992 , the Sinsen Line was moved redirected to go outside the interchange .
The process of establishing a Ring Line to serve the northern parts of Oslo started in the late 1980s . The plans were passed by the city council in 1997 , and financing was secured in 2000 through Oslo Package 2 . Construction started in June 2000 , and the first section to Nydalen and Storo opened on 20 August 2003 . The ring was completed and Sinsen opened on 20 August 2006 . The station is owned by Sporveien .
= = Facilities = =
The rapid transit station was designed by architects Jensen & Skodvin Architects , and is visually and structurally very similar to Storo . It features a center platform , a roof , and incorporates wood , steel and concrete as construction materials . To the south , the station is located just outside the tunnel that connects the Ring Line to the Grorud Line . To the north , the line runs parallel to the mainline Gjøvik Line . Sinsen is located just beside the Sinsen Interchange , in a mixed residential and commercial area .
= = Service = =
Line 6 of the Oslo Metro operate to Sinsen , with a 15 @-@ minute headway . The line operate clockwise through the eastern part of town into the Common Tunnel towards Sognsvann , while it operates counterclockwise via the western part into the Common Tunnel towards Bergkrystallen . Line 3 , which operates to the other stations on the Ring Line , does not continue to Sinsen . Travel time from Sinsen to Stortinget is 9 minutes clockwise and 16 minutes counterclockwise . The service is operated by Oslo T @-@ banedrift on contract with Ruter .
The tram station is served by line 17 of the Oslo Tramway . It operates on a ten @-@ minute headway to the city center . Travel time to Jernbanetorget is 13 minutes . Northwards , the line continues to the final station , Grefsen . While the tram and rapid transit stations are within walking distance of each other , they are not marked as transfer stations on the schedules . The trams are operated by Oslo Sporvognsdrift on contract with Ruter .
The station serves several bus routes . Lines 23 and 24 along Ring 3 from Lysaker to Simensbråten , and Brynseng to Fornebu stop at Sinsen . Line 31 runs via Sinsen from Grorud to Snarøya , as does line 33 from Ellingsrudåsen to Filipstad , and line 58 from Helsfyr to Nydalen .
= Tropical Depression Ten ( 2007 ) =
Tropical Depression Ten was a short @-@ lived tropical cyclone that made landfall on the Florida Panhandle in September 2007 . The system developed as a subtropical depression on September 21 in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico from the interaction of a tropical wave , the tail end of a cold front , and an upper @-@ level low . Initially containing a poorly defined circulation and intermittent thunderstorm activity , the system transitioned into a tropical depression after convection increased over the center . Tracking northwestward , the depression moved ashore near Fort Walton Beach early on September 22 and dissipated over southeastern Alabama shortly thereafter .
Initially the depression was forecast to move ashore as a minimal tropical storm , and the threat of the depression prompted state of emergency declarations in Mississippi and Louisiana . It was the first tropical cyclone to threaten the New Orleans area since Hurricane Katrina and the destructive 2005 hurricane season . Overall impact from the cyclone was minor and largely limited to light rainfall . However , the precursor system spawned a damaging tornado in Eustis , Florida , where 20 houses were destroyed and 30 more were damaged .
= = Meteorological history = =
Tropical Depression Ten formed from the complex interaction between an upper @-@ level low , a tropical wave that produced Tropical Storm Ingrid , and the tail end of a cold front . By September 17 , the system produced widespread thunderstorm activity over The Bahamas and western Atlantic Ocean . The upper @-@ level low over the Florida Panhandle increased convection across the area , and on September 18 the system began crossing Florida . Initially very disorganized , surface pressures gradually decreased across the region , with a weak low @-@ pressure area developing on September 19 .
A reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system on September 20 reported a well @-@ defined low and strong wind gusts in squalls as the system tracked into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico , along with limited and disorganized thunderstorm activity . Convection gradually became better organized , with a well @-@ defined band in its eastern semicircle and intermittent thunderstorm activity near the center . Despite an overall disorganized structure , with a poorly defined circulation and an upper @-@ level low aloft , the National Hurricane Center initiated advisories on Subtropical Depression Ten at 1500 UTC on September 21 while it was located about 40 miles ( 60 km ) south of St. Vincent Island , Florida , citing " the potential for additional development right along the coastline . " In post @-@ analysis , it was classified a subtropical cyclone three hours earlier .
With a mid @-@ level ridge to its northwest , the subtropical depression was anticipated to parallel the coastline of the Gulf Coast of the United States . As a result , it was forecast to attain winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) and move ashore along southern Mississippi . The circulation became better defined as convection modestly increased over the center , and within six hours of its development the system transitioned into a tropical depression . The cyclone continued tracking northwestward , making landfall around 0000 UTC on September 22 near Fort Walton Beach , Florida , with winds of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . The cloud pattern deteriorated as it tracked inland , and 3 hours after it moved ashore the National Hurricane Center issued its last advisory on the depression . As the depression tracked into Alabama , it became increasingly disorganized , and the system dissipated as a tropical cyclone early on September 22 . Its remnant surface low continued west @-@ northwest before dissipating near the Louisiana / Texas border early on September 23 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
The combination of wind shear and low @-@ level helicity produced moderate convection across central Florida in association with the precursor low pressure system . Late on September 20 , a supercell developed near Lake Apopka , and tracking quickly northward it spawned an EF1 tornado near Eustis ; the tornado tracked for 1 @.@ 83 mi ( 2 @.@ 94 km ) and reached winds of about 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . The tornado destroyed 20 homes , left 30 others severely damaged , injured one person , and caused power outages for about 300 people . Damage totaled $ 6 @.@ 2 million ( 2007 USD ) . Tornadoes were also reported near Marianna and Chipley . The precursor low pressure system also generated lightning that stuck and killed a man in Hendry County , Florida .
Outer rainbands began affecting coastal sections of the Florida Panhandle by about 12 hours prior to the formation of the depression . Coinciding with the first advisory on the depression , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm warning from Apalachicola , Florida , westward to the mouth of the Mississippi River . Shortly thereafter , an inland tropical storm warning was issued for Pearl River , Walthall , and Pike counties in Mississippi and Washington Parish in Louisiana . Additionally , the New Orleans National Weather Service issued a coastal flood watch for four parishes in southeastern Louisiana . In Mississippi , Governor Haley Barbour declared a state of emergency . Officials ordered a mandatory evacuation for residents in shallow areas and in mobile homes for Jackson , Harrison , and Hancock counties . Officials in New Orleans opened three emergency shelters , citing the potential need of shelter for citizens in about 17 @,@ 000 FEMA trailers after Hurricane Katrina . Due to the threat of the cyclone , Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco declared a state of emergency and placed the state 's National Guard and other disaster services on reserve .
Waves of about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) and rip currents were reported along the west coast of Florida . However , no beach erosion was reported . Rainfall associated with the system peaked at 7 @.@ 29 inches ( 185 mm ) at Hastings . Elsewhere , rainfall totals reached 1 @.@ 46 inches ( 37 @.@ 1 mm ) in Albany , Georgia , and 0 @.@ 51 inches ( 13 mm ) in Dothan , Alabama . Wind gusts from the storm peaked at 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) in Milton , Florida , which blew down a few trees in Escambia County . Overall damage from the depression was minimal . Storm surge ranged from 2 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 1 feet ( 0 @.@ 76 to 1 @.@ 25 m ) along the Panhandle .
Prior to the storm 's development , several oil and gas companies removed unneeded workers from offshore oil platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico ; Shell Oil Company evacuated about 700 employees , while Noble Energy removed its workforce of about 300 people from two oil rigs . ExxonMobil cut its output by about 1 @,@ 000 barrels of oil and 55 @,@ 000 cubic feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m3 ) . With 27 @.@ 7 % of the daily crude oil production halted due to the depression , oil prices rose further after days of increasing levels , and on September 20 reached a record rate of over $ 84 per barrel .
= = = Tornadoes = = =
= Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line =
The Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line was a railway branch line in Buckinghamshire , United Kingdom running from Wolverton on the London and North Western Railway ( LNWR ) ( today 's West Coast Main Line ) to Newport Pagnell . The line fully opened to passengers in 1867 , with an extension to Olney planned in 1865 , but this scheme was abandoned after partial construction . Earthworks along the route of the extension still exist in Bury field , and plaques exist detailing the history of the failed project .
Competition from road traffic starting in the early twentieth century put pressure on the railway , and it was later a victim of the Beeching axe in 1962 . The line was seen as unprofitable , and it closed to passengers in 1964 , and to goods traffic in 1967 . Part of the trackbed today provides a section of the Milton Keynes redway system .
= = Background = =
The Newport Pagnell Canal had opened in 1817 between the Grand Junction Canal at Great Linford and Newport Pagnell . The canal carried a reasonable level of traffic , but in 1845 , the LNWR attempted to buy the canal , using it for a potential railway line . The offer was refused for two decades , until 1862 , when the LNWR was able to purchase the canal for £ 9000 . The canal closed in 1864 . Despite this , the railway when built did not run on the line of the old canal .
Two earlier proposals had been made in 1845 and 1846 for a railway serving Newport Pagnell , both schemes failing to attract sufficient capital .
= = Construction and operation = =
Permission to build the 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) long single line branch railway was obtained on 16 June 1863 . The line opened for goods in 1866 , with passenger services commencing on 2 September 1867 . The line was officially absorbed by the LNWR in 1875 . The one engine that worked the single track branch was later nicknamed Newport Nobby .
In 1865 , powers were granted to extend the line from Newport Pagnell to Olney and then on to meet the Northampton and Peterborough Railway at Wellingborough . Construction was underway , and a bridge had been completed when the extension was abandoned in 1871 . Olney was later served by a station on the Midland Railway 's Bedford to Northampton Line from 1872 , that line closing in 1962 .
In 1900 a spur connecting the branch to the up slow line of the West Coast Main Line was constructed . The water supply for locomotives at Wolverton was insufficient , so a water column was built at the intermediate station in Bradwell . Water came from the town 's own source , with many houses losing their supply . On Mondays , housewives were known to shake their fists at engine drivers when their weekly wash was interrupted . Eventually drivers were forbidden from taking water from Bradwell on Mondays .
In 1898 , the first motor bus service in Buckinghamshire began running between Newport Pagnell and Olney , followed by numerous other routes , which took traffic away from the railway line . Despite this , the LNWR considered electrification of the line in 1904 , believing such a scheme would bring about considerable savings , but the idea never materialised .
= = Closure = =
The branch was included in the Beeching report of 1963 which concluded that , since 30 % of the railway network carried less than 1 % of the total passenger traffic , much of it should be closed . The residents of Newport Pagnell resisted the closure , demanding an enquiry which took place on 7 June 1964 . Despite many objections , it was determined that the line would close . The last passenger service was the 5 : 34 pm train from Newport Pagnell on 5 September 1964 , just under a century after the line opened to passengers . The mourning of the line was so great that a bucket of water was poured over a double dressed as Richard Beeching , the man commonly associated with the closure of over 4 @,@ 000 miles of the British railway network . The crowd cheered as this happened , a mark of the public 's feelings about the closure .
The line was finally closed to freight traffic in 1967 , after which the tracks were lifted . Part of the trackbed is now used by the Milton Keynes redway system , the network of cycle and pedestrian routes that serves the Milton Keynes urban area .
= Larry Doby =
Lawrence Eugene Doby ( December 13 , 1923 – June 18 , 2003 ) was an American professional baseball player in the Negro leagues and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) who was the second black player to break baseball 's color barrier . A native of Camden , South Carolina and three @-@ sport all @-@ state athlete while in high school in Paterson , New Jersey , Doby accepted a basketball scholarship from Long Island University . At 17 years of age , he began professionally playing baseball with the Newark Eagles as the team 's second baseman . Doby joined the United States Navy during World War II . His military service complete , Doby returned to baseball in 1946 , and along with teammate Monte Irvin , helped the Eagles win the Negro League World Series .
In July 1947 , Doby joined Jackie Robinson in breaking the MLB color barrier . He became the first black player in the American League ( AL ) when he signed a contract to play with Bill Veeck 's Cleveland Indians . Doby was the first player to go directly to the majors from the Negro leagues . A seven @-@ time All @-@ Star center fielder , Doby and teammate Satchel Paige were the first African @-@ American players to win a World Series championship when the Indians won in 1948 . He helped the Indians win a franchise @-@ record 111 games and the AL pennant in 1954 , finished second in the AL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award voting and was the AL 's RBI leader and home run champion . He went on to play for the Chicago White Sox , Detroit Tigers , and Chunichi Dragons before his retirement as a player in 1962 .
Doby later served as the second black manager in the majors with the Chicago White Sox , and in 1995 was appointed to a position in the AL 's executive office . He also served as a director with the New Jersey Nets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1998 by the Hall 's Veterans Committee and died in 2003 at the age of 79 .
= = Early life = =
Doby was born in Camden , South Carolina , to David Doby and Etta Brooks . Doby 's father served in World War I. He worked as a horse groomer and played semi @-@ pro baseball , but drowned in an accident at age 37 in New York state . Doby 's mother , who had divorced David before his death , moved to Paterson , New Jersey ; Doby remained in Camden . He lived with his grandmother before moving to live with his father 's sister and brother @-@ in @-@ law from 1934 to 1938 . He attended Jackson School , which was segregated under South Carolina state law . His first opportunity to play organized baseball came as a student at Browning Home @-@ Mather Academy , a private school affiliated with the Methodist church . Richard Dubose , who had managed Doby 's father and was known locally in African @-@ American circles for his baseball expertise , gave Doby some of his first baseball lessons . Reflecting on his years growing up in South Carolina , including how he and playmates used worn down broom handles for bats , Doby said , " Growing up in Camden , we didn 't have baseball bats . We 'd use a tree here , a tin can there , for bases . "
After completing eighth grade , Doby moved north to Paterson at the age of 14 to be reunited with his mother ; she visited him weekly while he lived with one of her friends . At Paterson Eastside High School , Doby was a multi @-@ sport athlete ; as well as playing baseball and basketball , he was a wide receiver in football and lettered in track . After winning a state football championship , the Eastside team was invited to play in Florida , but the promoters would not allow Doby , the only black player on the team , to participate . Consequently , the team voted to forgo the trip as a gesture of support for Doby .
During summer vacation Doby played baseball with a black semi @-@ pro team , the Smart Sets , where he played with future Hall of Fame shortstop Monte Irvin . He also had a brief stint with the Harlem Renaissance , a professional basketball team , as an unpaid substitute player . Upon completing high school , he accepted an athletic scholarship to play basketball at Long Island University ( LIU ) . Doby had been dating Eastside classmate Helyn Curvy since his sophomore year and , according to Doby , being able to remain close to Paterson was the " main reason " he selected LIU .
In the summer before he enrolled at LIU , Doby accepted an offer to play for the Newark Eagles of the Negro National League ( NNL ) for the remainder of the 1942 season , and he transferred to Virginia Union University as a result .
= = Negro leagues and World War II = =
A Negro league umpire , Henry Moore , advised Newark Eagles ' owners Abe and Effa Manley to give Doby a tryout at Hinchliffe Stadium in Paterson , which was successful ; Doby joined the Eagles in 1942 at the age of 17 for $ 300 . The contract stated Doby would play until September when he would start classes at college ; to protect his amateur status he signed using the alias " Larry Walker " and local reporters were told he originated from Los Angeles , California . On May 31 , Doby appeared in his first professional game when the Eagles played against the New York Cubans at Yankee Stadium . In the 26 games where box scores have been found , Doby 's batting average was .391 . Doby recalled a game against catcher Josh Gibson and pitcher Ray Brown of the Homestead Grays :
" My first time up , Josh said , ' We 're going to find out if you can hit a fastball . ' I singled . Next time up , Josh said , ' We 're going to find out if you can hit a curveball . ' I singled . Third time up , Josh said , ' We 're going to find out
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Awesome Dre was originally going to do a verse on " Taste . " While Insane Clown Posse waited in the studio for him to arrive , Esham suggested that he appear on the track instead for the same amount of money , and the group allowed him to record a verse . Esham was paid $ 500 for his appearance . Kid Rock demanded a hundred more than Esham , and was paid $ 600 to appear on " Is That You ? " He showed up to record the song intoxicated , but re @-@ recorded his vocals and record scratching the following day .
= = = Joker 's Cards = = =
Carnival of Carnage is the first Joker 's Card in Insane Clown Posse 's Dark Carnival concept album series . The Dark Carnival is a concept of the afterlife in which souls are sent to a form of limbo while waiting to be sent to heaven or hell based on their individual actions . These concepts are related by Insane Clown Posse in a series of albums called the six Joker 's Cards . Each of the six Joker 's Cards relate to a specific character — an entity of the Dark Carnival — that tries to " save the human soul " by showing the wicked inside of one 's self .
This Joker 's Card is a representation of the ghettos and the violence that occurs within them . It takes the form of a traveling carnival which releases the same brutality on those who have ignored the inner cities ' cries for help . The Card issues a warning against the upper @-@ class and government 's negligence toward the lower classes . The cover of Carnival of Carnage was drawn by Joseph Utsler , who would later create artwork for the rest of the albums in the Joker 's Cards series .
= = Music = =
= = = Samples = = =
Mike Clark samples Johnny " Hammond " Smith 's " Big Sur Suite " , from Smith 's 1974 album Higher Ground , Black Sabbath 's " The Wizard " , from their 1970 debut album , and the Beastie Boys " Pass the Mic " from their 1992 album Check Your Head in his production of " Never Had It Made . " Joseph Bruce samples several clips from the film The Wizard of Oz in " Wizard of the Hood . " The song " Psychopathic " features a sample of " More Bounce to the Ounce " by Zapp and " Halloween theme " from the Halloween film franchise . The song " Redneck Hoe " features a sample from " City , Country , City " by WAR . The song " Taste " samples Esham 's " Word After Word " .
= = = Lyricism = = =
Joseph Bruce uses elements of political hip hop throughout the album . Many of his lyrics were derived from his experiences of growing up in a poor family that was neglected by the government . He and his brother Robert used to escape from their impoverished reality by gathering themselves in a forest called " Picker Forest " . Joe cites " Picker Forest " as a strong influence on the Dark Carnival mythology which began with this album . The themes of the Dark Carnival also derived from a dream Bruce had shortly after the group adopted its new name , in which spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him .
" Red Neck Hoe " and " Your Rebel Flag " stem from the group 's anti @-@ bigotry philosophy , based on various experiences witnessed by Bruce . As a teenager , he had briefly lived in Bonnie Doone , North Carolina , a trailer park town just outside Fort Bragg , where his brother Robert had been staying with the U.S. Army . There , Joseph witnessed firsthand the hatred and open racism directed toward African American citizens , as well as the minorities serving in the Army , and became disgusted and infuriated with the actions that took place . " Wizard of the Hood " was originally written by Bruce sometime in the late 1980s . The first recorded version of the song appeared on the Intelligence and Violence EP under the name " Wizard of Delray . " The Carnival of Carnage version is derived from a 1991 recording which appeared on the EP Dog Beats .
= = Release = =
Just weeks prior to the release of their album , John left the group because he felt that it was " taking up too much of [ his ] life . " When Bruce and Utsler attempted to call a meeting to talk about the issues , John did not attend . Carnival of Carnage was released on October 18 , 1992 , with distribution within a 120 @-@ mile ( 190 km ) radius of Detroit . Carnival of Carnage sold 17 copies on its release date . The number would become a reoccurring theme in Insane Clown Posse 's work throughout much of the following decade . A condensed extended play featuring tracks from Carnival of Carnage was pressed on vinyl in hopes that DJs would play the songs in Detroit @-@ area nightclubs .
= = Reception = =
Although Carnival of Carnage was not reviewed at the time of its release , later reviews of the album have been unfavorable . Allmusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album three out of five stars , comparing the group 's performance on the album to " a third @-@ rate Beastie Boys supported by a cut @-@ rate Faith No More , all tempered with the sensibility that made GWAR cult heroes — only with [ ... ] more sexism and jokes that are supposed to be street , but wind up sounding racist " , but stating that the album would appeal to fans of the group . In The Great Rock Discography , Martin Charles Strong gave the album four out of ten stars . The album received one star out of five in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide , in which Ben Sisario panned it , along with the rest of the group 's discography as " gangsta @-@ inspired wigga posturing " .
= = Legacy = =
During a live performance of the song " The Juggla " in 1993 , Bruce addressed the audience as Juggalos , and the positive response resulted in the group using the word thereafter . The word has been the subject of criticism from both Sisario and Erlewine , who suggested the term is similar to the racial slur jigaboo . In 1997 , Twiztid released a cover of the song " First Day Out " on the duo 's debut album , Mostasteless . In 1998 , the album was reissued by Island Records without the tracks " Blackin ' Your Eyes " and " Night of the Axe . " The original version continues to be sold by Psychopathic Records . By 2010 , the album had sold well enough to become eligible for gold certification by the RIAA . In the Aqua Teen Hunger Force episode " Juggalo " , Bruce and Utsler appear as themselves during a trial after Master Shake commits suicide . George Lowe asks " Mr. 2 Dope " to read lyrics from " Blackin ' Your Eyes " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Violent J – vocals , production
2 Dope – vocals , scratching
John Kickjazz – vocals
Nate The Mack – guest vocals
Kid Rock – guest vocals , scratching
Capitol E – guest vocals
Jumpsteady – guest vocals
Esham – guest vocals , production
Mike E. Clark – production
Chuck Miller - production
= Wisden Trophy =
The Wisden Trophy is awarded to the winner of the Test cricket series played between England and the West Indies . It was first awarded in 1963 to commemorate the hundredth edition of Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack . Series are played in accordance with the International Cricket Council 's future tours programme , with varying lengths of time between tours . If a series is drawn then the country holding the Wisden Trophy retains it .
The trophy is named after the famous cricketing publisher Wisden and was presented by John Wisden & Co after gaining the approval of the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) and the West Indies Cricket Board ( WICB ) . The Wisden Trophy is presented to the victorious team as a symbol of its victory , but then returns to the MCC Museum at Lord 's . Since the 2000 Wisden Trophy series , the Malcolm Marshall Memorial Trophy has been awarded to the leading wicket taker in the series .
England currently hold the trophy . They held the trophy for nine years , after beating the West Indies 3 – 1 to regain it in 2000 ; they successfully defended the trophy three times . West Indies regained the trophy in the most recent series in the West Indies , winning 1 – 0 , in early 2009 . It was originally planned to consist of four Test matches . However an extra match was arranged when the second Test had to be abandoned after only a few overs play because the ground was unfit . England regained the trophy in May 2009 , winning a two Test series 2 – 0 . The tour , coming uncommonly soon after England toured the West Indies , replaced the previously announced tour by Sri Lanka , which in turn was arranged to replace the originally scheduled tour by Zimbabwe .
= = Trophies = =
= = = Wisden Trophy = = =
In 1963 John Wisden & Co . Ltd , with the approval of the MCC and the WICB , presented the first Wisden Trophy , to be contested in a similar manner to the Ashes .
The trophy is around 30 centimetres high , and a similar distance across its base . At the centre is an image of John Wisden . To Wisden 's left is a smaller figure of a batsman taking guard , while to Wisden 's right is a bowler in his delivery stride . Directly below Wisden is a plaque , on either side of which are the emblems of the English and West Indian teams . The plaque reads :
= = = Malcolm Marshall Memorial Trophy = = =
Named after the West Indian bowler Malcolm Marshall , this trophy has been awarded to the leading wicket taker of the series since 2000 . The player who wins it also receives £ 1 @,@ 360 , but if he surpasses Marshall 's record of 35 wickets set in 1988 he stands to earn £ 34 @,@ 000 . The table below lists all the players who have won this trophy .
= = History = =
See also : List of Wisden Trophy records for a full listing of all the Wisden Trophy records .
= = = 1963 Inaugural trophy = = =
With the growing Caribbean following in England , the West Indies entered the series as one of the most popular touring nations . Lance Gibbs ' 11 wickets at Old Trafford set up a commanding 10 wicket win for the West Indies . The second match at Lord 's was chiefly remembered for its dramatic ending ; all results were possible going into the final over of the match . England required eight runs to win but only had two wickets left . From the fourth ball of the over Derek Shackleton was run out , which meant that Colin Cowdrey had to come out with a broken arm with two balls of the match remaining . He did not have to face a ball , and the match ended in a draw . The third Test saw Fred Trueman claim 12 wickets ensuring England won by 217 runs . Charlie Griffith 's 6 / 36 in the fourth and Conrad Hunte 's 108 in the final Test meant the West Indies won the next two Tests and the series finished 3 – 1 . The final Test saw a pitch invasion when Basil Butcher scored the winning runs for the West Indies .
As a result of the great success of this series , England 's future home Test program was revised so that the West Indies could return in 1966 , much earlier than originally planned . This was done by introducing " twin tours " , in which two countries would each play three Tests against England in the course of a season .
= = = 1966 Garry Sobers ' series = = =
Garry Sobers was the captain for the West Indies , while England had three captains : Mike Smith ( first Test ) , Cowdrey ( second @-@ fourth Test ) and Brian Close ( fifth Test ) during the five Test series . The West Indies team was not as strong as in the previous series , but many of their deficiencies were glossed over by Sobers ' exceptional all @-@ round performance . He scored centuries in three Test matches and claimed five wicket innings hauls in two Tests .
The first Test went to the West Indies with England succumbing in both innings to Gibbs who claimed 10 wickets in the Test . Butcher ’ s 209 ensured the West Indies won the third to lead the series 2 – 0 . The fourth Test saw Sobers ' best performance , where he scored 174 runs and followed this up by taking 5 / 41 to give his team a 3 – 0 lead into the final Test . England gained a consolation victory , largely due to Tom Graveney ’ s 165 and a 128 tenth wicket partnership .
The main difference between the two teams was the outstanding all @-@ round performance of Sobers , who scored 722 runs at an average of 103 @.@ 14 , as well as taking 20 wickets and taking 10 catches .
= = = 1967 – 69 Early series = = =
This was the first of the Wisden Trophy series to take place in the West Indies . The series showed a more sinister side of the West Indies , with a riot occurring in the drawn second Test and the English team being attacked at the conclusion of the final Test . Despite these problems England were largely the better team , with Cowdrey ’ s leadership , Geoffrey Boycott ’ s batting and a weakened West Indian attack being the difference between the sides .
After a drawn first Test the second match was a game of two halves . England developed a 233 run lead at the half way stage and had the West Indies on 204 / 5 when Butcher was caught . This dismissal caused a riot and from this point onwards England struggled with the spin bowling of Sobers and Gibbs , narrowly avoiding defeat by two wickets . The third Test saw another drawn match due to the slow batting of the West Indies , taking over two days to score 349 runs which included a spell of four runs in one hour . England took a 1 – 0 lead after the fourth Test , in a game that they seemed least like winning . The win was mainly due to Sobers ' decision to declare on 92 / 2 in the West Indies second innings . Good batting by Alan Knott and a 127 sixth wicket partnership ensured the final game ended in a draw as England maintained their 1 – 0 lead to win the series .
The 1969 tour was a three Test series . The captains were Ray Illingworth for England and Sobers for the West Indies . The West Indies had an ageing team and , with Sobers suffering a loss of form , were always the weaker side .
England won the first Test with John Snow and David Brown claiming 13 wickets between them . A draw followed in Lord 's , but England won the final match in a dramatic fashion . The West Indies in a seemingly strong position of 219 / 3 required 84 runs for victory . They suffered a late innings collapse however as Butcher , Sobers and Lloyd fell within 16 minutes , which ultimately led to England winning by 30 runs to win the series 2 – 0 . It seemed that England would begin to dominate the West Indies , with many of the key West Indian players such as Butcher , Wes Hall and Charlie Griffith retiring in 1969 . Illingworth would be the last England captain to win the Wisden Trophy for 31 years .
= = = 1973 – 74 West Indies revival = = =
This three Test series saw the West Indies re @-@ establish themselves as the superior team . They won the first Test at The Oval by 158 runs , with Clive Lloyd 's 132 with the bat and Keith Boyce 's bowling ( 147 / 11 in the match ) being the main contributions to the win . The drawn match at Edgbaston was at risk of being abandoned when umpire Arthur Fagg threatened to withdraw after Kanhai disputed one of his decisions . The final Test match at Lord 's was dominated by the West Indies , with the team posting a huge total of 652 / 8 before declaring , Kanhai , Sobers and Bernard Julien all getting centuries . England never looked liked matching this total , and were dismissed for 233 in the first innings and 193 in the second , losing by an innings and 226 runs . This was England 's second biggest defeat in Test cricket . The series finished 2 – 0 to the West Indies , who regained the Wisden Trophy .
The 1974 series in the West Indies was of five Tests . The West Indian team were regarded as the better side , and for them to only draw the series was a surprise . After they won the first Test it had seemed that the series would become a one @-@ sided contest . This Test was notable for a controversial Alvin Kallicharran run out that triggered protests . England managed to secure draws in the next three Tests , thanks to Dennis Amiss ' 262 in the second Test and Keith Fletcher 's 129 in the third , while rain prevented a result in the fourth Test . The last match at Queen 's Park Oval was a close game , with England winning by 26 runs , primarily due to Tony Greig taking 13 wickets bowling off @-@ spin and Boycott scoring 212 runs in the match . England thereby levelled the series , which finished 1 – 1 .
= = = 1976 Viv Richards ' series = = =
England entered the series with great confidence , with English captain Greig saying that he had the players to make the West Indians " grovel " . This threat proved to be an empty one , as it soon became apparent that England had no answer to Viv Richards ' batting and Michael Holding 's bowling .
The first two Tests ended in draws , but from the third Test onwards the West Indies took full control , with Richards scoring 524 runs in the last three Tests . He was supported by Holding , who took 25 wickets over these three Tests , including 5 / 17 in the third Test and 14 / 149 in the final Test . The West Indies won the series 3 – 0 .
The series is mainly remembered for Richards ' batting . He scored 829 runs at an average of 118 @.@ 42 over four Test matches . In either the fourth or fifth Test in this series TMS commentator Brian Johnston allegedly said :
when describing the West Indian bowler Holding bowling to English batsmen Peter Willey . There are no records , according to Wisden , of Johnston or any other commentator saying this . Other sources have stated that Johnston had indeed said this and had prepared the line before saying it .
= = = 1980 – 81 A new era = = =
The late 70s and 80s was a golden era for the West Indies cricket team , with the team dominating all forms of cricket . The West Indies came into the 1980 series after recently winning the 1979 Cricket World Cup . They were generally regarded as the best team at Test level , and would lose only eight Test matches during the 1980s .
Ian Botham captained the England team while Lloyd skippered the West Indies in this five Test series . In a series that was hampered by rain , the only match to produce a positive result was the first Test at Trent Bridge . It was a close contest , with a dramatic ending which saw six dropped catches and the West Indies requiring 208 runs in the final 8 hours of play . The West Indies achieved this target with 2 wickets in hand , largely due to Desmond Haynes ' 64 .
England went to the West Indies for the 1981 five Test series . This became four Tests after the second Test abandonment caused by Robin Jackman 's visa being revoked by the Guyanese Government due to his involvement with South Africa 's apartheid regime .
The series was dominated by the West Indies bowlers Holding and Colin Croft , who claimed 41 wickets between them in the series . England suffered an innings defeat in the first Test , and lost the third by 298 runs as they failed to register an innings of over 250 in the first three Tests . Strong batting performances and rain enabled England to draw the final two Tests , and so the series ended 2 – 0 to the West Indies .
= = = 1984 – 86 " Blackwash " series = = =
The " blackwash " series occurred in 1984 and 1985 – 86 . The West Indies beat England 5 – 0 in both series in a whitewash that was dubbed " blackwash " . The first blackwash occurred in England and the second in the West Indies . Instrumental in these wins were Richards ' batting and the bowling partnership of Malcolm Marshall and Joel Garner , which claimed 105 of the 200 England wickets to fall in the two series . Many players from the West Indies had taken part in the so @-@ called Supertests a few years earlier and as a result they were arguably fitter and better prepared due to having faced stronger opposition . The captains for these series were Lloyd and Richards for the West Indies , and David Gower , who had the ignominy of leading England to ten consecutive defeats against the men from the Caribbean .
The 1984 series began with Andy Lloyd being hit on the head , resulting in his being hospitalised . This would prove to be a common theme throughout the series , as the English batsmen struggled to cope with the West Indies bouncers . Whenever England threatened , a West Indian player would step up and take control of the match , as when Gordon Greenidge scored 214 after an England declaration to win the second Test . The series was decided at Leeds , where the West Indies gained an unassailable 3 – 0 lead . The final Test at The Oval saw the West Indies record the only whitewash by a visiting nation in a five Test series . This was the fifth whitewash in Test cricket and the first to be inflicted on England in England .
The 1985 – 86 series in the West Indies ended in another whitewash with the West Indies winning each Test comfortably , the closest match being a seven wicket victory . Like the previous series the English batsmen provided little resistance against the West Indian bowlers with only Gower averaging above 30 . Poor performances from Botham and Mike Gatting 's injury ensured an easy series win for the West Indies . England ’ s attitude also played a part in their defeat with big players such as Gower and Botham showing a certain reluctance to net training . The then chairman of selectors Peter May questioned the team 's attitude and called for greater resolve , a view that seemed to be shared by the general public at the time .
The West Indies won the first two Tests in a similar manner with England struggling with the bowling of Patrick Patterson and Marshall . By the third Test , England ’ s morale had dipped and they suffered an innings defeat which was largely due to their third day 's performance losing 15 wickets for 201 . A ten wicket defeat followed in the fourth while Richards produced the fastest century in Test cricket in the final Test . He reached his hundred in only 56 balls to confirm the West Indies superiority . As a result the West Indies had won ten consecutive Tests against England , and were the second team after Australia to achieve multiple home whitewashes in five Test series .
= = = 1988 Summer of four captains = = =
This tour saw the beginning of a bowling partnership between Courtney Walsh and Curtly Ambrose that would trouble batsmen across the world for the next 12 years . England , on the other hand , had entered the series with low expectations and confidence . This was reflected in their team selections , with 23 players being used during the series .
England had four captains in Gatting , John Emburey , Chris Cowdrey and Graham Gooch , but each Test ended in West Indian dominance . They won each match except the first Test , which was drawn because of rain , and the series finished 4 – 0 . The West Indies pace attack was the main difference between teams with Marshall being the most dangerous bowler , taking 35 wickets at an average of 12 @.@ 65 . This included a 7 / 22 in the third Test which he bowled with a broken left hand . Marshall was supported by Ambrose 's bowling which yielded 22 wickets . After this series both teams would go into decline . Many of the great West Indian players such as Richards and Marshall would soon retire , and their dominance of the Test stage was nearing its end .
= = = 1989 – 91 England close the gap = = =
Throughout the late 70s and 80s , many of the series between the West Indies and England had been dominated by the West Indies who had won fourteen of the fifteen Tests , often by large margins . The next two series in 1989 – 90 season and 1991 would prove to be closer contests .
A 1989 – 90 series of two halves saw England close to taking a shock 2 – 0 lead in the series , only to be denied by a wet afternoon at Queens Park Oval . Injuries to their key bowler , Angus Fraser , and batsman , Gooch , changed the course of the series dramatically however , as the West Indies fought back to win the next two Tests , thanks to the pace attack of Ambrose and Ian Bishop . They eventually won the series 2 – 1 . An infamous incident occurred in the fourth Test of the series , when Rob Bailey was given out by umpire Lloyd Barker , who had allegedly been intimidated by Richards ' appeal .
Notable debutants in this series were Alec Stewart and Nasser Hussain , who both made their debuts in the first Test . Alec Stewart was not England 's wicket @-@ keeper in this Test series , as Jack Russell kept wicket .
A decline in the West Indies batting line @-@ up coupled by the loss of Greenidge ensured this series would be a closer contest . The tour was Richards ' last , as he retired at the end of the fifth Test . Graeme Hick and Mark Ramprakash made their debuts in the first Test at Headingley .
England won the first Test largely thanks to Gooch 's 154 in the second innings . This innings was rated by Wisden as the third greatest Test innings ever . After the second Test had been drawn , the West Indies won the next two matches due to Ambrose 's eight wickets in the third and Richie Richardson 's century in fourth match . Phil Tufnell and Robin Smith played key roles in the final Test , as England won by five wickets after forcing the West Indies to follow @-@ on for the first time in six years , to level the series 2 – 2 . In this Test commentator Jonathan Agnew famously described Botham 's hit wicket dismissal by saying :
= = = 1994 Lara enters the world stage = = =
The series was characterised by the opening pair of Stewart and new England captain Michael Atherton , which provided the greatest resistance against the West Indian attack of Ambrose and Walsh . The pair scored 987 runs in the series while Ambrose ended the series with 26 wickets at an average of 19 @.@ 96 and was awarded man of the series .
After England lost the first three Tests ( which included a 46 all out in the second innings of the third Test ) there was talk of another blackwash series . England secured a victory in the fourth Test however , with Stewart ’ s two centuries and Fraser ’ s eight wickets being the main contributors to the win . This was the first time in 59 years that a visiting nation had won at the Kensington Oval . The main highlight of the series was to come in the final Test at Antigua , where Brian Lara broke Sobers ' Test world record score of 365 not out , set 36 years earlier , by scoring 375 . Lara was congratulated by Sobers , who was present on the ground to see his record broken .
In the end Lara scored an exceptional 798 runs at an average of 99 @.@ 75 . Two months later Lara would go on to break the first @-@ class batting record of 499 runs by scoring 501 not out against Durham at Edgbaston .
Shivnarine Chanderpaul made his Test debut in the second Test of the series , when he made his maiden half @-@ century . Chanderpaul was Lara 's last batting partner when he made his record @-@ breaking 375 , scoring 75 not out himself and combining in a 219 fifth wicket partnership .
= = = 1995 – 98 Six Test series = = =
Both teams were evenly matched , with the West Indies not the force they had been , and England on the rise . The key players for the West Indies were Lara , Walsh and Bishop while England had a strong opening pair of Atherton and Graham Thorpe plus the young Dominic Cork who would be decisive in England 's two Test victories in this series .
The West Indies ' inconsistent performances saw them dominate one Test , only to play poorly and lose the next . Bishop 's and Walsh ’ s combined 26 wickets in the first and third Tests ensured the West Indies won these matches by commanding margins . Cork contributed greatly to England ’ s second and fourth Test victories , taking 7 / 43 in the second Test and a hat @-@ trick in the fourth in claiming the wickets of Richardson ( bowled ) , Junior Murray ( LBW ) and Carl Hooper ( LBW ) . The remaining two Tests were dominated by the batsmen , with five centuries being scored . The series finished 2 – 2 , with the West Indies retaining the trophy .
The men of the series were Atherton for England and Lara for the West Indies . The latter made 765 runs at an average of 85 . Cork made his debut in the second Test , where he achieved the best bowling figures for an English debutant . Nick Knight 's debut came in the fourth Test of series .
An ageing West Indian team relied increasingly on Ambrose and Walsh to provide wickets , while Lara was seen as the primary source of runs . Angus Fraser played an important role for England , and when his form dipped in the later Tests the side 's performance suffered .
The series started in a controversial fashion , with the first Test at Sabina Park being abandoned after the pitch was deemed to be too dangerous due to its highly irregular bounce . As a result of this abandoned match , an additional match was arranged with the series thereby being extended to six Tests . Two close matches followed , after which the teams were level at 1 – 1 . England faded in the second half of the series . The West Indies scored two decisive victories , winning the fourth by 242 runs and the last by an even wider margin of an innings and 52 runs , to take the series 3 – 1 .
= = = 2000 England regain the trophy = = =
Jimmy Adams was selected as the West Indies captain , while Hussain captained the England side . This five Test series was to be Ambrose 's last . It was dominated by the ball , with a bowler claiming a five wicket haul on seven occasions , while there were only three centuries .
The West Indies started well , winning the first Test comfortably by an innings and 93 runs , and led by 133 runs after the first innings of the second Test . The turning point came in the second innings of this match , as the West Indies were bowled out for 54 ( this was their third lowest innings at the time ) . England won this Test , and they seized the initiative in the series by winning the fourth and fifth Tests thanks to Andrew Caddick ’ s four wicket over and Atherton ’ s century , to regain the Wisden Trophy 3 – 1 after a period of 31 years .
Notable debutants were Matthew Hoggard and Marcus Trescothick , in the second and third Tests respectively . Trescothick had the highest batting average for any player in the series , with 47 @.@ 50 .
= = = 2003 – 04 Lara 's 400 = = =
England came to the West Indies for their first defence of the Wisden Trophy . The recently appointed captain for England was Michael Vaughan , Hussain having stepped down a few months previously . Lara led the West Indies challenge .
The series was dominated by England 's bowling attack of Stephen Harmison and Hoggard . Harmison 's bowling figures of 7 / 12 ( which were the best achieved in Sabina Park Tests ) were the main cause of the West Indian second innings collapse to 47 all out in the first Test . This was the lowest innings for West Indies at Test level . This pattern was repeated in the third Test , where the West Indies produced a good first innings only to bat poorly in the second . This was partly due to Hoggard 's hat @-@ trick of
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on November 4 , 1991 . The following year , she ran for president in the presidential elections on May 11 , 1992 , finishing 5th out of 7 candidates . On May 8 , 1995 , she was elected as a congresswoman of Leyte , representing the first district , despite facing a disqualification lawsuit in which the Supreme Court ruled in her favor . She sought the presidency again on May 11 , 1998 , but later withdrew to support the eventual winner Joseph Estrada and she finished 9th among 11 candidates . In November 2006 , she started her own business , a fashion label that included designing jewelry . In March 2008 , she was acquitted of charges of having illegally taken money from the country by the Manila Regional Trial Court due to reasonable doubt .
Marcos ran for the second district of Ilocos Norte in the elections on May 10 , 2010 to replace her son , Ferdinand Jr . , who ran for Senate under the Nacionalista Party . During her term , she held the position of Millennium Development Goals chairwoman in the Lower House . In 2011 , the Sandiganbayan 's Fifth Division ordered her to return US $ 280 @,@ 000 in government funds taken by her and her husband from the National Food Authority . She won re @-@ election on May 14 , 2013 in a bid to renew her term . On May 9 , 2016 , she was re @-@ elected again for her third and final term .
= = Wealth = =
Marcos allegedly owned assets worth US $ 10 billion . On one occasion , she spent $ 2 @,@ 000 on chewing gum at the San Francisco International Airport and , on another , she forced a plane to do a U @-@ turn mid @-@ air just because she forgot to buy cheese in Rome . Her collection of shoes , now lies partly in the National Museum of the Philippines and partly in a shoe museum in Marikina . Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) damaged her ancestral home in Tacloban , which also serves as a museum , although she still retains homes in Ilocos Norte and Makati , where she resides .
She allegedly owns Swiss bank accounts under the pseudonym " Jane Ryan " . Her claimed fortune came from Yamashita 's gold , a semi @-@ mythical treasure trove that is widely believed in the Philippines to be part of the Japanese loot in World War II . Her property used to include jewels and a 175 @-@ piece art collection , which included works by Michelangelo , Botticelli , Canaletto , Raphael , as well as Monet 's L 'Église et La Seine à Vétheuil ( 1881 ) , Alfred Sisley 's Langland Bay ( 1887 ) , and Albert Marquet 's Le Cyprès de Djenan Sidi Said ( 1946 ) .
Switzerland 's federal tribunal ruled in December 1990 that cash in Swiss banks would only be returned to the Philippine government if a Philippine court convicted her . In March 2008 , a judge in Manila in the Philippines acquitted her of 32 counts of illegal transfers of funds to Swiss bank accounts between 1968 and 1976 , determining that the government had failed to prove its case . In 2012 , she declared her net worth to be US $ 22 million and she was listed as the second @-@ richest Filipino politician behind boxer and politician Manny Pacquiao .
In October 17 , 2013 , the attempted sale of two Claude Monet paintings , L 'Eglise de Vetheuil and Le Bassin Aux Nymphéas , became the subject of a legal case in New York against Vilma Bautista , a one @-@ time aide to Imelda Marcos . Bautista was sentenced in 2014 to 2 – 6 years in prison for attempting to sell " valuable masterpieces that belonged to her country " . On January 13 , 2014 , three collections of Imelda Marcos 's jewelry : the Malacanang collection , the Roumeliotes collection , and the Hawaii collection ; along with paintings of Claude Monet were seized by the Philippine government . In 2015 , a rare pink diamond worth $ 5 million was discovered in her jewelry collection . On February 16 , 2016 , the government of the Philippines announced that the three collections , valued at about $ 21 million , were to be auctioned off before the end of Benigno Aquino III 's term on June 30 , 2016 .
= = Legacy = =
Marcos influenced fashion in the Philippines , although her role as a patroness of the arts and fashion is still controversial . The second track of Mark Knopfler 's 1996 album Golden Heart , is a sardonic song about her . She was the subject of the 2003 documentary film , Imelda . In 2010 , British producer Fatboy Slim and musician David Byrne released a concept album about her life called Here Lies Love , which later became a rock musical . In Manila , local performance artist Carlos Celdran performs his Living La Vida Imelda walking tour , which was also performed in Dubai during 2012 .
Foreign honors
Jordan : Gran Cordon ( 1st Class ) of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance ( March 1 , 1976 )
Romania : Order of August 23 , 1944 ( April 9 , 1975 )
Sovereign Military Order of Malta : Dame Grand Cross of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Spain : Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic ( February 18 , 1974 )
= The Cenotaph , Southampton =
The Southampton Cenotaph is a stone memorial at Watts Park in Southampton , England , originally dedicated to the casualties of the First World War . The memorial was designed by Edwin Lutyens and features a cenotaph on a plinth atop a gently curved pillar . The monument was intended to be abstract and graceful , encouraging a perception of the soldier having fallen in a peaceful , " beautiful death " . Decisions over which names should be engraved on the Southampton Cenotaph proved controversial in the 20th century , but the design was heavily influential in determining the form of Lutyens ' more famous Cenotaph in Whitehall . Long @-@ term weather damage to the memorial led to a glass wall being built alongside it in 2011 , incorporating the names of those Southampton citizens who died in subsequent conflicts .
= = History = =
The First World War between 1914 and 1918 caused casualties on a massive scale . Shortly after the signing of the Armistice in November 1918 , a public meeting was held in the city of Southampton which voted to construct a memorial " to those who have fallen in the Great War " . A committee , headed by the Lord Mayor of Southampton , Sidney Kimber , was elected and discussions began as to what form such a memorial should take . The committee decided that their preferred option would be to construct a single , high @-@ quality memorial in a good location within Southampton and began to consider architects and locations , with a proposed budget of £ 10 @,@ 000 . Alfred Gutteridge , an architect on one of the sub @-@ committees , knew and recommended the architect Edwin Lutyens ; at this time Lutyens had been involved in the design of several war cemeteries but only one war memorial , which he had designed for South Africa .
Elements of the committee met with Lutyens in January 1919 to discuss options for the memorial . Lutyens argued against the committee 's initial proposed location on Asylum Green in favour of Watts Park , which the committee agreed to . Lutyen 's initial design consisted of a large ceremonial pillar with a substantial archway on either side , each archway supporting a soldier lying on a sarcophagus . This was rejected due to the likely cost and instead Lutyen suggested a single empty sarcophagus or cenotaph , supported by a plinth on top of a pillar , with pine cones mounted on urns standing on each side . This was agreed to at a public meeting in September and detailed work on the project began . The London firm of Holloway Brothers were selected as the contractor for the memorial ; the project was completed to time at a total cost of £ 9 @,@ 845 .
The Cenotaph was opened by General John Seely at a public ceremony on 6 November 1920 that included the playing of the Last Post and a two @-@ minute silence . Kimber was very pleased with both the project and Lutyens , and he hoped to build a second war memorial in Southampton using the architect , although this project never came to fruition . The Southampton Cenotaph was influential in later designs for war memorials both in England and abroad ; it was the first such cenotaph to be built and simpler versions of the same design were widely used to commemorate the First World War , including famously at the Cenotaph in Whitehall , London .
Issues arose after the erection of the memorial concerning the names inscribed on the Cenotaph . The committee had identified 1 @,@ 793 names of Southampton men , and a number of women , who had died during the war and these had been inscribed on the Cenotaph . After the unveiling of the monument various relatives approached the committee requesting that additional names be added ; after a newspaper campaign in the Southern Daily Echo newspaper , Kimber agreed to this and 203 additional names were inscribed in 1921 . Another name was added in 1922 , bringing the total to 1 @,@ 997 . More controversy surrounded the exclusion of the Jewish war dead from the memorial . Jews in Southampton had donated to the committee on the understanding that the memorial would commemorate not only Christian casualties but Jewish ones as well : one in ten adult male Jews in Southampton died during the conflict , twice the proportion for Southampton as a whole . Following the final decision on the design of the Cenotaph , however , which featured a prominent Christian cross , Jewish names were predominantly excluded from the memorial and only one Jewish name was finally inscribed on it .
By the start of the 21st century it became evident that the soft stone of the Cenotaph was deteriorating badly as a result of water damage and frost . Recutting the names on the monument was discounted as a solution due to the long term damage this repeated work would cause to the Cenotaph 's structure : the decision was made to expand the war memorial instead . A glass wall consisting of eight large panels 2 @.@ 85 m ( 9 ft ) by 1 @.@ 2 m ( 4 ft ) in size , was built alongside the Cenotaph at a cost of £ 130 @,@ 000 . The panels were engraved with the names of the World War I casualties and , in addition , those from Southampton who had died in later conflicts . The Memorial Wall included a total of 2 @,@ 368 names from the First World War , 927 from the Second World War and three from subsequent conflicts . This addition to the Cenotaph was opened on 11 December 2011 .
= = Design and symbolism = =
Lutyens final design for the Southampton Cenotaph reused elements of his previous work . The central pillar on which the plinth supporting the sarcophagus rests is a variant of the War Stone intended for the War Shrine in Hyde Park , which Lutyens designed in 1918 but which was never taken forward . The pillar is in fact slightly curved in imitation of the pillars at the Parthenon in Athens , and a similar effect is later repeated by Lutyens at the Whitehall Cenotaph . The urns on either side of the Cenotaph are drawn from Lutyens ' design for the military cemetery at Étaples , where the same design is used , but without the additional pine cones . Unlike Lutyens ' later work , the Southampton memorial is relatively heavily carved , including a large cross , the Southampton city crest , the arms of the different Armed Services , two lions and a sword , as well as the dedication to " Our Glorious Dead : Their Name Liveth For Evermore " . The thin sheets of white Portland stone on the outside of the monument hide an inner brick core .
Lutyens ' design predominantly draws on a cleaner , more streamlined version of the classical symbolism used in earlier monuments . Earlier monuments of the Second Boer War typically included figures of soldiers , sometimes falling in conflict , but always passing away heroically in a " beautiful death " with classical symbolism often used to distance the event of death from the observer , as typified in William Colton 's work at Worcester . Lutyens ' work at Southampton reacted to the criticism of this sometimes cluttered approach by adopting cleaner architectural forms , but still retaining the ideal of a peaceful , " beautiful death " . The Southampton Cenotaph makes use of an abstract , beautiful design intended to remove the viewer from the real world , and focus them on an idealised sense of self @-@ sacrifice and death .
= Pedro Afonso , Prince Imperial of Brazil =
Dom Pedro Afonso ( 19 July 1848 – 10 January 1850 ) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the throne of the Empire of Brazil . Born at the Palace of São Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro , he was the second son and youngest child of Emperor Dom Pedro II and Dona Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies , and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza . Pedro Afonso was seen as vital to the future viability of the monarchy , which had been put in jeopardy by the death of his older brother Dom Afonso almost three years earlier .
Pedro Afonso 's death from fever at the age of one devastated the Emperor , and the imperial couple had no further children . Pedro Afonso 's older sister Dona Isabel became heiress , but Pedro II was unconvinced that a woman could ever be accepted as monarch by the ruling elite . He excluded Isabel from matters of state and failed to provide training for her possible role as empress . With no surviving male children , the Emperor started to believe that the imperial line was destined to end with his own death .
= = Infancy and early death = =
= = = Birth = = =
Pedro Afonso was born at 08 : 00 on 19 July 1848 in the Palace of São Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . His full name was Pedro Afonso Cristiano Leopoldo Eugênio Fernando Vicente Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga . Through his father , Emperor Pedro II , he was a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza and was referred to using the honorific Dom ( Lord ) from birth . He was the grandson of Emperor Dom Pedro I and the nephew of the reigning Queen of Portugal , Dona Maria II . Through his mother , Teresa Cristina , he was a grandson of Don Francesco I ( Francis I ) and nephew to Don Ferdinando II ( Ferdinand II ) , who ruled as kings of the Two Sicilies in turn .
Following the birth , Pedro II received official congratulations at a formal reception held later that day , which according to a contemporary was an event " more splendid and better attended " than any since the Emperor was declared of age in 1840 . News of the birth of a male heir was received with rejoicing among the Brazilian people . Celebrations included skyrockets and artillery salutes . City streets were illuminated for days after the birth , and an elaborate gala was held at court . The birth of Pedro Afonso was widely welcomed , as a male heir was regarded as imperative for the Empire 's continuation , even though the constitution allowed for female succession . Writer Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre ( later Baron of Santo Ângelo ) considered the birth of Pedro Afonso a " triumph " that had secured the succession .
Pedro Afonso 's baptism took place on 4 October 1848 . The ceremony was held privately in the Imperial Chapel , followed by public celebrations . The godparents were his granduncle Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria and his step @-@ grandmother Amélie of Leuchtenberg . Prime Minister and former regent Pedro de Araújo Lima ( then @-@ Viscount and later Marquis of Olinda ) and Mariana de Verna , Countess of Belmont represented the godparents , who were not present . Fireworks entertained the crowds , and a band shell that could hold more than a hundred musicians was raised for the festivities that followed . According to historian Hendrik Kraay , royal baptisms in imperial Brazil " stressed that the princes and princesses secured the dynasty 's future " . As the sole surviving male child , Pedro Afonso took precedence in the line of succession over his two older sisters , Dona Isabel and Dona Leopoldina . Pedro Afonso , as heir apparent to the Brazilian throne , was styled " Prince Imperial " from birth .
= = = Death = = =
In 1847 and the two following years , Pedro II and his family spent the summer at Petrópolis . The traditional summer residence of the imperial family was at Santa Cruz Estate , a rural property that had belonged to the Braganzas for generations . The shift to Petrópolis seemed an unwelcome novelty among members of the court , " who disliked any change that threatened the established ways and interests " . Bowing to tradition , the Emperor decided to again summer at Santa Cruz in 1850 . During the imperial family 's stay at the rural estate , Pedro Afonso and his sister Isabel were struck by fever . The princess eventually recovered , but the Prince Imperial died of convulsions at 04 : 20 on 10 January . Contemporaries argued that either encephalitis or a congenital disorder may have caused his death .
Pedro II regarded the death of his son as " the most fatal blow that I could ever receive , and certainly I would not have survived were it not that I still have a wife and two children " . The Emperor wrote to his brother @-@ in @-@ law Dom Fernando II , King @-@ consort of Portugal : " By the time you receive this , you will certainly have learnt of the grievous loss I have undergone ... God who has made me pass though so hard a testing , will in his mercy give me grounds to console my sorrows . " Pedro II had already lost another son , Dom Afonso , almost three years earlier . He revealed his inner turmoil in a sonnet : " Twice already I have suffered death , for the father dies who sees his son is dead . " Except for brief inspection visits , the Emperor avoided Santa Cruz thereafter .
A grand funeral was held for the Prince Imperial two days after his death . The streets were crowded with ordinary people who greatly mourned the prince 's death . So remarkable was the event that tourists paid for the privilege of watching the funeral procession from a hotel in downtown Rio de Janeiro . Pedro Afonso was buried in the mausoleum of the Convento de Santo Antônio ( Convent of Saint Anthony ) in Rio de Janeiro .
= = = Legacy = = =
Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão ( later Marquis of Paraná ) , one of Brazil 's leading politicians and then serving as president ( governor ) of the province of Pernambuco , summarized the prevalent view among Brazil 's ruling elite regarding the succession of the Empire when he addressed the Provincial Assembly : " It is my painful duty to inform you of the death of the Prince Imperial D. Pedro Afonso , which occurred on 10 January of the current year . It is the second time we lose the heir presumptive of the crown . " Honório Hermeto continued : " It must serve as a consolation to us , the certainty of [ good ] health of H [ is ] . M [ ajesty ] . the Emperor and his august wife . Both in the prime of their years , and full of life , still promise both numerous fruits from their conjugal bed as well as a male succession to the crown , as required for both the consolidation of our still recent institutions and the restless spirit of the century . "
What no one could foresee was that Pedro II and Teresa Cristina would have no more children . The reason is unknown , although scholars think it is probably because they no longer had sexual intercourse . The Emperor was devastated by the death of Pedro Afonso and was never able to cope with it entirely . According to historian Roderick J. Barman , Pedro II was " deeply affected , emotionally and intellectually " . The Emperor wrote a sonnet that expressed his feelings :
In the Emperor 's eyes , the deaths of his sons seemed to presage the end of the imperial system . His younger son had represented his future and that of the monarchy . Although the Emperor still had a legal successor in his daughter Isabel , he had little confidence that a woman could rule Brazil in the male @-@ dominated social climate of the time . He did nothing to prepare Isabel for the responsibilities of ascending the throne , nor did he attempt to encourage acceptance of a female ruler among the political class . The lack of a male heir caused him to lose motivation in promoting the imperial office as a position to be carried on by his descendants ; he increasingly saw the imperial system as so inextricably linked to himself that it could not survive him .
= = Titles , styles and honors = =
= = = Titles and styles = = =
19 July 1848 – 9 January 1850 : His Imperial Highness The Prince Imperial
The prince 's full style and title was " His Imperial Highness Dom Pedro , Prince Imperial of Brazil " .
= = = Honors = = =
The Prince Imperial was a recipient of the following Brazilian Orders :
Major Commander of the Order of Christ
Major Commander of the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
Major Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I
Grand Cross and Grand Major Dignitary of the Order of the Rose
= = Ancestry = =
= Santa 's Little Helper =
Santa 's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series The Simpsons . He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family . The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show , the 1989 Christmas special " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " , in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race . Homer Simpson and his son Bart , who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents , see this and decide to adopt the dog .
Santa 's Little Helper has since appeared frequently on The Simpsons and the plots of many episodes center on him . During the course of the show , he has , for example , fathered litters of puppies , passed obedience school , had surgery for bloat , replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer , and been trained as a police dog at Springfield 's Animal Police Academy . Some of the episodes that focus on Santa 's Little Helper have been inspired by popular culture or real experiences that staff members of the show have gone through .
Although cartoon animals are often anthropomorphized , Santa 's Little Helper generally exhibits canine behavior . Cast member Dan Castellaneta currently provides the dog 's sounds on the show , although voice artist Frank Welker has also voiced him . Santa 's Little Helper has become a popular character following his appearances on The Simpsons . He ranked 27th in Animal Planet 's 2003 television special 50 Greatest TV Animals that was based on popularity , name recognition , and the longevity of the shows . He has also been featured in merchandise relating to The Simpsons , such as video games , board games , and comics .
= = Role in The Simpsons = =
Santa 's Little Helper is a greyhound that appears on the animated television series The Simpsons and is the pet dog of the Simpson family . He can often be seen on the show in minor appearances , although there have been some episodes that feature him heavily , including the first episode of The Simpsons . In that episode , " Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire " ( season one , 1989 ) , Homer discovers that he has no money to buy Christmas presents for the family . Desperate for a miracle , he and Bart go to the greyhound racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of earning some money . Although Homer has inside information on which dog is the most likely to win , he instead bets on a last @-@ minute entry , Santa 's Little Helper , believing the dog 's Christmas @-@ inspired name to be a sign . However , the greyhound finishes last . As Homer and Bart leave the track , they watch the dog 's owner abandon him for losing the race . Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet and he agrees after it affectionately licks him on the cheek . When Bart and Homer return home , Santa 's Little Helper is assumed by the rest of the family to be a Christmas present .
In various episodes , Santa 's Little Helper can be seen chewing on newspapers and other objects in the Simpsons ' household , destroying furniture , and digging holes in the backyard . In " Bart 's Dog Gets an F " ( season two , 1991 ) , he manages to infuriate the entire family by destroying valued items in the home . As a result , Homer and Marge want to get rid of the dog , but Bart and Lisa convince them that he can be trained at an obedience school . Santa 's Little Helper does not do well there as Bart is unwilling to use a choke chain suggested by the instructor . The night before the final exam , Bart and Santa 's Little Helper play , thinking it will be their last few hours together . This bonding breaks down the communication barrier , allowing the dog to understand Bart 's commands , and consequently pass the obedience school .
Santa 's Little Helper has fathered several puppies . In " Two Dozen and One Greyhounds " ( season six , 1995 ) , he runs away to the dog racing track where he mates with a female greyhound named She 's the Fastest . She later gives birth to 25 puppies and when the Simpsons cannot take care of them any longer , they decide to sell them ; however , Mr. Burns steals the puppies and decides to make a tuxedo out of them . Before he does this , however , he becomes emotionally touched by them . This convinces him to never wear fur again and instead raise the puppies to be world @-@ class racing dogs . Santa 's Little Helper sires another litter of puppies with Dr. Hibbert 's poodle in the episode " Today I Am a Clown " ( season 15 , 2003 ) . These puppies are given away to townspeople .
The dog has been neglected or treated unfavorably by the family in some episodes . In " Dog of Death " ( season three , 1992 ) , he nearly dies of bloat and they decide to make budget cuts in order to pay for the required operation . Although the dog 's life is saved , the family begins to feel the strain of their sacrifices and starts treating him badly , causing him to run away . He ends up in the possession of Mr. Burns , who trains him to become a vicious attack dog . Several days later , Bart stumbles upon the trained Santa 's Little Helper and is attacked , but the greyhound eventually recognizes his old friend and stops . In " The Canine Mutiny " ( season eight , 1997 ) , Bart uses a fake charge card to buy a well @-@ trained rough collie named Laddie from a mail @-@ order catalog . Laddie learns many tricks that Santa 's Little Helper is completely unable to perform , and the Simpson family nearly forgets about their old pet . Bart eventually gives Santa 's Little Helper away instead of Laddie when repo men take back everything he fraudulently purchased . Feeling guilty about this disloyalty and bored with his too perfect new dog , Bart tries to get him back . When he finally finds him , Santa 's Little Helper is serving as a seeing @-@ eye dog for a blind man , but eventually decides to return to the family .
In " Stop or My Dog Will Shoot " ( season 18 , 2007 ) , Santa 's Little Helper becomes a local hero after finding a lost Homer , and the Simpsons decide to enroll him in the Animal Police Academy . However , his new crime @-@ fighting job makes him jaded and one day at home he bites Bart. The Simpsons must therefore send the dog away to live with officer Lou . However , he gets to return after saving Bart from a toxic smoke cloud at school and then leaving the police force . In " How Munched is That Birdie in the Window ? " ( season 22 , 2010 ) , after Santa 's Little Helper devours a pigeon with a broken leg that Bart was nursing , Bart gets mad at the dog and is unable to forgive him . The Simpsons therefore give him away to an ostrich farm . There , Bart says goodbye to him and explains that he should never , ever devour a bird . Bart then gets into a fight with an angry ostrich . After remembering that he was told that it 's wrong to kill birds , he ceases to aid Bart in the fight , confused at his own loyalty ( for Bart 's sake or his orders ) leaving Bart to strangle the ostrich to death . Bart then realizes that he could not help killing the pigeon and apologizes . Afterwards , the family goes back home with the dog .
The dog once replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer in the episode " Old Yeller Belly "
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of application and production of cellulose , and possibly in having a functional cellulose synthesizing enzyme . When , in 1845 , Carl Schmidt first announced the presence in the test of some ascidians of a substance very similar to cellulose , he called it " tunicine " , but it is now recognized as cellulose rather than any alternative substance .
= = Feeding = =
Nearly all tunicates are suspension feeders , capturing planktonic particles by filtering sea water through their bodies . Ascidians are typical in their digestive processes , but other tunicates have similar systems . Water is drawn into the body through the buccal siphon by the action of cilia lining the gill slits . To obtain enough food , an average ascidian needs to process one body @-@ volume of water per second . This is drawn through a net lining the pharynx which is being continuously secreted by the endostyle . The net is made of sticky mucus threads with holes about 0 @.@ 5 µm in diameter which can trap planktonic particles including bacteria . The net is rolled up on the dorsal side of the pharynx , and it and the trapped particles are drawn into the oesophagus . The gut is U @-@ shaped and also ciliated to move the contents along . The stomach is an enlarged region at the lowest part of the U @-@ bend . Here , digestive enzymes are secreted and a pyloric gland adds further secretions . After digestion , the food is moved on through the intestine , where absorption takes place , and the rectum , where undigested remains are formed into faecal pellets or strings . The anus opens into the dorsal or cloacal part of the peribranchial cavity near the atrial siphon . Here , the faeces are caught up by the constant stream of water which carries the waste to the exterior . The animal orientates itself to the current in such a way that the buccal siphon is always upstream and does not draw in contaminated water .
Some ascidians that live on soft sediments are detritivores . A few deepwater species , such as Megalodicopia hians , are sit @-@ and @-@ wait predators , trapping tiny crustacea , nematodes , and other small invertebrates with the muscular lobes which surround their buccal siphons . Certain tropical species in the family Didemnidae have symbiotic green algae or cyanobacteria in their tunics , and one of these symbionts , Prochloron , is unique to tunicates . Excess photosynthetic products are assumed to be available to the host .
= = Life cycle = =
Ascidians are almost all hermaphrodites and each has a single ovary and testis , either near the gut or on the body wall . In some solitary species , sperm and eggs are shed into the sea and the larvae are planktonic . In others , especially colonial species , sperm is released into the water and drawn into the atria of other individuals with the incoming water current . Fertilization takes place here and the eggs are brooded through their early developmental stages . Some larval forms appear very much like primitive chordates with a notochord ( stiffening rod ) and superficially resemble small tadpoles . These swim by undulations of the tail and may have a simple eye , an ocellus , and a balancing organ , a statocyst .
When sufficiently developed , the larva of the sessile species finds a suitable rock and cements itself in place . The larval form is not capable of feeding , though it may have a rudimentary digestive system , and is only a dispersal mechanism . Many physical changes occur to the tunicate 's body during metamorphosis , one of the most significant being the reduction of the cerebral ganglion , which controls movement and is the equivalent of the human brain . From this comes the common saying that the sea squirt " eats its own brain " . In some classes , the adults remain pelagic ( swimming or drifting in the open sea ) , although their larvae undergo similar metamorphoses to a higher or lower degree . Colonial forms also increase the size of the colony by budding off new individuals to share the same tunic .
Pyrosome colonies grow by budding off new zooids near the posterior end of the colony . Sexual reproduction starts within a zooid with an internally fertilized egg . This develops directly into an oozooid without any intervening larval form . This buds precociously to form four blastozooids which become detached in a single unit when the oozoid disintegrates . The atrial siphon of the oozoid becomes the exhalent siphon for the new , four @-@ zooid colony .
Doliolids have a very complex life cycle that includes various zooids with different functions . The sexually reproducing members of the colony are known as gonozooids . Each one is a hermaphrodite with the eggs being fertilised by sperm from another individual . The gonozooid is viviparous , and at first , the developing embryo feeds on its yolk sac before being released into the sea as a free @-@ swimming , tadpole @-@ like larva . This undergoes metamorphosis in the water column into an oozooid . This is known as a " nurse " as it develops a tail of zooids produced by budding asexually . Some of these are known as trophozooids , have a nutritional function , and are arranged in lateral rows . Others are phorozooids , have a transport function , and are arranged in a single central row . Other zooids link to the phorozooids , which then detach themselves from the nurse . These zooids develop into gonozooids , and when these are mature , they separate from the phorozooids to live independently and start the cycle over again . Meanwhile , the phorozooids have served their purpose and disintegrate . The asexual phase in the lifecycle allows the doliolid to multiply very rapidly when conditions are favourable .
Salps also have a complex lifecycle with an alternation of generations . In the solitary life history phase , an oozoid reproduces asexually , producing a chain of tens or hundreds of individual zooids by budding along the length of a stolon . The chain of salps is the ' aggregate ' portion of the lifecycle . The aggregate individuals , known as blastozooids , remain attached together while swimming and feeding and growing larger . The blastozooids are sequential hermaphrodites . An egg in each is fertilized internally by a sperm from another colony . The egg develops in a brood sac inside the blastozooid and has a placental connection to the circulating blood of its " nurse " . When it fills the blastozooid 's body , it is released to start the independent life of an oozooid .
Larvaceans only reproduce sexually . They are protandrous hermaphrodites , except for Oikopleura dioica which is gonochoric , and a larva resembles the tadpole larva of ascidians . Once the trunk is fully developed , the larva undergoes " tail shift " , in which the tail moves from a rearward position to a ventral orientation and twists through 90 ° relative to the trunk . The larva consists of a small , fixed number of cells , and grows by enlargement of these rather than cell division . Development is very rapid and only takes seven hours for a zygote to develop into a house @-@ building juvenile starting to feed .
During embryonic development , tunicates exhibit determinate cleavage , where the fate of the cells is set early on with reduced cell numbers and genomes that are rapidly evolving . In contrast , the amphioxus and vertebrates show cell determination relatively late in development and cell cleavage is indeterminate . The genome evolution of amphioxus and vertebrates is also relatively slow .
= = = Promotion of out @-@ crossing = = =
Ciona intestinalis ( class Ascidiacea ) is a hermaphrodite that releases sperm and eggs into the surrounding seawater almost simultaneously . It is self @-@ sterile , and thus has been used for studies on the mechanism of self @-@ incompatibility . Self / non @-@ self @-@ recognition molecules play a key role in the process of interaction between sperm and the vitelline coat of the egg . It appears that self / non @-@ self recognition in ascidians such as C. intestinalis is mechanistically similar to self @-@ incompatibility systems in flowering plants . Self @-@ incompatibility promotes out @-@ crossing , and thus provides the adaptive advantage at each generation of the masking of deleterious recessive mutations ( i.e. genetic complementation ) and the avoidance of inbreeding depression .
Botryllus schlosseri ( class Ascidiacea ) is a colonial tunicate , a member of the only group of chordates that are able to reproduce both sexually and asexually . B. schlosseri is a sequential ( protogynous ) hermaphrodite , and in a colony , eggs are ovulated about two days before the peak of sperm emission . Thus self @-@ fertilization is avoided , and cross @-@ fertilization is favored . Although avoided , self @-@ fertilization is still possible in B. schlosseri . Self @-@ fertilized eggs develop with a substantially higher frequency of anomalies during cleavage than cross @-@ fertilized eggs ( 23 % vs. 1 @.@ 6 % ) . Also a significantly lower percentage of larvae derived from self @-@ fertilized eggs metamorphose , and the growth of the colonies derived from their metamorphosis is significantly lower . These findings suggest that self @-@ fertilization gives rise to inbreeding depression associated with developmental deficits that are likely caused by expression of deleterious recessive mutations .
= = = A model tunicate = = =
Oikopleura dioica ( class Appendicularia ) is a semelparous organism , reproducing only once in its lifetime . It employs an original reproductive strategy in which the entire female germ @-@ line is contained within an ovary that is a single giant multinucleate cell termed the " coenocyst " . O. dioica can be maintained in laboratory culture , and is of growing interest as a model organism because of its phylogenetic position within the closest sister group to vertebrates .
= = Invasive species = =
Over the past few decades , tunicates ( notably of the genera Didemnum and Styela ) have been invading coastal waters in many countries . The carpet tunicate ( Didemnum vexillum ) has taken over a 6 @.@ 5 sq mi ( 17 km2 ) area of the seabed on the Georges Bank off the northeast coast of North America , covering stones , molluscs , and other stationary objects in a dense mat . D. vexillum , Styela clava and Ciona savignyi have appeared and are thriving in Puget Sound and Hood Canal in the Pacific Northwest .
Invasive tunicates usually arrive as fouling organisms on the hulls of ships , but may also be introduced as larvae in ballast water . Another possible means of introduction is on the shells of molluscs brought in for marine cultivation . Current research indicates many tunicates previously thought to be indigenous to Europe and the Americas are , in fact , invaders . Some of these invasions may have occurred centuries or even millennia ago . In some areas , tunicates are proving to be a major threat to aquaculture operations .
= = Use by humans = =
= = = Medical uses = = =
Tunicates contain a host of potentially useful chemical compounds , including :
Didemnins , effective against various types of cancer as antivirals and immunosuppressants
Aplidine , effective against various types of cancer
Trabectedin , effective against various types of cancer
Tunicates are able to correct their own cellular abnormalities over a series of generations , and a similar regenerative process may be possible for humans . The mechanisms underlying the phenomenon may lead to insights about the potential of cells and tissues to be reprogrammed and to regenerate compromised human organs .
= = = As food = = =
Various Ascidiacea species are consumed as food around the world . In Japan and Korea , the sea pineapple ( Halocynthia roretzi ) is the main species eaten . It is cultivated on dangling cords made of palm fronds . In 1994 , over 42 @,@ 000 tons were produced , but since then , mass mortality events have occurred among the farmed sea squirts ( the tunics becoming soft ) , and only 4 @,@ 500 tons were produced in 2004 .
= = = Other uses = = =
The use of tunicates as a source of biofuel is being researched . The cellulose body wall can be broken down and converted into ethanol , and other parts of the animal are protein @-@ rich and can be converted into fish feed . Culturing tunicates on a large scale may be possible and the economics of doing so are attractive . As tunicates have few predators , their removal from the sea may not have profound ecological impacts . Being sea @-@ based , their production does not compete with food production as does the cultivation of land @-@ based crops for biofuel projects .
Some tunicates are used as model organisms . Ciona intestinalis and Ciona savignyi have been used for developmental studies . Both species ' mitochondrial and nuclear genomes have been sequenced . The nuclear genome of the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica appears to be one of the smallest among metazoans and this species has been used to study gene regulation and the evolution and development of chordates .
= Chao ( Sonic ) =
Chao ( / ˈtʃaʊ / ; Japanese : チャオ ) are fictional life forms in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series published by Sega . They are small , childlike creatures that go through a complex life cycle and exist in several visual forms depending on how they are raised . Developer Sonic Team incorporated Chao into the games to encourage players to explore levels and support the good – evil dichotomy of Sonic Adventure 2 .
Chao have appeared in many games in the series , beginning with Sonic Adventure in 1998 . They usually take the form of digital pets , but have also played parts in the story and figured into other gameplay elements . Most notably , the character Cream the Rabbit has a Chao named Cheese , whom she uses to attack enemies . They have also appeared in games outside the series , the Sonic the Hedgehog comics , and the Sonic X anime , as well as being featured in promotions and merchandise . Critics have given mixed opinions on Chao and their integration into Sonic gameplay , generally praising their worth as a diversion but criticizing Chao minigames ' low interactivity .
= = Conception and characteristics = =
Sonic Team 's Takashi Iizuka stated in an interview with video game publication 1UP.com that Chao were incorporated into Sonic Adventure " so that new players would be forced to go out , explore the action sections , and find Flickies and things . " Chao were designed as a " relative neutral entity " in this game . However , to remain consistent with the good – evil dichotomy of Sonic Adventure 2 , they were designed so that the player could raise them as " Hero chao " or " Dark Chao " . Chao were given the ability to socialize and interact in Sonic Adventure 2 in order to make the game unique , and to more resemble " a real artificial life form . "
Chao are small creatures with a pudding @-@ like body and behave much like human infants , with pleasant and relaxing personalities . Professor Chao , a minor character in Sonic Adventure 2 , states that Chao are cute , and enjoy toys and being held or petted . However , they dislike being held while the player jumps , spins around , or throws them . Chao 's diets consist of tree fruit and coconuts . Chao hatch from eggs found in Chao Gardens . When the player spends enough time with a Chao in the Chao Garden , the Chao develops a cocoon ; it hatches from this as an adult . Eventually it develops another cocoon . If the Chao has been treated well , the cocoon is pink and the Chao is reincarnated as an egg ; the cycle then restarts and the Chao remembers the player . If , however , the Chao has been treated poorly , the cocoon is gray and the Chao dies , removing every trace of itself from the game . Chao can breed to produce fertile eggs .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In video games = = =
Chao have appeared in numerous Sonic the Hedgehog video games as digital pets . They made their first appearance in the 1998 Dreamcast game Sonic Adventure . The player can raise them , enter them in races , and export them to Chao Adventure , a game for the Dreamcast 's VMU peripheral . The player can also trade Chao or post their high scores online using the Dreamcast 's Internet capabilities . The Chao raising feature was expanded in Sonic Adventure 2 ; Chao may become " Hero Chao " or " Dark Chao " depending on whether the game 's " hero " characters ( Sonic the Hedgehog , Miles " Tails " Prower , and Knuckles the Echidna ) or " dark " characters ( Shadow the Hedgehog , Doctor Eggman , and Rouge the Bat ) are nicer to them . Chao can enter karate competitions in this game , as well as racing . The Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) games Sonic Advance , Sonic Advance 2 , and Sonic Pinball Party feature a " Tiny Chao Garden " , similar to the Chao Gardens of Sonic Adventure and Sonic Adventure 2 but with minigames in place of racing and karate competitions . Chao can be transferred between Sonic Adventure 2 : Battle and Sonic Adventure DX : Director 's Cut — Nintendo GameCube ports of Sonic Adventure 2 and Sonic Adventure — and the GBA games featuring a Tiny Chao Garden . Unusually , a generic Chao is playable in the party game Sonic Shuffle .
Chao have also appeared in the series as minor characters and gameplay elements . Two Chao — one Normal and one Dark — who drive Chao @-@ styled mechas are playable characters in the two @-@ player battle mode of Sonic Adventure 2 : Battle . On the Sonic the Hedgehog @-@ styled pinball board in Sonic Pinball Party , one of the player 's objectives is to hatch several Chao eggs . Each world in the 2004 GBA game Sonic Advance 3 features Chao @-@ inspired minigames to earn extra lives for the player , and a sidequest that involves finding Chao to obtain Chaos Emeralds . 2007 's PlayStation Portable installment Sonic Rivals 2 hides Chao throughout levels to be found in a free play mode . In the 2008 Nintendo DS role @-@ playing game Sonic Chronicles : The Dark Brotherhood , Chao eggs are hidden throughout the in @-@ game universe for the player to find and hatch . The resulting infant Chao can be equipped to characters . This affects the characters ' performance in battle ; for example , one kind will increase the character 's hit points . The game features a multiplayer mode in which Chao can be traded between players who each have a copy of the game . Chao take the form of an item in the " Panel Flip " party game of the 2009 Wii and DS game Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games . Each player 's object is to claim as many panels as possible in a six @-@ by @-@ six grid ; finding a Chao upon flipping a panel claims all panels in a given row or column for the player . One mission in Sonic Generations ( 2011 ) involves racing against Cream the Rabbit to collect lost Chao in a city location .
Cream , a prominent character in the series , has a Chao named Cheese as a partner . In a move to keep her image safe , she often uses him to attack enemies instead of doing so herself . Other notable Chao include Chaos , guardian of the Chao , who serves as an antagonist in Sonic Adventure ; Omochao , a robotic ( often described as annoying by players ) Chao who appears in several games as a means of player tutorial ; and Chocola , Cheese 's twin whom Cream , Amy Rose , and Big the Cat search for over the course of Sonic Heroes .
Chao have also made appearances in video games outside the Sonic the Hedgehog series . In the 2004 PlayStation 2 game Sega Superstars ; the player uses points earned during the game to please a pet Chao . Marking the introduction of the character Sonic the Hedgehog to the 2008 Wii game Super Smash Bros. Brawl , Chao and other characters from the Sonic the Hedgehog series appear as collectible trophies and stickers .
= = = In other media = = =
Chao were recurring characters in the Sonic X anime that ran from 2003 to 2006 . In the episode " Little Chao Lost " , Cheese becomes lost while swimming in a stream . The main characters find him at the stream 's end , in a Chao colony , where Doctor Eggman shows up to steal a supposed Chaos Emerald from them until he is defeated . Later on , in " Flood Fight " , a colony of Chao appears after a battle with Chaos ; they turn out to be Chaos ' old friends and embrace it as it leaves with Tikal the Echidna to return to the past .
Chao have also made occasional appearances in Archie Comics ' Sonic the Hedgehog comic book series . They debuted in an Sonic Adventure @-@ based story arc , where they work together with Tikal to defeat Chaos . At one point , Sonic , Tails , and Knuckles find a Chao garden and one Chao followed Sonic home , and after spending time around his Roboticized father came to resemble Omochao . However , Eggman destroys the garden , and the Chao migrate to a lake . Much later , Cream and her mother Vanilla protect a frightened but incompetent group of Chao from Eggman 's assistant , Snively . Cream 's friend Amy Rose realizes they are the same group from the lake and , to Cream 's delight , suggests that the lake can be converted to a Chao garden . Following the comic reboot , Cheese continued to accompany Cream while Chocola was revealed to live with her mother Vanilla and Gemerl ( from Sonic Advance 3 ) . The heroes would also discover a Chao Garden hidden in an undersea cavern whose inhabitants included an ancient Chao named Aquarius and a guard dog @-@ like Chao named Crusher .
= = Reception and impact = =
Chao and the Chao @-@ raising system have received mixed to positive reviews . In a review of Sonic Adventure , GameSpot 's Peter Bartholow stated that " [ w ] ith the Chao @-@ breeding simulation and the minigames , Sonic offers much more beyond the completion of its story . " IGN stated that " SA more than has the extras department covered . " This enthusiasm was extended to IGN 's reviews of Sonic Adventure 2 , Sonic Advance , and Sonic Adventure DX : Director 's Cut . GameSpot 's Shane Satterfield was critical of the Chao raising feature in Sonic Adventure 2 : Battle , stating that " there 's little in the way of interactivity " and that " the [ C ] hao training aspect using the Game Boy Advance is little more than a novelty . " However , GameSpy 's Shane Bettenhausen praised the feature in the game , comparing Chao to Tamagotchi digital pets . GameSpot 's Frank Provo noted the appeal to " those people who might only enjoy pinball in passing " that Chao brought to Sonic Pinball Party . 1UP.com 's Chris Baker called the Chao feature in Sega Superstars " ultimately worthless ... but some might find it amusing . " In a review of Sonic Chronicles : The Dark Brotherhood , GameSpot 's Shiva Stella praised the level of strategy that the game 's Chao system added . Destructoid 's Jim Sterling voiced a similar opinion , although saying that Chao had been " rubbish " in previous games .
A Chao keychain was released as part of a Sonic X character keychain series . Between July 27 and September 8 , 2002 , Sega hosted events at Tokyo @-@ based department stores to promote upcoming Sega video games . Attendees could download " Chao Mini Garden " s and exclusive Chao to their copies of Sonic Advance . Chao clothing clips , along with accessories based on other Sega characters , were available .
Chao 's notability extends beyond the Sonic series and related media ; Mary Jane Irwin of IGN used " Chao program " to describe Pokémon Channel in her review of the game .
= Joseph Hazelwood =
Joseph Jeffrey Hazelwood ( born September 24 , 1946 ) is an American sailor . He was the captain of Exxon Valdez during its 1989 oil spill . He was accused of being intoxicated which contributed to the disaster , but was cleared of this charge at his 1990 trial after witnesses testified that he was sober around the time of the accident . Hazelwood was convicted of a lesser charge , negligent discharge of oil ( a misdemeanor ) , fined $ 50 @,@ 000 , and sentenced to 1 @,@ 000 hours of community service .
= = Early years = =
Hazelwood was born in Hawkinsville , Georgia , but was raised in Huntington , Long Island , New York . His father , Joseph was a United States Marine Corps torpedo bomber pilot turned airline pilot . His mother , Margaret , was born in Georgia . Hazelwood was their first @-@ born son . He was married in 1969 to Suzanne and has one daughter , Alison ( born September 7 , 1975 ) .
In 1964 , Hazelwood graduated from Huntington High School , where his IQ was reportedly tested at 138 . As a youth he was an avid sailor and was a member of the Sea Scouts . In May 1968 , he received a bachelor of science degree in marine transportation from the State University of New York Maritime College .
= = Early career = =
Following college , on June 10 , 1968 he was hired as a Third Mate by Humble Oil and Refining Company , which later became Exxon Shipping Company . His first ship was Esso Florence homeported in Wilmington , North Carolina . Hazelwood climbed the ranks of the merchant marine until he obtained a master 's license at age 31 .
By age 32 , he was the youngest captain working for Exxon when he took command of Exxon Philadelphia , a California @-@ to @-@ Alaska oil tanker , in 1978 . In 1985 he was master of Exxon Chester when the asphalt carrier ran into a storm during its New York to South Carolina trip . High winds damaged the ship 's mast including radar and radio communications antennas . Though the crew was prepared to abandon ship , Hazelwood rallied them and guided the ship to safety . In 1987 , he became the alternate master of Exxon Valdez which subsequently received Exxon Fleet safety awards for the year of 1987 and 1988 .
Hazelwood 's driver 's license had been suspended or revoked three times by the state of New York for alcohol violations since 1984 . At the time of the Exxon Valdez incident , his New York state driving privileges were suspended as a result of a driving under the influence arrest on September 13 , 1988 . He entered a rehabilitation program in 1985 at South Oaks Hospital in Amityville , New York . Following rehabilitation he received 90 days of leave to attend Alcoholics Anonymous , but it is not clear if he attended during that leave .
= = Exxon Valdez oil spill = =
Exxon Valdez departed the port of Valdez , Alaska at 9 : 12 p.m. March 23 , 1989 with 53 million gallons of crude oil bound for California . A harbor pilot guided the ship through the Valdez Narrows before departing the ship and returning control to Hazelwood , the ship 's master . The ship maneuvered out of the outbound traffic lane in the Traffic Separation Scheme ( TSS ) to avoid icebergs . Following the maneuver and sometime after 11 p.m. , Hazelwood departed the navigation bridge and was in his stateroom at the time of the accident .
He left Third Mate Gregory Cousins in charge of the navigation bridge and Able Seaman Robert Kagan at the helm with instructions from the third mate to return to the southbound traffic lane in the TSS at a prearranged point . Exxon Valdez failed to return to the shipping lanes and struck Bligh Reef at around 12 : 04 a.m. March 24 , 1989 . The accident resulted in the discharge of around 11 million gallons of oil , 20 % of the cargo , into Prince William Sound .
During Hazelwood 's trial following the accident , Alaska state prosecutors failed to convince the jury that Hazelwood was intoxicated at the time of the grounding . By his own admission , Hazelwood drank " two or three vodkas " between 4 : 30 and 6 : 30 that same night , his blood alcohol content was found to be .061 . However , the defense argued that the blood samples were taken nearly ten hours after the incident and were mishandled .
Most states , including Alaska , do not allow samples after three hours and a preservative required to halt fermentation was not added to the sample . Fermentation could have added to the amount of alcohol in the sample , making the result invalid . As a result of the accident , in 1991 the United States Coast Guard suspended his masters ' license for a period of nine months . Hazelwood was acquitted on all felony charges , but was convicted of a misdemeanor charge of negligent discharge of oil , fined $ 50 @,@ 000 , and sentenced to 1 @,@ 000 hours of community service .
= = Post @-@ Exxon Valdez = =
Hazelwood never had his masters ' license revoked and it remains valid to this date , but he has been unable to find long @-@ term work as a captain after the spill . His alma mater , SUNY Maritime College , hired him in a show of solidarity as a teacher aboard the T / S Empire State V the year after the incident with the Valdez . In 1997 , he was working as a para @-@ legal and maritime consultant with New York City 's Chalos & Brown , the firm that represented him in his legal cases . He was residing in his native Long Island as of 1997 .
Though he was originally sentenced to assist with the clean @-@ up of the oil spill , due to the lengthy appeals process , his community service was conducted in the Anchorage , Alaska , area , beginning in June 1999 picking up trash from local roads , later moving to Bean 's Cafe , a local soup kitchen . His community service was conducted over five years with the Anchorage Parks Beautification Program . He paid the $ 50 @,@ 000 fine in May 2002 .
In 2009 , Hazelwood offered a " heartfelt apology " to the people of Alaska , but suggested he had been wrongly blamed for the disaster : " The true story is out there for anybody who wants to look at the facts , but that 's not the sexy story and that 's not the easy story , " he said . Hazelwood said he felt Alaskans always gave him a fair shake . The apology appears in an interview in the book The Spill : Personal Stories from the Exxon Valdez Disaster by Sharon Bushell .
= = Pop cultural references = =
Following the Exxon Valdez incident , Hazelwood was ridiculed by talk shows and late night television . He was the subject of a " Top Ten " list on Late Night with David Letterman , in which one of his excuses was , " I was just trying to scrape some ice off the reef for my margarita . "
He was featured in the syndicated comic strip The Far Side , which showed him as a clumsy person who spilled in various stages of his life ; as a baby ( his cup ) , teenager ( pen ink in his shirt pocket ) , and ultimately as an adult , driving into a water tower .
In the 1995 film Waterworld , Hazelwood was anointed the patron saint of the movie 's villain " The Deacon " , leader of the " Smokers " , a band of scavenging raiders . The film displayed Hazelwood 's portrait prominently aboard their flagship , also called Exxon Valdez . The ship also seemed to have a large stockpile of booze as " The Deacon " is seen holding an old Jack Daniel 's bottle . This is yet another reference to accusations that Hazelwood was intoxicated at the time of the spill .
= City of Salford =
The City of Salford ( / ˈsɔːlfərd / ) is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester , England . It is named after its largest settlement , Salford , but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Eccles , Swinton and Pendlebury , Walkden , and Irlam which apart from Irlam each have a population of over 35 @,@ 000 . The city has a population of 218 @,@ 000 , and is administered from the Salford Civic Centre in Swinton .
The current city boundaries were set as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972 , and cover an amalgamation of five former local government districts . It is bounded on the south east by the River Irwell , which forms its boundary with the city of Manchester and by the Manchester Ship Canal to the south , which forms its boundary with Trafford . The metropolitan boroughs of Wigan , Bolton and Bury lie to the west , northwest and north respectively . Some parts of the city , which lies directly west of Manchester , are highly industrialised and densely populated , but around one third of the city consists of rural open space . This is because the western half of the city stretches across an ancient peat bog known as Chat Moss .
Salford has a history of human activity stretching back to the Neolithic age . There are over 250 listed buildings in the city , including Salford Cathedral , and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments . With the Industrial Revolution , Salford and its neighbours grew along with its textile industry . The former County Borough of Salford was granted city status in 1926 . The city and its industries experienced decline throughout much of the 20th century . Since the 1990 's , parts of Salford have undergone regeneration , especially Salford Quays , home of BBC North and Granada Television , and the area around the University of Salford .
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state would lead to an Arab Ba 'ath ( literally meaning " Renaissance " ) . The Arab nations of his time could only progressively " decline " if not unified ; these nations had various ailments – " feudalism , sectarianism , regionalism , intellectual reactionism " . The only way to " cure " the Arab nations was , according to Aflaq , through a revolutionary movement . Aflaq was influenced by Marxism in that he saw the need for a vanguard party to rule the Arab Nation for an indefinite period of time ( the period would be a transition from the old to the new ) .
The need for liberty was one of the defining features of Ba 'athism , however , liberty not in the sense used by liberal democracies . Aflaq was a strong believer in pluralism of thought , but paradoxically , against pluralism in the form of votes . In theory , the Ba 'ath Party would rule , and guide the people , in a transitional period of time without consulting the people because the party knew what was right .
The last tenet , ' socialism ' , did not mean socialism as it is defined in the West , but rather a unique form of Arab socialism . Aflaq coined the word Arab socialism for his variant of socialism . Socialism , in its original form in the Arab world had , according to Aflaq , first come into being under the rule of Muhammad . The point of Arab socialism was not to answer questions such as : how much state control was necessary , or economic equality ; but instead Arab socialism was a system that freed the Arab people from oppression and enslavement , which in turn created independent individuals .
Aflaq opposed Marx 's view that dialectical materialism was the only truth , but believed that the " importance of material economic conditions in life " was one of the greatest discoveries in modern history . Even so , Aflaq was critical of both capitalism and communism , and did not want either of the two power blocs to collapse during the Cold War – believing that the Cold War was a sort of check and balance on their power .
= = = Role of Islam = = =
What Aflaq saw in Islam was a revolutionary movement . In contrast to other nationalities , the Arab awakening and expansion was attributed to a religious message . Because of this , Aflaq believed that the Arab 's spirituality was directly linked to Islam , therefore , one could never take Islam out of the equation of what is essentially , and essentially is not , Arab . Arab nationalism , just as Islam had been during the lifetime of Muhammad , was a spiritual revolutionary movement , leading the Arabs towards a new renaissance : Arab nationalism was the second revolution to appear in the Arab world . All Arab religious communities should , according to Aflaq , respect and worship the spirituality of Islam , even if they did not worship Islam in a religious sense – Aflaq was a Christian who worshipped Islam . Aflaq did not believe it was necessary to worship Muhammad , but believed that all Arabs should strive to emulate Muhammad . In the words of Aflaq himself , Arabs " belong to the nation that gave birth to a Muhammad ; or rather , because this Arab individual is a member of the community which Muhammad put all his efforts into creating [ … ] Muhammad was all the Arabs ; let us today make all the Arabs Muhammad . " The Muslim of Muhammad 's days were , according to Aflaq , synonymous with Arabs – the Arabs were the only ones to preach the message of Islam during Muhammad 's lifetime . In contrast to Jesus , who was a religious leader , but not a political leader , Muhammad was both – the first leader of Islam and of the Arab world . Therefore , secularisation could not take the same shape in the Arab world as it did in the West .
Aflaq called on all Arabs , both Muslim and non @-@ Muslim alike , to admire the role Islam had played in creating the Arab character . But his view on Islam was purely spiritual , and Aflaq emphasised that Islam " should not be imposed " on state and society . Time and again Aflaq emphasised that the Ba 'ath party was against atheism , but also equally against fundamentalism . For him , any fundamentalism represented a " shallow , false faith . " According to Ba 'athist ideology , all religions were equal . Despite his anti @-@ atheist stance , Aflaq was a strong supporter of secular government , and stated that a Ba 'athist state would replace religion with a state " based on a foundation – Arab nationalism , and a moral – freedom . "
= = Legacy = =
Fouad Ajami criticised Aflaq for a lack of real substance , stating , " Nearly three hundred pages of text yield no insight , on his part , into what went wrong and what needed to be done ; there is only the visible infatuation with words " and " Aflaq summons the party to renounce power and go back to its ' pure essence ' " . There is some truth in this critique . Aflaq spent much time and energy writing optimistically about the future , and the past , of the Arab Nation , and of how the Arab World could be unified . As Kanan Makiya , the author of Republic of Fear : The Politics of Modern Iraq , notes : for " Aflaq , reality is confined to the inner world of the party . " In contrast to other philosophers , such as Karl Marx or John Locke , Aflaq 's ideological view of the world makes no clear stand on the materialistic or socioeconomic behavior of humanity . While other philosophers make distinctions between what is real and what is not real , that is between prescriptive and descriptive analysis , Aflaq did not as a rule define what is and what ought to be . In his thought both are molded into the same category : that which is attainable .
In contrast to his longtime friend and colleague Salah al @-@ Din al @-@ Bitar , who was more practical when it came to politics , Aflaq was a " visionary , the dreamer rather unfitted for political life " . Aflaq was described by his associates as an " ascetic , shy and intense figure living a simple and unpretensious life . " He has been accused of seeking help from other people instead of fulfilling his goal by himself or with others he led ; Aflaq collaborated with Gamal Abdel Nasser , Abd al @-@ Karim Qasim and Abdul Rahman Arif in 1958 , to Ahmed Hassan al @-@ Bakr and Ali Salih al @-@ Sadi in 1963 and finally in the 1970s to Saddam Hussein . There are several Ba 'athists , mostly from the Syrian @-@ led Ba 'ath Party , who believe Aflaq stole Ba 'athist ideology from its original founder , Zaki al @-@ Arsuzi . These individuals have denounced , and labelled , Aflaq as a " thief " .
In his writings Aflaq had been stridently in favor of free speech and other human rights and aid for the lower classes . During the Military Committee 's gradual take over of power in Syria , Aflaq rallied against what he saw as the establishment of a military dictatorship , instead of the democracy for which Aflaq had planned . These ideals were never realized by the governments that used his ideology . Most scholars see the Assad government in Syria and Saddam Hussein 's government in Iraq to have only employed Aflaq 's ideology as a pretense for dictatorship .
= = Selected works = =
في سبيل البعث ( English : On the Way of Resurrection , published 1947 )
Itihad Souriyya wa Misr ( English : Unity Between Syria and Egypt , published 1958 )
Ma 'rakat al @-@ Masir al @-@ Wahid ( English : The Battle for One Destiny , published 1958 )
Nuqtat al @-@ Bidayya ( English : The Starting Point , published 1971 )
Al @-@ Ba 'ath wa al @-@ Wihda ( English : The Ba 'ath and Arab Unity , published 1972 )
Al @-@ Ba 'ath wa al @-@ Ishtirakiyya ( English : The Ba 'ath and Socialism , published 1973 )
Al @-@ Nidal did Tashweeh Harakat al @-@ Thawra al @-@ Arabiyya ( English : The Struggle Against Distorting the Movement of Arab Revolution , published 1975 )
= Death of Kaja Ballo =
Kaja Bordevich Ballo ( 1988 – March 28 , 2008 ) was a university student in the French town of Nice ; her father was Olav Gunnar Ballo , a member of the Norwegian Parliament . On March 28 , 2008 Kaja Ballo took the personality test run by the Church of Scientology , and committed suicide later the same day . Family and friends stated that Ballo was happy prior to taking the test , and that her mood dramatically shifted after receiving the results . She committed suicide hours after getting the results of the test back ; Ballo jumped from the fourth floor of her dorm room . In addition to a note , her family found the Scientology personality test among her belongings . French police investigated connections between Scientology and Ballo 's death , and interviewed two leaders of the organization in France . Prosecutors stated in December 2008 that they were unable to establish a causative link between the Scientology test and Ballo 's death .
A Scientology representative in France asserted that the Scientology personality test was not created by the Church of Scientology , and that it was not related to Ballo 's death . The Church of Scientology 's information chief in Norway , Matthias Fosse stated that the test was not dangerous and that the organization did not bear any responsibility for Ballo 's death . Ballo 's father retained a lawyer to investigate his daughter 's death , and the family considered filing a lawsuit against Scientology . 500 people attended Ballo 's funeral on April 11 , 2008 at Grefsen Church in Oslo , Norway .
The incident received significant media coverage in Norway , and Verdens Gang and Dagbladet devoted multiple cover stories to investigating the controversy . The media faced criticism for its extensive coverage of Ballo 's death . Norway parliament member Inga Marte Thorkildsen commented that she thought indications were that Scientology had a role in Ballo 's suicide . Psychologist Rudy Myrvang told Aftenposten that the Scientology personality test was designed to break down an individual ; he characterized the test as a form of recruitment tool for the organization . Scientology critic Andreas Heldal @-@ Lund stated parents of those involved in Scientology contacted him with similar concerns . The Norwegian Psychological Association warned individuals against taking such types of personality tests .
Ballo 's father wrote a book about his daughter 's death , and refrained from interviews with the press until the book was published in 2009 . Titled Kaja : 1988 – 2008 , the book became a bestseller in Norway . It reached second place on the bestseller list of the Bestseller Association in Norway for general literature , in May 2009 . The author stated he wrote the book as an expository method to both process his grief , inform his family about the controversy , and educate the public about suicide .
= = Family = =
Kaja Bordevich Ballo was the daughter of Olav Gunnar Ballo , a member of the Norwegian Parliament . Her stepmother was Heidi Sørensen , a former member of the Norwegian Parliament , and State Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment .
= = Scientology personality test = =
Kaja Ballo took a personality test given by the Church of Scientology in Nice , France on March 28 , 2008 . The test is known either as the Scientology personality test , or as Oxford Capacity Analysis . The testing location was situated close to her residential area in student housing , in a nearby storefront shopping facility . It was located only a few meters from her dormitory . According to representatives for Scientology , Ballo spent a total of one hour at the facility . She received a negative result from the test . It indicated that some of her responses were situated on what is referred to in Scientology as " an unacceptable level " . The test consists of 200 questions . Ballo missed 100 points on the test , and this was seen as " unstable " . The Scientology test stated she had a " very limited " IQ .
Ballo 's friends and family members said that her mood " changed " after receiving the results . Family said she had not indicated any problems prior to taking the test . Ballo 's uncle Heljar Ballo stated on a program on public broadcaster NRK that the results of the Scientology personality test were " devastating " to her . He served as a spokesperson for the family during an intense period of their grief . He described her as " happy and bubbly " , prior to taking the Scientology test . Heljar Ballo stated , " We can only relate the facts , that she was doing well in France , was happy and had many good friends , and that she took this test . "
= = Death = =
Ballo committed suicide , hours after hearing the results of the personality test conducted by Scientology . She jumped from the fourth floor of her dorm room in Nice , France , two hours after getting the results of the test . She left behind a note , along with the results of the Scientology personality test . The results of the personality test were found among her belongings by her family . In April 2008 , Aftenposten noted that the French police were investigating connections between Scientology and Ballo 's death . The investigation was being headed by a judge in France . In April 2008 the French police interviewed two leaders of Scientology in France . Prosecutor Eric de Montgolfier opened an investigation into the incident in France , in April 2008 . A French investigating prosecutor told Dagbladet , " We are almost convinced that it is a suicide . But the question is whether something encouraged her to this . " Prosecutors stated in December 2008 that they could not determine a direct link between the Scientology personality test and Ballo 's death .
Agnes Bron , a Scientology representative in France , denied that the test was related to Ballo 's death , and asserted that the Scientology personality test was not created by the Church of Scientology . Scientologists pay royalties to the Hubbard Foundation for use of the test . She said that Ballo never actually received the results of her personality test . A spokesperson for Scientology asserted to Verdens Gang that the results of the personality test are seen as neither positive nor negative , but rather allow the individual to gain insight into their own personality . A representative of Scientology in Norway described the concerns leveled against the organization as " deeply unfair " . The Scientology official noted Ballo had a psychological history as a teenager , and said she had an eating disorder . The Church of Scientology 's Information Chief in Norway , Matthias Fosse , asserted that the Scientology personality test was not " dangerous " , and stated that " millions " of individuals had partaken in the examination . He asserted that approximately 10 @,@ 000 residents of Norway had taken the test . " I have never , never , never heard of someone who has killed on the basis of the OCA test , " said Fosse . Fosse said that Ballo had entered the Scientology premises in Nice of her own volition . Fosse maintained that the negative views of the organization were based on ignorance and intolerance . " I feel deeply for the Ballo family , but it is a rude insinuation that the Church of Scientology has any responsibility for this incident , " said Fosse .
Ballo 's father was critical of the statements made by Fosse about his daughter 's history . He commented to Verdens Gang that the Church of Scientology was negatively impacting the reputation of his daughter and not respecting the privacy of her health history . He did not wish to comment regarding the nature of the investigation in France . Ballo 's uncle Heljar Ballo explained that Kaja Ballo 's family decided to come forward with information to the media about her suicide , due to a motivation to publicize information relating to the circumstances of her death . Heljar Ballo told Aftenposten that the family " had confidence " in the investigation by local law enforcement in France . He thought there was a connection between her death and Scientology . Kaja Ballo 's father retained an attorney to investigate his daughter 's death . In April 2008 , Ballo 's family was considering taking legal action against Scientology . Kaja Ballo was interred on April 11 , 2008 at Grefsen Church in Oslo , and approximately 500 people were present at the funeral ceremony .
= = Commentary = =
In reporting on Ballo 's death , United Press International noted , " Critics say the break @-@ you @-@ down @-@ build @-@ you @-@ up recruitment tool of Scientologists is controversial . " The issue received a significant amount of coverage in Norway news publications ; and media attention focused criticism on the Church of Scientology . Both Verdens Gang and Dagbladet devoted several cover stories investigating the matter . News media received criticism regarding the amount of coverage given to the incident . A representative of the National Association for Suicide Survivors in Norway regarded it as excessive . News editor of Dagbladet , Peter Raaum , defended the amount of news coverage given to the incident : " We write about this because the survivor has made criticism of the Scientology test that Kaja took just before she took her life . The family wanted a debate about this . What makes this so important is this test . What kind of test is this ? Is it so reprehensible , and significant to what happened ? If it is , I mean it 's something that 's extremely important to focus on . " Ballo 's family agreed to discuss the incident with the media . In an interview Ballo 's father said he did not have issues with the case being front @-@ page news in newspapers .
Norway parliament member Inga Marte Thorkildsen weighed in on the situation , and stated to the Oslo , Norway newspaper Dagbladet , " All indications are that the Scientologist sect has played a direct role in Kaja 's choice to take her own life . " Ballo 's friend and study partner Henry Møinichen told Dagbladet , " I think Kaja would be alive today if she had not gone to the Scientologists . " Psychologist Rudy Myrvang told Aftenposten that testing procedures such as the personality test conducted by Scientology could have negative consequences ; he said the goal was focused on " breaking you down , and then they 'll offer to build you up again " . Myrvang characterized the Scientology personality test as a recruitment tactic for the organization . Dagbladet consulted an expert on the subject of assessment tests , Ole I. Iversen , who characterized the Scientology personality test as " unethical and junk " .
Scientology critic Andreas Heldal @-@ Lund stated that the Church of Scientology views candidates for the test as " raw meat from the street " . " You 're told you 're worth nothing , " he said . Heldal @-@ Lund stated that , " thousands of desperate parents contact me because they have children who have had major mental problems , or taken their own life after similar circumstances to Kaja Ballo " . Scientology @-@ associated celebrity , Hank Von Helvete , commented to the press that he thought psychiatry , not Scientology , was the cause of Ballo 's suicide . TV 2 reported that psychologists advised that subsequent to the personality test , there should be proper follow @-@ up attention with the subject . In an analysis of personality tests available online on social networking sites , Norwegian Psychological Association department advisor Andreas Høstmælingen cited Kaja Ballo as " an example of how wrong things can go " . The Norwegian Psychological Association warned individuals against taking such types of personality tests .
= = Kaja : 1988 – 2008 = =
Ballo 's father subsequently wrote a book about his daughter 's suicide . He decided not to give interviews to the press about his ordeal until the book was published . He wanted to be able to tell the story and impact of his daughter 's death , on his own terms . Titled , Kaja : 1988 – 2008 , the book explores the sequence of events that led to his daughter 's death , from her time studying French in Nice . Her early history of psychiatric treatment is discussed in the book . He recounts the difficulties in getting information about his daughter 's death from government authorities . According to the author , there was a slow response in receiving help from the Foreign Ministry of Norway . In an interview with Politiken , he explained the motivation for writing the book : " After the funeral I felt I had to do something relating to grief . This was my way to process the grief . The second issue was that I needed to transcribe the account to later tell my little daughter Oda . " He also said , " I wanted to contribute to greater openness about suicide . " He acknowledged , " Losing a child means that life is turned upside down . I believe that grief becomes heavier if you do not share it with anyone . " The book was written with input from other family members .
Kaja : 1988 – 2008 became a bestseller in Norway . The book reached second place on the bestseller list of the Bestseller Association in Norway for general literature , in May 2009 . Kaja : 1988 – 2008 sparked renewed controversy over perceptions of Scientology activities in Norway . In a review of the book , Dagbladet noted that because the author was writing both as a private individual and as a physician , " he is trained to look at the familiar and intimate with professionalism and distance . " Upon the book 's publication , representative Matthias Fosse of the Church of Scientology stated , " Church of Scientology had absolutely nothing to do with this young woman 's decision to take her own life . We are sorry for the loss the family has suffered , but this young woman was never a member of the Church of Scientology and never participated in any of the church activities . "
= Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line =
" Illawarra railway line , Sydney " redirects to here ( Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line while Illawarra railway line redirects to South Coast railway line , New South Wales
The Eastern Suburbs & Illawarra Line ( numbered T4 , coloured azure blue ) is a commuter railway line in the eastern and southern suburbs of Sydney , Australia and is a part of the Sydney Trains network . The line was constructed in the 1880s to Wollongong to take advantage of agricultural and mining potentials in the Illawarra area . In March 1926 it became the first railway in New South Wales to run electric train services .
Today the railway consists of three connected lines :
the original Illawarra line from the Sydney CBD to Waterfall
the Cronulla line from Sutherland to Cronulla which opened in 1939 replacing an earlier tram service
the Eastern Suburbs line from the Sydney CBD to Bondi Junction which opened in 1979
Operationally and historically , the entire line from the Illawarra Junction at Redfern to its terminus in Bomaderry on the South Coast was known as the Illawarra Line . However , since 1989 CityRail has marketed the suburban services to Waterfall and Cronulla as the Illawarra line and interurban services south to Wollongong and Bomaderry as the South Coast Line . The line is coloured an azure blue on Sydney Trains tim
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of the Queen 's plot and tells her to run away and never to come back . To escape the penalty , he comes back with a pig 's heart and gives it to the Queen . When she questions her mirror , it again replies that Snow White is the fairest in the land , and that she is living at the cottage of the Seven Dwarfs , revealing that the box contains the heart of a pig . The Dwarfs are fearful of the Queen 's black magic but decide to take in Snow White anyway .
Furious that Humbert tricked her , the Queen decides that first Snow White shall die by her own hand and at any cost . She goes down the dungeon to her secret room where she practices her dark magic , complete with a pet raven that " knows all her secrets , " and in desperation uses her spellbook and cauldron to mix a potion that transforms her into a hag . Her beauty is shrouded in ugliness and age , though presumably reversible . She then conjures a poison apple , which will cause " the Sleeping Death " , and proceeds to leave the castle via a moat boat . She is sure that no one would know or perform the counter @-@ curse to her spell , and believes the Dwarfs would bury her rival alive , thinking her dead . The Queen comes to the cottage , followed by two vicious vultures , and finds Snow White baking a pie for Grumpy the dwarf . Somehow Snow White 's animal friends realize that the old hag is the Queen . After an unsuccessful attempt to warn Snow White by attacking the Queen , they go to warn the Dwarfs of the Queen 's arrival . The Queen tricks the princess into letting her inside the cottage and eating the bewitched apple , telling her that it is a magic wishing apple . Snow White takes a bite and falls to the floor , apparently dead .
The Queen rejoices in her victory , but is soon discovered by the angry Seven Dwarfs , who grab pickaxes and chase her deep into the forest as a great storm begins . She climbs up into the mountains , where she gets trapped upon a precipice that overlooks a seemingly bottomless canyon . She tries to push down a large boulder to crush the approaching Dwarfs . Just then a lightning bolt strikes between her and the boulder , destroying the precipice and sending the Queen ( along with the boulder ) down the cliff to her doom , screaming while she falls to the jagged rocks below . As the Dwarfs look wide @-@ eyed over the cliff 's edge , they cannot see her , but the vultures descend into the chasm . The Queen 's dark reign is over , and her castle is then taken over and the revived Snow White and the Prince who broke the spell . ( A 1936 pre @-@ release Good Housekeeping novelization by Dorothy Ann Blank , a member of the film 's story team , affirms that the Queen in fact dies : " Far below , in a chasm as dark as her own wicked soul , lay the body of the hateful Queen . No magic would ever bring her to life again . " )
= = = Conception , design and portrayal = = =
Early concepts for the film called for a " fat , batty , cartoon type , self @-@ satisfied " Queen . However , Walt Disney became concerned that such an approach would make the character seem less plausible . Sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen , he advised that attention be paid exclusively to " scenes in which only Snow White , the Dwarfs , and their bird and animal friends appear . " Disney further developed the main plot himself ( Ollie Johnston said the film 's story was based on the idea that the Queen 's character was going to murder " another drawing " and Disney decided to make it appear believable ) , finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen , whom he envisioned as a mixture of Lady Macbeth and the Big Bad Wolf , and decided to set on " a high collar stately beautiful type " whose " beauty is sinister , mature , plenty of curves – she becomes ugly and menacing when scheming . " According to the 1993 Disney Classics series of trading cards , " she is really two characters , the beautiful evil Queen and the grotesquely evil witch . "
The Queen 's appearance was inspired by the " ageless ice goddess " character of Queen Ayesha ( " She who must be obeyed " ) from the 1935 film She , played by Helen Gahagan . The Queen was originally to be named Grimhilde ( but who is never actually named in the film ) , was also modeled in part on Princess Kriemhild in the 1924 film Die Nibelungen . It is also possible that the Queen 's looks may have been inspired by the faces of Joan Crawford and Gale Sondergaard , and her costume and general silhouette may have been inspired by a column statue at the Naumburg Cathedral depicting Uta von Ballenstedt , the wife of Eckard II , Margrave of Meissen who was widely regarded as the most beautiful woman of Medieval Germany . Also noted was her resemblance to two 1930s American movie stars from Europe , Greta Garbo and Marlene Dietrich . The Queen and Snow White were refined by Grim Natwick and Norm Ferguson , who would often override Walt Disney 's instructions . As in the case of other characters for the film , the Queen 's appearance had to be approved by Albert Hurter before being finalised . One pre @-@ final version of the queen had her wear a looser hood and a different crown and the edge of her cape was fur trimmed , as it can be seen in Gustaf Tenggren 's pictures .
None of Art Babbit 's lead animation work on the character was rotoscoped and the animators were noted to prefer to draw the Queen over Snow White " because she was more real and complex as a woman , more erotic , and driven to desperate acts by her magic mirror . " The character , however , turned out to be especially problematic for the animators , as she had to be " regally beautiful , with confined but graceful movements , " and " the experiments on her lovely cruel mouth and eyes alone represent drawings enough to fill a paper house . " The sequence of her transformation in particular was the film 's toughest to visualise using trick effects , especially since Disney insisted on showing how the Queen felt as she changed .
According to a description in her card in the Disney Villains set , " the Witch 's ugliness symbolises the evil disguised by the Queen 's beauty . " Her castle might have been inspired by Spain 's Alcázar of Segovia and the throne she is uses has a peacock motif to symbolise her extreme vanity . The Queen is clad mostly in black and other " negative " dark colors , providing a contrast to Snow White 's bright colorful wardrobe , and has " shiny black hair " under her hood . Her royal costume was painted with specially developed paints made to look like satin for her collar and like velvet for her robe . The Queen 's music tracks were created with low celio notes , basses , and bassoons ; the scribblings in her book of spells were written in Italian .
Notably , the Queen was the first character to ever speak in an animated feature film . She was voiced by Lucille La Verne , who achieved her voice change for the role of the Witch by removing her false teeth . Joe Grant , who contributed the design for her Witch form , noticed La Verne 's changing attitude and posture when voicing the Queen and Witch , and sketched these poses and her body language down for animation reference . He also said he based the Witch 's concept art on a woman who lived across the street from him . The character 's foreign dubbing voice actresses included Jiřina Petrovická in Czechoslovakia , Clara Pontoppidan , Kirsten Rolffes , Lise Ringheim in Denmark , Rauni Luoma and Seela Sella in Finland , Claude Gensac in France , Dagny Servaes in Germany , Ilus Vay in Hungary , Tina Lattanzi and Dina Romano in Italy , Tanie Kitabayashi in Japan , Blanca de Castejón and Cristina Montt in Mexico , Zinaida Sharko in Russia , and Helena Brodin , Hjördis Petterson and Lil Terselius in Sweden .
The Queen was also the first character to meet death in a Disney film . As part of elimination of the original story 's more gruesome aspects , and to make Snow White seem more a " nice girl " , the Wicked Queen is no longer cannibalistic and her destruction was made " just as certain but more merciful " than in the original story , where she is forced to dance to her death in red @-@ hot iron shoes on her feet as an invited guest at Snow White 's wedding . Snow White 's role in the Queen 's demise is removed , and the Queen " dies more neatly and quickly , " as justice is served without resorting to killing or torture . She also invites her own downfall while pushing the boulder , and her fate is only suggested rather than shown . One of the Witch 's animators was Ward Kimball , whom Walt Disney also let to draw the two vultures watching her fall " to make it a little easier " for him , as Kimball has been reassigned after his own sequence was cut from the film , since Disney thought these additional dwarfs gag scenes would distract from " the real drama " of the tension between Snow White and her wicked stepmother that was supposed to drive the film .
= = = Abandoned concepts = = =
The original outline of the story featured the Queen 's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb , an element taken from the Grimms ' version of the tale ( the Dwarfs would arrive in time to remove it ) . The envious Queen would also decide to take possession of Snow White 's attractive young suitor , the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Prince ( described in a press kit as " every woman 's dream man " ) for herself , offering him an opportunity to share the throne with her through a marriage . With the Prince refusing to marry her , the Queen would have him captured by her guards and taken to her dungeon to be suspended in chains in a torture chamber . She would later visit him there and used her sorcery to taunt him by bringing the dungeon 's skeletons ( also chained to the walls ) to life and making them dance , identifying one skeleton as " Prince Oswald " , only for the Prince to defy her again . She then has him given to the torturers , described as " the Nubians " , and " exits with a dirty laugh . "
According to production story @-@ meeting notes from October 1934 , " Queen wants to marry Prince , but he refuses to acknowledge ' that she is the fairest in the land , ' since he has seen Snow White . " It is written in story notes that the Queen has magical power only over her own domain , which is the castle . Another note states about their meeting in the dungeon : " This is a sequence of gruesome comedy ― of dancing skeletons ― fantastic shadows ― witchcraft and deviltry . " The name Prince Oswald was an inside joke reference to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit . The Queen was originally intended to have seven black panthers guarding the entrance to her secret room with the Mirror ; a concept art of the Queen walking a pet panther can be seen in The Walt Disney Family Museum and at Disney California Adventure .
The books Snow White : Magic Mirror Book and The Complete Story of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs reveal that the Huntsman was afraid to disobey a command to kill Snow White because the Queen 's might feed him to her panthers or shrink him magically " to the size of a walnut " . In one 1937 novelization , the Queen vows the Huntsman would pay dearly for allowing her stepdaughter to escape , but first she would deal with Snow White herself . In another version , the Huntsman would too be dragged to the dungeon when the Queen finds out that he has betrayed her , and the Queen might smash her own Mirror in anger . Later , after transforming herself , she decides to punish the Prince for having scorned her . She informs the Prince of her plan to have the Dwarfs bury Snow White alive and then leaves him to his death , still chained and trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water to slowly drown . She then makes her way to the Dwarfs ' cottage with the poisoned apple , while birds and forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen 's minions and find his horse as would race to try and save Snow White .
This plotline described above was not used in the final film , although it was carried out to the drawing and cel stage , and several inspirational sketch pictures of the dungeon scenes were drawn by Ferdinand Hovarth . It is said that Disney " knew that the Queen would have to look scary without being too scary . " Some skeletons are briefly featured in the finished film in the other parts of the dungeon , except in Australia 's censored original theatrical release version . Similar motifs and scenes were later used in Disney 's Sleeping Beauty and Aladdin . Elements of this sub @-@ plot have also made their way into some other Disney 's Snow White fiction and visitor attractions .
= = Other appearances = =
= = = Attractions = = =
The Evil Queen is a primary character in the Disneyland rides Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( first opened in 1955 ) , where she is seen more than any other character in all four versions of the ride , recreating a number of scenes from the film , sometimes including the torture chamber from an abandoned concept , with " a few skeletons of her past victims . " In one new scene , she turns into a hag while standing in front of the mirror ( back to the visitors ) and intoning : " Magic Mirror on the wall , with this disguise I 'll fool them all ! " She also appears in her hag form at the roller coaster Seven Dwarfs Mine Train , first opened in 2014 .
In the The Disney Villains Mix and Mingle and Mickey 's Boo @-@ to @-@ You Halloween Parade shows during Magic Kingdom 's Mickey 's Not @-@ So @-@ Scary Halloween Party , the Evil Queen is one of the villains led by Maleficent that appear during the Cinderella Castle Forecourt Stage . Susanne Blakeslee voiced the Queen at 2001 's Share A Dream Come True Parade , where she could be seen transform herself into a hag . The Wicked Queen is one of the " favourite " villains included in Magic Kingdom Park 's special pre @-@ parade procession " It 's Good to be Bad " a night before the annual Main Street Electrical Parade . One event featured a giant interactive mirror and included the Queen and two other " Divas of Evil " , Maleficent and Cruella de Vil . She also prominently appears at Villains Unleashed party , a separately ticketed event at Disney 's Hollywood Studios that was introduced in 2014 .
In the interactive gallery Walt Disney : One Man 's Dream , the Queen appears alongside Maleficent and Judge Frollo in the villains ' act of the show , where she seems to be the leader of the trio . On the cruise ship Disney Fantasy , the Queen , appearing with her raven , is one of the seven suspects ( and sometimes the culprit ) in the interactive gallery Midship Detective Agency 's story " The Case of The Plundered Paintings " .
= = = Film and television = = =
The Queen is featured in some Disney television specials like Our Unsung Villains ( 1956 ) and Disney 's Greatest Villains ( 1977 ) . Segments of the Queen 's appearance are also shown in Disney 's Halloween Treat ( 1982 ) and in A Disney Halloween ( 1983 ) . She makes small cameo appearances in the animated series Disney 's House of Mouse , voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ( where she is seen sitting with Lady Tremaine in her queen form , and with Madam Mim and Witch Hazel in her witch form ) and in the films Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) and Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) , shown there in her witch form .
In the live @-@ action television special Disney 's Golden Anniversary of Snow White ( 1987 ) , the Queen is played by Jane Curtin in a parodic scenario . She casts a spell on Grumpy in an attempt to get him to persuade the other Dwarfs to retire and destroy the original film after the 50 years . After the failure of this , her Mirror convinces her to finally quit " this whole curse business " and focus on her current career as a television horror host .
The Queen ( voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ) is the main villain in the 2005 direct @-@ to @-@ video animated film Once Upon a Halloween , but appears only in the Witch version despite misleading cover art ( furthermore , only her shadow is shown ) . In it , the Queen plots to conquer Halloween and asks her cauldron to show several villains to which one of them helps her in her plan . The cauldron also explains its origins as it is one of the cauldrons formerly owned by the three witches from The Black Cauldron . Eventually , the cauldron turns against the Wicked Queen and makes her vanish into nothingness .
In Mike Disa 's and Evan Spiliotopoulos ' abandoned pitch for the DisneyToons ' Snow White prequel film The Seven Dwarfs , a beautiful girl named Narcissa appears to aid the dwarfs against an evil wizard , who would be eventually revealed as her father whom she would betray and trap him inside a mirror . Narcissa steals the ancient magic secrets of the Olden Dwarfs , marries and then murders Snow White 's father , and " begins her reign as the Evil Queen , with the damned soul of her own father forever encased in the Magic Mirror as her slave . Thus , the dwarfs must live in hiding to protect their families from the Queen 's vengeance . " Three computer @-@ animated sequels to The Seven Dwarfs " were to follow the title characters return home to families and friends after the Evil Queen 's death in Snow White . "
In a 2015 Disney Channel Original Movie titled Descendants , the aged Evil Queen ( played by Kathy Najimy ) is among a host of other villains who have been imprisoned on a forbidden Isle of the Lost , and her daughter Evie ( played by Sofia Carson ) is among their offspring who are allowed to return into the kingdom to attend school alongside the offspring of iconic Disney heroes ( Evie 's father is unidentified . ) . The Evil Queen is portrayed as Maleficent 's closest confident and best friend . Its title image features the iconic red apple of the Evil Queen , which was also prominently featured in a teaser trailer .
In Justin Merz 's and Evan Daugherty 's script for the live @-@ action spin @-@ off Rose Red , currently in development , Snow White 's sister Rose Red is going to " join Grumpy and the fellow Dwarves on a journey to find the Evil Queen and break her curse . "
= = = Books = = =
In the 1949 audiobook release , the Evil Queen ( voiced by Eleanor Audley ) wears a yellow dress and a red cape . She tells the Huntsman to take her stepdaughter Snow White to the forest and leave her there to die . In the end of the book , after being chased by the dwarfs , the Queen dies when she slips while climbing the mountain and falls into the sea .
The novel Fairest of All : A Tale of the Wicked Queen by Serena Valentino , published by Disney Press in 2009 , tells a story much more sympathetic to the Queen than most other Disney media . The book shows how the Queen became the villain from the film , much in the style of The Killing Joke , with the Magic Mirror , here possessed by the spirit of her abusive father , having been a corrupting influence . According to the book , her mother was a witch and the King died in a war against another kingdom prior to the events of the film . After her husband 's death , the Queen slowly descends into madness . By the end of novel , Snow White gets the mirror and the Queen becomes the spirit inside the mirror after her death in the film .
The Evil Queen is one of the Overtakers , villains of The Kingdom Keepers novel series . She was introduced in 2011 in the fourth book of the saga , Power Play , alongside Cruella De Vil . Like Maleficent , she is very powerful and is able to cast almost any spell with a flick of her finger ; she can also transform herself and other characters . In Power Play , when Maleficent and Chernabog are captured by the Keepers , the Queen becomes the new leader of the Overtakers .
One chapter in Todd Strasser 's 1993 Disney 's the Villains Collection / Stories from the Films is dedicated to Snow White and the Queen . She is also a subject of one of the illustrated books in the Disney Princess series My Side of the Story , titled Snow White / The Queen ( 2004 ) , which portrays her as a misunderstood positive character .
Melissa de la Cruz wrote the Descendants prequel novel Isle of the Lost . In that book , it is revealed that the Evil Queen once tried to overthrow Maleficent as the ruler of the Isle .
= = = Theatrical shows = = =
As in the film , the Evil Queen character is featured in 1979 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs musical version , played by Anne Francine . In the Disney on Ice reenactment of the movie in 1986 @-@ 1987 , and then in 1994 – 1997 and again in 2000 – 2001 , she was voiced by Louise Chamis and played by various skaters beginning with Melanie Scott in 1986 @-@ 1987 , and including Elena Koteneva , who was substituted by Davina Lee @-@ Gooding in 1995 . Francine also played her in the 1980 stage play and television program Snow White Live and Chamis voiced her in Disneyland 's Snow White – An Enchanting Musical in 2004 and 2006 . The Evil Queen was also featured in Disney Live 's Three Classic Fairy Tales in the section based on the film .
In the night @-@ time fireworks and visual hydrotechnic show Fantasmic ! , first played in 1992 , the Queen , voiced by Louise Chamis , is the main villain and the leader of all the Disney Villains . She is introduced in the second act , when her Magic Mirror ( voiced by Tony Jay ) tells her that there are now three princesses ( Snow White , Ariel and Belle ) fairer than her . Enraged , the Queen transforms herself into a hag and uses the Mirror and her cauldron to summon various " all the forces of evil " in the form of a collection of Disney villains to come to her aid . They include Maleficent , who transforms into a dragon . ( In the Tokyo DisneySea version , she also traps Mickey inside her mirror . ) At the climax of the show , Mickey is able to defeat the dragon and vanquish all the villains with a magic sword . The Witch is the last to die , transforming back into the Queen before she is destroyed .
In the Disney Dream cruise ship show Villains Tonight ! , first played in 2010 , Hades calls forth Disney 's most powerful villains for help to regain his evil . The Queen , changing from the Witch form , denies his invitation since Hades also invited Maleficent , her rival for Hades ' affections and for the status of " the most evil in the land " . The Queen claims not to be Hades ' girlfriend , but they just had " an interesting weekend " on Castaway Cay . In the end , the Queen and Maleficent put their differences aside as all villains should stick together and advise Hades to find evil within himself , and not from others .
= = = Games = = =
The Witch is an antagonist in the unreleased Snow White game for the Atari 2600 . In 2001 's Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs for the Game Boy Color , the players need to solve a puzzle minigame for the Queen to consult her mirror , and later guide a deer to warn the Dwarfs and then lead the Dwarfs in pursuit of the Witch before he can go to her castle .
The Evil Queen is one of the four Disney Villains that appear in 1999 video game Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , voiced by Louise Chamis . Jiminy Cricket and the player venture into the worlds of the stories to restore the happy endings . In the altered ( and game 's final ) story , where there is no Prince , the Queen ( appearing in both of her forms ) has built a lair resembling her poisoned apple inside the scary wood , and has put Snow White to eternal sleep in her dungeon and intends to do the same to the Seven Dwarfs . The player needs to correctly mix ingredients for several potions including the True Love Potion to magically summon the Prince and save the day . It is followed by the fight with the Queen where she tries to get away and the player has to reflect her magic ball spells , until she retreats to her lair . There , while asking her mirror , she suddenly transforms into a hag and the mirror breaks .
In 2010 's video game Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep , the Queen ( voiced by Kyoko Satomi in Japanese and Susanne Blakeslee in English ) appears in the Dwarf Woodlands world . She recruits the protagonist Terra to kill Snow White and bring back her heart in return for allowing him to use the Magic Mirror to locate Master Xehanort . Terra , like the huntsman , ultimately does not go through with this , and the Queen , learning of his betrayal , forces the Mirror to consume him , but Terra manages to fight the Mirror off and the Queen reluctantly gives him the information he looks for . She later appears briefly in Ventus 's scenario , where she crosses paths with him on her way to poison Snow White . She drops the poisoned apple , which Ventus returns to her . She notices Ventus 's Keyblade and muses that Terra threatened her with a similar weapon . She is then only briefly mentioned in Aqua 's storyline , when the Magic Mirror tells Aqua that the Queen is dead and he is no longer under her control .
In 2013 's free @-@ to @-@ play mobile game Snow White : Queen 's Return ( also known as Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return ) , an uncanonical continuation of the film , the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film because there was a lake at the bottom of the abbyss . She then reverted to her youthful form and , seeking revenge , cast an evil curse on Snow White as well as the dwarfs and their entire forest . The game 's updates were supposed to allow the players to " meet ( and defeat ) " the Queen , adding quests involving a search for her hideout to " help the Dwarfs rid the enchanted forest of the evil queen , " but the story was ultimately left unresolved as the game was discontinued in May 2014 .
A 2014 weekly challenge in Disney Infinity : Toy Box included " Mirror Mirror " obstacle course that pit Snow White against the Evil Queen in a race for the poisonous apple . Downloadable Queen @-@ themed avatar costumes were made available for the users of the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles . A webcam browser game Become Your Inner Villain hosted on Disneyland Resort ’ s Facebook page enables the player turn into one of four villains including the Evil Queen . Her dungeon and laboratory ( complete with the Mirror ) are featured in the online game Aaah @-@ Choo .
In the 1990 video game Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse , an old witch named Mizrabel takes the of the Evil Queen after draining the youth from Minnie Mouse . In 2012 's Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion , the previously defeated Mizrabel returns to transform into various Disney villains , including the Queen , before setting on Maleficent . In 2013 's HD remake of Castle of Illusion , Mizrabel looks like a cross between the Queen and Maleficent in her youthful form and professes her ambition to be " the fairest of them all " .
The Evil Queen is also featured in a number of traditional games , albeit usually as a mere obstacle for the players . She is , however , playable in some of them , such as Snow White and the Severn Dwarfs Game in the Disneykins franchise and Disney Villains Collector 's Edition Monopoly .
Jim Razzi 's 1985 children 's gamebook Snow White in the Enchanted Forest ( Choose Your Own Adventure : Walt Disney # 1 ) features the Prince @-@ like character 's confrontations with evil Queen as she is searching for Snow White , who is hiding with the Dwarfs , to " put an end to her , once and for all ! " In it , she has much greater powers than in the film , including being able to instantly change between her hag and queen forms at will , magically disappear in a cloud of smoke , change herself into an animal and back , and turn others into animals with magic beams from her hands .
= = = Comics = = =
The 1937 – 1938 film tie @-@ in serial comic strip " Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs " was written by Merrill De Maris , one of the writers of the film . The comic further explores the source of the Queen 's descent into a murderous envy , as she learns that the Prince came to her castle seeking the most beautiful woman in all the world and is shocked when he says he meant Snow White . Like in the abandoned film concept , the Queen ( here actually named Grimhilde ) has the Prince arrested . In her Witch form , she later tells the captive Prince that she is going to get rid of Snow White and make him hers , while the Prince is defiant and calls her a " miserable hag " . This scene is followed by his escape from prison , in much less dramatic circumstances than the film 's drowning concept . The film was also adapted into other comics , such as by Carl Fallberg and Richard Moore in 1983 , and by Régis Maine and Santiago Barreira in 1993 . In one American 1944 sequel comic , the dead Queen 's castle is taken over by her bother , the Wicked Prince .
The Queen has made frequent appearances in various other Disney comics , where , under the alias the Witch , she comes back to antagonize Disney characters like Chip ' n Dale and Tinkerbell , occasionally cooperating with protagonistic characters . Notable examples of such appearances include the 1948 Four Color comic book story " The Golden Christmas Tree " with Donald Duck , the 1949 Four Color comic book Walt Disney 's Seven Dwarfs , and the 1958 stand @
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Joe Lauzon , Gray Maynard , Matt Wiman and Cole Miller.Despite the fact that Team Pulver won 5 out of the first eight fights , the 3 fighters who made it through the quarterfinals on Team Penn are still in the UFC which are Gray Maynard , Matt Wiman and Joe Lauzon while Cole Miller , Manvel Gamburyan , and Nate Diaz from Team Pulver are still in the UFC.The final was contested by Nate Diaz and Manvel Gamburyan , with Gamburyan falling to a shoulder injury early on .
Former winner Matt Serra returned to the show in the sixth season to coach alongside Matt Hughes and oversaw a group of welterweight fighters . The final saw veteran Mac Danzig defeat Tommy Speer to become The Ultimate Fighter , before he dropped to the lightweight division . Arguably , only George Sotiropoulos has gone on to have any success post @-@ TUF , having gone on a 7 fight win streak after The Ultimate Fighter , while season winner Danzig has hovered around the .500 mark since his season win .
The seventh season saw another format change , as fighters had to compete to be official castmembers . Instead of the usual 16 fighters , the season had 32 fighters after Dana White claimed that he was tired of fighters coming onto the show for airtime . This season was coached by UFC Light Heavyweight champion Quinton Jackson and challenger Forrest Griffin , the first season 's winner . The season 's final was due to be competed between Amir Sadollah , who hadn 't competed in a professional fight before the show , and Jesse Taylor . However , Taylor was kicked off the show after filming had completed , when he kicked the window out of a limosine in Las Vegas . His slot was taken by C.B. Dollaway who defeated Tim Credeur for the right , but Sadollah won in the final to become The Ultimate Fighter .
Season 8 – 12
The eighth season was coached by UFC Interim Heavyweight champion Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira and Frank Mir , with lightweights and light heavyweights being the focus for the season . The show was largely dominated by the actions of Junie Browning , who would regularly get drunk and act in an aggressive manner towards his fellow castmates . The two fights at the final saw Efrain Escudero defeat Phillipe Nover and Ryan Bader defeat Vinny Magalhães .
The ninth season saw a United States vs. United Kingdom theme for the show , with Dan Henderson and Michael Bisping coaching the respective sides . The two sides contrasted , with the UK side showing close friendship ( with many coming from Team Rough House ) , whilst the US team appeared fractured . The lightweight final saw Team Rough House teammates Andre Winner and Ross Pearson face off for the contract , with Pearson coming out on top via decision . The welterweight final saw James Wilks defeat DaMarques Johnson via submission in the opening round , handing the UK team a 2 @-@ 0 victory .
The tenth season was the first season to feature only heavyweights and was largely built around the internet sensation Kimbo Slice and former NFL players . The two coaches were former UFC Light Heavyweight champions Quinton Jackson and Rashad Evans who squabbled throughout the entire season , hyping their eventual fight further . However , midway through the airing of the season , it was announced that Jackson was filming The A @-@ Team , as its lead character B. A. Baracus , leading to the postponement of the coaches ' fight . The season also featured several former NFL players , with one - Brendan Schaub - making the final of the show . Additionally , the season was occasionally criticised after the cardio of the heavyweights came into question . The final saw MMA veteran Roy Nelson and Brendan Schaub , with Nelson winning via first round knockout .
The eleventh season saw former UFC Light Heavyweight champions Tito Ortiz and Chuck Liddell coach the two teams . Unlike previous seasons , the number of competitors in the house was reduced to 14 , with 7 progressing to the quarter @-@ finals . An eighth was added via a " wildcard " bout - a bout between two losers from the round of 14 . The slots went to Kyacey Uscola and Kris McCray , which saw McCray win via submission . McCray would then go on to avenge his earlier defeat , in the semi @-@ finals , defeating Josh Bryant . The season was blighted by injuries to multiple competitors , such as the withdrawal of Nick Ring , after he required knee surgery . After Rich Attonito pulled out of the competition , his quarter final place was taken by Court McGee . Court McGee and Kris McCray met in the final , where McGee would win via submission to become The Ultimate Fighter .
The twelfth season saw the UFC Welterweight champion Georges St @-@ Pierre coach alongside former opponent and number one contender to the title , Josh Koscheck . The season saw the continuation of the wildcard format and 14 @-@ man tournament bracket . The show 's number one pick was Marc Stevens , who would go on to lose in one of the quickest submissions ( via guillotine choke ) in the show 's history . The wildcard slots went to Marc Stevens and Aaron Wilkinson , with Wilkinson handing Stevens his second successive guillotine choke loss . The show was dominated by Josh Koscheck 's attempts to annoy Georges St @-@ Pierre , with St @-@ Pierre 's paramedic getting involved in the arguments with Koscheck . The finale was a match between Jonathan Brookins and Michael Johnson on December 4 , 2010 which resulted in Brookins winning via unanimous decision .
Season 13 – 16 ( and regional versions )
The thirteenth season was coached by former UFC Heavyweight champion Brock Lesnar and Junior dos Santos , who would later go on to win the same title . This season featured welterweights and removed the elimination bouts to get into the house , with 14 fighters immediately gaining entry into the house . The first day of training saw Myles Jury pull out of the competition with a knee injury . The wildcard made another appearance , with Javier Torres and Chuck O 'Neil getting the slots , leading to a submission victory for O 'Neil . The final of this season saw Tony Ferguson defeat Ramsey Nijem via KO in the first round .
The fourteenth season featured bantamweights and featherweights for the first time , with Michael Bisping coaching for the second time , with Jason Miller opposing him . The cast was considered to be one of the most notable in several seasons of the Ultimate Fighter , perhaps owing to this season being the first for the weight classes . Fighters once again had to compete to get into the house , but during the preliminary round , Dana White announced end @-@ of @-@ season bonuses for the best knockout , submission and fight . The awards went to John Dodson , Dennis Bermudez and Dustin Pague vs. Louis Gaudinot respectively . The eventual winners of the season were John Dodson ( who defeated T.J. Dillashaw at bantamweight ) and Diego Brandao ( who defeated Dennis Bermudez at featherweight ) .
The fifteenth season was the first season to air on FX and moved to a live format . The season was coached by UFC Bantamweight champion Dominick Cruz and Urijah Faber and featured the lightweight division . The entry fights consisted of just one round , as opposed to the usual two with the possibility of a sudden death victory . During the first week in the house , Michael Chiesa - one of the participants - was told that his father had died . Despite this , he was able to continue in the competition and ultimately won after defeating Al Iaquinta at the finale . The live season aired at the same time as TUF Brazil , which was the first regional version of the show . That season was coached by Vitor Belfort and Wanderlei Silva and featured featherweights and middleweights . This season featured a scrambling of the teams , as seven of the Team Vitor fighters had won for only one of the Team Wanderlei fighters . The finalists for the show were Rony " Jason " Mariano Bezerra and Godofredo Pepey in the featherweight division and Cezar " Mutante " Ferreira and Daniel Sarafian in the middleweight division . However , Sarafian was forced to withdraw from the finale , making him the first and ( to @-@ date ) only finalist to ever withdraw through injury . He was replaced by Sergio " Serginho " Moraes , the man he had defeated via KO in the semi @-@ final round . The eventual winners were Bezerra and Ferreira , with both winning via decision .
= = Seasons = =
= = = Main seasons = = =
^ A. For this season instead of coaches , prominent trainers and UFC fighters acted as advisors . ^ B. Tito Ortiz was replaced in the final episode by Rich Franklin . ^ C. This season is the first to feature a gym vs. gym format as each team is composed of fighters from the same gym and their head coaches are also the teams ' head coaches . ^ D. There was no individual tournament for the season . After a round of 12 fights , divided in points ( the first four fights were 25 points , the next 50 and the last were 100 points ) , American Top Team emerged victorious and won $ 200 @,@ 000 . Then , each team picked a representative to fight at the finale for $ 300 @,@ 000 and the tournament trophy .
= = = International seasons = = =
^ E. Daniel Sarafian was scheduled to be part of the finale , but was injured and replaced by Sergio Moraes . ^ F. Santiago Ponzinibbio was scheduled to be part of the finale , but was injured and replaced by Leonardo Santos . ^ G. For this season Cung Le served as a mentor and chief coach . ^ H. Hailin Ao left the show after the 4th episode due to personal reasons . His staff took over his duties . ^ I. Anderson Silva was removed from the show on episode 3 due to his failed pre @-@ fight drug test for UFC 183 . He was replaced by Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira .
= = Impact = =
= = = Post @-@ show success = = =
The Ultimate Fighter has created many successful fighters . As of June 2016 , 4 men and 1 woman have won UFC titles , though only 1 of them has successfully defended his title . However , some fighters have also had success in the sister promotions World Extreme Cagefighting ( WEC ) or Strikeforce . The following fighters have competed for a UFC , Strikeforce or WEC championship :
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
As part of season four , Travis Lutter and Matt Serra received automatic and immediate title shots , though non @-@ winners can also compete for titles . Lutter was scheduled to compete for the UFC Middleweight Championship at UFC 67 : All Or Nothing , but weighed in over the limit . He still competed against the champion and lost a non @-@ title fight .
Season 5
Season 14
Season 18
Season 20
Season 20 was the first season of The Ultimate Fighter to crown a champion . All fighters of the season were competing to win the inaugural UFC Women 's Strawweight Championship . Most of the competitors from the division came from TUF 20 .
= = T.U.F. Winners who have fought each other = =
Many of the TUF winners have gone on to fight each other .
Rashad Evans ( season 2 winner ) def . Michael Bisping ( season 3 winner ) - UFC 78
Rashad Evans ( season 2 winner ) def . Forrest Griffin ( season 1 winner ) - UFC 92
Diego Sanchez ( season 1 winner ) def . Joe Stevenson ( season 2 winner ) - UFC 95
Joe Stevenson ( season 2 winner ) def . Nate Diaz ( season 5 winner ) - TUF 9 Finale
Mac Danzig ( season 6 winner ) def . Joe Stevenson ( season 2 winner ) - UFC 124
Mac Danzig ( season 6 winner ) def . Efrain Escudero ( season 8 winner ) - UFC 145
Robert Whittaker ( Smashes winner ) def . Colton Smith ( season 16 winner ) - UFC 160
Court McGee ( season 11 winner ) def . Robert Whittaker ( Smashes winner ) - UFC Fight Night : Condit vs. Kampmann 2
Michael Chiesa ( season 15 winner ) def . Colton Smith ( season 16 winner ) - UFC : Fight for the Troops 3
Norman Parke ( Smashes winner ) drew . Leonardo Santos ( Brazil 2 winner ) - UFC Fight Night : Shogun vs. Henderson 2
Diego Sanchez ( season 1 winner ) def . Ross Pearson ( season 9 winner ) - UFC Fight Night : Henderson vs. Khabilov
Leonardo Santos ( Brazil 2 winner ) def . Efrain Escudero ( season 8 winner ) - UFC Fight Night : Bigfoot vs. Arlovski
Antônio Carlos Júnior ( Brazil 3 winner ) def . Eddie Gordon ( season 19 winner ) - UFC Fight Night : Machida vs. Romero
Ryan Bader ( season 8 winner ) def . Rashad Evans ( season 2 winner ) - UFC 192
Ross Pearson ( season 9 winner ) def . Chad Laprise ( Nations : Canada vs. Australia winner ) - UFC Fight Night : Hunt vs. Mir
= Feminism =
Feminism is a range of political movements , ideologies , and social movements that share a common goal : to define , establish , and achieve political , economic , personal , and social rights for women that are equal to those of men . This includes seeking to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment . Feminists typically advocate or support the rights and equality of women .
Feminist movements have campaigned and continue to campaign for women 's rights , including the right to vote , to hold public office , to work , to earn fair wages or equal pay , to own property , to receive education , to enter contracts , to have equal rights within marriage , and to have maternity leave . Feminists have also worked to promote bodily autonomy and integrity , and to protect women and girls from rape , sexual harassment , and domestic violence .
Feminist campaigns are generally considered to be one of the main forces behind major historical societal changes for women 's rights , particularly in the West , where they are near @-@ universally credited with having achieved women 's suffrage , gender neutrality in English , reproductive rights for women ( including access to contraceptives and abortion ) , and the right to enter into contracts and own property . Although feminist advocacy is , and has been , mainly focused on women 's rights , some feminists , including bell hooks , argue for the inclusion of men 's liberation within its aims because men are also harmed by traditional gender roles . Feminist theory , which emerged from feminist movements , aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women 's social roles and lived experience ; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues such as the social construction of gender .
Some forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white , middle class , and educated perspectives . This criticism led to the creation of ethnically specific or multicultural forms of feminism , including black feminism and intersectional feminism .
= = History = =
Charles Fourier , a Utopian Socialist and French philosopher , is credited with having coined the word " féminisme " in 1837 . The words " féminisme " ( " feminism " ) and " féminist " ( " feminist " ) first appeared in France and the Netherlands in 1872 , Great Britain in the 1890s , and the United States in 1910 , and the Oxford English Dictionary lists 1852 as the year of the first appearance of " feminist " and 1895 for " feminism " . Depending on historical moment , culture and country , feminists around the world have had different causes and goals . Most western feminist historians assert that all movements working to obtain women 's rights should be considered feminist movements , even when they did not ( or do not ) apply the term to themselves . Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern feminist movement and its descendants . Those historians use the label " protofeminist " to describe earlier movements .
The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three " waves " . Each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues . The first wave comprised women 's suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , promoting women 's right to vote . The second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the women 's liberation movement beginning in the 1960s . The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women . The third wave is a continuation of , and a reaction to , the perceived failures of second @-@ wave feminism , beginning in the 1990s .
= = = Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries = = =
First @-@ wave feminism was a period of activity during the 19th century and early twentieth century . In the UK and US , it focused on the promotion of equal contract , marriage , parenting , and property rights for women . By the end of the 19th century , activism focused primarily on gaining political power , particularly the right of women 's suffrage , though some feminists were active in campaigning for women 's sexual , reproductive , and economic rights as well .
Women '
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s suffrage began in Britain 's Australasian colonies at the close of the 19th century , with the self @-@ governing colonies of New Zealand granting women the right to vote in 1893 and South Australia granting female suffrage ( the right to vote and stand for parliamentary office ) in 1895 . This was followed by Australia granting female suffrage in 1902 .
In Britain the Suffragettes and the Suffragists campaigned for the women 's vote , and in 1918 the Representation of the People Act was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned property . In 1928 this was extended to all women over 21 . Emmeline Pankhurst was the most notable activist in England , with Time naming her one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century stating : " she shaped an idea of women for our time ; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back . " In the U.S. , notable leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , and Susan B. Anthony , who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing women 's right to vote . These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality , which asserts that men and women are equal under God . In the United States , first @-@ wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( 1919 ) , granting women the right to vote in all states . The term first wave was coined retroactively to categorize these western movements after the term second @-@ wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused on fighting social and cultural inequalities , as well political inequalities .
During the late Qing period and reform movements such as the Hundred Days ' Reform , Chinese feminists called for women 's liberation from traditional roles and Neo @-@ Confucian gender segregation . Later , the Chinese Communist Party created projects aimed at integrating women into the workforce , and claimed that the revolution had successfully achieved women 's liberation .
According to Nawar al @-@ Hassan Golley , Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab nationalism . In 1899 , Qasim Amin , considered the " father " of Arab feminism , wrote The Liberation of Women , which argued for legal and social reforms for women . He drew links between women 's position in Egyptian society and nationalism , leading to the development of Cairo University and the National Movement . In 1923 Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian Feminist Union , became its president and a symbol of the Arab women 's rights movement .
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1905 triggered the Iranian women 's movement , which aimed to achieve women 's equality in education , marriage , careers , and legal rights . However , during the Iranian revolution of 1979 , many of the rights that women had gained from the women 's movement were systematically abolished , such as the Family Protection Law .
In France , women obtained the right to vote only with the Provisional Government of the French Republic of 21 April 1944 . The Consultative Assembly of Algiers of 1944 proposed on 24 March 1944 to grant eligibility to women but following an amendment by Fernand Grenier , they were given full citizenship , including the right to vote . Grenier 's proposition was adopted 51 to 16 . In May 1947 , following the November 1946 elections , the sociologist Robert Verdier minimized the " gender gap " , stating in Le Populaire that women had not voted in a consistent way , dividing themselves , as men , according to social classes . During the baby boom period , feminism waned in importance . Wars ( both World War I and World War II ) had seen the provisional emancipation of some women , but post @-@ war periods signaled the return to conservative roles .
= = = Mid @-@ twentieth century = = =
By the mid 20th century , in some European countries , women still lacked some significant rights . Feminists in these countries continued to fight for voting rights . In Switzerland , women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971 ; but in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden women obtained the right to vote on local issues only in 1991 , when the canton was forced to do so by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland . In Liechtenstein , women were given the right to vote by the women 's suffrage referendum of 1984 . Three prior referendums held in 1968 , 1971 and 1973 had failed to secure women 's right to vote .
Feminists continued to campaign for the reform of family laws which gave husbands control over their wives . Although by the 20th century coverture had been abolished in the UK and the US , in many continental European countries married women still had very few rights . For instance , in France married women did not receive the right to work without their husband 's permission until 1965 . Feminists have also worked to abolish the " marital exemption " in rape laws which precluded the prosecution of husbands for the rape of their wives . Earlier efforts by first @-@ wave feminists such as Voltairine de Cleyre , Victoria Woodhull and Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy to criminalize marital rape in the late 19th century had failed ; this was only achieved a century later in most Western countries , but is still not achieved in many other parts of the world .
French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir provided a Marxist solution and an existentialist view on many of the questions of feminism with the publication of Le Deuxième Sexe ( The Second Sex ) in 1949 . The book expressed feminists ' sense of injustice . Second @-@ wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s and continuing to the present ; as such , it coexists with third @-@ wave feminism . Second @-@ wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality beyond suffrage , such as ending gender discrimination .
Second @-@ wave feminists see women 's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and as reflecting sexist power structures . The feminist activist and author Carol Hanisch coined the slogan " The Personal is Political " , which became synonymous with the second wave .
Second- and third @-@ wave feminism in China has been characterized by a reexamination of women 's roles during the communist revolution and other reform movements , and new discussions about whether women 's equality has actually been fully achieved .
In 1956 , President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt initiated " state feminism " , which outlawed discrimination based on gender and granted women 's suffrage , but also blocked political activism by feminist leaders . During Sadat 's presidency , his wife , Jehan Sadat , publicly advocated further women 's rights , though Egyptian policy and society began to move away from women 's equality with the new Islamist movement and growing conservatism . However , some activists proposed a new feminist movement , Islamic feminism , which argues for women 's equality within an Islamic framework .
In Latin America , revolutions brought changes in women 's status in countries such as Nicaragua , where feminist ideology during the Sandinista Revolution aided women 's quality of life but fell short of achieving a social and ideological change .
= = = Late twentieth and early twenty @-@ first centuries = = =
= = = = Third @-@ wave = = = =
In the early 1990s in the USA , third @-@ wave feminism began as a response to perceived failures of the second wave and to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by the second wave . Third @-@ wave feminism distinguished itself from the second wave around issues of sexuality , challenging female heterosexuality and celebrating sexuality as a means of female empowerment . Third @-@ wave feminism also seeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the second wave 's essentialist definitions of femininity , which , they argue , over @-@ emphasize the experiences of upper middle @-@ class white women . Third @-@ wave feminists often focus on " micro @-@ politics " and challenge the second wave 's paradigm as to what is , or is not , good for women , and tend to use a post @-@ structuralist interpretation of gender and sexuality . Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave , such as Gloria Anzaldúa , bell hooks , Chela Sandoval , Cherríe Moraga , Audre Lorde , Maxine Hong Kingston , and many other non @-@ white feminists , sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race @-@ related subjectivities . Third @-@ wave feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists , who believe that there are important differences between the sexes , and those who believe that there are no inherent differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social conditioning .
= = = = Standpoint = = = =
Standpoint theory is a feminist theoretical point of view that believes a persons ' social position influences their knowledge . This perspective argues that research and theory treats women and the feminist movement as insignificant and refuses to see traditional science as unbiased . Since the 1980s , standpoint feminists have argued that the feminist movement should address global issues ( such as rape , incest , and prostitution ) and culturally specific issues ( such as female genital mutilation in some parts of Africa and the Middle East , as well as glass ceiling practices that impede women 's advancement in developed economies ) in order to understand how gender inequality interacts with racism , homophobia , classism and colonization in a " matrix of domination " .
= = = = Post @-@ feminism = = = =
The term post @-@ feminism is used to describe a range of viewpoints reacting to feminism since the 1980s . While not being " anti @-@ feminist " , post @-@ feminists believe that women have achieved second wave goals while being critical of third wave feminist goals . The term was first used to describe a backlash against second @-@ wave feminism , but it is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses and includes challenges to the second wave 's ideas . Other post @-@ feminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to today 's society . Amelia Jones has written that the post @-@ feminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed second @-@ wave feminism as a monolithic entity . Dorothy Chunn notes a " blaming narrative " under the post @-@ feminist moniker , where feminists are undermined for continuing to make demands for gender equality in a " post @-@ feminist " society , where " gender equality has ( already ) been achieved . " According to Chunn , " many feminists have voiced disquiet about the ways in which rights and equality discourses are now used against them . "
= = Theory = =
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical fields . It encompasses work in a variety of disciplines , including anthropology , sociology , economics , women 's studies , literary criticism , art history , psychoanalysis and philosophy . Feminist theory aims to understand gender inequality and focuses on gender politics , power relations , and sexuality . While providing a critique of these social and political relations , much of feminist theory also focuses on the promotion of women 's rights and interests . Themes explored in feminist theory include discrimination , stereotyping , objectification ( especially sexual objectification ) , oppression , and patriarchy . In the field of literary criticism , Elaine Showalter describes the development of feminist theory as having three phases . The first she calls " feminist critique " , in which the feminist reader examines the ideologies behind literary phenomena . The second Showalter calls " gynocriticism " , in which the " woman is producer of textual meaning " . The last phase she calls " gender theory " , in which the " ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex / gender system are explored " .
This was paralleled in the 1970s by French feminists , who developed the concept of écriture féminine ( which translates as ' female or feminine writing ' ) . Helene Cixous argues that writing and philosophy are phallocentric and along with other French feminists such as Luce Irigaray emphasize "
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another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim , a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney .
= = Succession and death = =
Perhaps the greatest blow to David 's plans came on 12 July 1152 when Henry , Earl of Northumberland , David 's only son and successor , died . He had probably been suffering from some kind of illness for a long time . David had under a year to live , and he may have known that he was not going to be alive much longer . David quickly arranged for his grandson Máel Coluim IV to be made his successor , and for his younger grandson William to be made Earl of Northumberland . Donnchad I , Mormaer of Fife , the senior magnate in Scotland @-@ proper , was appointed as rector , or regent , and took the 11 year @-@ old Máel Coluim around Scotland @-@ proper on a tour to meet and gain the homage of his future Gaelic subjects . David 's health began to fail seriously in the Spring of 1153 , and on 24 May 1153 , David died . In his obituary in the Annals of Tigernach , he is called Dabíd mac Mail Colaim , rí Alban & Saxan , " David , son of Máel Coluim , King of Scotland and England " , a title which acknowledged the importance of the new English part of David 's realm .
= = Historiography = =
= = = Medieval reputation = = =
The earliest assessments of David I portray him as a pious king , a reformer and a civilising agent in a barbarian nation . For William of Newburgh , David was a " King not barbarous of a barbarous nation " , who " wisely tempered the fierceness of his barbarous nation " . William praises David for his piety , noting that , among other saintly activities , " he was frequent in washing the feet of the poor " . Another of David 's eulogists , his former courtier Ailred of Rievaulx , echoes Newburgh 's assertions and praises David for his justice as well as his piety , commenting that David 's rule of the Scots meant that " the whole barbarity of that nation was softened ... as if forgetting their natural fierceness they submitted their necks to the laws which the royal gentleness dictated " .
Although avoiding stress on 12th century Scottish " barbarity " , the Lowland Scottish historians of the later Middle Ages tend to repeat the accounts of earlier chronicle tradition . Much that was written was either directly transcribed from the earlier medieval chronicles themselves or was modelled closely upon them , even in the significant works of John of Fordun , Andrew Wyntoun and Walter Bower . For example , Bower includes in his text the eulogy written for David by Ailred of Rievaulx . This quotation extends to over twenty pages in the modern edition , and exerted a great deal of influence over what became the traditional view of David in later works about Scottish history . Historical treatment of David developed in the writings of later Scottish historians , and the writings of men like John Mair , George Buchanan , Hector Boece , and Bishop John Leslie ensured that by the 18th century a picture of David as a pious , justice @-@ loving state @-@ builder and vigorous maintainer of Scottish independence had emerged .
= = = Modern treatment = = =
In the modern period there has been more of an emphasis on David 's statebuilding and on the effects of his changes on Scottish cultural development . Lowland Scots tended to trace the origins of their culture to the marriage of David 's father Máel Coluim III to Saint Margaret , a myth which had its origins in the medieval period . With the development of modern historical techniques in the mid @-@ 19th century , responsibility for these developments appeared to lie more with David than his father . David assumed a principal place in the alleged destruction of the Celtic Kingdom of Scotland . Andrew Lang , in 1900 , wrote that " with Alexander [ I ] , Celtic domination ends ; with David , Norman and English dominance is established " .
The ages of Enlightenment and Romanticism had elevated the role of races and " ethnic packages " into mainstream history , and in this context David was portrayed as hostile to the native Scots , and his reforms were seen in the light of natural , perhaps even justified , civilised Teutonic aggression towards the backward Celts .
In the 20th century , several studies were devoted to Normanisation in 12th century Scotland , focusing upon and hence emphasising the changes brought about by the reign of David I. Græme Ritchie 's The Normans in Scotland ( 1954 ) , Archie Duncan 's Scotland : The Making of the Kingdom ( 1974 ) and the many articles of G. W. S. Barrow all formed part of this historiographical trend .
In the 1980s , Barrow sought a compromise between change and continuity , and argued that the reign of King David was in fact a " Balance of New and Old " . Such a conclusion was a natural incorporation of an underlying current in Scottish historiography which , since William F. Skene 's monumental and revolutionary three @-@ volume Celtic Scotland : A History of Ancient Alban ( 1876 – 80 ) , had been forced to acknowledge that " Celtic Scotland " was alive and healthy for a long time after the reign of David I. Michael Lynch followed and built upon Barrow 's compromise solution , arguing that as David 's reign progressed , his kingship became more Celtic . Despite its subtitle , in 2004 in the only full volume study of David I 's reign yet produced , David I : The King Who Made Scotland , its author Richard Oram further builds upon Lynch 's picture , stressing continuity while placing the changes of David 's reign in their context .
= = Davidian Revolution = =
However , while there may be debate about the importance or extent of the historical change in David I 's era , no historian doubts that it was taking place . The reason is what Barrow and Lynch both call the " Davidian Revolution " . David 's " revolution " is held to underpin the development of later medieval Scotland , whereby the changes he inaugurated grew into most of the central institutions of the later medieval kingdom .
Since Robert Bartlett 's pioneering work , The Making of Europe : Conquest , Colonization and Cultural Change , 950 – 1350 ( 1993 ) , reinforced by Moore 's The First European Revolution , c.970 – 1215 ( 2000 ) , it has become increasingly apparent that better understanding of David 's " revolution " can be achieved by recognising the wider " European revolution " taking place during this period . The central idea is that from the late 10th century onwards the culture and institutions of the old Carolingian heartlands in northern France and western Germany were spreading to outlying areas , creating a more recognisable " Europe " . Scotland was just one of many " outlying " areas .
= = = Government and feudalism = = =
The widespread enfeoffment of foreign knights and the processes by which land ownership was converted from customary tenures into feudal , or otherwise legally @-@ defined relationships , would revolutionise the way the Kingdom of Scotland was governed , as did the dispersal and installation of royal agents in the new mottes that were proliferating throughout the realm to staff newly created sheriffdoms and judiciaries for the twin purposes of law enforcement and taxation , bringing Scotland further into the " continental " model .
Scotland in this period experienced innovations in governmental practices and the importation of foreign , mostly French , knights . It is to David 's reign that the beginnings of feudalism are generally assigned . This is defined as " castle @-@ building , the regular use of professional cavalry , the knight 's fee " as well as " homage and fealty " . David established large scale feudal lordships in the west of his Cumbrian principality for the leading members of the French military entourage who kept him in power . Additionally , many smaller scale feudal lordships were created .
Steps were taken during David 's reign to make the government of that part of Scotland he administered more like the government of Anglo @-@ Norman England . New sheriffdoms enabled the King to effectively administer royal demesne land . During his reign , royal sheriffs were established in the king 's core personal territories ; namely , in rough chronological order , at Roxburgh , Scone , Berwick @-@ upon @-@ Tweed , Stirling and Perth . The Justiciarship too was created in David 's reign . Although this institution had Anglo @-@ Norman origins , in Scotland north of the Forth at least , it represented some form of continuity with an older office .
= = = Economy = = =
The revenue of his English earldom and the proceeds of the silver mines at Alston allowed David to produce Scotland 's first coinage . These altered the nature of trade and transformed his political image .
David was a great town builder . As Prince of the Cumbrians , David founded the first two burghs of " Scotland " , at Roxburgh and Berwick . Burghs were settlements with defined boundaries and guaranteed trading rights , locations where the king could collect and sell the products of his cain and conveth ( a payment made in lieu of providing the king hospitality ) . David founded around 15 burghs .
Perhaps nothing in David 's reign compares in importance to burghs . While they could not , at first , have amounted to much more than the nucleus of an immigrant merchant class , nothing would do more to reshape the long @-@ term economic and ethnic shape of Scotland than the burgh . These planned towns were or became English in culture and language ; William of Newburgh wrote in the reign of King William the Lion , that " the towns and burghs of the Scottish realm are known to be inhabited by English " ; as well as transforming the economy , the failure of these towns to go native would in the long term undermine the position of the native Scottish language and give birth to the idea of the Scottish Lowlands .
= = = Monastic patronage = = =
David was one of medieval Scotland 's greatest monastic patrons . In 1113 , in perhaps David 's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians , he founded Selkirk Abbey for the Tironensians . David founded more than a dozen new monasteries in his reign , patronising various new monastic orders .
Not only were such monasteries an expression of David 's undoubted piety , but they also functioned to transform Scottish society . Monasteries became centres of foreign influence , and provided sources of literate men , able to serve the crown 's growing administrative needs . These new monasteries , and the Cistercian ones in particular , introduced new agricultural practices . Cistercian labour , for instance , transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe 's most important sources of sheep wool .
= = Ancestry = =
= New school hip hop =
The new school of hip hop was a movement in hip hop music starting 1983 – 84 with the early records of Run – D.M.C. and LL Cool J. Like the hip hop preceding it , it came predominantly from New York City . The new school was initially characterized in form by drum machine led minimalism , often tinged with elements of rock . It was notable for taunts and boasts about rapping , and socio @-@ political commentary , both delivered in an aggressive , self @-@ assertive style . In image as in song its artists projected a tough , cool , street b @-@ boy attitude . These elements contrasted sharply with the funk and disco influenced outfits , novelty hits , live bands , synthesizers and party rhymes of artists prevalent in 1984 , and rendered them old school . New school artists made shorter songs that could more easily gain radio play , and more cohesive LPs than their old school counterparts . By 1986 their releases began to establish the hip hop album as a fixture of the mainstream .
More inclusively , golden age hip hop is a phrase usually framing the late 1980s in mainstream hip hop , said to be characterized by its diversity , quality , innovation and influence , and associated with Public Enemy , KRS @-@ One and his Boogie Down Productions , Eric B. & Rakim , Ultramagnetic MCs , De La Soul , A Tribe Called Quest , and the Jungle Brothers due to their themes of Afrocentricity and political militancy , their experimental music , and their eclectic sampling . This same period is sometimes referred to as " mid @-@ school " or a " middle school " in hip hop , the phrase covering acts such as Gang Starr , The UMC 's , Main Source , Lord Finesse , EPMD , Just Ice , Stetsasonic , True Mathematics , and Mantronix .
The innovations of Run @-@ D.M.C. , LL Cool J , and new school producers such as Larry Smith , and Rick Rubin of Def Jam , were quickly advanced on by the Beastie Boys , Marley Marl and his Juice Crew MCs , Boogie Down Productions , Public Enemy , and Eric B. & Rakim . Hip @-@ hop production became denser , rhymes and beats faster , as the drum machine was augmented with the sampler technology . Rakim took lyrics about the art of rapping to new heights , while KRS @-@ One and Chuck D pushed " message rap " towards black activism . Native Tongues artists ' inclusive , sample @-@ crowded music accompanied their positivity , Afrocentricity and playful energy . With the eventual commercial dominance of West Coast gangsta rap , particularly the emergence of the relaxed sounds of G @-@ funk by the early nineties , the East Coast new school / golden age can be said to have ended , with hardcore rappers such as the Wu @-@ Tang Clan and gangsta rappers such as Nas and The Notorious B.I.G. coming to dominate the East Coast scene .
The terms " old school " and " new school " have fallen more and more into the common vernacular as synonyms for " old " and " new " ( witness the 2003 Urban Dictionary entry for new school which reads , " Anything contemporary " ) and are often applied in this conversational way to hip hop , to the confusion and occasional exasperation of writers who use the terms historically . The phrase " leader of the new school " , coined in hip hop by Chuck D in 1988 , and presumably given further currency by the group with the exact name Leaders of the New School ( who were named by Chuck D prior to signing with Elektra in 1989 ) , remains popular . It has been applied to artists ranging from Jay @-@ Z to Lupe Fiasco .
= = Prehistory = =
Elements of new school had existed in some form in the popular culture since hip @-@ hop 's birth . The first MCs rapped over DJs swapping back and forth between two copies of the same record playing the same drum break , or playing instrumental portions or versions of a broad range of records . This part of the culture was initiated by Kool DJ Herc in 1972 using breaks from James Brown , The Incredible Bongo Band and English rock group Babe Ruth in his block parties . Brown 's music — " extensive vamps " in which his voice was " a percussive instrument with frequent rhythmic grunts " , and " with rhythm @-@ section patterns ... [ resembling ] West African polyrhythms " — was a keynote of hip hop 's early days . By 1975 , Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa had taken up Kool Herc 's breakbeat style of DJing , each with their own accompanying rappers . Flash was especially associated with an important break known as " The Bells " — a cut @-@ up of the intro to Bob James 's jazz cover of Paul Simon 's " Take Me To The Mardi Gras " — while Bambaataa delighted in springing occasional rock music breaks from records like " Mary , Mary " , " Honky Tonk Women " , " Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band " and Grand Funk Railroad 's " Inside Looking Out " on unsuspecting b @-@ boys .
The earliest hip @-@ hop records replaced the DJ with a live band playing funk and disco influenced tunes , or " interpolating " the tunes themselves , as in " Rapper 's Delight " ( Sugar Hill , 1979 ) and " King Tim III ( Personality Jock ) " ( Spring , 1979 ) . It was the soft , futuristic funk closely tied to disco that ruled hip hop 's early days on record , to the exclusion of the hard James Brown beats so beloved of the first b @-@ boys . Figures such as Flash and Bambaataa were involved in some early instances of moving the sound away from that of a live band , as in Flash 's DJ track " The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel " ( Sugar Hill , 1981 ) , and even innovating popular new sounds and subgenres , as in the synthesizer @-@ laden electro of Bambaataa 's ode to crack smoking : " Planet Rock " ( Tommy Boy , 1982 ) . Often though the rawer elements present in live shows did not make it past the recording studio .
Bambaataa 's first records , for instance , two versions of " Zulu Nation Throwdown " ( Winley , 1980 ) , were recorded with just drums and rhymes . When Bambaataa heard the released records , a complete live band had been added . Something closer to his intentions can be heard on a portion of Death Mix , a low @-@ quality bootleg of a Zulu Nation night at James Monroe High School in the Bronx , released without his permission on Winley Records in 1983 . Likewise on the bootleg Live Convention ' 82 ( Disco Wax , 1982 ) , Grand Wizard Theodore cuts the first six bars of Rufus Thomas 's " Do the Funky Penguin " together for five and a half minutes while an MC raps over the top . Grandmaster Flash 's " Superrappin ' " ( Enjoy , 1979 ) had a pumping syncopated rhythm and The Furious Five emulating his spinbacks and needle drops and chanting that " that Flash is on the beatbox going ... " The beatbox itself however , a drum machine which Flash had added to his turntable set @-@ up some time earlier , was absent on the record , the drums being produced by a live drummer .
Kool Moe Dee 's verbal personal attacks on Busy Bee Starski live at Harlem World in 1982 caused a popular sensation in hip hop circles . In the same way , groups like the Cold Crush Brothers and The Force MCs were known for their routines , competitive attitude , and battle rhymes . Tapes of battles like these circulated widely , even without them becoming viable recordings . Apart from some social commentary like Melle Melle 's one verse on " Superrappin ' " , Kurtis Blow 's ruefully comedic " The Breaks " ( Mercury , 1980 ) and a spurt of records following the success of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five 's " The Message " ( Sugar Hill , 1982 ) , the old school specialized lyrically in party rhymes .
= = Advent = =
One time , in probably 1983 , I was in the park in Brooklyn . I was getting beat up by about eight kids , I don 't even remember why . But as it was happening , this dude was walkin ' by with one of those big boom boxes . And as he 's walking by , we hear [ imitates the unmistakable intro drum pattern from Run @-@ D.M.C. ' s ' Sucker MCs ' , loudly ] . They all stopped beating me , and we all just stood there , listening to this phenomenon . I could have run , but I didn 't , I was just so entranced by what I heard . Then the dude with the box passed by and the kids continued to beat me up . But it didn 't matter . I felt good . I knew right then that I had to get into this hip hop shit .
David Toop writes of 1984 that " pundits were writing obituaries for hip hop , a passing fad " which " Hollywood had mutated into an all @-@ singing , all @-@ dancing romance " in movies like Flashdance and Breakin ' . Against this , Run @-@ D.M.C. , The Beastie Boys and the label Def Jam were " consciously hardcore " , " a reaction against the populist trend in hip hop at the time " , and " an explosive emergence of an underground alternative " . For Peter Shapiro , Run @-@ D.M.C. ' s 1983 two @-@ song release " It 's like That " / " Sucker MCs " " completely changed hip @-@ hop " " rendering everything that preceded it distinctly old school with one fell swoop . " In a 47 @-@ point timeline of hip hop and its antecedents spanning 64 years , Shapiro lists this release as his 43rd point . Reviewing Toop 's book in the LA Weekly , Oliver Wang of Soul Sides concurs , hailing Run @-@ D.M.C. as inaugurating the new school of rap .
= = = Run @-@ D.M.C. = = =
Run @-@ D.M.C. rapped over the most sparse of musical backing tracks . In the case of " Sucker MCs " , there was a loud , Oberheim DMX drum machine , a few scratches and nothing else , while the rhymes harangued weak rappers and contrasted them to the group 's success . " It 's like That " was an aggressively delivered message rap whose social commentary has been defined variously as " objective fatalism " , " frustrated and renunciatory " , and just plain " reportage " . Run @-@ D.M.C. wore street clothes , tracksuits , sneakers , one even wore glasses . Their only possible concession to an image extraneous to that of kids on the street was the stylistic flourish of black fedoras atop their heads . This stood in sharp contrast to the popular artists of the time , who had variously bedecked themselves with feathers , suede boots , jerri curls , and red or even pink leather suits .
The group 's early singles are collected on their eponymous debut ( Profile , 1984 ) , introducing rock references in " Rock Box " , and recognized then and now as the best album of hip hop 's early years . The next year , they appeared at Live Aid and released King of Rock ( Profile , 1985 ) , on which they asserted that they were " never ever old school " . Raising Hell ( Profile , 1986 ) was a landmark , containing quintessentially hip hop tracks like " Peter Piper " , " Perfection " and " It 's Tricky " , and going platinum in the year of its release on the back of the huge crossover hit " Walk This Way " . The group had rapped over the beat from the 1975 original in their early days , without so much as knowing the name of the band . When Raising Hell 's producer Rick Rubin heard them playing around with it in the studio , he suggested using the Aerosmith lyrics , and the collaboration between the two groups came about . The album 's last track was " Proud To Be Black " , written under the influence of Chuck D of the as @-@ yet unrecorded Public Enemy . On " My Adidas " the band rapped that they " took the beat from the street and put it on TV " .
Comments from Darryl McDaniels , AKA DMC of Run @-@ D.M.C. , make this connection to the underground explicit : " [ T ] hat 's exactly what we did . We didn 't really think it was pioneering , we just did what rappers did before us was doing on tapes . When a lot of the old guys , like Kool Moe Dee , The Treacherous Three , and Grandmaster Flash , got in the studio , they never put their greatness on records . Me and Run and Jay would listen ... and we 'd say , ' They didn 't do that shit last night in the Bronx ! ' ... So we said that we weren 't going to be fake . We ain 't gonna wear no costumes . We 're gonna keep it real . "
= = = Def Jam = = =
The other production credit on Raising Hell went to Run 's brother , Russell Simmons ; he ran Rush Artist Management , now Rush Communications , which as well as handling Run @-@ D.M.C. , managed the Beastie Boys , LL Cool J , Whodini and Public Enemy . Simmons also co @-@ owned Def Jam Recordings , an important new school label , with Rubin . Simmons rose with Def Jam to become one of the biggest moguls in rap , while Rubin claimed credit for introducing radio @-@ friendly brevity and song structure to hip hop . Def Jam 's first 12 @-@ inch release was the minimalist drum machine breakdown " I Need A Beat " by LL Cool J ( 1984 ) . This was followed by " I Can 't Live Without My Radio " ( Def Jam , 1985 ) , a loud , defiant declaration of public loyalty to his boom box which the New York Times in 1987 called " quintessential rap in its directness , immediacy and assertion of self " . Both were on his debut album for Def Jam , 1985 's Radio ( " Reduced by Rick Rubin " , read the liner notes ) , which contained another minimalist b @-@ boy classic with shards of rock guitar , " Rock the Bells " . Perhaps rock fan Rubin 's natural protégés were the Beastie Boys , sampling AC / DC on their Rock Hard EP on Def Jam in 1984 , and recording a Run @-@ D.M.C. outtake and a heavy metal parody on their hugely commercially successful debut album Licensed To Ill ( Def Jam , 1986 ) . In 1987 , Raising Hell surpassed three million units sold , and Licensed to Ill five million . Faced with figures like these , major labels finally began buying into independent New York hip hop imprints .
= = Further development = =
= = = The Juice Crew = = =
One of hip hop 's most important producers and innovators , Marley Marl found Cold Chillin ' Records and assembled various hip hop acts , including MC Shan , Big Daddy Kane , Biz Markie , Roxanne Shanté , Kool G Rap & DJ Polo , and Masta Ace . His Juice Crew collective was an important force in ushering the " golden age " era of hip hop , with advances in lyrical technique , distinctive personalities of emerging stars like Biz Markie and Big Daddy Kane , and attaining crossover commercial success for hip hop music .
Marley Marl 's first production was an " answer record " to " Sucker MCs " in 1983 entitled " Sucker DJs " by Dimples D. Soon after came 14 @-@ year @-@ old Roxanne Shanté 's answer to UTFO 's " Roxanne Roxanne " , " Roxanne 's Revenge " ( 1985 ) , sparking off the huge wave of answer records known as the Roxanne Wars . More disses ( insults intended to show disrespect ) from Shanté followed : " Bite This " ( 1985 ) , " Queen of Rox " ( 1985 ) , introducing Biz Markie on " Def Fresh Crew " ( 1986 ) , " Payback " ( 1987 ) , and perhaps her greatest record , " Have a Nice Day " ( 1987 ) .
= = = Boogie Down Productions = = =
Shante 's " Have a Nice Day " had aimed some barbs at the principal two members of a new group from the Bronx called Boogie Down Productions ( BDP ) : " Now KRS @-@ ONE you should go on vacation with that name soundin ' like a wack radio station , and as for Scott La Rock , you should be ashamed , when T La Rock said " It 's Yours " , he didn 't mean his name " . Boogie Down Productions had manufactured a disagreement with the Juice Crew 's MC Shan , releasing " South Bronx " and " The Bridge is Over " in reply to his " The Bridge " and " Kill That Noise " respectively . KRS @-@ One considered Run @-@ D.M.C. the epitome of rap music in 1984 and had begun to rap following their lead . But he has also said that BDP 's approach reflected a feeling that the early innovators like Run @-@ D.M.C. and LL Cool J were by 1986 tainted by commercial success and out of touch with the streets .
Boogie Down 's first album Criminal Minded ( B @-@ Boy , 1987 ) admitted a reggae influence and had KRS @-@ One imititating the Beatles ' " Hey Jude " on the title track . It also contained two tales of grim street life , yet played for callous laughs : " The P Is Free " , in which KRS speals of throwing out his girl who wants crack cocaine in exchange for sex , and " 9mm Goes Bang " , in which he shoots a drug dealer then cheerfully sings " la la la la la la " . Songs like these presaged the rise of an underground that matched violent lyrics to the hardcore drum machine tracks of the new school . The cover of Criminal Minded was a further reflection of a move towards this sort of radical image , depicting the group in a half @-@ light , holding firearms . The next album By All Means Necessary ( B @-@ Boy , 1988 ) left that element behind for political radicalism following the murder of Scott La Rock , with the title and cover alluding to Malcolm X. KRS @-@ One became involved with the Stop the Violence Movement at this time . Boogie Down Productions , along with Run @-@ D.M.C. and Public Enemy , associated the new school as rap music with a strong message .
= = = Eric B. & Rakim = = =
Eric B. & Rakim appeared with the Marley Marl produced " Eric B. Is President " and " My Melody " on Zakia Records in 1986 . Both tracks appeared on Paid in Full ( 4th & Broadway , 1987 ) . Just as B.D.P. had , the pair reflected changes in street life on their debut 's cover , which depicted the two wearing huge gold chains and surrounded by money . Like Criminal Minded , the sampling prevalent in the album cemented James Brown 's status as a hip hop source , while Rakim 's allusions showed the growing influence of mystic Islam @-@ offshoot The Nation of Gods and Earths in hip @-@ hop . The music was minimalist , austerely so , with many writers noting that coupled with Rakim 's precise , logical style , the effect was almost one of scientific rigour . The group followed Paid in Full with Follow The Leader ( Uni , 1988 ) ( on which they were open @-@ minded enough to sample The Eagles ) , Let The Rhythm Hit ' Em ( MCA , 1990 ) and Don 't Sweat The Technique ( MCA , 1992 ) .
Rakim is generally regarded as the most cutting @-@ edge of the MCs of the new school era . Jess Harvell in Pitchfork in 2005 wrote that " Rakim 's innovation was applying a patina of intellectual detachment to rap 's most sacred cause : talking shit about how you 're a better rapper than everyone else . " Christgau in the Village Voice in 1990 wrote of Rakim 's style as " calm , confident , clear . On their third album , as on their phase @-@ shifting 1986 debut , " he continues , " Eric B. ' s samples truly are beats , designed to accentuate the natural music of an idealized black man 's voice . " Looking back at the late eighties in Rolling Stone in 1997 , Ed Moralez describes Rakim as " the new @-@ school MC of the moment , using a smooth baritone to become the jazz soloist of mystic Afrocentric rap . "
= = = Public Enemy = = =
Public Enemy , having been reluctantly convinced to sign to a record label , released Yo ! Bumrush the Show on Def Jam in 1987 . It debuted the Public Enemy logo , a circle of hatted b @-@ boy in a sniper 's cross @-@ hairs , was repelete with battle rhymes ( " Miuzi Weighs a Ton " , " Public Enemy # 1 " ) , social @-@ political fare ( " Rightstarter ( Message to a Black Man ) " and anti @-@ crack messages ( " Megablast " ) .
The album was a critical and commercial success , particularly in Europe , unusually so for a hip hop album at that time . Bumrush the Show had been recorded on the heels of Run @-@ D.M.C. ' s Raising Hell , but was held back by Def Jam in order for them to concentrate on releasing and promoting the Beastie Boys ' License to Ill . Chuck D of Public Enemy felt that by the time their first record was released , BDP and Rakim had already changed the landscape for how an MC could rap . Public Enemy were already recording their second album It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back ( Def Jam , 1988 ) when Bumrush hit stores .
= = = Gangsta rap = = =
The underground sound centered on urban violence that was to become gangsta rap existed on the East Coast from soon after Run – D.M.C. had inaugurated the new school of hip hop . Philadelphia 's Schoolly D self @-@ released " Gangsta Boogie " in 1984 , and " P.S.K. What Does It Mean ? " / " Gucci Time " in 1985 , leading to Saturday Night ( Schoolly D , 1986 , Jive , 1987 ) . The West Coast , which became the home of gangsta rap , had Toddy Tee 's influential Batteram mixtape in 1985 , and Ice @-@ T 's " Six in the Morning " in 1986 before N.W.A 's first records , leading to the hugely successful Straight Outta Compton in 1988 .
= = = Native Tongues = = =
Developments in the New York new school continuum in this climate were represented by the Native Tongues groups — The Jungle Brothers , De La Soul , A Tribe Called Quest , Queen Latifah and Monie Love — along with fellow travellers like Leaders of the New School , KMD and Brand Nubian . They moved away from aggressive , macho post
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uring , towards ambiguity , fun and Afrocentricity . Their music was sample @-@ crowded , more open and accessible than their new school predecessors . De La Soul 's debut sampled everyone from The Turtles to Steely Dan , while A Tribe Called Quest matched tough beats to mellow jazz samples and playful , thoughtful raps .
= = Endnotes = =
= Battle of Bennington =
The Battle of Bennington was a battle of the American Revolutionary War , part of the Saratoga campaign , that took place on August 16 , 1777 , in Walloomsac , New York , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from its namesake Bennington , Vermont . A rebel force of 2 @,@ 000 men , primarily composed of New Hampshire and Massachusetts militiamen , led by General John Stark , and reinforced by Vermont militiamen led by Colonel Seth Warner and members of the Green Mountain Boys , decisively defeated a detachment of General John Burgoyne 's army led by Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Baum , and supported by additional men under Lieutenant Colonel Heinrich von Breymann .
Baum 's detachment was a mixed force of 700 composed primarily of Hessians but also including small amounts of dismounted Brunswick dragoons , Canadians , Loyalists , and Indians . He was sent by Burgoyne to raid Bennington in the disputed New Hampshire Grants area for horses , draft animals , and other supplies . Believing the town to be only lightly defended , Burgoyne and Baum were unaware that Stark and 1 @,@ 500 militiamen were stationed there . After a rain @-@ caused standoff , Stark 's men enveloped Baum 's position , taking many prisoners , and killing Baum . Reinforcements for both sides arrived as Stark and his men were mopping up , and the battle restarted , with Warner and Stark driving away Breymann 's reinforcements with heavy casualties .
The battle was a decisive victory for the rebel cause , as it reduced Burgoyne 's army in size by almost 1 @,@ 000 men , led his Indian support to largely abandon him , and deprived him of needed supplies such as cavalry and draft horses and food , all factors that contributed to Burgoyne 's eventual surrender at Saratoga . The victory also galvanized colonial support for the independence movement , and played a key role in bringing France into the war on the rebel side . The battle anniversary is celebrated in the state of Vermont as Bennington Battle Day .
= = Background = =
With the American Revolutionary War two years old , the British changed their plans . Giving up on the rebellious New England colonies , they decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what the British believed to be the more loyal southern colonies . The British command devised a grand plan to divide the colonies via a three @-@ way pincer movement . The western pincer , under the command of Barry St. Leger , was repulsed when the Siege of Fort Stanwix failed , and the southern pincer , which was to progress up the Hudson valley from New York City , never started since General William Howe decided instead to capture Philadelphia .
The northern pincer , proceeding southward from Montreal , enjoyed the most success . After the British victories at Hubbardton , Fort Ticonderoga , and Fort Anne , General John Burgoyne proceeded with the Saratoga campaign , with the goal of capturing Albany and gaining control of the Hudson River Valley , where Burgoyne 's force could ( as the plan went ) meet the other pincers , dividing the colonies in two .
= = = British forces = = =
Burgoyne 's progress towards Albany had initially met with great success , including the scattering of Seth Warner 's men in the Battle of Hubbardton . However , his advance had slowed to a crawl by late July , due to logistical difficulties , exacerbated by the American destruction of a key road , and the army 's supplies began to dwindle . Burgoyne 's concern over supplies was magnified in early August when he received word from Howe that he ( Howe ) was going to Philadelphia , and was not in fact going to advance up the Hudson River valley . In response to a proposal first made on July 22 by the commander of his German troops , Baron Riedesel , Burgoyne sent a detachment of about 800 troops under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Baum from Fort Miller on a foraging mission to acquire horses for the German dragoons , draft animals to assist in moving the army , and to harass the enemy . Baum 's detachment was primarily made up of dismounted Brunswick dragoons of the Prinz Ludwig regiment . Along the way it was joined by local companies of Loyalists , some Canadians and about 100 Indians , and a company of British sharpshooters . Baum was originally ordered to proceed to the Connecticut River valley where they believed horses could be procured for the dragoons . However , as Baum was preparing to leave , Burgoyne verbally changed the goal to be a supply depot at Bennington , which was believed to be guarded by the remnants of Warner 's brigade , about 400 colonial militia .
= = = American forces = = =
Unknown to Burgoyne , the citizens of the New Hampshire Grants territory ( which was then disputed between New York and the Vermont Republic ) had appealed to the states of New Hampshire and Massachusetts for protection from the invading army following the British capture of Ticonderoga . New Hampshire responded on July 18 by authorizing John Stark to raise a militia for the defense of the people " or the annoyance of the enemy " . Using funds provided by John Langdon , Stark raised 1 @,@ 500 New Hampshire militiamen in the space of six days , more than ten percent of New Hampshire 's male population over the age of sixteen . They were first marched to the Fort at Number 4 ( modern Charlestown , New Hampshire ) , then crossed the river border into the Grants and stopped at Manchester , where Stark conferred with Warner . While in Manchester , General Benjamin Lincoln , whose promotion in preference to Stark had been the cause for Stark 's resignation from the Continental Army , attempted to assert Army authority over Stark and his men . Stark refused , stating that he was solely responsible to the New Hampshire authorities . Stark then went on to Bennington with Warner as a guide , while Warner 's men remained in Manchester . Lincoln returned to the American camp at Stillwater , where he and General Philip Schuyler hatched a plan for Lincoln , with 500 men , to join with Stark and Warner in actions to harass Burgoyne 's communications and supply lines at Skenesboro . Baum 's movements significantly altered these plans .
= = Prelude = =
Baum 's Germans left Burgoyne 's camp at Fort Edward on August 9 and marched to Fort Miller , where they waited until they were joined by the Indians and a company of British marksmen . The company marched off toward Bennington on August 11 . In minor skirmishes along the way they learned from prisoners taken that a sizable force was in place at Bennington . On August 14 Baum 's men encountered a detachment of Stark 's men that had been sent out to investigate reports of Indians in the area . Stark 's men retreated , destroying a bridge to delay Baum 's advance . Stark , on receiving word of the approaching force , sent a request to Manchester for support , and then moved his troops out of Bennington toward Baum 's force , setting up a defensive line . Baum sent a message to Burgoyne following the first contact indicating that the American force was larger than expected , but that it was likely to retreat before him . He then advanced a few miles further until he neared Stark 's position . He then realized that at least part of his first message was incorrect , so he sent a second message to Burgoyne , requesting reinforcements .
It rained for the next day and a half , preventing battle . During this time , Baum 's men constructed a small redoubt at the crest of the hill and hoped that the weather would prevent the Americans from attacking before reinforcements arrived . Stark sent out skirmishers to probe the German lines , and managed to kill thirty Indians in spite of the difficulties of keeping their gunpowder dry . Reinforcements for both sides marched out on the 15th ; travel was quite difficult due to the heavy rains . Burgoyne sent 550 men under Heinrich von Breymann , while Warner 's company of about 350 Green Mountain Boys came south from Manchester under Lieutenant Samuel Safford 's command .
Late on the night of August 15 , Stark was awakened by the arrival of Parson Thomas Allen and a band of Massachusetts militiamen from nearby Berkshire County who insisted on joining his force . In response to the minister 's fiery threat that his men would never come out again if they were not allowed to participate , Stark is reported to have said , " Would you go now on this dark and rainy night ? Go back to your people and tell them to get some rest if they can , and if the Lord gives us sunshine to @-@ morrow and I do not give you fighting enough , I will never call on you to come again . " Stark 's forces again swelled the next day with the arrival of some Stockbridge Indians , bringing his force ( excluding Warner 's men ) to nearly 2 @,@ 000 men .
Stark was not the only beneficiary of unexpected reinforcements . Baum 's force grew by almost 100 when a group of local Loyalists arrived in his camp on the morning of August 16 .
= = Battle = =
On the afternoon of August 16 , the weather cleared , and Stark ordered his men to be ready to attack . Stark is reputed to have rallied his troops by saying they were here to fight for their " natural born rights as Englishmen " and he added " There are your enemies , the Red Coats and the Tories . They are ours , or this night Molly Stark sleeps a widow . " Upon hearing that the militia had melted away into the woods , Baum assumed that the Americans were retreating or redeploying . However , Stark had decided to capitalize on weaknesses in the German 's widely distributed position , and had sent sizable flanking parties to either side of his lines . These movements were assisted by a ruse employed by Stark 's men that enabled them to get closer safely without alarming the opposing forces . The Germans , most of whom spoke no English , had been told that soldiers with bits of white paper in their hat were Loyalists , and should not be fired on ; Stark 's men had also heard this and many of them had suitably adorned their hats .
When the fighting broke out around 3 : 00 PM the German position was immediately surrounded by gunfire , which Stark described as " the hottest engagement I have ever witnessed , resembling a continual clap of thunder . " The Loyalists and Indian positions were overrun , causing many of them to flee or surrender . This left Baum and his Brunswick dragoons trapped alone on the high ground . The Germans fought valiantly even after running low on powder and the destruction of their ammunition wagon . In desperation the dragoons led a sabre charge in an attempt to break through the enveloping forces . The charge failed horrendously , causing massive amounts of German casualties and gaining no ground on the rebels . Baum was mortally wounded in this final charge , and the remaining Germans surrendered .
After the battle ended , while Stark 's militiamen were busy disarming the prisoners and looting their supplies , Breymann arrived with his reinforcements . Seeing the Americans in disarray , they immediately pressed their attack . After hastily regrouping , Stark 's forces tried to hold their ground against the new German onslaught , but began to fall back . Before their lines collapsed , Warner 's men arrived on the scene to reinforce Stark 's troops . Pitched battle continued until dark , when both sides disengaged . Breymann began a hasty retreat ; he had lost one quarter of his force and all of his artillery pieces .
= = Aftermath = =
Total German and British losses at Bennington were recorded at 207 dead and 700 captured ; American losses included 30 Americans dead and 40 wounded . The battle was
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the British fleet . Nevertheless , American privateers were able to harass supply ships , and food prices rose quickly . Soon the shortages meant the British forces were on short rations . Generally , the American forces were able to gather information about what was happening in the city from people escaping the privations of Boston , but General Gage had no effective intelligence of rebel activities .
= = = Early skirmishes = = =
On May 3 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized Benedict Arnold to raise forces for taking Fort Ticonderoga near the southern end of Lake Champlain in the Province of New York , which was known to have heavy weapons , but to be only lightly defended . Arnold arrived in Castleton ( in what is now Vermont , but was then disputed territory between New York and New Hampshire ) on the 9th , where he joined with Ethan Allen and a militia company from Connecticut , all of whom had independently arrived at the idea of taking Ticonderoga . This company , under the joint leadership of Arnold and Allen , captured Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point . They also captured the one large military vessel on Lake Champlain in a raid on Fort Saint @-@ Jean . They recovered over 180 cannons , as well as other weaponry and supplies that the nascent Continental Army would find useful in tightening their grip on Boston .
Boston lacked a regular supply of fresh meat , and many horses needed hay . On May 21 , Gage ordered a party to go to Grape Island , in the outer harbor , and bring hay to Boston . When the Continentals on the mainland noticed this , they took alarm , and the militia were called out . As the British party arrived , they came under fire from the militia . The militia set fire to a barn on the island , destroying 80 tons of hay , and prevented the British from taking more than 3 tons .
Continental forces , partly in response to the Grape Island incident , worked to clear the harbor islands of livestock and supplies useful to the British . On May 27 , in the Battle of Chelsea Creek , the British Marines attempted to stop removal of livestock from some of the islands . The Americans resisted , and , in the course of the action , the British schooner Diana ran aground and was destroyed , but not before the Continentals recovered its weaponry . In an attempt to help quell the rebellion , Gage issued a proclamation on June 12 offering to pardon all of those who would lay down their arms , with the exception of John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Instead of quelling the rebellion , it ignited anger among the Patriots , and more people began to take up arms .
= = = Breed 's Hill = = =
Throughout May , the British had been receiving reinforcements , until they reached a strength of about 6 @,@ 000 men . On May 25 , three Generals arrived on HMS Cerberus : William Howe , John Burgoyne , and Henry Clinton . Gage began planning to break out of the city .
The plan decided on by the British command was to fortify both Bunker Hill and Dorchester Heights . They fixed the date for taking Dorchester Heights at June 18 . On June 15 , the colonists ' Committee of Safety learned of the British plans . In response , they sent instructions to General Ward to fortify Bunker Hill and the heights of Charlestown ; he ordered Colonel William Prescott to do so . On the night of June 16 , Prescott led 1 @,@ 200 men over the Charlestown Neck , and constructed fortifications on Bunker Hill and Breed 's Hill .
On June 17 , in the Battle of Bunker Hill , British forces under General Howe took the Charlestown peninsula . The British succeeded in their tactical objective of taking the high ground on the Charlestown peninsula , but they suffered significant losses . With some 1 @,@ 000 men killed or wounded , including 92 officers killed , the British losses were so heavy that there were no further direct attacks on American forces . The Americans , while losing the battle , had again stood against the British regulars with some success , as they had successfully repelled two assaults on Breed 's Hill during the engagement . From this point , the siege essentially became a stalemate .
= = = Stalemate = = =
General George Washington arrived at Cambridge on July 2 . He set up his headquarters at the Benjamin Wadsworth House at Harvard College . He took command of the newly formed Continental Army the following day . By this time forces and supplies were arriving , including companies of riflemen from as far away as Maryland and Virginia . Washington began the work of molding the militias into something more closely resembling an army , appointing senior officers ( where the militias had typically elected their leaders ) , and introducing more organization and disciplinary measures to the encamped militias . He required officers of different ranks to wear differentiating apparel , so that they might be distinguished from their underlings and superiors . On July 16 , he moved his headquarters to the John Vassall House , also in Cambridge , that would later become well known as the home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow . Toward the end of July , about 2 @,@ 000 riflemen arrived in units raised in Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Virginia . The accuracy of the rifle was previously unknown in New England , and these forces were used to harass the besieged forces .
Washington also ordered the defenses to be improved . Trenches were dug on the Boston Neck , and then extended toward Boston . However , these activities had little effect on the British occupation . The working parties were fired on from time to time , as were sentries guarding the works . On July 30 , in retaliation for an American attack , the British pushed back an American advanced guard , and burned a few houses in Roxbury . Four days later , on August 2 , an American rifleman was killed , and his body hung up by the neck . In retaliation , other American riflemen marched to the lines and began to attack the British troops . They continued their sharp shooting all day , killing or wounding many of the British , and losing only one man . On August 30 , the British made a surprise breakout from the Boston Neck , set fire to a tavern , and withdrew to their defenses . On the same night , 300 Americans attacked Lighthouse Island and burned the lighthouse , killing several British soldiers and capturing 23 at the loss of one life . On another August night , Washington sent 1 @,@ 200 men to dig entrenchments on a hill near the Charlestown Neck . Despite a British bombardment , the Americans successfully dug the trenches .
In early September , Washington began drawing up plans for two moves : first , to dispatch 1 @,@ 000 men from Boston and invade Quebec , and second , to launch an attack on Boston . Washington felt that he could afford to send some troops to Quebec , as he had received intelligence from British deserters and American spies that the British had no intention of launching an attack from Boston until they were reinforced . On September 11 , about 1 @,@ 100 troops under the command of Benedict Arnold left for Quebec . Washington summoned a council of war , and made a case for an all out amphibious assault on Boston , by sending troops across Back Bay in flat @-@ bottomed boats which could hold 50 men each . Washington believed it would be extremely difficult to keep the men together when winter came . In a war council , the plan was unanimously rejected , and the decision was not to attack " for the present at least . "
In early September Washington authorized the appropriation and outfitting of local fishing vessels for intelligence @-@ gathering and interdiction of supplies to the British . This activity was a precursor to the Continental Navy , which was established in the aftermath of the British Burning of Falmouth ( present @-@ day Portland , Maine ) . The provincial assemblies of Connecticut and Rhode Island had by then also begun arming ships and authorized privateering .
In early November , 400 British soldiers went to Lechmere 's Point on a raiding expedition to acquire some livestock . They made off with 10 head of cattle , but lost two lives in the skirmish with colonial troops sent to defend the point . On November 29 , colonial Captain John Manley , commanding the schooner Lee , captured one of the most valuable prizes of the siege , the British brigantine Nancy , just outside Boston Harbor . She was carrying a large supply of ordnance and military stores intended for the British troops in Boston .
As winter approached , both sides faced their own problems . The Americans were so short on gunpowder that soldiers were given spears to fight with in the event of a British attack . Many of the American troops remained unpaid and many of their enlistments would be up at the end of the year . On the British side Howe , who had replaced Gage as commander in October , was faced with different problems . Wood was so scarce that they began cutting down trees and tearing down wooden buildings , including the Old North Meeting House . To add to this , supplying the city had become increasingly difficult because of winter storms and the rise in rebel privateers . The British troops were so hungry that many were ready to desert as soon as they could . Worse , scurvy and smallpox had broken out in the city . Washington 's army faced similar problems with smallpox , as soldiers from rural communities were exposed to the disease . Washington moved infected troops to a separate hospital , the only option then available given the public stigma against inoculation .
Washington again proposed to assault Boston in October , but his officers thought it best to wait until the harbor had frozen over . In February , when the water had frozen between Roxbury and Boston Common , Washington thought that in spite of his shortage in powder he would try an assault by rushing across the ice ; but his officers again advised against it . Washington 's desire to launch an attack on Boston arose from his fear that his army would desert in the winter , and how easily he knew that Howe could break the lines of his army in its present condition . He had not yet learned how completely he could trust in Howe 's inactivity ; he abandoned an attack across the ice with great reluctance in exchange for a more cautious plan , to fortify Dorchester Heights using cannon arrived from Fort Ticonderoga .
In mid @-@ January , on orders from London , British Major General Henry Clinton and a small fleet set sail for the Carolinas with 1 @,@ 500 men . Their objective was to join forces with additional troops arriving from Europe , and to take a port in the southern colonies for further military operations . In early February a British raiding party crossed the ice and burned several farmhouses in Dorchester .
= = End of the siege = =
Between November 1775 and February 1776 , Colonel Henry Knox and a team of engineers used sledges to retrieve 60 tons of heavy artillery that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga . Bringing them across the frozen Hudson and Connecticut rivers in a technically challenging and complex operation , they arrived back at Cambridge on January 24 , 1776 .
= = = Fortification of Dorchester Heights = = =
Some of the Ticonderoga cannons , which were of a size and range not previously available to the Americans , were emplaced in fortifications around the city , and on the night of March 2 , the Americans began to bombard the city with those cannon , to which the British responded with cannonades of their own . The American guns , under the direction of Colonel Knox , continued to exchange fire with the British until March 4 . The exchange of fire did little damage to either side , although it did damage houses and kill some British soldiers in Boston . On March 5 , Washington moved more of the Ticonderoga cannon and several thousand men overnight to occupy Dorchester Heights , overlooking Boston . Since it was winter the ground was frozen , making the digging of trenches impractical . Washington 's men instead used logs , branches and anything else available to fortify the position overnight . General Howe is said to have exclaimed , " My God , these fellows have done more work in one night than I could make my army do in three months . " The British fleet was within range of the American guns on Dorchester Heights , putting it and the troops in the city at risk .
The immediate response of the British was a two @-@ hour cannon barrage at the heights , which had no effect because the British guns could not reach the American guns at such height . After the failure of the barrage , Howe and his officers agreed that the colonists must be removed from the heights if they were to hold Boston . They planned an assault on the heights ; however , due to a storm the attack never took place , and the British elected instead to withdraw .
On March 8 , some prominent Bostonians sent a letter to Washington , stating that the British would not destroy the town if they
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4 degree angle reaching speeds of up to 134 kilometres per hour ( 83 mph ) as it passes through a tunnel . Following the first drop , the train then makes a slight left turn into the first of five camelback hills before dropping again and entering a figure @-@ 8 @-@ like helix . Next , the train goes over a small hill ; at the same time , passing through a trim brake . Immediately after , the train enters the second camelback hill , followed by a slight left turn into an element that is similar to a splashdown as the track crosses under Dragon Khan . After going over the third and fourth camelback hills , the train passing through the mid @-@ course brake run . Finally , after making a banked downward left turn , the train passes over the final camelback hill before entering the final brake run leading directly back to the station where the next riders board . One cycle of the ride lasts about three minutes .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Trains = = =
Shambhala operates with three steel and fiberglass trains . Each train has eight cars with two rows that seat two riders each for a total of 32 riders per train ; each seat has its own individual lab @-@ bar restraint . This configuration allows the ride to achieve a theoretical hourly capacity of 1 @,@ 680 riders per hour . Riders also experience up to 3 @.@ 8 times the force of gravity . The structure of the trains are colored gold and cyan , the lap bar restraints are cyan , and the seats are black .
= = = Track = = =
The steel track of Shambhala is approximately 1 @,@ 564 metres ( 5 @,@ 131 ft ) long , the height of the lift is 76 metres ( 249 ft ) , and covers an area of about 14 @,@ 000 m2 . The roller coaster has no inversions though it does feature five camelback hills , each at least 20 metres ( 66 ft ) tall , a splashdown , and inclined figure eight element .
Including the supports , the total weight of the roller coaster is approximately 1 @,@ 600 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 600 long tons ; 1 @,@ 800 short tons ) . 4 @,@ 000 m3 of cement was used for the foundations that hold up the supports and some are as deep as 18 metres ( 59 ft ) . The track is white with cyan rails while the supports are grey .
= = = Theme = = =
Inspired by both Nicholas Roerich stories and the Kingdom of Bhutan , Shambhala is named and themed around the story that within the Himalayas there is a lost world ( Shambhala ) that is impossible to access and is the source of happiness . As guests walk through the themed queue and board the train , they go on an expedition to find this land .
The roller coaster is located in the China section of PortAventura .
= = Reception = =
Following the opening of Shambhala , Kirmes & Parks magazine named the roller coaster as the best European attraction introduced in 2012 . Patrick Purcell from Mirror said that the roller coaster lived up to its hype and that , " It is also one of the smoothest roller coasters I 've encountered . " Sophie Castle from Travel Channel UK praised the height of Shambhala and said that , " Shambhala is definitely an opportunity that shouldn ’ t be missed . " Ethan Williams from the Daily Mail gave the roller coaster a five out of five for its speed , surprise factor , and fear factor . He also liked the amount of airtime the roller coaster gave . In 2013 , Shambhala was featured on Travel Channel 's television series Insane Coaster Wars : World Domination .
Also , the ride entered Mitch Hawker 's Best Roller Coaster Poll at 6 in 2012 before dropping to 8 in 2013 as shown in the table below .
The roller coaster has never placed in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards .
= Maryland Route 18 =
Maryland Route 18 ( MD 18 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The state highway runs 20 @.@ 37 miles ( 32 @.@ 78 km ) from the beginning of state maintenance at Love Point east to MD 213 in Centreville . MD 18 is the main east – west local highway on Kent Island and east to Centreville , serving the centers of Stevensville , Chester , Kent Narrows , Grasonville , and Queenstown that are bypassed by U.S. Route 50 and US 301 . What is signed as MD 18 is actually a set of four suffixed highways : MD 18A , MD 18B , MD 18S , and MD 18C . There are also several unsigned segments of MD 18 scattered along the length of the signed portions .
What is now MD 18 was first paved in the 1910s from Centreville to Queenstown along with short segments in Grasonville and Chester . Gaps in the Stevensville – Queenstown highway were filled throughout the 1920s , leaving only a crossing of Kent Narrows to be completed in the early 1930s . MD 18 between Stevensville and Love Point was constructed in the early 1930s . The Stevensville – Queenstown highway was designated part of MD 404 , while the highways on both ends to Love Point and Centreville were designated MD 18 . US 50 replaced MD 404 when the former highway was extended east of Annapolis in 1949 . When US 50 was relocated as a divided highway between the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Queenstown in the early 1950s , MD 18 was assigned to the bypassed highway . Since the mid @-@ 1980s , several suffixed sections of MD 18 have been created , relocated , or received new designations due to expansion of US 50 and US 301 to a freeway .
= = Route description = =
The mainline of MD 18 consists of four internally suffixed sections . MD 18A runs 5 @.@ 39 miles ( 8 @.@ 67 km ) from Love Point south and east through Stevensville to a roundabout at Castle Marina Road in Chester . MD 18B extends 7 @.@ 94 miles ( 12 @.@ 78 km ) from the same roundabout east through Chester , Kent Narrows , and Grasonville to US 50 in Queenstown . MD 18S has a length of 0 @.@ 33 miles ( 0 @.@ 53 km ) between US 50 and US 301 in Queenstown . MD 18C comprises the easternmost 6 @.@ 71 miles ( 10 @.@ 80 km ) of the highway from US 301 in Queenstown to MD 213 in Centreville .
MD 18A 's western terminus is at the beginning of state maintenance on Love Point Road just south of the community of Love Point at the northern end of Kent Island . The state highway heads due south through farmland . After meeting Old Love Point Road at an acute angle , MD 18A passes suburban subdivisions and Kent Island High School . Love Point Road , which is unsigned MD 835C , veers southeast to pass through the Stevensville Historic District , which contains the historic Cray House , the Stevensville Bank building , and Christ Church . MD 18A curves to the southwest as Business Parkway . The state highway expands to a four @-@ lane divided highway ahead of the intersection with MD 8 . MD 8 continues south on the divided highway toward an interchange with US 50 and US 301 ( Blue Star Memorial Highway ) just east of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge while MD 18A turns east onto Main Street . MD 18A curves around the southern edge of the Stevensville Historic District , intersecting Love Point Road , which is unsigned MD 759B to the south , and the other end of MD 835C ( East Main Street ) . The state highway passes Stevensville Middle School , crosses Cox Creek , and passes the Kent Island Shopping Center before reaching its eastern terminus at a roundabout with Castle Marina Road , which is unsigned MD 18H to the south .
MD 18B begins at the same roundabout at which MD 18A has its eastern terminus . Piney Creek Road , which is unsigned MD 18T , splits to the east as MD 18B curves southeast and crosses over US 50 and US 301 . The state highway curves east again at an intersection with its old alignment , Postal Road , in Chester shortly before an intersection with MD 552 ( Dominion Road ) . MD 18B continues around the south end of Piney Creek before entering the hamlet of Kent Narrows , where the highway has a direct connection to eastbound US 50 and US 301 . The state highway also has an indirect connection to the westbound freeway via Piney Narrows Road immediately before crossing Kent Narrows on a drawbridge adjacent to the US 50 and US 301 crossing of the strait . MD 18B continues east through Grasonville , where the highway intersects Chester River Beach Road ( unsigned MD 18V ) and Nesbit Road ( unsigned MD 835K ) , both of which provide full access to the freeway . The state highway continues through farmland before reaching its eastern terminus at US 50 ( Ocean Gateway ) just east of the US 50 – US 301 split in Queenstown . The two highways meet at a superstreet intersection , so there is no direct access between MD 18B and MD 18S on the opposite side of the intersection .
MD 18S begins at US 50 opposite MD 18B 's eastern terminus . At the intersection with MD 656 ( Friels Road ) and Outlet Center Drive , which heads into the Queenstown Premium Outlets , the state highway turns north and reaches its eastern terminus at a superstreet intersection with US 301 ( Blue Star Memorial Highway ) . MD 18C begins at US 301 opposite the eastern terminus of MD 18S . The state highway heads northeast as Main Street through the town of Queenstown , where the highway intersects MD 456 ( Del Rhodes Avenue ) and passes near the historic home Bowlingly . After leaving the town , MD 18C 's name changes to 4 @-@ H Park Road and the road passes through farmland . The state highway passes the namesake park of the youth agricultural organization shortly after crossing Reed Creek . MD 18C passes by the historic home Bachelor 's Hope before the highway reaches its eastern terminus at MD 213 ( Centreville Road ) on the southwestern edge of Centreville .
= = History = =
The first sections of MD 18 was paved as three separate state @-@ aid roads within Queenstown and Grasonville by 1915 , and between Stevensville and Chester shortly after 1915 . The first section paved as a state road was between Centreville and Queenstown by 1919 ; there were also short pieces of state road paved in Chester and east of Grasonville by 1921 . The state road in Chester was extended east to Kent Narrows and the state road near Grasonville was extended west through the village in 1923 . The Stevensville – Chester road and the Queenstown – Centreville road were marked as MD 18 by 1927 . The road from Stevensville to Love Point was started in 1929 and completed to just south of Love Point in 1930 . The highway was extended to its present western terminus by 1933 . Pavement was also laid from the west end of Grasonville to Kent Narrows by 1930 . The east – west highway between Stevensville and Queenstown was finished with the completion of a timber trestle bascule bridge over Kent Narrows . That highway was marked as MD 404 in 1933 ; the highways from Stevensville to Love Point and from Queenstown to Centreville remained marked as MD 18 .
When US 50 was extended to the Eastern Shore in 1949 , it was routed along MD 404 to Wye Mills . The US 50 divided highway started construction in 1950 and was completed between the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Queenstown in 1952 , including a new drawbridge over Kent Narrows . The 1933 bridge over Kent Narrows was dismantled in 1953 . MD 18 was subsequently assigned to old US 50 between Stevensville and Queenstown , following its own alignment except for a concurrency with US 50 and later US 301 over Kent Narrows .
Business Parkway was constructed in 1987 as a new alignment and northern extension of MD 8 . MD 18 was extended west to Business Parkway and north on the divided highway to bypass the Stevensville Historic District in 1989 ; the old alignment was designated MD 835C . MD 18 also bypassed the center of Chester in 1989 by the construction of an overpass of US 50 and US 301 just west of MD 552 , replacing the intersection at Castle Marina Road . The latter improvement was part of the transformation of US 50 and US 301 to a freeway from the Chesapeake Bay Bridge to Queenstown , which was completed in 1991 . The upgrade included a new fixed high @-@ level bridge over Kent Narrows for US 50 and US 301 , relegating the 1952 drawbridge to be used only by MD 18 . In 1999 , MD 18 was relocated to the north to use a new roundabout at Castle Marina Road in Chester ; the old mainline was designated MD 18R . The MD 18 – US 301 junction in Queenstown was transformed into a superstreet intersection in 2003 , resulting in the splitting of the MD 18C designation ; MD 18S was assigned to the highway south of the junction .
As part of the reconstruction of US 50 as a six @-@ lane freeway from US 301 in Queenstown to MD 404 in Wye Mills , the Maryland State Highway Administration plans to construct an overpass of MD 18 over US 50 in Queenstown . MD 18 and US 50 would become connected by a pair of right @-@ in / right @-@ out interchanges . Access to eastbound US 50 would be via a new service road south of US 50 and connections with westbound US 50 would be made through Outlet Center Drive . As of 2011 , the project has not been funded .
= = Junction list = =
The entire route is in Queen Anne 's County .
= = Auxiliary routes = =
MD 18 has 12 unsigned auxiliary routes . MD 18F , MD 18I , and MD 18U through MD 18Z are in Grasonville . MD 18G is in Queenstown . MD 18H , MD 18R , and MD 18T are in Chester .
MD 18F is the designation for an unnamed 0 @.@ 03 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 048 km ) connector between MD 18B and a right @-@ in / right @-@ out interchange ( Exit 43A ) with eastbound US 50 and US 301 between Kent Narrows and Grasonville .
MD 18G is the designation for Links Lane , a 0 @.@ 06 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 097 km ) section of old alignment of MD 18 just north of MD 18C 's western terminus in Queenstown that serves as the entrance to Queenstown Harbor Golf Links .
MD 18H is the designation for a 0 @.@ 19 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 31 km ) section of Castle Marina Road between a right @-@ in / right @-@ out interchange ( Exit 39A ) with westbound US 50 and US 301 and the roundabout that serves as a terminus for both MD 18A and MD 18B in Chester .
MD 18I is the designation for a 0 @.@ 04 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 064 km ) segment of Station Lane that connects with a right @-@ in / right @-@ out interchange ( Exit 44A ) with eastbound US 50 and US 301 .
MD 18R is the designation for a former alignment of MD 18A / Main Street , a 0 @.@ 32 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 51 km ) highway between MD 18A and MD 18H that serves a park and ride facility and other businesses in Chester .
MD 18T is the designation for a 0 @.@ 38 mi ( 0 @.@ 61 km ) stretch of Piney Creek Road between MD 18B and MD 552A ( Chester Station Road ) in Chester .
MD 18U is the designation for a 0 @.@ 02 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 032 km ) section of Jackson Creek Road that serves as the ramps of the right @-@ in / right @-@ out interchange ( Exit 43A ) between the intersection of Jackson Creek Road , Saddler Road ( unsigned MD 835B ) , and Long Point Road and westbound US 50 and US 301 in Grasonville .
MD 18V is the designation for a 0 @.@ 65 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 05 km ) section of Chester River Beach Road between MD 18B and a point just north of Loblolly Way in Grasonville . MD 18V features a partial interchange with US 50 and US 301 ( Exit 43B ) .
MD 18W is the designation for VFW Avenue , a 0 @.@ 33 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 53 km ) road between a right @-@ in / right @-@ out interchange ( Exit 44A ) with westbound US 50 and US 301 and MD 18V in Grasonville . The highway is state @-@ maintained at both ends , with the middle stretch maintained by Queen Anne 's County .
MD 18X is the designation for a
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, musical , and dramatic genres which demonstrate the extent of cultural influence :
= = = " Kafkaesque " = = =
Kafka 's writing has inspired the term " Kafkaesque " , used to describe concepts and situations reminiscent of his work , particularly Der Process ( The Trial ) and " Die Verwandlung " ( The Metamorphosis ) . Examples include instances in which bureaucracies overpower people , often in a surreal , nightmarish milieu which evokes feelings of senselessness , disorientation , and helplessness . Characters in a Kafkaesque setting often lack a clear course of action to escape a labyrinthine situation . Kafkaesque elements often appear in existential works , but the term has transcended the literary realm to apply to real @-@ life occurrences and situations that are incomprehensibly complex , bizarre , or illogical .
Numerous films and television works have been described as Kafkaesque , and the style is particularly prominent in dystopian science fiction . Works in this genre that have been thus described include Patrick Bokanowski 's 1982 film The Angel , Terry Gilliam 's 1985 film Brazil , and the 1998 science fiction film noir , Dark City . Films from other genres which have been similarly described include The Tenant ( 1976 ) and Barton Fink ( 1991 ) . The television series The Prisoner and The Twilight Zone are also frequently described as Kafkaesque .
However , with common usage , the term has become so ubiquitous that Kafka scholars note it 's often misused . More accurately then , according to author Ben Marcus , paraphrased in " What it Means to be Kafkaesque " by Joe Fassler in The Atlantic , " Kafka ’ s quintessential qualities are affecting use of language , a setting that straddles fantasy and reality , and a sense of striving even in the face of bleakness — hopelessly and full of hope . "
= = = Commemoration = = =
The Franz Kafka Museum in Prague is dedicated to Kafka and his work . A major component of the museum is an exhibit The City of K. Franz Kafka and Prague , which was first shown in Barcelona in 1999 , moved to the Jewish Museum in New York City , and was finally established in 2005 in Prague in Malá Strana ( Lesser Town ) , along the Moldau . The museum calls its display of original photos and documents Město K. Franz Kafka a Praha ( City K. Kafka and Prague ) and aims to immerse the visitor into the world in which Kafka lived and about which he wrote .
The Franz Kafka Prize is an annual literary award of the Franz Kafka Society and the City of Prague established in 2001 . It recognizes the merits of literature as " humanistic character and contribution to cultural , national , language and religious tolerance , its existential , timeless character , its generally human validity , and its ability to hand over a testimony about our times " . The selection committee and recipients come from all over the world , but are limited to living authors who have had at least one work published in the Czech language . The recipient receives $ 10 @,@ 000 , a diploma , and a bronze statuette at a presentation in Prague 's Old Town Hall on the Czech State Holiday in late October .
San Diego State University ( SDSU ) operates the Kafka Project , which began in 1998 as the official international search for Kafka 's last writings .
= Tropical Storm Jerry ( 1995 ) =
Tropical Storm Jerry was a tropical storm that caused severe flooding throughout the southeast United States in August of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season . Jerry , the tenth tropical storm of the season , formed from a tropical wave that moved off the African coast in early August , which organized into a tropical depression and tropical storm between the Bahamas and Florida later in the month , before striking Florida in the latter part of the month . Its remnant circulation persisted until five days after landfall . The rainfall it produced , amounting to over 12 inches ( 300 mm ) in several locations across Florida , Georgia , and South Carolina , was responsible for $ 40 million ( 2005 USD ) in damage and 6 deaths . At the time , Jerry was the earliest tenth storm to form in a season on record , until Jose in the 2005 season overtook it . Tropical Storm Jerry was also the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in South Florida since Hurricane Andrew in 1992 .
= = Meteorological history = =
A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on August 9 . It moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean , and reached the Lesser Antilles on August 15 . While passing through the islands , convection greatly increased , causing wind gusts of up to 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) , though it remained disorganized . On August 22 , convection organized while the system was over the western Bahamas , and it developed into Tropical Depression Eleven later that day . Conditions were only marginally favorable due to lack of outflow to its west , but the depression strengthened to reach tropical storm status on August 23 .
Jerry , having reached tropical storm strength 33 miles ( 53 km ) east of the coast of Florida , moved to the northwest and hit Jupiter later on August 23 . It continued to the northwest across the state , and remained a tropical storm until late on August 24 when it entered the Gulf of Mexico over Citrus County . It remained over waters briefly until moving inland in Dixie County on August 25 . It continued slowly northward , entering Georgia on August 26 . The weak depression turned to the east , and dissipated into a trough of low pressure on August 28 near the Georgia / South Carolina border . The trough developed two circulation centers , one of which moved eastward while the other moved southward . The latter drifted southwestward across Florida until dissipating in early September . It is unknown if either of the circulations are directly related to the original center of Jerry .
= = Preparations = =
Because much of the circulation was over land , Jerry was not predicted to intensify to a tropical storm . This caused tropical storm warnings not to be issued until just hours before landfall . While crossing over the state , the storm retained its strength , causing officials to issue Tropical Storm Warnings over the Florida Panhandle . However , Jerry remained a tropical depression over the Gulf of Mexico , and the warnings were dropped after Jerry 's second landfall .
= = Impact = =
= = = Florida = = =
Upon making landfall in southeastern and western Florida , Jerry caused a storm surge of 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) to 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) in most areas . Rainfall was generally moderate in the southeastern portion of the state , with the highest amounts of over 10 inches ( 250 mm ) occurring in Palm Beach County . A larger area of higher totals was recorded in southwestern Florida , with rainfall peaking at 16 @.@ 8 inches ( 430 mm ) in Golden Gate . Winds were light , peaking at 43 miles per hour ( 69 km / h ) at Patrick Air Force Base in Brevard County . The storm caused two weak tornadoes and one waterspout , though damage was minimal . In addition , Jerry caused light beach erosion .
While wind damage was minimal , the heavy flooding left many roads across the state under water . In addition , it damaged 340 houses and destroyed 12 , most of which were in Collier County . In northwestern Florida , the flooding caused severe damage to the citrus crop , with total agricultural damage amounting to $ 15 million . In all , damage in Florida amounted to $ 19 million ( 1995 USD ) . The storm also caused two indirect deaths in the state , though no fatalities were directly attributed to Jerry .
= = = Georgia = = =
In Georgia , Jerry dropped severe rainfall of over 12 inches ( 300 mm ) near Surrency , covering numerous waterways and flooding numerous houses . A state of emergency was declared within Georgia as Jerry moved through the state . Flooding from the storm across Georgia was mild to moderate due to the very dry conditions which preceded Jerry 's arrival . In Savannah , 12 @.@ 43 inches ( 316 mm ) of rainfall was measured , which flooded the Ogeechee and Savannah Rivers .
= = = South Carolina = = =
Portions of South Carolina experienced significant rainfall totals of up to 19 inches ( 480 mm ) . The significant rainfall led to flooding along the Saluda , the Edisto , the Broad , and the Congaree Rivers in South Carolina . Dam breaks were also reported , which led to flooding which covered numerous roadways and washed out bridges , with the statewide transportation damage totaling $ 4 @.@ 5 million ( 1995 USD ) . In addition , houses were flooded and fields covered , which caused a damage total of $ 10 million ( 1995 USD ) . Jerry also killed 3 people in the state .
= = = North Carolina = = =
The remnants of Jerry caused heavy precipitation in North Carolina , amounting up to 10 inches ( 250 mm ) in the southwest corner of the state . This led to flooding along the Neuse , the French Broad , the Warned , the Lynches , the Black , the Little Pee Dee , the Pee Dee , and the Waccomaw rivers . Across the state , numerous roads , including portions of Interstate 85 , and houses were submerged . Flood stage records were set for McMullen and McAlpine Creeks , with McAlpine reaching a stage of 19 @.@ 4 feet ( 5 @.@ 9 m ) . In the Charlotte area , the flooding forced the evacuation of 63 people from a nursing home , as well as 200 people from a pair of apartment complexes . Mecklenburg County reported damages of $ 5 million ( 1995 USD ) . In Raleigh , over 140 buildings or houses were damaged or destroyed , resulting a damage total in the area of $ 6 million ( 1995 USD ) . In all , Jerry caused $ 11 million ( 1995 USD ) in damage across the state and 3 fatalities . It washed out Perry Mill Pond 's dam outside of Zebulon NC on SR 1001 .
= Batman & Robin ( film ) =
Batman & Robin is a 1997 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman . It is the fourth and final installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film was directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Akiva Goldsman . It stars George Clooney , Chris O 'Donnell , Alicia Silverstone , Uma Thurman , and Arnold Schwarzenegger .
Batman & Robin tells the story of the Dynamic Duo as they attempt to prevent Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy from freezing all mankind to death and repopulating the earth with mutant plants , while at the same time struggling to keep their partnership together . This is also the only film appearance of Batgirl , who helps the title characters fight the villains .
Warner Bros. fast tracked development for Batman & Robin following the box office success of the previous film , Batman Forever . Schumacher and Goldsman conceived the storyline during pre @-@ production on A Time to Kill , while Val Kilmer decided not to reprise the role over scheduling conflicts with The Saint . Schumacher had a strong interest in casting William Baldwin in Kilmer 's place before George Clooney won the role . Principal photography began in September 1996 and finished in January 1997 , two weeks ahead of the shooting schedule .
Batman & Robin went into general release on June 20 , 1997 in North America and performed modestly at the box office . Budgeted between $ 125 – 140 million , the film grossed over $ 238 million worldwide . The film received negative reviews upon its release ; it was criticized for its storyline , characterization and writing . Batman & Robin is frequently considered to be one of the worst films ever made . Warner Bros. quietly canceled a sequel , titled Batman Unchained , and later rebooted the film series with Batman Begins in 2005 . One of the songs recorded for the film , " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " by The Smashing Pumpkins , won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 40th Grammy Awards .
= = Plot = =
Batman and Robin fail to stop Mr. Freeze from stealing a cache of diamonds . They learn that Freeze was once a scientist named Victor Fries , who became dependent on a diamond @-@ powered subzero suit following an accident in a cryogenics lab while working to save his wife , Nora , from a terminal illness called MacGregor 's Syndrome .
Meanwhile , botanist Dr. Pamela Isley is experimenting with the strength serum " Venom " to create mutant plants capable of fighting back against mankind . She is angry that her senior colleague Dr. Jason Woodrue used her Venom to transform a diminutive prisoner into the " super soldier " Bane . She refuses to partner with Woodrue so he tries to kill her with animal @-@ plant toxins and chemicals , causing her to transform into the beautiful , seductive and deadly Poison Ivy . She seduces and kills Woodrue with a poisonous kiss from her venom @-@ filled lips and vows to establish botanical supremacy over the world .
Alfred Pennyworth 's niece Barbara Wilson makes a surprise visit from England and is invited to stay at Wayne Manor . Later , Barbara finds the Batcave and creates her own crime @-@ fighting persona with the help of a computer simulation of Alfred . The real Alfred is suffering from MacGregor 's Syndrome . He is , however , in stage 1 , for which Mr. Freeze has developed a cure despite being unable to cure his wife 's condition because it is too advanced .
Ivy arrives in Gotham City with Bane as her henchman , in the airport , Bane put 10 guards in the hospital and Ivy killed a businessman with her poisonous kiss and stole his limousine . Ivy , disguised as her former self , interrupts a Wayne Enterprises press conference at the Gotham Observatory where a giant telescope is being unveiled . Ivy demands Bruce Wayne use his fortune to safeguard the natural environment at the expense of millions of human lives , and Bruce refuses . After learning of the existence of the Dynamic Duo , she plots kill them so that Gotham will be hers " for the greening " .
Ivy appears at the Gotham Botanical Gardens fundraiser in a pink gorilla suit , performs a striptease revealing her Poison Ivy costume and began seducing everyone present with her pheromone dust , including the Dynamic Duo , who are there to protect a diamond from Mr. Freeze . When Freeze crashes the event Ivy is instantly captivated by his " ruthless charm " due to Freeze being immune to her pheromone dust . Freeze escapes with the diamond , before the Dynamic Duo left to catch Freeze , Ivy blew Robin a kiss , making him fall in love with her . Freeze is captured by Batman and detained at the Arkham Asylum . After setting up her garden lair , Ivy arrived at Arkham to break Freeze out , seducing and killing two security guards with her poisonous kiss in the process , while Bane retrieved Freeze 's suit from the evidence lockup . The Trio escape .
At Freeze 's hideout , Freeze retrieves his equipment . After Ivy failed to seduce the Dynamic Duo to her kiss of death , she turns off Nora Fries ' life support and makes Freeze believe Batman did it , persuading him that they should destroy Batman along with the society that created him . They plan to turn the observatory 's new telescope into a giant freeze ray to kill all humanity to allow Ivy 's mutant plants to take over the world . At the Observatory , Ivy seduces Commissioner Gordon into giving him the keys to the Bat Signal at the GCPD . She tempted to kiss him but changes her mind . Ivy and Bane made it to the GCPD to steal the Bat Signal and changed it to a Robin Signal in order to lure Robin to her lair .
Meanwhile , Robin is under Ivy 's seductive spell and is rebelling against Batman . Robin goes to meet Ivy at her garden hideout , where her deadly , poisonous kiss fails to kill Robin because Batman had prevailed on him to coat his lips with rubber . Ivy tries to drown Robin in her lily pond and entangles Batman in her crushing vines , but they are able to free themselves when Batgirl arrives and traps Ivy in her own floral throne .
Batgirl reveals herself as Barbara . The three crime @-@ fighters arrive at the Observatory to stop Freeze who has already frozen all of Gotham . Bane attacks Robin and Batgirl , but they incapacitate him and restore him to his original human state . Robin and Batgirl save Gotham by using the observatory 's satellites to reflect sunlight from outer space to thaw the city .
Batman shows Freeze video proof that Ivy pulled the plug on Nora and reveals that Batman was the one who saved her . He vows that Freeze will be allowed to continue his research at Arkham Asylum to cure Nora . Batman asks Freeze for his cure for the first stage of MacGregor 's Syndrome for Alfred and Freeze atones for his misdeeds by giving him two vials of the medicine .
At Arkham , due to Freeze 's own cell being in the process of modification , he becomes Ivy 's temporary cellmate and vows to exact revenge on her until work on Freeze 's cell is finished . Back at Wayne Manor , Alfred is cured and Bruce invites Barbara to live with them , joining Batman and Robin to fight crime as Batgirl .
= = Cast = =
George Clooney as Bruce Wayne / Batman
A billionaire industrialist who witnessed his parents ' murder as a young boy . At night , Bruce becomes Batman , Gotham City 's vigilante protector . He 's the leader of the Heroic Trio
Eric Lloyd portrays him as a child in a flashback .
Chris O 'Donnell as Dick Grayson / Robin
The crime @-@ fighting partner to Batman and ward of Bruce Wayne . He has begun to chafe against Batman 's authority .
Alicia Silverstone as Batgirl / Barbara Wilson
Her parents had previously died in a car accident . Alfred , her uncle , was very close to her mother , Margaret . She is Alfred 's niece and is an orphan .
Uma Thurman as Dr. Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy
A botanist who becomes a crazed eco @-@ terrorist after being pushed into vials of chemicals , poisons and toxins , which replace her blood with aloe , her skin with chlyrophyll and filled her lips with venom , making her kiss deadly . She also uses pheromones to seduce her victims .
Arnold Schwarzenegger as Dr. Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze
A Nobel Prize @-@ winning molecular biologist and two @-@ time Olympic decathlete who suffers a terrible accident while trying to cryogenically preserve his terminally ill wife . As a result , he is transformed into a criminal forced to live in a special sub @-@ zero suit powered by diamonds .
Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth
The trusted butler for Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson . Alfred is dying of a rare disease from which Mr. Freeze 's wife also suffers .
Pat Hingle as Commissioner James Gordon
The police commissioner of Gotham City . He is close to Batman and informs him of numerous crimes .
John Glover as Dr. Jason Woodrue
A deranged scientist who aims to create Venom @-@ powered " supersoldiers " to sell to dictators and warlords in order to make millions . He is responsible for the creation of both Bane and Poison Ivy , the latter of whom kills him with a kiss from her toxic lips .
Elle Macpherson as Julie Madison
Bruce Wayne 's girlfriend . She proposes to Bruce , but he does not respond , fearing for her safety .
Vivica A. Fox as Ms. B. Haven
Mr. Freeze 's sexy assistant who flirts with him constantly . He is unresponsive , as he is still in love with his wife .
Robert " Jeep " Swenson as Antonio Diego / Bane
Poison Ivy 's bodyguard and muscle , who was originally a diminutive serial murderer . Transformed into a hugely powerful " Super @-@ soldier " by the strength @-@ enhancing drug " Venom " , he was seen getting Mr. Freeze 's suit back from Arkham Asylum , as well as fighting against the main heroes several times . Despite proving more than a match for Batman and Robin earlier on , he is eventually defeated by Robin and Batgirl after they find a way to stop the venom flow to his brain .
Michael Reid MacKay portrays him prior to his transformation .
Vendela Kirsebom as Nora Fries
Mr. Freeze 's beloved cryogenically @-@ frozen wife .
Elizabeth Sanders as Gossip Gerty
Gotham 's top gossip columnist .
Jesse Ventura as Arkham Asylum Guard
Patrick Leahy as himself
Jack Ingle as the Doctor
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
With the box office success of Batman Forever in June 1995 , Warner Bros. immediately commissioned a sequel . They hired director Joel Schumacher and writer Akiva Goldsman to reprise their duties the following August
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growing in barnacles , and was hence considered acceptable food for fast and Lent . But at the Fourth Council of the Lateran ( 1215 ) , Pope Innocent III explicitly prohibited the eating of barnacle geese during Lent , arguing that they lived and fed like ducks and so were of the same nature as other birds .
Meats were more expensive than plant foods . Though rich in protein , the calorie @-@ to @-@ weight ratio of meat was less than that of plant food . Meat could be up to four times as expensive as bread . Fish was up to 16 times as costly , and was expensive even for coastal populations . This meant that fasts could mean an especially meager diet for those who could not afford alternatives to meat and animal products like milk and eggs . It was only after the Black Death had eradicated up to half of the European population that meat became more common even for poorer people . The drastic reduction in many populated areas resulted in a labor shortage , meaning that wages dramatically increased . It also left vast areas of farmland untended , making them available for pasture and putting more meat on the market .
= = = Fish and seafood = = =
Although less prestigious than other animal meats , and often seen as merely an alternative to meat on fast days , seafood was the mainstay of many coastal populations . " Fish " to the medieval person was also a general name for anything not considered a proper land @-@ living animal , including marine mammals such as whales and porpoises . Also included were the beaver , due to its scaly tail and considerable time spent in water , and barnacle geese , due to the belief that they developed underwater in the form of barnacles . Such foods were also considered appropriate for fast days , though rather contrived classification of barnacle geese as fish was not universally accepted . The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II examined barnacles and noted no evidence of any bird @-@ like embryo in them , and the secretary of Leo of Rozmital wrote a very skeptical account of his reaction to being served barnacle goose at a fish @-@ day dinner in 1456 .
Especially important was the fishing and trade in herring and cod in the Atlantic and the Baltic Sea . The herring was of unprecedented significance to the economy of much of Northern Europe , and it was one of the most common commodities traded by the Hanseatic League , a powerful north German alliance of trading guilds . Kippers made from herring caught in the North Sea could be found in markets as far away as Constantinople . While large quantities of fish were eaten fresh , a large proportion was salted , dried , and , to a lesser extent , smoked . Stockfish , cod that was split down the middle , fixed to a pole and dried , was very common , though preparation could be time @-@ consuming , and meant beating the dried fish with a mallet before soaking it in water . A wide range of mollusks including oysters , mussels and scallops were eaten by coastal and river @-@ dwelling populations , and freshwater crayfish were seen as a desirable alternative to meat during fish days . Compared to meat , fish was much more expensive for inland populations , especially in Central Europe , and therefore not an option for most . Freshwater fish such as pike , carp , bream , perch , lamprey , and trout were common .
= = Drink = =
In modern times , water is seen as a common choice to drink with a meal . In the Middle Ages , however , concerns over purity , medical recommendations and its low prestige value made it less favored , and alcoholic beverages were always preferred . They were seen as more nutritious and beneficial to digestion than water , with the invaluable bonus of being less prone to putrefaction due to the alcohol content . Wine was consumed on a daily basis in most of France and all over the Western Mediterranean wherever grapes were cultivated . Further north it remained the preferred drink of the bourgeoisie and the nobility who could afford it , and far less common among peasants and workers . The drink of commoners in the northern parts of the continent was primarily beer or ale .
Juices , as well as wines , of a multitude of fruits and berries had been known at least since Roman antiquity and were still consumed in the Middle Ages : pomegranate , mulberry and blackberry wines , perry , and cider which was especially popular in the north where both apples and pears were plentiful . Medieval drinks that have survived to this day include prunellé from wild plums ( modern @-@ day slivovitz ) , mulberry gin and blackberry wine . Many variants of mead have been found in medieval recipes , with or without alcoholic content . However , the honey @-@ based drink became less common as a table beverage towards the end of the period and was eventually relegated to medicinal use . Mead has often been presented as the common drink of the Slavs . This is partially true since mead bore great symbolic value at important occasions . When agreeing on treaties and other important affairs of state , mead was often presented as a ceremonial gift . It was also common at weddings and baptismal parties , though in limited quantity due to its high price . In medieval Poland , mead had a status equivalent to that of imported luxuries , such as spices and wines . Kumis , the fermented milk of mares or camels , was known in Europe , but as with mead was mostly something prescribed by physicians .
Plain milk was not consumed by adults except the poor or sick , being reserved for the very young or elderly , and then usually as buttermilk or whey . Fresh milk was overall less common than other dairy products because of the lack of technology to keep it from spoiling . Tea and coffee , both made from plants found in the Old World , were popular in East Asia and the Muslim world during the Middle Ages . However , neither of these non @-@ alcoholic social drinks were consumed in Europe before the late 16th and early 17th century .
= = = Wine = = =
Wine was commonly drunk and was also regarded as the most prestigious and healthy choice . According to Galen 's dietetics it was considered hot and dry but these qualities were moderated when wine was watered down . Unlike water or beer , which were considered cold and moist , consumption of wine in moderation ( especially red wine ) was , among other things , believed to aid digestion , generate good blood and brighten the mood . The quality of wine differed considerably according to vintage , the type of grape and more importantly , the number of grape pressings . The first pressing was made into the finest and most expensive wines which were reserved for the upper classes . The second and third pressings were subsequently of lower quality and alcohol content . Common folk usually had to settle for a cheap white or rosé from a second or even third pressing , meaning that it could be consumed in quite generous amounts without leading to heavy intoxication . For the poorest ( or the most pious ) , watered @-@ down vinegar ( similar to Ancient Roman posca ) would often be the only available choice .
The aging of high quality red wine required specialized knowledge as well as expensive storage and equipment , and resulted in an even more expensive end product . Judging from the advice given in many medieval documents on how to salvage wine that bore signs of going bad , preservation must have been a widespread problem . Even if vinegar was a common ingredient , there was only so much of it that could be used . In the 14th century cookbook Le Viandier there are several methods for salvaging spoiling wine ; making sure that the wine barrels are always topped up or adding a mixture of dried and boiled white grape seeds with the ash of dried and burnt lees of white wine were both effective bactericides , even if the chemical processes were not understood at the time . Spiced or mulled wine was not only popular among the affluent , but was also considered especially healthy by physicians . Wine was believed to act as a kind of vaporizer and conduit of other foodstuffs to every part of the body , and the addition of fragrant and exotic spices would make it even more wholesome . Spiced wines were usually made by mixing an ordinary ( red ) wine with an assortment of spices such as ginger , cardamom , pepper , grains of paradise , nutmeg , cloves and sugar . These would be contained in small bags which were either steeped in wine or had liquid poured over them to produce hypocras and claré . By the 14th century , bagged spice mixes could be bought ready @-@ made from spice merchants .
= = = Beer = = =
While wine was the most common table beverage in much of Europe , this was not the case in the northern regions where grapes were not cultivated . Those who could afford it drank imported wine , but even for nobility in these areas it was common to drink beer or ale , particularly towards the end of the Middle Ages . In England , the Low Countries , northern Germany , Poland and Scandinavia , beer was consumed on a daily basis by people of all social classes and age groups . By the mid @-@ 15th century , barley , a cereal known to be somewhat poorly suited for breadmaking but excellent for brewing , accounted for 27 % of all cereal acreage in England . However , the heavy influence from Arab and Mediterranean culture on medical science ( particularly due to the Reconquista and the influx of Arabic texts ) meant that beer was often heavily disfavored . For most medieval Europeans , it was a humble brew compared with common southern drinks and cooking ingredients , such as wine , lemons and olive oil . Even comparatively exotic products like camel 's milk and gazelle meat generally received more positive attention in medical texts . Beer was just an acceptable alternative and was assigned various negative qualities . In 1256 , the Sienese physician Aldobrandino described beer in the following way :
But from whichever it is made , whether from oats , barley or wheat , it harms the head and the stomach , it causes bad breath and ruins the teeth , it fills the stomach with bad fumes , and as a result anyone who drinks it along with wine becomes drunk quickly ; but it does have the property of facilitating urination and makes one 's flesh white and smooth .
The intoxicating effect of beer was believed to last longer than that of wine , but it was also admitted that it did not create the " false thirst " associated with wine . Though less prominent than in the north , beer was consumed in northern France and the Italian mainland . Perhaps as a consequence of the Norman conquest and the travelling of nobles between France and England , one French variant described in the 14th century cookbook Le Menagier de Paris was called godale ( most likely a direct borrowing from the English " good ale " ) and was made from barley and spelt , but without hops . In England there were also the variants poset
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degard of Bingen ( 1098 – 1179 ) as poor man 's food . While locally grown herbs were less prestigious than spices , they were still used in upper @-@ class food , but were then usually less prominent or included merely as coloring . Anise was used to flavor fish and chicken dishes , and its seeds were served as sugar @-@ coated comfits .
Surviving medieval recipes frequently call for flavoring with a number of sour , tart liquids . Wine , verjuice ( the juice of unripe grapes or fruits ) vinegar and the juices of various fruits , especially those with tart flavors , were almost universal and a hallmark of late medieval cooking . In combination with sweeteners and spices , it produced a distinctive " pungeant , fruity " flavor . Equally common , and used to complement the tanginess of these ingredients , were ( sweet ) almonds . They were used in a variety of ways : whole , shelled or unshelled , slivered , ground and , most importantly , processed into almond milk . This last type of non @-@ dairy milk product is probably the single most common ingredient in late medieval cooking and blended the aroma of spices and sour liquids with a mild taste and creamy texture .
Salt was ubiquitous and indispensable in medieval cooking . Salting and drying was the most common form of food preservation and meant that fish and meat in particular were often heavily salted . Many medieval recipes specifically warn against oversalting and there were recommendations for soaking certain products in water to get rid of excess salt . Salt was present during more elaborate or expensive meals . The richer the host , and the more prestigious the guest , the more elaborate would be the container in which it was served and the higher the quality and price of the salt . Wealthy guests were seated " above the salt " , while others sat " below the salt " , where salt cellars were made of pewter , precious metals or other fine materials , often intricately decorated . The rank of a diner also decided how finely ground and white the salt was . Salt for cooking , preservation or for use by common people was coarser ; sea salt , or " bay salt " , in particular , had more impurities , and was described in colors ranging from black to green . Expensive salt , on the other hand , looked like the standard commercial salt common today .
= = Sweets and desserts = =
The term " dessert " comes from the Old French desservir , " to clear a table " , literally " to un @-@ serve " , and originated during the Middle Ages . It would typically consist of dragées and mulled wine accompanied by aged cheese , and by the Late Middle Ages could also include fresh fruit covered in sugar , honey or syrup and boiled @-@ down fruit pastes . Sugar , from its first appearance in Europe , was viewed as much as a drug as a sweetener ; its long @-@ lived medieval reputation as an exotic luxury encouraged its appearance in elite contexts accompanying meats and other dishes that to modern taste are more naturally savoury . There was a wide variety of fritters , crêpes with sugar , sweet custards and darioles , almond milk and eggs in a pastry shell that could also include fruit and sometimes even bone marrow or fish . German @-@ speaking areas had a particular fondness for krapfen : fried pastries and dough with various sweet and savory fillings . Marzipan in many forms was well known in Italy and southern France by the 1340s and is assumed to be of Arab origin . Anglo @-@ Norman cookbooks are full of recipes for sweet and savory custards , potages , sauces and tarts with strawberries , cherries , apples and plums . The English chefs also had a penchant for using flower petals such as roses , violets , and elder flowers . An early form of quiche can be found in Forme of Cury , a 14th @-@ century recipe collection , as a Torte de Bry with a cheese and egg yolk filling .
In northern France , a wide assortment of waffles and wafers was eaten with cheese and hypocras or a sweet malmsey as issue de table ( " departure from the table " ) . The ever @-@ present candied ginger , coriander , aniseed and other spices were referred to as épices de chambre ( " parlor spices " ) and were taken as digestibles at the end of a meal to " close " the stomach . Like their Muslim counterparts in Spain , the Arab conquerors of Sicily introduced a wide variety of new sweets and desserts that eventually found their way to the rest of Europe . Just like Montpellier , Sicily was once famous for its comfits , nougat candy ( torrone , or turrón in Spanish ) and almond clusters ( confetti ) . From the south , the Arabs also brought the art of ice cream making that produced sorbet and several examples of sweet cakes and pastries ; cassata alla Siciliana ( from Arabic qas 'ah , the term for the terra cotta bowl with which it was shaped ) , made from marzipan , sponge cake and sweetened ricotta and cannoli alla Siciliana , originally cappelli di turchi ( " Turkish hats " ) , fried , chilled pastry tubes with a sweet cheese filling .
= = Historiography and sources = =
Research into medieval foodways was , until around 1980 , a much neglected field of study . Misconceptions and outright errors were common among historians , and are still present in as a part of the popular view of the Middle Ages as a backward , primitive and barbaric era . Medieval cookery was described as revolting due to the often unfamiliar combination of flavors , the perceived lack of vegetables and a liberal use of spices . The heavy use of spices has been popular as an argument to support the claim that spices were employed to disguise the flavor of spoiled meat , a conclusion without support in historical fact and contemporary sources . Fresh meat could be procured throughout the year by those who could afford it . The preservation techniques available at the time , although crude by today 's standards , were perfectly adequate . The astronomical cost and high prestige of spices , and thereby the reputation of the host , would have been effectively undone if wasted on cheap and poorly handled foods .
The common method of grinding and mashing ingredients into pastes and the many potages and sauces has been used as an argument that most adults within the medieval nobility lost their teeth at an early age , and hence were forced to eat nothing but porridge , soup and ground @-@ up meat . The image of nobles gumming their way through multi @-@ course meals of nothing but mush has lived side by side with the contradictory apparition of the " mob of uncouth louts ( disguised as noble lords ) who , when not actually hurling huge joints of greasy meat at one another across the banquet hall , are engaged in tearing at them with a perfectly healthy complement of incisors , canines , bicuspids and molars " .
The numerous descriptions of banquets from the later Middle Ages concentrated on the pageantry of the event rather than the minutiae of the food , which was not the same for most banqueters as those choice mets served at the high table . Banquet dishes were apart from mainstream of cuisine , and have been described as " the outcome of grand banquets serving political ambition rather than gastronomy ; today as yesterday " by historian Maguelonne Toussant @-@ Samat .
= = = Cookbooks = = =
Cookbooks , or more specifically , recipe collections , compiled in the Middle Ages are among the most important historical sources for medieval cuisine . The first cookbooks began to appear towards the end of the 13th century . The Liber de coquina , perhaps originating near Naples , and the Tractatus de modo preparandi have found a modern editor in Marianne Mulon , and a cookbook from Assisi found at Châlons @-@ sur @-@ Marne has been edited by Maguelonne Toussaint @-@ Samat . Though it is assumed that they describe real dishes , food scholars do not believe they were used as cookbooks might be today , as a step @-@ by @-@ step guide through the cooking procedure that could be kept at hand while preparing a dish . Few in a kitchen , at those times , would have been able to read , and working texts have a low survival rate .
The recipes were often brief and did not give precise quantities . Cooking times and temperatures were seldom specified since accurate portable clocks were not available and since all cooking was done with fire . At best , cooking times could be specified as the time it took to say a certain number of prayers or how long it took to walk around a certain field . Professional cooks were taught their trade through apprenticeship and practical training , working their way up in the highly defined kitchen hierarchy . A medieval cook employed in a large household would most likely have been able to plan and produce a meal without the help of recipes or written instruction . Due to the generally good condition of surviving manuscripts it has been proposed by food historian Terence Scully that they were records of household practices intended for the wealthy and literate master of a household , such as the Ménagier de Paris from the late 14th century . Over 70 collections of medieval recipes survive today , written in several major European languages .
The repertory of housekeeping instructions laid down by manuscripts like the Ménagier de Paris also include many details of overseeing correct preparations in the kitchen . Towards the onset of the early modern period , in 1474 , the Vatican librarian Bartolomeo Platina wrote the De honesta voluptate et valetudine ( " On honourable pleasure and health " ) and the physician Iodocus Willich edited Apicius in Zurich in 1563 .
High @-@ status exotic spices and rarities like ginger , pepper , cloves , sesame , citron leaves and " onions of Escalon " all appear in an eighth @-@ century list of spices that the Carolingian cook should have at hand . It was written by Vinidarius , whose excerpts of Apicius survive in an eighth century uncial manuscript . Vinidarius ' own dates may not be much earlier .
= Flag of Belarus =
The current state flag of Belarus ( Belarusian : Сцяг Беларусі , Sciah Bielarusi ; Russian : Флаг Беларуси , Flag Belarusi ) is a red and green flag with a white and red ornament pattern placed at the staff ( hoist ) end . The current design was introduced in 2012 by the State Committee for Standardization of the Republic of Belarus , and is adapted from a design approved in a referendum in May 1995 . It is a modification of the 1951 flag used while the country was a republic of the Soviet Union . Changes made to the Soviet @-@ era flag were the removal of symbols of communism ( the hammer and sickle and the red star ) and the reversal of the colors of the ornament pattern , from white on red to red on white . Since the 1995 referendum , several flags used by government officials and agencies were modeled from the national flag .
This design replaced the historical white @-@ red @-@ white flag used by the Belarusian People 's Republic of 1918 , before Belarus became a Soviet Republic , and again after it regained its independence in 1991 . Opposition groups have continued to use this flag , though its display in Belarus has been restricted by the government of Belarus , which claims it was linked with Nazi collaboration during the Second World War . The white @-@ red @-@ white flag is used in protests against the government and by the Belarusian diaspora .
= = Design = =
The basic design of the national flag of Belarus was first described in Presidential Decree No.214 of June 7 , 1995 . The flag is a rectangular cloth consisting of two horizontal stripes : a red upper stripe covering two @-@ thirds of the flag 's height , and green lower stripe covering one @-@ third . A vertical red @-@ on @-@ white Belarusian decorative pattern , which occupies one @-@ ninth of the flag 's length , is placed against the flagstaff . The flag 's ratio of width to length is 1 : 2 .
The flag does not differ significantly from the flag of the Byelorussian SSR , other than the removal of the hammer and sickle and the red star , and the reversal of red and white in the hoist pattern . While there is no official interpretation for the colors of the flag , an explanation given by President Alexander Lukashenko is that red represents freedom and the sacrifice of the nation 's forefathers , while green represents life .
In addition to the 1995 decree , " STB 911 – 2008 : National Flag of the Republic of Belarus " was published by the State Committee for Standardization of the Republic of Belarus in 2008 . It gives the technical specifications of the national flag , such as the details of the colors and the ornament pattern . The red ornament design on the national flag was , until 2012 , 1 ⁄ 12 the width of the flag , and 1 ⁄ 9 with the white margin . As of 2012 , the red pattern has occupied the whole of the white margin ( which stayed at 1 ⁄ 9 ) .
= = = Colors = = =
The colors of the national flag are regulated in " STB 911 – 2008 : National Flag of the Republic of Belarus " and are listed in the CIE Standard illuminant D65 .
= = = Hoist ornament pattern = = =
A decorative pattern , designed in 1917 by Matrena Markevich , is displayed on the hoist of the flag ( as it was previously , on the 1951 flag ) . The pattern , derived from local plants and flowers , is a traditional type commonly used in Belarus . These patterns are sometimes used in woven garments , most importantly in the traditional ' rushnyk ' , a woven cloth used for ceremonial events like religious services , funerals , and other more mundane social functions , such as a host offering guests bread and salt served on a rushnyk .
= = Proper flag protocol = =
By law , the Belarusian flag should be flown daily , weather permitting , from the following locations :
National Assembly of Belarus
Council of Ministers of Belarus
Courts of Belarus , and offices of local executive and administrative bodies
Above buildings in which sessions of local Councils of deputies are carried out
Military bases or military ships owned by the government
Buildings used by Belarusian diplomats
The Belarusian flag is also officially flown on these occasions :
Sessions of local executive and administrative bodies
Voting / polling places
Sports arenas during competitions ( note that the IOC has its own rules on flag display )
The flag is also displayed on vehicles used by Belarusian diplomats and various government officials ( such as the President and the Prime Minister ) . The law allows for the flag to be used for special occasions , such as memorial services , and family holidays , and it can be used by various groups of people , such as public organizations , companies , and NGOs . The regulations were issued in the same decree that created the Belarusian flag . May 15 has been declared the Day of the National Emblem and Flag of Belarus ( Belarusian : Дзень дзяржаўнага гербу і дзяржаўнага сцягу Рэспублікі Беларусь , Russian : День Государственного герба и Государственного флага Республики Беларусь ) . The national flag itself has been incorporated into the badge of the guard units in the Belarusian armed forces . The pole should be three times longer than the width of the flag .
In the 1995 presidential decree , the national flag is to be used on a staff that is colored gold ( ochre ) . In other parts of the protocol , the finial ( metal ornament on a flag pole ) is going to be diamond @-@ shaped and colored in a yellow metal . In this diamond , there is a five @-@ pointed star ( similar to that used in national emblem ) . The diamond @-@ pattern was another carry @-@ over of Soviet flag traditions .
= = Historical flags = =
= = = Soviet flag of 1951 = = =
The flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was adopted by decree on December 25 , 1951 . The flag was slightly modified in 1956 when construction details were added for the red star , and golden hammer and sickle . The final specifications of the flag was set in Article 120 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR and are very similar to the current Belarusian flag . The flag had a length @-@ to @-@ width ratio of one to two ( 1 : 2 ) , just like the flag of the Soviet Union ( and the other fourteen union republics ) . The main portion of the flag was red ( representing the Revolution ) , with the rest being green ( representing the Belarusian forests ) . A pattern of white drawn on red decorated the hoist portion of the flag ; this design is often used on Belarusian traditional costumes . In the upper corner of the flag , in the red portion , a gold hammer and sickle was added , with a red star outlined in gold above it . The hammer represented the worker , and the sickle the peasant ; according to Soviet ideology , these two symbols crossed together symbolized co @-@ operation between the two classes . The red star , a symbol commonly used by Communist parties , was said to stand either for the five social groups ( workers , youth , peasants , military , and academics ) , the five known continents , or the five fingers of the worker 's hand . The hammer , sickle and star were sometimes not displayed on the reverse of the flag . The purpose for this design was that the Byelorussian SSR , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR , were admitted to the United Nations in 1945 as founding members and needed distinct flags for each other . The designer of the flag was Milkahil Gusyev .
= = = Previous flags of the Soviet era = = =
Before 1951 , several different flags had been in use since the Revolution . The earliest flag was plain red , and was used in 1919 during the existence of the Lithuanian @-@ Byelorussian SSR . After the formation of the Byelorussian SSR , the lettering ССРБ ( SSRB ) was added in gold to the top hoist . This design was established with the passage of the first Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR . It was later modified in the 1927 Constitution where the letters were changed to БССР ( BSSR ) but kept the overall design the same . This design was changed in 1937 , when a hammer and sickle and red star were placed above the letters . The flag dimensions were also formally established as 1 : 2 for the first time . This flag remained in use until the adoption of the 1951 flag , which did away with the letters .
= = = White @-@ red @-@ white flag = = =
The design of the flag used between 19 September 1991 and 5 June 1995 had originally been devised by the Belarusian People 's Republic ( March to December 1918 ) . The original person behind the design of the flag is believed to have been Klaudzi Duzh @-@ Dusheuski before 1917 and this design is known in Belarusian as the byel @-@ chyrvona @-@ byely s 'tsyah ( Бел @-@ чырвона @-@ белы сьцяг ; literally " white @-@ red @-@ white flag " ) . Red and white have traditionally been used in state heraldry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth . The colors are also based on those of the coat of arms Pahonia that was a traditional coat of arms of Belarusian lands and had a white horseman on a red background . There are several other theories explaining the flag 's origin . One theory speaks of an allusion to the name of the country : White Ruthenia .
Variations of this flag were used during the Belarusian People 's Republic in 1918 – 1919 . The white @-@ red @-@ white flag is still used by the Republic 's government @-@ in @-@ exile . Lasting from 1919 until 1925 , the flag of the BPR retained the white , red , white design , but with the addition of black stripes at the top and bottom of the red stripe . Between 1921 and 1939 the white @-@ red @-@ white flag was used by the Belarusian national movement in West Belarus ( part of the Second Polish Republic ) , both by political organizations like the Belarusian Peasants ' and Workers ' Union or the Belarusian Christian Democracy , and non @-@ political organizations like the Belarusian Schools Society . The flag was also used by the Belarusian Special Battalion in the army of the Republic of Lithuania . After the invasion of Poland and the annexation of modern @-@ day West Belarus in 1939 the flag was forbidden by the Soviet administration in the newly acquired territories as well .
In 1941 the flag was allowed for usage by the Nazi occupation administration , and it appeared on arm patches of Belarusian volunteers in the German Army and Waffen SS and was used by the Belarusian Central Rada , the pro @-@ German government of Belarus in 1943 – 1944 . After the end of World War II the flag was used by Belarusian diaspora in the West and by small groups of anti @-@ Soviet resistance in Belarus itself . In late 1980s the flag was again used as a symbol of national revival and democratic changes in Belarus . By proposal of the Belarusian Popular Front the flag became state symbol of Belarus upon its regaining of independence in 1991 .
After 1995 the white @-@ red @-@ white flag is used as a symbol of the opposition to the regime of Alexander Lukashenko , most notably at the protests after the 2006 and 2010 presidential elections and at mass rallies on Freedom Day celebrations as well as Dziady memorial marches . The flag is not officially banned from public usage , but is treated by the authorities as an unregistered symbol which means that demonstration of it by political activists or sports fans can lead to arrests and confiscation of the flags . In early 2010 , the political activist Siarhei Kavalenka was arrested for placing the white @-@ red @-@ white flag atop a Christmas tree on the central square of Vitsebsk . The court gave Kavalenka three years of suspended sentence which was followed by a second arrest and Kavalenka 's several weeks long hunger strike . The hunger strike was interrupted by force @-@ feeding on 16 January 2012 .
= = = = 1995 referendum = = = =
The referendum that was held to adopt the state symbols took place on May 14 , 1995 . With a voter turnout of 64 @.@ 7 % , the new flag was approved by a majority in the ratio of three to one ( 75 @.@ 1 % to 24 @.@ 9 % ) . The other three questions were also passed by the voters . The way of carrying out the referendum as well as the legality of questioning the national symbols on a referendum was heavily criticized by the opposition . Opposition parties claimed that only 48 @.@ 7 % of the entire voting population ( 75 @.@ 1 % of the 64 @.@ 7 % who showed at the polling stations ) supported the adoption of the new flag , but Belarusian law ( as in many other countries ) states that only a majority of voters is needed to decide on a referendum issue . Upon the results going in favor of President Lukashenko , he proclaimed that the return of the Soviet @-@ style flag brought a sense of youth and pleasant memories to the nation .
Lukashenko had tried to hold a similar referendum before , in 1993 , but failed to get parliamentary support . Two months before the May 1995 referendum , Lukashenko proposed a flag design that consisted of two small bars of green and one wide bar of red . While it is not known what became of this suggestion , new designs ( called " projects " in Belarus ) were suggested a few days later , which were then put up to vote in the 1995 referendum .
= = Other related flags = =
Since the introduction of the 1995 flag , several other flags adopted by government agencies or bodies have been modeled on it .
The presidential standard , which has been in use since 1997 , was adopted by a decree called " Concerning the Standard of the President of Republic of Belarus " . The standard 's design is an exact copy of the national flag , with the addition of the Belarusian national emblem in gold and red . The standard 's ratio of 5 : 6 differs from that of the national flag , making the standard almost square . It is used at buildings and on vehicles to denote the presence of the president .
In 2001 , President Lukashenko issued a decree granting a flag to the Armed Forces of Belarus . The flag , which has a ratio of 1 : 1 @.@ 7 , has the national ornamental pattern along the length of the hoist side of the flag . On the front of the flag is the Belarusian coat of arms , with the wording УЗБРОЕНЫЯ СІЛЫ ( " Armed Forces " ) arched over it , and РЭСПУБЛІКІ БЕЛАРУСЬ ( " of Republic of Belarus " ) written below ; the text of both is in gold . On the reverse of the flag , the center contains the symbol of the armed forces , which is a red star surrounded by a wreath of oak and laurel . Above the symbol is the phrase ЗА НАШУ РАДЗІМУ ( " For our Motherland " ) , while below is the full name of the military unit .
= Clinton Presidential Center =
The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is the presidential library of Bill Clinton , the 42nd President of the United States ( 1993 – 2001 ) . It is located in Little Rock , Arkansas and includes the Clinton Presidential Library , the offices of the Clinton Foundation , and the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service . It is the thirteenth presidential library to have been completed in the United States , the eleventh to be operated by the National Archives and Records Administration , and the third to comply with the Presidential Records Act of 1978 .
It is situated on 17 acres ( 69 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land located next to the Arkansas River and Interstate 30 and was designed by architectural firm Polshek Partnership , LLP with exhibition design by Ralph Appelbaum Associates . The main building cantilevers over the Arkansas River , echoing Clinton 's campaign promise of " building a bridge to the 21st century " . With a 68 @,@ 698 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 6 @,@ 382 @.@ 3 m2 ) floor plan , the library itself is the largest presidential library in terms of physical area , although the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library has the greatest space overall , due to its addition of the 90 @,@ 000 square feet ( 8 @,@ 400 m2 ) Air Force One Pavilion in 2005 . The archives are the largest as well , containing 2 million photographs , 80 million pages of documents , 21 million e @-@ mail messages , and 79 @,@ 000 artifacts from the Clinton presidency . The Clinton Library is also the most expensive , with all funding coming from 112 @,@ 000 private donations .
The museum showcases artifacts from Clinton 's two terms as president and includes full @-@ scale replicas of the Clinton @-@ era Oval Office and Cabinet Room .
= = History = =
Preliminary planning for the library ( including the site choice ) began in 1997 , while groundbreaking for the complex occurred on December 5 , 2001 . Early estimates put the library 's cost at about $ 125 million . In 2001 , the Clinton Foundation hoped to gather $ 200 million in donations to cover project costs . In the end , the entire project cost $ 165 million in private funding , with an additional $ 11 @.@ 5 million of land given by the city of Little Rock to construct and covers 152 @,@ 000 square feet ( 14 @,@ 100 m2 ) within a 28 acres ( 110 @,@ 000 m2 ) park .
Fund @-@ raising for the center was led by Terry McAuliffe , a friend of Clinton 's who had also contributed heavily to the Clinton @-@ Gore campaign in 1995 . Clinton himself was prohibited by law from personally soliciting donations for the center , but he did host private events relating to the library . There were no other legal restrictions on donations , and the Clinton Foundation was able to accept unlimited private donations , all of which were tax deductible . Approximately $ 10 million of contributions came from Saudi Arabia . However , the Clinton Foundation declined to release a full donor list , similar to the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library ( although the foundation later agreed to disclose the top 150 donors to the House Government Reform Committee ) . Donations exceeding $ 1 million were also given from various other foreign governments ( such as Kuwait and Taiwan ) , as well as foreign individuals . Various American organizations also contributed millions of dollars to the foundation .
= = = Dedication ceremony = = =
The Clinton Presidential Center was dedicated on November 18 , 2004 . Although it was raining , the ceremony was attended by approximately 30 @,@ 000 people ( including notable figures such as Willie Mays , Robin Williams , and Barbra Streisand ) and included a 20 @-@ minute speech made by Clinton , who had recently undergone bypass surgery . It also included performances by Bono , the African Drum Ballet and the Philander Smith Collegiate Choir , as well as an invocation given by Floyd Flake and video tribute from Nelson Mandela . Four U.S. presidents ( Clinton , Jimmy Carter , George H.W. Bush , and George W. Bush were present ; former president Gerald R. Ford could not attend due to health concerns ) were on the same stage together . All three other presidents spoke at the event as well . Overall , the ceremony lasted two hours and featured six speakers .
= = = Five @-@ year anniversary = = =
On November 17 , 2009 , the library 's five @-@ year anniversary saw Clinton giving a speech to approximately 1 @,@ 000 people , urging for the passage of health @-@ care reform and the reduction of energy use . He specifically mentioned the center and school as places where discussion on such topics could take place .
= = Complex = =
= = = Main building = = =
The five @-@ story main building comprises 20 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) of exhibition space , the Great Hall ( used for banquets or forums ) , Forty Two ( formerly Café 42 , now a full @-@ service restaurant ; Clinton was the 42nd president ) , and classrooms . A 2 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 190 m2 ) executive apartment used by Clinton is located on the top ( fifth ) floor of the main building , one level above the public museum area . The organization of the exhibits within the main building was inspired by the famous Long Room in the Old Library at Trinity College , Dublin , which Clinton first saw when he was a Rhodes Scholar . The Cadillac One used during Clinton 's presidency is housed on the first floor . On the second floor , the main gallery houses a 110 @-@ foot ( 34 m ) timeline , representing each of Clinton 's years as President . There is also an 80 @-@ seat theater , the Great Hall , and the replicas of the Oval Office and Cabinet Room . The restaurant is located in the basement .
= = = Archives = = =
The archives are housed in a building south of and connected to the main building , which also contains NARA facilities . The Clinton archives are the first to include electronic information along with physical documents . The total amount of records is 35 @,@ 686 cubic feet ( 1 @,@ 010 @.@ 5 m3 ) , the most of any presidential archive . Because Clinton wanted a light @-@ filled library , the archives are kept underground to protect them from damage from ultraviolet degradation .
= = = Clinton Presidential Park = = =
The Clinton Presidential Park occupies nearly 30 acres ( 120 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land and is located on the riverfront next to the museum . It is a leading example of urban renewal , as the site was formerly a run @-@ down warehouse district . The park was built next to the site of abandoned railroad tracks of the defunct Chicago , Rock Island and Pacific Railroad . The center of the park is Celebration Circle , a fountain plaza around which the Center 's major buildings are located . It also includes an arboretum , amphitheater , gardens , and a children 's play area . There is also an area where Clinton could be buried if he chooses .
= = = Choctaw Station = = =
Choctaw Station is a restored historic redbrick train station opened by the Choctaw , Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad in 1901 and used by the Chicago , Rock Island & Pacific Railroad until passenger service was discontinued in November 1967 . The building was subsequently purchased by the Arkansas Gazette and later restored by a restaurant chain , Spaghetti Warehouse , which was known for preserving old buildings . The Choctaw Station now houses the University of Arkansas Clinton School of Public Service , the Clinton Public Policy Institute , and the Clinton Foundation . The station is 13 @,@ 200 square feet ( 1 @,@ 230 m2 ) after having been renovated . A companion structure , the 1899 Choctaw freight station , was razed in November 2001 after a contentious debate between the City of Little Rock and historic preservationists .
= = = Bridge = = =
The 1899 Rock Island Railroad Bridge across the Arkansas River , originally leading to Choctaw Station , has been converted into a pedestrian bridge connecting to North Little Rock . On the fifth anniversary of the library 's opening , Clinton said that construction on the project would begin in 2010 , but full funding had not yet been secured , as the project was still short about $ 3 million . The Clinton Foundation had originally planned to renovate the bridge for $ 4 million in exchange for a $ 1 @-@ a @-@ year land lease from the state . In 2009 , Arkansas governor Mike Beebe agreed to use $ 2 @.@ 5 million of stimulus funds to fund part of the renovation . A previous $ 8 million earmark for the project had failed to pass the state legislature . In 2010 , fundraising was finally completed for the bridge , renamed as the Clinton Park Bridge , and construction began on May 28 , 2010 . On September 30 , 2011 , Clinton spoke at a dedication ceremony for the bridge , which opened to the public on October 2 , 2011 .
= = = Store = = =
For legal reasons involving state development funds , retail facilities are prohibited on the same
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ona " . He made it clear that the Del Valles were nothing like the fictional Morenos , who treated Ramona poorly , but he too would mix fact with fiction with such statements as , " [ the veranda ] is about a hundred feet in length and runs from the door of Father Salvierderra 's room to that of Ramona 's room . "
Lummis 's goal was to discourage the novel 's association with other properties , as was Adam Clark Vroman 's Ramona Illustrated : The Genesis of the Story of Ramona , which compared photographs of the rancho 's buildings and environs with text from the novel , as well as photographs from competing locations . By 1909 , George Wharton James could confidently declare that Camulos was the " avowed and accepted home of the heroine " .
Despite the lack of easy access to the ranch and any lodging in the area , tourists flocked to it , and the 1887 establishment of the Southern Pacific line only served to increase that number , with the railroad featuring the ranch in its advertisements in order to distinguish it from its competitors . Although the ranch was not developed for tourism , the Del Valles , with their Californio sense of hospitality , would lodge the visitors , but by October 1888 , it was getting to be so expensive for the family that Reginaldo del Valle pressed upon his mother to stop being so hospitable . The tourists themselves would also be quite a nuisance , and uncouth visitors would steal items from the house as souvenirs , or help themselves to fruit from the orchards .
Naturally , the name Camulos became so tied to the novel that many people began to use it instead of the original " Moreno Ranch " when referring to the novel . An 1897 play based on the book was called , " Ramona , or the Bells of Camulos " . In Virginia Calhoun 's 1905 stage adaptation , characters in the play called the ranch Camulos as well .
Given the general belief that Camulos was indeed the original setting , D. W. Griffith shot portions of his 1910 silent film at the rancho , using the chapel , the adobe and patio , and the nearby mountains as backdrops . Paintings and photographs by noted artists such as Adam Clark Vroman , Henry Sandham ( who had accompanied Jackson on her initial tour ) , Henry Chapman Ford , and Alexander Harmer of the rancho also illustrated later versions of the novel .
Although tourism brought much difficulty to the Del Valles , they were not above capitalizing upon their newfound fame themselves , branding their wine and oranges the " Home of Ramona Brand " , with their label using the same view of the veranda that had been popularized in postcards . One Tataviam servant girl apparently also made quite a bit of money by pretending to be the real Ramona and charging tourists for a photograph .
Tourists continued to arrive even after the SP relocated their main line through the Santa Susana Pass in 1903 . Two daily trains made stops at Camulos until the service was discontinued in the 1940s and tourism by automobile became commonplace at this time . After the Rübels took ownership in 1924 , they continued to welcome visitors in small numbers , converting the second floor of the winery into a small museum with artifacts from the Del Valle family . Today , the rancho hosts a " Ramona Days " festival annually in October .
= = Grounds = =
There are fifteen buildings open to the public as part of the Rancho Camulos Museum , all of which were built before 1930 and are still in their original locations . They are mostly built in Spanish Colonial or Mission Revival styles ( the latter is derived from the former ) , but later buildings were done in differing architectural styles , more representing the period in which they were built . Landscaping features such as lawns , flower gardens , ornamental trees , and walkways separate the residential areas from the working portions of the ranch .
The main adobe , also called the Ygnacio del Valle adobe , is a 10 @,@ 000 square foot ( 929 m ² ) , twenty @-@ room , U @-@ shaped structure . When initially constructed in 1853 , it was an L @-@ shaped four @-@ room house connected with an external corredor ( as opposed to an interior hallway ) , as is typical of the Spanish Colonial style . It is unusual for its time period because around this time , the Monterey style was in vogue , as is evidenced by contemporaneous buildings in Santa Barbara . Los Alamos Ranch House in Santa Barbara County , and Rancho Guajome Adobe and Las Flores Adobe in San Diego County , all National Historic Landmarks , are built in a similar vein .
The house expanded in several phases . In 1861 before the Del Valle family moved here permanently three additional rooms were added as well as a free @-@ standing cocina ( kitchen ) . A basement was installed under the new rooms as well . In the 1870s , another wing was added perpendicular to the 1861 attachment . Finally some time after 1895 , one more room was added to the new wing , as well as a breezeway to the kitchen , completing the current shape . Further remodeling done after this time was to the interior only .
The basement of the house initially served as the wine storage area , but in 1867 , a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ story brick winery was constructed . After 1900 , when wine grapes were no longer grown commercially , this building served as a storage room . Rübel later converted it to a museum for Ramona visitors , complete with Del Valle family artifacts . Currently it is used for farm equipment and automobile storage .
To the west of the main house is a large California Black Walnut ( Juglans californica ) tree that was most likely planted by Juventino del Valle in the 1860s . It measures 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) in circumference and its branches spread out almost half an acre ( 2 @,@ 000 m ² ) . It is believed to be the largest Black Walnut tree in the area .
The wooden chapel was constructed around 1867 , replacing a makeshift chapel that had been set up in 1861 . After the secularization of the missions , this chapel became known as the " lost mission " , the only place of worship between Mission San Fernando and Mission San Buenaventura . Directly to the northwest of the chapel is a bell structure which originally containing three bells on a freestanding frame , which were used to call worshipers to Mass . The largest and a second slightly smaller bell were cast at Kodiak , Alaska . The smaller one had previously been used at Mission San Fernando and may have been relocated to Camulos by Antonio del Valle when he was administrator at San Fernando . The third , and smallest bell is missing .
The exact dates of construction of the barn , gas station , and bunkhouse are unknown , but the American Craftsman style of architecture indicates it was between 1910 to 1916 . The barn is located to the northwest of the living quarters , in the main work area . The gas station and bunkhouse are not depicted on the map .
The small adobe , next to the highway , was built by Nachito del Valle . This Spanish Colonial Revial house was constructed around 1920 and was damaged severely in the 1994 earthquake . Since its reconstruction , it has served as the museum 's visitor center .
The schoolhouse , constructed in 1930 , was the last to be built on the property . It was built by Rübel for his and his bookkeeper 's families and designed to match the main adobe .
There are few buildings left on the north side of the highway . The most notable are the wooden Southern Pacific saltbox @-@ style section house and workers ' bunkhouse , both built in 1887 . A train depot and post office both used to exist , but have been torn down . Three extant farmworkers ' bungalows , built by the Del Valle family in 1916 , sit west of the section house .
= = Historic designations = =
United States National Historic Landmark — added February 16 , 2000
United States National Register of Historic Places — reference number 96001137 , added November 1 , 1996
California Historical Landmark — number 553
= Luke P. Blackburn =
Luke Pryor Blackburn ( June 16 , 1816 – September 14 , 1887 ) was an American physician , philanthropist , and politician from Kentucky . He was elected the 28th governor of Kentucky , serving from 1879 to 1883 . Until the election of Ernie Fletcher in 2003 , Blackburn was the only physician to serve as governor of Kentucky . After earning a medical degree at Transylvania University , Blackburn moved to Natchez , Mississippi , and gained national fame for implementing the first successful quarantine against yellow fever in the Mississippi River valley in 1848 . He came to be regarded as an expert on yellow fever and often worked pro bono to combat outbreaks . Among his philanthropic ventures was the construction of a hospital for boatmen working on the Mississippi River using his personal funds . He later successfully lobbied Congress to construct a series of similar hospitals along the Mississippi .
Although too old to serve in the military , Blackburn supported the Confederate cause during the Civil War . In the early days of the war , he acted as a civilian agent for the governments of Kentucky and Mississippi . By 1863 , he was aiding Confederate blockade runners in Canada . In 1864 , he traveled to Bermuda to help combat a yellow fever outbreak that threatened Confederate blockade running operations there . Shortly after the war 's end , a Confederate double agent accused him of having carried out a plot to start a yellow fever epidemic in the Northern United States that would have hampered the Union war effort . Blackburn was accused of collecting linens and garments used by yellow fever patients and smuggling them into the Northern states to be sold . The evidence against Blackburn was considerable , although much of it was either circumstantial or provided by witnesses of questionable reputation . Although he was acquitted by a Toronto court , public sentiment was decidedly against him throughout much of the United States . Today , historians still disagree as to the strength of the evidence supporting Blackburn 's role in the alleged plot . Any plot of this nature was destined to fail , however ; in 1900 , Walter Reed discovered that yellow fever is spread by mosquitoes , not by contact .
Blackburn remained in Canada to avoid prosecution by U.S. authorities , but he returned to his home country in 1868 to help combat a yellow fever outbreak along the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana . Although the charges against him had not been dropped , he was not arrested or prosecuted . He rehabilitated his public image by rendering aid in yellow fever outbreaks in Memphis , Tennessee , in 1873 , Fernandina , Florida , in 1877 , and Hickman , Kentucky , in 1878 . Dubbed the " Hero of Hickman " , Blackburn 's ministrations propelled him to the Democratic gubernatorial nomination the following year . In the general election , he defeated Republican Walter Evans by a wide margin . As governor , Blackburn won passage of several reforms in the areas of state finance and internal improvements , but his signature accomplishments were in the area of penal reform . Troubled by the conditions at the penitentiary in Frankfort , Blackburn attempted to ease overcrowding through liberal use of his gubernatorial pardon , earning him the derisive nickname " Lenient Luke " . He also secured approval of the construction of a new penitentiary at Eddyville , the adoption of a warden system to replace the corrupt private oversight of the old penitentiary , and the implementation of the state 's first parole system . Although his record of reform led historians to laud him as " the father of prison reform in Kentucky " , his liberal pardon record and expenditure of scarce taxpayer money to improve the living conditions of prisoners was unpopular at the time , and he was booed and shouted down at his own party 's nominating convention in 1883 . After his term as governor , he returned to his medical practice and died in 1887 . The Blackburn Correctional Complex , a minimum @-@ security penal facility near Lexington , Kentucky , was named in his honor in 1972 .
= = Early life and family = =
Luke Blackburn was born June 16 , 1816 , in Woodford County , Kentucky . [ a ] He was the fourth of thirteen children born to Edward M. ( " Ned " ) and Lavinia ( Bell ) Blackburn . Blackburn 's great @-@ uncle , Gideon Blackburn , was a well @-@ known Presbyterian missionary and served as president of Centre College in Danville , Kentucky . Many of Blackburn 's relatives were involved in politics . His maternal grandfather was a delegate to the 1799 Kentucky Constitutional Convention and his uncle , William Blackburn , was President Pro Tempore of the Kentucky Senate and acting lieutenant governor in the administration of Governor James Turner Morehead . Noted statesman Henry Clay was also a distant cousin , and occasionally visited the Blackburn home .
Blackburn obtained his early education in the local public schools . At age sixteen , he began a medical apprenticeship under his uncle , physician Churchill Blackburn . During his apprenticeship , he aided his uncle in treating victims of cholera outbreaks in Lexington and Paris . He later matriculated to Transylvania University in Lexington , Kentucky , where he earned a medical degree in March 1835 . After graduation , he opened a medical practice in Lexington and was instrumental in combating a cholera epidemic in nearby Versailles . He accepted no payment for his services during the epidemic .
On November 24 , 1835 , Blackburn married his distant cousin , Ella Gist Boswell . [ b ] Boswell 's father , Dr. Joseph Boswell , had died in the Lexington cholera epidemic a year earlier . The couple 's only child , son Cary Bell Blackburn , was born in 1837 . Just before Cary 's birth , Blackburn invested heavily in the hemp rope and bagging industry and suffered a significant financial loss when the business venture subsequently failed . In 1843 , Blackburn was elected as a Whig to the Kentucky House of Representatives and served a single , undistinguished term . He did not seek re @-@ election , and in 1844 , he and his younger brother opened a medical practice in Frankfort , Kentucky .
Drawn by the city 's prosperous economy , the Blackburns relocated to Natchez , Mississippi , in 1847 . Luke Blackburn quickly became an active member of the community , helping found a temperance society , joining a militia group , and becoming the administrator of a local hospital . He became a close associate of Jefferson Davis and William Johnson . In 1848 , Blackburn served as the city 's health officer and implemented the first successful quarantine against a yellow fever outbreak in the Mississippi River valley . Using his own personal funds , he established a hospital for boatmen who navigated the Mississippi River . He also successfully lobbied the Congress to establish a hospital in Natchez ; upon its completion in 1852 , he was appointed surgeon there . In 1854 , he implemented another successful quarantine against yellow fever . The Mississippi Legislature commissioned Blackburn to lobby the Louisiana State Legislature to establish a quarantine at New Orleans to protect cities along the Mississippi River ; Louisiana authorized him to organize such a system .
Blackburn and his son Cary traveled to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , in September 1854 to secure an apprenticeship for Cary under noted physician Samuel D. Gross . While they were there , a yellow fever outbreak hit Fort Washington near Long Island , New York . The mayor of New York City asked Blackburn to help treat victims of the outbreak ; Blackburn accepted the invitation and refused compensation for his services . When he returned home in November 1856 , he found his wife Ella , who suffered from dropsy and a nervous condition , ailing with a fever . Despite Blackburn 's efforts to save her , Ella Blackburn 's condition worsened and she died before the end of the month . Blackburn was stricken with grief , and friends encouraged him to tour Europe , as he had often spoken of doing , to ease his sorrow . He did so in early 1857 , visiting hospitals in England , Scotland , France , and Germany . While in Paris , Blackburn met fellow Kentuckian Julia M. Churchill , who was traveling with her sister and niece . Blackburn and Churchill cut their journeys short , returned home , and were married in November 1857 . After their honeymoon , the couple took up residence in New Orleans in January 1858 , and Blackburn resumed his medical practice . A brief poem written by Blackburn indicates that the couple had a daughter named Abby , but the child apparently died as an infant , and her birth and death dates are unknown .
= = Civil War = =
Blackburn 's sympathies lay with the Confederacy at the outbreak of the Civil War . Too old to enlist in the Confederate Army , he acted as an envoy for Kentucky governor Beriah Magoffin to obtain weapons from Louisiana for the defense of Kentucky , but he failed to secure the arms . In early 1862 , he was assigned to the staff of Major General Sterling Price as a surgeon . Mississippi Governor John J. Pettus appointed him as one of two commissioners to oversee the care of the state 's wounded soldiers in February 1863 . After securing sufficient medical supplies for the wounded , Blackburn traveled to Richmond , Virginia , to meet with Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon and offered to serve as General Inspector of Hospitals and Camps without taking compensation or a rank . When the offer was refused , Governor Pettus asked Blackburn to travel to Canada to collect provisions for blockade runners there . Blackburn and his wife left Mississippi for Halifax , Nova Scotia , in August 1863 , then continued on to Toronto ( in what was then the Province of Canada ) where they lodged in a boardinghouse . On one occasion , Blackburn was aboard a blockade running ship carrying ice from Halifax to Mobile , Alabama , when the ship was captured by the Union Navy . Union officials assumed Blackburn was a civilian passenger on the vessel and released him , after which he returned to Canada .
A devastating outbreak of yellow fever struck the island of Bermuda in April 1864 . The island was a major base of operations for Confederate blockade runners , and the epidemic threatened their continued operations there . At the request of Charles Monck , the Governor General of the United Provinces of Canada , Blackburn traveled to Bermuda to aid soldiers and civilians there . Blackburn continued his ministrations until mid @-@ July when he briefly returned to Halifax . The epidemic on the island continued , and Blackburn returned there in September to continue aiding the victims . He remained there until the outbreak abated in mid @-@ October . For his efforts in Bermuda , Blackburn received 100 British pounds and a commendation from Queen Victoria . Although little is known of his actions in Canada for the remainder of the war , he was rumored to have been part of a plot to incite massive insurrections in New England as a diversion , allowing fellow Confederate agent Thomas Hines to lead a prison break at Camp Douglas in Chicago . When word of the plot was leaked to Union officials , they sent troops to reinforce Boston , Massachusetts , Blackburn 's rumored target , quashing his role in the operation .
= = = Yellow fever plot = = =
On April 12 , 1865 , just days after the last major battle of the Civil War , a Confederate double agent named Godfrey Joseph Hyams approached the U.S. consul in Toronto claiming to have information about a plot by Blackburn to infect Northern cities with yellow fever . Hyams said he and Blackburn had been introduced by Confederate agent Stuart Robinson at the Queen 's Hotel in Toronto in December 1863 . According to Hyams , he had agreed to help Blackburn smuggle trunks of clothes used by patients infected with yellow fever into Boston , Massachusetts ; Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Washington D.C. ; New Bern , North Carolina ; and Norfolk , Virginia ( the latter two cities being occupied by Union troops ) . Hyams said he was instructed to sell the trunks ' contents to used clothing merchants , and that Blackburn , subscribing to the common nineteenth century belief that yellow fever could be spread by contact , hoped that by dispersing the " contaminated " articles throughout these major cities he could trigger an epidemic that would cripple the Northern war effort . Hyams further alleged that Blackburn had filled a valise with fine shirts and instructed him to deliver it to President Abraham Lincoln at the White House , saying they were from an anonymous admirer . Upon completion of these tasks , Hyams said , Blackburn had promised to pay him $ 60 @,@ 000 . Hyams claimed he delivered the trunks as agreed , but did not attempt to deliver the valise to President Lincoln . According to his testimony , he never received more than nominal compensation for his efforts , partially prompting his decision to reveal the plot to the authorities .
Independent of Hyams ' testimony , officials in Bermuda had received information that Blackburn had collected a second cache of " contaminated " garments and linens . According to this information , Blackburn contracted with Edward Swan , a hotel owner in St. George 's , to store them until mid @-@ 1865 and then ship them to New York City , presumably in an attempt to start an outbreak there . Acting on this intelligence , Bermudan officials raided Swan 's hotel and found three trunks of garments and linens with stains consistent with the " black vomit " symptomatic of yellow fever . Swan was arrested and charged with violating the local health code . The contents of the trunks were soaked with sulfuric acid and buried .
The assassination of Abraham Lincoln just two days after Hyams related his story to Canadian officials heightened U.S. interest in arresting Blackburn to connect the assassination to Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his operatives in Canada . The U.S. Bureau of Military Justice ordered Blackburn 's arrest for attempted murder , but an arrest could not be effected because Blackburn was in Canada , beyond the Bureau 's jurisdiction . The subsequent discovery of the cache of garments and linens in Bermuda convinced Canadian authorities to act . They arrested Blackburn on May 19 , 1865 , charging him with violation of Canada 's neutrality in the Civil War . He was held for trial on $ 8 @,@ 000 bond . In October 1865 , a Toronto court acquitted Blackburn on grounds that the trunks of garments had been shipped to Nova Scotia , which was out of the court 's jurisdiction . A charge of conspiracy to commit murder was dropped after Blackburn 's attorney reminded the court that such a charge could only be made if the accused had made an attempt on the life of a head of state . Blackburn did not testify in the trial and only spoke of the plot years later when he denounced it as " too preposterous for intelligent gentlemen to believe . "
Historians disagree as to the strength of the evidence against Blackburn , and many of the federal and Confederate records relating to the case have been lost . Writing in the journal America 's Civil War , U.S. Navy physician J. D. Haines notes that the Confederate agents who testified against Blackburn were of dubious reputation . Hyams in particular received immunity from prosecution and was paid for his testimony . Haines also points out that Blackburn 's previous reputation as a humanitarian was ignored ; in the hysteria following Lincoln 's assassination , conspiracy theories abounded and Northerners were inclined to believe the worst about anyone with Confederate sympathies . The New York Times vilified Blackburn as " The Yellow Fever Fiend " and " a hideous devil " . Historian Edward Steers concedes that the evidence against Blackburn was circumstantial , but in his book Blood on the Moon , he contends that enough evidence survives not only to prove Blackburn 's involvement in the plot , but to show that high @-@ ranking Confederate officials up to and including President Jefferson Davis were aware of , condoned , and financed it . If true , Blackburn 's plot would have represented one of the earliest attempts at biological warfare .
= = Post @-@ war humanitarian work = =
After his acquittal , Blackburn remained in Canada to avoid arrest and prosecution by U.S. authorities . When he learned of a yellow fever outbreak in New Orleans and the Texas Gulf Coast , Blackburn wrote to President Andrew Johnson on September 4 , 1867 , asking permission to return to the U.S. and help treat the disease . Not waiting for Johnson 's response — which never came — Blackburn returned to the U.S. , arriving in Louisville on September 25 , 1867 , en route to New Orleans . After rendering aid during the epidemic , he and his family moved to an Arkansas plantation owned by his wife .
No attempt to arrest Blackburn was made , and he returned to Kentucky with his family in early 1873 . The family lived in Louisville 's Galt House hotel , and Blackburn resumed his medical practice in that city . During a cholera epidemic in 1873 , Blackburn rightly theorized that the disease was spread by the consumption of contaminated water , but most citizens accepted the competing theory that cholera was a miasmatic disease . This theory was espoused by Thomas S. Bell , a better @-@ known physician in Louisville . Thousands died as a result of failing to heed Blackburn 's advice to boil potentially contaminated water before drinking it . Blackburn 's philanthropic work included treating victims of yellow fever outbreaks in Memphis , Tennessee , in 1873 and Fernandina , Florida , in 1877 . He refused to accept compensation for his services in either city , but was presented with gifts from appreciative residents in both cases . Several southern newspapers also carried glowing accounts of Blackburn 's service .
Louisville 's Courier @-@ Journal carried an announcement of Blackburn 's candidacy for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in Kentucky on February 11 , 1878 . It is not clear why , with only meager prior political experience , he decided to seek the office . He may have been influenced by the members of his family who were involved in politics . His brother Joseph was , at the time , a member of the U.S. House of Representatives , and another brother , James , had served in the Kentucky Senate . Two of his wife 's brothers also held political office ; Samuel Churchill was Secretary of State under Governors John L. Helm , John W. Stevenson , and Preston Leslie , and Thomas Churchill served as treasurer and later governor of the state of Arkansas . Whatever the reason , even his friends did not believe his announcement was wise due to his political inexperience . He opened his campaign with a speech in Owen County on March 29 , 1878 .
About the same time as his gubernatorial campaign began , Blackburn appeared before the Kentucky General Assembly to advocate measures to protect the state against disease outbreaks , including the creation of a state board of health and the construction of quarantine centers in the state 's border towns . To a large degree , his pleas fell upon deaf ears , with the exception of his proposal for the state board of health , which was created in March 1878 . Soon after , news came that yellow fever had appeared in the lower Mississippi Valley earlier than usual ; by August 1878 , it had reached epidemic proportions . Blackburn advocated implementing quarantines to deal with the influx of people fleeing north to escape the disease , but many of the state 's doctors did not believe yellow fever could survive as far north as Kentucky . Some towns in the Jackson Purchase region attempted to implement crude quarantines , but the city of Louisville completely ignored Blackburn 's advice and welcomed refugees from the South . Blackburn temporarily halted his gubernatorial campaign and traveled to Louisville to help treat those who arrived there already suffering from the disease .
On September 5 , the mayor of Hickman , Kentucky , a small western town along the Mississippi River , telegraphed the state board of health , informing them that yellow fever had
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apply a $ 100 @,@ 000 allocation from the U.S. Congress to the improvement of navigation along the Kentucky River and gave concurrent jurisdiction over the Big Sandy and Licking Rivers to the federal government so they could be improved as well . Legislators also approved construction of a canal around the Cumberland Falls and improvements along the Tradewater River .
Blackburn 's other accomplishments included establishing a state railroad commission and reorganizing the Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical College . Kentucky A & M had been separated from Kentucky University under Blackburn 's predecessor , James B. McCreary ; Blackburn now advocated that it be put under the control of and supported by the state . This was done , and the rechartered institution , located at Lexington , became known commonly as the State College ; in 1916 , it was renamed the University of Kentucky .
= = Later life and death = =
Despite his record of reforms , Democratic party leaders were largely displeased with Blackburn and his administration . They decried his record number of pardons and resented the fact that he did not give more consideration to party service and loyalty when appointing individuals to state jobs . Further , state newspapers noted a lack of eloquence by the governor , and this provided additional fodder for Blackburn 's critics . Having announced at the beginning of his term that he would seek no further political office , Blackburn nonetheless attempted to defend his record in a speech at the 1883 Democratic nominating convention , but boos and shouts for him to sit down almost drowned out the address . Finally , Blackburn responded to the heckling by saying he expected to be criticized for his reforms , but that anyone who charged his administration with corruption was a " liar — a base and infamous liar " . At this , the clamor from the crowd became deafening , and Blackburn was forced to end his address and take his seat .
Blackburn retired from public life at the expiration of his term . He briefly visited a Virginia resort before returning to his apartment at Louisville 's Galt House and resuming his medical practice . While attending the 1883 National Conference of Charities , Blackburn was lauded for his prison reforms by guest speaker George Washington Cable . He also received praise at a similar conference in Saratoga , New York , a few weeks later .
A few months after his return to Louisville , Blackburn opened a sanatorium near Cave Hill Cemetery . His failing health impeded the success of the endeavor , however , and in January 1887 , he returned to the state capital of Frankfort — a city he regarded as his home — knowing that death was near . After a prolonged illness , he became comatose and died September 14 , 1887 . He was buried in Frankfort Cemetery .
On May 27 , 1891 , the state erected a monument over Blackburn 's grave . The granite monument features a bas @-@ relief depicting the Parable of the Good Samaritan . In 1972 , the state opened the Blackburn Correctional Complex , a 400 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 6 km2 ) minimum security prison near Lexington named for Governor Blackburn .
= Holby City =
Holby City styled as HOLBY CI + Y is a British medical drama television series that airs weekly on BBC One .
The series was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin @-@ off from the established BBC medical drama Casualty , and premiered on 12 January 1999 . It is set in the same hospital as Casualty , in the fictional city of Holby , and featured occasional crossovers of characters and plots with both Casualty ( which featured dedicated episodes broadcast as Casualty @ Holby City ) and the show 's 2007 police procedural spin @-@ off HolbyBlue . Its first executive producers were Young and Johnathan Young , who were succeeded by Kathleen Hutchison from 2002 to 2004 , Richard Stokes from 2004 to 2006 , McHale from 2006 to 2010 , Belinda Campbell from 2010 to 2011 , Johnathan Young from 2011 to 2013 , and Oliver Kent from 2013 . Since the show 's initial development , it has become a weekly fixture in the schedule . Holby City airs once a week , with around 52 episodes per series .
The show follows the lives of medical and ancillary staff at the fictional Holby City Hospital . It began with eleven main characters in its first series , all of whom have since left the show . New main characters have been both written in and out of the series since , with a core of around fifteen main actors employed on the serial at any given time . In casting the first series , Young sought out actors who were already well known in the television industry , something which has continued throughout the show 's history , with cast members including Patsy Kensit , Jane Asher , Robert Powell , Adrian Edmondson and John Michie
McHale was the show 's lead writer for several years , and was the first British writer ever to become the showrunner of a major prime time drama . Under his tenure as executive producer , attempts were made at modernising the programme and appealing to a younger audience by taking on the filmizing technique and introducing musical montage segments into each episode . Seventeen series of Holby City have aired , and the eighteenth began airing from 13 October 2015 . The show has run for over 800 hour @-@ long episodes . It is filmed at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire , and from 2004 to 2008 featured annual special episodes filmed on location abroad . From October 2010 , Holby City moved to high definition broadcasting .
Holby City has attracted comparisons to other medical dramas , often unfavourable , and figures within the television and entertainment industry including Broadcasting Standards Commission director Paul Bolt have accused the BBC of squandering the television licence fee on the programme . The series employs a team of researchers to ensure medical accuracy , and utilises surgeons from different disciplines to check scripts . Cast members are taught to perform basic medical procedures , and given the opportunity to spend time on real hospital wards for research . Holby City has , however , been criticised for its lack of realism , with the British Medical Association denouncing its portrayal of organ donation and unrealistic impression of resuscitation , and an accident and emergency nurse at the 2008 Royal College of Nursing conference accusing the show of fostering unrealistic expectations of the NHS and fuelling compensation culture .
Holby City has been nominated for over 100 television awards , of which it has won ten : the 2008 British Academy Television Award for Best Continuing Drama , one BEFFTA Award , two Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards , two Music Video and Screen Awards , and four Screen Nation Awards . The show 's first series averaged 9 @.@ 27 million viewers , but apart from a rise in its fifth series , ratings declined year @-@ on @-@ year until 2009 , with the eleventh series averaging 5 @.@ 44 million viewers . The twelfth series saw a small rise to 5 @.@ 62 million . Later series have consistently drawn over 4 million viewers per week .
= = Production = =
The show began with only eleven main characters in its first series , all of whom have since left the show . New main characters have been both written in and out of the series since , with a core of fifteen to twenty main actors employed on the serial at any given time . In casting the first series , Young sought out actors who were already well known in the television industry , something which has continued throughout the show 's history , with cast members including Patsy Kensit , Jane Asher , Robert Powell and Adrian Edmondson .
McHale was the show 's lead writer for several years , and was the first British writer ever to become the " showrunner " of a major prime time drama . Under his tenure as executive producer , attempts were made at modernising the programme and appealing to a younger audience by taking on the filmising technique and introducing musical montage segments into each episode . Seventeen complete series of Holby City have aired , and an eighteenth began airing in October 2015 . The show has run for over 600 @-@ hour @-@ long episodes . It is filmed in studios at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire , with the 1960s office building Neptune House being used for multiple exteriors and interiors in the series . It has occasionally featured special episodes filmed on location abroad . From October 2010 , Holby City moved to high definition broadcasting .
Holby City has attracted comparisons to other medical dramas , often unfavourable , and figures within the television and entertainment industry including Broadcasting Standards Commission director Paul Bolt have accused the BBC of squandering the television licence fee on the programme . The series employs a team of researchers to ensure medical accuracy , and utilises surgeons from different disciplines to check scripts . Cast members are taught to perform basic medical procedures , and given the opportunity to spend time on real hospital wards for research .
Holby City has been nominated for over 100 television awards , of which it has won six : the 2008 British Academy Television Award for " Best Continuing Drama " , two Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards and three Screen Nation Awards . The show 's first series averaged 9 @.@ 27 million viewers , but apart from a rise in its fifth series , ratings declined year @-@ on @-@ year until 2009 , with the eleventh series averaging 5 @.@ 44 million viewers . The twelfth series saw as small rise to 5 @.@ 62 million .
= = = Development = = =
Holby City was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin @-@ off from the BBC medical drama Casualty , which is set in the emergency department of the fictional Holby City Hospital . Young wanted to explore what happened to patients treated in Casualty once they were taken away to the hospital 's surgical wards . While Casualty 's scope is limited to " accident of the week " storylines about patients entering hospital , Holby City allowed the possibility of storylines about long @-@ term care , rather than immediate life and death decisions . The series was commissioned by BBC One Controller Peter Salmon , and began airing on BBC One on 12 January 1999 .
Series producer Richard Stokes believes that the series ' popularity stems from the fact the hospital setting presents numerous plotline opportunities , explaining : " You have licence to create life @-@ and @-@ death situations every week , something you cannot do in any other set piece . The interaction of the characters can be sexy and social issues also permeate the writing . But , basically , hospital drama is successful because the viewers will forgive all the yukky bits for the wonder of a life saved . " The focus of the series has developed since its conception , expanding to cover extra wards , including a gynaecology ward , an acute assessment unit and a maternity ward . When the maternity ward and a special care baby unit were introduced during series four , Young explained that new wards were necessary to allow the crew to rotate sets , maximising filming potential .
Episodes of Holby City cost around £ 370 @,@ 000 to produce — more than the BBC soap opera EastEnders , at £ 130 @,@ 000 per episode , but less than Casualty at £ 450 @,@ 000 per episode , or Dalziel and Pascoe at £ 700 – 800 @,@ 000 per episode . As Holby City is a high @-@ volume , year @-@ round production , it has relatively low production costs . Set @-@ up costs can be spread over many years and standing sets can be repeatedly re @-@ used , which is not the case for shorter series or one @-@ off dramas .
Young remained an executive producer of Holby City until 2004 , when he left the BBC to work for production company 19 TV . Former Casualty producer Johnathan Young was an executive producer for the duration of Holby 's first series , before joining Channel 4 in 1999 . Kathleen Hutchison served alongside Mal Young as co @-@ executive producer from 2003 to 2004 , when she left the series to become executive producer of EastEnders . Hutchison was succeeded by former series producer Stokes , who remained working on Holby City until 2006 , when McHale returned to the series . McHale was the first British writer ever to become the showrunner of a major prime time drama . He resigned from the position in 2009 , and was succeeded by Belinda Campbell in 2010 . In February 2011 , it was announced that Johnathan Young would return to the BBC from March , succeeding Campbell as executive producer of both Casualty and Holby City .
= = = Writing = = =
Holby City storylines are planned eight months in advance . The series utilises a number of scriptwriters , who are found and scheduled by script development editor Simon Harper . Harper receives around 20 speculative scripts a week , and also finds writers through the BBC Writers Academy , a course established in 2005 which guarantees its graduates the opportunity to work on prime time television . McHale teaches at the academy , and graduate Abi Bown went on to become a regular writer for Holby City . Harper also recruits writers through the BBC 's Continuing Drama Shadow Scheme , open to writers from all levels of experience . He believes that scripts which demonstrate synthesis between guest and serial storylines are " the spine of the show " , and has stated that , " Good , cracking , intelligent , ballsy dialogue is a must , " explaining : " It 's about getting the characters voices because the characters drive these shows . It is a love for and investment in these characters and the consistency of those characters . " Harper does not require that writers are necessarily familiar with the show , and would like to attract more female scriptwriters .
McHale wrote the series ' first episode , and served as the show 's lead writer . His 2006 promotion to executive producer was part of a bid by Controller of BBC Drama Production John Yorke to " put writers back at the heart of the process " . Yorke called McHale 's promotion " fantastic " , explaining : " It means that for the first time you 've got a writer running one of our big powerhouse BBC1 shows . " Following McHale 's resignation , his replacement as lead writer was Justin Young , who intends to introduce a more writer @-@ led commissioning process from series 13 onwards , with writers creating more of the theme and story of their episodes than was previously the case .
= = = Medical accuracy = = =
To ensure accuracy in scriptwriting , the serial employs a team of researchers to advise writers on nursing issues and health service politics . One medical advisor was given a cameo role in the series as an orthopaedic surgeon , and another , recovery nurse Rachel Carter , appears in Holby City as a scrub nurse . Another adviser , a heart surgeon , has occasionally left open @-@ heart surgery to advise Holby City writers over the telephone . The programme utilises surgeons from different disciplines , who check scripts for accuracy . Carter believes this is particularly important in case viewers copy procedures they have seen in the show , such as CPR . Series star Amanda Mealing commented : " We pride ourselves on being realistic . You need to know what
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promotion ; Shepard may have influenced his subsequent promotion to major in 1865 . In addition , Shepard was involved in correspondence with Walt Whitman .
Shepard was placed in charge of the recruiting station in Elmira , and enlisted 47 @,@ 000 men from the surrounding area . Although President Abraham Lincoln offered him a promotion to brigadier general , Shepard declined in deference to officers who had seen field service .
= = Career = =
In 1864 , Shepard was a member of the executive committee and chair of the Committee on Contributions from Without the City for the New York Metropolitan Fair . He chaired lawyers ' committees for disaster relief , including those in Portland , Maine and Chicago after the 1866 Great Fire and the 1871 Great Chicago Fire respectively , and was a member of the municipal committee for victims of the 1889 Johnstown Flood .
In 1867 Shepard was presented to Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt at a reception given by Governor Morgan ; their difficult courtship was opposed by Margaret 's father , William Henry Vanderbilt . A year later , on February 18 , 1868 , they were married in the Church of the Incarnation in New York City . After an 1868 trip to Tarsus , Mersin he helped found Tarsus American College , agreeing to donate $ 5 @,@ 000 a year to the school and leave it an endowment of $ 100 @,@ 000 ( $ 2 @.@ 63 million in 2015 ) . He became one of the school 's trustees and vice president of the board .
In 1868 , Shepard became a partner of Judge Theron R. Strong in Strong & Shepard , continuing the business after Strong 's death . He continued to practice law for the next 25 years ; he helped found the New York State Bar Association in 1876 , and in 1884 was its fifth president . In 1875 Shepard drafted an amendment establishing an arbitration court for the New York Chamber of Commerce , serving on its five @-@ member executive committee the following year . In 1880 , the New York City Board of Aldermen appointed Shepard and Ebenezer B. Shafer to revise and codify the city 's local ordinances to form the New @-@ York Municipal Code ; the last revision was in 1859 .
During the 1880s he helped found the American Savings Bank , the Bank of the Metropolis and the Columbian National Bank . On March 20 , 1888 , Shepard purchased the Mail and Express newspaper ( founded in 1836 , with an estimated value of $ 200 @,@ 000 ( $ 5 @.@ 27 million in 2015 ) from Cyrus W. Field for $ 425 @,@ 000 ( $ 11 @.@ 2 million in 2015 ) . Deeply religious , Shepard placed a verse from the Bible at the head of each edition 's editorial page . As president of the newspaper company until his death , he approved every important decision or policy . In the same year , Shepard became the controlling stockholder of the Fifth Avenue Stage Company to force it to halt work on Sundays ( the Christian Sabbath ) .
When Margaret 's father died in 1885 , she inherited $ 12 million ( $ 316 million in 2015 ) . The family lived at 2 West 52nd Street in Manhattan , one of three houses of the Vanderbilt Triple Palace which were built during the 1880s for William Henry Vanderbilt and his two daughters . After Elliott 's death Margaret transferred the house to her sister 's family , who combined their two houses into one . The houses were eventually demolished ; the nine @-@ story De Pinna Building was built there in 1928 and was demolished around 1969 . 650 Fifth Avenue is the building currently on the site .
Shepard and his family toured the world in 1884 , visiting Asia , Africa , and Europe . He documented his 1887 trip from New York to Alaska in The Riva . : New York and Alaska taken by himself , his wife and daughter , six other family members , their maid , a chef , butler , porter and conductor . According to Shepard , the family traveled 14 @,@ 085 miles ( 22 @,@ 668 km ) on 26 railroads and stayed at 38 hotels in nearly five months . After the 1884 trip , aware of the opportunity for church work in the territory , he founded a mission and maintained it with his wife for about $ 20 @,@ 000 ( $ 526 @,@ 700 in 2015 ) a year . For some time Shepard worshiped at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church under John Hall , and was a vice president of the Presbyterian Union of New @-@ York . Shepard was president of the American Sabbath Union for five years , and he also served as the chairman of the Special Committee on Sabbath Observance .
= = = Briarcliff Manor developments = = =
During the early 1890s Shepard moved to Scarborough @-@ on @-@ Hudson in present @-@ day Briarcliff Manor , purchasing a Victorian house from J. Butler Wright . He had a mansion ( named Woodlea , after Wright 's house ) built south of the house , facing the Hudson River , and improved its grounds . Construction of the mansion began in 1892 , and was completed three years later . Shepard died in 1893 , leaving Margaret to oversee its completion . The finished house has between 65 @,@ 000 and 70 @,@ 000 square feet ( 6 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 500 m2 ) , making it one of the largest privately @-@ owned houses in the United States .
After Shepard 's death Margaret lived there in the spring and fall , with her visits becoming less frequent . By 1900 she began selling property to Frank A. Vanderlip and William Rockefeller , selling them the house in 1910 . Vanderlip and Rockefeller assembled a board of directors to create a country club ; they first met at Vanderlip 's National City Bank Building office at 55 Wall Street ( Vanderlip was president of the bank at the time ) . Sleepy Hollow Country Club was founded , with Woodlea becoming its clubhouse and the J. Butler Wright house as its golf house .
Shepard established a small chapel on his Briarcliff Manor property , and founded the Scarborough Presbyterian Church in 1892 . The church and its manse were donated by Margaret after his death . It was designed by Augustus Haydel ( a nephew of Stanford White ) and August D. Shepard , Jr . ( a nephew of Elliott Shepard and William Rutherford Mead ) . The church , dedicated on May 11 , 1895 in Shepard 's memory , was briefly known as Shepard Memorial Church .
= = Family and personal life = =
Shepard and Margaret had five daughters and one son : Florence ( 1869 – 1869 ) , Maria Louise ( 1870 – 1948 ) , Edith ( 1872 – 1954 ) , Marguerite ( 1873 – 1895 ) , Alice ( 1874 – 1950 ) and Elliott Jr . ( 1877 – 1927 ) . The children attended Sunday school and church , and were educated by private tutors and governesses . Shepard also employed a private chef for his family . Shepard was a strict father known to beat his son , who was described as being as wild as his father was rigid and moralizing .
Shepard was tall , with a pleasant expression and manner , and The New York Times called him the " perfect type of well @-@ bred clubman " . He had thick hair , manicured nails , a well @-@ trimmed beard and an athletic figure . An opponent of antisemitism , he attended dinners publicizing the plight of Russian Jews and regularly addressed Jewish religious and social organizations avoided by others . He rented pews in many New York churches , supported about a dozen missionaries and was described as a generous donor to hospitals and charitable societies . Shepard was politically ambitious , and decided to build Woodlea as a symbol of power and influence . Shepard had horses and carriages which were ridden by the family in parks , and he prided himself on his equestrianism .
Shepard was a supporter of the Republican Party , contributing $ 75 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @.@ 98 million in 2015 ) to the 1888 Presidential campaign fund and $ 10 @,@ 000 ( $ 263 @,@ 400 in 2015 ) to the state committee for the Fassett campaign . He furnished Shepard Hall , at Sixth Avenue and 57th Street in New York City , offering it rent @-@ free to the Republican Club . Shepard belonged to a number of organizations : the New York State Bar Association , the American Museum of Natural History , the National Academy of Design , the Sons of the American Revolution , the New York Yacht Club , the New York Athletic Club , the New York Press Club , the Lawyers ' Club of New York , the Republican Club , the Manhattan Athletic Club , the Riding Club , the Twilight Club , the Union League Club of New York , the New England Society of New York , the Adirondack League and the Union League of Brooklyn .
= = Later life , death , and legacy = =
In 1892 , the City University of New York gave Shepard a Master of Laws degree and the University of Omaha gave him a Doctor of Laws degree . On January 11 , 1893 , Shepard addressed the House Committee on the Columbian Exposition in an effort to convince the committee not to open the exposition on a Sunday - the Sabbath . Shepard himself attended , having spent $ 25 @,@ 000 ( $ 658 thousand in 2015 ) on September 7 , 1891 in reserving sixteen rooms with board at the Auditorium Hotel for six months during the fair .
Shepard died unexpectedly during the afternoon of March 24 , 1893 at his Manhattan residence . Two doctors were attempting to remove a bladder stone from him ; they gave him ether at 12 : 45 p.m. For a few minutes Shepard did not seem to react , though soon afterward his color started changing and his respiration and pulse dimmed , so administration of ether was stopped , however not enough ether was given to continue with the operation . His condition started to worsen again ; the doctors suspected food or vomit was blocking his windpipe or bronchial tubes . The doctors then administered oxygen , which helped temporarily ; however , at 4 : 00 p.m. his pulse became steadily more feeble , he fell unconscious , and died at 4 : 10 p.m. His cause of death was edema and congestion of the lungs , after the administration of ether , but due to an unknown cause . Shepard was first buried in the Vanderbilt mausoleum in Moravian Cemetery . On November 17 , 1894 one of his daughters , his wife , and her brother George Vanderbilt oversaw the transfer of his remains and those of his daughter Florence to a new Shepard family tomb .
Shepard 's estate included the $ 100 @,@ 000 Tarsus American College endowment , $ 850 @,@ 000 in real estate and $ 500 @,@ 000 in personal property for a total of $ 1 @.@ 35 million ( $ 35 @.@ 6 million in 2015 ) . His will distributed money and property to his wife and children , his brother Augustus , and religious organizations . Shepard funded a number of scholarships and prizes , including one at the City University of New York and New York University 's annual Elliott F. Shepard Scholarship , and donated a large collection of books from lawyer Aaron J. Vanderpoel 's library to the New York University School of Law .
When the wife of Chicago publisher Horace O 'Donoghue read him the news of Shepard 's death four days after the event , he picked up a razor and slit his throat . Although his suicide was first thought to be impulsive , it was later learned that the likely cause was O 'Donoghue 's large debts to Chicago publishing houses .
= = Selected works = =
Shepard , Elliott Fitch ; Shafer , Ebenezer B. ( 1881 ) . Ordinances of the Mayor , Aldermen and Commonalty of the City of New York : In Force January 1 , 1881 . New York , New York . OCLC 680539530 .
Shepard , Elliott Fitch ( 1886 ) . Labor and Capital are One ( 10th ed . ) . New York , New York : American Bank Note Company . OCLC 43539083 .
= Whitney Dean =
Whitney Dean is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , played by Shona McGarty . The character is the adoptive daughter of long @-@ running character Bianca Jackson ( Patsy Palmer ) , and was introduced in April 2008 when Palmer returned to the series after a six @-@ year absence . Whitney is described by executive producer Diederick Santer as both an equal to , and younger version of Bianca , and is the oldest of Bianca 's four children . Her storylines have revolved around her fractured family life , her sexual abuse by Bianca 's partner Tony King ( Chris Coghill ) , her sexual exploitation by Rob Grayson ( Jody Latham ) , her engagement to Lee Carter ( Danny @-@ Boy Hatchard ) and becoming pregnant with his baby . McGarty was temporarily written out of EastEnders for four weeks in July 2012 because of her repeated lateness to work .
The child sexual abuse storyline marks the first time the subject matter has been broached in a UK soap opera , and was researched and developed with advice and approval from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children . The inappropriate nature of Tony and Whitney 's relationship resulted in over 200 complaints being made to the BBC and television regulatory body Ofcom by members of the public , with the storyline deemed " horrifying " by the Daily Mail 's Lizzie Smith , and " one of the darkest and most disturbing storylines EastEnders has ever attempted " by the Daily Mirror 's Beth Neil . The NSPCC however have praised the storyline for " helping to raise awareness of the hidden nature of sexual abuse " . The storyline also gained EastEnders a Royal Television Society Programme Award in March 2009 in the Soap and Continuing Drama category .
= = Storylines = =
Whitney first appears when she and her family — mother figure Bianca Jackson ( Patsy Palmer ) , half @-@ sister Tiffany Dean ( Maisie Smith ) , and Bianca 's sons Liam Butcher ( James Forde ) and Morgan Jackson @-@ King ( Devon Higgs ) are evicted by their landlord . The children spend a week in care after Bianca is arrested for assaulting a police officer , returning to her custody a week later and moving into Pat Evans ' ( Pam St. Clement ) house . Over the next few months , Bianca becomes the beneficiary of a mystery " guardian angel " , who is revealed to be Whitney . Whitney tells Bianca she found a winning lottery ticket , but kept it secret as she knew that Bianca would spend the money . Bianca reluctantly agrees to deposit the money ; however Whitney hides some to be used in emergencies . It is revealed that Bianca 's imprisoned boyfriend Tony King ( Chris Coghill ) has been grooming Whitney since she was 12 and that they 've had a sexual relationship . Having served a year @-@ long sentence for assaulting a boy who apparently harassed Whitney , Tony is released on 12 September 2008 . He makes it clear to Whitney that they will resume their sexual relationship , and Whitney reveals that she has kept some of the lottery winnings so they can run away together . But when Bianca harangues him about the prospect of marriage , he gives her Whitney 's money to put a down @-@ payment on a flat . When Whitney and classmate Peter Beale ( Thomas Law ) are cast in a school play , Tony is jealous of them rehearsing in private and punches Peter . Whitney convinces Peter and his sister Lucy Beale ( Melissa Suffield ) not to report the attack to the police , but Tony blames her for the incident and ends their affair . Devastated when Tony accepts Bianca 's marriage proposal , Whitney locks herself in her bedroom . Not knowing what to do , Bianca accepts Dr Poppy Merritt 's ( Amy Darcy ) help and she refers Whitney to a psychiatrist . Bianca takes her away on holiday , attempting to mend their relationship . When they return on Halloween , Tony and Whitney share a passionate kiss , and Tony informs Whitney that their relationship is back on .
Whitney becomes jealous when Tony begins showing an interest in Lauren Branning ( Madeline Duggan ) . As her sixteenth birthday approaches , she buys tickets for them to travel abroad . Tony has lost interest in Whitney and hides her passport , but it is found and returned to her . On the day she turns sixteen , Whitney confesses everything to Bianca . Horrified , Bianca calls the police , and Tony is arrested . He is released on bail but Whitney decides to make a statement to the police . Whitney contacts her biological mother Debra Dean ( Ruth Gemmell ) and tries to discuss the past , but Debra isn 't interested and rejects her . She meets Todd Taylor ( Ashley Kumar ) and agrees to go on a date with him , which goes well until he asks about past relationships . Whitney runs away and Bianca 's ex @-@ husband Ricky Butcher ( Sid Owen ) finds her drunk . Todd returns and Whitney agrees to another date . When Whitney finds a condom in his wallet , she assumes he wants to have sex with her and runs away .
Debra turns up unexpectedly , claiming she is homeless , but reveals she is planning to move to Greece when she has enough money and says Whitney can come with her . Whitney accepts , but later realises that Debra is using her and she is only there to hide from someone . Debra later tells Whitney she has a half @-@ brother , Ryan Malloy ( Neil McDermott ) . Whitney then takes back her statement against Tony but after Whitney 's barrister sees her mobile phone containing the messages from Tony , he is sentenced to 13 years ' imprisonment . During the trial Whitney learns that Tiffany is Ricky 's daughter . She is initially distressed , but accepts that Tiffany is still her sister although they are not related . She repairs her friendship with Todd , and they kiss at Ricky and Bianca 's engagement party . Their reunion is short @-@ lived , and Whitney breaks up with him in favour of Bianca 's half @-@ brother Billie Jackson ( Devon Anderson ) . Whitney is attacked by Billie 's jealous friend Kylie ( Elarica Gallacher ) , and when his friends cause trouble at a grime night at The Queen Victoria pub ( The Vic ) , Whitney asks him to choose between her and his former gang . Billie chooses Whitney , and Kylie takes revenge by attempting to shoot him , shooting his uncle Jack Branning ( Scott Maslen ) instead . Jack is hospitalised with major injuries , and Whitney struggles to help Billie deal with his guilt and subsequent anger and rejection from the Branning and Jackson families . She is further deeply upset when Billie decides to join the army in an attempt to make Jack proud . At Billie 's birthday party , Whitney ends up kissing Peter . She spends the night with him and the next day is upset to learn that Billie has died in his sleep . She blames herself for leaving the party after she sees a text message from Billie saying he still loved her . She sends a reply and lays flowers and candles for him . However , she later goes back to Peter for comfort , and he comforts her again on the day of the funeral . The pair then begin a relationship . However Billie 's friend Connor Stanley ( Arinze Kene ) , starts flirting with her , and asks her why she 'd date someone like Peter after dating Billie . He also asks her to sell some stolen jewellery for him and she agrees .
Whitney falls for Connor , but after it is revealed that Connor has been sleeping with Bianca 's mother Carol Jackson ( Lindsey Coulson ) and Whitney , Bianca attacks him and turns herself in to the police . Whitney and Carol argue over Connor , and Whitney feels she is not wanted by her family so decides to move out , and stays with Ryan 's estranged wife Janine Malloy ( Charlie Brooks ) . Kat Moon ( Jessie Wallace ) offers Whitney a work trial at The Vic for a job , but catches her giving free drinks to Janine . Despite this , she lets Whitney off , telling her she is a natural , and works well at the till . When Kat catches her stealing again , she sacks Whitney , leaving Janine angry with Whitney . After Whitney sees Janine successfully pickpocket someone , she decides to try it herself , but ends up
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being hit in the face . A man called Rob Grayson ( Jody Latham ) helps her , buys her food and returns her to Albert Square , giving her his phone number . Whitney tries to kiss Max , causing her to fall out with Lauren . She also argues with Carol , rejects Ricky and is rejected by Liam , Tiffany and Morgan for ruining Ricky 's birthday cake days earlier . Upset , Whitney contacts Rob and asks to stay with him , which he accepts . She throws her phone away and tells nobody that she is going . Janine lies about Whitney 's whereabouts but when she admits she does not know where Whitney is , Lauren and Janine attempt to find her , and Lauren sees her in Dartford going into a club . Lauren goes back with her to her bedsit , but Whitney does not want to go , saying she and Rob are in love . Lauren is then thrown out by Rob . Whitney has sex with a man called Chris ( Richard Simons ) and it is revealed that Whitney has been having sex with Rob 's friends to pay off his debts to them . Janine tries to get Whitney to come home but she refuses , and Rob ejects Janine . Rob then drags Whitney out of the house and into his car , while Janine and Lauren see them driving off . They go to a house where Whitney meets another woman Chloe ( Georgia Henshaw ) who is being exploited . Whitney tells Rob she wants to leave , but he says to either be nice to his friends or he will hurt her . He locks her in a room so she breaks the window and escapes , stopping a car and asking for help , while Rob shouts after her .
The following month , she sends Lauren a message and meets her outside the police station , looking rough , as she has been arrested for shoplifting . Whitney opts to live with Dot Branning ( June Brown ) instead of her close family , but Dot convinces her to move back to Ricky 's . When Ryan returns from a holiday , he learns of Whitney 's ordeal and urges her to go to the police and get tested for sexually transmitted infections . She says she is not ready to go to the police but agrees to the test , which shows she has a chlamydia infection . When Whitney starts a relationship with a man named Lee ( Mitchell Hunt ) , it is revealed that he is a friend of Rob 's , and when Whitney agrees to meet Lee by text , Rob takes control of Lee 's mobile phone . She allows Rob to take her home but then tells him to wait outside while she escapes through the back door and hitches a lift to Southend @-@ on @-@ Sea with friends . She leaves him a voicemail message not knowing that he has followed her . He finds her in her hotel room and tells her how much he loves her , but when Fatboy ( Ricky Norwood ) comes in , Rob attacks him , so Whitney tells him to leave . Fatboy calls Ryan , who comes to Southend to look for Rob . When he finds him , they fight and fall over the edge of the pier . The next day , a body is recovered from the sea , and is later revealed to be Rob who has died . Whitney thinks Ryan may also be dead until he appears . She tells him she has told the police everything about Rob , including Ryan 's fight with him , and Ryan tells Whitney he has to leave . They say an emotional farewell .
Whitney takes an interest in Tyler Moon ( Tony Discipline ) but refuses to date him . Whitney applies for a new work experience at the local nursery which she later gets . When Michael Moon ( Steve John Shepherd ) tells his brother Tyler about Whitney 's recent ordeal , he rejects her but later gives her his special Moon pendant to make up for it . Whitney agrees to go on a date with Tyler and they agree to have sex but Whitney is unsure as she remembers her past and runs out , telling Tyler she never wants to see him again . Tyler is hurt . He later tells Fatboy she needs a shrink which Whitney overhears . She runs out and kisses Fatboy and starts a relationship with him . Fatboy publicly declares his love for Whitney , but when he is unable to give her a driving lesson , Lucy ( now Hetti Bywater ) suggests that Tyler do it , because she knows that Tyler likes Whitney . Whitney starts to feel smothered by Fatboy 's affections . Lucy teases Tyler by telling him that Fatboy plans to publicly propose to Whitney , so Tyler tells Whitney he likes her but Whitney says it is too late . Tyler then surprises Whitney by kissing her . Whitney , feeling guilty , refuses to go on holiday with Fatboy , and tells him to kiss her . He does , but she says it is like kissing her best friend . She then admits she wants Tyler , and Fatboy is heartbroken . Whitney then goes to see Tyler but finds him with Lucy , kissing . She then tells Tyler to leave her alone . However , Tyler later tells Whitney that he cannot , as he loves her . Whitney admits to feeling the same way , and they begin a relationship .
Whitney believes she is pregnant , and when she tells Tyler , he seems reluctant to take on a child . However he comes round to the idea , but Whitney discovers she is not pregnant after all . Bianca is caught stealing money and returns to prison , but this time located in Suffolk . The rest of Whitney 's family move to Suffolk to be near her , but Whitney stays and looks after the house , along with Bianca 's uncle Derek Branning ( Jamie Foreman ) . Soon after , Tyler moves in . Whitney is angry when Joey Branning ( David Witts ) kisses her . Several months later , after Bianca and the rest of the family move back , Whitney and Tyler plan to get their own home . Whitney tells Tyler about the kiss with Joey , so he breaks up with her . However , he regrets it and proposes to Whitney ; she accepts . Bianca disapproves when she finds out . When Lauren kisses Tyler to make her ex @-@ boyfriend Joey jealous , Whitney ends her friendship with Lauren . After several weeks Lauren and Whitney make up . She receives a letter from a stranger , which the letter is from Tony , asking Whitney to come and see him in prison . Whitney then goes to the prison to visit Tony but is told that he has committed suicide . Trying to come to terms from Tony 's death , she goes out for lunch with Tyler at Scarlett 's , but they later argue which leads to Whitney ending their engagement and storming out . She then goes for a drink at R & R and Joey tries to comfort her which leads them to start flirting with one another . They then share a kiss and go back to Joey 's house to have sex . She tells Tyler , and they both realise that they will not work out , and Tyler leaves Walford .
Whitney gets a job as a teaching assistant at Walford Primary School . During one breaktime , she warns Dennis Rickman Jnr ( Harry Hickles ) not to run in the playground . He ignores her and falls over , grazing his arm . Whitney does not react in the professional manner she is supposed to , causing Dennis 's injury to be ignored . When Dennis 's mother , Sharon Rickman ( Letitia Dean ) questions Dennis about his injury , he lies that Whitney assaulted him . Sharon complains and Whitney is suspended , but appeals for her job and is allowed to keep it . Whitney later sets her sights on newcomer Johnny Carter ( Sam Strike ) , unaware that he is gay . Johnny 's parents , Mick Carter ( Danny Dyer ) and Linda Carter ( Kellie Bright ) , hope that Johnny and Whitney will become an item , but his sister Nancy Carter ( Maddy Hill ) reveals to them that he is gay . A few weeks later , Johnny comes out to Whitney , which hurts her as she feels that Johnny has been using her . They later become good friends and Whitney forgives Johnny .
When Johnny 's elder brother Lee Carter ( Danny @-@ Boy Hatchard ) returns from serving in Afghanistan , Whitney takes an instant liking to him and they share a kiss . She discovers that Lee had sex with Lucy , which upsets her greatly and she spams Lucy 's Facebook page with horrible comments . The next day , Lucy is found dead . At her funeral , Tamwar Masood ( Himesh Patel ) discovers a condolences card with " Rot in Hell " written on it , and realises the handwriting matches Whitney 's . When he confronts her , she tells him that Lucy was sending her abusive texts about her looks , and that she completely despised her . Feeling sorry for Whitney , Tamwar rips up the card , but it is later recovered by his suspicious sister , Shabnam Masood ( Rakhee Thakrar ) .
Upon Lee 's return from the army , Whitney gives the relationship another chance . She struggles with the prospect of making their romance sexual , but eventually agrees to when he talks about his feelings for her . Ryan 's young daughter Lily Branning ( Aine Garvey ) comes to live in Walford when her mother Stacey Branning ( Lacey Turner ) is sent to prison , and Whitney babysits her . She puts a photo of herself and Lily online and is shocked when Ryan contacts her under the alias of ' Simon Parker ' . After speaking with Johnny and Lee , she decides to reply . Stacey is granted her appeal and freed but Whitney worries it will ruin her relationship with Lily . Whitney tells Lily about Ryan saying she could possibly meet him . When Stacey finds out , she argues with Whitney and says she will not be seeing Lily again . Whitney then messages Ryan saying she needs to see him urgently . Whitney then arranges to meet Ryan at the park . Stacey and Lily visit the park whilst Whitney is waiting for Ryan . Stacey apologises to Whitney and she accepts . Whitney thinks Ryan has stood her up , so leaves with Stacey and Lily . Ryan turns up late and hides on seeing Stacey , and remains unseen as a result .
Bianca tells Whitney she is moving to Milton Keynes with her partner Terry Spraggan ( Terry Alderton ) , and wants her to move with them and the children . Although originally agreeing , Lee persuades her to stay and she moves into the pub with the Carters . Lee develops depression , and when Whitney finds out , she struggles to support him at his lowest points . At Mick 's stag party before his wedding to Linda , Lee knocks himself unconscious and is carried upstairs by Mick and Whitney . Whitney confesses to Mick that she intends to break up with Lee after the wedding , unable to handle his depression . However , she is unaware that Lee has overheard her via the baby monitor . On the day of the wedding , Lee goes missing and Whitney and Mick find him drunk at the park . Lee tells Whitney that he blames himself for her wanting to break up with him , and she promises him that they will work things out . Whitney later thanks Mick for helping her with Lee , but accidentally kisses him on the lips in the process . While Mick and Linda are on their honeymoon , Whitney invites Ryan back to Walford to see Lily , but while at the pub , he steals the cash from the safe , causing Whitney and Nancy to fight , just as Mick and Linda walk in on them . The next morning , Whitney contacts Ryan and he asks to meet in the park . Mick accompanies Whitney and assures a scared Ryan that he can trust him . It then emerges that Whitney told Mick that Ryan killed Rob , so Whitney and Mick convince Ryan to return the money and hand himself to the police , and Whitney will back him up in the hope of him being charged with manslaughter instead of murder , to which Ryan agrees . Whitney shares an emotional goodbye with Ryan as he heads into the police station . On the ride home from the police station , an upset Whitney tells Mick that she has feelings for him and kisses him again . Mick tells Linda what happened , so Linda tells her to stay away from Mick and not to give up on Lee . Whitney later visits Ryan in prison , stating that she is worried about Lee . When she accidentally says Mick 's name , he guesses that she has feelings for Mick , which she denies . He then urges Whitney to help Lee , so she gets him a job interview at a local pub , however this causes major grievances between Lee and Nancy . Whitney is forced by Babe to tell Lee about her kissing Mick , and although Nancy tells her to move out , Lee 's response is to propose marriage .
When discovers she is pregnant by Lee , but all her hints and attempts to tell him fail . Linda realises and is ecstatic when Whitney confirms it . Linda tells Mick , and when Whitney tells Lee , Mick and Linda rush into the room to celebrate before he has a chance to let the news sink in .
= = Creation = =
In October 2007 , it was announced that the character Bianca Jackson was returning to EastEnders after an absence of six years . Whitney was created as part of her new family ; the daughter of Bianca 's deceased partner Nathan Dean . She was described as " a teenage drama queen , unable to engage brain before mouth and constantly finding herself in and out of trouble " . Bianca sees Whitney as one of her own , and also as " a friend and confidante " . EastEnders ' executive producer Diederick Santer said that his vision for the character was someone " quite spiky , quite gobby , a bit of an equal to Bianca , and in a way a version of Bianca at that age " . Shona McGarty was cast in the role .
Considering the character 's role in the wider context of the show as a whole , it was decided that Whitney would be involved in a sexual relationship with Bianca 's partner Tony King . BBC News described the plot as an ongoing " predatory paedophile storyline " , noting that this was the first time this subject matter had been tackled by a UK soap opera . The storyline was conceived when EastEnders series consultant Simon Ashdown viewed a documentary about homelessness , featuring a mother and child at a bus stop with nowhere to go . Ashdown questioned what might happen if a paedophile were to befriend the mother in order to grow closer to the child , and related the scenario to Bianca 's return to the soap . BBC Head of Drama John Yorke explained that the idea when presented " drew a sharp intake of breath . Most EastEnders stories that have been good and successful have been the ones that caused the sharp intake of breath , so they 're always the kind of stories you look for . "
The idea that McGarty play a child groomed for sex was put to the actress on 9 January 2008 . Santer has stated that , had McGarty or her parents objected to the storyline , they would not have gone ahead with it . In the event , McGarty 's parents merely requested that their daughter not be asked to publicise the role , and the actress began filming her first scenes on 14 January 2008 .
= = Development = =
= = = Sexual abuse = = =
In order to develop Whitney 's sexual abuse storyline , by March 2008 EastEnders researchers Libby Duplock and Cleo Bicat were in contact with the NSPCC 's Tom Narducci , Jude Toasland , who deals with abused children , and Yvonne Traynor , CEO of the Rape and Sexual Abuse Support Centre . Duplock has stated that : " One thing that was quite difficult for me to get right was the idea that she didn 't want sex . It 's Whitney 's way of keeping Tony happy . If she lets him do it , then he 's nicer to her and he makes her feel special . " Research highlighted the fact that 12 % of abused children go on to become abusers in turn , however Duplock explained : " We felt that to imply on TV that someone who has been abused is going to go on to abuse other people is not a message you want to give out . Those people have been through enough . " Narducci for the NSPCC stated that importance was placed on making children viewing the show " feel comfortable about asking for help if they felt they needed it [ and ] for the wider community - to recognise the signs and let them know that they can do something about it . [ ... ] We 're not trying to cause a national panic . This is a responsible effort to try to get over an important story . "
It had initially been decided that , alongside Tony 's sexual abuse , Whitney would be seen to self @-@ harm . This aspect of the storyline was discarded , after the NSPCC suggested that it may distract from the main issue of her abuse . Final approval for the storyline was sought from BBC Head of Fiction Jane Tranter on 2 June 2008 . Tranter explained :
" I thought it was a fantastically good idea . The big moments in EastEnders , those iconic pieces of television history , tend to be the things that are incredibly near the knuckle , and are actually quite difficult subjects to raise in the context of a family sitting room . [ ... ] Soaps are meant to hold up a mirror to our lives , and sometimes that mirror will show ugly bits , difficult bits , taboo bits . But if a soap doesn 't hold up that mirror , then actually , what is it ? It will have no depth . "
Chris Coghill was cast as Whitney 's abuser Tony on 20 June 2008 . Upon accepting the role , he commented : " Shona doesn 't act , or look , like a little child . Which helps . " He has added of their off @-@ screen relationship : " Shona 's fantastic to work with . She 's very natural , very instinctive and a natural actress . There isn 't any uncomfortable feeling at all . " Having undergone a thorough characterisation session , Coghill began shooting on 30 June 2008 , and first appeared on @-@ screen on 12 September 2008 . Coghill has explained that Tony began grooming Whitney as soon as he met Bianca , ingratiating himself so as to become the family 's " hero figure " and " saviour " . Discussing his character 's relationship with Whitney , Coghill explained that : " The lie that Tony has spun to Whitney is that as soon as she 's 16 they 'll run away together and start a new life . But Tony 's the type of paedophile who preys on younger children . Whitney is beginning to pass her sell @-@ by date with him . [ ... ] He feels like he 's losing his little girl but needs to keep Whitney under his control and not speak out . " Coghill stated that : " This is the most challenging role I have had to play . But I hope by EastEnders tackling the sensitive issue of child abuse it can raise awareness . " When asked how she felt about the abuse storyline , Palmer commented : " It would be brilliant if it helped somebody . If one person out there who 's been abused saw [ the legal system ] go out of their way to make it easier on the victim – Whitney 's evidence is given by video link – it will be worth it . "
= = = Sexual exploitation = = =
In January 2011 , it was announced that Whitney would be part of an upcoming storyline on sexual exploitation . Whitney is left alone and vulnerable , and falls for a man , Rob Grayson , played by Jody Latham , who exploits her for financial gain . EastEnders worked alongside charity Comic Relief on the storyline , which started planning in 2010 . The storyline culminated during Red Nose Day 2011 on 19 March 2011 , in a special ten @-@ minute episode . Gilly Green , Head of UK Grants at Comic Relief , said : " It is vital that we continue to alert young people to the dangers if we are to stop them being exploited and the opportunity to work with EastEnders will make a huge audience aware of this issue . We have been working with the EastEnders script writers and some of the young women from projects we support to ensure the story reflects the reality of young people caught up in sexual exploitation . " Kevin Cahill , Chief Executive of Comic Relief , added " We have worked over many years with EastEnders in all kinds of ways . It 's been a real pleasure this year to work together on a piece of serious drama , in the best traditions of public service , which will highlight an important issue and also , because it occurs on the night of Comic Relief , actually help raise crucial funds to help young women caught up in it . " The storyline begins when Bianca is sent to prison and Whitney rejects her family , moving in with Janine and attempting to make money by stealing from The Queen Victoria , causing her to get sacked , working for Max , whom she tries to kiss as she has a crush on him , and pickpocketing . When she is caught , Rob rescues her from the situation and offers her what McGarty called a " dream life " , which Whitney thinks is her chance to move up in the world as she feels lonely and has no friends .
McGarty told Inside Soap that she hoped the storyline would have a positive impact , saying that she had done some research herself before filming , meeting teenage girls who had been exploited and hearing their experiences . She said she felt honoured and privileged to be given the storyline .
= = Other appearances = =
Whitney makes a cameo appearance in episode eight of the second series of the Internet spin @-@ off series EastEnders : E20 , in which she buys some trainers from Asher Levi ( Heshima Thompson ) but later returns them as they are of different sizes . Jane Beale ( Laurie Brett ) joins the argument and snatches Asher 's wallet when he says he does not give refunds , but he snatches it back . Jane tells two police officers he is a thief and they chase after him .
= = Reception = =
The BBC and television regulatory body Ofcom received 70 complaints after Whitney 's first scenes with Tony aired . A BBC spokesman responded : " This is a difficult and challenging storyline , but one which keeps with the tradition of the show for tackling difficult social issues such as domestic abuse and mental health in the past . All the content on screen adheres to the BBC 's editorial guidelines . " The Guardian 's Aida Edemariam said of the beginning of the storyline : " what is most disturbing , watching [ Tony and Whitney 's ] first scenes together , is not the sexuality of the situation per se , though that is uncomfortable - it 's the subtle blackmail with which he keeps her in line . As it 's combined with the emotional manipulation native to soaps , the viewer starts to feel a bit bullied , too . " Numbers of viewer complaints rose within days to over 200 . New Statesman journalist Jeremy Sare commented on the public outrage and defended EastEnders decision to air the storyline , writing :
" There may be some justification for the hundreds complaining about these distressing issues being presented in prime time : equally it is courageous for the Beeb to include a scenario which challenges the public ’ s perception of what is a ‘ typical paedophile ’ . The repellent Tony ’ s grooming and seduction of his stepdaughter , Whitney , is a much more familiar pattern of abuse than the more commonly held image of predators lurking in parks . [ ... ] The producers of Eastenders , labouring under a welter of tabloid protest and viewers ’ complaints , are attempting to make people get past the initial revulsion of the act of abuse and accept the grim fact that ‘ paedophiles ’ are very often members of the same family . "
Sare quoted a BBC spokeswoman as saying : " we appreciate that for some viewers this storyline will have particular resonance and significance . In running it , it 's certainly not our intention to cause distress or upset , either to those who 've suffered from sexual abuse or their families . Our aim is instead to raise awareness of this very sensitive issue " , concluding his article with the summation : " The producers ' dilemma is instructive to children ’ s charities and Ministers alike on how to confront the issue in a digestible manner which can stimulate an objective debate . "
The Daily Mirror 's Beth Neil branded the plot strand " one of the darkest and most disturbing storylines EastEnders has ever attempted " , with critic Jim Shelley deeming it a " new low " for EastEnders . Shelley wrote of Whitney 's abuse : " You 've really got to hand it to EastEnders . Just when you thought the show couldn 't get any more miserable , the writers come up trumps and produce a new way of making us depressed - a paedophile storyline . Thanks for that ! I realise now this is what the family meal has been missing three nights a week : gathering the telly to watch a grubby , greasyhaired thug drooling over a 15 @-@ year @-@ old girl who ( as luck would have it ) spends her entire life in her school uniform even when she 's not at school . And they say family entertainment 's dead . " Shelley refuted the BBC 's claims that the storyline had educational value as " totally bogus " , observing that " At 7 @.@ 30 or 8pm , the " action " has to be so coded as to be pointless " . Deborah Orr , writing for The Independent , similarly disagreed with the BBC 's statement that the storyline was part of EastEnders ' " rich heritage of tackling difficult social issues " , writing that :
" Actually , it 's part of its rich heritage of leaping in to some horrific subject without any background or build @-@ up at all . The implication is that Tony , the villain , had been grooming the child for some time before he went to prison , when she was only 12 . But such a thing really would be too real , and too controversial , so the viewer only gets to see the result of those hinted @-@ at dark machinations .
" It might be a public service to dramatise the manner in which a paedophile might worm his way into a vulnerable family . But such a storyline would have to be explored carefully and over a long period . All that this little adventure in broadcasting can possibly deliver is the message that a paedophile in the heart of the home is not a good thing . Who needs to be educated about this ? "
The Daily Mail 's Lizzie Smith deemed the storyline " horrifying " , while The Guardian 's Julie Raeside questioned : " Is this latest sexual abuse storyline a good thing to position in a pre @-@ watershed soap opera , or should the EastEnders storyliners stick to a less controversial brand of misery ? " However , in contrast to public and media dissent , the NSPCC 's director of communications , John Grounds , praised the storyline for " helping to raise awareness of the hidden nature of sexual abuse " , deeming it to be " vital in persuading people to take action to stop it and encouraging children to speak out . "
Episodes from Whitney 's storyline were submitted to the Royal Television Society Programme Awards 2008 for a panel to judge in the category Soap and Continuing Drama . EastEnders was presented with the award in March 2009 , beating Coronation Street and The Bill . Members of the judging panel described the submitted episodes as " the culmination of a particularly challenging and controversial storyline which the production team , writers and cast pulled off triumphantly . "
= Antonio Cárdenas Guillén =
Antonio Ezequiel Cárdenas Guillén ( 5 March 1962 – 5 November 2010 ) , commonly referred to by his alias Tony Tormenta ( " Tony Storm " ) , was a Mexican drug lord and co @-@ leader of the Gulf Cartel , a drug trafficking organization . He headed the criminal group along with Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez . Antonio was considered by Mexican security forces as one of Mexico 's most @-@ wanted men .
Born in Matamoros , Tamaulipas , Antonio initially worked as a car washer at a local police station with his brother Osiel Cárdenas Guillén , former leader of the cartel . By the late 1980s , he entered the drug trade , and later became the crime boss of Matamoros , where he controlled the city 's drug trafficking shipments and all organized crime activities . Few details were known of Antonio 's criminal career prior to 1999 , when his brother Osiel confronted federal agents at gunpoint with several of his gunmen in Matamoros . In 1998 , Antonio avoided arrest after FBI and DEA agents tracked his whereabouts inside a domicile in Houston . Back in Mexico , his brother Osiel was the Gulf Cartel 's main leader and had created a paramilitary squad known as Los Zetas , formed by soldiers who left the Mexican military .
When Osiel was arrested in 2003 , Antonio and Costilla Sánchez took the lead of the criminal organization , and Los Zetas eventually broke apart from the Gulf Cartel in 2010 . However , Antonio was killed in an eight @-@ hour shootout between Gulf Cartel gunmen and soldiers of the Mexican Navy in Matamoros on 5 November 2010 . According to the Mexican government , ten people were killed that day in Matamoros , but local media outlets suggested that over 40 people were killed by gunfire . One anonymous law enforcement officer , witnesses , and several local newspapers indicated over 100 were killed in Matamoros .
= = Criminal career = =
= = = Early life = = =
Antonio Ezequiel Cárdenas Guillén was born on 5 March 1962 in El Mezquital ranch in the border city of Matamoros , Tamaulipas , Mexico . As a teenager , Antonio Ezequiel and his brother Osiel earned their living by washing cars at the headquarters of the Federal Judicial Police in their hometown . By the late 1980s , Cárdenas Guillén started his criminal career under the Gulf Cartel , where he became a high @-@ ranking leader and commanded organized crime activities and drug trafficking in Matamoros . His contact with the police in Matamoros marked the life of the Cárdenas Guillén clan ; federal reports of the Procuraduría General de la República ( PGR ) suggest that the drug lord had solid business relations with police and military men . Witnesses indicate that Antonio frequented public places in Matamoros , Reynosa , Ciudad Victoria , and other cities in the state of Tamaulipas surrounded by a number of municipal and state police officers , whose superiors have allegedly remained loyal to the Gulf Cartel for over half a century . His henchmen reportedly wore bullet @-@ proof vests with the Spanish insignias for the Gulf Cartel ( Cártel del Golfo – C.D.G. ) embellished across their chests . Although some of Antonio Ezequiel 's men were reported to have worn military garbs while on duty , their uniforms have also become more subtle with time . For example , some Gulf Cartel gunmen wear tennis shoes of the same color , caps with the logo " CDG – TT " ( Gulf Cartel – Tony Tormenta ) , or trucks emblazoned with the same logo to help them distinguish themselves from rival gangs .
A decade before ascending in the Gulf Cartel leadership rankings , Cárdenas Guillén avoided arrest by FBI and DEA agents in 1998 , after they raided his home in Houston , Texas . The federal agents saw the drug lord leave , but they decided to pursue a search warrant than to chase him , given the activity in the neighborhood , the amount of cars at the parking lot near his house , and the lack of sufficient agents in the operative . Inside the domicile , the US authorities discovered " cash , numerous vehicles , cocaine , marijuana , firearms and one 1996 Sea Doo Bombardier with expired Florida registration . " In 1998 , the federal agents knew little about Cárdenas Guillén and the criminal organization he worked for . The FBI later closed the investigation in February 1999 due to the drug lord 's fugitive status , his local indictments , and the lack of information available in the Houston jurisdiction . Ten months later on November 1999 , the Cárdenas Guillén surname started to gain momentum when Antonio Ezequiel 's brother Osiel and several of his gunmen stopped two US federal agents at gunpoint in the streets of Matamoros . After a tense standoff , the agents convinced Osiel to let them go .
Under orders of his brother Osiel , Antonio Ezequiel ordered the drug lord Gregorio Sauceda Gamboa ( alias El Goyo ) and his henchmen to execute 6 prison guards in Matamoros on 20 January 2005 , reportedly as a reprisal for Osiel 's treatment at Altiplano prison . Their corpses were discovered inside a Ford Explorer near the Matamoros federal prison . On May 2005 , he commanded a battalion of over 100 Zeta members to fight off Los Pelones , an enforcer group working for the Beltrán Leyva Cartel , in the state of Guerrero .
= = = Rank ascession = = =
In 2003 , Osiel was arrested in Matamoros following a shootout with the Mexican military , and was extradited to the United States in 2007 . In exchange for a life sentence , Osiel cooperated with the U.S. authorities by supplying information on the workings of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas . When Osiel was arrested , Antonio Ezequiel inherited the Gulf Cartel along with Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez , a former policeman in Matamoros . He and other Gulf Cartel leaders were responsible for trafficking multi @-@ ton drug shipments of cocaine and marijuana from Mexico to the United States . Antonio Ezequiel received a federal indictment in 2008 in the District of Columbia for drug trafficking violations . He also directed the flow of narcotics through land , sea , and air from Venezuela and Colombia to Guatemala and the U.S @-@ Mexico border . When Osiel was imprisoned , several high @-@ ranking lieutenants in the Gulf Cartel got together to appoint leaders and their turfs . According to the declarations of Zeta leader Mateo Díaz López ( alias Comandante Mateo ) , Antonio Ezequiel was given the turf of Matamoros , one of the leading smuggling routes for the cartel . But Antonio Ezequiel never had the edge ; one of his most trusted men , Ramiro García Hernández ( alias El Mati ) , was arrested in 2004 . Deemed inexperienced , Costilla Sánchez , Lazcano , and high @-@ ranking leader Víctor Manuel Vázquez Mireles ( alias El Meme Loco ) moved Antonio Ezequiel to command the Gulf Cartel in Cancún . But after failing to meet the Gulf Cartel 's demands , he was replaced .
With Osiel imprisoned , however , Costilla Sánchez was deemed more powerful than Antonio Ezequiel . According to the declaration of the imprisoned drug lord Jaime González Durán ( alias El Hummer ) , Osiel appointed Costilla Sánchez while still in prison , and left his brother Antonio as a representative of his clan . Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano , too , was part of the first tier circle , but he headed Los Zetas , while the other two commanded the Gulf Cartel directly . The triumvirate of Antonio Ezequiel , Costilla Sánchez , and Lazcano controlled the flow of narcotics from the southern state of Quintana Roo to the northern Tamaulipas state . Although initially part of a single command structure during the Osiel era , members within Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel began to follow orders of their respective commanders . During the 1990s and early 2000s , the Gulf Cartel " operated with a certain structure that allowed for rivalries among lieutenants to exist without affecting the organization as a whole " . But with Osiel 's absence , several top leaders within the cartel fought to take control of the leadership void . This eventually resulted in the split of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas in early 2010 , prompting daily shootouts and killings from both fronts . The conflict between both groups triggered in Reynosa , Tamaulipas in January 2010 , when Samuel Flores Borrego of the Gulf Cartel killed a Zetas leader . When the fighting broke out in Reynosa , Antonio and Los Escorpiones , his private army , made their way into Valle Hermoso , Tamaulipas and took the city from Zetas 's control . Several municipal and transit police officers – who were on Los Zetas 's payroll – were hung from light poles as a message from Antonio to his rivals .
= = Death = =
For at least six months , the Mexican Armed Forces were trying to hunt down Antonio Ezequiel , nearly capturing him in two occasions . The drug lord managed to avoid capture in several occasions by relying on the armed squadron known as Los Escorpiones ( The Scorpions ) , which served as his private army . Among the first operations to capture the drug lord occurred on 31 March 2010 , when the Mexican military confronted Antonio Ezequiel 's bodyguards at Tres Culturas neighborhood in Matamoros . On 7 April 2010 , there were two shootouts in Matamoros between Mexican marines and members of the Gulf Cartel . The intelligence information collected in
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these shootouts allowed the Mexican Armed Forces to locate the domicile of Antonio Ezequiel on 14 September 2010 at Fraccionamiento Río in Matamoros . But heavily armed gunmen of the Gulf Cartel intercepted the raid and protected their leader , who escaped in an armored vehicle . Two military men were killed in the operation , but the government managed to gain more information on the logistics of the inner circle of Antonio Ezequiel . On 1 November 2010 , the Mexican authorities learned once again that Antonio Ezequiel was spending the night in a safe house at the Expo Fiesta Oriente neighborhood in Matamoros . But before the authorities got to the location , the drug lord left and avoided his capture .
Antonio Ezequiel was killed on 5 November 2010 following an eight @-@ hour shootout between gunmen of the Gulf Cartel and soldiers of the Mexican Navy in his hometown of Matamoros , Tamaulipas . Government sources claimed that this operation — where more than 660 marines , 17 vehicles , and 3 helicopters participated — left 10 dead : three marines , one soldier , four Gulf Cartel gunmen , journalist Carlos Alberto Guajardo Romero , and the drug lord Antonio Ezequiel . The shootout began at around 10 : 00 a.m. and extended to 6 : 00 p.m. , when Antonio Ezequiel and gunmen of his inner circle were killed . The intensity of the shootout forced the temporary closure of the international bridges that connect Matamoros with the US border city of Brownsville , Texas , along with the University of Texas at Brownsville , which sits on the edge of the Rio Grande River . The day light clashes generated a wave of panic among the citizens of Matamoros , who turned to social networks like Twitter and Facebook to report the violence . " Shelter , everyone ! Don 't leave your houses please . Pass the word , " read one tweet . People hid inside their homes or in windowless offices , sometimes peaking to see the cartel mayhem . Witnesses reported seeing military men carrying guns , and armed Gulf Cartel members in their own military uniforms . Power went out in several parts of downtown Matamoros , where most of the heavy gun fight took place . Communication equipment , like cellphones and radios , were not working . Gulf Cartel gunmen hijacked several buses to block roads all across the city to prevent the mobilization of the Mexican Armed Forces . Hovering helicopters from the Navy shot down at Antonio Ezequiel 's henchmen . " The city was paralyzed , " said an office worker who hid for hours inside a building . " It was a nightmare . It went on and on . " News reports described 5 November 2010 as one of Matamoros 's bloodiest days .
When the military arrived at Antonio Ezequiel 's location in downtown Matamoros to arrest him at 3 : 30 p.m. , his gunmen tried to protect the drug lord by launching several grenades and shooting at the officers . At the scene , at least 300 grenades were detonated , and gunfire perforated the building where Antonio Ezequiel hid . Gulf Cartel snipers , who hid in the rooftops of the drug lord 's hiding place , shot at the Mexican marines , who later entered the building and killed Antonio Ezequiel and several bodyguards of his inner circle . Contrary to government reports , the newspapers The Brownsville Herald and The Monitor , which are based in the Rio Grande Valley , reported that at least 47 dead from the shootings that broke out on 5 November 2010 in Matamoros . According to an anonymous source inside of Mexican law enforcement , at least 30 people had been killed by noon ; by the afternoon , 17 had been gunned down near the Matamoros city hall in the downtown area by grenades and heavy @-@ calibre gunshots . Other sources varied in their countdown . Some local sources suggest that 55 or more people had been killed in the shootout . Comments left by readers at The Brownsville Herald and its sister page El Heraldo reported at least 70 dead . Although not officially confirmed , an anonymous law enforcement officer , KVEO @-@ TV , and several online sources and witnesses mentioned that the two @-@ day death toll in Matamoros may have " easily passed " 100 . However , the exact figures of those killed in Matamoros are virtually unknown .
= = = Funeral = = =
The corpse of Antonio Ezequiel was given to Hermelinda Rivera ( wife ) and Carla Elizabeth Cárdenas Rivera ( daughter ) by the PGR at the Servicio Médico forensic installations in Ciudad Victoria , Tamaulipas on 9 November 2010 . The family of the drug lord had plans to carry out a funeral in memory of him .
= = = Aftermath = = =
Antonio Ezequiel was killed by the Mexican Navy at around 6 : 00 p.m. in downtown Matamoros on 5 November 2010 , but the roadblocks set by organized crime continued throughout the rest of the day . The drug lord had reportedly called for backup when he was surrounded by the Navy , but when he was killed , his reinforcements from Reynosa , Tamaulipas ( which consisted of over 80 SUVs filled with gunmen ) dispersed . The international bridges in Matamoros were reopened by 7 : 00 p.m. after crowds of people had waited all afternoon . In Reynosa at around 9 : 15 p.m. , a grenade exploded inside a vehicle parked outside Plaza Real , the busiest shopping center in the city and just four miles away from the Hidalgo – Reynosa International Bridge . Reynosa also reported several shootings between the Mexican Army and organized crime on the highway that connects the city with the border town of Matamoros . In the municipalities of San Fernando , Río Bravo , Jaumave , Díaz Ordaz , Nuevo Laredo , Ciudad Mier , Guerrero , Miguel Alemán , Valle Hermoso , and Ciudad Victoria , most of the daily city activities were cancelled throughout the whole day . Organized crime gunmen and risk situations were reported in these areas , too .
Early in the morning the next day , some of the residents in Matamoros went to the site where most of the heavy fighting took place . They stood at awe as they looked at the bullet @-@ ridden cement building and the shattered windows . Since the early morning , gossip started to surround the death of Antonio Ezequiel . Sporadic gunfire was reported in the city and in Valle Hermoso , Tamaulipas , a city south of Matamoros . Grenade attacks and armed confrontations reportedly resulted in several casualties throughout Matamoros ; in Valle Hermoso , only four deaths were unofficially confirmed . Law enforcement officials confirmed that an armed confrontation broke out between gunmen of Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel in Ejido Las Rusias neighborhood , and shootouts in the Lauro Villar and Roberto Guerra avenues in Matamoros . The casualties in these confrontations were difficult to calculate because both criminal organizations picked up the corpses of their fallen comrades and reportedly disposed them in clandestine graves . Roadblocks imposed by organized crime were set up in Reynosa following the death of Antonio Ezequiel , but it is unclear if they were directly related to his death . Phone services in the area continued to remain sporadic , with residents only able to use them at random hours of the day . With Antonio Ezequiel dead , Los Zetas celebrated the death of their rival 's leader by hanging banners at pedestrian bridges in several cities in northeastern Mexico , where they mocked his brother Osiel and the Gulf Cartel . Pamphlets written with " z " instead of " s " were distributed across Matamoros with a message by Los Zetas to the general population and to members of the rival Gulf Cartel . " The group of Loz Zetaz is informing you and giving you the opportunity to join with no hard feelingz , " one of the pamphlets read . " Those who don 't loze their head and their dezcendants . " Other banners with similar messages were put up in other states besides Tamaulipas . In the state of Veracruz , they were put up in the municipalities of Boca del Río , Medellín de Bravo , Poza Rica , Acayucan , Coatzacoalcos , Martínez de la Torre , Pánuco , Pueblo Viejo , Tampico Alto and Tantoyuca . In Nuevo León , most of the banners were put up in Monterrey , but the authorities also reported in the municipalities of Cadereyta , Juárez , Guadalupe and San Pedro Garza García . More banners were reported in San Luis Potosí , Oaxaca , and Quintana Roo .
On 6 November 2010 , U.S. President Barack Obama contacted former Mexican President Felipe Calderón by phone and expressed his full support to put an end to the impunity of Mexico 's organized crime syndicates . He expressed his condolences for the Mexican servicemen and the journalist that died in the operative .
Among the most intense battles between the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas following the death of Antonio Ezequiel occurred in Ciudad Mier , Tamaulipas , a small , painteresque town on the U.S.-Mexico border . Roughly five days after the drug lord 's death , over 300 people left the town to shelter in the nearby city of Miguel Alemán , while others left to seek refuge with family members that resided in Starr and Zapata County in Texas . Ciudad Mier experienced rounds of drug cartel violence because the area is a strategic route for drug traffickers . The highway that connects Ciudad Mier with Monterrey is a lucrative smuggling route for narcotics . The Mexican government responded to the citizens ' plea by sending reinforcements to restore order because the violence had been " non @-@ stop in Ciudad Mier since [ Antonio Ezequiel 's ] death . " But by the end of 2010 , around 95 % of the population in Ciudad Mier had left and relocated elsewhere due to the violence generated by Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel . In 2011 , President Calderón visited the border town and inaugurated a military barrack for the 105th battalion in the municipality . After long periods of sporadic violence , Ciudad Mier returned to normal in early 2013 . Residents credit the presence of the Mexican Armed Forces for returning peace to the border town . " Thanks to the army , families are coming back , " said a school principal from Ciudad Mier .
Antonio Ezequiel was succeeded by Costilla Sánchez and his brother Mario Cárdenas Guillén , arrested on 3 September 2012 . His nephew Rafael Cárdenas Vela became the regional leader of the Gulf Cartel in Matamoros but he was displaced by Costilla Sánchez and was arrested on 20 October 2011 . A month later on November 2011 , Antonio Ezequiel 's son Ezequiel Cárdenas Rivera was arrested by the Navy along with for other Gulf Cartel members in Matamoros . Since Antonio Ezequiel was killed , the Gulf Cartel separated into two different factions : Los Rojos , a group loyal to the Cárdenas Guillén family ; and Los Metros , a group started by Costilla Sánchez .
= = = Analysis of repercussions = = =
Shortly after Antonio Ezequiel was killed , a mood of uncertainty surrounded civilians and authorities . Most feared that his death would shake the criminal underworld in Tamaulipas and herald more violence from Los Zetas , who might look to carry out a full @-@ scale incursion in the Gulf Cartel territories and carry out kidnappings , extortions , and other violent acts in the state . Malcolm Beith , author of the book " The Last Narco " , stated shortly after Antonio Ezequiel 's death that Zeta leader Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano was possibly going to move deep into Tamaulipas and try to fight the remaining forces of the Gulf Cartel , thereby creating more violence . Researcher Humberto Palomares said , " They [ the government ] cut off one head and many more grow back [ and create violence ] " , in reference to the fall of Antonio Ezequiel . Stratfor and border security expert Sylvia Longmire , however , believed that Antonio Ezequiel 's death was not going to drastically alter the dynamics of the criminal world , and that his absence may possibly bring some level of relative peace in the Tamaulipas area . The intelligence agency stated that Antonio Ezequiel was only a leader in the Gulf Cartel because of his brother Osiel ; Costilla Sánchez , on the other hand , was the one who actually controlled the day @-@ to @-@ day operations . Antonio Ezequiel was also known for his explosive personality and cocaine addiction . It was rumored that the drug lord was hot @-@ tempered and lived an outlandish lifestyle , and that many commanders within the Gulf Cartel believed in more than one occasion that his position as leader threatened the whole organization . Longmire believed that Los Zetas would move into Reynosa and Matamoros shortly after the drug lord 's death to " test the waters " , but she stated that the Gulf Cartel , under the command of Costilla Sánchez , stood a chance to fight them off and continue its illicit activities .
Former President Felipe Calderon made taking down drug kingpins a security priority of his political administration ( 2006 – 2012 ) . His aggressive campaign against organized crime successfully removed many drug cartel leaders from Mexico 's leading drug trafficking organizations . However , his strategy has also been criticized for sparking more violence . When a drug baron is arrested or killed , the criminal organization may experiences a leadership void , which leads to infighting for succession , possible fragmentation , and new competition from other crime syndicates . This practice , commonly referred to as the " kingpin strategy " , worked to bring down the hegemony of the Cali and the Medellín Cartels in Colombia in the 1990s . But its implementation in Mexico has brought more violence and has led to instability in the criminal underworld . However , the Mexican government provides a different interpretation of the strategy . They suggest that violence does not increase in Mexico 's already violent states , and that troops are sent when violence already exists in an area . Therefore , the strategy is a product , not the cause , of the violence .
= = Los Escorpiones = =
Antonio Ezequiel commanded an elite enforcer group known as Los Escorpiones ( The Scorpions ) , which served as his private army during the 5 November 2010 shootout in Matamoros that resulted in the drug lord 's death . Los Escorpiones reportedly set up roadblocks , rocket @-@ propelled grenade attacks , and snipers to prevent the capture of their leader . According to the PGR and the Mexican Armed Forces , the group was originally formed by Antonio Ezequiel in 2002 as a parallel to his brother 's personal army , Los Zetas . However , his brother Osiel never approved of the group 's creation and subsequently cut all communication with him , although he allowed him to work on his own . Known for their brutal tactics , Los Escorpiones is composed of at least 60 former state , judicial , and municipal police officers . The enforcer group served as the armed wing of the Gulf Cartel , and they were key in the territorial war against Los Zetas in Reynosa and Matamoros in the first half of 2010 .
Along with Antonio Ezequiel , the following members of Los Escorpiones were killed on 5 November 2010 in Matamoros : Sergio Antonio Fuentes ( alias El Tyson or Escorpión 1 ) ; Raúl Marmolejo Gómez ( alias Escorpión 18 ) Hugo Lira ( alias Escorpión 26 ) and Refugio Adalberto Vargas Cortés ( alias Escorpión 42 ) . The arrests of Marco Antonio Cortez Rodríguez ( alias Escorpión 37 ) and of Josué González Rodríguez ( alias Escorpión 43 ) allowed the authorities to understand the structure of Los Escorpiones . There are several music videos on YouTube that exalt the power of Los Escorpiones through narcocorridos , a Mexican drug ballad that tells stories of drug lords and their exploits .
= = Charges and bounty = =
Antonio Ezequiel was one of the eleven most @-@ wanted Mexican fugitives sought by the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) . He was charged in a 2008 federal indictment in the District of Columbia , and the United States Department of State was offering a reward of up to $ 5 million USD for information leading to his arrest and / or conviction . The Mexican government under the Attorney General of Mexico ( PGR ) was offering a $ 30 million pesos bounty ( about $ 2 @.@ 5 million USD ) .
According to the U.S. Department of State and the DEA , Antonio Ezequiel was 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) tall , and weighed approximately 215 lbs ( 97 @.@ 5 kilos ) . He had an alternative date of birth on 5 May 1962 . He had black @-@ colored hair and brown eyes , and his aliases were Marcos Ledezma , El Licenciado ( The Certified or The Lawyer ) , and Tony Tormenta ( Tony the Storm ) , which he earned for his explosive personality and for beheading and torturing his rivals .
= = = Kingpin Act sanction = = =
On 20 July 2009 , the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Antonio Ezequiel under
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the pre @-@ production series did not occur until 23 April 1934 . A bigger problem was that the Army had rejected ČKD 's proposed armament of a 4 @.@ 7 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Vickers 44 / 60 gun and two ZB vz . 26 machine guns so the contract was signed with no design work on the desired armament configuration . ČKD did not finalize its design until December 1933 and the first six tanks were delivered with only a pair of ZB vz . 26 machine guns . The last tanks were delivered on 14 January 1936 , but the six pre @-@ production models had to be returned to the factory to be upgraded with the proper armament and otherwise modified up to the latest standards . The last one was delivered on 17 August 1936 .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Czechoslovakia = = =
The Czech Army realized that the 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) armor on its LT vz . 34 tanks was too thin and a program to replace it was quickly mounted which resulted in the LT vz . 35 . In the meantime they offered the Army an opportunity to train with more modern tanks than its few surviving World War I @-@ era Renault FTs . Each of the three armored regiments received between nine and twenty @-@ four until replaced by the LT vz . 35 from 1937 . After the Munich Agreement in October 1938 the army tried to sell them , but could find no takers . In November 1938 it decided to concentrate all of them in the Third Armored Regiment in Slovakia , but only eighteen had been transferred before the German occupation of Czechoslovakia and the Slovak declaration of independence in March 1939 .
= = = Germany = = =
The Germans captured twenty @-@ three LT vz . 34s and the prototype when they occupied Czechoslovakia , but there is no record of their use so they were presumably quickly scrapped . Ten LT vz . 34s were captured after they were abandoned by the insurgents during the Slovak National Uprising in 1944 . They were shipped to Skoda for repairs , but the local military representative ordered them scrapped because of their poor condition and obsolescence . The Waffen @-@ SS tried to overturn this order as it planned to transfer them to Nazi puppet state of Croatia . Two were saved from the scrapyard , but by March 1945 the others had their turrets salvaged to be rearmed with two machine guns and mounted in fixed fortifications .
= = = Slovakia = = =
The twenty @-@ seven LT vz . 34s formed one company in the Armored Battalion " Martin " formed by the Slovak Army in mid @-@ 1939 , which was later expanded into the Armored Regiment , but they were relegated to training duties once the Slovaks began to receive more modern tanks from Germany in 1941 . Ten were abandoned by the insurgents when the Slovak National Uprising began in September 1944 and were quickly captured by the Germans . The others were dug in on the approaches to Zvolen .
= Battle of Yongsan =
The Battle of Yongsan was an engagement between United Nations ( UN ) and North Korean ( NK ) forces early in the Korean War from September 1 – 5 , 1950 , at Yongsan in South Korea . It was part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously . The battle ended in a victory for the United Nations after large numbers of United States ( US ) and South Korean troops repelled a strong North Korean attack .
During the nearby Second Battle of Naktong Bulge , the North Korean People 's Army broke through the US Army 's 2nd Infantry Division lines along the Naktong River . Exploiting this weakness , the NK 9th Division and NK 4th Division attacked to Yongsan , a village east of the river and the gateway to the UN lines of supply and reinforcement for the Pusan Perimeter . What followed was a fight between North Korean and US forces for Yongsan .
The North Koreans were able to briefly capture Yongsan from the 2nd Infantry Division , which had been split in half from the penetrations at Naktong Bulge . Lieutenant General Walton Walker , seeing the danger of the attack , brought in the US Marine Corps 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to counterattack . In three days of fierce fighting , the Army and Marine forces were able to push the North Koreans out of the town and destroy the two attacking divisions . The win was a key step toward victory in the fight at the Naktong Bulge .
= = Background = =
= = = Pusan Perimeter = = =
From the outbreak of the Korean War and the invasion of South Korea by the North , the North Korean People 's Army had enjoyed superiority in both manpower and equipment over both the Republic of Korea Army and the United Nations forces dispatched to South Korea to prevent it from collapsing . The North Korean strategy was to aggressively pursue UN and ROK forces on all avenues of approach south and to engage them aggressively , attacking from the front and initiating a double envelopment of both flanks of the unit , which allowed the North Koreans to surround and cut off the opposing force , which would then be forced to retreat in disarray , often leaving behind much of its equipment . From their initial June 25 offensive to fights in July and early August , the North Koreans used this strategy to effectively defeat any UN force and push it south . However , when the UN forces , under the Eighth United States Army , established the Pusan Perimeter in August , the UN troops held a continuous line along the peninsula which North Korean troops could not flank , and their advantages in numbers decreased daily as the superior UN logistical system brought in more troops and supplies to the UN army .
When the North Koreans approached the Pusan Perimeter on August 5 , they attempted the same frontal assault technique on the four main avenues of approach into the perimeter . Throughout August , the NK 6th Division , and later the NK 7th Division , engaged the US 25th Infantry Division at the Battle of Masan , initially repelling a UN counteroffensive before countering with battles at Komam @-@ ni and Battle Mountain . These attacks stalled as UN forces , well equipped and with plenty of reserves , repeatedly repelled North Korean attacks . North of Masan , the NK 4th Division and the US 24th Infantry Division sparred in the Naktong Bulge area . In the First Battle of Naktong Bulge , the North Korean division was unable to hold its bridgehead across the river as large numbers of US reserve forces were brought in to repel it , and on August 19 , the NK 4th Division was forced back across the river with 50 percent casualties . In the Taegu region , five North Korean divisions were repulsed by three UN divisions in several attempts to attack the city during the Battle of Taegu . Particularly heavy fighting took place at the Battle of the Bowling Alley where the NK 13th Division was almost completely destroyed in the attack . On the east coast , three more North Korean divisions were repulsed by the South Koreans at P 'ohang @-@ dong during the Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong . All along the front , the North Korean troops were reeling from these defeats , the first time in the war their strategies were not working .
= = = September push = = =
In planning its new offensive , the North Korean command decided any attempt to flank the UN force was impossible thanks to the support of the UN navy . Instead , they opted to use frontal attack to breach the perimeter and collapse it ; this was considered to be the only hope of achieving success in the battle . Fed by intelligence from the Soviet Union , the North Koreans were aware of the UN forces building up along the Pusan Perimeter and that they must conduct an offensive soon or they could not win the battle . A secondary objective was to surround Taegu and destroy the UN and ROK units in that city . As part of this mission , the North Korean units would first cut the supply lines to Taegu .
On August 20 , the North Korean commands distributed operations orders to their subordinate units . The North Koreans called for a simultaneous five @-@ prong attack against the UN lines . These attacks would overwhelm the UN defenders and allow the North Koreans to break through the lines in at least one place to force the UN forces back . Five battle groupings were ordered . The center attack called for the NK 9th Division , NK 4th Division , NK 2nd Division , and NK 10th Division break through the US 2nd Infantry Division at the Naktong Bulge to Miryang and Yongsan .
= = Battle = =
On the morning of September 1 the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the NK 9th Division , in their first offensive of the war , stood only a few miles short of Yongsan after a successful river crossing and penetration of the American line . The 3rd Regiment had been left at Inch 'on , but division commander Major General Pak Kyo Sam felt the chances of capturing Yongsan were strong .
As the NK 9th Division approached Yongsan , its 1st Regiment was on the north and its 2nd Regiment on the south . The division 's attached support , consisting of one 76 mm artillery battalion from the NK I Corps , an antiaircraft battalion of artillery , two tank battalions of the NK 16th Armored Brigade , and a battalion of artillery from the NK 4th Division , gave it unusually heavy support . Crossing the river behind it came the 4th Division , a greatly weakened organization , far understrength , short of weapons , and made up mostly of untrained replacements . A captured North Korean document referred to this grouping of units that attacked from the Sinban @-@ ni area into the Naktong Bulge as the main force of NK I Corps . Elements of the 9th Division reached the hills just west of Yongsan during the afternoon of September 1 .
On the morning of September 1 , with only the shattered remnants of E Company at hand , the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division had virtually no troops to defend Yongsan . Division commander Major General Laurence B. Keiser in this emergency attached the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion to the regiment . The US 72nd Tank Battalion and the 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company also were assigned positions close to Yongsan . The regimental commander planned to place the engineers on the chain of low hills that arched around Yongsan on the northwest .
= = = North Korean attack = = =
A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , moved to the south side of the Yongsan @-@ Naktong River road ; D Company of the 2nd Engineer Battalion was on the north side of the road . Approximately 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Yongsan an estimated 300 North Korean troops engaged A Company in a fire fight . M19 Gun Motor Carriages of the 82nd AAA Battalion supported the engineers in this action , which lasted several hours . Meanwhile , with the approval of General Bradley , D Company moved to the hill immediately south of and overlooking Yongsan . A platoon of infantry went into position behind it . A Company was now ordered to fall back to the southeast edge of Yongsan on the left flank of D Company . There , A Company went into position along the road ; on its left was C Company of the Engineer battalion , and beyond C Company was the 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company . The hill occupied by D Company was in reality the western tip of a large mountain mass that lay southeast of the town . The road to Miryang came south out of Yongsan , bent around the western tip of this mountain , and then ran eastward along its southern base . In its position , D Company not only commanded the town but also its exit , the road to Miryang .
North Koreans had also approached Yongsan from the south . The US 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company and tanks of the 72nd Tank Battalion opposed them in an intense fight . In this action , Sergeant First Class Charles W. Turner of the Reconnaissance Company particularly distinguished himself . He mounted a tank , operated its exposed turret machine gun , and directed tank fire which reportedly destroyed seven North Korean machine guns . Turner and this tank came under heavy North Korean fire which shot away the tank 's periscope and antennae and scored more than 50 hits on it . Turner , although wounded , remained on the tank until he was killed . That night North Korean soldiers crossed the low ground around Yongsan and entered the town from the south .
The North Koreans now attempted a breakthrough of the Engineer position . After daylight , they were unable to get reinforcements into the fight since D Company commanded the town and its approaches . In this fight , which raged until 11 : 00 , the engineers had neither artillery nor mortar support . D Company remedied this by using its new 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch and old 2 @.@ 36 @-@ inch rocket launchers against the North Korean infantry . The fire of the 18 bazookas plus that from machine guns and the small arms of the company inflicted very heavy casualties on the North Koreans , who desperately tried to clear the way for a push eastward to Miryang . Tanks of A and B Companies , 72nd Tank Battalion , at the southern and eastern edge of Yongsan shared equally with the engineers in the intensity of this battle . The company commander was the only officer of D Company not killed or wounded in this melee , which cost the company 12 men killed and 18 wounded . The edge of Yongsan and the slopes of the hill south of the town became covered with North Korean dead and destroyed equipment .
= = = Reinforcements = = =
While this battle raged during the morning at Yongsan , commanders reorganized about 800 men of the 9th Infantry who had arrived in that vicinity from the overrun river line positions . Among them were F and G Companies , which were not in the path of major North Korean crossings and had succeeded in withdrawing eastward . They had no crew @-@ served weapons or heavy equipment . In midafternoon September 2 , tanks and the reorganized US 2nd Battalion , 9th Infantry , attacked through A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , into Yongsan , and regained possession of the town at 15 : 00 . Later , two bazooka teams from A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , knocked out three T @-@ 34 tanks just west of Yongsan . American ground and air action destroyed other North Korean tanks during the day southwest of the town . By evening the North Koreans had been driven into the hills westward . In the evening , the 2nd Battalion and A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , occupied the first chain of low hills 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) beyond Yongsan , the engineers west and the 2nd Battalion northwest of the town . For the time being at least , the North Korean drive toward Miryang had been halted . In this time , the desperately undermanned US units began to be reinforced with Korean Augmentees ( KATUSAs . ) However , the cultural divide between the KATUSAs and the US troops caused tensions .
At 09 : 35 September 2 , while the North Koreans were attempting to destroy the engineer troops at the southern edge of Yongsan and clear the road to Miryang , Eighth United States Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker spoke by telephone with Major General Doyle O. Hickey , Deputy Chief of Staff , Far East Command in Tokyo . He described the situation around the Perimeter and said the most serious threat was along the boundary between the US 2nd and US 25th Infantry Divisions . He described the location of his reserve forces and his plans for using them . He said he had started the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade , under Brigadier General Edward A. Craig , toward Yongsan but had not yet released them for commitment there and he wanted to be sure that General of the Army Douglas MacArthur approved his use of them , since he knew that this would interfere with other plans of the Far East Command . Walker said he did not think he could restore the 2nd Division lines without using them . Hickey replied that MacArthur had the day before approved the use of the US Marines if and when Walker considered it necessary . A few hours after this conversation , at 13 : 15 , Walker attached the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to the US 2nd Division and ordered a co @-@ ordinated attack by all available elements of the division and the marines , with the mission of destroying the North Koreans east of the Naktong River in the 2nd Division sector and restoring the river line . The marines were to be released from 2nd Division control as soon as this mission was accomplished .
= = = September 3 counterattack = = =
A conference was held that afternoon at the US 2nd Division command post attended by leaders of the Eighth Army , US 2nd Division , and 1st Marine Brigade . A decision was reached that the marines would attack west at 08 : 00 on September 3 astride the Yongsan @-@ Naktong River road ; the 9th Infantry , B Company of the 72nd Tank Battalion , and D Battery of the 82d AAA Battalion would attack northwest above the marines and attempt to re @-@ establish contact with the US 23rd Infantry ; the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , remnants of the 1st Battalion , 9th Infantry , and elements of the 72nd Tank Battalion would attack on the left flank , or south , of the marines to reestablish contact with the 25th Division . Eighth Army now ordered the US 24th Infantry Division headquarters and the US 19th Infantry Regiment to move to the Susan @-@ ni area , 8 miles ( 13 km ) south of Miryang and 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of the confluence of the Nam River and the Naktong River . There it was to prepare to enter the battle in either the 2nd or 25th Division zone .
The troops holding this line on the first hills west of Yongsan were G Company , 9th Infantry , north of the road running west through Kogan @-@ ni to the Naktong ; A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , southward across the road ; and , below the engineers , F Company , 9th Infantry . Between 03 : 00 and 04 : 30 September 3 , the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade moved to forward assembly areas . The 2nd Battalion , 5th Marines assembled north of Yongsan , the 1st Battalion , 5th Marines south of it . The 3rd Battalion , 5th Marines established security positions southwest of Yongsan along the approaches into the regimental sector from that direction .
During the night , A Company of the engineers had considerable fighting with North Koreans and never reached its objective . At dawn September 3 , A Company attacked to gain the high ground which was part of the designated Marine line of departure . The company fought its way up the slope to within 100 yards ( 91 m ) of the top , which was held by the firmly entrenched North Koreans . At this point the company commander caught a North Korean @-@ thrown grenade and was wounded by its fragments as he tried to throw it away from his men . The company with help from Marine tank fire eventually gained its objective , but this early morning battle for the line of departure delayed the planned attack .
The Marine attack started at 08 : 55 across the rice paddy land toward North Korean @-@ held high ground 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) westward . The 1st Battalion , 5th Marines , south of the east @-@ west road , gained its objective when North Korean soldiers broke under air attack and ran down the northern slope and crossed the road to Hill 116 in the 2nd Battalion zone . Air strikes , artillery concentrations , and machine gun and rifle fire of the 1st Battalion now caught North Korean reinforcements in open rice paddies moving up from the second ridge and killed most of them . In the afternoon , the 1st Battalion advanced to Hill 91 .
North of the road the 2nd Battalion had a harder time , encountering heavy North Korean fire when it reached the northern tip of Hill 116 , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Yongsan . The North Koreans held the hill during the day , and at night D Company of the 5th Marines was isolated there . In the fighting west of Yongsan Marine armor knocked out four T @-@ 34 tanks , and North Korean crew members abandoned a fifth . That night the marines dug in on a line 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Yongsan . The 2nd Battalion had lost 18 killed and 77 wounded during the day , most of them in D Company . Total Marine casualties for September 3 were 34 killed and 157 wounded . Coordinating its attack with that of the marines , the 9th Infantry advanced abreast of them on the north .
= = = September 4 counterattack = = =
Just before midnight , the 3rd Battalion , 5th Marines , received orders to pass through the 2nd Battalion and continue the attack in the morning . That night torrential rains made the troops miserable and lowered morale . The North Koreans were unusually quiet and launched few patrols or attacks . The morning of September 4 , the weather was clear .
The counterattack continued at 08 : 00 September 4 , at first against little opposition . North of the road the 2nd Battalion quickly completed occupation of Hill 116 , from which the North Koreans had withdrawn during the night
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Provisional Marine Brigade suffered 185 killed and around 500 wounded during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter , most of which probably occurred at Yongsan .
Once again the fatal weakness of the North Korean Army had cost it victory after an impressive initial success @-@ its communications and supply were not capable of exploiting a breakthrough and of supporting a continuing attack in the face of massive air , armor , and artillery fire that could be concentrated against its troops at critical points . By September 8 , the North Korean attacks in the area had been repulsed .
= Snowflake =
A snowflake is either a single ice crystal or an aggregation of ice crystals which falls through the Earth 's atmosphere . They begin as snow crystals which develop when microscopic supercooled cloud droplets freeze . Snowflakes come in a variety of sizes and shapes . Complex shapes emerge as the flake moves through differing temperature and humidity regions , such that individual snowflakes are almost always unique in structure . Snowflakes encapsulated in rime form balls known as graupel . Snowflakes appear white in color despite being made of clear ice . This is due to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light by the small crystal facets .
= = Formation = =
In warmer clouds an aerosol particle or " ice nucleus " must be present in ( or in contact with ) the droplet to act as a nucleus . The particles that make ice nuclei are very rare compared to nuclei upon which liquid cloud droplets form ; however , it is not understood what makes them efficient . Clays , desert dust and biological particles may be effective , although to what extent is unclear . Artificial nuclei include particles of silver iodide and dry ice , and these are used to stimulate precipitation in cloud seeding .
Once a droplet has frozen , it grows in the supersaturated environment , which is one where air is saturated with respect to ice when the temperature is below the freezing point . The droplet then grows by deposition of water molecules in the air ( vapor ) onto the ice crystal surface where they are collected . Because water droplets are so much more numerous than the ice crystals due to their sheer abundance , the crystals are able to grow to hundreds of micrometers or millimeters in size at the expense of the water droplets . This process is known as the Wegener – Bergeron – Findeisen process . The corresponding depletion of water vapor causes the droplets to evaporate , meaning that the ice crystals grow at the droplets ' expense . These large crystals are an efficient source of precipitation , since they fall through the atmosphere due to their mass , and may collide and stick together in clusters , or aggregates . These aggregates are usually the type of ice particle that falls to the ground . Guinness World Records list the world 's largest ( aggregate ) snowflakes as those of January 1887 at Fort Keogh , Montana ; allegedly one measured 15 inches ( 38 cm ) wide . Although this report by a farmer is doubtful , aggregates of three or four inches width have been observed . Single crystals the size of a dime ( 17 @.@ 91 mm in diameter ) have been observed .
The exact details of the sticking mechanism remain controversial . Possibilities include mechanical interlocking , sintering , electrostatic attraction as well as the existence of a " sticky " liquid @-@ like layer on the crystal surface . The individual ice crystals often have hexagonal symmetry . Although the ice is clear , scattering of light by the crystal facets and hollows / imperfections mean that the crystals often appear white in color due to diffuse reflection of the whole spectrum of light by the small ice particles . The shape of the snowflake is determined broadly by the temperature and humidity at which it is formed . Rarely , at a temperature of around − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) , snowflakes can form in threefold symmetry — triangular snowflakes . The most common snow particles are visibly irregular , although near @-@ perfect snowflakes may be more common in pictures because they are more visually appealing . It is unlikely that any two snowflakes are alike due to the estimated 1019 ( 10 quintillion ) water molecules which make up a typical snowflake , which grow at different rates and in different patterns depending on the changing temperature and humidity within the atmosphere that the snowflake falls through on its way to the ground .
= = = Symmetry = = =
A non @-@ aggregated snowflake often exhibits six @-@ fold radial symmetry . The initial symmetry can occur because the crystalline structure of ice is six @-@ fold . The six " arms " of the snowflake , or dendrites , then grow independently , and each side of each arm grows independently . Most snowflakes are not completely symmetric . The micro @-@ environment in which the snowflake grows changes dynamically as the snowflake falls through the cloud , and tiny changes in temperature and humidity affect the way in which water molecules attach to the snowflake . Since the micro @-@ environment ( and its changes ) are very nearly identical around the snowflake , each arm can grow in nearly the same way . However , being in the same micro @-@ environment does not guarantee that each arm grow the same ; indeed , for some crystal forms it does not because the underlying crystal growth mechanism also affects how fast each surface region of a crystal grows . Empirical studies suggest less than 0 @.@ 1 % of snowflakes exhibit the ideal six @-@ fold symmetric shape .
= = Uniqueness = =
Snowflakes form in a wide variety of intricate shapes , leading to the popular expression that " no two are alike " . Although possible , it is very unlikely . Initial attempts to find identical snowflakes by photographing thousands of them with a microscope from 1885 onward by Wilson Alwyn Bentley found the wide variety of snowflakes we know about today . In 1988 , Nancy Knight was documenting snowflakes for the National Center for Atmospheric Research and found two identical snowflakes of the hollow column type . It can have many sides from 5- ( a number on beyond )
= = Use as a symbol = =
The snowflake is often a traditional seasonal image or motif used around the Christmas period , especially in Europe , the United States and Canada . It represents the traditional White Christmas . During this period , it is quite popular to make paper snowflakes by folding a piece of paper several times , cutting out a pattern with scissors and then unfolding it .
Snowflakes are also often used as symbols representing winter or cold conditions . For example , snow tires which enhance traction during harsh winter driving conditions are labelled with a snowflake on the mountain symbol . A stylized snowflake has been part of the emblem of the 1968 Winter Olympics , 1972 Winter Olympics , 1988 Winter Olympics , 1998 Winter Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics .
In heraldry , the snowflake is a stylized charge , often used to represent winter or winter sports .
Three different snowflake symbols are encoded in Unicode : " snowflake " at U + 2744 ( ❄ ) ; " tight trifoliate snowflake " at U + 2745 ( ❅ ) ; and " heavy chevron snowflake " at U + 2746 ( ❆ ) .
= = Gallery = =
A selection of photographs taken by Wilson Bentley ( 1865 – 1931 ) :
= Memento Mori ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Memento Mori " is the fourteenth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on February 9 , 1997 . It was directed by Rob Bowman , and written by series creator Chris Carter , Vince Gilligan , John Shiban and Frank Spotnitz . " Memento Mori " featured guest appearances by Sheila Larken , David Lovgren and Morris Panych . The episode helped to explore the overarching mythology , or fictional history of The X @-@ Files . " Memento Mori " earned a Nielsen household rating of 15 @.@ 5 , being watched by 19 @.@ 1 million people in its initial broadcast . The title translates from Latin as " remember that you will die . "
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . When Scully is diagnosed with an inoperable nasopharyngeal tumor , Mulder attempts to discover what happened to her during her abduction experience , believing the two events to be related .
" Memento Mori " was written in only two days , when previous series writer Darin Morgan did not contribute a script for the season . Discussion between the writing staff led to the " obligatory " decision to have Scully diagnosed with cancer , although the decision was not unanimous . Guest actor Lovgren portrayed multiple clones of his character using post @-@ production techniques to merge several shots together ; while actor Pat Skipper had a scene cut from the final episode for time restraints , later appearing in the season finale .
= = Plot = =
Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) learns that she has a cancerous tumor between her sinus and cerebrum . She initially tells only Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) of the diagnosis , and is determined to continue to work . The agents head to Allentown , Pennsylvania to see Betsy Hagopian , a Mutual UFO Network member who was previously discovered to be suffering from similar symptoms . The agents learn that Betsy has died , yet find someone using her phone line . They trace the call to Kurt Crawford ( David Lovgren ) , a fellow MUFON member . Crawford tells them that all but one of the MUFON members Scully previously met have died of cancer . Scully is skeptical of Mulder and Crawford 's claims that a government conspiracy and her abduction are behind her illness .
Scully visits the last surviving MUFON member , Penny Northern , who is being treated for cancer at a medical centre . Meanwhile , Mulder discovers that all the abductees were childless but had been treated at a nearby fertility clinic . When Mulder is called away by Scully , an assassin , the Gray @-@ Haired Man ( Morris Panych ) arrives and kills Crawford with a stiletto weapon , revealing him to be an alien @-@ human hybrid . After meeting Penny 's physician , Dr. Scanlon , Scully elects to begin chemotherapy . Mulder sneaks into the clinic and finds Crawford there , seemingly alive . Mulder and " Crawford " hack into the clinic 's computer database and find information revealing Scully has a file there . Mulder sees Skinner and asks to deal with The Smoking Man to save Scully , but Skinner convinces him not to do so .
Mulder recruits The Lone Gunmen to help him break into a high security research facility where he thinks he may be able to find more information on how to save Scully . Meanwhile , Skinner tries to deal directly with The Smoking Man for Scully 's life , who tells him he will get back to him . Inside the facility , Mulder discovers that Dr. Scanlon works alongside several clones of Kurt Crawford . The clones show him Scully 's harvested ova and tell him they are trying to save the abducted women 's lives , since they acted as their birth mothers . They also hope to subvert the colonization project as an inside job . Mulder takes Scully 's ova and leaves , being pursued by the Gray @-@ Haired Man as he escapes . He returns to the hospital to see Scully , who tells him that Penny has died but that she intends to fight the disease . Afterward , Mulder thanks Skinner for advising him not to negotiate with the Smoking Man , after which Skinner and the Smoking Man come to terms on their deal in seclusion .
= = Production = =
The show 's producers decided to give Gillian Anderson 's character Dana Scully cancer early in the fourth season . Series creator Chris Carter initially discussed giving Scully 's mother cancer but decided to have Scully suffer from it instead . Carter felt the move would give the show an interesting platform on which to discuss things such as faith , science , health care and a certain element of the paranormal . Some of the writing staff felt that the decision was a poor one to make , citing it as " a cheap TV thing " . However , Frank Spotnitz felt that , given the appearances of cancer @-@ stricken abductees in previous episodes , it was an " obligatory " move to have Scully follow suit .
The episode was written by Vince Gilligan , John Shiban , and Frank Spotnitz three days after another script idea fell through . Spotnitz noted that " Darin Morgan had left the show but was going to contribute an episode . And we realized at the eleventh hour that it wasn 't going to happen , and we were stuck with nothing . John , Vince and I broke that story in maybe two days . We split up the acts , wrote it in probably another two days , and gave the crew something to prep before Christmas break . That was the worst ever . " Carter ended up rewriting the script over the holiday . The initial cut ended up being too long , resulting in a scene introducing Scully 's older brother Bill Scully , played by Pat Skipper , being removed . The character , still played by Skipper , would eventually make his first appearance in the fourth season finale " Gethsemane " . The scene which would have established the character was intended to echo a similar scene in the second season episode " One Breath " , which featured Don S. Davis as Scully 's father . Both scenes featured the actors standing over a supine Scully , wearing white United States Navy dress uniforms . Also deleted from the episode was a kiss between Mulder and Scully , which would have been the first in the series ' run . This was an ad @-@ lib on Anderson and Duchovny 's part , and was removed from the episode as it was something Chris Carter felt he wanted to make use of in the series ' film adaptation . Such a kiss was eventually deferred to season six 's " Triangle " .
The episode 's opening scene , featuring a camera moving slowly towards Scully in a harsh white light , was achieved by constructing a long narrow set covered in aluminium foil , which amplified the light being used and downplayed any colors . This shot was drained of color entirely , and was combined with a series of blurring and framing effects in post @-@ production to further enhance the intended image — to create the impression of waking from a dream .
A scene featuring multiple clones of the character Kurt Crawford was achieved with motion control photography , allowing actor David Lovgren to portray all of the clones — multiple takes were recorded with the actor in different positions within the scene , and by using a camera controlled by a computer to follow exactly the same motions for each take , these could be seamlessly composited together . Producer Paul Rabwin has noted that achieving these shots was difficult due to the mixture of green and blue light sources in the scene .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Memento Mori " premiered on the Fox network on February 9 , 1997 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on December 10 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 11 @.@ 5 with a 17 share , meaning that roughly 11 @.@ 5 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 17 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 19 @.@ 10 million viewers watched this episode during its original airing .
Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode an A , calling it " an occasionally beautiful , occasionally haunting , often overwritten story " . He felt that the episode took the uncommon route of tying together several previously @-@ mentioned aspects of the series ' mythology , making it " easy to believe the pieces might come together at this point " . However , VanDerWerff also noted that the episode 's two main plot threads — Scully 's cancer and Mulder 's investigation — seemed " clumsily grafted " together , and did not explore the theme of living with the fear of death as well as the previous episode , " Never Again " , had done . Frank Spotnitz praised the episode , saying , " I think that was the best mythology episode we ever did . It 's my favorite one " . Chris Carter has stated that he feels " Memento Mori " ranks " among the best mythology episodes of all nine seasons " .
This episode was submitted to the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences to represent The X @-@ Files in that year 's Primetime Emmy Awards . Episode writers Chris Carter , Vince Gilligan , John Shiban , and Frank Spotnitz were nominated for an Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series . Art directors Graeme Murray and Gary Allen and set decorator Shirley Inget won the Creative Emmy Award for Best Art Direction in a Series , while actress Gillian Anderson also won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her work in this episode and the fourth season as a whole .
= Tyler Clippard =
Tyler Lee Clippard ( born February 14 , 1985 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Arizona Diamondbacks of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played for New York Yankees , Washington Nationals , Oakland Athletics , and New York Mets .
After playing baseball at J. W. Mitchell High School in New Port Richey , Florida , the Yankees drafted Clippard in the ninth round of the 2003 MLB draft . He debuted with the Yankees as a starting pitcher in 2007 . The Yankees traded him to the Nationals before the 2008 season , and the Nationals converted him into a relief pitcher in 2009 . The Nationals traded Clippard to the Athletics before the 2015 season , who traded him to the Mets during the 2015 season . He signed as a free agent with the Diamondbacks before the 2016 season .
Clippard led the major leagues in holds in 2014 . He was named to the MLB All @-@ Star Game in 2011 and 2014 , and won the MLB Delivery Man of the Month Award in June 2012 .
= = Amateur career = =
Clippard was born in Lexington , Kentucky . His family moved to Florida when he was a toddler . Clippard played baseball in Little League ; in eleven years , he won seven district titles , but was never able to reach the Little League World Series . He learned to pitch when he was eight years old . In 2001 , he was a member of the Palm Harbor team that won the Senior League World Series .
Clippard began his high school career at Palm Harbor University High School in Palm Harbor , Florida . After failing to make the varsity baseball team in his first two seasons , he transferred to J. W. Mitchell High School in New Port Richey , Florida , where he played for the school 's baseball team . As a junior , in 2002 , he won six games . He was named to the All @-@ Conference first team .
In 2003 , his senior season , Clippard had a 1 – 1 record with an 0 @.@ 81 ERA and 31 strikeouts in 17 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . However , he was dismissed from the school 's baseball team after being charged with driving under the influence of alcohol . Clippard transferred to Dunedin High School in Dunedin , Florida , which had a nationally ranked baseball team . Clippard attempted to play for their team , but the move was blocked by the Florida High School Athletic Association , as players are not allowed to transfer during the course of a season , nor are they allowed to transfer to avoid sanctions given for disciplinary reasons . After taking classes at Dunedin for a month , Clippard transferred back to Mitchell in order to graduate from high school with his friends .
Clippard competed for the Central Florida Renegades in Connie Mack Baseball , an amateur 18 @-@ and @-@ under competition organized by the American Amateur Baseball Congress . He earned pitcher of the week honors in the Florida State Elite Baseball League in June 2003 .
Clippard also played golf at Mitchell . As a sophomore , in 2001 , Clippard was named one of the ten best golfers in Pasco County . He registered the best individual score in the Sunshine Athletic Conference tournament that year . He was named to the All @-@ Conference first team as a junior and to the All @-@ County as a senior , and helped lead Mitchell to victory in the Sunshine Athletic Conference tournament during his senior year .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Draft = = =
Without the benefit of a full senior season to show himself off to scouts , Clippard proactively sent scouts a schedule of when he was throwing and attended as many showcases as he could . He trained with Roy Silver , a retired professional baseball player , who worked with Clippard on his mechanics and his maturity . Clippard 's father , Bob , teamed up with Tom Kotchman , father of Florida high school player Casey Kotchman , to form showcases with past teammates of Clippard .
Clippard was drafted in the ninth round of the 2003 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) draft , with the 274th overall selection , by the New York Yankees . Though he had signed a National Letter of Intent in the fall of 2002 to attend the University of South Florida on a baseball scholarship , allowing him to play college baseball for the South Florida Bulls , he chose to turn professional due to his draft position and the opportunity to play for the Yankees .
= = = New York Yankees = = =
Clippard made his professional debut that year in the Rookie @-@ level Gulf Coast League ( GCL ) with the GCL Yankees , pitching to a 3 – 3 win – loss record with a 2 @.@ 89 ERA . In 43 2 ⁄ 3 innings , he allowed 33 hits and five walks while striking out 56 . Moving up to the Battle Creek Yankees of the Class A Midwest League for the 2004 season , Clippard had a 10 – 10 record with a 3 @.@ 44 ERA and a strikeout @-@ to @-@ walk ratio of 4 @.@ 53 : 1 in 25 starts .
Clippard was 10 – 9 with a 3 @.@ 18 ERA for the Tampa Yankees of the Class A @-@ Advanced Florida State League ( FSL ) in 2005 . He was named to the West team in the FSL All @-@ Star Game . However , he did not appear in the game , as the Charleston RiverDogs of the Class A South Atlantic League needed another pitcher that day . Clippard was named FSL pitcher of the week for the week of July 10 through 17 . For the season , opponents batted .219 against him and he struck out 169 batters in 147 1 ⁄ 3 innings , while walking 34 . He led Yankees farmhands in strikeouts and finished fifth in the affiliated minor leagues , behind Francisco Liriano , Joel Zumaya , Rich Hill and Chuck James . He also led the FSL in strikeouts and was seventh in ERA . However , he did not make the FSL post @-@ season All @-@ Star team and Baseball America did not rank him as one of the league 's top prospects .
Baseball America ranked Clippard as the Yankees ' tenth best prospect heading into the 2006 season . Promoted to the Trenton Thunder of the Class AA Eastern League in 2006 , Clippard again led Yankee farmhands in strikeouts ( 175 ) . He allowed just a .200 batting average and had three times as many strikeouts as walks . Clippard was 12 – 10 with a 3 @.@ 35 ERA for the Trenton Thunder . He threw the first no @-@ hitter in franchise history on August 17 , shutting down the Harrisburg Senators . He was named the Eastern League 's pitcher of the week for his accomplishment . Earlier in the season , Clippard flirted with a perfect game , retiring the first 21 batters in a game against the Binghamton Mets . Clippard also won nine straight games at one point , breaking the club record of eight shared by Tomo Ohka and Carl Pavano . He teamed with Phil Hughes to form one of the best pitching duos in minor league baseball . Clippard again was fifth in the affiliated minors in strikeouts , trailing Yovani Gallardo , Francisco Cruceta , Matt Maloney and Franklin Morales . He led the Eastern League in strikeouts and was seventh in ERA . Baseball America ranked him as the tenth @-@ best prospect in the Eastern League .
Clippard began 2007 with the Scranton / Wilkes @-@ Barre Yankees of the Class AAA International League . He was 3 – 2 with a 2 @.@ 72 ERA in his first eight starts , striking out 41 in 39 2 / 3 innings but allowing 40 hits and 17 walks . Though the Yankees experienced injuries in the starting rotation , they called on Matt DeSalvo and Chase Wright before Clippard . When Darrell Rasner broke his finger in May , Clippard was called up to New York . He became the seventh rookie to start a game for the 2007 New York Yankees , following Hughes , DeSalvo , Rasner , Wright , Kei Igawa and Jeff Karstens .
Making his MLB debut on May 20 , 2007 , in an interleague game against the New York Mets , Clippard recorded his first MLB win . He pitched six innings , giving up one run off the bat of David Wright and three hits . He struck out his first major league batter , José Reyes , on three pitches . He recorded his first career hit in his second at @-@ bat off Mets pitcher Scott Schoeneweis , a double to right center in the sixth inning . Clippard was optioned back to the minor leagues in June . He struggled in his return to the minor leagues for Scranton / Wilkes @-@ Barre , and was demoted to Trenton in July . Though he was a member of the Trenton team as they won the Eastern League championship , Clippard struggled in the playoffs . The Yankees recalled him in September . Overall with , he had a 3 – 1 record and a 6 @.@ 33 ERA with the Yankees .
= = = Washington Nationals = = =
Clippard was traded on December 4 , 2007 , to the Washington Nationals for relief pitcher Jonathan Albaladejo . The Nationals viewed him as a contender for a spot in the starting rotation . However , he began the season with the Columbus Clippers , Washington 's Class AAA affiliate . He pitched his first game for the Nationals on June 9 , 2008 , after Odalis Pérez was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list . He was optioned to the minor leagues after this start , but was given a second start a few days later , as Pérez was not yet ready to return . The Nationals then optioned Clippard to Columbus after his second start , in which Clippard pitched to a 1 – 1 record and 4 @.@ 35 ERA . He was recalled later in June as Shawn Hill was placed on the disabled list . He spent most of the season with Columbus , going 6 – 13 with a 4 @.@ 66 ERA . He tied Yorman Bazardo and Charlie Haeger for the most losses in the International League that season .
During spring training in 2009 , the Nationals optioned Clippard to the Syracuse Chiefs , Washington 's new Class AAA affiliate . Despite starting six games with the Yankees in 2007 and two for the Nationals in 2008 , he was converted to a relief pitcher for the 2009 campaign . Nationals ' pitching coach Steve McCatty told Clippard that his future was pitching in relief , because his pitch count tended to get too high in starts , and opposing batters hit Clippard well by the third time the lineup turned over in a game . Clippard at first resisted the transition to the bullpen , but conversations with his father and agent , Casey Close , reassured him to continue pursuing his dream . Clippard appeared in 20 games for Syracuse in 2009 , posting a 4 – 1 record , 0 @.@ 92 ERA , and 42 strikeouts in 39 innings . Clippard pitched in 14 consecutive scoreless appearances before being promoted to the Nationals on June 21 , 2009 , replacing Kip Wells in the Nationals ' bullpen . Used sparingly in the first weeks after his promotion , he posted a 2 @.@ 69 ERA through 60 1 ⁄ 3 innings , with 67 strikeouts .
Since 2010 , Clippard has pitched exclusively out of the bullpen ; primarily in the eighth inning . That season , Clippard and Drew Storen served as setup pitchers to Matt
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Capps . After pitching effectively in the first half of the season , Clippard and Capps earned the nickname " Clip and Save " . Clippard finished eighth in the National League in appearances , with 78 . He won eleven games on the season , which led the team .
In the first half of the 2011 season , Clippard had a 1 – 0 record and 1 @.@ 73 ERA . He struck out 63 batters and allowed only 26 hits in 51 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched , and allowed only six of 32 inherited runners to score . For his achievements , Clippard was selected to appear in the All @-@ Star Game . He earned the victory for the National League as the game 's winning pitcher , despite not retiring a batter . Adrián Beltré , the only batter Clippard faced , singled , but Hunter Pence threw out José Bautista at home plate , and the NL took the lead in the next inning . Clippard finished the season with a 3 – 0 record , a 1 @.@ 83 ERA , and 104 strikeouts in 88 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched across 72 appearances . He led the National League in win probability added .
Before the 2012 season , Clippard and the Nationals agreed to a one @-@ year contract worth $ 1 @.@ 65 million , avoiding salary arbitration . Clippard became the de facto closer for the Nationals in the first half of the 2012 season . After injuries to Storen and Brad Lidge , Henry Rodríguez became the closer , but Rodriguez lost the job to Clippard due to his struggles . The Nationals kept Clippard as their closer even after Storen returned to the team . He was named the Major League Baseball Delivery Man of the Month for his performance in June 2012 , recording ten saves in ten opportunities , and allowing zero runs in 11 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched .
Clippard earned $ 4 million in 2013 . He had a 6 – 3 record with a 2 @.@ 41 ERA and 73 strikeouts in 71 innings pitched . Clippard and the Nationals agreed on a $ 5 @.@ 875 million salary for the 2014 season . He appeared in 20 of the Nationals ' first 40 games , and struggled with poor command of his pitches . His command improved as his workload decreased , and he was named to the appear in the 2014 All @-@ Star Game . He ended the season with a 2 @.@ 18 ERA , and led MLB with 40 holds .
= = = Oakland Athletics and New York Mets = = =
The Nationals traded Clippard to the Oakland Athletics for Yunel Escobar on January 14 , 2015 . Clippard and the Athletics agreed on an $ 8 @.@ 3 million salary for the 2015 season . With Athletics ' closer Sean Doolittle beginning the season on the disabled list , Clippard served as the team 's closer . Clippard saved 17 games for the Athletics , pitching to a 2 @.@ 79 ERA in 38 2 ⁄ 3 innings .
On July 27 , 2015 , the Athletics traded Clippard to the New York Mets for pitching prospect Casey Meisner . Clippard returned to a setup role , with Jeurys Familia remaining the Mets ' closer . In 32 1 ⁄ 3 innings with the Mets , Clippard pitched to a 3 @.@ 06 ERA . In the 2015 MLB postseason , Clippard allowed five earned runs in 6 2 ⁄ 3 innings .
= = = Arizona Diamondbacks = = =
After receiving fewer contract offers than he had expected , Clippard signed a two @-@ year , $ 12 @.@ 25 million contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks on February 8 , 2016 .
= = Scouting report = =
Clippard is listed at 6 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) and 170 pounds ( 77 kg ) . He has an unorthodox pitching delivery , rocking forward while sticking his gloved hand high in the air , which creates an unusual arm angle while pitching , making it difficult for hitters to pick up the ball in their line of vision . Clippard 's father taught him to pitch this way when Clippard was eight years old by having him throw his baseball glove . McCatty nicknamed Clippard 's delivery " The Funk " .
Clippard primarily throws a fastball and a changeup . His hard , straight four @-@ seam fastball averages about 92 – 93 miles per hour ( 148 – 150 km / h ) , topping out at 96 miles per hour ( 154 km / h ) , and sets up a deceptive changeup in the high 70s to low 80s . Periodically , he throws a cutter early in the count to right @-@ handed hitters and a curveball in the mid 70s . Nardi Contreras , who worked with Clippard as the Yankees ' minor league pitching coordinator , indicated that Clippard 's greatest success comes from his curveball and changeup .
Clippard has compiled a strikeout rate of greater than 10 per 9 innings over his career . According to Clippard , " I don 't try to strike out everyone that I face . Strikeouts just kind of happen with the way I pitch . "
= = Personal life = =
Clippard was raised by his parents , Bob and Debbie Clippard . He has a brother named Colin , who played Little League baseball with Tyler . He is from Tampa , Florida .
= Maryland Route 291 =
Maryland Route 291 ( MD 291 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The state highway runs 18 @.@ 34 miles ( 29 @.@ 52 km ) from MD 20 in Chestertown east to the Delaware state line east of Millington , where the highway continues east as Delaware Route 6 ( DE 6 ) . MD 291 parallels the Chester River along the southern edge of Kent County , connecting Chestertown with U.S. Route 301 ( US 301 ) . The state highway follows much of what was originally MD 447 , which was constructed between US 213 in Chestertown and MD 290 at Chesterville around 1930 . MD 291 itself was built east of Millington around 1930 . The state highway was extended west toward Chesterville in the early 1930s , but was not complete to MD 290 until the late 1940s . MD 291 was extended west to US 213 along a partially new alignment in the early 1960s , superseding MD 447 . MD 291 reached its present western terminus at MD 20 in 1969 .
= = Route description = =
MD 291 begins at a roundabout with the eastern terminus of MD 20 ( Chestertown Road ) and High Street in the town of Chestertown . The state highway heads east as two @-@ lane Morgnec Road . After intersecting the Chestertown Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad , MD 291 passes along the northern edge of the campus of Washington College before intersecting MD 213 ( Washington Avenue ) and leaving Chestertown . The state highway crosses Morgan Creek on a steel truss bridge and passes through the hamlet of Morgnec , where Morgnec Road turns north and MD 291 continues east as River Road .
MD 291 crosses Goosehaven Creek and Norris Creek and intersects the eastern terminus of MD 298 ( Cherry Lane ) . The highway crosses Chesterville Branch before joining MD 290 ( Crumpton Road ) for a short concurrency south of Chesterville . East of MD 290 , MD 291 passes through a forested area and crosses Mill Branch before passing through two roundabouts with Edge Road and Howard Johnson Road , which are unsigned MD 701A and MD 701 , respectively . The two roads lead to interchange ramps to and from US 301 ( Blue Star Memorial Highway ) , over which MD 291 crosses between the roundabouts . MD 291 parallels the Chester River east to the town of Millington , where the highway 's name changes to Cypress Street . The state highway intersects MD 313 ( Sassafras Street ) and the Centreville Branch of the Northern Line of the Maryland and Delaware Railroad before leaving the town by crossing Cypress Branch . MD 291 continues east as Cypress Road to its eastern terminus at the Delaware state line . The highway continues east as DE 6 ( Millington Road ) toward Smyrna .
= = History = =
Much of what is now MD 291 was constructed as two different highways . MD 291 ran from MD 290 near Chesterville through Millington to the Delaware state line . MD 447 connected US 213 in Chestertown and MD 290 in Chesterville , much of which was on an alignment further north from the Chester River than modern MD 291 . MD 291 was constructed from Millington to the Delaware state line in 1929 and 1930 . The highway was extended west to Mills Branch just west of present day US 301 in two sections built in 1933 and 1935 . The gap from Mills Branch to MD 290 was filled around 1946 .
MD 447 was constructed from US 213 to just west of Morgnec as well as from Kennedyville Road to MD 290 in Chesterville in 1929 and 1930 . MD 447 was completed between Morgnec and Kennedyville Road by 1933 . The steel truss bridge over Morgan Creek , which replaced an old timber bridge on a more curvaceous alignment , was also completed in 1933 . River Road between Morgnec and MD 290 was reconstructed beginning in 1958 . MD 291 was extended west of MD 290 along River Road to Morgnec and assumed MD 447 west to Chestertown in 1963 . MD 447 between Morgnec and Chesterville was removed from the state highway system the same year . MD 291 was extended west to its present terminus at MD 20 along a new road within Chestertown in 1969 . MD 291 's interchange with US 301 , including MD 291 's bridge over US 301 and the roundabouts with MD 701 and MD 701A , was constructed in 1999 . In 2014 , a roundabout was constructed at the western terminus at MD 20 .
= = Junction list = =
The entire route is in Kent County .
= Utah State Route 128 =
State Route 128 ( SR @-@ 128 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Utah . The entire length of the highway has been designated the Upper Colorado River Scenic Byway , as part of the Utah Scenic Byways program . This road also forms part of the Dinosaur Diamond Prehistoric Highway , a National Scenic Byway . Residents of Moab frequently refer to SR @-@ 128 as " the river road " , after the Colorado River , which the highway follows .
The highway was originally constructed to connect rural cities in eastern Utah with Grand Junction , Colorado , the largest city in the region . Part of the highway was merged into the Utah state highway system in 1931 ; the rest was taken over by the state and assigned route number 128 in 1933 . Today , the highway is used as a scenic drive for visitors to the area .
The highway crosses the Colorado River at the site of the Dewey Bridge , listed on the National Register of Historic Places . This bridge was the longest suspension bridge in Utah until April 2008 when it was destroyed by a fire started by a child playing with matches . The future of the bridge is uncertain , with Grand County conducting a study to determine the feasibility of reconstructing it .
= = Route description = =
State Route 128 begins just north of Moab , where it is commonly known as " the river road " . The highway follows the southern bank of the Colorado River through a narrow , steep gorge , described as spectacular by National Geographic . The sheer sandstone walls of the gorge along Route 128 are recommended for their beauty on vacation guides from as far away as France and Germany .
As parts of the road are very narrow , with blind corners and no shoulders , the Utah Department of Transportation has prohibited trucks and vehicles over 55 @,@ 000 pounds ( 24 @,@ 948 kg ) from the entire highway . In addition , a restriction at the junction with U.S. Route 191 requires vehicles over 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wide to have two police escorts .
Between Moab and Castle Valley , the Colorado River , and indirectly , Route 128 , form the southern boundary of Arches National Park . Arches National Park is so named because of over 2000 natural arches inside park boundaries . While the highway does offer views of several features in the park , there is no park access along the highway . Popular attractions along this portion include Negro Bill Canyon , with hiking trails to Morning Glory Arch , campgrounds and boat docks at a curve in the river called Big Bend .
The gorge widens where the highway passes by Castle Valley and Professor Valley , which have been the shooting locations for many western films ( including Wagon Master and Rio Grande ) and television commercials . Near the east end of the valley the highway crosses Onion Creek , a stream sourced by springs that contain naturally occurring minerals that produce a strong odor in the water . At the east end of the valley the highway has a view of the Fisher Towers , a set of dark red spires . After leaving the valley , the road winds farther up the river gorge until arriving at the Dewey Bridge , named for Dewey , a nearby ghost town .
After the bridge , the road follows the northern bank of the river for a few miles then exits the Colorado River gorge . At this point the highway proceeds across desert towards the Book Cliffs to terminate at Interstate 70 near Cisco . Cisco is a ghost town along the main line of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad , founded as a water re @-@ filling station for steam locomotives . The last 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) of the road parallel the railroad and is an old routing of U.S. Route 6 / U.S. Route 50 , in use before the construction of I @-@ 70 .
= = History = =
Access between Moab and Castle Valley was originally via a pack trail called the Heavenly Stairway . This trail , named for a dramatic descent of over 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) , was described as beautiful , but difficult to navigate . Isolated from Utah 's population centers , this area depended on Grand Junction and other cities in Colorado for both everyday supplies and a market for agricultural products . Moab residents pushed for a road to be built along the riverbank . By 1902 , the trail was replaced with a toll road , called King 's Toll Road , after Samuel King . King was an early settler who also operated the toll ferry used prior to the construction of the Dewey Bridge . Rocks inscribed with " Kings Toll Road " can still be found along the roadway . While the road did improve travel , it was not built high enough above the river level and was often flooded .
= = = Dewey Bridge = = =
The Dewey Bridge , built in 1916 , originally carried SR @-@ 128 across the Colorado River . The bridge featured an all wood deck measuring 502 feet ( 153 m ) long , 10 @.@ 2 feet ( 3 @.@ 1 m ) wide from support to support and 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) wide from rail to rail . The bridge also consisted of two metal towers , a run of seven cables on each side of the bridge deck , and cable anchors .
In 1912 Grand County unsuccessfully petitioned the state to finance the construction of a bridge . In 1913 , the ferry was out of service for a time because ice in the river struck the ferry , causing it to sink . This raised the level of urgency for a more reliable river crossing . Grand County held a municipal bond election , and was able to raise $ 25 @,@ 000 ( 1913 , approximately equivalent to $ 550 @,@ 000 in 2008 ) to finance the construction of a bridge . The county employed the Midland Bridge Company of Kansas City , Missouri , to build it . Plans originally called for the bridge deck to be 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) wide , but with the bonds not producing the expected yields , the deck width was scaled down to 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) . In 1916 , the bridge was dedicated with a strength test by having approximately 70 attendees attempt to cross the bridge at once . The total was seven wagons , two people on horseback and several on foot . The bridge was designed to support the weight of six horses , three wagons , and 9 @,@ 000 pounds ( 4 @,@ 100 kg ) of freight .
On the day of its completion , it was the second @-@ longest suspension bridge west of the Mississippi River . The longest was the Cameron Suspension Bridge , also built by the Midland Bridge Company , who used the same base plans for both bridges . The Dewey Bridge remained the longest suspension bridge in Utah until it was destroyed by fire in 2008 .
As part of a tribute , a reporter for The Daily Sentinel interviewed locals and visitors about their first experience crossing the bridge . Many recalled how nervous they felt as the bridge would creak and sway under load . One stated , " A lot of people lost a lot of mirrors on that bridge " . Drivers with wide vehicles had to fold in their side mirrors to safely cross , as the bridge deck was only 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) wide .
An agreement was reached in 1984 between the Grand County Commission and the Utah Department of Transportation ( UDOT ) to balance the conflicting public demands to retire and preserve the aging bridge . As part of this agreement , UDOT would commission a new bridge and once finished , transfer ownership of the original bridge back to Grand County . Grand County agreed to petition to have the bridge be included in the National Register of Historic Places , assume maintenance and guarantee the bridge would be preserved . The nomination was approved and the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 12 , 1984 . In 1988 , the replacement bridge was completed , and the title deed to the Dewey Bridge was handed over to the county in 1989 . Grand County completed a restoration project in 2000 .
After being replaced for automobile use , the Dewey Bridge was used by the Kokopelli trail , a bicycle trail , and a pedestrian trail . The east approach to the bridge features an abandoned gas station and the ghost town of Dewey . The west approach has been converted to a rest area and park .
On April 6 , 2008 , a seven @-@ year @-@ old boy accidentally started a fire in a nearby campground while playing with matches . The fire moved up the riverbank and destroyed the bridge 's wooden deck and rails . The county funded a study to determine the feasibility and cost of reconstructing the bridge . The engineers determined that the steel cables and towers most likely did not suffer structural damage and could be reused . The study estimated reconstruction costs at $ 850 @,@ 000 . The engineers determined the original blueprints , preserved in a museum , were of sufficient quality that only minimal engineering work would be required . The county agreed to direct the effort , but will not fund it with taxpayer money . As replicas do not qualify for historical status , historians are debating if using the original towers and cable is enough for the structure to qualify as historical . Grand County has set up an account for interested parties to donate to the reconstruction effort .
Though the Colorado River runs for over 400 miles ( 640 km ) in Utah , there are only three sites with bridges to cross it . One is the Dewey Bridge site where SR @-@ 128 traverses the waterway ; the other two are an unnamed bridge that carries US @-@ 191 ( built in 1911 , replaced in 1955 and again in 2010 ) and the Hite Crossing Bridge ( built in 1966 ) used by SR @-@ 95 .
= = = From trail to highway = = =
With the bridge finished in 1916 , by the 1920s the toll road was reconstructed above the ordinary high water mark so it could be used year @-@ round . The road was briefly used for the route of the Midland Trail across eastern Utah . However , by 1923 the trail had been moved to a more direct routing , similar to modern I @-@ 70 . The road from Moab along the river to Castleton was added to the state highway network in 1931 , as SR @-@ 129 . In 1933 , the route was redesignated SR @-@ 128 and extended to Cisco . The highway was gradually upgraded to a two @-@ lane paved roadway .
The state legislature extended SR @-@ 128 about 3 miles ( 5 km ) at its east end in 1969 , due to the pending construction of Interstate 70 . Plans called for the freeway to bypass the Cisco area , including the terminus of SR @-@ 128 . The legislature transferred a portion of SR @-@ 4 ( the legislative designation for what was then signed US @-@ 6 / US @-@ 50 ) near Cisco to the proposed junction with I @-@ 70 . When that part of I @-@ 70 was completed in 1971 , signs were changed to SR @-@ 128 on its portion of the old road , while the remainder of the bypassed road through Cisco was relinquished to the county .
The highway was recognized by the Utah Scenic Byways program for its scenic value and given the name Upper Colorado River Scenic Byway . The highway was recognized as a National Scenic Byway and named as part of the Dinosaur Diamond Scenic Byway in 1998 . A petition is currently before the Federal Highway Administration to recognize Route 128 as an All @-@ American Road . To meet this criterion the highway must be deemed by the administration to have enough scenic value to be a " destination unto itself " .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is located within Grand County .
= James Balfour ( died 1845 ) =
James Balfour ( c . 1775 – 19 April 1845 ) was a Scottish nabob who became a landowner and politician . The son of a prosperous and influential gentry descent , he became a trader in India . Having made a fortune supplying the Royal Navy , he returned to Scotland to buy several landed estates , including Whittingehame in East Lothian where he built a classical mansion .
Balfour became a Tory Member of Parliament ( MP ) from 1826 to 1834 , but never achieved ministerial office . However , many of his descendants found fame and success , including his grandson Arthur Balfour , who served as prime minister from 1902 to 1905 .
At his death , Balfour 's estates in Scotland alone were estimated to be worth over £ 1 million ( equivalent to £ 89 @.@ 2 million in 2016 ) .
= = Family and early life = =
Balfour was born in about 1775 . He was the second son of John Balfour ( 1739 – 1813 ) , an advocate who owned Balbirnie House , near the town of Glenrothes in Fife . His elder brother Robert Balfour , who inherited Balbirnie , became a Lieutenant @-@ General in the British Army .
His ancestor George Balfour had purchased Balbirnie in the late 16th or early 17th century , and by the late 18th century its land included profitable mines in the Fife Coalfield .
Balfours had fought with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 , and a pedigree written under the authority of the Lord Lyon King of Arms traced James Balfour 's descent in a direct line from King Robert II , son @-@ in @-@ law of Robert the Bruce .
= = Career = =
= = = India = = =
After studying book @-@ keeping and accountancy in Edinburgh , Balfour went to Madras in March 1795 as a writer ( junior clerk ) for the British East India Company . He held several posts in the following years , before being sent back to Britain after a disciplinary issue .
Balfour returned to India in 1802 , where he became a merchant in partnership with James Baker . His breakthrough came in 1806 , when the partners obtained the contract with the Victualling Commissioners of the Royal Navy to supply their needs throughout the East Indies .
The contract had been held since 1796 by the Hon. Basil Cochrane , who had built his own flour mills and baker
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in defeating him , Rugal has become the boss character with the biggest number of appearances in The King of Fighters series as he has been liked by players and developers . Due to his multiple " deaths " in the series , developers have joked with him , adding to his official profile that his hobby is resurrection . Flagship director , Toyohisa Tanabe , states that his fighting style was created to emphasize Rugal 's strength as the series ' first boss character . He also comments " going a bit overboard " with his Genocide Cutter technique damage ratio in The King of Fighters ' 94 . His Dead @-@ End Screamer special move was originally a technique in which Rugal breaks the neck of his opponent and crushes it . However , it was seen as lacking drama , so it evolved into a move in which he breaks his victim 's neck , crushes the victim , and then further spins the victim around to do more damage , striking a pose at the end of the move . In The King of Fighters ' 95 , Rugal appears as an enhanced version named Omega Rugal ; developers liked him so much that they added him as the boss character in dream matches ( KOF games with no storyline ) , commenting " He 's the only character who truly represents the ultimate KOF boss " . His The King of Fighters ' 98 move set was noted to be strongest of all his appearances , becoming the developers ' favorite boss character .
Rugal is 1 @.@ 97 m ( 6 ft 6 in ) tall , and weighs 103 kilograms ( 227 lb ) . In his first appearance in King of Fighters ' 94 , Rugal is shown wearing red formal clothes and with his right eye covered , having lost it in a previous confrontation . After his initial defeat , Rugal appears in a battle outfit composed of a sleeveless green shirt , but still keep his red pants . In King of Fighters ' 95 Rugal keeps his formal clothes but when he becomes Omega Rugal , they are destroyed . His body is much bigger in this form , his skin becomes darker while his hair appears gray . From his right eye it appears a red light , and is shown using a prosthetic in his right hand 's place . In following games from the series , Rugal 's Omega form appears wearing his battle suit from King of Fighters ' 94 . In the SNK Vs . Capcom video games , he is featured in his formal clothes in both his common and god form . Original drafts from Rugal showed his character using black glasses and having several wires connected from his chest to his hands . His Omega form appearance had chains along his trousers and tattoos on his chest , one of which being a tiger .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In video games = = =
Voiced by Toshimitsu Arai in most titles , Rugal makes his first appearance as the boss character from King of Fighters ' 94 . The plot from the game introduces Rugal as an incredibly rich arms and drugs trafficker who organizes a King of Fighters tournament to reunite the strongest fighters from all the world . Once the player meets Rugal , he will reveal that he wants to turn his victims into stone statues to add them to his collection of fighters . Once defeated by Kyo Kusanagi and his teammates , Rugal self @-@ destructs his ship to kill his opponents , but fails . In The King of Fighters ' 95 , Rugal organizes a new King of Fighters tournament to take revenge on Kyo . To this end , Rugal brainwashes Kyo 's father , Saisyu , to kill him . After Saisyu is knocked unconscious , Rugal proceeds to fight as the boss character , in an enhanced form named Omega Rugal ( オメガ ・ ルガール , Omega Rugāru ) . However , once defeated , he is unable to control his new powers and his body is destroyed . Although Rugal is not featured in The King of Fighters ' 96 , the new tournament organizer mentions that the man responsible for taking Rugal 's right eye and giving him greater power is the game 's antagonist , Goenitz .
Since appearing in King of Fighters ' 95 , Omega Rugal has appeared in later SNK @-@ produced titles , serving as the final boss for both The King of Fighters ' 98 and The King of Fighters 2002 , destroying his ship in the former and disintegrating in the latter when defeated . Omega Rugal also appears as a boss character in several other King of Fighters titles , including The King of Fighters 2002 : Unlimited Match and The King of Fighters : Neowave , with different criteria for the character to appear in each . In The King of Fighters 2000 , Rugal appears as a non @-@ playable assistant character ( dubbed a " striker " ) to Kula Diamond . Arai reprises his role as the character 's voice actor in each appearance , with the exception of the original King of Fighters 2002 in which the character is voiced by Norio Wakamoto , who voices Igniz from King of Fighters 2001 .
In Capcom vs. SNK 2 , in addition to his normal form Rugal appears as a new , enhanced version of himself named God Rugal ( ゴッド ・ ルガール , Goddo Rugāru ) , serving as an optional final boss . Renamed " Ultimate Rugal " in English localizations , the character is the result of Rugal defeating Street Fighter character Akuma and absorbing his powers . This version of Rugal later appears as a card in SNK vs. Capcom : Card Fighters 2 Expand Edition .
= = = In other media = = =
Aside from the main series , Rugal has also appeared in other media from the King of Fighters series . Rugal appears in the first chapter from the spin @-@ off manga The King of Fighters : Kyo , showing his fight against Kyo Kusanagi from King of Fighters ' 95 . In 1995 , the character was voiced by Banjō Ginga in the Dengeki Bunko @-@ produced CD drama The King of Fighters - King of Fighters ' 94 , a retelling of the story from the video games . In the manhua The King of Fighters : Zillion , one of the stories is based on King of Fighters 2002 , in which Rugal confronts another lead character from the series , K ' .
In the 2010 live @-@ action film adaptation of The King of Fighters , Rugal is played by veteran actor Ray Park .
= = Reception = =
Japanese magazine Gamest ranked Rugal 48th on their list of the top 50 video game characters introduced in 1994 , sharing the spot with Chang Koehan . Video games publications have commented on Rugal 's character , adding praise and criticism . Retro Gamer praised the character , stating he " rocks hard ... harder than Street Fighter 's M. Bison " . GameAxis Unwired compared Rugal with Street Fighter 's Akuma in regards to their significacies to their respective developers , with Rugal called the " cheapest [ boss ] in SNK 's games . " 1UP.com praised the introduction of Omega Rugal in KOF ' 95 , noting him to be " one of the most stylish boss designs in fighting history " , although players could hate him due to how difficult it is to defeat him . However , they mentioned that one of the good points from KOF ' 96 was the absence of Rugal . Eurogamer reviewer Matt Edwards also commented that Rugal was very hard to defeat and that he started " a trend in the KOF series of notoriously overpowered bosses who are hard to take down " . IGN 's Jeremy Dunhan praised Rugal , describing how his character developed the new rules for the King of Fighters tournament , and noted the difficulty in defeating Rugal himself . Listing him as one of the " 12 unfair fighting game bosses that ( almost ) made us rage quit " , GamesRadar claimed that Rugal 's difficult as a boss led gamers to coin the term " SNK Boss syndrome . "
= Blind Date ( 30 Rock ) =
" Blind Date " is the third episode of the first season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock . It was written by co @-@ executive producer John Riggi and directed by Adam Bernstein . The episode originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) in the United States on October 25 , 2006 . Guest stars in this episode include Brett Baer , Katrina Bowden , Kevin Brown , Grizz Chapman , John Lutz , Stephanie March , Maulik Pancholy , Keith Powell , and Lonny Ross .
The episode focuses on Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) setting up Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) on a blind date with a friend of his ( March ) . At the same time , Jack infiltrates the TGS with Tracy Jordan writers ' — Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , Josh Girard ( Ross ) , Frank Rossitano ( Judah Friedlander ) , James " Toofer " Spurlock ( Powell ) , and J. D. Lutz ( Lutz ) — weekly poker game and starts winning hands until NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) joins in and proves to be a surprisingly adept player .
" Blind Date " has received generally positive reviews from television critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , the episode was watched by 6 @.@ 01 million viewers during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 2 rating / 6 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic . " Blind Date " was nominated for Outstanding Individual Episode
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Anatomy episode " Where the Boys Are " .
Since airing , the episode has received generally positive reviews . It is often considered to be a turning point in the series , where the show found its footing and could start living up its potential . Robert Canning of IGN praised the episode for " playing to its strengths " , and focusing on the series " most fully realized characters " , Liz and Jack . He pointed out that Tracy had " leveled off significantly from his constant high " , making him " funnier in the process " . Canning also enjoyed Kenneth 's increased screen time and the lack of the Jenna Maroney character , played by Jane Krakowski . A television reviewer for the Chicago Tribune noted that the scenes between Jack and Liz are always " a treat " and enjoyed the scene in this episode in which Liz chastises Jack for thinking she was a lesbian . The reviewer also added that Judah Friedlander , Keith Powell , and Scott Adsit , who play Frank , Toofer , and Pete , respectively , " haven 't been given enough to do " , and hoped that the show would produce funny moments from the writers ' room . Sarah Warn of AfterEllen.com felt that for a single @-@ episode lesbian sitcom character , Gretchen was " one of the best we 've seen " . Warn also enjoyed the episode itself , calling it " one of the funniest sitcom episodes I 've seen so far this season " . Kevin D. Thompson of The Palm Beach Post noted that " Blind Date " was one of the " show 's funniest episodes " . A reviewer from the Richmond Times @-@ Dispatch also praised the episode , citing that it was " one of the show 's best . "
= Daniel McBreen =
Daniel James McBreen ( born 23 April 1977 ) is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for Edgeworth Eagles in the National Premier Leagues .
Born in England , McBreen moved to Australia with his family when he was six weeks old and started his career in local football with Toronto Awaba Stags and Edgeworth Eagles . He earned a professional contract with National Soccer League side Newcastle United in 2000 , where he played for two seasons before joining Universitatea Craiova of the Romanian Divizia A. He left them amid a dispute over wages in 2004 , when he joined Falkirk , where he won the Scottish First Division title and the Scottish Challenge Cup in his first season . McBreen spent one season with them in the Scottish Premier League before being released , when he joined English League One club Scunthorpe United in 2006 . He played sporadically in their 2006 – 07 League One title @-@ winning season , and was loaned to Conference Premier side York City in 2007 before having a short spell with St Johnstone in the Scottish First Division . McBreen rejoined York permanently in 2008 and played one season for them , with his last match in Europe coming in their defeat in the 2009 FA Trophy Final at Wembley Stadium .
He returned to Australia to play in the A @-@ League for North Queensland Fury , but mid @-@ season agreed to join division rivals Central Coast Mariners for the next two seasons . McBreen completed 2009 – 10 with another A @-@ League side , Perth Glory , and his good form with them resulted in a call @-@ up to the Australia national team . He was part of the Mariners side that finished in second place in the 2010 – 11 A @-@ League but was beaten in the 2011 A @-@ League Grand Final . The Mariners were the Australian Premiers in 2011 – 12 , but were knocked out of the finals series in the preliminary final . McBreen scored one of the Mariners ' goals in the 2013 A @-@ League Grand Final as they were crowned A @-@ League Champions , and for his performance he was awarded the Joe Marston Medal . He had already won A @-@ League Golden Boot as the division 's top scorer with seventeen goals . He then went on loan with Shanghai East Asia , before joining them permanently for the 2014 Chinese Super League and having a spell with South China for the remainder of the 2014 – 15 Hong Kong Premier League .
= = Club career = =
= = = Early life and career = = =
McBreen was born in Burnley , Lancashire , England to Jim and Kathy . The family moved to Australia six weeks later after his father took up an offer to play football for Edgeworth Eagles . He was raised in Newcastle , New South Wales and started his career playing local football for Toronto Awaba Stags before joining Edgeworth Eagles in 1999 . McBreen scored over twenty goals for them in the 1999 Northern NSW State Football League before being the league 's top scorer the following season with twenty @-@ three goals . However , he was dropped for the grand final , when Edgeworth were beaten 3 – 0 by Hamilton Olympic .
McBreen earned his first professional contract aged 23 with Newcastle United of the National Soccer League in July 2000 , and he later credited Edgeworth coach Bobby Naumov for the move , saying " He set me on the road to a pro career " . He made his debut that year , and scored six goals from twenty @-@ three appearances as Newcastle finished in fourteenth place in the 2000 – 01 National Soccer League table . Newcastle turned full @-@ time the following year , and McBreen played thirteen matches and scored three goals with Newcastle improving their league position by ranking second in the 2001 – 02 National Soccer League table . Despite playing less frequently he enjoyed working under new coach Ian Crook , saying " you can speak to him as a human being and he can man manage . He made training enjoyable " .
= = = Spells in Europe = = =
After being offered a trial with Universitatea Craiova by an agent , McBreen signed for the Romanian Divizia A club on a three @-@ year contact in July 2002 . He made his debut in 3 – 1 win over Astra Ploiești on 17 August 2002 , and scored only once in thirteen appearances for a Craiova side that ranked seventh in the 2002 – 03 Divizia A table . However , the players ' wages were continually paid late throughout the season and McBreen came close to a move to Norwegian Tippeligaen club Lillestrøm , only for Craiova to twice raise their asking price for him on transfer deadline day . He played more regularly the next season , making twenty appearances and scoring twice as Craiova finished fourth in the 2003 – 04 Divizia A table . He finally left Craiova during the summer of 2004 after the club 's president Pavel Badea , a former teammate of McBreen 's at the club , signed a letter releasing him from his contract . He took his case to FIFA and the Court of Arbitration for Sport with the help of Professional Footballers Australia , and only received the money he was owed after the club was given a three @-@ point deduction and was threatened with automatic relegation .
McBreen was prepared to return to Australia before being offered a trial with Falkirk of the Scottish First Division . He also played for English Conference South club St Albans City in pre @-@ season before Falkirk received international clearance to play him in September 2004 . McBreen made his debut as a seventy @-@ third minute substitute for Andy Thomson in a 3 – 0 home win over Gretna in the Scottish Challenge Cup on 14 September 2004 . He came on as a seventy @-@ second @-@ minute substitute for Thomson in the 2004 Scottish Challenge Cup Final , in which Falkirk beat Ross County 2 – 1 at McDiarmid Park on 7 November 2004 . His first goal came on his first start for the club , with a shot from eight yards seconds before half @-@ time , as Falkirk beat Raith Rovers 2 – 0 away on 13 November 2004 . This marked the start of a run of nine goals from seven matches , and come the end of the season McBreen and his strike partner Darryl Duffy had scored a combined total of forty goals . He finished 2004 – 05 with thirteen goals from twenty @-@ six matches as Falkirk were promoted to the Scottish Premier League as Scottish First Division champions . His thirteen league goals saw him ranked as the division 's fourth highest scorer .
McBreen signed a new one @-@ year contract with Falkirk in June 2005 , and manager John Hughes predicted " With a good pre @-@ season under his belt , I 'm sure he 'll get even better " . He scored his first goal of the 2005 – 06 season in the eighty @-@ third minute of a home match against champions Rangers on 10 September 2005 , with a header from an Alan Gow cross that secured Falkirk a 1 – 1 draw . McBreen scored the only goal in Falkirk 's 1 – 0 win over Livingston on 6 May 2006 with a header from Gow 's free kick , which was only the team 's second victory at home all season . He appeared more frequently in 2005 – 06 , making thirty @-@ eight appearances but only scoring eight goals , with Falkirk ranking in tenth place in the Scottish Premier League table . Despite taking over the main striking role after Duffy 's transfer to Hull City in January 2006 , McBreen was released by the club in May .
He went on trial with English League One clubs Northampton Town , Brighton & Hove Albion and Scunthorpe United , signing for the latter on a two @-@ year contract on 30 August 2006 . He made his debut two days later starting a 2 – 0 away victory over Gillingham , but due to a hamstring injury that kept him out of action for ten months his last appearance of the 2006 – 07 season came in November 2006 . He made ten appearances for a Scunthorpe team that won promotion to the Championship as 2006 – 07 League One champions . At the end of the season , McBreen was told by Scunthorpe manager Nigel Adkins that he was free to look for a deal with another club , despite having a year remaining on his contract .
McBreen joined Conference Premier team York City on a one @-@ month loan , with the option of a possible extension , on 5 October 2007 . His York debut came in a 4 – 1 home defeat to Histon a day later and scored his first goal in the following game against Stafford Rangers , with a header from a Martyn Woolford cross in a 2 – 0 home victory . After making five appearances and scoring two goals he was recalled by Scunthorpe on 5 November 2007 due to the departure of on @-@ loan Millwall striker Ben May . Despite this , York manager Billy McEwan was interested in bringing McBreen back to the club for another loan spell . He bought out the remainder of his Scunthorpe contract to join St Johnstone of the Scottish First Division on 2 January 2008 on a deal until the end of the season . His debut came the same day in a 1 – 1 home draw with Dundee , which he entered as a sixty @-@ second @-@ minute substitute for Liam Craig . He suffered a knee injury during this match , and this hampered his progress at the club . On 20 April 2008 , McBreen scored the opening goal with a back @-@ post header from Paul Sheerin 's cross in St Johnstone 's Scottish Cup semi @-@ final against Rangers at Hampden Park in extra time , which they eventually lost in a penalty shoot @-@ out . St Johnstone finished in third place in the 2007 – 08 Scottish First Division table as McBreen made seven appearances and one goal before being released by the club in May 2008 .
McBreen held talks with A @-@ League side Adelaide United before being handed a trial with their divisional rivals Wellington Phoenix . He returned to former club York City on a one @-@ year contract on 25 June 2008 . His first game back at the club was a 1 – 0 away victory over Crawley Town and in his third appearance he scored his first goal of the 2008 – 09 season with a left @-@ footed shot from seventeen yards in a 1 – 1 home draw with Histon . McBreen was played primarily as a lone striker in away matches during 2008 – 09 , a decision which York manager Colin Walker defended in September 2008 ; Dave Flett of The Press commented that he " [ led ] the line lazily " . During February 2009 it was reported in the Australian media that he had agreed join A @-@ League newcomers North Queensland Fury , although York were unaware of any transfer taking place . It was later confirmed that he would join the Fury in August 2009 for the 2009 – 10 A @-@ League , following the expiry of his York contract in June . He had scored in every round of the 2008 – 09 FA Trophy leading up to the final , bar the first round when he was an unused substitute , and ahead of the final commented that : " I couldn 't ask for anything more than a Wembley final to end my career in Europe and it ’ s also a great finale to a disappointing season for the fans and players " . He started in the match at Wembley Stadium on 9 May 2009 , which York lost 2 – 0 to Stevenage Borough . He made forty @-@ eight appearances and scored ten goals with York finishing in 17th place in the 2008 – 09 Conference Premier table .
= = = Return to Australia = = =
McBreen made his debut for North Queensland Fury in a 3 – 2 home defeat to Sydney FC on 8 August 2009 as an eighty @-@ second @-@ minute substitute for Paul Kohler . He soon established himself in the starting line @-@ up , and scored his first goal for the Fury after heading in a Fred Agius cross in the eighty @-@ seventh minute of a 3 – 3 draw with Adelaide United on 28 August 2009 . He went on to sign a two @-@ year pre @-@ contract with A @-@ League opponents Central Coast Mariners , for the 2010 – 11 and 2011 – 12 seasons , in December 2009 . McBreen was used mostly as a substitute after the move was announced , before signing an interim deal with Perth Glory for the remainder of the 2009 – 10 season in a swap for Jimmy Downey on 12 January 2010 . He had scored three goals in twenty @-@ one appearances for the Fury .
McBreen 's debut for the Glory came when he entered a 6 – 2 away loss to Melbourne Victory as a thirty @-@ eighth @-@ minute substitute for Chris Coyne on 16 January 2010 . He started and scored in the next match three days later , a 3 – 2 away win over Adelaide United , with the winning goal in the seventy @-@ seventh minute . This marked the start of a run of five goals from four matches , helping the Glory finish fifth in the 2009 – 10 A @-@ League table and thus qualify for the finals series . McBreen played in their 4 – 2 penalty shoot @-@ out defeat to Wellington Phoenix in the fourth v fifth semi @-@ final on 21 February 2010 , which followed a 1 – 1 draw after extra time . He had scored five goals in seven appearances for the Glory , and with eight goals altogether he was the 2009 – 10 A @-@ League 's eighth highest scorer . His good form was rewarded with his first call @-@ up for the Australia national team .
McBreen made his debut for the Mariners in 1 – 0 away win over Melbourne Heart on 5 August 2010 , in which he was substituted for Nik Mrdja in the ninetieth minute . His first goal came nearly a month later when heading in Matt Simon 's cross in the fiftieth minute of a 2 – 0 home win over Melbourne Victory on 3 September 2010 . McBreen was sent off for the first time since returning to Australia with a second yellow card during the stoppage time of a 5 – 1 home defeat to Brisbane Roar on 28 November 2010 , and returned from suspension as a fifty @-@ second @-@ minute substitute for Adam Kwasnik in a 1 – 1 draw away to Perth Glory on 12 December 2010 . With a second @-@ placed finish in the 2010 – 11 A @-@ League table the Mariners qualified for the finals series , and he started in their 4 – 2 aggregate defeat to Brisbane Roar in the major semi @-@ final and their 1 – 0 win over Gold Coast United in the preliminary final . McBreen came on as a seventy @-@ second @-@ minute substitute for Simon in the 2011 A @-@ League Grand Final at Lang Park on 13 March 2011 , and after a 2 – 2 extra time draw he missed one of the penalty kicks as the Mariners lost the shoot @-@ out 4 – 2 . He made 31 appearances and scored five goals for the Mariners in 2010 – 11 .
Early into the 2011 – 12 A @-@ League season he was deployed as the focal of a midfield diamond , and this contributed to the team 's improving form . McBreen scored his first goal of the season in a 3 – 1 home win over Melbourne Heart , with an eighty @-@ second @-@ minute penalty kick , and his only A @-@ League goal scored in normal play came after converting Pedj Bojić 's cross in a 3 – 2 home victory over Adelaide United on 21 January 2012 . The Mariners became the A @-@ League Premiers after finishing in first place in the 2011 – 12 table , also qualifying for the finals series . He appeared as a substitute in the first leg of their 5 – 2 aggregate defeat to Brisbane Roar in the major semi @-@ final , and as a substitute in the preliminary final against Perth Glory , in which the Mariners were beaten 5 – 3 in a penalty shoot @-@ out after a 1 – 1 extra time draw . McBreen made five appearances and scored twice in the 2012 AFC Champions League , as they were eliminated from the tournament after finishing third in their group . He scored four goals from thirty matches in 2011 – 12 , and was handed a new contract with the Mariners for the 2012 – 13 A @-@ League in April 2012 .
McBreen 's first goal of 2012 – 13 came seven minutes after entering the Mariners 's 1 – 0 win at home to Perth Glory as a sixty @-@ third @-@ minute substitute , in what was his first appearance of the season . He recorded the first hat @-@ trick in the Mariners ' history in their 7 – 2 home win over Sydney FC on 3 November 2012 , scoring in the first @-@ half with a penalty kick and in the second half with a close range finish and a header from Joshua Rose 's cross . This marked the start of a run of fourteen goals from fifteen matches , helping the Mariners to second place in the 2012 – 13 A @-@ League table and thus a place in the finals series . With seventeen goals McBreen won the A @-@ League Golden Boot , awarded to the division 's top scorer . In the semi @-@ final of the finals series he scored the only goal in the Mariner 's 1 – 0 win over Melbourne Victory on 14 April 2013 with a powerful shot in the forty @-@ second minute . One week later he scored the second goal with a sixty @-@ eighth @-@ minute penalty kick as the Mariners beat Western Sydney Wanderers 2 – 0 at Sydney Football Stadium in the 2013 A @-@ League Grand Final . This was the first time the Mariners had won the A @-@ League Championship , and McBreen was awarded the Joe Marston Medal , given to the man of the match of the Grand Final , before being named as a substitute in the PFA A @-@ League Team of the Season . He made six appearances in the team 's run to the round of 16 of the AFC Champions League , when they were beaten 5 – 1 on aggregate by Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao of the Chinese Super League . McBreen signed a new contract with the Mariners for the 2013 – 14 A @-@ League in May 2013 , having scored nineteen goals from thirty @-@ three appearances in 2012 – 13 .
= = = Spells in Asia = = =
On 8 June 2013 , McBreen joined Chinese Super League side Shanghai East Asia on a five @-@ month loan lasting until 31 October , joining his former teammate Bernie Ibini @-@ Isei who completed his transfer four days earlier . His debut came a month later after starting Shanghai 's 3 – 0 home defeat to Beijing Guoan on 7 July 2013 , and a week later scored his first goal in the tenth minute of a 3 – 0 away victory over Guizhou Renhe . He scored three goals in thirteen appearances for Shanghai before returning for the Mariners when starting their 1 – 0 home defeat to the Brisbane Roar on 10 November 2013 . McBreen 's first goal for the Mariners in the 2013 – 14 A @-@ League came with a close @-@ range backheel with the only goal in a 1 – 0 victory at home to Sydney FC on 7 December 2013 .
McBreen scored twice in twelve appearances for the Mariners in 2013 – 14 before signing for Shanghai East Asia permanently on a one @-@ season contract for a fee of $ 250 @,@ 000
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spotted on the floor , were a specialized type used only by Garista . Yuri and Flynn confront Garista with this information , and Garista reveals that he was attempting to illegally create a new kind of blastia , but failed and decided to leave the blastia to destroy itself , therefore destroying Shizontonia and killing any and all witnesses . Yuri and Flynn attempt to arrest Garista , but a fight ensues and Yuri kills him . In the aftermath , Shizontonia is evacuated due to the failure of the barrier blastia . Yuri leaves the knights , taking Niren 's blastia as a keepsake and bringing Repede along with him , saying his goodbyes to everyone in the town . Flynn sees him off at the gates , and the two share a fond farewell , swearing to meet again one day .
= = Characters = =
Yuri Lowell
He is one of the main protagonists of the story . Yuri was born and raised in the Lower Quarter of the Imperial Capital , Zaphias . He joined the Imperial Knights because like Flynn , he wanted to change the imperial law and justice . He was voiced by Kosuke Toriumi in Japanese and Troy Baker in English .
Flynn Scifo
He is also one of the main protagonists of the story . Flynn is a childhood friend of Yuri 's , as well as a friend to Estelle . He joined the Imperial Knights in order to uphold law and justice . The two were once childhood friends , brought up in the lower parts of the Empire . He was voiced by Mamoru Miyano in Japanese and Sam Riegel in English .
Niren Fedrok
He is the commanding officer of the Niren Corps . Although he has the aura of a commanding officer , he also exudes that of a friendly middle @-@ aged man . Both Yuri and Flynn are under his command . Niren was voiced by Takashi Taniguchi in Japanese and Christopher Sabat in English .
Hisca Aiheap
She is a female knight who belongs to the Niren Corps , together with her twin sister , Chastel . She is a knight senior to Yuri and Flynn and is the little sister of the twins . She was earlier seen in the first few character arts released for the movie . She was voiced by Arisa Ogasawara in Japanese and Trina Nishimura in English .
Chastel Aiheap
She is also a female knight like her twin sister , Hisca , in the Niren Corps . She was voiced by Fumie Mizusawa in Japanese and Leah Clark in English .
Garista Luodur
He is the strategist of the Niren Corps ; he often showcases his wisdom in military affairs and especially excels those of others . He is later revealed to be the movie 's main antagonist . He was voiced by Mitsuru Miyamoto in Japanese and J. Michael Tatum in English .
Yurgis
He is the vice captain of the Niren Corps , second in command to Niren .
Lambert
He is the official wardog of the Niren Corps and is also Repede 's sire .
Repede
He is a puppy who acts as the mascot for the Niren Corps and is always carrying something in his mouth .
= = Development = =
Tales of Vesperia : The First Strike was officially announced in early 2009 with the staff confirming the return of Kousuke Toriumi and Mamoru Miyano as the protagonists . Production of the movie started when Tales of Vesperia was still in plot stage . The team discarded the idea of making an adaptation of the game due to its large length . The team was also against making a sequel or a sidestory due to the required time @-@ consuming character introductions that would make it required to play the game to enjoy . Director Kenta Kamei wanted a movie that anybody would enjoy . As a result , it was decided to make it a prequel as they could explore Yuri and Flynn 's background . Kamei was originally involved in the movie parts of the Tales series . When he was assigned as the movie 's director , he recalls feeling " honoured , surprised and a bit nervous at the same time " .
The First Strike was Kamei 's first movie , and he wanted to rely on an experienced screenwriter . He eventually requested Reiko Yoshida 's help as the Tales series had a strong female fanbase and thus needed " feminine sensitiveness " in designing the script . The film uses 2D and computer @-@ generated animation . The director was demanding with the 3DCG director , and he relied on a very skilled team . He started from the director of photography , Kazuhiro Yamada , who he personally insisted to join the production . Kamei elaborated on how blending hand @-@ drawn animation and CGI was one of the most difficult and time @-@ consuming tasks . As a result , especially in the opening scene , the film had hand @-@ drawn characters running on a 3D background . It took a while before he could get the result he was aiming for . The plot took two years and a half to produce . Originally , there were plans to release the movie before the game , but a delay in the schedule resulted in Vesperia being released first . Kamei believes that this was due to how demanding he was .
Much of the plot was affected by Yuri and Flynn 's youth . Niren Fedrok was created to serve as a mentor figure as well as the possible future of the two 's careers . Since Yuri was surer of his interest , the coming @-@ of @-@ age story was more focused on Flynn . This is meant to act as a counterpart to the video game , where not much of Flynn 's past and his weaknesses are exposed . The friendship between Yuri and Flynn was seen as " priceless " by Kamei due to the mutual respect they share as well as the occasion each gets angry .
The storyboard took six months to complete . Kamei struggled with several difficulties as he was under pressure due to how it would influence the entire film . The climax of the film also proved difficult to make . He also noted how the first scene had the challenge of attracting the audience 's attention . Kamei 's favorite scene is when Yuri looks up at the sky of Shizontania the night before the knights ' expedition to the old ruins . It meant to emphasize the importance of Yuri 's decision in regards to his future .
= = = Music = = =
The music of the film was composed by Akira Senju . According to Elliot Gay from Japanator Senju " brings an orchestral sound that really elevates the film in a way that veteran Tales series composer Motoi Sakuraba seems to struggle with these day " . The source game 's theme song , " Ring a Bell " ( 鐘を鳴らして , Kane o Narashite ) by Bonnie Pink , was reused as the movie 's theme song . A 27 @-@ track original soundtrack , Tales of Vesperia The First Strike Original Soundtrack ( テイルズ オブ ヴェスペリア ～ The First Strike ～ オリジナル ・ サウンドトラック ) , was released by Lantis on October 21 , 2009 .
= = Release = =
On October 3 , 2009 , Tales of Vesperia : The First Strike debuted in Japan 's box office in seventh place with US $ 230 @,@ 917 . It grossed a total of US $ 941 @,@ 610 in Japan and US $ 4 @,@ 351 in Taiwan for a total of US $ 945 @,@ 961 . It was released on home media on May 28 , 2010 , in Japan . It was released on three different formats : DVD , Blu @-@ ray Disc , and Universal Media Disc . In its first week of release , the DVD sold 14 @,@ 314 units , while the Blu @-@ ray ranked second in the charts . In 2010 , the Blu @-@ ray sold a total of 36 @,@ 059 units .
Funimation Entertainment announced in April 2011 that they would release the movie in 2012 on Blu @-@ ray and DVD in North America . The movie was released on June 26 , 2012 . In June 2011 , Madman Entertainment announced they also licensed the film for an Australian release . In the United Kingdom , the film was released in December 2012 by U.K. Anime Industry . The film debuted in the sixth International Animation Film Festival of Cordoba feature film competition section .
= = = Critical reaction = = =
Critical reception to the film has generally been positive . Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network gave the film a positive review . Despite criticizing the film 's pace , she said that " It may still appeal primarily to fans of the game , but for those who enjoy a heroic fantasy tale , this is one worth checking out . " Elliot Gay from Japanator praised the development of its cast and agreed with Frith in regards to the film 's accessibility . He gave the film a " Great " 8 out of 10 calling it " A well executed film that defines its genre without resorting to cliches " . John Rose from the Fandom Post praised both Yuri and Flynn 's characters as " neither character is simply some cardboard cutout incapable of growth or prevented from having another aspect to their personality and it is in these moments where the characters are able to show off their differences and complexities that the two really shine . " He also called the film " a fantastically animated feature that may also be one of the best adaptations of an RPG world that has been created in a different medium " . Carly Frith from EGMNow gave it a 9 out of 10 praising its accessibility and the work from the English voice cast . He said " The story is good and absorbing with only a few times when it feels like it ’ s tripping up " criticizing some aspects that felt poorly translated from the video game .
The film also attracted criticism . UK Anime Network 's Andy Hanley stated " It has potential in its characters and concept , but does very little with them over the course of this film to make for a disappointly mediocre movie . " Similar to Silverman , Jeffrey Kauffman from Blu @-@ ray.com noted that the film had a slow pace in developing Yuri and Flynn 's relationship . He gave high praise to the animation used in the story . He criticized its supporting cast as he believes " Tales of Vesperia : The First Strike is a standalone offering , or at least one that might have done better had it focused solely on Yuri and Flynn and left the rest of the ' cast of thousands ' far in the background . " Gay was saddened by the lack of appearances from the side characters such as Siren , Hisca , and Chastel .
The production value has been met with positive critical response . Silverman praised the film 's animation , stating that " the movie is gorgeous , and not just for theatrical animation . " Silverman also praised the cast , most notably Yuri 's voice actors . EGMnow also gave high praise to the animation calling it " beautiful and rich " and said " It is top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line in artwork , artistic style and coloring . The action sequences , though reminiscent of the game , are not repetitive nor silly . This is a very serious movie and it was treated as such . " The Fandom Post agreed saying " the feature has some absolutely stunning visuals which create lush and vibrant environments for the characters to live in which adds a wonderful polish to the work . " Similar praise was given by Jeffrey Kauffman from Blu @-@ ray.com. Andy Hanley praised the distinctive character designs despite criticizing some aspects from the fight scenes .
= The Stake Out ( Seinfeld ) =
" The Stake Out " is the second episode produced of the first season of the NBC comedy Seinfeld .
It aired as the second episode of the season on May 31 , 1990 . The episode was written by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David and directed by Tom Cherones . The narrative features Jerry Seinfeld agreeing to attend a birthday party with his ex @-@ girlfriend Elaine Benes . During the party , Jerry tries to flirt with another woman , but fails to learn anything about her except her place of work . Jerry is reluctant to ask Elaine for the woman 's number because he does not talk to her about other women . Jerry 's father , Morty , suggests that he " stake out " the woman 's workplace and pretend to meet her accidentally , which Jerry does . " The Stake Out " is the first episode to feature Elaine and Jerry 's parents . The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild Award in 1991 .
= = Plot = =
Jerry and Elaine have just ended their relationship , but have chosen to remain friends . Elaine invites Jerry to a birthday party ; he agrees to go on the condition that she accompanies him to a wedding that he and his parents have been invited to . At the party , Jerry meets an attractive woman named Vanessa . He wants to flirt with her , but is uncomfortable doing so in Elaine 's presence . The woman leaves with another man before Jerry finds out her name ; however , he learns that she works at a law firm called " Sagman , Bennett , Robbins , Oppenheim and Taft " . During the party , Elaine tries to tell Jerry about a dream she had , which featured him . Jerry tries to end the conversation but this results in an argument after the party is over .
Back at his apartment , Jerry 's parents , Morty and Helen , sleep over , with Jerry sleeping in Kramer 's apartment . He talks about the party and claims that he cannot get the phone number of the woman from Elaine because he does not talk about other women with her ; additionally , she is still angry with him . Morty suggests that Jerry " stake out " the woman by waiting outside her office , an idea which Jerry likes . The following day , Jerry and George Costanza perform the stake out , pretending that they are coming to see someone else in the building named " Art Corvelay " , but under pressure , George insists that they make it " Art Vandelay " . They meet the woman , who says the man she left the party with was her cousin . The two then decide to go out on a date .
Later that night , Jerry finds out from his mother that Elaine knows about the stake out . On the day of the wedding , Elaine tells Jerry that the reason that she was angry was because it was the first time she saw him flirt with another woman . They decide that they have to be able to talk more about their relationships if they wish to remain friends . Elaine then reveals that she has recently met a man using a stake out .
= = Production = =
" The Stake Out " is based on a real life incident in which David was with a woman that he had dated previously named Monica Yates . They then went to a restaurant and David met another woman . However , he could not flirt as much as he wanted due to the presence of Yates . David did find out the name of the building where she worked at and staked her out . The names of the people in the title of the law firm are friends Larry David made at college .
This episode prompted running gags that were used in later episodes . These were the importer @-@ exporter , George 's ambitions of becoming an architect and Art Vandelay . The character of Vanessa ( named after a woman David once went out with ) also reappears in a later episode from the first season , " The Stock Tip " .
" The Stake Out " is the first episode to mention the past relationship between Jerry and Elaine . Although it was the third episode to be filmed ( after " The Seinfeld Chronicles " and " Male Unbonding " ) , it was the second episode to be broadcast . The episode order was changed because " The Stake Out " provided more background information about Elaine and her relationship with Jerry . Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus commented that she liked the script for the episode because it made the character seem human . She also commented on the fact that it was racy due to the mention of a pornographic film .
The opening scene caused some problems because it featured a woman walking off the set and taking one step down to get off it . Gleen Forbes , the set designer , thought that this made the show look cheap . The scene in which Jerry and Elaine are in a taxi was filmed in a studio using a black background and moving a fake taxi , due to budget restraints , in a method known as " Poor Man 's Process . "
This is the first episode to feature Jerry 's parents . Only one casting session was performed to find the actors for the roles . Philip Sterling was originally cast to play the role of Morty Seinfeld , but was replaced with Phil Bruns . Bruns was then replaced as well because Seinfeld and David wanted the character to be harsher . As a result , the role was recast and given to Barney Martin — who had no idea that another actor had already established the part . In this episode Kramer greets Morty by name .
= = Reception = =
When " The Stake Out " was first broadcast on May 31 , 1990 , the episode attracted a Nielsen rating of 16 @.@ 2 / 24 , meaning that 16 @.@ 2 % of American households watched the episode , and that 24 % of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into it . When the episode was first repeated , on December 2 , 1992 , a special introductory film was made featuring Louis @-@ Dreyfus and Seinfeld , in which they stated that this episode was the first one they did together . Strictly speaking , though , it was just the first episode broadcast — in terms of production order , " Male Unbonding " was the first episode in which the two characters both appeared .
The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild Award in 1991 . Holly E. Ordway for DVD Talk Review commented positively on not just this episode , but the whole of the first season , saying , " What 's not to like about an episode like ' The Stakeout , ' in which ( among other things ) we are witness to the invention of George 's alter ego , Art Vandelay ( and his import / export business ) ? " Mary Kay Shilling and Mike Flaherty of Entertainment Weekly also liked the episode but had some doubts , saying it was , " A painfully realistic take on the lovers @-@ to @-@ friends transition that should have been more comically fruitful . "
However , some reviews of the episode were critical , both now and at the time . When first broadcast , Matt Roush from USA Today wrote : " Lacking much in the way of attitude , the show seems obsolete and irrelevant . What it boils down to is that Seinfeld is a mayonnaise clown in the world that requires a little horseradish . "
Colin Jacobson for DVD Movie Guide criticized the writing , saying , " the show 's rather bland . It provides the occasional chuckle , but the characters aren 't formed yet , and that makes the program ring false . The ending reconciliation between Jerry and Elaine causes particular problems ; it doesn 't turn sappy , but it comes too close for Seinfeld . "
= = External Links = =
" The Stakeout " . Internet Movie Database .
= 824th Tank Destroyer Battalion =
The 824th Tank Destroyer Battalion was a tank destroyer battalion of the United States Army active during the Second World War . It saw service during 1944 – 45 in the European Theater of Operations , primarily attached to the 100th Infantry Division in an infantry support role . After fighting through France and southern Germany , the battalion ended the war in Austria .
The 824th was originally formed in August 1942 in Oklahoma , and trained in the United States for two years . In October 1944 , it deployed to France equipped with towed 3 " anti @-@ tank guns , and was assigned to support the Seventh Army , then fighting in Alsace . Here it supported the 100th Division as it pushed steadily eastwards towards Germany , and on 8 – 9 January 1945 was employed to repel a SS panzergrenadier attack during Operation Nordwind , the only time the unit is recorded as having destroyed an enemy tank .
After conversion to M18 Hellcat self @-@ propelled tank destroyers , the battalion moved into Germany , helping force a bridgehead over the Neckar River at the Battle of Heilbronn . After reaching Stuttgart it was reassigned to the 103rd Infantry Division , and with them reached Innsbruck in Austria by VE Day . After two weeks of occupation duties it was ordered to prepare for service in the Pacific ; however , while it was reforming in the United States , the Japanese surrender was announced , and the need for more combat units ended . The battalion was demobilized in September 1945 .
= = Early service = =
The battalion was formed at Camp Gruber , Oklahoma , on 10 August 1942 , with a cadre of 31 officers and 77 men . It received 829 draftees from Camp Upton , New York , in mid @-@ January 1943 , bringing it up to slightly over full strength . The unit was nominally organised as a " tank destroyer battalion , heavy , self @-@ propelled " ; after some experimentation in 1941 @-@ 2 , this had become the standard organisation for tank destroyer units . Under this structure , the battalion would have three gun companies , each with three platoons of M3 self @-@ propelled 75mm guns ; each platoon had four gun crews and twelve additional men for command and security duties . These were supported by a fourth reconnaissance company with three reconnaissance platoons and one platoon of pioneers , and various headquarters and support elements .
After the men had been assembled at Camp Gruber , the battalion departed for Camp Bowie , Texas , where it carried out three months of basic training , and in mid @-@ April was transferred to Fort Hood , Texas , where it trained at the Tank Destroyer Tactical and Firing Center . While the 824th was at Fort Hood , a new organisational structure was announced for tank destroyer battalions , converting them from self @-@ propelled guns to towed 3 " anti @-@ tank guns ; the 824th was officially reorganised to the new pattern in July . This had the same number of guns - three companies , with three platoons of four guns - but the reconnaissance company was reduced to two platoons and merged into the headquarters company , while the pioneers were removed entirely .
On completing unit training at Fort Hood in August , the 824th was transferred to Louisiana for field maneuvers , returning to Camp Bowie in January 1944 . The battalion finally left the United States in October 1944 , sailing from New York aboard the USS Lejeune on 14 October and landing at Marseilles on 28 October .
= = Fighting in Alsace = =
The battalion first saw frontline service on 28 November , when two companies were attached to the 397th Infantry Regiment ( 100th Infantry Division ) , which was itself temporarily attached to the 45th Infantry Division , fighting in the Vosges Mountains under the Seventh Army . The battalion took its first casualties the following day , with four men in A Company killed and three wounded by artillery and mortar fire . The following day , a gun crew of the same company fired the battalion 's first shots in anger , destroying a machine @-@ gun position . The battalion pushed eastwards with the 100th and 45th Divisions until mid @-@ December , with individual gun crews providing direct fire support to infantrymen assaulting German defensive positions , as well as indirect artillery fire .
On 21 December , after the start of the German offensive in the Ardennes , the Seventh Army was ordered onto the defensive . A Company of the 824th was attached to the 106th Cavalry Group , covering the far left flank of the Army , while the other two gun companies remained with the infantry of 100th Division . The anticipated enemy offensive , Operation Nordwind , began on the night of New Year 's Eve . After heavy infantry fighting , German armored units were engaged on 8 – 9 January 1945 , when the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division attacked the 397th Infantry Regiment , supported by B Company of the 824th ; one gun was lost in return for one tank and several half @-@ tracks . This is the only occurrence noted in the battalion history in which the battalion engaged enemy armor . Two guns were temporarily abandoned by B Company when their supporting infantry retreated . A group of eight men returned to recover them the following night ; all were awarded Bronze Stars for bravery . Additionally , one gun commander was awarded the Bronze Star for holding his gun in an exposed position during an attack .
Through the rest of January and February , the battalion remained in defensive positions , with crews rotating to the neighboring 776th Tank Destroyer Battalion in order to train on self @-@ propelled tank destroyers . The 824th was prepared for conversion to the new equipment by early March , but this was delayed in order to support the 100th Division 's attack on Bitche as part of Operation Undertone from 15 – 19 March .
= = Advance into Germany = =
In the last week of March , the battalion finally withdrew to refit with the M18 Hellcat self @-@ propelled tank destroyer . In so doing , it reverted to the old self @-@ propelled battalion organisation ; three companies of twelve tank destroyers , plus a fourth reconnaissance company with a platoon of pioneers . The new organisation was smaller than the old - fewer men were needed for vehicle crews - and so even after the creation of the new Reconnaissance Company on 27 March , the 824th finished the month with a complement of 646 all ranks , down from 750 .
Following the refit , it crossed the Rhine on 1 April , and was almost immediately returned to combat to support the 100th Division 's attack on Heilbronn , an attempt to force a bridgehead across the Neckar River . The fighting began on 4 April , with C Company crossing the river into the centre of the city on 8 April ; in the absence of enemy armor , they provided close fire support to infantrymen engaged in house @-@ to @-@ house fighting .
Once Heilbronn had been secured , the 100th Division , and the 824th with it , moved south towards Stuttgart . On 25 April , the 824th was reassigned to the 103rd Division , which was moving eastwards through Bavaria towards Austria ; it finished the war , on VE Day , outside Innsbruck . After the end of hostilities , six men were awarded the Silver Star , and twenty @-@ two more men were awarded Bronze Stars – one posthumously – bringing the battalion 's total to six Silver Stars and thirty @-@ one Bronze Stars .
The battalion carried out security and occupation duties , until handing over to the 384th Field Artillery Battalion on 17 May . It was then ordered to prepare for redeployment to the Pacific Theater of Operations , via the United States . In mid @-@ June , the 824th headed west , leaving their vehicles at depots in northern France , and sailed from Le Havre aboard the SS John Howland and SS Thomas Cresap on 1 July . On arrival , the men were given one month of leave ; on 18 August , however , the battalion was notified that it would be demobilized due to the surrender of Japan . Three weeks later , on 11 September , the battalion was formally demobilized at Fort Jackson , South Carolina , and ceased to exist .
= Dandie Dinmont Terrier =
A Dandie Dinmont Terrier is a small Scottish breed of dog in the terrier family . The breed has a very long body , short legs , and a distinctive " top @-@ knot " of hair on the head . A character in Sir Walter Scott 's novel Guy Mannering has lent the name to the breed , with " Dandie Dinmont " thought to be based on James Davidson , who is credited as being the " father " of the modern breed . Davidson 's dogs descended from earlier terrier owning families , including the Allans of Holystone , Northumberland .
There are three breed clubs in the UK supporting the breed , although it is registered as a Vulnerable Native Breed by the Kennel Club due to its low number of puppy registrations on a yearly basis . The breed is friendly , but tough and is suitable for interaction with older children . There are no breed specific health concerns , but they can be affected by spinal issues due to their elongated body and the breed is affected by canine cancer at a higher than average rate .
= = History = =
The breed originates from the dogs being used in the border country of Scotland and England . During the 1600s , they were used for hunting badgers and otters . Whilst their ultimate origin remains unknown , dogs owned by the Allans of Holystone , Northumberland in the early 1700s are thought to have been involved in their early origins . These dogs may have been a type of Border Terrier , although other theories exist including the idea that they are a cross between Scottish Terriers and Skye Terriers . The head of this family was Willie " Piper " Allan , who was born in nearby Bellingham . He was a fly @-@ fisher and enjoyed his sports , and in particular kept dogs for the hunting of otters . Lord Ravensworth once hired Allan to remove the otters from the pond in Eslington Park . Lord Ravensworth attempted to purchase one of Allan 's favoured dogs after he successfully removed the otters , which Allan refused . Willie Piper died on 18 February 1779 , and his dogs passed into the care of his son , James . James ' son eventually inherited the dogs , and sold a dog named " Old Pepper " to Mr. Francis Sommer who came from Town Yetholm on the Scottish side of the border . Old Pepper was descended from one of Willie Allan 's favorite dogs who had worked Lord Ravensworth 's manor .
The breed remained relatively unknown outside of the borders until 1815 when Sir Walter Scott 's novel Guy Mannering was published . Sir Walter had spent time in the area whilst the Sheriff of Selkirkshire and had learned of the prowess of these types of specialist terriers for working both fox and otter . When he wrote Guy Mannering , he included a character by the name of " Dandie Dinmont " who owned a number of terriers named " Pepper " and " Mustard " after the colours of their coats . The Dinmont character was partly based on the real life farmer and terrier owner , Mr. James Davidson , who too used the generic terms of Pepper and Mustard for his dogs depending on their coats . Davidson 's dogs came from a variety of sources including the dogs of the Allan , Anderson and Faas families . Davidson documented his breeding , and has been accepted as the father of the modern breed .
Some interbreeding with other breeds took place in the mid @-@ 1800s , which may have introduced Dachshund blood into the breed , although certain breeders maintained pure @-@ bred lines . The Dach
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Regiment had not yet arrived in Koprivnica , and the divisional cavalry squadron had reached as far as Ivanec . The majority of the 81st Cavalry Regiment , which were army @-@ level troops , were on the road from Zagreb to Koprivnica , although its 1st Squadron , which had been transported to Koprivnica in cars on 7 April , was deployed as part of an outpost line forward of Koprivnica supporting the 1st Battalion of the 53rd Infantry Regiment . The divisional headquarters was located 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) southwest of Koprivnica at Reka .
In accordance with Nedeljković 's orders , Marić 's 27th Infantry Division Savska was to undertake a counterattack against the Zákány bridgehead on 8 April . Supported by two batteries of Skoda 75 mm Model 1928 mountain guns of the 27th Artillery Regiment , the attack consisted of three columns converging on the bridgehead . The right column , attacking from the area of Bregi , was to consist of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment supported by the divisional machine gun company . The centre column , consisting of the 53rd Infantry Regiment and the remnants of the 2nd Battalion of the 36th Infantry Regiment and the 1st Battalion of the 35th Infantry Regiment , directly supported by the 1st Battery of the 27th Artillery Regiment , would attack from Koprivnica . The left column , attacking from the vicinity of Herešin , was to consist of the dismounted 81st Cavalry Regiment . As promised support from the 36th Infantry Regiment , 81st Cavalry Regiment and army @-@ level artillery had not materialised , Marić postponed the counterattack to 16 : 00 . By noon , a full scale revolt had broken out within the flanking 40th Infantry Division Slavonska , resulting in the capture of the town of Bjelovar and a large portion of the 4th Army headquarters by the rebels that afternoon . When the attack on the bridgehead at Zákány was eventually launched , only the 2nd Cavalry Regiment and the 1st Squadron of the 81st Cavalry Regiment remained in contact with the Germans , south of Peteranec , and the 2nd Cavalry Regiment held that area throughout the night of 8 / 9 April , despite heavy German artillery fire . Of the other units involved in the counterattack , most were only at 25 percent of their full strength due to Ustaše @-@ influenced desertions sparked by the rebellion within the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska . Two battalions of the 36th Infantry Regiment deserted during the day .
= = = 9 April = = =
On 9 April , the left flanking 42nd Infantry Division Murska withdrew from the Drava to conform with the line being held by forward elements of the 27th Infantry Division Savska , while the German XLVI Motorised Corps completed its preparations for full @-@ scale offensive action by expanding its bridgehead at Zákány . The cavalry units continued to fight the Germans around Peteranec , but the left sector of the divisional front line began to disintegrate . The commander of the right sector , Pukovnik Mihailo Georgijević ordered his troops to hold their positions and went to divisional headquarters to ask approval to discharge the Croats in his units . Marić would not inform 4th Army headquarters of this idea , so Georgijević went to Zagreb to speak to Petrović , and to further urge him to withdraw all troops that still wanted to fight to a line south of the Sava . According to Georgijević , Petrović ordered him to tell Marić to consider disarming his Croat troops , and to continue to hold positions on the line of the Bilogora hills , but to conduct a fighting withdrawal towards Zagreb and Sisak if the German pressure was too great . The intent of these orders was not implemented , as fifth column elements changed the wording so that orders were issued to discharge Croat troops and to retreat towards Zagreb without fighting .
About 09 : 00 , Marić and Marković went to Zagreb to see Petrović , who ordered them to immediately return to their division and continue to resist the Germans . On the return journey , they encountered most of their division withdrawing towards Križevci , with the exception of the cavalry units still fighting north of Koprivnica . Marić halted the retreat , and established positions around Mali Grabičani , making his headquarters at Križevci . Georgijević dismissed his Croat troops and retreated with the rest of his force towards Zagreb , and the commander of the 104th Infantry Regiment discharged all his troops . In the afternoon , the hard @-@ pressed cavalry units began to withdraw . About 14 : 00 , the 2nd Cavalry Regiment withdrew to Novigrad Podravski via Bregi , but receiving a hostile reception from the Croat population , continued towards Bjelovar . About 18 : 00 , the 1st Squadron of the 81st Cavalry Regiment withdrew via Koprivnica , reaching the rest of the division about 23 : 00 . About 19 : 00 , the Germans occupied Koprivnica without resistance . By evening , Marić 's division numbered about 2 @,@ 000 troops , the 36th Infantry Regiment and 81st Cavalry Regiment were widely dispersed , the 53rd Infantry Regiment had effectively ceased to exist , and his artillery regiment had only two horses to pull guns .
Prior to its disbandment , the rebels in Bjelovar had used the telegraph station and telephone exchange in the town to issue false orders to parts of the 104th Infantry Regiment directing them to withdraw from their positions . The rebels also contacted the Germans by telephone and sent representatives to meet the Germans at the Drava bridgeheads , to advise them that the roads had been cleared of obstacles , and the rebels invited them to enter Bjelovar . Rebels and deserters began to converge on Bjelovar , bringing with them many Serb officers and soldiers who soon filled the town 's jails .
Elements of the 4th Army began to withdraw southwards on 9 April . On the evening of 9 April , Generaloberst Maximilian von Weichs , commander of the German 2nd Army , was ready to launch major offensive operations from the bridgeheads on the following day . His plan involved two main thrusts . The first would be spearheaded by the 14th Panzer Division breaking out of the Zákány bridgehead and drive towards Zagreb , and the second would see the 8th Panzer Division break out of the bridgehead in the sector of the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska and turn east between the Drava and Sava to attack towards Belgrade . On the night of 9 / 10 April , those Croats that had remained with their units also began to desert or turn on their commanders , and in the 40th Infantry Division Slavonska on the right flank of the 27th Infantry Division Savska , almost all the remaining troops were Serbs . Due to the increasing momentum of the revolt , Petrović concluded that the 4th Army was no longer an effective formation and could not resist the Germans .
= = = Fate = = =
Early on 10 April , Pukovnik Franjo Nikolić , the head of the operations staff with the headquarters of the 1st Army Group , left his post and visited the senior Ustaše leader Slavko Kvaternik in Zagreb . He then returned to headquarters and redirected 4th Army units around Zagreb to either cease operations or to deploy to innocuous positions . These actions reduced or eliminated armed resistance to the German advance . On the same day , the 14th Panzer Division , supported by dive bombers , crossed the Drava and drove southwest towards Zagreb on snow @-@ covered roads in extremely cold conditions . Initial air reconnaissance indicated large concentrations of Yugoslav troops on the divisional axis of advance , but these troops proved to be withdrawing towards Zagreb .
Degraded by revolt and fifth @-@ column activity , the 27th Infantry Division Savska numbered about 2 @,@ 000 effectives when the German attack began . The 14th Panzer Division vanguard reached their positions in the Bilogora range around 08 : 00 , and the remnants of the division began withdrawing towards Križevci under heavy air attack . When they reached the town around 14 : 00 , they were quickly encircled by German motorised troops that had outflanked them . The divisional headquarters staff escaped , but were captured a little further down the road at Bojnikovec . The remnants of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment had to fight its way towards Bjelovar , but was attacked by German tanks on the outskirts , captured and detained . The 14th Panzer Division continued its almost completely unopposed drive on Zagreb using two routes , Križevci – Dugo Selo – Zagreb and Bjelovar – Čazma – Ivanić @-@ Grad – Zagreb .
About 17 : 45 on 10 April , Kvaternik and SS @-@ Standartenführer Edmund Veesenmayer went to the radio station in Zagreb and Kvaternik proclaimed the creation of the Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) . The 35th Infantry Regiment of the 27th Infantry Division Savska was disbanded by its commander when he heard news of the proclamation . By 19 : 30 on 10 April , lead elements of the 14th Panzer Division had reached the outskirts of Zagreb , having covered nearly 160 kilometres ( 99 miles ) in a single day . By the time it entered Zagreb , the 14th Panzer Division was met by cheering crowds , and had captured 15 @,@ 000 Yugoslav troops , including 22 generals .
About 19 : 45 , the 1st Army Group held a conference in Zagreb , just as German tanks were entering the city . Nedeljković told Petrović that he could no longer hold his positions , but despite this , Petrović ordered him to hold for at least 2 – 3 days to enable the withdrawal of the 7th Army to the Kupa river . Nedeljković replied that he no longer had an army , and suggested that all Serb officers and men be ordered back to form a defensive line along the Sava and Una rivers . Petrović refused to consider this , but ordered the 1st Cavalry Division to form a defensive line along the Sava between Jasenovac and Zagreb . The XLVI Motorised Corps encountered little resistance from the 4th Army , particularly from the 27th Infantry Division Savska and 40th Infantry Division Slavonska on its right , and by the evening of 10 April the whole 4th Army was disintegrating . Petrović wanted to dismiss Marić as commander of the 27th Infantry Division Savska due to suspicions that he was an Ustaše sympathiser , but could not identify a suitable replacement .
On 11 April , Petrović and the staff of 1st Army Group headquarters were captured by Ustaše at Petrinja , and the rear area staff of 4th Army headquarters were captured by Ustaše at Topusko . The personnel of both headquarters were soon handed over to the Germans by their captors . Nedeljković and his operations staff escaped to fight on for a few days , but the 27th Infantry Division Savska had ceased to exist . On 15 April , Nedeljković received orders that a ceasefire had been agreed , and that all 4th Army troops were to remain in place and not fire on German personnel . After a delay in locating appropriate signatories for the surrender document , the Yugoslav Supreme Command unconditionally surrendered in Belgrade effective at 12 : 00 on 18 April .
= = = Books = = =
= = = Journals and papers = = =
= = = Websites = = =
= Dancehall Queen ( Robyn song ) =
" Dancehall Queen " is a song by Swedish recording artist Robyn , taken from her fifth studio album , Body Talk Pt . 1 ( 2010 ) . The song was written by Klas Åhlund , who produced it with disc jockey Diplo . The initial writing and production of the song arose from a discussion by Robyn , Diplo and Åhlund about Ace of Base . The song features a dancehall and reggae @-@ infused sound with 1980s synths and subwoofers . It was released as a promotional single before the album was launched in April 2010 .
The song received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Some praised its hook and chorus , while others dismissed its overall sound . " Dancehall Queen " charted at number fifty @-@ six on the Sverigetopplistan chart and was listed there for only a week . The accompanying music video , released in November 2010 , was directed by Diplo , Red Foxx and Pomp & Clout . It resembles a karaoke tape with sing @-@ along lyrics on the bottom of the screen . Robyn herself does not appear in the clip .
= = Background = =
In November 2009 , a video of Robyn and Diplo working on " Dancehall Queen " in the studio was posted onto YouTube . The song originally leaked onto the Internet in February 2010 , under the title " No Hassle " . In an interview with music website Stereogum , Robyn spoke of the song 's origin , saying ; " We [ Robyn , Diplo and Klas Åhlund ] were talking about Ace of Base and we were just having fun with that kind of genre music . And the idea of making this song came out of that discussion . It was fun . We really connected on something where music that you might put in one box becomes something else , depending on how you look at it . " In an interview with music magazine Pitchfork , she spoke of the song 's musical style , stating ;
" Dancehall Queen " was released digitally in the US on 13 April 2010 , and on 28 April 2010 in Sweden . It was one of three promotional singles released before the album 's release .
= = Composition = =
" Dancehall Queen " was written by Klas Åhlund , who produced the song with Diplo . The piece is a dancehall song , with influences of reggae . The song incorporates 1980s dancehall synths and subwoofer wobbles . Nate Chinen of The New York Times called the song " an ode to 1990s Euro @-@ dub " . Noel Gardner of Drowned in Sound called it a " modern equivalent " of 10cc 's " Dreadlock Holiday " . The song utilizes electrified Caribbean sounds , influenced by Ace of Base . According to Ben Norman of About.com , Robyn " raggas her way through a laid back and bouncy electronic atmosphere " . The chorus features Robyn singing " I still run this thing like a dancehall queen / I really don 't want no hassle . " The song also includes a shoutout to Sleng Teng ; " I came to dance , not to socialize . " According to Marc Hogan of Pitchfork , the song 's title is a " sideways allusion " to ABBA .
= = Reception = =
Marc Hogan of Pitchfork called the song a " so @-@ wrong @-@ it 's @-@ right collaboration with tastemaking Philadelphia DJ / producer Diplo . " Hogan wrote that " It 's here , dancing , with a chorus that Santigold and Gwen Stefani might kill for , that Robyn is free from all the worries that are " killing " her at the album 's start . " Christopher Muther of The Boston Globe wrote that " [ Robyn 's ] take on Jamaican music has the potential to reek of day @-@ old Ace of Bass " , but called it " surprisingly solid " . Noel Gardner of Drowned in Sound called it " frankly peculiar " , and wrote , " It ’ s evidently laced with irony , and is possibly the most fun tune on here " . Luke Lewis of NME wrote a mixed review of the song , stating , " It feels less authentic , especially on ‘ Dancefloor Queen ’ , a misfiring collaboration with Diplo that features the least convincing patois this side of a George Lamb radio show . "
Ben Norman of About.com wrote , " Nothing against ' Dancehall Queen , ' but it just isn 't the Robyn people have come to love . " Robbie Daw of Idolator called it " subtle " , and wrote that " it ’ s hard to imagine this song being worked as a single " , but concluded saying that it " definitely has an infectious hook " . Anthony Balderrama of Consequence of Sound wrote that the song " is what you ’ d expect to hear : a smooth beat and an international sound , but nothing you ’ ll keep on repeat . It seems like a match made in heaven , but ultimately it ’ s fairly safe . " Matthew Horton of BBC Music called the song " superfluous " .
The song entered the Sverigetopplistan chart at its peak position of number fifty @-@ six , before dropping out the next week . The song also peaked at number fifty @-@ one on the Swedish Digital Chart .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Dancehall Queen " was directed by Diplo , Red Foxx and Pomp & Clout . It premiered on 29 November 2010 via Robyn 's official YouTube account . Ryan Staake of Pomp & Clout referred the video to as a " really weird VHS / karaoke video " . The video resembles a faded karaoke tape with occasional sing @-@ along lyrics on the bottom of the screen . Robyn does not appear in the video . Larry Fitzmaurice of Pitchfork said that the video is " complete with awkward / sexy dancing and footage of bustling city life " . Erika Brooks Adickman of Idolator wrote a mixed review of the clip , stating , " We ’ re guessing Robyn didn ’ t want the “ hassle ” of appearing , so instead we ’ re treated to — seemingly — random grainy footage of the streets of Japan and gyrating women as the words of the chorus appear karaoke @-@ style on the screen . We can say one good thing about the flick , if you were confused about the song ’ s lyrics , they ’ re fairly easy to read . "
The video features dancing Japanese former Jamaican Dancehall Queen Junko Kudō .
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Dancehall Queen " – 3 : 39
= = Credits and personnel = =
Klas Åhlund – music , lyrics and production
Diplo – production , instruments and programming
Niklas Flykt – mixing
= = Charts = =
= Royal assent =
Royal assent is the method by which a country 's constitutional monarch ( possibly through a delegated official ) formally approves an act of that nation 's parliament , thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law . In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies , this act is considered to be little more than a formality ; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent ( such as the United Kingdom , Norway , and Liechtenstein ) , the monarch almost never does so , save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government . While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies , it is exceedingly rare in the modern , democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century .
Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies . In the United Kingdom , for instance , the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners , who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster for this purpose . However , royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent . In other nations , such as Australia , the Governor @-@ General merely signs the bill . In Canada , the Governor @-@ General may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill .
= = Commonwealth realms = =
= = = United Kingdom = = =
In the United Kingdom , royal assent is the final step required for a parliamentary bill to become law . Once a bill is presented to the sovereign or the sovereign 's representative , he or she has three formal options : Firstly , the sovereign may grant royal assent , thereby making the bill an Act of Parliament . Secondly , the sovereign may withhold royal assent , thereby vetoing the bill . Finally , the sovereign may reserve ; that is to say , defer a decision on the bill until a later time .
Under modern constitutional conventions , the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers . Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills , it is highly improbable that they would
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ic by reading about syphilis . None were allowed to offer their views of the novel . Under the Obscene Publications Act of 1857 , Chief Magistrate Sir Chartres Biron could decide whether the book was obscene without hearing any testimony on the question . " I don 't think people are entitled to express an opinion upon a matter which is the decision of the court " , he said . Since Hall herself was not on trial , she did not have the right to her own counsel , and Cape 's barrister Norman Birkett had persuaded her not to take the stand herself .
Birkett arrived in court two hours late . In his defence , he tried to claim that the relationships between women in The Well of Loneliness were purely Platonic in nature . Biron replied , " I have read the book . " Hall had urged Birkett before the trial not to " sell the inverts in our defence " . She took advantage of a lunch recess to tell him that if he continued to maintain her book had no lesbian content she would stand up in court and tell the magistrate the truth before anyone could stop her . Birkett was forced to retract . He argued instead that the book was tasteful and possessed a high degree of literary merit . James Melville , appearing for Leopold Hill , took a similar line : the book was " written in a reverend spirit " , not to inspire libidinous thoughts but to examine a social question . The theme itself should not be forbidden , and the book 's treatment of its theme was unexceptionable .
In his judgment , issued 16 , November , Biron applied the Hicklin test of obscenity : a work was obscene if it tended to " deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences " . He held that the book 's literary merit was irrelevant because a well @-@ written obscene book was even more harmful than a poorly written one . The topic in itself was not necessarily unacceptable ; a book that depicted the " moral and physical degradation which indulgence in those vices must necessary involve " might be allowed , but no reasonable person could say that a plea for the recognition and toleration of inverts was not obscene . He ordered the book destroyed , with the defendants to pay court costs .
= = = = Appeal = = = =
Hill and Cape appealed to the London Court of Quarter Sessions . The prosecutor , Attorney General Sir Thomas Inskip , solicited testimony from biological and medical experts and from the writer Rudyard Kipling . But when Kipling appeared on the morning of the trial , Inskip told him he would not be needed . James Melville had wired the defence witnesses the night before to tell them not to come in . The panel of twelve magistrates who heard the appeal had to rely on passages Inskip read to them for knowledge of the book , since the Director of Public Prosecutions had refused to release copies for them to read . After deliberating for only five minutes , they upheld Biron 's decision .
= = = The Sink of Solitude = = =
The Sink of Solitude , an anonymous lampoon in verse by " several hands " , appeared in late 1928 . It satirized both sides of the controversy over The Well of Loneliness , but its primary targets were Douglas and Joynson @-@ Hicks , " Two Good Men – never mind their intellect " . Though the introduction , by journalist P. R. Stephensen , described The Well 's moral argument as " feeble " and dismissed Havelock Ellis as a " psychopath " , The Sink itself endorsed the view that lesbianism was innate :
Though SAPPHO burned with a peculiar flame
God understands her , we must do the same ,
And of such eccentricities we say
" ' Tis true , ' tis pity : she was made that way . "
It portrayed Hall , however , as a humorless moralist who had a great deal in common with the opponents of her novel . One illustration , picking up on the theme of religious martyrdom in The Well , showed Hall nailed to a cross . The image horrified Hall ; her guilt at being depicted in a drawing that she saw as blasphemous led to her choice of a religious subject for her next novel , The Master of the House .
= = = US publication and trial = = =
Alfred A. Knopf , Inc. had planned to publish The Well of Loneliness in the United States at the same time as Cape in the United Kingdom . But after Cape moved up the publication date , Knopf found itself in the position of publishing a book that had already been withdrawn in its home country . They refused , telling Hall that nothing they could do would keep the book from being treated as pornography .
Cape sold the US rights to the recently formed publishing house of Pascal Covici and Donald Friede . Friede had heard gossip about The Well at a party at Theodore Dreiser 's house and immediately decided to acquire it . He had previously sold a copy of Dreiser 's An American Tragedy to a Boston police officer to create a censorship test case , which he had lost ; he was awaiting an appeal , which he would also lose . He took out a $ 10 @,@ 000 bank loan to outbid another publisher that had offered a $ 7 @,@ 500 advance , and enlisted Morris Ernst , co @-@ founder of the American Civil Liberties Union , to defend the book against legal challenges . Friede invited John Saxton Sumner of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice to buy a copy directly from him , to ensure that he , not a bookseller , would be the one prosecuted . He also travelled to Boston to give a copy to the Watch and Ward Society , hoping both to further challenge censorship of literature and to generate more publicity ; he was disappointed when they told him they saw nothing wrong with the book .
In New York , Sumner and several police detectives seized 865 copies of The Well from the publisher 's offices , and Friede was charged with selling an obscene publication . But Covici and Friede had already moved the printing plates out of New York in order to continue publishing the book . By the time the case came to trial , it had already been reprinted six times . Despite its price of $ 5 – twice the cost of an average novel – it sold more than 100 @,@ 000 copies in its first year .
In the US , as in the UK , the Hicklin test of obscenity applied , but New York case law had established that books should be judged by their effects on adults rather than on children and that literary merit was relevant . Ernst obtained statements from authors including Dreiser , Ernest Hemingway , F. Scott Fitzgerald , Edna St. Vincent Millay , Sinclair Lewis , Sherwood Anderson , H. L. Mencken , Upton Sinclair , Ellen Glasgow and John Dos Passos . To make sure these supporters did not go unheard , he incorporated their opinions into his brief . His argument relied on a comparison with Mademoiselle de Maupin by Théophile Gautier , which had been cleared of obscenity in the 1922 case Halsey v. New York . Mademoiselle de Maupin described a lesbian relationship in more explicit terms than The Well did . According to Ernst , The Well had greater social value because it was more serious in tone and made a case against misunderstanding and intolerance .
In an opinion issued on 19 February 1929 , Magistrate Hyman Bushel declined to take the book 's literary qualities into account and said The Well was " calculated to deprave and corrupt minds open to its immoral influences " . Under New York law , however , Bushel was not a trier of fact ; he could only remand the case to the New York Court of Special Sessions for judgment . On 19 April , that court issued a three @-@ paragraph decision stating that The Well 's theme – a " delicate social problem " – did not violate the law unless written in such a way as to make it obscene . After " a careful reading of the entire book " , they cleared it of all charges .
Covici @-@ Friede then imported a copy of the Pegasus Press edition from France as a further test case and to solidify the book 's U.S. copyright . Customs barred the book from entering the country , which might also have prevented it from being shipped from state to state . The United States Customs Court , however , ruled that the book did not contain " one word , phrase , sentence or paragraph which could be truthfully pointed out as offensive to modesty " .
= = = Subsequent publication and availability = = =
The Pegasus Press edition of the book remained available in France , and some copies made their way into the UK . In a " Letter from Paris " in The New Yorker , Janet Flanner reported that it sold most heavily at the news vendor 's cart that served passengers travelling to London on La Fleche D 'Or .
In 1946 , three years after Hall 's death , Troubridge wanted to include The Well in a Collected Memorial Edition of Hall 's works . Peter Davies of the Windmill Press wrote to the Home Office 's legal advisor to ask whether the post @-@ war Labour administration would allow the book to be republished . Unknown to Troubridge , however , he added a postscript saying " I am not really anxious to do The Well of Loneliness and am rather relieved than otherwise by any lack of enthusiasm I may encounter in official circles . " Home Secretary James Chuter Ede told Troubridge that any publisher reprinting the book would risk prosecution . In 1949 , however , Falcon Press brought out an edition with no legal challenge . The Well has been in print continuously ever since and has been translated into at least 14 languages . In the 1960s it was still selling 100 @,@ 000 copies a year in the United States alone . Looking back on the controversy in 1972 , Flanner remarked on how unlikely it seemed that a " rather innocent " book like The Well could have created such a scandal . In 1974 , it was read to the British public on BBC Radio 4 's Book at Bedtime .
= = = Copyright status = = =
The copyright protection for The Well of Loneliness expired in the European Union on January 1 , 2014 . Because of the URAA , copyright protection in the United States will continue until at least 2024 .
= = Other 1928 lesbian novels = =
Three other novels with lesbian themes were published in England in 1928 : Elizabeth Bowen 's The Hotel , Virginia Woolf 's Orlando and Compton MacKenzie 's satirical novel Extraordinary Women . None were banned . The Hotel , like earlier English novels in which critics have identified lesbian themes , is marked by complete reticence , while Orlando may have been protected by its Modernist playfulness . The Home Office considered prosecuting Extraordinary Women , but concluded that it lacked the " earnestness " of The Well and would not inspire readers to adopt " the practices referred to " . Mackenzie was disappointed ; he had hoped a censorship case would increase his book 's sales . Despite advertising that tried to cash in on the controversy over The Well by announcing that Radclyffe Hall was the model for one of the characters , it sold only 2 @,@ 000 copies .
A fourth 1928 novel , Ladies Almanack by the American writer Djuna Barnes , not only contains a character based on Radclyffe Hall but includes passages that may be a response to The Well . Ladies Almanack is a roman à clef of a lesbian literary and artistic circle in Paris , written in an archaic , Rabelaisian style and starring Natalie Barney as Dame Evangeline Musset . Much as Sir Phillip paces his study worrying about Stephen , Dame Musset 's father " pac [ es ] his library in the most normal of Night @-@ Shirts " . When , unlike Sir Phillip , he confronts his daughter , she replies confidently : " Thou , good Governor , wast expecting a Son when you lay atop of your Choosing .... Am I not doing after your very Desire , and is it not the more commendable , seeing that I do it without the Tools for the Trade , and yet nothing complain ? " Ladies Almanack is far more overtly sexual than The Well ; its cryptic style , full of in @-@ jokes and ornate language , may have been intended to disguise its content from censors . It could not in any case be prosecuted by the Home Office , since it was published only in France , in a small , privately printed edition . It did not become widely available until 1972 .
= = Social impact and legacy = =
In 1921 , Lord Birkenhead , the Lord Chancellor of Great Britain , had opposed a bill that would have criminalized lesbianism on the grounds that " of every thousand women ... 999 have never even heard a whisper of these practices " . Actually , awareness of lesbianism had been gradually increasing since World War I , but it was still a subject most people had never heard of , or perhaps just preferred to ignore . The Well of Loneliness made sexual inversion a subject of household conversation for the first time . The banning of the book drew so much attention to the very subject it was intended to suppress that it left British authorities wary of further attempts to censor books for lesbian content . In 1935 , after a complaint about a health book entitled The Single Woman and Her Emotional Problems , a Home Office memo noted : " It is notorious that the prosecution of the Well Of Loneliness resulted in infinitely greater publicity about lesbianism than if there had been no prosecution . "
James Douglas illustrated his denunciation of The Well with a photograph of Radclyffe Hall in a silk smoking jacket and bow tie , holding a cigarette and monocle . She was also wearing a straight knee @-@ length skirt , but later Sunday Express articles cropped the photo so tightly that it became difficult to tell she was not wearing trousers . Hall 's style of dress was not scandalous in the 1920s ; short hairstyles were common , and the combination of tailored jackets and short skirts was a recognized fashion , discussed in magazines as the " severely masculine " look . Some lesbians , like Hall , adopted variations of the style as a way of signalling their sexuality , but it was a code that only a few knew how to read . With the controversy over The Well of Loneliness , Hall became the public face of sexual inversion , and all women who favored masculine fashions came under new scrutiny . Lesbian journalist Evelyn Irons – who considered Hall 's style of dress " rather effeminate " compared to her own – said that after the publication of The Well , truck drivers would call out on the street to any woman who wore a collar and tie : " Oh , you 're Miss Radclyffe Hall " . Some welcomed their newfound visibility : when Hall spoke at a luncheon in 1932 , the audience was full of women who had imitated her look . But in a study of lesbian women in Salt Lake City in the 1920s and ' 30s , nearly all regretted the publication of The Well because it had drawn unwanted attention to them .
In a study of a working class lesbian community in Buffalo , New York in the 1940s and ' 50s , The Well of Loneliness was the only work of lesbian literature anyone had read or heard of . For many young lesbians in the ' 50s , it was the only source of information about lesbianism . The Well 's name recognition made it possible to find when bookstores and libraries did not yet have sections devoted to LGBT literature . As late as 1994 , an article in Feminist Review noted that The Well " regularly appears in coming @-@ out stories – and not just those of older lesbians " . It has often been mocked : Terry Castle says that " like many bookish lesbians I seem to have spent much of my adult life making jokes about it " , and Mary Renault , who read it in 1938 , remembered laughing at its " earnest humourlessness " and " impermissible allowance of self @-@ pity " . Yet it has also produced powerful emotional responses , both positive and negative . One woman was so angry at the thought of how The Well would affect an " isolated emerging lesbian " that she " wrote a note in the library book , to tell other readers that women loving women can be beautiful " . A Holocaust survivor said , " Remembering that book , I wanted to live long enough to kiss another woman . "
In the 1970s and early ' 80s , when lesbian feminists rejected the butch and femme identities that Hall 's novel had helped to define , writers like Jane Rule and Blanche Wiesen Cook criticized The Well for defining lesbianism in terms of masculinity , as well as for presenting lesbian life as " joyless " . However , the novel has had its defenders among feminists in the academy as well , notably Alison Hennegan , pointing to the fact that the novel did raise awareness of homosexuality among the British public and cleared the way for later work that would tackle gay and lesbian issues .
In more recent criticism , critics have tended to focus on the novel 's historical context , but The Well 's reputation as " the most depressing lesbian novel ever written " persists and is still controversial . Some critics see the book as reinforcing homophobic beliefs , while others argue that the book 's tragedy and its depiction of shame are its most compelling aspects . Additionally , some critics claim that The Well 's queer significance extends beyond lesbianism , arguing that the novel provides important bisexual representation in literature .
The Well 's ideas and attitudes now strike many readers as dated , and few critics praise its literary quality . Nevertheless , it continues to compel critical attention , to provoke strong identification and intense emotional reactions in some readers , and to elicit a high level of personal engagement from its critics .
= = Adaptations = =
Wilette Kershaw , an American actress who was staging banned plays in Paris , proposed a dramatization of The Well of Loneliness . Hall accepted a £ 100 advance , but when she and Troubridge saw Kershaw act , they found her too feminine for the role of Stephen . Hall tried to void the contract on a technicality , but Kershaw refused to change her plans . The play opened on 2 September 1930 . No playwright was credited , implying that Hall had written the adaptation herself ; it was actually written by one of Kershaw 's ex @-@ husbands , who reworked the story to make it more upbeat . According to Janet Flanner , who reported on the opening night for The New Yorker , Kershaw " made up in costume what she lacked in psychology " , with designer boots , breeches and riding crop . Then she changed into a white dress for a final speech in which she " begged humanity , ' already used to earthquakes and murderers , ' to try to put up with a minor calamity like the play 's and the book 's Lesbian protagonist , Stephen Gordon " . Hall threatened a lawsuit to stop the production , but the issue soon became moot , since the play closed after only a few nights . The public skirmish between Hall and Kershaw increased sales of the novel .
A 1951 French film set in a girls ' boarding school was released in the United States as The Pit of Loneliness to capitalize on the notoriety of The Well , but was actually adapted from the novel Olivia , now known to have been written by Dorothy Bussy . A mid @-@ 1930s exploitation film , Children of Loneliness , claimed to be " inspired by " The Well . However , little of Hall 's novel can be discerned in its story of a butch lesbian who is blinded with acid and run over by a truck , freeing the naïve young roommate she seduced to find love with a fullback . A critic for the Motion Picture Herald reported that during the film 's run in Los Angeles in 1937 – as a double feature with Love Life of a Gorilla – a self @-@ identified " doctor " appeared after the screening to sell pamphlets purporting to explain homosexuality . He was arrested for selling obscene literature .
= David M. Shoup =
David Monroe Shoup ( 30 December 1904 – 13 January 1983 ) was a decorated general of the United States Marine Corps who was awarded the Medal of Honor in World War II , became the 22nd Commandant of the Marine Corps , and , after retiring , became one of the most prominent critics of the Vietnam War .
Born in Indiana to an impoverished family , Shoup joined the military for financial reasons . Rising through the ranks in the interwar era , he was twice deployed to China during the Chinese Civil War . He served in Iceland at the beginning of U.S. involvement in World War II , and as a staff officer during the Pacific War . He was unexpectedly given command of the 2nd Marines , and led the initial invasion of Tarawa , for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor and the Distinguished Service Order . He served in the Marianas campaign , and later became a high @-@ level military logistics officer .
Solidifying his reputation as a hard @-@ driving and assertive leader , Shoup rose through the senior leadership of the Marine Corps , overhauling fiscal affairs , logistics , and recruit training . He was selected as commandant by President Dwight D. Eisenhower , and later served in the administration of John F. Kennedy . He reformed the Corps , emphasizing combat readiness and fiscal efficiency , against what was perceived as politicking among its officers .
Shoup opposed the military escalation in response to events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Bay of Pigs invasion , but his strongest opposition was to U.S. involvement in South Vietnam . His opposition grew in strength after he retired from the military in 1963 ; he was hostile to both the strategy of the conflict and the excessive influence of corporations and military officials upon foreign policy . His high @-@ profile criticism later spread to include the military industrial complex and what he saw as a pervasive militarism in American culture . Historians consider Shoup 's statements opposing the war to be among the most pointed and high @-@ profile leveled by a veteran against the Vietnam War .
= = Early years = =
David Monroe Shoup was born on 30 December 1904 in Battle Ground , Indiana . His family lived on a farm in Ash Grove , but moved to Covington to live on a new farm in 1916 . At age 12 he was enrolled in Covington High School , a competitive high school with an advanced curriculum . Shoup was an excellent student , maintaining high marks in French , English , physics , and history . Additionally , he was involved in several extracurricular activities , including basketball , and was class president in his senior year . He graduated in 1921 . He later affectionately referred to his impoverished upbringing as that of an " Indiana plowboy . " Regarded by friends as very sociable , he met Zola De Haven in his freshman year and later said he had been instantly attracted to her . They were both very competitive in academics and athletics , and the two dated throughout high school ; they were married in 1931 .
After high school , Shoup attended DePauw University where he was one of 100 awarded the Edward Rector Scholarship , giving him full tuition . Majoring in mathematics , he joined the Delta Upsilon fraternity and maintained high marks , narrowly failing the selection criteria for Phi Beta Kappa Society . He was on the track and field and rifle teams , and also competed in the wrestling and football teams . He won the Indiana and Kentucky Amateur Athletic Union marathon in 1925 . He waited tables , washed dishes and worked in a cement factory to help pay his expenses . Lack of funds compelled him to take a year off after his junior year to teach school , and his expenses were further strained when he contracted a severe case of pneumonia and incurred hospital bills . He opted to enroll in the Reserve Officers Training Corps ( ROTC ) to offset his living expenses , and later recalled that this was the only reason he joined the military . He graduated from DePauw in 1926 .
From an early age , Shoup was molded by the progressive ideas of Indiana politicians , sympathizing with rural progressives fighting against the interests of big businesses . He developed an anti @-@ imperialist attitude , and his skepticism about American foreign policy , influenced by his small @-@ town background , made him an outspoken opponent of the unnecessary use of military force . He felt the use of troops for economic or imperialist consideration was wrong , a viewpoint he would carry for his entire career .
= = Junior officer = =
While at a Scabbard and Blade honors society conference in New Orleans , Louisiana , Shoup heard a speech by Major General John A. Lejeune , the Commandant of the Marine Corps , offering commissions in the U.S. Marine Corps to interested officer candidates . Shortly after being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve in May 1926 , Shoup applied , and was offered a commission in the Marine Corps . In August 1926 he resigned his commission in the Army and traveled from Camp Knox , Kentucky , to Chicago , Illinois , for physical exams . On 25 August 1926 , he arrived at the Marine Corps barracks at the Philadelphia Navy Yard , where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant , and commenced Marine Officers Basic School . Shoup maintained that he had never previously considered a military career and had only chosen to become a military officer for the pay . Throughout his service , he excelled in athletics and marksmanship , and during his early career he would coach recreational athletic teams in addition to his regular assignments . He quickly established himself as an assertive and demanding leader , impressing both his commanders and his subordinates . Despite his no @-@ nonsense demeanor , those he commanded later recalled his ability to keep morale with his sense of humor . He often sported a clenched cigar , which became something of a trademark during his front @-@ line service .
On 1 April 1927 , Shoup and nine other officers were pulled from training to accompany a detachment of Marines sent to China to protect American interests during the instability of the Chinese Civil War . Embarking from San Diego with the 2nd Battalion , 10th Marines , Shoup 's contingent was to play a primarily defensive role , and not engage in military action . Still , he was personally opposed to the mission , feeling that Americans in China were exploiting its people . The contingent landed in Shanghai on 10 June aboard USS Chaumont . Initially , they conducted shore patrol around American sections of the city . On 5 July the battalion was moved to Tientsin to protect American interests there should Chinese Nationalist troops threaten them . Shoup became seriously ill there , and remained hospitalized until it was announced U.S. troops would leave . He briefly returned to Shanghai to oversee foreign troop departures with the 4th Marines , before he departed from China on 7 December 1928 .
Following this assignment , Shoup returned to the United States and completed his training . He then spent short stints at Marine bases in Quantico , Virginia , Pensacola
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@-@ loaded boots to be used in bouncing across the landscape to an end space . Lastly , Pilotwings 64 features a " Birdman " mode that puts the character in a bird suit and gives players the opportunity to freely explore the game 's detailed , object @-@ dense environments set among its four distinct islands . One of the islands is based on the United States , and has geographical replications of famous landmarks including the Statue of Liberty and Mount Rushmore and major cities such as Los Angeles , Chicago , and New York City .
Representations of Nintendo characters and many other interesting quirks can be found in the landscapes of the game .
= = Development = =
Pilotwings 64 was co @-@ developed by the Texas @-@ based graphics company Paradigm Simulation and Nintendo 's Entertainment Analysis and Development ( EAD ) and Integrated Research and Development ( IRD ) divisions . Due to Paradigm 's experience with Silicon Graphics workstations , Nintendo contacted the American company in 1994 concerning it becoming one of the Nintendo 64 's " Dream Team " of first developers . Paradigm worked directly with a team at Silicon Graphics and spent nine months developing a technology base for Pilotwings 64 and Paradigm 's other Nintendo 64 releases . Development on Pilotwings 64 began in earnest during June 1995 , with Nintendo working on the game design and Paradigm working on the technical production . Nintendo 's Genyo Takeda and Makoto Wada acted as Paradigm 's primary technical and design contacts individually . Wada , the game 's director , was also involved in design aspects such as modeling and animation . Shigeru Miyamoto , the producer of Pilotwings for the SNES , reprised his role for Pilotwings 64 and oversaw the project from Japan . Miyamoto 's involvement was more removed than with the SNES game due to his simultaneous work on the platformer Super Mario 64 .
According to Miyamoto , Pilotwings 64 was designed to allow gamers to experience free flight in realistic 3D environments on the Nintendo 64 . Prior to the game 's conception , Paradigm had worked on military vehicle and flight simulators , but not video games . Dave Gatchel of Paradigm disclosed that with regard to creating the game , they began with a " physics @-@ based approach " , but deviated from this in order to gain a balance between accuracy and fun for players . He indicated that there was never an issue as to whether Pilotwings 64 should be more of an arcade game or a simulation , as their goal was to " always have a more arcade feel " . The technical team studied the original Pilotwings extensively during development . Pilotwings on the SNES makes use of the power of the 16 @-@ bit console , principally its Mode 7 capability . Similarly , Pilotwings 64 prominently demonstrates the graphical features of its own console . Gatchel suggested that just as design elements present in the game generated its production requirements , these same elements were influenced by the Nintendo 64 's technology during development . The large islands within the game were created using Paradigm 's own 3D development tool Vega UltraVision . Navigation of these environments is relatively smooth thanks to Pilotwings 64 taking advantage of several key Nintendo 64 hardware features . Conventional level of detail and mipmapping were used to reduce the computational load of distant landscape objects and terrains when they were rendered . The processes respectively substitute simpler geometrical shapes for more complex ones and less detailed textures for more detailed ones , lowering the polygon count and 3D rendering time for a given frame and thus putting less demand on the geometric engine . Pilotwings 64 also applies z @-@ buffering , which keeps track of an object 's depth and tells the graphics processor which portions of the object to render and which to hide . This , along with texture filtering and anti @-@ aliasing , makes the object appear solid and smooth along its edges rather than pixelated .
As Nintendo was in charge of its actual game design , they dictated the aircraft and characters that would be present in the game . The six playable pilots in Pilotwings 64 are all named after various birds . The character Lark is modeled after Nester , a mascot for the North American Nintendo Power magazine . The female character Robin is called " Hooter " in the Japanese version . The soundtrack for Pilotwings 64 was composed and arranged by Dan Hess . The tracks were produced to compliment each level , such as a " soothing " jazz @-@ inspired musical piece played during the exploratory Birdman mode . A now out @-@ of @-@ print CD soundtrack was released by Pony Canyon in Japan on December 16 , 1996 .
Pilotwings 64 was one of thirteen Nintendo 64 games shown at Shoshinkai show in Tokyo in November 1995 when the console was first demonstrated to the public as the " Ultra 64 " . The game was later displayed at the Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) in Los Angeles during May 1996 .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Pilotwings 64 was released in Japan on June 23 , 1996 as one of three Nintendo 64 launch titles , the other two being Super Mario 64 and Saikyō Habu Shōgi . Pilotwings 64 managed to sell about one unit with about every tenth Nintendo 64 console , with regional sales totaling 136 @,@ 986 copies by the end of the year . The game was one of two original releases for the system during its September 26 , 1996 debut in North America , which was a few days earlier than the date set by Nintendo . While Super Mario 64 initially sold at a one @-@ to @-@ one ratio with each console in the United States , Pilotwings 64 sold an average of one copy with every fourth console . Despite selling out , some store locations for Electronics Boutique and KB Toys reported little or no units of the flight simulator being shipped to retailers . About 90 @,@ 000 copies of Pilotwings 64 were sold in its first few days on sale in the country , putting the game at number four on the NPD Group sales charts for that September . Pilotwings 64 saw a release in European nations on March 1 , 1997 , when it was one of three launch games along with Super Mario 64 and Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire . In the United Kingdom , it was listed by Esquire magazine as the " cheapest game in Nintendo 's frighteningly @-@ priced opening range of titles " . It was confirmed in early 1998 that the game had sold over one million units worldwide .
Pilotwings 64 was well received by most reviewers . The game 's combination of 3D graphics , realistic settings , and flight simulation were applauded by many news sources and major gaming publications . In his release review of the Nintendo 64 , The Seattle Times contributor Steven L. Kent found that the flight mechanics and vast areas featured in Pilotwings 64 make it one of the most impressive games ever made . Glenn Rubenstein of the website GameSpot summarized , " The graphics , sound , control , and all around excitement add up to make Pilotwings 64 one hell of a great ride . " Staff reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly , GamePro , and IGN all voiced positive comments on the game 's polygon rendering and frame rates , as well as its sense of control and flying . Alex Constantides of Computer and Video Games enjoyed the game 's large environments , exclaiming , " You 'll not believe just how huge the islands really are and , because certain elements are hidden at first , it 'll take you months to see everything . " IGN 's Levi Buchanan described this low @-@ pressure , " challenge without competition " aspect of the game as a design philosophy adopted by later Nintendo titles such as Nintendogs . Rich Leadbetter of Maximum said that " The sedate nature of the gameplay might not appeal to everyone , but the bottom line is that PilotWings 64 is an unparalleled test of skill , dexterity and control . It is a game that you must own and whilst not quite in the same league of ' must @-@ have 'itude as Super Mario 64 , it remains an astounding achievement and another triumph for Nintendo . "
Pilotwings 64 has been criticized for lacking innovative gameplay . The New York Times writer Ashley Dunn characterized the game 's E3 demonstration as " brain @-@ dead " in its gameplay and suggested that even young children would rather fly a dragon on the Sony PlayStation . Game Revolution issued Pilotwings 64 a particularly harsh review score , declaring the game to be nothing more than a graphical showcase for those with nothing better to do . This sentiment was echoed by the columnists of Next Generation Magazine , who noted the game as one that would most likely become a footnote in the history of the hardware on which it is played : " While it provides some interesting challenges , it 's less a game than a drop @-@ dead gorgeous example of the kind of rock @-@ solid , smoothly flowing worlds the Nintendo 64 can produce . " The sound effects present in the game were impressive to several reviewers , but the soundtrack has been negatively compared to lounge music and porn groove , although the ' Birdman ' track was highly rated .
Pilotwings 64 was ranked number 38 in Nintendo Power 's " 100 Best Nintendo Games of All Time " in its landmark 100th issue in September 1997 . In February 2006 , it was rated the 117th best game made on a Nintendo system in the magazine 's " Top 200 Games " list for its 200th issue . In July 2007 , the United Kingdom video game magazine Edge included Pilotwings 64 at number 69 on its own " Top 100 Games " list . The UK 's Official Nintendo Magazine listed it at number 40 on its " 100 Best Nintendo Games " in February 2009 .
Paradigm announced at E3 1997 that they were producing a Nintendo 64 sequel to Pilotwings 64 . However , even though Nintendo expressed interest in Paradigm 's early presentations , the game was cancelled because Nintendo did not have the resources to aid in its development at that time . There were rumors of a sequel on the Nintendo GameCube and later the Wii , development courtesy of Factor 5 , but no game was ever shown . After their briefing time at E3 2010 , Nintendo announced a sequel titled Pilotwings Resort for the Nintendo 3DS , which was released as a launch title for the handheld console .
= Luxurious =
" Luxurious " is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Written by Stefani and Tony Kanal , the track contains a sample of The Isley Brothers ' 1983 song " Between the Sheets " .
In addition to the Isley Brothers sample , the song features use of keyboards , synthesizers , and electric guitars . " Luxurious " is an R & B ballad whose lyrics describe the persona 's desire to be rich in love , simultaneously comparing her lover with luxuries . The song also features Stefani 's then @-@ husband Gavin Rossdale who opens the song in French .
The song was released as the album 's fifth single in October 2005 along with a remix featuring rapper Slim Thug . A music video was also released which featured Slim Thug , as well as the Harajuku Girls . The track received mixed reviews from critics , who generally found it less impressive than the previous singles . It charted within the top 40 in several countries , but had mediocre success overall and was less popular than the previous singles from Love . Angel . Music . Baby .
= = Writing and development = =
Stefani had an emotional breakdown from difficulties collaborating with many other artists and songwriters , so No Doubt bassist Tony Kanal invited her to his house . Kanal had been working on a track , which later became " Crash " , the sixth single from the album . However , the two were unable to write anything following that , because they had differing ideas of how the music should sound . Stefani commented that " it was just frustrating and embarrassing to sit there and think we could write songs . " Six months later , the two returned to work and came up with the beginnings of a song while working in Kanal 's bedroom . The two experimented with combining various melodies and including what Stefani referred to as " this really kinda fast rappy part " . This was the last song she and Kanal wrote together for the album .
After Stefani and Kanal finished writing " Luxurious " , they visited record producer Nellee Hooper , who suggested a sample of The Isley Brothers ' 1983 song " Between the Sheets " . The song had previously been sampled in several songs such as Da Brat 's " Funkdafied " , Jim Jones ' " Summer wit Miami " , The Notorious B.I.G. ' s " Big Poppa " , and Whitney Houston 's " One of Those Days " . Stefani was reluctant to use the sample because it would mean losing some of the publishing rights to the song . Nevertheless , she decided to use it because " it sounded so amazing and meant to be " .
= = Composition = =
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arrested and sentenced to death in 1930 and would remain in jail until his death . There is some confusion about the exact year of his death , but according to La Stampa , Cascioferro died on September 20 , 1943 , in the prison on the island of Procida .
= = Early life = =
Although many sources have identified him as a native of the rural town of Bisacquino , where he was raised , he was actually born in the city of Palermo . His parents , Accursio Cascioferro and Santa Ippolito , were poor and illiterate . The family moved to Bisacquino when his father became a campiere ( an armed guard ) with the local landlord , Baron Antonino Inglese , a notorious usurper of state @-@ owned land . The position of campiere often involved Mafiosi . According to other sources , at an early age , the family moved to Sambuca Zabut , where he lived for approximately 24 years before relocating to Bisacquino , his recognized power base in the Mafia .
Cascioferro never went to any school . When still young , Cascioferro married a teacher from Bisacquino , Brigida Giaccone , who instructed him how to read and write . He was inducted into the Mafia in the 1880s . He worked as a revenue collector as a young adult , using the position as a cover to carry out his protection racket . His criminal record began with an assault in 1884 and progressed through extortion , arson , and menacing , and eventually to the kidnapping of the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Baroness Clorinda Peritelli di Valpetrosa in June 1898 , for which he received a three @-@ year sentence .
= = Revolutionary mafioso = =
While incarcerated for attempted extortion , Cascioferro was recruited into the Fasci Siciliani ( Sicilian Leagues ) , a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration , by Bernardino Verro , the president of the League in Corleone . The Leagues needed muscle in their social struggle of 1893 – 94 . Cascioferro became the president of the Fascio of Bisacquino .
In January 1894 , the Fasci were outlawed and brutally repressed on the orders of Prime Minister Francesco Crispi . Many leaders were put in jail ; Cascioferro fled to Tunis for a year . After serving his sentence for his role in the peasant unrest , Cascioferro returned to a position of social power and pressured authorities in Palermo to put him in charge of granting emigration permits in the district of Corleone . According to Mafia historian Salvatore Lupo , Cascioferro was involved in clandestine emigration networks .
= = In the United States = =
Sentenced for the kidnapping of the Baroness of Valpetrosa in 1898 , Cascioferro was released in 1900 . To escape special police surveillance in Sicily , he sailed to the United States and arrived in New York City at the end of September 1901 . He lived for about 21 ⁄ 2 years in New York , acting as an importer of fruits and foods . He also spent six months in New Orleans .
On May 21 , 1902 , Cascioferro was arrested in connection with a large counterfeiting operation in Hackensack , New Jersey . He was arrested at the barbershop of Giuseppe Romano on First Avenue that had been distributing the counterfeit money . Cascioferro managed to escape conviction — his alibi was that he worked at a paper mill — while the other gang members were tried and sentenced .
In New York , he became associated with the Morello gang in Harlem , headed by Giuseppe Morello and Ignazio Lupo . In September 1904 , he returned to Sicily shortly after police sergeant Joseph Petrosino of the New York City Police Department ordered his arrest for involvement with the Barrel Murder ; his application for American citizenship was consequently blocked . Petrosino traced him to New Orleans , where Cascioferro had gone to escape detection , but he had already slipped away .
Some observers consider Cascioferro as the one who brought the extortion practice of " continuing protection " in exchange for protection money ( pizzo ) from Sicily to the United States . " You have to skim the cream off the milk without breaking the bottle , " he summarized the system . " Don 't throw people into bankruptcy with ridiculous demands for money . Offer them protection instead , help them to make their business prosperous , and not only will they be happy to pay but they 'll kiss your hands out of gratitude . "
= = Back in Sicily = =
Back in Sicily , Cascioferro rose to the position of a local notable . He was the capo elettore ( ward heeler ) of Domenico De Michele Ferrantelli , the mayor of Burgio and member of Parliament for the district of Bivona , as well as on good terms with the Baron Inglese . He exercised influence over several Mafia cosche ( clans ) in the towns of Bisacquino , Burgio , Campofiorito , Chiusa Sclafani , Contessa Entellina , Corleone , and Villafranca Sicula , as well as some districts in the city of Palermo .
A semi @-@ factual and romantic portrait by journalist Luigi Barzini contributed much to form the legend of Don Vito :
Don Vito brought the organization to its highest perfection without undue recourse to violence . The Mafia leader who scatters corpses all over the island in order to achieve his goal is considered as inept as the statesman who has to wage aggressive wars . Don Vito ruled and inspired fear mainly by the use of his great qualities and natural ascendancy . His awe @-@ inspiring appearance helped him . … His manners were princely , his demeanour humble but majestic . He was loved by all . Being very generous by nature , he never refused a request for aid and dispensed millions in loans , gifts and general philanthropy . He would personally go out of his way to redress a wrong . When he started a journey , every major , dressed in his best clothes , awaited him at the entrance of his village , kissed his hands , and paid homage , as if he were a king . And he was a king of sorts : under his reign peace and order were observed , the Mafia peace , of course , which was not what the official law of the Kingdom of Italy would have imposed , but people did not stop to draw too fine a distinction .
Police reports described Cascioferro as notoriously associated with the " high " Mafia , leading a life of luxury , going to the theater , cafés , gambling high sums at the Circolo dei Civili – a club for gentlemen , reserved for those with pretensions to education and elite status .
= = The Petrosino murder = =
Cascioferro is considered to be the mastermind behind the murder of New York policeman and head of the Italian Squad , Joseph Petrosino , on March 12 , 1909 . He was shot and killed in Piazza Marina in Palermo ; two men were seen running from the crime scene . Petrosino had gone to Sicily to gather information from local police files to help deport Italian gangsters from New York as illegal immigrants . The two men were very much aware of the danger to each other 's survival ; Petrosino carried a note describing Cascioferro as “ a terrible criminal ” , while Cascioferro had a photograph of the police officer .
Many accounts claim that Cascioferro personally killed Petrosino . Legend has it that Cascioferro excused himself from a dinner party among the high society at the home of his political patron De Michele Ferrantelli , took a carriage ( that of his host according to some ) , and drove to Piazza Marina in Palermo 's city centre . He and Petrosino engaged in a brief conversation , then Cascioferro killed Petrosino and returned to join the dinner again . Historical reconstructions have dismissed this version and cannot locate Cascioferro at the scene of the crime .
News of the murder spread fast in U.S. newspapers and a swell of anti @-@ Italian sentiment spread across New York . Cascioferro pleaded his innocence and provided an alibi for the entire period when Petrosino was assassinated . He stayed in the house of De Michele Ferrantelli in Burgio . However , the alibi provided by De Michele Ferrantelli was suspicious , taking into account the relation between the two . Moreover , while in jail after his arrest and life sentence in 1930 , Cascioferro apparently claimed that he had killed Petrosino . According to writer Arrigo Petacco in his 1972 book on Joe Petrosino , Cascioferro said : " In my whole life I have killed only one person , and I did that disinterestedly … Petrosino was a brave adversary , and deserved better than a shameful death at the hands of some hired cut @-@ throat . "
A report by Baldassare Ceola , the police commissioner of Palermo , concluded that the crime had probably been carried out by Mafiosi Carlo Costantino and Antonino Passananti under Cascioferro 's direction . Evidence was thin , however , and the case was effectively closed when in July 1911 the Palermo Court of Appeals discharged Cascioferro , as well as Costantino and Passananti , due to insufficient evidence to send them to trial . Petrosino 's murder was never solved . Nevertheless , Costantino and Passananti were identified as the most likely assassins . Costantino died in the late 1930s and Passananti , in March 1969 . In 2014 , more than a century after the assassination , the Italian police overheard a tapped phone conversation in which a sibling claimed that Paolo Palazzotto had been the killer on the orders of Cascioferro . Palazzotto had been arrested after the shooting , but had been released for lack of evidence .
= = Downfall = =
In 1923 , the sub @-@ prefect of Corleone warned the Ministry of Interior that Cascioferro was " one of the worst offenders , quite capable of committing any crime . " In May 1925 , he was arrested as the instigator of a murder . He was able to be released on bail , as usual . However , with the rise of Fascism , his reputation and immunity was declining .
In May 1926 , Prefect Cesare Mori , under orders from Fascist leader Benito Mussolini to destroy the Mafia , arrested Cascioferro in a big round @-@ up in the area that included Corleone and Bisacquino . More than 150 people were arrested . Cascioferro 's godson asked the local landlord to intervene , but he refused : " Times have changed " , was the reply . He was indicted for participation in 20 murders , eight attempted murders , five robberies with violence , 37 acts of extortion , and 53 other offences including physical violence and threats .
He was sentenced to life on June 27 , 1930 , on the old murder charge . He remained silent during the trial . Cascioferro had been arrested some 69 times before and always had been acquitted , but this time it was different . After hearing the sentence the president of the court asked Cascioferro if he had something to say in his defense . Cascioferro stood up and said : " Gentlemen , as you have been unable to obtain proof of any of the numerous crimes I have committed , you have been reduced to condemning me for the only one I never committed . " The " iron prefect " , as Mori was known , wanted to give maximum publicity to the event . He had posters printed with pictures of Cascioferro and the text of the court sentence .
= = Death and legacy = =
There is uncertainty about the exact date of his death . The most common account is that he died of natural causes in 1945 while serving his sentence at Ucciardone prison in Palermo . Italian author Petacco found evidence for his 1972 book on Joe Petrosino that Cascioferro may have died of dehydration in the summer of 1943 . According to Petacco , Cascioferro was left behind in his cell by prison guards while other inmates were evacuated in advance of the Allied invasion of Sicily . However , according to historian Giuseppe Carlo Marino , Cascioferro was transferred to another prison in Pozzuoli in 1940 , and the octogenarian was left to die during an Allied bombardment of that prison in 1943 ( other sources mention 1942 ) . According to La Stampa , Cascioferro died on September 20 , 1943 , in the prison on the island of Procida .
For years , a sentence believed to be carved by Cascioferro was legible on the wall of his Ucciardone cell : " Prison , sickness , and necessity , reveal the real heart of a man . " Inmates considered occupying Don Vito 's former cell a great honour . Historians consider this account a legend rather than fact .
= Washington State Route 902 =
State Route 902 ( SR 902 ) is a 12 @.@ 36 @-@ mile ( 19 @.@ 89 km ) long state highway located entirely in Spokane County , Washington , United States . The highway serves to connect Lakeland Village and Medical Lake to the county seat of Spokane . The highway has existed since at least 1931 , and before the 1964 state highway renumbering , it was numbered Secondary State Highway 11D . Between 1 @,@ 600 and 9 @,@ 200 vehicles used the highway on an average day in 2009 .
= = Route description = =
SR 902 begins at exit 264 , a diamond interchange , on the concurrent Interstate 90 ( I @-@ 90 ) / U.S. Route 395 ( US 395 ) in western Spokane County . The road travels northwesterly through sparsely populated light woodlands , passing west of a small lake , before turning north . The highway then passes Lakeland Village , an educational facility for the mentally disabled , before reaching the city of Medical Lake . The highway passes through western Medical Lake and Medical Lake High School before turning east at Brooks Road . The highway passes over a rail line belonging to the Eastern Washington Gateway railroad , before leaving Medical Lake city limits . The road continues northeast , clipping the southern border of Fairchild Air Force Base before intersecting the concurrent I @-@ 90 / US 395 at exit 272 .
Every year , Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , WSDOT calculated that as few as 1 @,@ 600 vehicles used the highway at the western terminus , and as many as 9 @,@ 200 vehicles at the eastern terminus .
= = History = =
The first roadway linking now I @-@ 90 / US 395 and Medical Lake first appeared on maps in 1931 . By the 1933 map , the remainder of the highway was present , linking back to I @-@ 90 / US 395 . Before the 1964 state highway renumbering , SR 902 was numbered Secondary State Highway 11D , a branch of Primary State Highway 11 , the predecessor to US 395 through the region . No changes have been made to the alignment of the roadway , however the legal definition of the highway was changed during the 1991 legislative session .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Spokane County .
= Lāna 'i hookbill =
The Lānaʻi hookbill ( Dysmorodrepanis munroi ) is an extinct species of Hawaiian honeycreeper . It was endemic to the island of Lānaʻi in Hawaiʻi , and was last seen in the southwestern part of the island . George C. Munro collected the only known specimen of this species in 1913 , which is housed in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu , and saw the species only twice more , once in 1916 and for a final time in 1918 . No other sightings have been reported . They inhabited montane dry forests dominated by ʻakoko ( Euphorbia species ) and ōpuhe ( Urera glabra ) . The Lānaʻi hookbill was monotypic within the genus Dysmorodrepanis and had no known subspecies . Its closest relative is believed to be the ʻōʻū , and some early authors suggested that the Lānaʻi hookbill was merely a deformed ʻōʻū . The Lānaʻi hookbill was a plump , medium @-@ sized bird with greenish olive upperparts and pale whitish yellow underparts . It also had a yellow or white superciliary line and a white chin and throat . The wings also had a distinctive and conspicuous white wing patch . The hookbill 's distinguishing characteristic was its heavy , parrotlike bill , which had the mandibles hooking sharply towards each other , leaving a gap between them when the beak was closed .
As the bird became extinct before significant field observations could be made , not much is known about its behavior . The Lānaʻi hookbill is only known to have eaten the fruit of the ōpuhe ; however , it is unlikely that its unique bill would have developed to eat fruit , and it may have been a snail specialist . The hookbill has not been seen since 1918 , and by 1940 nearly all of Lānaʻi 's forests were converted into pineapple fields , destroying the bird ’ s habitat . The combination of habitat destruction and the introduction of feral cats and rats are thought to have led to the Lānaʻi hookbill ’ s extinction .
= = Taxonomy = =
The Lānaʻi hookbill was first collected by George C. Munro from Lānaʻi 's Kaiholena Valley on February 22 , 1913 . In 1919 Robert Cyril Layton Perkins described the species as Dysmorodrepanis munroi based upon this specimen , placing the hookbill in a new , monotypic genus . The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek words dusmoros " ill @-@ fated , " and drepanis to identify the species as a Hawaiian honeycreeper . Drepanis comes from the Ancient Greek word drepane " sickle , " in reference to most Hawaiian honeycreeper 's bills . The specific name munroi recognizes the collector of the specimen , George C. Munro . The common name came from the species ' limited range and distinctive bill shape .
However , other taxonomists challenged the validity of the species as early as 1939 , noting that the Lānaʻi hookbill was only known from one specimen and arguing that it was merely an aberrant and partially albino female ʻōʻū . The hookbill 's validity was not confirmed until 1989 when the specimen 's skull was removed and examined . The bird 's cranial osteology , myology , plumage , and bill morphology confirmed the distinctness of the species .
The hookbill was a member of the Hawaiian honeycreeper subfamily Drepanididae and the tribe Psittirostrini , which it shared with seven historically recorded species and about ten species known only from fossils . It is believed that the Lānaʻi hookbill was most closely related to the ʻōʻū . No fossil specimens of the Lānaʻi hookbill have been found .
= = Description = =
The Lānaʻi hookbill was a plump , medium @-@ sized bird . It had greenish olive upperparts and pale whitish yellow underparts , as well as a yellow or white superciliary line . The chin and throat were white . The wings ' secondaries had a distinctive and conspicuous white wing patch . Due to the subdued colors of the sole specimen , it is believed that it was a female , suggesting that the male would have had a brighter plumage , especially in the superciliary line . The eyes , which were large for a bird of the hookbill 's size , were dark brown and the muscular legs were gray with yellow toepads . The bird was about 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in length , and the weight is unknown .
The hookbill 's distinguishing characteristic was a heavy , parrotlike bill . The upper mandible hooked sharply downwards , while the heavy lower mandible hooked sharply upwards towards the middle of the upper mandible . This structure left a gap between the two mandibles when the bird held its beak closed . It is believed that the bill was pale pink in coloration . The jaw muscles were particularly well developed around the bill . The hookbill 's tongue was primitive and nontubular .
Like other Hawaiian honeycreepers , the hookbill possessed a distinctive musty odor . The bird 's only known vocalization was an inconspicuous chirp ; however , all other Hawaiian honeycreepers are excellent vocalists that demonstrate an array of sounds , and therefore the hookbill likely had a broader , unrecorded repertoire .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Lānaʻi hookbill was endemic to the island of Lānaʻi in Hawaii . All recorded sightings of the species were made from the southwestern end of Lānaʻi 's forests , which included the Kaiholena Valley and Waiakeakua . These sightings were between 2 @,@ 000 and 2 @,@ 600 feet ( 610 and 790 m ) in elevation . However , the species ' habitat once covered thousands of acres on Lānaʻi , and it is possible that the species once had a broader range on the island . The species was non @-@ migratory .
It is believed that the Lānaʻi hookbill inhabited montane dry forests on Lānaʻi dominated by ʻakoko ( Euphorbia species ) and ōpuhe ( Urera glabra ) . The unique shape of the hookbill 's bill , particularly when compared with the ʻōʻū 's bill , and its apparent rarity suggested that the species was an extreme specialist and was therefore restricted to this habitat .
= = Ecology and behavior = =
The Lānaʻi hookbill is only known to have eaten the fruit of the ōpuhe . The type specimen was caught while feeding on the plant , and its berries were subsequently discovered in its stomach . It is considered likely that the hookbill additionally ate ʻakoko fruits due to their similarity in size and shape to those of the ōpuhe . However , the hookbill 's unique bill is considered unlikely to have evolved if the species was purely frugivorous , and it has been suggested that the hookbill specialized in eating snails . The species was very active while searching for food , constantly flying from tree to tree . While perched it shifted restlessly .
Based upon the structure of the bill , it has been suggested that this unique bill was used as a pincer , with the tips of both mandibles touching . The hookbill could have used this movement to pluck fruits or flowers for consumption , or it may have been used to extract snails from their shells . It is also possible that the bird could have crushed a snail shell between its mandibles and then used its tongue to ingest the meat and expel the shell out of the open sides of the beak .
There is no recorded information on the Lānaʻi hookbill 's breeding behavior . However , the other Hawaiian honeycreepers are remarkably uniform in their breeding behavior , and it is therefore likely that the hookbills also bred from early winter through the end of summer in August , with pair bonding being completed by January or February . The males likely defended a territory that moved along with his bonded female and became a centered around the nest after the female constructed it . It is hypothesized that the hookbill laid two to three eggs and that its young were altricial .
= = Extinction = =
Historically , the hookbill was only recorded three times . All three sightings were made by George C. Munro ; the first was when he collected a single bird on February 22 , 1913 , and the other two sightings came on March 16 , 1916 and August 12 , 1918 . The only existing specimen is in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Honolulu . The species was not recorded by the native Hawaiians .
The fact that Munro , an excellent observer who spent years on Lānaʻi , only saw the bird three times implies that it was already very rare by the 1910s . From 1900 to 1940 nearly all of Lānaʻi 's forests were converted into pineapple fields . This conversion reduced the area of the hookbill 's potential habitat , and is believed to be the biggest contributor to the species ' extinction . It has also been suggested that avian malaria , which began affecting Lānaʻi 's birds in the 1920s , may have contributed to the species ' decline . Likewise , the introduction of feral cats and rats to Lānaʻi may have led to a decline in the hookbill 's population . The extinction of local snails through human intervention could also have led to the Lānaʻi hookbill 's extinction .
= Ellis Wackett =
Air Vice Marshal Ellis Charles Wackett , CB , CBE ( 13 April 1901 – 3 August 1984 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . Its chief engineer from 1935 to 1959 , he served on the RAAF 's controlling body , the Air Board , for a record 17 years , and has been credited with infusing operations with new standards of airworthiness . Commencing his service career as a Royal Australian Navy cadet during World War I , Wackett transferred to the Air Force in 1923 while on an engineering course in Britain . He qualified as a pilot before completing his studies and returning to Australia , where he inaugurated parachute instruction within the RAAF and made the country 's first freefall descent from a military aircraft in 1926 . The following year , he led a three @-@ month survey flight to Papua New Guinea .
Wackett became the RAAF 's senior engineer with his appointment as Director of Technical Services in 1935 . A wing commander at the outbreak of World War II , he rose to air commodore by 1942 and assumed the role of Air Member for Engineering and Maintenance . He established the Technical Branch as a separate department of the RAAF in 1948 , and was promoted to air vice marshal the same year . Wackett served as Air Member for Technical Services until leaving the military in 1959 , having been appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire and Companion of the Order of the Bath . From 1960 to 1968 , he was a member of the Australian National Airlines Commission , parent of Trans Australia Airlines . Generally known as " Wack " , or " EC " ( to distinguish him from his elder brother , aircraft designer Lawrence James Wackett or " LJ " ) , his prominent chin and nose also earned him the nickname " Punch " . He died in 1984 at the age of 83 .
= = Early career = =
Born in Townsville , Queensland , Ellis Wackett was the third and youngest child of James , an English @-@ born storekeeper , and Alice Wackett ( née Lawrence ) . Following initial schooling in Townsville , he entered the Royal Australian Naval College at Jervis Bay , New South Wales in 1914 , aged 13 . Graduating in 1918 , he served as a midshipman aboard the Royal Navy battleship HMS Monarch and battlecruiser HMS Renown , and later the RAN light cruiser HMAS Brisbane and battlecruiser HMAS Australia . He was commissioned a sub @-@ lieutenant in January 1921 , and posted to England for study in July . Wackett was at the Royal Naval Engineering College , Keyham , when he applied to join the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) in 1922 . Accepted by the Air Force the following year , he finished at Keyham in August and trained as a pilot on Salisbury Plain . He then took a one @-@ year post @-@ graduate course in aeronautics at the Imperial College of Science and Technology , London , before returning to Australia to take up his service as a flying officer with the RAAF .
Wackett 's first role was to establish parachute instruction within the Air Force . His trip home from England had been postponed at the last minute to enable him to be trained ; he began instructing volunteers in 1926 at RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , and made Australia 's first freefall descent from a military aircraft — an Airco DH.9 — on 26 May . The Chief of the Air Staff , Group Captain Richard Williams , himself made a successful jump on 5 August , to set " a good example " prior to making the wearing of parachutes compulsory for all aircrew . On 21 August , Wackett piloted the DH.9 from which Flying Officer Frederick Scherger made the first public display of parachuting in Australia , at Essendon , Victoria .
By August 1927 , Wackett had been promoted flight lieutenant and given command of the Papuan Survey Flight formed at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria . Consisting of two Supermarine Seagull III single @-@ engined amphibious biplanes and six aircrew , the flight was to examine and photograph the Papuan and New Guinean coasts as far north as Aitape and , if possible , Bougainville . Stripped of all equipment considered non @-@ essential — including radio sets — to increase range , the aircraft departed on 27 September and journeyed some 17 @,@ 700 kilometres ( 11 @,@ 000 mi ) , covering almost 130 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 50 @,@ 000 sq mi ) of country and taking 350 photos . Wackett 's machine ( serial A9 @-@ 5 ) returned to Melbourne on 26 December and the other ( A9 – 6 ) on 19 January 1928 . Inclement weather prevented the expedition from reaching Bougainville , and thick jungle cover limited the usefulness of its photographic record . Nevertheless , the Air Force learned valuable lessons concerning the Seagull 's capabilities in a potential wartime role , as it was found to be unsuited to operations in the tropics .
On 14 August 1928 , Wackett married Doreen Dove ; the couple would have two sons and a daughter . In 1933 , Wackett was posted to England to attend RAF Staff College
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the town out of 12 in the borough . It is a medieval stone cross that probably dates from the 13th century . There is a legend surrounding the cross that Lady Mabel Bradshaw , wife of Sir William Bradshaw , did penance by walking from her home , Haigh Hall , to the cross once a week barefoot for committing bigamy . There is no evidence the legend is true , as there is no record that Lady Mabel was married to anyone other than Sir William Bradshaw , and several facets of the story are incorrect . Haigh Hall was built in 1827 – 1840 on the site of a medieval manor house of the same name , which was demolished in 1820 . The hall is surrounded by a 250 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 0 km2 ) country park , featuring areas of woodland and parkland . The former town hall is a Grade II listed building .
Designed by John McClean , Mesnes Park was opened in 1878 ; McClean was chosen to design the park through a competition . There is a pavilion in the centre and a lake . The Heritage Lottery Fund has donated £ 1.8M to regenerate the park and Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council added £ 1.6M to that figure . The pavilion and grandstand will be restored . The 12 @-@ hectare ( 30 @-@ acre ) Mesnes Park is north @-@ west of Wigan town centre . It receives 2 million visitors a year and used to host the Wigan One World Festival .
Wigan 's war memorial was unveiled in 1925 . Designed by Giles Gilbert Scott and funded through public donations , the monument is now a Grade II * listed building and commemorates the fallen soldiers from the town in the First World War and other conflicts . In 2006 , the plaques bearing the names of the dead were stolen ; a year later they were replaced through council funding . There is also a memorial on Wigan Lane which marks the site where Sir Thomas Tyldesley died in 1651 at the Battle of Wigan Lane .
The Museum of Wigan Life ( formerly Wigan Central Library ) opened in 1878 . A one @-@ year restoration programme began in 2009 costing £ 1 @.@ 9 million . George Orwell used it to research The Road to Wigan Pier . Today , the Wigan Pier Quarter is at the heart of a 10 @-@ year regeneration programme that began in 2006 to revitalise the area . Part of Wigan 's industrial heritage , Trencherfield Mill was built in 1907 and is a Grade II listed building . It houses a steam engine over 100 years old which was restored with help from the Heritage Lottery Fund . The quarter is also home to the Wigan Pier Theatre Company , which was founded in 1986 . The Face of Wigan , located in the town centre since 2008 , is a stainless steel sculpture of a face . Created by sculptor Rick Kirby , The Face stands 5 @.@ 5 m ( 18 ft ) tall and cost £ 80 @,@ 000 .
= = Sport = =
The 25 @,@ 138 capacity DW Stadium , originally called the JJB Stadium , is located in the Newtown area of Wigan and is shared by professional association football club Wigan Athletic with professional rugby league football club Wigan Warriors . The Latics moved into the stadium upon its completion in 1999 from their former home , Springfield Park . The Warriors also moved into the stadium in 1999 from their previous home , Central Park .
The 1 @,@ 200 capacity multi @-@ use Robin Park arena is located next to the DW Stadium .
= = = Rugby league football = = =
Rugby football has been played in the town since 1872 . Wigan Warriors , originally called Wigan FC , were formed out of the Wigan Cricket Club to provide a sport to play during the winter months . During the rugby football schism of 1895 , Wigan FC , along with the other leading northern clubs at the time , split from the Rugby Football Union to form the Northern Union . Wigan have been a rugby league club ever since and added the Warriors suffix to their name in 1997 , shortly after rugby league had switched to a summer sport in 1996 . The club are the most successful English club in the sport , winning 20 league championships and 19 challenge cup titles , as well as being crowned world club champions on 3 occasions . The club currently play in Super League .
Liverpool Stanley were a professional rugby league club formed in the Highfield area of Wigan in 1902 as Wigan Highfield . The club didn 't stay long in Wigan however , relocating around England several times .
Blackpool Borough briefly played in Wigan at Wigan Athletic 's Springfield Park from 1987 to 1988 under the name Springfield Borough . The club is now defunct .
Amateur rugby league is popular in the town , with Wigan St Patricks , Wigan St Judes and Ince Rose Bridge all playing in the National Conference League , the amateur games top level .
= = = Association football = = =
Association football initially struggled to take hold in Wigan with non @-@ league clubs Wigan United ( 1890s ) , Wigan County ( 1897 @-@ 1900 ) and Wigan Town ( 1905 @-@ 1908 ) all folding within a few years of their creation . Wigan Borough , founded in 1919 , became the town 's first club to play in the Football League when in 1921 they became founder members of the Football League Third Division North . The club left the Football League and folded in 1931 . They were replaced a year later by Wigan Athletic , the town 's current professional football club .
Latics were elected to the Football League in 1978 and the club were promoted to the Premier League , the top division of English football , in 2005 . The club were relegated in 2013 and suffered further relegation in 2015 , meaning the club currently plays in the third tier of English football , Football League One . During the clubs spell in the top division , they were crowned 2013 FA Cup champions , defeating Manchester City in the final .
Non @-@ league football returned to the town in 2005 with the formation of Wigan Robin Park . However , the club folded just 10 years later in 2015 .
= = = Other sports = = =
Amateur club Wigan R.U.F.C. represents the town in rugby union .
Wigan 's international @-@ standard swimming pool was demolished in 2008 . A new 25m pool opened in September 2011 in the Wigan Life Centre development . The original 50m pool was built in 1966 at a cost of £ 692 @,@ 000 ( £ 11 @.@ 6 million as of 2016 ) , Wigan BEST , named Wigan Wasps until 2004 , is the town 's swimming club . It has produced Olympic standard swimmers , including medal winner June Croft .
Wigan has staged motorcycle speedway racing at two venues . Poolstock Stadium was the home of Wigan Speedway in 1947 . The team moved to Fleetwood in 1948 , although they raced at Poolstock in 1960 . Woodhouse Lane Stadium was used briefly in the early 1950s when the team was known as the Panthers .
Wigan Warlords are an Inline Hockey team , current Under 16 national champions and European Bronze medalists . The club attracts players from Wigan and the surrounding areas . Wigan 's district badminton league consists of 30 teams across 3 divisions .
Wigan Sailing Club operates from the 69 @-@ acre Scotmans Flash at Poolstock less than a mile from the centre of the town .
= = Education = =
Wigan is home to ONE college of further education , Wigan and Leigh College . Schools include Deanery High School , St John Fisher Catholic High School , Abraham Guest Academy .
= = Culture = =
Wigan has been well known for its popular music since the days of George Formby Sr and George Formby Jr . It was the birthplace of The Eight Lancashire Lads a dancing troupe who gave the young Charlie Chaplin his professional debut . One member of the troupe was a John Willie Jackson , The " John Willie " to whom George Formby would often refer in his songs . Local bands that gained wider repute include The Verve , The Railway Children , Witness , The Tansads , Limahl of Kajagoogoo and Starsailor . The Verve were one of the most important British rock groups of the 1990s , finding success in the UK and abroad ( even touring on the USA 's famous Lollapalooza alternative rock festival ) . The band was formed when the members met at Winstanley College in 1989 .
From 1973 – 1981 Wigan Casino was the location for Wigan 's weekly Northern Soul all @-@ nighters . The venue began as a dance hall called Empress Ballroom . Wigan Casino rose to prominence in the 1970s , and in 1978 was named " best disco in the world " by Billboard , an American music magazine . The building was gutted by fire in 1982 and demolished the following year . This was the inspiration for the 1989 dance record Wigan by Baby Ford .
Since 1986 , Wigan has hosted an international jazz festival . Wigan remains a centre of popular music for young people , with a number of alternative pubs / clubs in the town centre . The town also has a music collective which exists to promote the scene and help out local musicians and bands . They host bi @-@ weekly gigs at The Tudor ( closed 2014 ) and also host various other activities such as the annual Haigh Hall Music Festival , which attracted around 7 @,@ 000 guests in 2007 . The Collective also offers recording sessions and gig advice for young musicians . Throughout the early 1990s The Den was a popular venue for bands with acts such as Green Day heading over to play . The Lux Club was a popular venue during the mid @-@ 2000s before it too was demolished . The town currently has a host of venues putting on gigs for upcoming local bands including The Tudor , The Kaff , Indiependence , Kings Electric , The Boulevard , and The Swinley . NXNW have hosted the annual Wigan Festival of Art , Music and Literature known as North By North Western Festival . The collective is a voluntary non @-@ profit making organisation and the festival takes place at various venues across the town .
Wigan is home to the annual World Pie Eating Championship , usually held at Harry 's Bar on Wallgate . The competition has been held since 1992 , and in 2006 a vegetarian option was added . Wiganers are sometimes referred to as " pie @-@ eaters " . The name is said to date from the 1926 General Strike , when Wigan miners were starved back to work before their counterparts in surrounding towns and so were forced to metaphorically eat " humble pie " .In addition Wigan is well known as the home of Uncle Joes Mint Balls .
= = Transport = =
Wigan lies on the meeting point of two primary A roads , the A49 and A577 which link to the M6 , M61 motorway and M58 motorway . Increased traffic in recent years , encouraged by retail development , has resulted in very congested main roads for most of the day . This situation is linked to the town 's geography , with river valleys and railway lines impeding road improvement .
There are two railway stations in Wigan town centre . Wigan North Western is on the electrified north – south West Coast Main Line . Virgin Trains provides express trains to London Euston , Birmingham , Lancaster , Carlisle , Edinburgh and Glasgow . Northern Rail has trains to Preston and Blackpool and a regular local service along the line to St Helens and Liverpool Lime Street . Wigan Wallgate serves lines running east and west from Wigan . Northern Rail provides trains to Southport and Kirkby ( with connections to Liverpool Central and the Merseyrail system ) . Frequent local services also operate ( in co @-@ operation with TfGM ) to Bolton and Manchester ( Victoria and Piccadilly ) , with most trains from Wigan continuing through to other destinations such as Manchester Airport , Stockport , Rochdale , Huddersfield , Todmorden and ( until a line closure in October 2009 ) Oldham . Pemberton railway station serves the Pemberton area of the town .
A horse tramway was built in 1880 by Wigan Corporation and leased to a succession of private companies to operate services to Pemberton , Aspull and towards Standish . Steam tram operation was introduced quickly , but the network always struggled to pay its way and just after the start of the 20th century Wigan Corporation gradually bought the operating leases and converted the network to electric tramcar operation . However , the network was saddled with a mix of ' standard ' gauge and ' narrow ' gauge lines , reducing efficiency and increasing costs , and the last of the Wigan Corporation Tramways were closed in 1931 to be replaced by buses which had begun as ' feeder ' services to the trams but which had shown themselves to be faster and more flexible . Trolleybuses were operated on a single route from Wigan to Martland Mill from 1925 to 1931 .
The town 's tram , trolleybus and bus fleet was always painted in crimson and off @-@ white colours , with ornate gold lining out until the outbreak of World War 2 . The buses were notable in that they never carried exterior advertisements , with the town 's crest occupying the space between decks where other bus operators placed adverts ; and they carried two green lights on the front , to enable the town 's ratepayers to see at night which was one of the town 's own buses and not one of those of a competitor . At local government reorganisation in April 1974 , the Wigan Corporation Transport Department became part of Greater Manchester Transport . The former Corporation tram / bus garage in Melverley Street is still in use by First Manchester .
The current network of local buses , coordinated by Transport for Greater Manchester ( TfGM ) and departing from the bus station in the town centre , serves Wigan and district . Wigan bus station is also served by National Express long distance coach services . Bus companies operating in the area include Stagecoach Manchester , Arriva North West , Diamond Bus North West , Maytree Travel , Wigan Buses and Stagecoach Merseyside and South Lancashire .
Wigan is on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and is epitomised by Wigan Pier . There is also a branch of the canal from Wigan to Leigh , with a connection to the Bridgewater Canal linking Wigan to Manchester .
= Tornado myths =
Tornado myths are incorrect beliefs about tornadoes , some of which are no longer held . These beliefs can be attributed to many factors , including stories and news reports told by people unfamiliar with tornadoes , sensationalism by news media , and the presentation of incorrect information in popular entertainment . Common myths cover various aspects of the tornado , and include ideas about tornado safety , the minimization of tornado damage , and false assumptions about the size , shape , power , and path of the tornado itself .
It is thought by some people that taking shelter under highway overpasses or in the southwest corner of the building provides extra protection from a tornado , but both of these probably increase the danger of injury or death . Some still believe that opening windows ahead of a tornado will reduce the damage from the storm , but this is not true . Some people also believe that escaping in a vehicle is the safest method of avoiding a tornado , but this could increase the danger in some situations . Other myths are that tornadoes can skip houses , always travel in a predictable direction , always extend visibly from the ground to the cloud , and increase in intensity with increasing width . Finally , some people believe that tornadoes only occur in North America , do not occur in winter , are attracted to trailer park homes , or that some areas are protected from tornadoes by rivers , mountains , valleys , tall buildings or other geographical or man @-@ made features ; the truth is that tornadoes can occur almost anywhere at any time if the conditions are right . Some geographic areas are simply more prone to these conditions than others .
= = Safety = =
= = = Safest location in a building = = =
In 1887 , the first book on tornadoes was written by John Park Finley , a pioneer in the field of tornado research . While it was a revolutionary book containing many breakthrough ideas , it contained a few ideas which have since been proven false . One of these was the idea that the northeast or east part of a structure was the least safe , and should be avoided when seeking shelter from a tornado . This advice was unrefuted and heeded by many until the 1960s .
This myth was derived from two misconceptions : First , that tornadoes always travel in a northeasterly direction , and second , that debris from a structure will be carried away in the direction of the tornado 's propagation , leaving anyone taking shelter on the side of the structure facing the tornado 's approach unharmed . The seriousness of these misconceptions began to be revealed in the 1960s and 1970s , when surveys of major tornado damage in residential areas showed that the section of a house in the direction of the tornado 's approach is actually the least safe . Additionally , many tornadoes have traveled in directions other than northeasterly , including the Jarrell Tornado ( F5 on the Fujita scale ) , which moved south @-@ southwesterly . Because determining a tornado 's direction of approach can take time away from seeking shelter , official advice is to seek shelter in an interior room on the lowest floor of a building , under a staircase , I @-@ beam , or sturdy piece of furniture if possible .
= = = Opening windows to reduce tornado damage = = =
One of the oldest pieces of tornado folklore is the idea that tornadoes do most of their damage due to the lower atmospheric pressure at the center of a tornado , which causes the house to explode outward . As the theory goes , opening windows helps to equalize the pressure .
The source of this myth is from the appearance of some destroyed structures after violent tornadoes . When one wall receives the extreme pressure of tornado winds , it will likely collapse inward . This then leads to a considerable outward pressure on the three remaining walls , which fall outwards as the roof falls down , creating the impression of a house which has exploded . Indeed , damage surveys of " exploded " houses usually show at least one wall which has blown inward . Additionally , if the roof is lifted before any walls fail , the walls can fall in any direction . If they fall outward , this structure can also appear to have exploded .
In even the most violent tornadoes , there is only a pressure drop of about 10 % , which is about 1 @.@ 4 pounds per square inch ( 9 @.@ 7 kPa ) . Not only can this difference be equalized in most structures in approximately three seconds , but if a significant pressure differential manages to form , the windows will break first , equalizing the pressure . Additionally , as the windows are the most fragile parts of a house , in a significant tornado flying debris will likely break enough windows to equalize any pressure difference fairly quickly . Regardless of any pressure drop , the direct effects of a tornado 's winds are enough to cause damage to a house in all but the weakest tornadoes .
Current advice is that opening windows in advance of a tornado wastes time that could be spent seeking shelter . Also , being near windows is very dangerous during a severe weather event , possibly exposing people to flying glass .
= = = Using highway overpasses as shelter = = =
The first documented instance of a person using a highway overpass for shelter from a tornado occurred in Wichita Falls , Texas on April 10 , 1979 . A man stuck in a traffic jam as the tornado approached left his vehicle and lay flat on an embankment beneath an overpass , surviving a violent tornado with only minor injuries . In 1991 , a highly publicized event occurred in which a television crew and several others survived the passage of a tornado near El Dorado , Kansas by huddling underneath an overpass , bracing themselves against steel girders . The sensational footage taken by the television crew was broadcast across the United States . This and other media coverage helped to fuel the myth that the underside of bridges or overpasses are good shelters when a tornado strikes .
However , in the El Dorado tornado , several unique factors came together to protect the film crew and others seeking shelter under the bridge . The tornado did not pass directly over the filmed bridge , but instead tracked slightly south of the area , exposing the people to winds less damaging than those in the tornado core . The overpass had an unusual design which included a hollow crawlspace at the top of the embankment , which was large enough to allow people to crawl inside and hold the exposed girders against the wind . This design also allowed for added protection against high @-@ speed debris .
These cases led to a false belief among many that highway overpasses were good shelter from a tornado . The belief was so strong among some that , in at least one case during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak , an individual left her well @-@ built home and drove several miles to seek shelter under an overpass , in the mistaken belief that she was safer there than inside her house . During the outbreak , a violent tornado directly struck three highway overpasses , and at each one there was a fatality . All of the individuals received significant injuries from tornadic debris , and several were swept into the tornado itself . By contrast , the same tornado struck approximately 2 @,@ 000 homes in Moore , Oklahoma , completely destroying many , yet resulting in only 3 fatalities .
From scientific lessons learned , especially in the wake of the 1999 Oklahoma outbreak , meteorologists insist that overpasses are insufficient shelter from tornado winds and debris , and may be the worst place to be during a violent tornado . The embankment under an overpass is higher than the surrounding terrain , and the wind speed increases with height . Additionally , the overpass design may create a " wind @-@ tunnel " effect under the span , further increasing the wind speed . Many overpasses are completely exposed underneath and most lack hanging girders or a crawlspace @-@ like area to provide sufficient protection from debris , which can travel at high speeds even in weak tornadoes . People stopping underneath overpasses block the flow of traffic , putting others in danger .
= = = Escaping a tornado in a vehicle = = =
Often people try to avoid or outrun a tornado in a vehicle . In theory , cars can travel faster than the average tornado , and so it is better to avoid the tornado altogether than take shelter in its path . The official directive from the National Weather Service is for house @-@ dwellers in the path of a tornado to take shelter at home rather than risk an escape by vehicle . This is a result of several factors and statistics . An interior room inside a well @-@ built frame house ( especially one with a basement ) provides a reasonable degree of protection from all but the most violent tornadoes . Underground or above @-@ ground tornado shelters , as well as extremely strong structures such as bank vaults , offer almost complete protection . Cars , on the other hand , can be heavily damaged by even weak tornadoes , and in violent tornadoes they can be thrown large distances , even into buildings . High @-@ profile vehicles such as buses and tractor trailers are even more vulnerable to high winds .
There are many reasons to avoid cars when a tornado is imminent . Severe thunderstorms which produce tornadoes can produce flooding rains , hail , and strong winds far from the tornado @-@ producing area , all of which can make driving difficult or even impossible . Some tornadoes move faster than some cars ( record speed for a tornado moving across land is 72 @.@ 6 mph ( 116 @.@ 8 km / h ) ) , even when the road is clear and flat . Any of these situations can leave drivers stranded in the path of the tornado far from substantial shelter . When coupled with driver panic , they may also result in dangerous but preventable accidents . This situation would be magnified greatly if all the residents of a warned area left in their vehicles , which would cause traffic jams and accidents as the tornado approached . Numerous victims of the deadly Wichita Falls , Texas tornado on April 10 , 1979 died in their vehicles in such a situation .
If a person spots a nearby tornado while driving , the official National Weather Service directive has been for the individual to abandon the car and seek shelter in a ditch or culvert , or substantial shelter if nearby . Far @-@ away , highly visible tornadoes , however , can be successfully fled from at right angles ( 90 @-@ degrees ) from its direction of apparent movement . Despite dangers inherent with operating a vehicle during a tornado , given sufficient advance warning , mobile home residents have been instructed by the National Weather Service to drive to the nearest secure shelter during a warning .
= = Tornado behavior = =
= = = Tornadoes skipping houses = = =
Several different phenomena have lent credence to the idea that tornadoes " skip " houses , jumping over them like a girl with a skipping rope . Tornadoes vary in intensity along their path , sometimes drastically over a short period and distance . If a tornado was causing damage , then weakened to the point where it could cause no damage , followed by a re @-@ intensification , it would appear as if it skipped a section . Occasionally with violent tornadoes , a smaller subvortex within a tornado will completely destroy a structure next to another building which appears almost unscathed and thus apparently skipped over .
It is true that a house that is between two destroyed homes can be undamaged , but this is not the result of a tornado skipping , as some previously thought . After the 1974 Super Outbreak , Dr. Ted Fujita studied many films of tornadoes from that day . Included in his review was damage and tornado film footage of F4 and F5 tornadoes . Fujita concluded that multiple vortices , highly volatile tornadic satellites transiting within a parent tornado at high speeds , are responsible for making tornadoes appear to skip houses . The phenomenon of satellite tornadoes , where a smaller tornado orbits a larger companion tornado , can also lead to gaps in damage between the two tornadoes .
Weaker tornadoes , and at times even stronger tornadoes , can occasionally lift , meaning their circulation ceases to affect the ground . The result is an erratic and discontinuous linear damage path , leading to the term skipping tornado . These discontinuities tend to occur over areas larger than the small neighborhoods where the house @-@ skipping effect is observed , except possibly at the time of the birth and organization of the tornado . This situation is not commonly observed and the term is now rarely applied . Typically , when one tornado weakens and another forms , the process of successive parent mesocyclones forming and decaying is known as cyclic tornadogenesis , thus leading to a series of tornadoes spawned by the same supercell . This series of tornadoes is known as a tornado family .
= = = Association of size with intensity = = =
Some people have been led to assume that small , skinny tornadoes are always weaker than large , wedge @-@ shaped tornadoes . There is an observed trend of wider tornadoes causing worse damage . It is unknown whether this is due to an actual tendency of tornado dynamics or an ability for the tornado to affect a larger area . However , this is not a reliable indicator of an individual tornado 's intensity . Some small , rope @-@ like tornadoes , traditionally thought of as weak , have been among the strongest in history . Since 1950 , more than 100 violent tornadoes ( F4 / EF4 or higher ) had a maximum width of 300 feet ( 91 m ) . Also , tornadoes typically change shape during the course of their lifespan , further complicating any attempt to classify how dangerous a tornado is as it is occurring .
= = = Appearing to reach the ground = = =
It is commonly and mistakenly thought that if the condensation funnel of a tornado does not reach the ground , then the tornado cannot cause substantial damage . This is another deadly myth . A tornado appears to be on the ground only when its condensation funnel descends to the surface , but this is misleading . The circular , violent surface winds , not the condensation funnel , are what both define the tornado and cause the tornado 's damage . Spotters should keep sight of swirling debris directly under any visible funnel or rotating wall cloud , even if such structures appear to not descend entirely to the ground . Additionally , tornadoes can be wrapped in rain and thus may not be visible at all .
= = = Direction of travel = = =
It has been thought in the past that tornadoes moved almost exclusively in a northeasterly direction . This is false , and a potentially deadly myth which can lead to a false sense of security , especially for unaware spotters or chasers . Although the majority of tornadoes move northeast , this is normally due to the motion of the storm , and tornadoes can arrive from any direction . The expectation of northeasterly travel may be accurate in many cases , but is no more than a statistical observation about tornadoes in general that any particular tornado may defy at any time . A deadly F5 tornado that hit the city of Jarrell , Texas in 1997 moved to the southwest - directly opposite of commonly expected storm motion . Additionally , tornadoes can shift without notice due to storm motion changes or effects on the tornado itself from factors such as its rear flank downdraft . This change of direction proved deadly in the 2013 El Reno , OK tornado in which a 2 @.@ 6 mile wide tornado shifted from an east direction to a northeast direction killing at least 4 storm chasers .
= = Geographical and temporal influences = =
= = = Geographical scope = = =
It is often thought that tornadoes only occur in North America . The majority of tornadoes do occur in the United States ; however , tornadoes have been observed on every continent except Antarctica .
Besides North America , Europe , Australia , the United Kingdom , western Russia , Bangladesh and the Philippines also experience tornadoes on a regular basis .
= = = Near rivers , valleys , mountains , or other terrain features = = =
There are many misconceptions involving the effect of terrain features — bodies of water , mountains , valleys , and others — on tornado formation and behavior . Most of these beliefs stem from the idea that tornadoes cannot cross or form near these terrain features . While most modes of tornadogenesis are poorly understood , no terrain feature can prevent the occurrence of a tornado .
Small bodies of water such as lakes and rivers are insignificant obstacles to tornadoes . Violent tornadoes have formed over rivers and lakes — including the 1878 Wallingford tornado and the 1899 New Richmond
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Studios , which discussed the process behind animating the show with Inside Xbox host Major Nelson .
= Talitha Cumi ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Talitha Cumi " is the twenty @-@ fourth episode and the season finale of the third season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on May 17 , 1996 in the United States . The teleplay was written by series creator Chris Carter , based on a story he developed with lead actor David Duchovny and was directed by R. W. Goodwin . The episode is one of several that explored the series ' overarching mythology . " Talitha Cumi " achieved a Nielsen household rating of 11 @.@ 2 , being watched by 17 @.@ 86 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully search for a man who seems to possess strange powers , who may have information about Mulder 's family and the Syndicate . " Talitha Cumi " is the first part of a two @-@ part episode , initiating the plot that will be finalised in the fourth season premiere , " Herrenvolk " .
The basic premise of " Talitha Cumi " , most notably the scene featuring Jeremiah Smith 's interrogation by The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) , was heavily influenced by " The Grand Inquisitor " — a chapter in Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's novel The Brothers Karamazov — on the suggestion of Duchovny . The title of the episode is Aramaic for " arise maiden , " a reference to the healing power of Jeremiah Smith .
= = Plot = =
At a cafe in Arlington , Virginia , a man draws a gun and shoots three people before he is shot by police snipers outside . An older man revives the gunman and his victims by touching them with the palms of his hands .
Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) arrive to investigate . They interview the victims and gunman , finding that the mysterious healer , Jeremiah Smith ( Roy Thinnes ) , disappeared while being interviewed by a detective . Meanwhile , The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) meets with Mulder 's mother Teena ( Rebecca Toolan ) , and the two argue as someone photographs them from a distance . Later , Assistant Director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) notifies Mulder that Teena has suffered a stroke . At the hospital , Teena writes the word " PALM " on a notepad , which Mulder takes to mean her stroke is connected to Jeremiah Smith .
Mulder finds footage of Smith being interviewed , and sees that someone else appears in Smith 's place when the detective looks away . Meanwhile , Smith is at his place of work at the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) when he is captured by the Smoking Man , and taken to a high @-@ security prison . Mulder heads to his mother 's home and encounters X ( Steven Williams ) , who shows him his photos of Teena and the Smoking Man . Mulder searches the house and realizes that " PALM " was Teena 's attempt to write " LAMP " . He then finds an alien stiletto weapon inside one of the lamps — the same kind used by the alien bounty hunter in previous episodes .
At FBI headquarters , Scully meets a man who appears to be Smith , who has come to turn himself in . During an interview with Scully and Skinner , he claims to have no memory of the shooting or of healing anyone . Meanwhile , the Smoking Man interrogates the real Smith , who has lost faith in the Syndicate 's project . He shapeshifts into Deep Throat ( Jerry Hardin ) and Bill Mulder ( Peter Donat ) to unnerve his captor . Finally Smith reveals that the Smoking Man is dying of lung cancer .
Mulder blames the Smoking Man for his mother 's condition . When he learns about the statement given by " Smith " , Mulder goes to the SSA to bring him in for questioning . " Smith " initially complies but flees into a crowd , shapeshifting into someone else . The impostor — a bounty hunter — arrives at Smith 's cell to kill him , finding it empty . Mulder visits Teena at the hospital , but encounters the Smoking Man . Mulder threatens the Smoking Man with a gun , but he says that Teena met with him about the whereabouts of his sister , Samantha . In the parking garage , Mulder is confronted by X , who demands the alien stiletto . When Mulder refuses to hand it over , the two grapple to a stalemate .
Scully finds other identical " Jeremiah Smiths " working at SSA offices across the country . She is later met by Smith , who reveals she had met an imposter . Smith promises more information , and he and Scully meet Mulder at an abandoned site . Mulder wants to take Smith to see his mother , but the bounty hunter arrives seconds later .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception and writing = = =
This episode , per David Duchovny 's suggestions , was heavily influenced by " The Grand Inquisitor " , a chapter in Fyodor Dostoyevsky 's novel The Brothers Karamazov . This was particularly evident in the scenes in the prison between The Smoking Man and Jeremiah Smith . In addition , this reference is woven into the story , in Smith healing the shooter and the shooting victims in the episode 's teaser , in the title of the restaurant — " The Brothers K " — and the episode 's title , originally from Mark 5 : 41 , in which Jesus heals the daughter of Jairus and quotes the Aramaic phrase meaning , " Little girl , get up ! " but which also figures in The Brothers Karamazov . These references were originally suggested by David Duchovny for the episodes " Colony " and " End Game " but never made their way into those episodes and were used here .
As Carter was writing " Talitha Cumi , " he decided that the episode 's main theme would be loyalty . It was decided that the commitment Mulder felt towards the X @-@ Files would be tested by seeing if he would be willing to sacrifice those he cared about , most notably his mother , Scully , and the quest to find his sister , Samantha . In addition , the Smoking Man 's allegiances are in that he must decide whether or not to heal himself of cancer using the power of Jeremiah Smith . Ultimately , Mulder 's loyalties prove altruistic , whereas the Smoking Man chooses self @-@ interest over The Syndicate 's cause .
= = = Casting = = =
Hrothgar Mathews was chosen as the suicidal gunman out of several actors , one of whom had even brought a fake gun to his audition . During his audition , he tried out the test reading several ways , including a style that had a " messianic quality " . Mathews was chosen for the role and told by Chris Carter that , despite his character 's life @-@ changing event , he was " still a lunatic " .
Roy Thinnes , who portrayed the alien healer Jeremiah Smith , was suggested to Chris Carter by David Duchovny , after the latter had met and spoken to the Thinnes on an airplane flight . Carter had seen Thinnes ' television work before , and had been a fan of his appearance on the 1967 – 68 television series The Invaders . Early on in pre @-@ production , the writers decided to have Smith morph into various characters that the Smoking Man had , either personally or involuntarily , killed , including Deep Throat , Bill Mulder , and Melissa Scully . Melinda McGraw , who portrayed Melissa Scully during the second season , was unavailable for filming , so her scene was cut . In addition , a photo @-@ double was brought in for Jerry Hardin , who played Deep Throat , because he was unavailable on one of the filming days . Frank Spotnitz later called the prison sequence the scene with " the biggest cast ever . "
Gillian Anderson 's stand @-@ in , Bonnie Hay , was cast as the main hospital nurse , marking her fifth appearance as a character in the show . She had previously portrayed a nurse in the earlier third season episode " D.P.O. " and the two @-@ part second season episodes " Colony " and " End Game . "
= = = Filming and post @-@ production = = =
The fight between Mulder and X was heavily edited by Fox 's broadcast standards department . Despite the fact that most of the action was done by stunt doubles , Steven Williams was injured during the filming of the fight scene . The opening scene with the restaurant shooting was filmed mostly on two handheld cameras , with director R. W. Goodwin using a variety of short shots and rapid cuts to different perspectives . This was done to create a chaotic scene which would contrast with how the character of Thinnes ' character Jeremiah Smith was presented — shots focused on him were filmed using a Steadicam to allow the character to seem " rock steady " . The film used was also overcranked , where the frame rate of the recording is much higher than that which will be played back , slowing down the footage when it is played at a normal frame rate . This gave a slow motion effect to Thinnes ' movements , in order to aid the " Godlike " impression Goodwin wanted .
The " Grand Inquisitor " scene between Jeremiah Smith and The Smoking Man involved several instances of morphing from one character to another . The morph involving Smith assuming the guise of Peter Donat 's character Bill Mulder was simply achieved by using static cameras , allowing Thinnes to leave the set and Donat to take his place , with the morphing effect bridging the change in actors . However , Jerry Hardin , who was involved in another morph to his character Deep Throat , was unavailable on the day this was shot , as he was filming for a movie elsewhere . The sections of the morph involving Thinnes were recorded , and the set was reconstructed later when Hardin was available , with the actors matched up based on footage and photography to recreate the same positions , which producer Paul Rabwin has described as " backwards " and " very difficult " .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Talitha Cumi " premiered on the Fox network on May 17 , 1996 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on September 3 , 1997 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 11 @.@ 2 with a 21 share , meaning that roughly 11 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 21 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 17 @.@ 86 million viewers watched this episode during its original airing .
In an overview of the third season in Entertainment Weekly , " Talitha Cumi " was rated an " A – " . The review called the episode a " frustratingly provocative cliff @-@ hanger " , calling the interrogation scene of Jeremiah Smith " a tour de force " . Chris Carter has also noted that the interrogation ' is really a summation of my feelings about science ... that it has definitely usurped religion and can explain everything now " . Writing for The A.V. Club , Zack Handlen rated the episode an " A " , praising its cliffhanger ending and " good storytelling " . Handlen felt that the episode dealt with themes familiar to the series , but in a manner which did not appear repetitive ; and again noted Jeremiah Smith 's confrontation with The Smoking Man as a highlight .
= Matar Matar =
Matar Ebrahim Ali Matar ( also spelled Mattar Mattar ; Arabic : مطر إبراهيم علي مطر ; born 3 May 1976 ) is a Bahraini politician of the Al Wefaq party who served as a Member of Parliament ( MP ) from October 2010 until his resignation in early 2011 . Born in the village of Al Daih to a large family with diverse political views , Matar completed his secondary education in Bahrain and moved to Kuwait to pursue higher education . He remained there until 2002 when he returned to Bahrain and joined Al Wefaq political party . Matar was politically active , working within committees in the party and meeting with foreign officials . In 2010 , he won with a large margin in the Parliamentary election , becoming the youngest of all MPs and representing the country 's largest constituency .
When the Bahraini uprising started in early 2011 , Matar joined the protests and gave several interviews to international media . Following government crackdown , he and other party MPs resigned from Parliament . Due to his activism , Matar was arrested by authorities in May . He was allegedly kept in solitary confinement and subjected to torture while in detention before getting tried before a military court . He was released in August and acquitted of charges in February 2012 . His arrest , alleged mistreatment and subsequent release triggered several international reactions by international bodies and NGOs such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , Inter @-@ Parliamentary Union , Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . Following his release , Matar continued his political activism .
= = Early life and career = =
Matar was born in Al Daih village , Bahrain on 3 May 1976 . His father , Ebrahim is married to three women and has 17 children besides Matar , who is the fifth child out of his mother 's seven . The family is diverse in its ideological and political views ; some being " leftists , Islamists , Communists , some ... conservative and some liberal , " said a family member . They are active politicians , most of them members of opposition groups Al Wefaq ( Shia ) or Wa 'ad ( secular ) . As a child , Matar is said to have been shy and intelligent . He studied at Al Razi primary school , then at Jidhafs intermediate school and after that at Noaim secondary school , where he is said to have been a top student .
He traveled to Kuwait to pursue higher education . He earned a Master 's degree in Computer Science ( Artificial Intelligence ) from Kuwait University . When the 1990s uprising in Bahrain began in 1994 , Matar left to Kuwait . He returned to Bahrain following a reform process initiated by King Hamad who succeeded his father , Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa . In 2003 , Matar married Amal Habib , an ophthalmologist working in Salmaniya Medical Complex . They have a son , Ahmed ( born 2007 ) and a daughter , Sara ( born 2008 ) .
= = Political life = =
Matar joined Al Wefaq political party in 2002 following his return to Bahrain . He established its Youth Center and became its head . He was also a member of the party 's monitoring committee and anti @-@ discrimination committee to which he co @-@ authored a report about discrimination in Bahrain . According to his colleague Khalil al @-@ Marzooq , Matar was active and popular within Al Wefaq . In 2008 , he participated in the Leaders for Democracy Fellowship Program in the United States , during which he met Condoleezza Rice , the then @-@ Secretary of State and criticized the U.S. for giving Bahrain " a pass in exchange for hosting the U.S. Navy ’ s 5th Fleet 's large base . " Since 2009 , Matar had been working with the Project on Middle East Democracy ( POMED ) .
In October 2010 , Matar was successfully nominated by Al Wefaq to the parliamentary election , becoming the youngest Member of Parliament . The constituency he represented , the first of the Northern Governorate is the biggest in Bahrain , having about 16 @,@ 000 people . In the previous election of 2006 , Ali Salman , the head of Al Wefaq who did not run in this election , was elected by the same constitute . Matar won from the first round with a percentage of 85 @.@ 72 .
He became a member of the financial affairs committee where he was an outspoken critic of the military budget . In December , the then @-@ U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was on a visit to Bahrain when Matar asked her to " use America ’ s influence to reverse a sharp decline in civil rights in the kingdom " . " Sometime we feel that there are no red lines or constraints between United States and their allies , " he added . Since then , he has become a well @-@ known politician and a " moderate critic of the Sunni @-@ led Bahraini government " . In their 2011 documentary , Bahrain : Shouting in the Dark , Al Jazeera English ( AJE ) described Matar as " the closest thing Bahrain had to a representative leader " .
= = Bahraini uprising = =
= = = Background = = =
Beginning in February 2011 , Bahrain saw sustained pro @-@ democracy protests , centered at the Pearl Roundabout in the capital of Manama , as part of the wider Arab Spring . Authorities responded with a night raid on 17 February ( later referred to by protesters as Bloody Thursday ) , which left four protesters dead and more than 300 injured . In March , martial law was declared and Saudi troops were called in . Despite the hard crackdown and official ban , the protests continued .
= = = Role in uprising = = =
Matar was among protesters in the Pearl Roundabout ; he also took part in a number of other protests and encouraged youth to do so . In February , He and 17 other Al Wefaq MPs ( the largest bloc ) submitted their resignations in protest against the government crackdown on anti @-@ government demonstrations . He was involved in organizing talks with the government . Matar was outspoken against the government 's human rights violations , giving interviews to human rights organisations and foreign media including one on 26 April with AJE on the arrest of several health workers and another on 1 May with BBC in which he called for " establishment of a secular democracy in Bahrain " . He also gave interviews to Reuters and France 24 .
On 28 April , a TV programme with footage of a defendant charged with " murdering two security officers " was aired on the state @-@ controlled Bahrain TV . The programme was one of a series of confessions from prisoners aired by the channel . The defendant , called Ali Saqer said Matar had instructed him to kill policemen . Saqer had died from torture earlier in April while in detention ( the footage was aired more than two weeks after Saqer 's death ) . Following the airing of the programme , Matar said he was worried that " they [ the government ] are preparing something for me " . Due to his actions during the uprising , Matar became a " government target " .
= = = Arrest and alleged mistreatment = = =
On 2 May , following a car chase , Matar was arrested by plain @-@ clothed and masked security forces while he was accompanied by his wife , his family said . AJE reported that Matar was forced at gunpoint to enter an unmarked car . His wife Amal said in an interview with AJE : " We were chased in the street by masked men in plain clothes with machine guns . They cornered us in the street and take [ sic ] him out of the car in front of my eyes with the guns pointed at his head . "
Subsequently , Matar was taken to an unknown location . According to " media sources and human rights organizations " , he was kept in solitary confinement until 12 June , with a family visit allowed ten days later . During the visit , Matar said he had not been mistreated , but a human rights activist , Nabeel Rajab said he was beaten afterwards . A witness said he had overheard the screams and beatings of Matar on 10 May while he was being held for interrogation at a military barrack in Riffa . The witness added that he had heard guards call Matar 's name and saw him " handcuffed and with blood on his clothes " . Following his release , Matar said he had been subjected to torture and filed a complaint regarding it . In a testimony to Amnesty International , he said :
I was ill @-@ treated by the security forces in Bahrain and held in solitary confinement for 45 days . I was interrogated by the Criminal Investigation Department while blindfolded and handcuffed and threatened to be treated like an animal if I did not co @-@ operate . For several days I was deprived of sleep and forced to stand up for prolonged hours . I was brought before the military prosecutor without the presence of a lawyer and only allowed to contact the outside world for the first time three weeks after my arrest , but I wasn 't allowed to tell them where I was being held .
The government of Bahrain denied that Matar had been kept in solitary confinement . They said the " information concerning the disappearance of Mr. Matar following his arrest is not correct " and that they had followed international human rights standards . They added that Matar was allowed to contact his family and lawyer , and that his " legal safeguards were ensured " according to local law . They also noted that Matar had lost his parliamentary immunity following the acceptance of his resignation on 29 March . They however did not address the allegations of mistreatment nor did they provide other information requested by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights such as the results of investigation and medical examinations . Also , Kassoum Tapo , the president of the Committee on human rights of parliamentarians of the Inter @-@ Parliamentary Union insisted that Matar had been a parliamentarian " at the time of the demonstrations and of [ his ] arrest . "
= = = Trial = = =
On 12 June , Matar was put before a military court called the National Safety Court . He and Jawad Fairooz , another resigned MP of Al Wefaq who was also detained on 2 May were charged with " public incitement for regime change and deliberately spreading biased rumors , in addition to taking part in public gatherings , " the state @-@ run Bahrain News Agency reported . Matar denied charges against him . His second session before court was on 21 June , but he was not brought to court . Against the wishes of his lawyer , the judge refused to adjourn Matar 's trial saying it was a minor case that did not warrant his attendance . The third session was due on 5 July . Matar and Fairooz were released on 7 August , however their cases remained open . On 20 February 2012 , Matar was acquitted of all charges by the minor criminal court . Later in the month , his travel ban was lifted and he was allowed to travel to Washington , D.C. for POMED annual awards reception .
= = = Reactions = = =
Matar said he though the purpose of the arrest was to pressure Al Wefaq . Analysts speculated that the release was " an attempt at defusing tensions in the country " . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights expressed concern over the alleged mistreatment of Matar , alleged absence of access to lawyer and guarantees for a fair trial . The Inter @-@ Parliamentary Union expressed concern that by October 2012 , authorities had not started prosecuting those behind the alleged mistreatment of Matar and Fairooz .
Amnesty International expressed its concern on the arrest of Matar and Fairooz and asked authorities to protect them from ill @-@ treatment . The UK @-@ based NGO welcomed their release saying it was overdue . Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) expressed its concern on the two former MPs . " These latest arrests of the two Al Wefaq parliamentarians fit a pattern of masked men abducting Bahraini citizens who happen to have opinions critical of the government , " said Joe Stork of HRW . Alkarama expressed concern over the arrest and possible mistreatment of the two , and welcomed Matar 's acquittal later . American scholars John Farmer , Jr. and Michael Bronner wrote an opinion piece in The Washington Post asking the United States to push for the release of Matar .
= = = Continued activism = = =
Following his release , Matar continued his pro @-@ democracy activities , authoring a number of book chapters and articles on the situation in Bahrain and testifying before a United States Congress human rights commission . In 2012 , the Project on Middle East Democracy awarded him with the Leaders of Democracy Award . In 2013 he co @-@ authored an article titled " Bahrain 's Shifting Sands " for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and was a presenter at a National Endowment for Democracy event titled " Understanding the Struggle for Power and the Democratization Process in Bahrain " .
= Mr. Monk and the Airplane =
" Mr. Monk and the Airplane " is first season finale of the American comedy @-@ drama detective television series Monk , and the show 's 13th episode overall . The series follows Adrian Monk ( Tony Shalhoub ) , a private detective with obsessive – compulsive disorder and multiple phobias , and his assistant Sharona Fleming ( Bitty Schram ) . In this episode , Monk is obligated to get a fly with Sharona and is faced with a murder case in the airplane .
The episode was written by David M. Stern and directed by Rob Thompson . It guest starred several actors , including Brooke Adams , Tim Daly , and Garry Marshall . When the episode first aired in the United States on USA Network on October 18 , 2002 , it was watched by 4 @.@ 2 million viewers . " Mr. Monk and the Airplane " was well received by critics , and earned Shalhoub a Primetime Emmy Award in 2003 .
= = Plot = =
Practical nurse Sharona Fleming ( Bitty Schram ) leaves to fly to New Jersey to visit her aunt . Her client and detective Adrian Monk ( Tony Shalhoub ) is forced to go with her , as he fears not being able to live without Sharona . While at San Francisco International Airport , a woman named Barbara Chabrol ( Jennifer Dale ) stands on her toes to kiss her husband Stefan ( Carl Marotte ) .
Aboard the plane , an annoying extension cord salesman named Warren Beach ( Garry Marshall ) does little to assuage Monk 's fears . Monk quickly becomes suspicious of Stefan Chabrol after he notices that Barbara no longer needs to stand on her toes to kiss him , has " forgotten " that she ordered the vegetarian meal , knows nothing about air travel despite a frequent @-@ flyer lapel , and claims to have " forgotten how to " speak French when an old family friend , Bernard , meets them on board . More digging convinces Monk he is on to something . Monk quickly annoys everyone and a fellow passenger informs Stefan of Monk 's suspicions .
Meanwhile , Bernard appears dead , probably because of a heart attack but Monk cannot guarantee it . He steals Bernard 's cup and , with a lighter borrowed from Beach , proceeds to burn away the wine to reveal a mysterious liquid at the bottom . However , the flight attendant , Leigh Harrison ( Brooke Adams ) , is alerted to Monk 's use of a lighter on board , and confiscates both the lighter and the glass , dumping the liquid down the sink .
Monk calls Lieutenant Disher and explains what he thinks happened . Stefan and his mistress murdered Barbara and the mistress disguised herself as Barbara . Stefan , being a pilot , then used his valid identification card and its virtually unlimited access to hide the body at a construction site at the airport . The construction workers poured concrete over the corpse , unwittingly destroying the evidence .
When Monk and Sharona 's flight lands at Newark Liberty International Airport , Monk stalls Stefan 's connecting flight to Paris by wittingly saying that the captain of the Paris flight is drunk . This allows Disher and the construction crew to excavate and find the body . The Newark Police Department shows up , and Stefan and his mistress are led away in handcuffs .
= = Production = =
" Mr. Monk and the Airplane " was written by David M. Stern and directed by Rob Thompson . Both were credited for the second time in the series , as Stern previously worked on " Mr. Monk and the Other Woman " and Thompson on " Mr. Monk Meets Dale the Whale " . There were various discussions between series creator Andy Breckman and writer Tom Scharpling with USA Network 's producers over the setting for the episode . The network required to have only half of the scenes on the plane , but the writing staff wanted it to be completely set on the plane . There was also discussion over the repetition of a " Pete and Repeat " joke ; ultimately , USA 's executives " were crying from laughing so hard " and agreed to include the scene .
Tim Daly guest stars as himself ; he and Tony Shalhoub were in the NBC TV show Wings . To further explore the in @-@ joke of his casting , Monk 's comment about Wings — " Never saw it . Was it good ? " — was added . Another guest star , Garry Marshall himself created Warren Beach 's trademark line — " If it doesn 't reach , call Warren Beach " — as he was allowed to improvise ; Breckman further stated , " He was improvising all the way " . Marshall appeared in the episode after talking to Monk 's producer David Hoberman that it was his wife favorite show . Brooke Adams , the real @-@ life wife of Shalhoub , also stars in this episode as the flight attendant Leigh . Breckman appears as the passenger who enters the plane just ahead of Monk and Sharona , just as his credit as executive producer appears on screen .
= = Reception = =
" Mr. Monk and the Airplane " was first broadcast in the United States on the USA Network at 10 pm EST on October 18 , 2002 . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was viewed by an estimated number of 4 @.@ 25 million viewers with a 2 @.@ 5 household rating .
Jason Gray @-@ Stanford listed " Mr. Monk and the Airplane " among his three favorite episodes of the series . Moreover , it was positively received by critics . In The Futon Critic 's ranking of the fifty best episodes of 2002 , it was placed 32nd , with Brian Ford Sullivan stating , " The title of the episode says it all for us . " New York Daily News 's David Bianculli declared " It seems that lots of people are getting on board with Monk , which is as it should be " , referring to the guest stars of the episode . The guests were said to be one of the " many subtle and silly pleasures " of the episode by Kevin McDonough , a critic for the United Feature Syndicate , while a TelevisionWeek reviewer praised Marshall performance as a " tour de force guest shot " . Austin Smith of the New York Post deemed it " a true classic " and said it put " Mr. Monk Takes Manhattan " " to shame " . Chris Hicks from Deseret News qualified it as " perfection , " and Bianculli stressed " the writing team for Monk made the most " of it . On the other hand , Joy Press of The Village Voice called it " a Seinfeld @-@ like device " in which Monk 's fear of flying was explored " to the point of exhaustion . "
At the 55th Primetime Emmy Awards , Shalhoub won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for this episode .
= Lawrence Berry Washington =
Lawrence Berry Washington ( November 26 , 1811 – September 21 , 1856 ) was an American lawyer , military officer , author , Forty @-@ niner , Border Ruffian , and a member of the Washington family . Washington was born on his family 's Cedar Lawn plantation near Charles Town , Virginia ( present @-@ day West Virginia ) and was the eldest of 13 children . He practiced law , then served as a second lieutenant in the Virginia Volunteers during the Mexican – American War . During his service in the war , Washington reportedly wore the sword of his great @-@ granduncle George Washington .
Following the Mexican – American War , Washington traveled to California in 1849 as a Forty @-@ niner in the California Gold Rush and authored the novel , A Tale to be Told Some Fifty Years Hence . Washington then relocated east to Missouri in the 1850s , where he remained for a few years and fought as a Border Ruffian during the Bleeding Kansas confrontations over slavery along the border between Kansas Territory and Missouri . While under the command of Captain Henry Clay Pate , Washington was present at the June 1856 Free @-@ Stater attack known as Battle of Black Jack , where he sustained minor injuries . Washington died by drowning after falling overboard from a steamboat on the Missouri River in September 1856 . His family 's descendants claim Washington was murdered by Jayhawkers .
Washington was a great @-@ grandson of Samuel Washington , a great @-@ grandnephew of first President of the United States George Washington , a great @-@ grandson of Robert Rutherford , a United States House Representative from Virginia , and a nephew of Henry Bedinger III , also a member of the U.S. House of Representatives .
= = Early life and family = =
Lawrence Berry Washington was born on November 26 , 1811 , at " Cedar Lawn " plantation near Charles Town in Jefferson County , Virginia ( present @-@ day West Virginia ) and was the eldest son of John Thornton Augustine Washington and his wife Elizabeth Conrad Bedinger Washington .
Through his father , Washington was a grandson of Thornton Augustine Washington , a great @-@ grandson of Samuel Washington , and a great @-@ grandnephew of first President of the United States George Washington . Through his mother , he was a great @-@ grandson of Robert Rutherford , a United States House Representative from Virginia , and a nephew of Henry Bedinger III , also a member of the U.S. House of Representatives who later served as Chargé d 'Affaires and Minister to Denmark for President Franklin Pierce . Washington was raised in a large family at Cedar Lawn , where he had four brothers and eight sisters :
Because of his large number of siblings , Washington 's inheritance from his father in 1841 was not sizable , and he and his brothers pursued a number of business opportunities to build their personal wealth . Washington studied jurisprudence , and was operating a law practice in Charles Town by November 1844 . He advertised himself in the Spirit of Jefferson newspaper as an agent for landowners in the Virginia Military District in Ohio and offered his services for the legal defense and tax payments for those lands . By August 1845 , he and his brother Benjamin Franklin Washington were engaged in a real estate venture , selling lots of 640 acres ( 2 @.@ 6 km2
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flagship , the cruiser USS Detroit , as gunnery officer . Parson 's task was to improve the gunnery scores of his command , and in this he succeeded .
= = Proximity fuze = =
Parsons was posted back to Dahlgren in September 1939 as experimental officer . The atmosphere had changed considerably . In June 1940 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the creation of the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) , under the direction of Vannevar Bush . Richard C. Tolman , dean of the graduate school at Caltech , was given responsibility for the NDRC 's Armor and Ordnance Division . Tolman met with Parsons and Thompson in July 1940 , and discussed their needs . Within the Navy , too , there was a change of attitude , with Captain William H. P. ( Spike ) Blandy as the head of BuOrd 's Research Desk . Blandy welcomed the assistance of NDRC scientists in improving and developing weapons .
In September 1940 , Parsons and Merle Tuve of NDRC began work on a new concept . Shooting down an aircraft with an anti @-@ aircraft gun was a difficult proposition . As a shell had to hit a speeding aircraft at an uncertain altitude , the only hope seemed to be to fill the sky with ammunition . A direct hit was not actually required ; an aircraft might be destroyed or critically damaged by a shell detonating nearby . With this in mind , anti @-@ aircraft gunners used time fuzes to increase the possibility of damage . The question then arose as to whether radar could be used to create an explosion in the proximity of an aircraft . Tuve 's first suggestion was to have an aircraft drop a radar @-@ controlled bomb on a bomber formation . Parsons saw that while this was technically feasible , it was tactically problematic .
The ideal solution was a proximity fuze inside an artillery shell , but there were numerous technical difficulties with this . The radar set had to be made small enough to fit inside a shell , and its glass vacuum tubes had to first withstand the 20 @,@ 000 g force of being fired from a gun , and then 500 rotations per second in flight . A special Section T of NDRC was created , chaired by Tuve , with Parsons as special assistant to Bush and liaison between NDRC and BuOrd .
On 29 January 1942 , Parsons reported to Blandy that a batch of fifty proximity fuzes from the pilot production plant had been test fired , and 26 of them had exploded correctly . Blandy therefore ordered full @-@ scale production to begin . In April 1942 , Bush , now the Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) , placed the project directly under OSRD . The research effort remained under Tuve but moved to the Johns Hopkins University 's Applied Physics Laboratory ( APL ) , where Parsons was BuOrd 's representative . In August 1942 , a live firing test was conducted with the newly commissioned cruiser USS Cleveland . Three pilotless drones were shot down in succession .
Parsons had the new proximity fuzes , now known as VT ( variable time ) fuze , Mark 32 , flown to the Mare Island Navy Yard , where they were mated with 5 " / 38 caliber gun rounds . Some 5 @,@ 000 of them were then shipped to the South Pacific . Parsons flew there himself , where he met with Admiral William F. Halsey at his headquarters in Noumea . He arranged for Parsons to take VT fuzes out with him on the cruiser USS Helena . On 6 January 1943 , Helena was part of a cruiser force that bombarded Munda in the Solomon Islands . On the return trip , the cruisers were attacked by four Aichi D3A ( Val ) dive bombers . Helena fired at one with a VT fuze . It exploded close to the aircraft , which crashed into the sea .
To preserve the secret of the weapon , its use was initially permitted only over water , where a dud round could not fall into enemy hands . In late 1943 , the Army obtained permission for it to be used over land . It proved particularly effective against the V @-@ 1 flying bomb over England , and later Antwerp in 1944 . The use of a version fired from howitzers against ground targets was authorized in response to the German Ardennes Offensive in December 1944 , with deadly effect . By the end of 1944 , VT fuzes were coming off the production lines at the rate of 40 @,@ 000 per day .
= = Manhattan Project = =
= = = Project Y = = =
Parsons returned to Dahlgren in March 1943 . Around this time , a research laboratory was established at Los Alamos , New Mexico under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer as Project Y , which was part of the Manhattan Project , the top @-@ secret effort to develop an atomic bomb . The creation of a practical weapon would necessarily require an expert in ordnance , and Oppenheimer tentatively pencilled in Tolman for the role , but getting him released from OSRD was another matter . Until then , Oppenheimer had to do the job himself . In May 1943 , the Manhattan Project 's director , Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , took up the matter with the Military Policy Committee , the high @-@ level committee that oversaw the Manhattan Project . It consisted of Vannevar Bush as its chairman , Brigadier General Wilhelm D. Styer who represented the Army , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell as the Navy 's representative .
Groves told them that he was looking for someone with " a sound understanding of both practical and theoretical ordnance – high explosives , guns and fusing – a wide acquaintance and an excellent reputation among military ordnance people and an ability to gain their support ; a reasonably broad background in scientific development ; and an ability to attract and hold the respect of scientists . " He said that a military officer would be his ideal , as the job might involve planning and coordinating the use of the bomb , but added that he knew of no Army officer who fit the bill . Bush then suggested Parsons , a nomination supported by Purnell . The next morning , Parsons received a phone call from Purnell , ordering him to report to Admiral King , who was now the Commander in Chief , US Fleet ( Cominch ) . In a terse ten @-@ minute meeting , King briefed Parsons on the Project , which he said had his full backing . That afternoon , Parsons met with Groves , who quickly sized him up as the right man for the job .
Parsons was relieved of his duties at Dahlgren and officially assigned to Admiral King 's Cominch staff on 1 June 1943 , with a promotion to the rank of captain . On 15 June 1943 he arrived at Los Alamos as Associate Director . Parsons would be Oppenheimer 's second in command . Parsons and his family moved into one of the houses on " Bathtub Row " that had formerly belonged to the headmaster and staff of the Los Alamos Ranch School . Bathtub row , so @-@ called because the houses were the only ones at Los Alamos with bathtubs , was the most prestigious address at Los Alamos . Parsons became Oppenheimer 's next @-@ door neighbor , and in fact his house was slightly larger , because Parsons had two children and Oppenheimer , at this point , had only one . With two school @-@ age children , Parsons took a keen interest in the construction of the Central School at Los Alamos , and became president of the school board . Instead of the temporary two @-@ story structure that Groves had envisioned in the interest of economy and not misusing the project 's high priorities for labor and materials , Parsons had a well @-@ built , modern , single @-@ story school constructed . On seeing the result , Groves said : " I 'll hold you personally responsible for this , Parsons . "
Oppenheimer had already recruited key people for Parson 's Ordnance Division . Edwin McMillan was a physicist who headed the Proving Ground Group . His first task was to establish the ordnance test area . Later he became Parsons ' deputy for the gun @-@ type fission weapon . Charles Critchfield , a mathematical physicist with ordnance experience at the Army 's Aberdeen Proving Ground , was in charge of the Target , Projectile and Source Group . Kenneth Bainbridge arrived in August to take charge of the Instrumentation Group . Parsons recruited Robert Brode from the proximity fuze project to become head of the Fuze Development Group . Joseph Hirschfelder was brought in as an expert on internal ballistics , and headed the Interior Ballistics Group . From the beginning , Parsons wanted Norman Ramsey as the head of the delivery group . Edward L. Bowles , the scientific adviser to the Secretary of War , Henry L. Stimson , was reluctant to part with Ramsey , but gave way under pressure from Groves , Tolman and Bush . Perhaps the most controversial group head would be Seth Neddermeyer , the head of the Implosion Experimentation Group ; for the time being , Parson accorded a relatively low priority to this work . He also recruited Hazel Greenbacker as his secretary .
Groves , among others , felt that Parsons had a tendency to fill positions with Naval officers . There was some aspect of service parochialism , and Parsons believed that involvement in the Manhattan Project would be important for the future of the Navy , but it was also due to the difficulty of getting highly skilled people from any source in wartime . Parsons simply found it easiest to get them through Navy channels . Lieutenant Commander Norris Bradbury said that he did not wish to join Project Y , but was soon on his way to Los Alamos anyway . Parsons recruited Commander Francis Birch , who replaced McMillan at Anchor Ranch . Commander Frederick Ashworth was a Naval ordnance officer and aviator who was senior aviator at Dahlgren when he was brought in to work on the delivery side . By the end of the war , there were 41 Naval officers at Los Alamos .
Over the next few months , Parsons ' division designed the gun @-@ type plutonium weapon , codenamed Thin Man . It was assumed that a uranium @-@ 235 weapon would be similar in nature . Hirschfelder 's group considered various designs , and evaluated different propellants . The ordnance test area , which became known as " Anchor Ranch " , was established on a nearby ranch , where Parsons conducted test firings with a 3 @-@ inch anti @-@ aircraft gun . Work on implosion lagged by comparison , but this was not initially a major concern , because it was expected that the gun @-@ type would work with both uranium and plutonium . However , Oppenheimer , Groves and Parsons lobbied Purnell and Tolman to get John von Neumann to have a look at the problem . Von Neumann suggested the use of shaped charges to initiate implosion .
Oppenheimer considered that there was a " reciprocal lack of confidence " between Parsons and Neddermeyer , and in October 1943 he brought in George Kistiakowsky , who began a new attack on the implosion design . Kistiakowsky clashed with both Parsons and Neddermeyer , but felt that " my disagreements with Deak Parsons were very minor compared to my disagreements with Neddermeyer . " The implosion design acquired a new urgency in April 1944 , when studies of reactor @-@ produced plutonium confirmed that it could not be used in a gun @-@ type weapon . An accelerated effort was called for to design and build the implosion @-@ type weapon , codenamed Fat Man . Two new groups were created at Los Alamos : X ( for explosives ) Division headed by Kistiakowsky , and G ( for gadget ) Division under Robert Bacher . Parsons was placed in charge of O ( for ordnance ) Division , with responsibility for both the gun @-@ type design and delivery .
The uranium gun @-@ type weapon known as Little Boy did prove to be simpler than Thin Man . The gun velocity needed to be only 1 @,@ 000 feet per second ( 300 m / s ) , a third that of Thin Man . A corresponding reduction in the barrel length reduced the bomb 's overall length to 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) . In turn , this made it much easier to handle , and permitted a conventional bomb shape , resulting in a more predictable flight . The main concerns with Little Boy were its safety and reliability .
= = = Project Alberta = = =
The delivery program , codenamed Project Alberta , got underway under Ramsey 's direction in October 1943 . Starting in November , the Army Air Forces Materiel Command at Wright Field , Ohio , began Silverplate , the codename for the modification of B @-@ 29s to carry the bombs . Parsons arranged for a test program at Dahlgren using scale models of Thin Man and Fat Man . Test drops were carried out at Muroc Army Air Field , California and the Naval Ordnance Test Station at Inyokern , California using full @-@ size replicas of Fat Man known as pumpkin bombs . The ungainly and non @-@ aerodynamic shape of Fat Man proved to be the main difficulty , but many other problems were encountered and overcome . Parsons , wrote Oppenheimer , " has been almost alone in this project to appreciate the actual military and engineering problems which we would encounter . He has been almost alone in insisting on facing these problems at a date early enough so that we might arrive at their solution . "
In July 1944 , Parsons joined Jack Crenshaw , who was investigating the Port Chicago disaster . The two men surveyed the disaster area , where 1 @,@ 500 tons of munitions had exploded and 320 men had lost their lives . A year later , Parsons watched the Trinity nuclear test from a circling B @-@ 29 . Afterwards , Parsons flew to Tinian , where the B @-@ 29s of Colonel Paul W. Tibbets ' 509th Composite Group were preparing to deliver the weapons . En route , he stopped off in San Diego to visit his eighteen @-@ year @-@ old half @-@ brother Bob , a marine who had been badly wounded in the Battle of Iwo Jima . Parsons also met with Captain Charles B. McVay III , the skipper of the cruiser USS Indianapolis , in Purnell 's office at the Embarcadero in San Francisco and gave McVay his orders :
You will sail at high speed to Tinian where your cargo will be taken off by others . You will not be told what the cargo is , but it is to be guarded even after the life of your vessel . If she goes down , save the cargo at all costs , in a lifeboat if necessary . And every day you save on your voyage will cut the length of the war by just that much .
Parsons was in charge of scientists and technicians from Project Alberta on Tinian , who were nominally organized as the 1st Technical Service Detachment . Their role was the handling and maintenance of the nuclear weapons . Parsons was joined by Purnell , who represented the Military Liaison Committee , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell , Groves ' Deputy for Operations . They became , informally , the " Tinian Joint Chiefs " , with decision @-@ making authority over the nuclear mission . Before Farrell left for Tinian , Groves had told him : " Don 't let Parsons get killed . We need him ! "
In the space of a week on Tinian , four B @-@ 29s crashed and burned on the runway . Parsons became very concerned . If a B @-@ 29 crashed with a Little Boy , the fire could cook off the explosive and detonate the weapon , with catastrophic consequences . He raised the possibility of arming the bomb in flight with Farrell , who agreed that it might be a good idea . Farrell asked Parsons if he knew how to perform this task . " No sir , I don 't " , Parsons conceded , " but I 've got all afternoon to learn . " The night before the mission , Parsons repeatedly practiced inserting the powder charge and detonator in the bomb in the poor visibility and cramped conditions of the bomb bay .
Parsons participated in the bombing of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 , flying on the Enola Gay as weaponeer and Senior Military Technical Observer . Shortly after takeoff , he clambered into the bomb bay and carefully carried out the procedure that he had rehearsed the night before . It was Parsons and not Tibbetts , the pilot , who was in charge of the mission . He approved the choice of Hiroshima as the target , and gave the final approval for the bomb to be released . For his part in the mission , Parsons was awarded the Silver Star , and was promoted to the wartime rank of commodore on 10 August 1945 . For his work on the Manhattan Project , he was awarded the Navy Distinguished Service Medal .
= = Postwar career = =
In November 1945 , King created a new position of Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Special Weapons , which was given to Vice Admiral Blandy . Parsons became Blandy 's assistant . In turn , Parsons had two assistants of his own , Ashworth and Horacio Rivero , Jr . He also brought Greenbacker from Los Alamos to help set up the new office . Parsons was a strong supporter of research into the use of nuclear power for warship propulsion , but disagreed with Rear Admiral Harold G. Bowen , Sr. , the head of the Office of Research and Inventions , who wanted the Navy to initiate its own nuclear project . Parsons felt that the Navy should work with the Manhattan Project , and arranged for Naval officers to be assigned to Oak Ridge . The most senior of them was his former classmate Rickover , who became assistant director there . They immersed themselves in the study of nuclear energy , laying the foundations for a nuclear @-@ powered navy .
On 11 January 1946 , Blandy was appointed to command Joint Task Force One ( JTF @-@ 1 ) , a special force created to conduct a series of nuclear weapon tests at Bikini Atoll , which he named Operation Crossroads , to determine the effect of nuclear weapons on warships . Parsons , who was promoted to the rank of rear admiral on 8 January 1946 , became Blandy 's Deputy Commander for Technical Direction and Commander Task Group 1 @.@ 1 . Parsons worked hard to make a success of the operation , which he described as " the largest laboratory experiment in history " . In addition to the 95 target ships , there was a support fleet of more than 150 ships , 156 aircraft , and over 42 @,@ 000 personnel .
Parsons witnessed the first explosion , Able , from the deck of the task force flagship , the command ship USS Mount McKinley . An airburst like the Hiroshima blast , it was unimpressive , and even Parsons thought that it must have been smaller than the Hiroshima bomb . It failed to sink the target ship , the battleship USS Nevada , mainly because it missed it by a considerable distance . This made it difficult to assess the amount of damage caused , which was the objective of the exercise . Blandy then announced that the next test , Baker , would occur in just three weeks . This meant that Parsons had to carry out the evaluation of Able simultaneously with the preparations for Baker . This time he assisted with the final preparations on USS LSM @-@ 60 before heading back to seaplane tender USS Cumberland Sound for the test . The underwater Baker explosion was no larger than Able , but the dome and water column made it look far more spectacular . The real problem was the radioactive fallout , as Colonel Stafford L. Warren , the Manhattan Project 's medical advisor , had predicted . The target ships proved impossible to decontaminate and , lacking targets , the test series had to be called off . For his part in Operation Crossroads , Parsons was awarded the Legion of Merit .
The Special Weapons Office was abolished in November 1946 , and the Manhattan Project followed suit at the end of the year . A civilian agency , the United States Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) , was created by the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 to take over the functions and assets of the Manhattan Project , including development , production and control of nuclear weapons . The law provided for a Military Liaison Committee ( MLC ) to advise the AEC on military matters , and Parsons became a member . A joint Army @-@ Navy organization , the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project ( AFSWP ) , was created to handle the military aspects of nuclear weapons . Groves was appointed to command the AFSWP , with Parsons and Air Force Major General Roscoe C. Wilson as his deputies . In this capacity , Parsons pressed for the development of improved nuclear weapons . During the Operation Sandstone series of nuclear weapon tests at Enewetak Atoll in 1948 , Parsons once again served as deputy commander . Parsons hoped that his next posting would be to sea , but he was instead sent to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group in 1949 . He finally returned to sea duty in 1951 , this time as Commander , Cruiser Division 6 , despite having never commanded a ship . Parsons and his cruisers conducted a tour of the Mediterranean showing the flag . He then became Deputy Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance in March 1952 .
= = Death and legacy = =
Parsons remained in contact with Oppenheimer . The two men and their wives visited each other from time to time , and the Parsons family especially enjoyed visiting its former neighbors at their new home at Olden Manor , a 17th @-@ century estate with a cook and groundskeeper , surrounded by 265 acres ( 107 ha ) of woodlands at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton , New Jersey . Parsons was disturbed by the rise of McCarthyism in the early 1950s . In 1953 he wrote a letter to Oppenheimer expressing his hope that " the anti @-@ intellectualism of recent months may have passed its peak " . On 4 December that year , Parsons heard of President Dwight Eisenhower 's " blank wall " directive , blocking Oppenheimer from access to classified material . Parsons became visibly upset , and that night began experiencing severe chest pains . The next morning , he went to Bethesda Naval Hospital , where he died while the doctors were still examining him . He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery alongside his daughter Hannah . He was survived by his father , brother , half @-@ brother and sister , as well as his wife Martha and daughters Peggy and Clare .
The Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress was established by the Navy in his memory . It is awarded " to a Navy or Marine Corps officer , enlisted person , or civilian who has made an outstanding contribution in any field of science that has furthered the development and progress of the Navy or Marine Corps . " The Forrest Sherman @-@ class destroyer USS Parsons was named in his honor . Her keel was laid down by Ingalls Shipbuilding of Pascagoula , Mississippi on 17 June 1957 and was launched by his widow Martha on 17 August 1958 . When it was rechristened as a guided missile destroyer ( DDG @-@ 33 ) in 1967 , Clare , now a Naval officer herself , represented her family . Parsons was decommissioned on 19 November 1982 , stricken from the Navy list on 1 December 1984 , and disposed of as a target on 25 April 1989 . The Deak Parsons Center , headquarters of Afloat Training Group , Atlantic , in Norfolk , Virginia , was also named for him . Parsons ' portrait is among a series of paintings related to Operation Crossroads . His papers are in the Naval Historical Center in Washington , DC .
= New Jersey Route 62 =
Route 62 is a 0 @.@ 47 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 76 km ) long state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It begins at the centerline of U.S. Route 46 along Union Boulevard ( Passaic County Route 646 ) in the community of Totowa and continues northward to the merge of the Interstate 80 westbound off @-@ ramp at Exit 55B , where Route 62 ends . The route continues as Passaic County Route 646 in both directions , heading northbound to Paterson and southbound to Little Falls .
Route 62 was originally an alignment of Route S6 , which was designated in 1929 . The route went from the Caldwells in Essex County to the West Paterson corporate line . Route S6 was decommissioned in the 1953 renumbering and replaced with Route 62 , which went from Totowa to West Paterson until being truncated to its current length .
= = Route description = =
Route 62 begins at an intersection with the off @-@ ramp from U.S. Route 46 eastbound and Passaic County Route 646 in the community of Totowa . The highway heads northward along Union Boulevard , intersecting with the on @-@ ramp from Route 62 to U.S. Route 46 eastbound . The route heads across a long bridge over the eastbound and westbound divided lanes of Route 46 . After crossing the bridge , Route 62 heads into a small industrial part of Totowa , where it intersects with the off @-@ ramp from the westbound lanes of Route 46 . The highway continues northward , interchanging with Furler Street and Lackawanna Avenue on a partial cloverleaf . Route 62 continues along Union Boulevard , becoming a divided highway . The highway crosses over Interstate 80 at interchange 55A , where the route 's designation terminates . The route continues into Paterson as County Route 646 .
= = History = =
Route 62 was designated in 1929 originally an alignment of State Highway Route S6 , a spur off of Route 6 ( currently U.S. Route 46 ) . Route S6 went to the south from current Route 62 from Paterson into Totowa and along County Route 646 towards Little Falls , terminating at Bloomfield Avenue ( old Route 6 ) near the Pine Brook Bridge in the Caldwells . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering on January 1 , 1953 , Route S6 was truncated to U.S. Route 46 and renumbered to Route 62 . Route 62 remained a route heading northbound from Totowa to Paterson following Union Boulevard , Totowa Avenue and McBride Avenue , ending at the Paterson @-@ West Paterson ( now Woodland Park ) town line for several years , constituting a length of 2 @.@ 32 miles ( 3 @.@ 73 km ) . Route 62 remained along this alignment before being truncated by 1980 . Route 62 was left out of the Straight Line Diagrams produced by the New Jersey Department of Transportation in 2000 , but was returned the next year . Route 62 received improvements of the interchange with US 46 in 2006 at a cost of $ 22 @.@ 748 million ( 2006 USD ) to repair the bridge over Route 46 , ramp reconfigurations and new resurfaced roadway .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Totowa , Passaic County .
= Capon Chapel =
Capon Chapel ( pronunciation : / ˈkeɪpən / KAY @-@ pən ) , also historically known as Capon Baptist Chapel and Capon Chapel Church , is a mid @-@ 19th century United Methodist church located near to the town of Capon Bridge , West Virginia in the United States . Capon Chapel is one of the oldest existing log churches in Hampshire County , along with Mount Bethel Church and Old Pine Church .
A Baptist congregation was gathering at the site of the present @-@ day church by at least 1756 . Primitive Baptist minister John Monroe ( 1750 – 1824 ) is credited for establishing a place of worship at this site ; he is interred in the church 's cemetery . The land on which Capon Chapel was built originally belonged to William C. Nixon ( 1789 – 1869 ) , a member of the Virginia House of Delegates ; later , it was transferred to the Pugh family . The first documented mention of a church at the Capon Chapel site was in March 1852 , when Joseph Pugh allocated the land to three trustees for the construction of a church and cemetery .
During the early years of Capon Chapel , no Protestant denomination was the exclusive owner or occupant , and the church was probably utilized as a " union church " for worship by any Christian denomination . Capon Chapel was used as a place of worship by Baptists until the late 19th or early 20th century . In the 1890s , Capon Chapel was added as a place of worship on the Capon Bridge Methodist circuit of the Southern Methodist Episcopal Church . As of 2015 , Capon Chapel remains a Methodist church , now a part of the United Methodist Church , holding Methodist services twice a month .
Capon Chapel 's cemetery is surrounded by a wrought iron fence made by Stewart Iron Works , and contains the remains of John Monroe , William C. Nixon , West Virginia House of Delegates member Captain David Pugh ( 1806 – 1899 ) , American Civil War veterans from the Union and the Confederacy , and free and enslaved African Americans . Capon Chapel , along with its cemetery , was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12 , 2012 , in recognition of its representation of the rural religious architecture of the Potomac Highlands region , and for its service as an important rural church in Hampshire County .
= = Geography and setting = =
Capon Chapel and its associated cemetery are located to the east Christian Church Road ( West Virginia Secondary Route 13 ) , approximately 2 @.@ 01 miles ( 3 @.@ 23 km ) south of Capon Bridge and 1 @.@ 14 miles ( 1 @.@ 83 km ) northeast of the unincorporated community of Bubbling Spring in southeastern Hampshire County . Capon Chapel is 894 feet ( 272 m ) east of the Cacapon River , from which the church derives its name . The church and cemetery are situated atop a grassy hill on a 0 @.@ 96 acres ( 0 @.@ 39 ha ) plot of land , at an elevation of 869 feet ( 265 m ) , in a rural agricultural area within the Cacapon River Valley . Dillons Mountain , a forested and narrow anticlinal mountain ridge , rises to the west of the Cacapon River Valley , while the forested , rolling foothills of the anticlinal Timber Ridge rise to the valley 's east .
The church and cemetery are accessible through a gravel driveway to the north ; to the west , a cluster of tall oak trees blocks access to the road . Capon Chapel is landscaped with boxwoods on its north and south sides , a single holly on its east side , and forsythias along its west side . The Capon Chapel property consists of the church structure ( c . 1852 ) , and its associated cemetery , which is enclosed partly by the historic wrought iron fence and partly by a chain link fence . A flagpole stands at the center of the cemetery 's eastern perimeter .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
The land on which Capon Chapel is located was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary , a land grant that Charles II of England awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 and renewed by an official patent in 1688 . One of these seven supporters , Thomas Colepeper , 2nd Baron Colepeper , acquired the entire area in 1681 ; his grandson , Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron , inherited it in 1719 . Under Lord Fairfax 's ownership , the Cacapon River Valley was predominantly inhabited by English @-@ speaking settlers as early as the late 1730s . The majority of these settlers had come from Pennsylvania and New Jersey , many of whom were either Quakers or former Quakers who were attracted to the Baptist and Methodist denominations .
= = = Baptist affiliation = = =
The Baptists established the oldest extant churches in Hampshire County . After the end of the American Revolutionary War , Baptist preachers continued their attempt to gain a foothold in what is now the Eastern Panhandle region . During the Baptists ' early growth in Hampshire County , the best known Baptist ministers were John Monroe ( 1750 – 1824 ) and Benjamin Stone ( 1743 – 1842 ) . Monroe preached at the North River , Crooked Run , and Patterson 's Creek churches during the early 19th century . According to historians Hu Maxwell and Howard Llewellyn Swisher in History of Hampshire County , West Virginia ( 1897 ) , Monroe was a minister for Primitive Baptists , who were adherent to a strict interpretation of the Calvinist theology of the Ketocton Association . Monroe probably established a Baptist church on the site of the present @-@ day Capon Chapel , where he is buried in the church 's cemetery . However , other sources claim that a Baptist congregation began gathering at the Capon Chapel site as early as 1756 .
Increased settlement and the arrival of other religious denominations in the Cacapon River Valley were further facilitated following the completion of the Northwestern Turnpike in the 1830s , which connected Parkersburg with Winchester . A small community began to develop near the turnpike 's Cacapon River crossing , 2 @.@ 01 miles ( 3 @.@ 23 km ) north of Capon Chapel 's present @-@ day location . The community later became the town of Capon Bridge .
The land on which Capon
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. One of the key decisions Robson made during his brief tenure at Barcelona was the US $ 19 @.@ 5 million signing of Ronaldo , who was influential in a season when Barcelona won the Spanish Cup , Spanish Super Cup and European Cup Winners ' Cup . Robson himself was voted European Manager of the Year for 1996 – 97 , while Ronaldo stated , " as a trainer without doubt [ Robson ] is one of the greatest in the world " .
The 1997 – 98 season saw Robson moved " upstairs " to the position of General Manager by Barcelona , with Louis van Gaal taking over the managerial reins , but he stayed in this position for only one season before returning to manage PSV on a short @-@ term deal for the 1998 – 99 season . PSV missed out on the league title , finishing third behind Feyenoord and Willem II , but Robson still led the club to victory in the Dutch supercup and also qualification for the Champions League on the last day of the season .
= = = Return to England = = =
After Robson 's contract expired , he returned to England to take up a position in the Football Association 's technical department , but following the resignation of Ruud Gullit at Newcastle United , Robson moved to St James ' Park in September 1999 . Robson was disappointed with the club 's opening salary offer , stating " ... it was miles below the going rate " , but negotiated a one @-@ year , £ 1 million deal .
In Robson 's first home match in charge , bottom @-@ placed Newcastle faced second bottom Sheffield Wednesday , thrashing them 8 – 0 . In his first season in charge , 1999 – 2000 , Robson led the club to an 11th @-@ place finish , with 14 wins from his 32 games in charge . In late 2000 , following the resignation of ex Magpies boss Kevin Keegan as England manager , the Football Association asked Newcastle Chairman Freddy Shepherd to permit Robson to take over in a part @-@ time caretaker capacity but the request was refused . Robson guided Newcastle from bottom of the Premier League to a fourth @-@ place finish in the 2001 – 02 season . The following season , Newcastle finished third , ensuring qualification for the Champions League for the second consecutive year . Despite the qualification of third place however , Robson was unable to guide Newcastle through the Champions League qualifying rounds and the club was pushed back into the UEFA Cup for the 2003 – 04 season . At the end of the 2003 – 04 season , Newcastle United finished fifth in the table , five points short of the Champions League qualifying fourth place but reached the semi @-@ finals of the UEFA Cup before losing to Marseille .
Robson held the Newcastle post until 30 August 2004 , when he was dismissed by Freddy Shepherd , after a poor start to the Premier League season and alleged discontent in the dressing room . Robson 's dismissal followed publication of his off the record observation of his disappointment that only 5 @,@ 000 fans stayed to see the traditional lap of honour made by the players at St James ' Park at the end of the previous season . However , he remains held in the highest esteem by the fans ; he was granted the Freedom of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne on 2 March 2005 .
Robson 's autobiography , entitled Bobby Robson : Farewell but not Goodbye was released in 2005 . The title is based on one of his quotes upon leaving the England job in 1990 : " I 'm here to say goodbye — maybe not goodbye but farewell " . In the book , Robson was critical of Shepherd , claiming that while manager he was denied information regarding the players ' contracts and transfer negotiations . He also criticised Shepherd and the club 's deputy chairman Douglas Hall , for their focus on the first team and St James ' Park , causing them to neglect less glamorous issues , such as the training ground , youth development and talent scouts . The club 's training ground was later blamed by Graeme Souness , Robson 's successor , for a series of injuries to first team players .
= = = Football consultant = = =
On 7 June 2005 Robson declined the invitation to become Director of Football of Heart of Midlothian because he wanted to stay in the Newcastle area . On 13 January 2006 , Steve Staunton was appointed manager of the Republic of Ireland national team , with Robson named in a support role as International Football Consultant . Robson stepped down from his role of consultant on 17 November 2007 , after the Republic 's final match in their unsuccessful qualifying campaign for Euro 2008 . Robson was a former Vice President of the League Managers Association , a non @-@ executive role .
= = Life outside football = =
= = = Personal life = = =
Robson met Elsie Gray on a trip back to his parents ' home in Langley Park . She was a student nurse , and later a teacher . They were married in June 1955 and Fulham teammate Tom Wilson was Robson 's best man . Since 1991 , Robson was repeatedly diagnosed as suffering from cancer . He had several operations and , in 2006 , was operated on for a brain tumour . This , on occasion , affected his work ; while at Porto for example , Robson suffered from malignant melanoma , which resulted in his missing the first few months of the 1995 – 96 season .
On 17 October 2006 , it was revealed that Robson had been given the all @-@ clear and was set to see out his contract as consultant to the Irish team . Robson revealed on 7 May 2007 that he had been diagnosed with cancer for the fifth time . On Saturday 17 May 2008 , Sir Bobby was the guest of honour at the FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium when Portsmouth beat Cardiff City 1 – 0 . He presented the trophy to the victorious captain , Sol Campbell .
= = = Other activities = = =
Robson made a number of product endorsements , including an appearance in Carlsberg 's " Best Pub Side " television commercial . He also acted as a pundit for ITV during the 2002 World Cup and the 2004 European Championship . In 2004 , following the death of Brian Clough , Robson briefly stood in for Clough as a columnist at FourFourTwo magazine , and from 2004 onwards wrote a weekly column for The Mail on Sunday .
= = = Bobby Robson Foundation = = =
Robson defeated bowel cancer in 1992 , a malignant melanoma in 1995 , and a tumour in his right lung and a brain tumour , both in 2006 . Treatment of these conditions had left him partially paralysed due to a stroke caused by the brain tumour , and also with a partially prosthetic upper jaw after the melanoma was surgically removed . His fifth diagnosis of cancer in 2007 , consisting of cancerous nodules in both lungs , was diagnosed as terminal in February 2007 , and as of December 2008 was being controlled through bouts of chemotherapy . After these experiences , and following his fifth diagnosis with cancer , Robson devoted the remaining years of his life to helping fight the disease . On 25 March 2008 , he launched the Sir Bobby Robson Foundation . By November 2008 , the Foundation had raised £ 1 million . The money raised by the Foundation funded equipment for the Sir Bobby Robson Cancer Trials Research Centre , in the Freeman Hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne , and would go on to fund other cancer projects in the North East of England .
In aid of the Foundation , Robson 's 1990 World Cup semi @-@ final 4 – 3 loss after penalties against West Germany , was replayed on 26 July 2009 as the Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match at St James ' Park , featuring players from the original 1990 World Cup squads and other special guests . Robson was given a guard of honour before the game , which finished 3 – 2 to the England side .
At the time of Robson 's death , the Foundation had raised £ 1 @.@ 6 million . Donations totalling £ 156 @,@ 000 were received by the Foundation in the 18 days following his death , and on 15 October 2009 , it was announced that the Foundation had raised over £ 2 million , and that at the request of Robson 's family , Alan Shearer would take over Robson 's role as the Foundation 's patron . It passed the £ 2 @.@ 5 million mark in September 2010 . Three other patrons were added in 2010 , Steve Gibson , Mick Mills and Niall Quinn .
= = Death = =
On 31 July 2009 , Robson died of lung cancer at his home in County Durham , aged 76 , after a long battle with the disease . After the news of his death , leading figures from the world of football and politics paid tribute to him . Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson called him a " great friend , a wonderful individual and tremendous football man . " UEFA president Michel Platini said : " He will be remembered not only for his playing career and his outstanding managerial career at both club and international level , but also because he was a truly warm and passionate human being . " Gary Lineker said : " It is a sad day and a great loss . He was a wonderful man and will be deeply missed by everybody in the country . I never played for a more enthusiastic man . He gave so much to the game . " Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , Tony Blair , described Sir Bobby as a " real Geordie gentleman . " According to the then Prime Minister Gordon Brown , Robson " epitomised everything that is great about football in this country . " His friend , the broadcaster Michael Parkinson , said : " Robson will be remembered long after the present lot are old bones . By his decency , his humour , his love of the game 's traditions and origins and confusion at what it had become , he made present day football look what it is – shabby by comparison . I can think of no more fitting epitaph . "
Robson 's funeral , a private family ceremony , took place on 5 August 2009 . The location remained undisclosed at the request of his family until the funeral had taken place . It was later revealed to be Esh , County Durham . A thanksgiving service for Robson was held on 21 September 2009 at Durham Cathedral . One thousand invited guests attended the service , which was also broadcast live on national television , and to Newcastle United 's St James ' Park , Ipswich Town 's Portman Road ground , and Fulham 's Craven Cottage . Robson was survived by his wife and their three sons : Andrew , Paul and Mark .
= = Honours = =
Robson was awarded a number of honours for his contributions to football . In 1990 , at the end of his eight @-@ year reign as England manager , he was awarded a CBE and in 2002 , he was knighted ; both awards were for services to football .
In 2002 ( during his time as Newcastle manager ) , the 69 @-@ year @-@ old Robson was awarded the freedom of Newcastle upon Tyne and the UEFA President 's Award for ' services to football ' . He was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2003 in recognition of his impact as a manager . Following his time as Newcastle United manager in 2005 , Robson was made an Honorary Freeman of Newcastle , which , in his autobiography , he described as being " the proudest moment of my life " . Robson also won the 1992 Football Writers ' Association Tribute Award for an outstanding contribution to the national game , and the 2001 British Sports Writers ' Association Pat Besford Trophy for Outstanding Achievement . In 2005 he received a lifetime achievement award from the Sports Coach UK Awards , and was also awarded the Eircom International Personality of the Year in 2006 . On 9 December 2007 , Robson was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBC 's Sports Personality of the Year show in recognition of " his contribution as both player and manager in a career spanning more than half a century " .
On 5 May 2008 , during the 30th anniversary celebrations of Ipswich Town 's 1978 FA Cup win , Robson was granted the Freedom of Ipswich by the Lady Mayor . On 8 December 2008 , he earned another such accolade when he was given the Freedom of the City of Durham . In March 2009 , UEFA awarded Robson the Emerald UEFA Order of Merit award , awarded to " individuals who have dedicated their talents to the good of the game " . The award was presented to Sir Bobby at St James ' Park on 26 July 2009 , prior to the Sir Bobby Robson Trophy match , and just five days before his death .
= = = Posthumous honours = = =
In December 2009 , Robson was posthumously awarded the FIFA Fair Play Award , for the " gentlemanly qualities he showed throughout his career as a player and coach " . All English football league matches held a one minute 's applause in his memory at the beginning of the 2009 – 10 season .
The Football League gave Newcastle United and Ipswich Town special dispensation to wear special commemorative kits for their Championship match on 26 September 2009 at Portman Road , in aid of Sir Bobby 's Foundation . At half @-@ time during this match , the North Stand of Portman Road was renamed the Sir Bobby Robson Stand .
The first anniversary of Robson 's death on 31 July 2010 was marked with a ceremony and pre @-@ season friendly match at Newcastle 's St James ' Park , between two of his former clubs Newcastle United and PSV Eindhoven , involving Robson 's PSV captain Stan Valckx presenting a PSV shirt to the club .
In July 2010 , plans were unveiled for a memorial garden to Robson to be built in Newcastle . It was to be created by the city council in partnership with the regeneration company NE1Ltd , and located on Gallowgate street close to the Newcastle United stadium St James ' Park . Work began on the site in November 2010 , which was completed by Spring 2011 . The garden covers 400 square meters , and features a tiered seating area and sculpted stone plinths reflecting aspects of his life and work . The area also hosts 400 square metre memorial garden to Sir Bobby Robson .
With a keen interest in cricket as well as football , Robson was to have replaced Mike Gatting as President of the Lord 's Taverners charity and cricket club in 2007 , but this was prevented by his ill @-@ health . After his death , the club held a dinner in his honour , as " The best President we never had " .
In March 2011 , the East Coast train operating company named one of its Class 91 electric locomotives Sir Bobby Robson , unveiled at Newcastle Central Station by his widow Elsie and Alan Shearer . Similarly , in December 2011 , the Port of Tyne Authority named its new work boat the Sir Bobby Robson . On 6 May 2012 , a statue of Robson created by sculptor Tom Maley was unveiled at St James ' Park before a 2 – 0 defeat to eventual champions Manchester City . On 16 July 2013 , marking the 150th anniversary celebrations of the FA , the FA designated 10 August as the Sir Bobby Robson National Football Day , celebrated as a day to celebrate the national game .
= = Playing career statistics = =
= = = International goals = = =
Scores and results list England 's goal tally first .
= = Managerial career statistics = =
= = = Performance by club = = =
= = = Managerial honours = = =
= = = Club = = =
Ipswich Town
FA Cup ( 1 ) : 1977 – 78
UEFA Cup ( 1 ) : 1980 – 81
Texaco Cup ( 1 ) : 1973
PSV Eindhoven
Eredivisie ( 2 ) : 1990 – 91 , 1991 – 92
Porto
Primeira Liga ( 2 ) : 1994 – 95 , 1995 – 96
Taça de Portugal ( 1 ) : 1993 – 94
Barcelona
Copa del Rey ( 1 ) : 1996 – 97
Supercopa de España ( 1 ) : 1996
European Cup Winners ' Cup ( 1 ) : 1997
= = = International = = =
England
FIFA World Cup – Fourth Place ( 1 ) : 1990
Rous Cup ( 3 ) : 1986 , 1988 , 1989
= Dress You Up =
" Dress You Up " is a song by American singer Madonna from her second studio album Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) . It was released on July 24 , 1985 as the album 's final single , by Sire Records . The song was the last track to be added to the album as it was submitted late by songwriters Andrea LaRusso and Peggy Stanziale . Madonna pushed for the song 's inclusion on Like a Virgin as she particularly liked its lyrics . Musically , the song is a drum beat driven dance track featuring instrumentation from guitars and vocals from a choir and a guitar solo played by Nile Rodgers , who also produced the song . The lyrics are an extended metaphor for fashion and sex , comparing dressing up with passion . A live performance from Madonna 's first tour was used as the music video .
Critics reacted positively to the dance @-@ pop nature of the track . " Dress You Up " became Madonna 's sixth consecutive top @-@ five single in the United States . It also reached the top @-@ ten in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . The song was performed on four of Madonna 's concert tours , most recently on the Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . " Dress You Up " was added to the " Filthy Fifteen " list of the Parents Music Resource Center , due to the sexual nature of its lyrics . The song has been covered in different forms by a number of artists .
= = Background and release = =
" Dress You Up " was the last song to be included on the Like a Virgin album . Producer Nile Rodgers had initially asked songwriters Andrea LaRusso and Peggy Stanziale to write a song for Madonna in the style of Rodgers ' band Chic . However , the writing took time , since both LaRusso and Stanziale were busy with other projects . When the lyrics of the song was submitted , Rodgers rejected it as there was no time to compose a melody and record it for the album . But Madonna liked the lyrics of the song , and persuaded Rodgers to include it on Like a Virgin . In Britain , the song was released as a limited @-@ edition shaped picture disc . In this case , it was star @-@ shaped to tie in with the Christmas release date for the single . The song is one of several of Madonna 's hit singles not included on The Immaculate Collection compilation , released in 1990 . " Dress You Up " was , however , later included on Madonna 's 2009 compilation album Celebration . Although no music video was separately made for the song , a live performance of " Dress You Up " from The Virgin Tour , filmed in Detroit was used as the video .
= = Composition = =
" Dress You Up " is a characteristic drum machine driven dance track and consists of a two @-@ chord verse . The chorus is supported by vocals from a choir , a four @-@ chord progression and a single guitar note , played by Rodgers . A rock guitar solo plays during the bridge . Towards the end of the song , the sound of the drums are decreased , while the treble is increased . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing , the song is set in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C minor , with Madonna 's vocals ranging from a low @-@ note of B ♭ 3 to a high @-@ note of F ♯ 5 . The song has a basic sequence of Cm – B ♭ – G7 in the verses and A ♭ – B ♭ – Cm – Cm / G in the chorus , as its chord progression .
The lyrics of the song are a metaphor for fashion and sex . Madonna sings about clothes she would like to drape over her man , so that she can caress his body with her hands , and cover him with " Velvet Kisses " . According to Rikky Rooksby , author of Madonna : The Complete Guide To Her Music , the line " I 'll create a look that 's made for you " , later became synonymous with Madonna 's re @-@ invention of her image throughout her career .
= = Critical reception = =
Nancy Erlick from Billboard said that the song felt like " [ Madonna ] The pin @-@ up girl in character ; part saucy , eager to please . " Alex Henderson from Allmusic , commented that " Rodger 's [ producer ] gift for sleek , seductive dance music [ Chic 's specialty ] is evident on such gems as ' Dress You Up ' . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic , called " Dress You Up " an excellent , standard @-@ issue dance @-@ pop . Santiago Fouz @-@ Hernández and Freya Jarman @-@ Ivens , authors of Madonna 's Drowned Worlds : New Approaches To Her Cultural Transformations , commented that Madonna sounded like a " sex @-@ kitten " in the song . Sla Cinquemani from Slant Magazine called the song irresistible . William McKeen , author of Rock and roll is here to stay , said that the melody of " Dress You Up " was insistently chugging . Debby Miller from Rolling Stone said that " Despite her little @-@ girl voice , there 's an undercurrent of ambition that makes her more than the latest Betty Boop . " While reviewing the album in 1995 , Dave Karger from Entertainment Weekly commented that the song came off as a bit repetitious and immature . Jim Farber from the same publication commented that " the song was built to transcend the Dynasty era . "
While reviewing The Immaculate Collection , Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine commented : " Like A Virgin 's Top Five absentees ' Dress You Up ' and ' Angel ' do a better job than the two big singles of delineating the boundaries of Madonna 's determined shallowness , an act that confounds Philistines today and made the appreciation of her musical skills a lot harder than it took these critics to dismiss Cyndi Lauper as the real charlatan . " In 2003 , when fans were asked to vote for the top twenty Madonna singles of all time , by Q magazine , " Dress You Up " was allocated the eighth spot . The video was nominated at the 1986 MTV Video Music Awards , in the category for Best Choreography , but lost to " Raspberry Beret " by Prince and The Revolution .
= = Chart performance = =
" Dress You Up " debuted at number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 on August 17 , 1985 . After seven weeks , the song reached number five on the Hot 100 , becoming Madonna 's sixth consecutive top @-@ five hit . It also peaked at number 34 on Adult Contemporary , number three on Hot Dance Club Songs and number 64 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It placed at number 94 on the year @-@ end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year . In Canada , the song debuted at number 90 on the RPM singles chart on August 24 , 1985 . The song was present for a total of 20 weeks on the chart , peaking at number ten after six weeks .
In the United Kingdom , " Dress You Up " was released on December 12 , 1985 . It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 12 , and reached a peak of five , being present on the chart for a total of 13 weeks . The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . According to Official Charts Company , the song has sold 210 @,@ 000 copies there . In Australia , the song peaked at five in October 1985 , becoming Madonna 's sixth top @-@ ten single there . The song also reached the top 20 in Belgium , France , Ireland , Netherlands , New Zealand , Spain , Switzerland and the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , while peaking just outside the top 20 in Italy .
= = Live performances = =
Madonna has performed " Dress You Up " on four of her world tours , namely The Virgin Tour in 1985 , the Who 's That Girl World Tour in 1987 , the 2009 leg of the Sticky & Sweet Tour , and Rebel Heart Tour in 2015 – 16 . On The Virgin Tour , " Dress You Up " was the opening song of the set . Madonna wore a blue see @-@ through crop @-@ top , revealing her characteristic black bra . She also had lacy leggings and crucifixes around her ear and her neck . As the beat of the song started , Madonna entered the stage and posed on the stairs before reaching the microphone to sing the track . A performance of the song from the Virgin Tour was included on the VHS release Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour .
During the Who 's That Girl World Tour of 1987 , Madonna performed it in a medley with " Material Girl " and " Like a Virgin " . She wore an elaborate costume , inspired by Dame Edna Everage . It consisted of a hat strewn with fake fruits , flowers and feathers , jeweled batwing spectacles with heavy , black frames , a ruffled skirt and a bodice covered with objects such as watches and dolls and fishnets . Author Carol Clerk stated that the dress was more " ludicrous for Madonna , than humorous . " Two different performances of the song on this tour can be found on the videos : Who 's That Girl : Live in Japan , filmed in Tokyo , Japan , on June 22 , 1987 , and Ciao Italia : Live from Italy , filmed in Turin , Italy , on September 4 , 1987 .
A backing track was created to accompany the performance of " Dress You Up " on her 2004 Re @-@ Invention World Tour , however Madonna found it difficult to learn the guitar chords for the song , choosing to perform " Material Girl " instead . In 2008 , Madonna performed the first verse and chorus of the song during the request section of the Sticky & Sweet Tour . The song was performed at Chicago , Los Angeles , Philadelphia , Rio de Janeiro , Toronto , Valencia and Vienna . Madonna finally added " Dress You Up " to the 2009 leg of the Sticky & Sweet Tour , replacing the rock version of " Borderline " . It was performed as part of the ' old school ' segment and featured the groove from The Knack 's song " My Sharona " and " God Save The Queen " by the Sex Pistols .
In 2015 , while appearing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show as part of promotion for her thirteenth studio album , Rebel Heart , Madonna and host Ellen DeGeneres sang the song during a revival of DeGeneres ' bathroom concert series . They were dressed in matching robes and sang the song while sitting on a chair , adding commentary in between . At one point , Madonna removed the robe to reveal another dress with prints of hearts on it , and danced around DeGeneres , who also used props like oversized sunglasses and a leopard print cowboy hat for Madonna . The song was later included in the setlist of the Rebel Heart Tour , performed in a flamenco @-@ style medley with " Into the Groove " , " Everybody " and " Lucky Star " . During the sequence the singer dressed in a Latin and gypsy inspired dress , created by Alessandro Michele for Gucci , consisting off a shawl , flamenco hat , lace , skirts and jacquard bodysuit .
= = Legacy = =
In 1985 , the song was included on the Parents Music Resource Center 's ( PMRC ) " Filthy Fifteen " list , for the perceived sexual content of its lyrics . The Center 's founder Tipper Gore had heard her daughter listening to the song , and considered the line " Gonna dress you up in my love " as exemplifying ' vulgar music ' . The PMRC called upon the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) to give parents a consumer @-@ friendly means of identifying rock records unsuitable for minors – a rating system based on lyrical content . " Dress You Up " received a rating of ' S ' , for " sex and obscenity " , from the RIAA . Gore commented on the song : " Popular culture is morally bankrupt , flagrantly licentious and utterly materialistic — and Madonna is the worst of all . " According to Bruce David Forbes and H. Mahan in their book Religion and Popular Culture in America , Madonna 's fans took the attitude " Can 't you cultural conservatives see what she is trying to do — to annoy people like you ! If you don 't like it , don 't listen to it . Stop trying to police my morality ! " The campaign was successful and led to the creation of the Parental Advisory sticker .
In 1999 " Dress You Up " was sung by a group that included Alex Greenwald , Rashida Jones and Jason Thompson , for Gap 's " Everybody in Vests " TV commercial . Music for the song was created by the Dust Brothers . A cover of the song by Apollo Heights was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilation Through the Wilderness . The band Zolof the Rock & Roll Destroyer , and Reel Big Fish , covered the song on their 2007 EP Duet All Night Long . United Kingdom dance artist Kelly Llorenna recorded a new version of the song in 2008 . The cover was released as a single in 2009 . In 2013 , the song was covered in the Glee episode " Feud " , mashed @-@ up with Elton John 's " The Bitch Is Back " .
= = Track listing and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – vocals
Nile Rodgers – producer , guitarist
Andrea LaRusso – writer
Peggy Stanziale – writer
Jimmy Bralower – drum programming
Rob Sabino – bass synthesizer , acoustic piano
Curtis King – background vocals
Frank Simms – background vocals
George Simms – background vocals
Credits adapted from the Like a Virgin album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= Statute of Anne =
The Statute of Anne , also known as the Copyright Act 1709 ( cited either as 8 Ann. c . 21 or as 8 Ann. c . 19 ) , is an act of the Parliament of Great Britain passed in 1710 , which was the first statute to provide for copyright regulated by the government and courts , rather than by private parties .
Prior to the statute 's enactment in 1710 , copying restrictions were authorized by the Licensing of the Press Act 1662 . These restrictions were enforced by the Stationers ' Company , a guild of printers given the exclusive power to print — and the responsibility to censor — literary works . The censorship administered under the Licensing Act led to public protest ; as the act had to be renewed at two @-@ year intervals , authors and others sought to prevent its reauthorisation . In 1694 , Parliament refused to renew the Licensing Act , ending the Stationers ' monopoly and press restrictions .
Over the next 10 years the Stationers repeatedly advocated bills to re @-@ authorize the old licensing system , but Parliament declined to enact them . Faced with this failure , the Stationers decided to emphasise the benefits of licensing to authors rather than publishers , and the Stationers succeeded in getting Parliament to consider a new bill . This bill , which after substantial amendments was granted Royal Assent on 5 April 1710 , became known as the Statute of Anne due to its passage during the reign of Queen Anne . The new law prescribed a copyright term of 14 years , with a provision for renewal for a similar term , during which only the author and the printers they chose to license their works to could publish the author 's creations . Following this , the work 's copyright would expire , with the material falling into the public domain . Despite a period of instability known as the Battle of the Booksellers when the initial copyright terms under the Statute began to expire , the Statute of Anne remained in force until the Copyright Act 1842 replaced it .
The statute is considered a " watershed event in Anglo @-@ American copyright history ... transforming what had been the publishers ' private law copyright into a public law grant " . Under the statute , copyright was for the first time vested in authors rather than publishers ; it also included provisions for the public interest , such as a legal deposit scheme . The Statute was an influence on copyright law in several other nations , including the United States , and even in the 21st century is " frequently invoked by modern judges and academics as embodying the utilitarian underpinnings of copyright law " .
= = Background = =
With the introduction of the printing press to England by William Caxton in 1476 , printed works became both more common and more economically important . As early as 1483 , Richard III recognised the value of literary works by specifically exempting them from the government 's protectionist legislation . Over the next fifty years , the government moved further towards economic regulation , abolishing the provision with the Printers and Binders Act 1534 , which also banned the import of foreign works and empowered the Lord Chancellor to set maximum pricing for English books . This was followed by increasing degrees of censorship . A further proclamation of 1538 , aiming
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when Patricia Hewitt and Geoff Hoon wrote to Labour MPs calling for a secret ballot on the issue . Their letter said that the party was " deeply divided " and the issue should be sorted out " once and for all " . However , the plot failed to gather any momentum after several senior cabinet ministers spoke out in support of Brown .
= = = Allegations of bullying = = =
On 31 January 2010 , the Mail on Sunday reported that a book , " The End of the Party " written by the journalist Andrew Rawnsley , would make allegations that Brown had flown into a series of rages and had physically attacked members of his staff . The claims were fiercely denied by Brown and his colleagues . In an interview with the television presenter Piers Morgan , Brown said , " I have never hit anybody in my life " .
In February 2010 Christine Pratt , founder of the National Bullying Helpline said that the helpline had taken calls from Downing Street staff , although she later stated that the calls did not refer to Brown himself . This led to the resignations of three of the charity 's patrons ; Cary Cooper , Ann Widdecombe and Sarah Cawood . The Charity Commission later said that it had received over 160 complaints about the helpline 's handling of the situation . The helpline service was voluntarily suspended ; it resumed two days later .
= = 2010 general election = =
On 6 April 2010 , Brown visited Buckingham Palace to seek the Queen 's permission to dissolve Parliament on 12 April , initiating a general election on 6 May . He announced the election shortly afterwards and described it as the " least well @-@ kept secret of recent years " , since 6 May had been predicted as the most likely date for an election for some time . Brown unveiled Labour 's election manifesto on 12 April under the party 's election slogan " A future fair for all " , saying that Labour had a " plan for the future " . Key pledges in the manifesto included :
No rise in the income tax rate during the next Parliament
No extension of VAT to food and children 's clothes
A new global banks levy
No stamp duty for first time buyers on homes below £ 250 @,@ 000
A pledge to raise the National Minimum Wage in line with earnings
The right for constituents to recall MPs
Referenda on a democratic House of Lords and proposed changes to the voting system
Plans to double paternity leave from two weeks to four
A pledge not to privatise Royal Mail during the next Parliament .
The main opposition parties were critical in their responses to the manifesto . The Conservative Party said that it would " change nothing " , while the Liberal Democrats said that Labour would not reform tax and politics . Conservative leader David Cameron said , " There is nothing new there , there is nothing different there " . Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg asked how Labour could deliver " fairness and new politics " when they had promised the same at previous general elections but had failed to do so .
The election campaign saw the UK 's first televised debates between the leaders of the three main parties . While Cameron and Clegg were generally perceived to have performed well in these , Brown was perceived to have done less well . Brown also attracted criticism from the media after privately describing a 65 @-@ year @-@ old pensioner as a " bigoted woman " after she stated that entitled people were not receiving benefits because non @-@ entitled people are receiving them . She also expressed her displeasure at immigration from Eastern Europe . His remarks — said on 28 April whilst in a car with his staff — were picked up by a Sky News microphone he was still wearing following a visit to Rochdale and were widely broadcast .
At the election , Labour lost 91 seats in the House of Commons , but the Conservatives failed to achieve an overall majority , resulting in the first hung parliament since 1974 . Under the constitution governing what happens in the event of a hung parliament , Brown remained temporarily as Prime Minister , while the Liberal Democrats and Conservatives entered into talks aimed at forming a coalition government . Talks between the Liberal Democrats and Labour also took place . On 10 May , Brown announced his intention to resign as leader of the Labour Party and instructed the party to initiate the election of a new leader . Brown 's continued presence as Prime Minister was seen an obstacle to the negotiation of a Labour @-@ Liberal Democrat deal . By 11 May , the possibility of a deal was becoming less likely as talks between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats continued . After a telephone conversation with his predecessor Tony Blair where Blair informed Brown that the election had shown that the British voters had lost faith in both him and the Labour Party and that the United Kingdom would not accept him continuing as Prime Minister . With this he concluded that he would not be able to form a government , Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister . He also resigned as leader of the Labour Party with immediate effect . Brown was succeeded as Prime Minister by David Cameron , while Harriet Harman became acting leader of the Labour Party .
= 1874 FA Cup Final =
The 1874 FA Cup final was a football match between Oxford University and Royal Engineers on 14 March 1874 at Kennington Oval in London . It was the third final of the world 's oldest football competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( known in the modern era as the FA Cup ) . Both teams had previously reached the final but been defeated by Wanderers . The Engineers had reached the final with comparative ease , scoring sixteen goals and conceding only one in the four previous rounds . Oxford 's opponents in the earlier rounds had included two @-@ time former winners Wanderers .
The final was decided by two goals from Oxford in the first twenty minutes . Their opponents had spent two weeks training for the match , an innovative concept at the time , but were repeatedly thwarted by Charles Nepean , the Oxford goalkeeper . The Engineers were said to have missed their best back , Lieut . Alfred Goodwyn , who had been posted overseas .
= = Route to the final = =
Oxford University and the Chatham @-@ based Royal Engineers were among 28 entrants to the competition in the 1873 – 74 season . Both teams were ranked among the strongest in the country at the time , especially the Engineers who played 86 games between 1871 and 1875 and lost only three , scoring a total of 240 goals and conceding only 20 .
Both teams progressed through the first round of the competition with little difficulty , Oxford defeating Upton Park 4 – 0 and the Engineers winning 5 – 0 against Brondesbury . In the second round , the University beat Barnes 2 – 0 and the " Sappers " , as the Engineers were nicknamed , beat Uxbridge 2 – 1 .
The Engineers comprehensively defeated their quarter @-@ final opponents , Maidenhead , winning 7 – 0 , the first time a team had ever scored as many as seven goals in an FA Cup match . Oxford , on the other hand , were paired with Wanderers , who had won the competition in both its first two seasons and never lost an FA Cup match . They had defeated the Engineers in the 1872 final and Oxford in the 1873 final . The first match finished in a 1 – 1 draw , necessitating a replay which Oxford won 1 – 0 to end Wanderers ' grip on the competition .
Both semi @-@ final matches were played at Kennington Oval , the home of Surrey County Cricket Club , as specified by the rules in use at the time . Royal Engineers defeated Swifts in the first match to be played , and Oxford booked their place in the final a month later with a 1 – 0 win over Clapham Rovers .
= = Match = =
= = = Summary = = =
Oxford were able to call on their first @-@ choice goalkeeper , Charles Nepean , who had been unable to play in the previous year 's final , which Oxford lost . They also selected William Rawson , whose brother Herbert was in the Engineers ' team . The Engineers , who represented the Corps of Royal Engineers regiment of the British army , had undertaken two weeks of special training before the match , an innovative concept in an era when little importance was placed on training , but were unable to field Alfred Goodwyn , considered to be their best back , as he had been posted to India earlier in the year . Oxford 's players were not all students , as the team included Arthur H. Johnson , an ordained clergyman and Fellow of All Souls College . Around 2 @,@ 000 spectators were in attendance , a smaller crowd than had attended the previous final .
Oxford won the coin toss and elected to begin the game defending the Harleyford Road end of the stadium . Charles Mackarness gave Oxford the lead after just ten minutes . Following an Oxford corner kick , a melee developed in front of the Engineers ' goal , and the ball fell to Mackarness , who shot it over the crowd of players and past goalkeeper William Merriman . Frederick Patton doubled the lead ten minutes later after some skillful dribbling by captain Cuthbert Ottaway and Robert Vidal , who was nicknamed the " prince of dribblers " for his skill in that aspect of the game . Oxford could have had a third goal when they managed to get the ball through the Engineers ' goalposts , but the players did not appeal for the goal . At the time , as in cricket , the officials were not permitted to award a goal unless the players appealed for it , thus no goal was given . It is not recorded why the Oxford players never appealed . The best effort for the Engineers came when Henry Renny @-@ Tailyour 's shot struck the goalpost . Late in the game the " Sappers " mounted a series of attacks on the Oxford goal but were unable to score , being repeatedly thwarted by Nepean . Oxford thus won 2 – 0 and secured the cup .
= = = Details = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
As occurred each year until 1882 , the winning team did not receive the trophy at the stadium on the day of the match , but later in the year at their annual dinner . The secretary of the Royal Engineers club , in his official report , stated that Oxford had thoroughly deserved their victory . Some time after the match , the Engineers discovered that Alfred Goodwyn , their absent star player , had died in India on the day of the final of injuries sustained in a fall from a horse .
= Soma Cruz =
Soma Cruz , known in Japan as Sōma Kurusu ( 来須 蒼真 , Kurusu Sōma ) , is a fictional character and the protagonist of Konami 's action @-@ adventure games Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow and Castlevania : Dawn of Sorrow , part of Konami 's Castlevania video game series . He was designed by Ayami Kojima as part of producer Koji Igarashi 's desire to try a " different route " for the Castlevania series . His return in Dawn of Sorrow was due to Igarashi 's satisfaction with Soma and the storyline in Aria of Sorrow , and he was redesigned with a new anime appearance .
In Aria of Sorrow , Soma is an 18 @-@ year @-@ old transfer student studying in Japan ( or simply a Japanese high school student , in the Japanese version ) , where he finds himself in the castle of Dracula , the principal antagonist of the Castlevania series . Soma discovers his " power of dominance , " or his ability to claim the souls and abilities of the monsters he defeats as his own . As the game 's story progresses , Soma learns of Dracula 's demise , and that he is his reincarnation , and destined to become Dracula again ( a position Graham Jones desired for himself before he was killed by Soma ) . The only reason he did not become the next dark lord immediately was due to the efforts of Alucard , using the pseudonym Genya Arikado . Soma eventually defeats the chaos running through the castle , narrowly missing both his own corruption and his possible death at the hands of Julius Belmont . Dawn of Sorrow features Soma fighting the attempts of a cult to slay him and create a new dark lord when one did not surface during the events of Aria of Sorrow .
Several video game publications have praised Soma 's character . Although Soma himself was viewed as a stereotypical echo of previous Castlevania protagonists , the new context that the storyline Aria of Sorrow and Dawn of Sorrow provided for him rectified this . The storyline in particular that Soma was situated in was compared to the storyline of the widely acclaimed Castlevania : Symphony of the Night . The switch to an anime character design in Dawn of Sorrow was notably criticized , as many reviewers preferred the designs made by Ayami Kojima .
= = Conception and design = =
Soma debuted in Castlevania : Aria of Sorrow , the third and final installment of the Castlevania series on the Game Boy Advance . He was created as part of the attempt by Koji Igarashi , the producer of several Castlevania games , including the highly acclaimed Castlevania : Symphony of the Night , to try a " different route " for the series by setting it in a futuristic setting . Soma was designed by Ayami Kojima , who had previously worked on the characters in Castlevania games such as Castlevania : Symphony of the Night and Castlevania : Harmony of Dissonance . Kojima 's drawings are made in a dark , gothic style , and borrow heavily from bishōnen @-@ style art . Nevertheless , keeping with Igarashi 's " different route " motif , Soma 's appearance was made noticeably more contemporary , sporting more modern clothing in comparison to the medieval attire of characters in previous Castlevania games .
Soma 's inclusion in Dawn of Sorrow , a rare sequel in the Castlevania series , was made by Igarashi , who stated that one of his primary motivations behind making Dawn of Sorrow was to feature Soma Cruz in another game . Ayami Kojima was not included in the production team , as Igarashi wanted her to concentrate on her character designs for Castlevania : Curse of Darkness . Soma , along with the remainder of the characters , were redrawn in an anime style . This was a marketing strategy Igarashi wished to employ , as he felt that the Nintendo DS ' target demographic was significantly younger than those of other consoles Castlevania games had appeared on , and he intended to court them with a more simplistic anime design . Furthermore , Igarashi considered it a litmus test for whether the design would be incorporated into future Castlevania installments .
= = Appearances = =
In Aria of Sorrow , Soma is depicted as a high school student in Japan , living peacefully with his childhood friend Mina Hakuba . He is drawn into Dracula 's castle , where he learns of his " power of dominance " , enabling him to absorb the souls of the monsters he defeats and use their abilities . As he proceeds through Dracula 's castle , he learns that Dracula , the longtime antagonist of the Castlevania series , had been truly defeated , and that a prophecy had been made dictating that Dracula 's powers would be passed down to his reincarnation . After defeating Graham Jones , who had harbored the notion that he was Dracula 's reincarnation , Soma realizes that he himself is Dracula 's reincarnation . As a result , he is confronted by Julius Belmont , the latest member of the Belmont clan , a group of vampire hunters sworn to hunt Dracula until his demise . Soma defeats Julius , and extracts a promise from him to slay him should he fail to subdue Dracula 's spirit . With the aid of the allies he encountered throughout the castle , he is able to escape his fate by defeating the manifestation of the castle 's chaos .
Soma 's second appearance is in Dawn of Sorrow , where he returns into battle to combat Celia Fortner 's cult , which seeks to kill Soma and revive the dark lord . Although Soma believes that his powers have been lost , they awaken , and he proceeds to a replica of Dracula 's castle in order to confront Celia 's cult . In the castle , Soma learns of the " dark lord 's candidates " , who were born on the day of Dracula 's demise and possess supernatural powers as a result . Soma manages to best the first candidate , Dmitrii Blinov , although he inadvertently absorbs Dmitrii 's soul in the process . Soma proceeds to defeat Dario Bossi in two instances , stripping him of his power after the conclusion of their second fight . As a result , Celia slays a doppelgänger of Mina to induce Soma to become the dark lord , but fails due to a talisman Mina gave him earlier in the game . Dmitrii 's soul escapes from Soma 's body into the doppelgänger , and he increases his powers , having copied Soma 's power of dominance . Soma manages to defeat his monstrous form " Menace " , and realizes at the end of the game that his fate is his own to determine . Soma additionally appears in the " Julius Mode " found in Dawn of Sorrow , where the storyline follows the assumption that Soma succumbed to his darker nature and became the new dark lord . He is the final boss of Julius Mode .
= = Reception = =
Soma 's character has received praise and criticism from several video game publications . GameSpy noted that although Soma fell into the stereotypical role of " an effeminate @-@ looking man who does all the slaying " , the original scenario that Aria of Sorrow presented provided a better context for his character . The fact that Soma was not a member of the Belmont clan , the protagonists of most Castlevania games , was lauded by IGN and RPGamer , with the latter commenting on how it contributed to the " depth " of the storyline . The manner in which Soma 's " power of dominance " translated into the Tactical Soul system featured in both games was widely acclaimed ; IGN commented that it contributed " significantly " to the overall feel of Aria of Sorrow , and RPGamer celebrated the " triumphant return " of the Tactical Soul system in Dawn of Sorrow . Reviewers also complimented Soma 's graphical representation . GameSpy noted the " good animation on easily viewable sprites " in Aria of Sorrow , and GameSpot called the graphics in Dawn of Sorrow " intricate and gorgeous " , making note of the character sprites . The change to an anime design in Dawn of Sorrow was criticized . GameSpy deplored the " shallow , lifeless anime images " used for Soma 's in @-@ game representation , and Kojima 's absence from the production . IGN claimed that the images were " down to the level of ' generic Saturday morning Anime ' quality . " Nevertheless , RPGFan felt that the story created around Soma was the best presented in the series since Symphony of the Night .
= William Brill ( RAAF officer ) =
William Lloyd Brill , DSO , DFC & Bar ( 17 May 1916 – 12 October 1964 ) was a senior officer and bomber pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . Born in the Riverina district of New South Wales , he was a farmer and a member of the Militia before joining the RAAF in 1940 . After training in Australia and Canada , he was posted to Britain in 1941 to take part in the air war over Europe . Brill first saw combat with No. 460 Squadron RAAF , flying Vickers Wellington medium bombers . He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) in May 1942 for attacking a target after his plane was badly damaged by anti @-@ aircraft fire . Following assignment as an instructor with the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) , he returned to the bombing campaign in January 1944 as a flight commander with No. 463 Squadron RAAF , flying Avro Lancaster heavy bombers .
Brill 's leadership and determination to complete his missions despite damage to his aircraft — on one occasion inflicted by another Lancaster 's bombs from above — earned him the Distinguished Service Order . Promoted to wing commander in May 1944 , he took over No. 467 Squadron RAAF after the death in combat of its then @-@ commander , Group Captain John Balmer . Brill was awarded a bar to his DFC in July , for his skill in evading three German night fighters . Returning to Australia , he remained in the Air Force after the war and led No. 10 Squadron in 1949 – 50 . He went on to command air bases at Rathmines , Canberra and Townsville during the 1950s and 1960s . Brill served two terms as RAAF Director of Personnel Services , in 1956 – 59 and 1960 – 63 , by which time he had been promoted to group captain . His final posting was at the Department of Air in Canberra . He died of a heart attack in October 1964 .
= = Early life = =
Brill was born on 17 May 1916 in the Riverina town of Ganmain , New South Wales . He was the fourth of seven children of farmer Edward Brill and his wife Bertha , who were originally from Victoria . The Brills owned a property called " Clearview " , and Bill attended the local school . He completed his education at Yanco Agricultural High , gaining his Intermediate Certificate before joining his brothers in wheat farming . Thickly set and physically strong , he was a keen Australian rules footballer , playing for Ganmain , Grong Grong , and Matong . On 5 January 1939 , Brill enlisted in the 21st Light Horse Regiment , a Militia unit , at Narrandera . He was promoted to corporal in May . The previous month he had been tested as a potential air cadet , the interview panel finding him a " quiet country chap " who was " rather slow " but " intelligent " .
On 11 November 1940 , Brill transferred to the RAAF active reserve , known as the Citizen Air Force ( CAF ) . He went through the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) , undergoing initial instruction at RAAF Bradfield Park in Sydney . Selected to be a pilot , he received his elementary flying training on De Havilland Tiger Moths at RAAF Station Narrandera . In March 1941 , Brill was posted to Canada for advanced instruction on Avro Ansons at No. 3 Service Flying Training School , Calgary . He was commissioned as a pilot officer on 28 July 1941 , and sailed to Britain the next month . In October he began converting to Vickers Wellington medium bombers at No. 27 Operational Training Unit , Lichfield , and was assigned to No. 460 Squadron RAAF , which formed at RAF Molesworth the following month .
= = Air war in Europe = =
= = = First tour of operations = = =
Raised under the Article XV provisions of EATS , No. 460 Squadron was one of several nominally Australian formations taking part in RAF Bomber Command 's strategic air campaign against Germany . In January 1942 , the unit moved from Molesworth to RAF Breighton , Yorkshire . Brill flew as a co @-@ pilot in No. 460 Squadron 's first operation , against the German port of Emden in March . He was soon in command of his own Wellington , attacking targets in northern France . On 5 April 1942 , he undertook his first sortie against a well @-@ defended city deep in enemy territory , Cologne . He later recorded his apprehension before the raid :
How can I get back from this when others who are better than I 'll ever be , have fallen on such targets ? Will I funk if I 'm in a tight spot ? Will I let the rest of the boys down ? Who am I to hold the lives of five other men in my hands ?
On the night of 29 / 30 May 1942 , Brill 's was one of 27 aircraft detailed to bomb the Gnome et Rhône , Thomson Houston , and Goodrich factories in the Paris suburb of Gennevilliers . The crews were required to have good visibility of the target area before bombing , to ensure accuracy and reduce civilian casualties . Due to foul weather over the Channel , Brill flew at an altitude of less than 200 feet ( 60 m ) until crossing the French coast . The clouds had begun to clear over Paris and searchlights swept the sky , accompanied by heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire . Most of the bombers released their loads from between 4 @,@ 000 and 8 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 and 2 @,@ 400 m ) , but Brill dropped to 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) before making his attack . With the bomb bay doors open , his Wellington was struck by flak , damaging the hydraulics and rear gun turret , and leaving one of the 1 @,@ 000 lb ( 450 kg ) bombs hanging after the others dropped on target . Returning to England through more bad weather , he spotted an emergency landing ground and brought the crippled Wellington down with the bomb doors still open and one tyre flat ; the plane was later scrapped . Brill 's was the only one of four Wellingtons from No. 460 Squadron to find the target area and successfully attack . For his " splendid courage and determination " in pressing home the assault , he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross on 26 June , the first pilot in his squadron to be decorated .
No. 460 Squadron participated in 1 @,@ 000 @-@ bomber raids against Cologne , Essen and Bremen in May and June 1942 . Brill was promoted to acting flight lieutenant in July , and completed his first tour of operations , numbering 31 sorties , on 11 August . He was seconded to the RAF as an instructor in November 1942 , returning to No. 27 Operational Training Unit at Lichfield . He spent the next eleven months there , leading a training flight and gaining promotion to acting squadron leader in April 1943 . In August , he was best man at the wedding of his friend and fellow RAAF pilot , Arthur Doubleday . The press would come to refer to the pair as the " Flying Twins " , as their wartime careers closely paralleled one another — both men came from the Riverina district , joined the Air Force together on Remembrance Day 1940 , arrived in England in August 1941 , flew Wellingtons in No. 460 Squadron , volunteered for second tours in Bomber Command , and received many decorations and promotions in tandem . Doubleday would go on to survive the war and become active in civil aviation .
= = = Second tour of operations = = =
Having volunteered for his second tour , Brill underwent conversion to Handley Page Halifax and Avro Lancaster heavy bombers in the last months of 1943 . In the new year , he was appointed a flight commander in No. 463 Squadron RAAF , operating Lancasters out of RAF Waddington , Lincolnshire . Waddington was also home to another Australian squadron , No. 467 , and Brill took an active part in the station 's raucous mess life . His younger brother Vic , who had joined the RAAF in 1941 , was in the same squadron . Brill returned to combat in the middle of the Battle of Berlin , flying his first sortie to the " Big City " on 20 January 1944 . The statistical likelihood of surviving an operational tour of 30 missions in Bomber Command was never more than 50 % , but loss rates during the Battle of Berlin were far higher .
Brill took off for his second mission to Berlin on 27 January . The Lancaster he flew was said to be jinxed , possessed of an engine that lost power in the air but always tested well on the ground , and suffering oxygen failure that killed its rear gunner on the previous sortie . One of the engines did begin to falter before Brill reached Berlin , forcing him to fly lower than normal . Having released his bombs over target , he felt the plane take several strikes that he assumed were anti @-@ aircraft fire , but were in fact the incendiaries of a Lancaster flying above . His aircraft 's nose , rudder controls , and electricals were all severely damaged , and the port wing was on fire . Having warned his crew to prepare to bail out , Brill dived the Lancaster and succeeded in putting out the flames . The crew was able to remain on board and , after a nine @-@ hour flight , the plane landed back at Waddington . Brill 's verdict on the mission was , as he later wrote , " not my idea of an evening 's entertainment " . He flew a total of eleven operations during the Battle of Berlin , including Bomber Command 's costliest raid of the war , against Nuremberg in March . On that occasion , one of his engines failed and another was damaged when he had to fly through a cloud of debris from a Lancaster that was blown to pieces directly in his path .
By April 1944 , No. 463 Squadron had
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word ' fright ' , but there are recognized entities of sudden death " , though it may not be possible to determine the cause , " where emotions come into play " such as an instance where an individual believes that a curse will harm them . On November 19 , 1983 , the New Haven Register reported that police were " no longer actively investigating the case " , and went on to note that therefore " any connection between Slee 's death and his experiences at the seminar " were not likely to be confirmed .
= = = Response from est officials = = =
A representative of WE & A named Nancy Foushee denied reports that paramedics were delayed from giving care to Kruh and Slee . Foushee stated that attendants of the est training are permitted to take breaks every four @-@ hours , during the 16 @-@ hour session . Foushee described the est training course , which consisted of four sessions each of 16 hours in duration , as a " philosophical inquiry into what it is to be human " . She asserted that the est training was " no more stressful than taking a philosophy course at a university " . In a statement published in the Boston Phoenix , Foushee said : " We do not run a company that 's dangerous to people . The est training does not cause people to faint . There has never been a death attributed to est . Never . Ever . Are you clear ? "
Days after Slee 's death , an official from the est organization released a statement that est was not involved in Slee 's death . Jack Mantos , a medical doctor who served as director of research for est , stated : " In any large group of people , medical emergencies do arise from time to time and this appears to be one of those . According to our reports , it was responded to quickly by trained professionals . Paramedics were notified within seconds of the collapse and were by [ Slee 's ] side in minutes . Although medical authorities have not yet determined what caused Mr. Slee 's death , it is evident that the est training could not have had anything to do with it . "
= = Wrongful death lawsuit = =
= = = Suit filed = = =
In September 1984 , Jack Slee 's mother Alfrieda Slee filed a wrongful death lawsuit in federal court for $ 5 million against Erhard and WE & A. Causes of action brought in the complaint included negligence , intentional infliction of emotional distress , implied warranty , express warranty , fraud , strict liability and unfair trade practices . The suit asserted that mental stress from the est training resulted in the death of her son . Erhard 's company ( WE & A ) , as well as est trainer Steve Zafflin were named in the suit . The suit stated that Slee had been " subjected to psychological pressures , group pressures ... mind control techniques which caused him to lose his ordinary psychological defenses , emotional confrontations which caused him to become emotionally distraught and which led to physical reactions resulting in his death " .
According to the lawyer representing Slee 's estate , Gerald Ragland , Slee had " dropped dead from the stress associated with the program " . Ragland , a specialist in lawsuits dealing with claims related to psychological trauma from encounter groups , noted that though autopsies cannot specifically test for death caused by stress , circumstantial evidence in the case would show this occurred with regard to Slee . Ragland further stated that Slee was pressured into taking the course , that he endured mind control that reduced his capacity for mental defense , and that est trainers prevented medical professionals from quickly gaining access to his body .
On September 21 , 1984 , representatives of Werner Erhard told the Associated Press that they were not yet in possession of a copy of the lawsuit . However , they denied that the est training was involved in the death of Slee .
= = = Case , jury ruling and appeal = = =
Judge José A. Cabranes presided over the case in the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut . In order to defeat a defense motion to dismiss the case in 1987 , the plaintff called a number of expert witnesses including psychologist Margaret Singer , author of Cults in Our Midst , and psychiatrist and neurologist James Merikangas . Both Singer and Merikangas submitted affidavits asserting that Slee 's death was related to the est training . After the defendants refused to respond to discovery requests , on January 18 , 1990 , the plaintiff filed a motion for default judgment , for failure of the defendants to comply with discovery , which was denied . In 1991 , before the case came to trial , defendant Erhard left the country . In 1992 , a jury heard the wrongful death lawsuit . During the trial , the defendants called a number of expert witnesses , including medical experts .
A jury decision was reached in the case on October 9 , 1992 . The jury found Werner Erhard and his company Werner Erhard and Associates negligent . They ruled that the defendants were responsible for causing severe emotional distress to Slee . However , the jury also ruled that the defendants " did not proximately cause " Slee 's death , and no monetary damages were awarded to Slee 's estate . On January 25 , 1993 , the trial court issued an order denying Slee ’ s motion for judgment notwithstanding the jury verdict or a new trial . The plaintiff appealed the case to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , where Judges Jon O. Newman , Roger Miner , and Joseph M. McLaughlin ruled to affirm the decision of the lower court . The Court of Appeals ruling was issued on September 8 , 1993 .
= Carrow Road =
Carrow Road is an association football stadium located in Norwich , Norfolk , England , and is the home of Norwich City Football Club . The stadium is located toward the east of the city , not far from Norwich railway station and the River Wensum .
The club originally played at Newmarket Road before moving to The Nest . When The Nest was deemed inadequate for the size of crowds it was attracting , the Carrow Road ground , named after the road on which it is located , was purpose @-@ built by Norwich City in just 82 days and opened on 31 August 1935 .
The stadium has been altered and upgraded several times during its history , notably following a fire that destroyed the old City Stand in 1984 . Having once accommodated standing supporters , the ground has been all @-@ seater since 1992 . The ground 's current capacity is 27 @,@ 244 , the most recent works being the addition of approximately 1 @,@ 000 seats in the summer of 2010 . The stadium 's record attendance since becoming an all @-@ seater ground is 27 @,@ 137 , set during a Premier League match versus Newcastle United on 2 April 2016 . In the days when fans could stand on terraces , Carrow Road saw a crowd of 43 @,@ 984 when hosting Leicester City for an FA Cup match in 1963 .
Carrow Road has also hosted under @-@ 21 international football and a number of concerts , including performances by Elton John and George Michael . The Carrow Road site includes catering facilities and a Holiday Inn hotel offering rooms with views of the pitch .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Norwich City F.C. played at Newmarket Road from 1902 to 1908 , with a record attendance of 10 @,@ 366 in 1908 . Following a dispute over the conditions of renting Newmarket Road , the club moved to a new home in 1908 , a converted disused chalk pit in Rosary Road , Norwich . The new ground became known as The Nest , named for Norwich City 's nickname , " The Canaries " .
By the 1930s , the ground capacity was proving insufficient for the growing crowds : The Nest 's largest crowd was 25 @,@ 037 in the 1934 – 35 FA Cup . The physical limitations of the site of The Nest meant that expansion was not possible , and there were safety problems with the existing structures . The club began looking for alternative accommodation in 1926 , their hand forced finally when one corner of the pitch subsided up to 30 feet after old chalk workings collapsed . An attempt to patch up the problem with railway sleepers and soil failed to impress The Football Association ( FA ) , who wrote to the club on 15 May 1935 , saying The Nest " was no longer suitable for large crowds and measures must be taken " .
The club 's dilemma was acute : the FA no longer approved of large crowds at The Nest , but the new season was just weeks away . About half a mile south of The Nest , they found a new site , the Boulton Paul Sports Ground in Carrow Road , which belonged to J. & J. Colman .
= = = Stadium 's name and initial construction history = = =
The new stadium took its name from the street which encloses the ground on three sides , the fourth boundary being the River Wensum . The name " Carrow " originally refers to the former Carrow Abbey that once stood on the riverside , its name in turn having possible Norse origins . In 1800 , John Ridges , owner of the Carrow Abbey Estate and the land opposite on the banks of the Wensum in Thorpe Hamlet , " granted permission for a proposed road access across his grounds to Carrow " . By 1811 , Philip M. Martineau , a surgeon , owned the building , lands and manor of Carrow , including the adjacent Thorpe land . Carrow Hill Road was created on his Carrow Abbey Estate , to provide work for the poor in the community . The road linked Martineau 's Bracondale Estate to Carrow Toll Bridge , installed in 1810 . Norwich Railway Co. had acquired the land in Thorpe around Carrow Road by the 1840s , and by 1860 the Thorpe site of the future stadium belonged to the firm of J. & J. Colman . The stadium 's Thorpe Corner acknowledges this historical link . In 1935 , Colman 's offered the 20 @-@ year leasehold to Norwich City and construction of the new stadium began swiftly on the site : tenders were issued on the day the site was purchased and ten days later , on 11 June , work began .
Initial materials were sourced by demolishing the former " Chicken Run " section of The Nest , with the rubble dumped as a bank at the river end of the new ground . Thereafter , work proceeded quickly , with most of the stands and terraces built by 17 August . A practice match was held on 26 August with work " still in progress " , and , after just 82 days , on 31 August , the ground was opened for a Second Division fixture featuring West Ham United . The stadium had an initial capacity of 35 @,@ 000 , including 5 @,@ 000 seats under cover . Norwich won the game 4 – 3 ; the attendance was 29 @,@ 779 , which set a new club record crowd for a home game . The first competitive goal at the ground was scored by Norwich 's Duggie Lochhead .
The new stadium was described by club officials as " the largest construction job in the city since the building of Norwich Castle " , " miraculously built in just 82 days " and " the eighth wonder of the world " . An aerial photograph from August 1935 shows three sides of open terracing , and a covered stand with a Colman 's Mustard advertisement painted on its roof , visible only from the air . The club 's association with Colman 's has continued into the modern era ; in 1997 the club signed a shirt sponsorship deal with the company . The mustard manufacturer 's original factory was located adjacent to the stadium in Carrow Road , and the ground was opened by Russell Colman , the President of the club . The author Simon Inglis describes the early Carrow Road as comprising " a Main Stand , a covered end terrace and two large open banks " . The covered terrace was paid for by Captain Evelyn Barclay , the vice @-@ president of Norwich City ; it was constructed in time for the opening of the 1937 – 38 season , and while the original construction is long gone , the end retains the name of its benefactor .
At this time , the ground 's capacity was 38 @,@ 000 , with space for 10 @,@ 000 of " the more vociferous of the home and away supporters " , in the new Barclay end . The new ground received a royal seal of approval : on 29 October 1938 , King George VI watched twenty minutes of the home game versus Millwall , the first time a ruling monarch had watched a Second Division match .
= = = Ground developments = = =
Floodlights were erected at the ground in 1956 and the £ 9 @,@ 000 cost nearly sent the club into bankruptcy . However , Norwich 's success in the 1958 – 59 FA Cup ( where as a Third Division club they reached the semi @-@ final , losing to First Division Luton Town after a replay ) secured the financial status of the club and provided sufficient funds for a cover to be built over the South Stand . In 1963 , the record was set for attendance at Carrow Road : a crowd of 43 @,@ 984 watched a sixth round FA Cup match against Leicester City , and the South Stand ( now the Jarrold ) was covered shortly afterwards .
In the wake of the Ibrox stadium disaster in 1971 , a government enquiry brought more stringent safety requirements , which , when applied to Carrow Road , resulted in the capacity being drastically reduced to around 20 @,@ 000 . With focus on the dangers of standing , seats began to replace terracing : by 1979 , the stadium had a capacity of 28 @,@ 392 , with seats for 12 @,@ 675 . A fire in 1984 partially destroyed one of the stands which eventually led to its complete demolition and replacement by 1987 with a new City Stand . When it opened , then chairman Robert Chase compared the experience of visiting the new stand to " going to the theatre – the only difference being that our stage is covered with grass " .
After the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent outcome of the Taylor Report in 1990 , the stadium was converted to all @-@ seater . In
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behalf ; and was the only senator officially rebuked by the Senate in this matter .
Cranston was given the harshest penalty of all five senators . In November 1991 , the Senate Ethics Committee voted unanimously to reprimand Cranston , instead of the more severe measure that was under consideration : censure by the full Senate . Extenuating circumstances that helped to save Cranston from censure included the fact that he was suffering from cancer , and that he had decided to not seek reelection , according to Heflin . The Ethics Committee took the unusual step of delivering its reprimand to Cranston during a formal session of the full Senate , with almost all 100 Senators present .
Cranston was not accused of breaking any specific laws or rules , but of violating standards that Heflin said " do not permit official actions to be linked with fund @-@ raising . " Although the Ethics Committee stated " No evidence was presented to the Committee that Senator Cranston ever agreed to help Mr. Keating in return for a contribution , " the Committee officially found that Cranston 's conduct had been " improper and repugnant " , deserving of " the fullest , strongest and most severe sanction which the committee has the authority to impose . " The sanction was in these words : " the Senate Select Committee on Ethics , on behalf of and in the name of the United States Senate , does hereby strongly and severely reprimand Sen. Alan Cranston . ”
After the Senate reprimanded Cranston , he took to the Senate floor to deny key charges against him . In response , Rudman charged that Cranston ’ s response to the reprimand was “ arrogant , unrepentant and a smear on this institution , " and that Cranston was wrong to imply that everyone does what Cranston had done . Alan Dershowitz , serving as Cranston 's attorney , alleged that other senators had merely been better at “ covering their tracks . ”
= = = Riegle and DeConcini : criticized for acting improperly = = =
The Senate Ethics Committee ruled that Riegle and DeConcini had acted improperly by interfering with the investigation by the FHLBB . Specifically , it said that even though neither of them violated any Senate rule , their conduct " gave the appearance of being improper . " DeConcini was especially faulted for having taken the lead in the two meetings with the FHLBB .
After the ruling , Riegle expressed contrition , saying " I certainly regret and accept responsibility [ for actions that ] did lend themselves to an appearance of a conflict of interest . " DeConcini , however , said he would continue to be " aggressive " in representing his constituents in their affairs with federal regulators .
= = = Glenn and McCain : cleared of impropriety but criticized for poor judgment = = =
The Senate Ethics Committee ruled that the involvement of Glenn in the scheme was minimal , and the charges against him were dropped . He was only criticized by the Committee for " poor judgment . "
The Ethics Committee ruled that the involvement of McCain in the scheme was also minimal , and he too was cleared of all charges against him . McCain was criticized by the Committee for exercising " poor judgment " when he met with the federal regulators on Keating 's behalf . The report also said that McCain 's " actions were not improper nor attended with gross negligence and did not reach the level of requiring institutional action against him .... Senator McCain has violated no law of the United States or specific Rule of the United States Senate . " On his Keating Five experience , McCain has said : " The appearance of it was wrong . It 's a wrong appearance when a group of senators appear in a meeting with a group of regulators , because it conveys the impression of undue and improper influence . And it was the wrong thing to do . "
Regardless of the level of their involvement , both senators were greatly affected by it . McCain would write in 2002 that attending the two April 1987 meetings was " the worst mistake of my life " . Glenn has described the Senate Ethics Committee investigation as the low point of his life .
The Senate Ethics Committee did not pursue , for lack of jurisdiction , any possible ethics breaches in McCain 's delayed reimbursements to Keating for trips at the latter 's expense , because they occurred while McCain was in the House . The House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct said that it too lacked jurisdiction , because McCain was no longer in the House . It said it did not require that McCain amend his existing financial disclosure forms for his House years , on the grounds that McCain had now fully reimbursed Keating 's company .
= = = Reactions = = =
Not everyone was satisfied with the Senate Ethics Committee conclusions . Fred Wertheimer , president of Common Cause , which had initially demanded the investigation , thought the treatment of the senators far too lenient , and said , " [ The ] action by the Senate Ethics Committee is a cop @-@ out and a damning indictment of the committee , " and " The U.S. Senate remains on the auction block to the Charles Keatings of the world . " Joan Claybrook , president of Public Citizen , called it a " whitewash " . Jonathan Alter of Newsweek said it was a classic case of the government trying to investigate itself , labeling the Senate Ethics Committee " shameless " for having " let four of the infamous Keating Five off with a wrist tap . " The New York Times ran several editorials criticizing the Ethics Committee for having let the senators off lightly . Margaret Carlson of Time suspected the committee had timed its first report to coincide with the run @-@ up to the Gulf War , minimizing its news impact . One of the San Francisco bank regulators felt that McCain had gotten off too lightly , saying that Keating 's business involvement with Cindy McCain was an obvious conflict of interest .
Some of the Senate Ethics Committee members were concerned that letting the senators off lightly would harm their own reputations . Nevertheless , the existing Senate rules did not specifically proscribe the actions taken by DeConcini , Riegle , Glenn , and McCain . Vice @-@ chair Rudman defended the committee 's actions , saying : " Given the news media frenzy surrounding [ the Keating Five ] , the easiest thing for the committee to do would have been to find them guilty of something and recommend sanctions . ... The politically difficult thing , the one requiring backbone , was what we did — to review all the evidence and reach a predictably unpopular conclusion based only on fact . "
= = = Leaks = = =
A number of press reports came out during the Ethics Committee 's work that purported to reveal aspects of the investigations . Chair Heflin was upset by the leaks and two investigations into them were held , one by the General Accounting Office acting on behalf of the committee and one by the Senate 's Temporary Special Independent Counsel . Neither report reached a conclusive finding or directly implicated anyone in the leaks . The special counsel report , released in 1992 , ascribed partisanship as the motive for the leaks and said they were intended to hurt DeConcini , Riegle , and Cranston ; it also gave an inference that McCain and his staff were responsible for key leaks .
DeConcini later charged that McCain had leaked to the press sensitive information about the investigation that came from some of the closed proceedings of the Ethics Committee . McCain denied doing so under oath , although several press reports concluded that McCain had been one of the main leakers during that time . The GAO investigator later said , " There is absolutely no doubt in my mind that McCain made those leaks . " Vice chair Rudman stated in his 1996 autobiography that McCain and his staff were responsible for some of the leaks , but later repudiated the assertion .
= = Aftermath = =
Keating and Lincoln Savings became convenient symbols for arguments about what had gone wrong in America 's financial system and society , and were featured in popular culture references . The senators did not escape infamy either . By spring 1992 , a deck of playing cards was being marketed , called " The Savings and Loan Scandal " , that featured on their face Charles Keating holding up his hand , with images of the five senators portrayed as puppets on his fingers . Polls showed that most Americans believed the actions of the Keating Five were typical of Congress as a whole . Political historian Lewis Gould would later echo this sentiment , as well as Cranston attorney Dershowitz 's argument , writing that , " the real problem for the ' Keating Three ' who were most involved was that they had been caught . "
McCain testified against Keating in a civil suit brought by Lincoln bondholders , and was seen as the plaintiffs ' best witness . The other four senators refused to testify . Cranston left office in January 1993 , and died in December 2000 . DeConcini and Riegle continued to serve in the Senate until their terms expired , but they did not seek re @-@ election in 1994 . DeConcini was appointed by President Bill Clinton in February 1995 to the Board of Directors of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation . Glenn did choose to run for re @-@ election in 1992 , trying to become the first senator ever to win a fourth term from Ohio . The Republican candidate , Lieutenant Governor R. Michael DeWine , attacked Glenn on Keating Five as well as a number of other matters , in one of the dirtiest campaigns in the country that year and the toughest of Glenn 's senatorial contests . Glenn prevailed , however , defeating DeWine by nine percentage points to gain one more term in the Senate before retiring and not running for re @-@ election in 1998 .
After 1999 , the only member of the Keating Five remaining in the U.S. Senate was John McCain , who had an easier time gaining re @-@ election in 1992 than he anticipated . He survived the political scandal in part by becoming friendly with the political press . McCain subsequently ran for president in 2000 and became the Republican presidential nominee in 2008 . During the 2000s , several retrospective accounts of the controversy reiterated the contention that McCain was included in the investigation primarily so that there would be at least one Republican target . Glenn 's inclusion in the investigation has been attributed to Republicans who were angered by the inclusion of McCain , as well as committee members who thought that dropping Glenn ( and McCain ) would make it look bad for the remaining three Democratic Senators .
The scandal was followed by a number of attempts to adopt campaign finance reform — spearheaded by U.S. Sen. David Boren ( D @-@ OK ) — but most attempts died in committee . A weakened reform was passed in 1993 . Substantial campaign finance reform was not passed until the adoption of the McCain @-@ Feingold Act in 2002 . Bennett would later write that the Keating Five investigation did make a difference , as members of Congress were afterward far less likely to intercede with federal investigations on behalf of contributors .
In early October 2008 , the Keating Five scandal , its possible parallel to the subprime mortgage crisis and financial crisis of 2007 @-@ 08 , and specifically the role in the scandal of Republican presidential nominee McCain , were briefly emphasized by the campaign of his Democratic opponent , Barack Obama , through a 13 @-@ minute " documentary " entitled Keating Economics . This introduction occurred after the McCain campaign began emphasizing the Obama – Ayers controversy . The Keating Five matter otherwise had little impact on McCain 's eventually unsuccessful campaign .
= = Reports = =
United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics . Preliminary inquiry into allegations regarding Senators Cranston , DeConcini , Glenn , McCain , and Riegle , and Lincoln Savings and Loan : Open session hearings before the Select Committee on Ethics , United States Senate , One Hundred First Congress , second session , November 15 , 1990 , through January 16 , 1991 . Washington D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1991 .
United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics . Senate Select Committee on Ethics , Investigation of Senator Alan Cranston together with Additional Views , Report of the Senate Select Committee on Ethics , S. Rep. No. 223 , 102d Cong . , 1st Sess . 36 ( November 20 , 1991 ) . Washington D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1991 .
= Amanita aestivalis =
Amanita aestivalis , commonly known as the white American star @-@ footed Amanita , is a species of fungus in the Amanitaceae family of mushrooms . The fungus is distributed in the eastern United States , south to Florida , and reaches north into the southeastern provinces of Canada . The cap of the fruit body is medium @-@ sized , 5 to 8 @.@ 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 3 in ) in diameter and white . It sits atop a stem that is 8 @.@ 5 to 16 cm ( 3 @.@ 3 to 6 @.@ 3 in ) long and has a rounded bulb at its base . The entire fruit body will slowly stain a reddish @-@ brown color in response to bruising or aging . It remains unknown whether Amanita aestivalis is a distinct species from A. brunnescens , another similar Amanita with a comparable distribution . There are several other white @-@ bodied amanitas with which A. aestivalis may be confused , including A. virosa , A. phalloides , and A. bisporigera .
= = Taxonomy , classification , and naming = =
American mycologist Rolf Singer first described the species in 1949 based on specimens he had collected in Massachusetts , Michigan , New York and Virginia . Because this original report was published without a Latin description ( contrary to the naming conventions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ) , he later amended his description in 1959 . There is some doubt as to whether A. aestivalis is a distinct species from A. brunnescens ( the " brown American star @-@ footed Amanita " ) , as described by George F. Atkinson in 1918 . Singer claimed that the latter species could be distinguished from the former by the consistent absence of dusky brownish @-@ gray radial stripes on the cap . However , in 1927 , mycologist Louis Charles Christopher Krieger described the variant A. brunnescens var. pallida , which he said was identical to A. brunnescens except for the white or very pale cap . In his 1986 monograph on North American species of Amanita , David T. Jenkins preferred to reserve judgment on the matter .
Amanita aestivalis is classified in the section Vallidae of the genus Amanita , a grouping of amanitas characterized by having spherical spores , well @-@ developed rings , weakly reddening flesh , and " limbate " volvals ( with narrow " limbs " protruding from a soft , margined bulb ) .
The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective aestivalis , meaning " pertaining to the summer " . Its vernacular name is the " white American star @-@ footed Amanita " .
= = Description = =
The cap of the fruit body is 5 to 8 @.@ 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 3 in ) in diameter , and depending on its age , may range from egg @-@ shaped to convex to somewhat flattened . Older specimens may have edges that are curved upwards . The color is white or pale tan in the center of the cap ; older specimens may have areas of discolored tissue colored brownish @-@ red shades . Sometimes , the edge of the cap has radial grooves — up to 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 16 in ) long — that mirror the position of the underlying gills . When moist , the cap is sticky to the touch ; when dry , it is shiny , usually without any remnants of the thin volva . The white gills are crowded close together , and are free from attachment to the stem . They are subventricose : slightly swollen in the middle , and tapering near the ends .
The stem is 8 @.@ 5 to 16 cm ( 3 @.@ 3 to 6 @.@ 3 in ) long by 0 @.@ 9 to 1 @.@ 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 0 @.@ 6 in ) thick , and slightly thicker at the base than at the top . It is stuffed with whitish hyphae that resemble cotton . The surface of the stem is smooth or has delicate tufts of soft , white , woolly hairs . There is a rimmed bulb at the base of the stem , which can reach a diameter of over 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) . The ring — located on the upper portion of the stem , 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 47 – 0 @.@ 67 in ) from the top — is white , membranous , and long @-@ lasting . The volva remains closely attached to the bulb , although a portion may stretch out like a thin membrane and adhere to the base of the stem before collapsing . The flesh will slowly turn pinkish @-@ brown to chocolate @-@ brown when it has been injured or bruised . Young specimens do not have any distinct odor , but fruit bodies may smell slightly of onions or garlic in age .
Although the edibility has not been documented for this species , some sources have noted that toxicity is suspected .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
Viewed in deposit , like with a spore print , the basidiospores of A. aestivalis are white . Examination with a microscope reveals further details : they are roughly spherical , hyaline ( translucent ) and thin @-@ walled , with dimensions of 7 @.@ 8 – 8 @.@ 8 µm . The spores are amyloid , meaning that they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent and appear blue to blackish @-@ blue . The spore @-@ bearing cells , the basidia , are four @-@ spored , thin @-@ walled , and measure 32 – 60 long by 4 – 13 µm thick . There are no clamps present at the bases of the basidia .
= = = Similar species = = =
According to Singer , the species is often mistaken for A. verna in the eastern United States . A. verna , however , has ellipsoid spores . Other white amanitas within the range of A. aestivalis include the deadly toxic species A. virosa ( has a more loose cottony stem ) , A. phalloides ( the cap usually has an olive @-@ green tint ) and A. bisporigera ( typically has two @-@ spored basidia ) . A. aestivalis is sometimes considered a white form of A. brunnescens , but this latter species has dusky brownish gray radial stripes and usually has many fibrils ( short section of hyphae ) projecting from the surface , to produce a fine , hairy appearance . Further , it stains more rapidly than A. aestivalis . A. asteropus ( the " European star @-@ footed Amanita " ) is cream to yellow color , and differs from A. aestivalis in its reaction to chemical tests . It is only known from Europe .
= = Habitat , distribution , and ecology = =
Amanita aestivalis is a mycorrhizal species , meaning it forms a mutualistic relationship in which the vegetative hyphae of the fungus grow around and enclose the tiny roots of trees and shrubs . In this way , the plant is better able to absorb phosphorus and other soil nutrients , while the fungus receives moisture , protection , and nutritive byproducts of the plant 's metabolism . Fruit bodies of the fungus grow on the ground in deciduous , coniferous , and mixed forests . A preference has been noted for oak woods containing Tsuga or Pinus species , as well as beech wood with Picea , Abies , and Betula . Fruit bodies typically appear from late June until autumn . In North America , it has been found in the states of New England , as well as Alabama , New York , and Virginia . The distribution extends north to the southeastern provinces of Canada and south to Florida .
= Kingdom Hearts ( video game ) =
Kingdom Hearts ( Japanese : キングダムハーツ , Hepburn : Kingudamu Hātsu ) is an action role @-@ playing game developed and published by Square ( now Square Enix ) in 2002 for the PlayStation 2 video game console . It 's the first game in the Kingdom Hearts series , and is the result of a collaboration between Squaresoft and The Walt Disney Company . The game combines characters and settings from Disney animated features with those from Square 's Final Fantasy series . The story follows a young boy , Sora , as he is thrown into an epic battle against the forces of darkness . He is joined by Donald Duck , Goofy , and other classic Disney characters who help him on his quest .
The game was a departure from Square 's standard role @-@ playing games , introducing a substantial action @-@ adventure element to the gameplay . Kingdom Hearts has an all @-@ star voice cast and includes many of the Disney characters ' official voice actors . It was longtime Square character designer Tetsuya Nomura 's first time in a directorial position .
Kingdom Hearts was praised for its unusual combination of action and role @-@ playing , as well as its unexpectedly harmonious mix of Square and Disney elements . It was a dominating presence in the 2002 holiday season , receiving numerous year @-@ end " Best " video game awards , and went on to achieve Sony " Greatest Hits " status . Since its release , the Kingdom Hearts series has sold over 20 million copies worldwide , and the first game prompted numerous sequels . Kingdom Hearts is the tenth best @-@ selling PlayStation 2 game of all time and the most commercially successful entry in the series to
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provides little information about the part of the artery close to the skull base and in the vertebral foramina , and any abnormality detected on ultrasound would still require confirmation with CT or MRI .
= = Treatment = =
Treatment is focused on reducing stroke episodes and damage from a distending artery . Four treatment modalities have been reported in the treatment of vertebral artery dissection . The two main treatments involve medication : anticoagulation ( using heparin and warfarin ) and antiplatelet drugs ( usually aspirin ) . More rarely , thrombolysis ( medication that dissolves blood clots ) may be administered , and occasionally obstruction may be treated with angioplasty and stenting . No randomized controlled trials have been performed to compare the different treatment modalities . Surgery is only used in exceptional cases .
= = = Anticoagulation and aspirin = = =
From analysis of the existing small treatment trials of cervical artery dissection ( carotid and vertebral ) it appears that aspirin and anticoagulation ( heparin followed by warfarin ) are equally effective in reducing the risk of further stroke or death . Anticoagulation is regarded as more powerful than antiplatelet therapy , but anticoagulants may increase the size of the hematoma and worsen obstruction of the affected artery . Anticoagulation may be relatively unsafe if a large stroke has already occurred , as hemorrhagic transformation is relatively common , and if the dissection extends into V4 ( carrying a risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage ) . Anticoagulation may be appropriate if there is rapid blood flow ( through a severely narrowed vessel ) on transcranial doppler despite the use of aspirin , if there is a completely occluded vessel , if there are recurrent stroke @-@ like episodes , or if free @-@ floating blood clot is visible on scans . Warfarin is typically continued for 3 – 6 months , as during this time the flow through the artery usually improves , and most strokes happen within the first 6 months after the development of the dissection . Some regard 3 months as sufficient .
Professional guidelines in the UK recommend that patients with VA dissection should be enrolled in a clinical trial comparing aspirin and anticoagulation if possible . American guidelines state that the benefit of anticoagulation is not currently established .
= = = Thrombolysis , stenting and surgery = = =
Thrombolysis , stenting and surgery are not used as widely as anticoagulation or antiplatelet drugs . These treatments are invasive or more risky , and are typically reserved for situations where symptoms worsen despite medical treatment , or where medical treatment may be unsafe ( e.g. an unacceptable bleeding tendency ) .
Thrombolysis is enzymatic destruction of blood clots . This is achieved by the administration of a drug ( such as urokinase or alteplase ) that activates plasmin , an enzyme that occurs naturally in the body and digests clots when activated . Thrombolysis is an accepted treatment for heart attacks and stroke unrelated to dissection . In cervical artery dissection , only small case series are available . The thrombolytic drug is administered either intravenously or during cerebral angiography through a catheter directly into the affected artery . The data indicates that thrombolysis is safe , but its place in the treatment of VAD is uncertain .
Stenting involves the catheterization of the affected artery during angiography , and the insertion of a mesh @-@ like tube ; this is known as " endovascular therapy " ( inside the blood vessel ) . This may be performed to allow the blood to flow through a severely narrowed vessel , or to seal off an aneurysm . However , it is unclear whether the technical success of the procedure translates into improved outcomes , as in both cases the problem often resolves spontaneously over time . Stenting , as well as the insertion of coils by means of angiography , may be performed if there is an aneurysm and / or extension of the dissection into the V4 section of the artery .
Surgery carries a high risk of complications , and is typically only offered in case of inexorable deterioration or contraindications to any of the other treatments . Various arterial repair procedures have been described .
= = Prognosis = =
Prognosis of spontaneous cervical arterial dissection involves neurological and arterial results . The overall functional prognosis of individuals with stroke due to cervical artery dissection does not appear to vary from that of young people with stroke due to other causes . The rate of survival with good outcome ( a modified Rankin score of 0 – 2 ) is generally about 75 % , or possibly slightly better ( 85 @.@ 7 % ) if antiplatelet drugs are used . In studies of anticoagulants and aspirin , the combined mortality with either treatment is 1 @.@ 8 @-@ 2 @.@ 1 % .
After the initial episode , 2 % may experience a further episode within the first month . After this , there is a 1 % annual risk of recurrence . Those with high blood pressure and dissections in multiple arteries may have a higher risk of recurrence . Further episodes of cervical artery dissection are more common in those who are younger , have a family history of cervical artery dissection , or have a diagnosis of Ehlers @-@ Danlos syndrome or fibromuscular dysplasia .
= = Epidemiology = =
The annual incidence is about 1 @.@ 1 per 100 @,@ 000 annually in population studies from the United States and France . From 1994 to 2003 , the incidence increased threefold ; this has been attributed to the more widespread use of modern imaging modalities rather than a true increase . Similarly , those living in urban areas are more likely to receive appropriate investigations , accounting for increased rates of diagnosis in those dwelling in cities . It is suspected that a proportion of cases in people with mild symptoms remains undiagnosed .
There is controversy as to whether VAD is more common in men or in women ; an aggregate of all studies shows that it is slightly higher incidence in men ( 56 % versus 44 % ) . Men are on average 37 – 44 years old at diagnosis , and women 34 – 44 . While dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries accounts for only 2 % of strokes ( which are usually caused by high blood pressure and other risk factors , and tend to occur in the elderly ) , they cause 10 – 25 % of strokes in young and middle @-@ aged people .
Dissecting aneurysms of the vertebral artery constitute 4 % of all cerebral aneurysms , and are hence a relatively rare but important cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage .
= = History = =
Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection was described in the 1970s . Prior to this , there had been isolated case reports about carotid dissection . In 1971 , C. Miller Fisher , a Canadian neurologist and stroke physician working at Massachusetts General Hospital , first noted the " string sign " abnormality in carotid arteries on cerebral angiograms of stroke patients , and subsequently discovered that the same abnormality could occur in the vertebral arteries . He reported the discovery in a paper in 1978 .
= = Notable cases = =
Australian cricketer Phillip Hughes died on 27 November 2014 after developing a vertebral artery dissection as a result of being struck on the side of the neck by a cricket ball during a Sheffield Shield match on 25 November 2014 . The ball struck Hughes on the base of the skull just behind his left ear which caused a vertebral artery dissection complicated by subarachnoid hemorrhage .
= Everybody Hates Hugo =
" Everybody Hates Hugo " is the fourth episode of the second season of the American drama television series Lost , and the show 's 29th episode overall . The episode was written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz , and directed by Alan Taylor . It first aired in the United States on October 12 , 2005 , on ABC .
In this episode , flashbacks reveal why Hurley is hesitant at his new job of distributing food found in the newly discovered Swan station . Meanwhile , a few castaways become worried that the raft sent by them for rescue may have not gone as far as they hoped . Jack and Sayid explore the hatch , while Sawyer , Jin , and Michael find out that their captors are from the tail section of the plane .
= = Plot = =
= = = Flashbacks = = =
Following Hugo " Hurley " Reyes 's ( Jorge Garcia ) discovery of his winning lottery numbers . Hurley keeps his win a secret , and quits his job at a fast food restaurant along with his friend Johnny ( DJ Qualls ) . The pair enjoy themselves by pulling a prank on their former boss , and going to a record store where Hurley asks out his crush , Starla ( Marguerite Moreau ) . Hurley asks Johnny to promise that they will never change , and Johnny does so . Johnny pulls into a local gas station to buy some beer , but notices news crews talking to the attendant . When the clerk loudly points out Hurley as the buyer of the winning lottery ticket , Johnny 's stunned expression clearly reveals that , despite his promise , everything has changed .
= = = On the island = = =
In the The Swan station , Hurley struggles with the task of food rationing . Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) asks Hurley if the bunker contains food , specifically peanut butter for Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) , but Hurley will not answer him . Hurley decides to enlist Rose Henderson @-@ Nadler ( L. Scott Caldwell ) to help him take inventory . At one point , Hurley has a strange dream , in which Jin @-@ Soo Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) tells Hurley , in English , that " everything is going to change . " Hurley becomes less and less certain of his ability to ration the food in a manner that keeps everyone happy . He attempts to quit , but John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) refuses to permit it . Hurley then prepares to blow up the pantry with dynamite , but Rose intervenes . He explains that the food , newfound wealth to the survivors , will change everything and everyone will come to hate him , just as things changed when everyone knew he won the lottery ; however Rose talks him out of his plan . Later , Hurley informs Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) of his decision to give all the food away , arguing that the food stores do not amount to very much when divided among all the survivors . The food is distributed freely and the survivors enjoy a feast . Everyone appreciates Hurley 's decision , including Charlie , who gives his benefactor a hug of reconciliation .
James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) , Michael Dawson ( Harold Perrineau ) and Jin learn that their captors are survivors from the tail section of Oceanic 815 and are taken to a DHARMA Initiative station , which they use for sanctuary . A woman named Libby ( Cynthia Watros ) says that there were 23 survivors from the tail section of the plane , although very few remain .
Meanwhile , the bottle of messages from the raft , on which Michael , Sawyer , Jin and Walt Lloyd were travelling , washes ashore . Claire and Shannon Rutherford ( Maggie Grace ) give it to Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) , Jin 's wife , and she opts to bury the bottle on the beach . In the hatch , Jack and Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) inspect the mysterious concrete barricade blocking what appears to be a corridor to another section of the bunker . They discover that the barrier is very thick and that the corridor is also blocked on the foundation level . Later , Jack and Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) share a moment of sexual tension when she exits the shower wearing only a towel .
= = Production = =
" Everybody Hates Hugo " was the first episode of the series directed by Alan Taylor . Taylor had previously directed episodes of The Sopranos and Sex and the City . The episode was written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz , the pair had previously written the episode " Born to Run " .
The character of Libby , played by Cynthia Watros , was introduced in this episode . Originally , Libby had been written to be in her late 40 's or early 50 's . Jennifer Jason Leigh was approached to play the part , but it went to Watros instead . When Watros auditioned for the part of Libby , she did not think that she would end up being cast . Once she was , Watros and her twin daughters immediately moved from Los Angeles to Hawaii . Bernard is also introduced in this episode . As Rose is black , the producers thought the audience would expect Rose 's husband to also be black , and made Bernard white to surprise the audience . They expected the audience to assume Mr. Eko ( Adewale Akinnuoye @-@ Agbaje ) , the only black man in the tail @-@ section survivors , was Bernard . L. Scott Caldwell , Rose 's portrayer , was unaware of their plans and had been picturing her own husband , a tall black man , when playing the scenes . When she found out Bernard was white she was surprised , but not shocked .
This was the first time in which Raj K. Bose , who played the shop clerk , was credited . Bose had been a background actor on the series , playing a crash survivor and a flight attendant . Bose was originally cast to play the role of Sanjay in the first season episode " Born to Run ( Lost ) " , but was forced to give up the role after he had to teach a marketing class at the University of Phoenix . Casting agent Margaret Doversola later asked Bose to audition for the part of the shop clerk and he got the part .
For the flashback scene at the gas station , the crew rented out a 7 @-@ 11 for a day . When Hurley drove in , the van was actually being pushed instead of driven to eliminate any sound from the vehicle . However , every time the van was pushed it would stall or the timing would be off . Once that problem had been solved , it started to rain , but eventually it stopped and the crew was able to get the shots before ending shooting at midnight . Hurley 's dream scene was shot in the Hawaii Film Studio , where the hatch had been constructed . After each take of Hurley eating food in the hatch , the old food would be replaced with newer food . Garcia did not actually eat all the food though , he would sometimes just chew it and then spit it out into a garbage can . The chicken head that Bose had to wear was extremely heavy , causing actor Daniel Dae Kim to have to hold it up while Bose delivered his lines .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Everybody Hates Hugo " was viewed by an average of 21 @.@ 7 million viewers . The episode achieved a 9 @.@ 4 / 22 in the key 18 – 49 demographic , meaning that 9 @.@ 4 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watched the episode , along with 22 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . " Everybody Hates Hugo " was the most watched episode of the night for the fourth week in a row , and the second most watched episode of the week . It also performed better than the previous episode in the key 18 – 49 demographic , and earned its second highest ever rating among teens 12 @-@ 17 .
Film Fodder 's Mac Slocum said that he was glad that the show " downshifted this week into a far more reasonable gear " . He felt that an upside to the downshifting was the " return to characters " , and thought that there was no better representation of character than Hurley . Keith McDuffee of TV Squad wrote that although he heard " that this episode would be mostly filler " , he did not " think that 's true " . He liked the fact that there was more revelations of Hurley 's background , and enjoyed the " awesome reveals from the other half of downed Oceanic 815 " . TelevisionWithoutPity.com graded the episode with a " B- " .
= USS Neosho ( 1863 ) =
USS Neosho , the lead ship of her class , was an ironclad river monitor laid down for the Union Navy in the summer of 1862 during the American Civil War . After completion in mid @-@ 1863 , the ship spent time patrolling the Mississippi River against Confederate raids and ambushes as part of Rear Admiral David Porter 's Mississippi Squadron . She participated in the Red River Campaign in March – May 1864 . Neosho resumed her patrols on the Mississippi after the end of the campaign . She supported the Union Army 's operations on the Cumberland River and provided fire support during the Battle of Nashville in December 1864 . Neosho was decommissioned after the war and remained in reserve until sold in 1873 .
= = Design and description = =
The steam @-@ powered gun turret of the Neosho was at the bow . She had a single deckhouse between the funnel and the sternwheel , although another was later added between the turret and the funnel . Her pilothouse was positioned above the rear deckhouse , next to the forward face of the sternwheel . The ship was 180 feet ( 54 @.@ 9 m ) long overall and had a beam of 45 feet ( 13 @.@ 7 m ) . When launched she proved to have a draft 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 3 m ) deeper than planned and she measured 523 tons burthen . Neosho had four steam boilers powering a two @-@ cylinder , western steamboat @-@ type engine that drove the sternwheel . The ship had a maximum speed of 12 miles per hour ( 19 km / h )
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in service and she carried 50 long tons ( 51 t ) of coal . Her crew numbered 100 officers and enlisted men . After commissioning , the ship was modified with a small breakwater at her bow .
Neosho 's main armament consisted of two smoothbore 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) Dahlgren guns mounted in a single turret that had an arc of fire of 300 ° . Firing the guns tended to jam the turret until modifications were made to the guns ' recoil system . Each gun weighed approximately 16 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 kg ) . They could fire a 136 @-@ pound ( 61 @.@ 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 3 @,@ 650 yards ( 3 @,@ 340 m ) at an elevation of 15 ° . The turret were protected by 6 inches ( 152 mm ) of wrought iron while the hull had 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) of armor . The armor plates of the deck and paddle housing were 1 @.@ 25 inches ( 32 mm ) thick .
= = Service = =
Neosho , named after the Neosho River that flowed through Kansas and Oklahoma , and the first of her name , was laid down in mid @-@ 1862 by James Eads at his Union Iron Works in Carondelet , Missouri . She was launched on 18 February 1863 and commissioned at Cairo , Illinois on 13 May 1863 , with Commander John C. Febiger in command , but was not completed until 1 July . She left Cairo on 14 July 1863 and reached Vicksburg on 6 August , just over a month after it had surrendered after a lengthy siege . Neosho and other warships patrolled the Mississippi and its tributaries to prevent Confederate raiders and flying batteries from ambushing Union supply ships . One example was on 8 December 1863 when " a Confederate shore battery attacked the disabled the merchant steamer Henry Von Phul ; Neosho and Signal steamed up to defend the ship and silenced the battery . "
From 12 March to 22 May 1864 , Neosho participated in the unsuccessful Red River Campaign under the command of Rear Admiral David Porter . During the retreat down the Red River , Neosho was trapped above the falls at Alexandria , Louisiana , along with most of the other ironclads of the Mississippi Squadron , when the river 's water level unexpectedly began to fall . Two temporary dams , known as Bailey 's Dam , had to be built in April – May to raise the water level high enough to allow the ironclads to proceed downstream . During the Franklin @-@ Nashville Campaign in December 1864 Neosho , accompanied by the casemate ironclad Carondelet , bombarded Confederate artillery batteries on the Cumberland River , near Bell 's Mills , Tennessee , on 6 December . Despite being hit over 100 times , she was not seriously damaged . The monitor bombarded the Confederate right wing during the Battle of Nashville on 15 – 16 December .
Neosho was decommissioned at Mound City , Illinois on 23 July 1865 and placed in reserve . She was renamed Vixen on 15 June 1869 and renamed again Osceola on 2 August 1869 . The ship was sold on 17 August 1873 for $ 13 @,@ 600 .
= The Man Trap =
" The Man Trap " is the first episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek to be broadcast . It aired on NBC on September 8 , 1966 . Set in the 23rd century , the series follows the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) and his crew aboard the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise . In this episode , the crew visit an outpost to conduct medical exams on the residents , only to be attacked by a shapeshifting alien creature seeking to extract salt from their bodies . " The Man Trap " was written by George Clayton Johnson and directed by Marc Daniels .
The story — part of the original Star Trek pitch by series creator Gene Roddenberry — was first assigned to Lee Erwin . Johnson took on the writing duties after Roddenberry disliked his work on another plot proposal . Johnson 's first draft was entitled " Damsel With a Dulcimer " , incorporating elements from his Twilight Zone episode " The Four of Us Are Dying " . Roddenberry , producer Robert H. Justman and story editor John D. F. Black all tweaked elements of the episode , including the title . " The Man Trap " was the sixth episode to be filmed but the first to be shot to schedule . Prop creator Wah Chang and costume designer William Ware Theiss created the creature .
The episode was chosen as the first of the series to be broadcast by the studio due to the horror @-@ based plot . " The Man Trap " placed first in the timeslot with a Nielsen rating of 25 @.@ 2 percent for the first half @-@ hour and 24 @.@ 2 for the remainder . After broadcast , reviewers criticized the levels of violence but praised the acting . More recent appraisals have been mixed ; praise has been given to the plot and diverse cast but Hollywood.com listed it as among the worst episodes of the series . The creature has been dubbed the " salt vampire " by fans ; it was redesigned for possible inclusion in the 2009 film Star Trek but was not used .
= = Plot = =
The starship USS Enterprise arrives at planet M @-@ 113 to provide medical exams for Professor Robert Crater ( Alfred Ryder ) and his wife Nancy ( Jeanne Bal ) , who operate a research station there . Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) , Chief Medical Officer Dr. Leonard McCoy ( DeForest Kelley ) , and Crewman Darnell ( Michael Zaslow ) transport to the surface as Kirk teases McCoy about his affection for Nancy Crater ten years earlier . They arrive in the research station , and each of the three men see Nancy differently : McCoy as she was when he first met her , Kirk as she should look accounting for her age , and Darnell as a totally different , attractive younger woman . Kirk sends the dazed Darnell outside ; when Nancy goes out to fetch her husband , she beckons Darnell to follow her .
When Professor Crater arrives , he is reluctant to be examined , telling Kirk that they only require salt tablets . Before McCoy can complete the examination , they hear a scream from outside . They find Darnell dead , with red ring @-@ like mottling on his face and a plant root visible in his mouth ; Nancy says that she was unable to stop Darnell from tasting the plant . On board Enterprise , Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) analyzes the plant . He confirms that it is poisonous , but the mottling is not a symptom . McCoy conducts a medical exam , and together with Spock determines that Darnell died after all the salt was drained from his body . In response , Kirk transports back down to the planet with McCoy and two crewmen , Green ( Bruce Watson ) and Sturgeon ( John Arndt ) . They spread out to search , but Crater slips away . Kirk and McCoy find Sturgeon 's body . Meanwhile , unseen by them , Nancy has killed Green ; the faces of Green and Sturgeon show the same mottling as Darnell . Nancy alters her shape , assuming the form of Green , and meets Kirk and McCoy . They beam back up to the ship .
" Green " roams the corridors , first following Yeoman Janice Rand ( Grace Lee Whitney ) as she brings Lieutenant Hikaru Sulu ( George Takei ) his lunch with a salt shaker . The creature moves on , attacking several crew members , killing one . It then shape @-@ shifts into the form of McCoy . Meanwhile , Spock confirms that scans show only one person , Crater , on the planet ; Kirk and Spock beam down to capture him . They find Green 's body before Crater tries to frighten them away with phaser fire . After they stun him with a phaser beam , the dazed Crater reveals that his real wife was killed by the creature — the last member of a long @-@ dead civilization of shape @-@ shifters who feed on salt — a year earlier . The creature continues to take on the appearance of Nancy out of affection for Crater , and he has been feeding it . Kirk informs Enterprise of the creature 's intrusion , as the away team and Crater transport back to the ship .
Crater refuses to help them identify the creature , so Kirk orders the fake " McCoy " to administer truth serum . Kirk arrives in sickbay to find Crater dead and Spock injured ; Spock 's Vulcan blood made him incompatible with the creature 's needs . Back in its " Nancy " form , the creature goes to McCoy 's quarters . Kirk arrives with a phaser to provoke the creature into attacking . McCoy gets in the way , giving the creature the opportunity to attack Kirk . The creature reverts to its natural appearance and starts to feed on Kirk . McCoy opens fire with his phaser . The creature changes back into the shape of " Nancy " to plead for its life as McCoy continues firing and kills it . As Enterprise leaves orbit , Kirk comments , with a degree of compassion , that this creature — the last of its kind — was probably not inherently evil , but simply desperate .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" The Man Trap " appeared in Gene Roddenberry 's original pitch for Star Trek as the title of a show with a different plot : the crew face several apparitions that are " wish @-@ fulfilment traps which become as real as flesh and blood " ; the traps increase in subtlety until the crew struggle to differentiate between apparition and reality . Lee Erwin , who had previously worked on The Lieutenant with Roddenberry , was commissioned to produce a treatment ; an outline featuring a salt @-@ devouring vampire was handed in on April 8 , 1966 . Meanwhile , George Clayton Johnson had been assigned a storyline , tentatively titled " Chicago II " , in which the crew of the Enterprise visit a planet where the culture was that of 1920s mob @-@ era Chicago . Johnson was hired after story editor John D. F. Black recommended him to the producers . Johnson decided to use the 1953 science fiction novel The Syndic by Cyril M. Kornbluth as the basis for the story . Roddenberry felt that Johnson 's treatment did not match his vision for Star Trek , but did not want to lose him entirely , and asked him to write " The Man Trap " . Erwin was paid in full for his version , and given a separate " kill fee " because it was not going to be used .
Roddenberry wanted to see more action , so the creature 's ability to create apparitions was added to the script from the original pitch . Stan Robertson at NBC suggested to Roddenberry that they might wish to get medical advice over whether the draining of a chemical from a person would kill them instantly . To find out , Roddenberry asked Kellum de Forest Research , who said that , while it had never happened in reality , a quick death would be likely . Johnson suggested that the creature in " The Man Trap " could be the last of its species . He compared its situation to the reduction in numbers of American bison . Roddenberry found the idea intriguing .
Erwin was paid a further fee to terminate his contract , and Johnson wrote a first draft teleplay entitled " Damsel With a Dulcimer " . While writing , Johnson consulted Black , who advised him to place the creature on the Enterprise quickly to increase the pace of the episode . This draft was delivered on May 23 , but NBC felt that hallucinations were being overused ; the same plot device had appeared in the pilot episode " The Cage " . Johnson wrote a further draft on May 31 , which reduced the number of apparitions , and was well received by Robert H. Justman . Roddenberry and Justman made further tweaks ; one was to restore the name " The Man Trap " from Erwin 's original treatment , another removed a scene which introduced McCoy 's apprehension when using the transporter . Johnson further edited the script but complained about the change in name . After a second edit by Johnson , it was passed from Justman to story editor Black . While the former felt that the script still needed work , Black felt it was nearly ready . Following Black 's review , Roddenberry re @-@ wrote the script between June 16 and 21 . Johnson felt this re @-@ write had " downgrad [ ed ] the story " .
Black later said that Roddenberry removed a large part of Johnson 's work , and that Johnson 's original work was better than Roddenberry 's edited version . Johnson was pleased with the final episode , although he was concerned that viewers might not understand Star Trek after watching " The Man Trap " owing to differences in characterization between this episode and the rest of the series . He admitted that he did not like Spock and was concerned that the character would not be understood after this episode . Roddenberry was pleased with Johnson 's work , and offered him further writing work on " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " , which had been written by Robert Bloch . Roddenberry only wanted Johnson to " polish " the script ; Johnson , feeling he was unable to improve it without starting from scratch , turned down the offer but expressed the desire to work on the show again . He later wrote a story outline entitled " Rock @-@ A @-@ Bye Baby , or Die ! " in which the Enterprise would have become a childlike sentient being who idolizes Kirk as its father . This was not commissioned , so " The Man Trap " was Johnson 's only work on the franchise .
= = = Guest appearances = = =
Jeanne Bal was cast as Nancy Crater , McCoy 's former love interest ; the actress had previously guest @-@ starred in Perry Mason and was one of the main performers in the sitcom Love and Marriage . Alfred Ryder was well known for his numerous appearances in similar genre series such as The Wild Wild West and The Outer Limits . After his appearance as Robert Crater in " The Man Trap " , he appeared in the science fiction series The Invaders .
Actors playing two of the crewmen who died on screen later appeared in other episodes of Star Trek . Michael Zaslow , seen in " The Man Trap " as Darnell , appeared in " I , Mudd " , and later had a long @-@ running role in the soap opera Guiding Light as Roger Thorpe . John Arndt appeared in four further episodes of The Original Series .
= = = Direction and filming = = =
All previous episodes of Star Trek had overrun their filming schedules , and the producers were concerned that not enough time had been allotted to each production . Marc Daniels was recruited as director of " The Man Trap " ; among his varied directing credits were episodes of I Love Lucy for Desilu Productions . Pre @-@ production began during the six scheduled filming days for " The Enemy Within " , but that episode ran long . Filming for " The Man Trap " commenced around 3 : 20pm on June 22 and continued until 7 : 10pm . Several futuristic @-@ looking salt shakers were sourced for scenes in " The Man Trap " , but due to concerns that they would not be recognized , they were instead used from " The Man Trap " onward as McCoy 's tools in sickbay .
The first full day of filming on June 23 was predominantly shot on the set representing the bridge of the Enterprise . Two small establishing shots were postponed until the filming of the next episode . The following day , corridor scenes were filmed , as was the climactic scene featuring the creature 's death . At that point , Daniels estimated that he was only a third of a day behind schedule . After a break for the weekend , production resumed on June 27 for scenes in the botany lab , the briefing room and sickbay . One of Grace Lee Whitney 's favorite sets to work on throughout the series was the lab , which was the sickbay redecorated , as she enjoyed working with George Takei . The animated plant in that scene was a hand puppet controlled from under the table , and Whitney later recalled that the operator could see right up her skirt throughout the shoot and would occasionally try to grope her using the puppet .
For the sickbay scenes when Spock bleeds , Daniels decided that Vulcans should have green blood . Roddenberry disliked the idea and unsuccessfully attempted to have it corrected in post @-@ production . By the end of the fifth day of shooting , Daniels estimated that he was now only half an hour behind schedule . Days six and seven were spent on the sets used to show the surface of M @
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engine problems , with the weather continuing to deteriorate . On the third attempt , slush on the runway prevented the aircraft from reaching the required speed for take @-@ off . The plane veered off the runway and crashed into a house . One of 23 victims of the disaster , Swift was one of two journalists pulled alive from the wreckage but died on his way to hospital , as his seat belt had cut into his aorta .
Swift is widely regarded as one of the best English goalkeepers of all time along with Gordon Banks and Peter Shilton and is frequently noted as one of the best players to have graced the English football league . His replacement in the Manchester City team was Bert Trautmann .
Swift was named as one of the Football League 100 Legends in 1998 celebrating 100 seasons of league football in England , alongside other Manchester City players Billy Meredith , Colin Bell and Bert Trautmann . He has also been inducted into the Manchester City Hall of Fame .
= = International career = =
Swift 's first international call @-@ ups came in the Second World War ; he made 14 wartime appearances for England . The first official England international after the war took place on 28 September 1946 against Ireland , and Swift retained his place to make his full debut in a 7 – 2 victory . Swift became a fixture in the England side of the late 1940s , playing 17 consecutive matches . This run included the famous 1948 victory against Italy in Turin , where he became the first goalkeeper since Alexander Morten in 1873 to captain the side , leading him to describe the match as the greatest day of his career . Later that year he lost his place to Ted Ditchburn , despite keeping a clean sheet in his previous appearance . He was restored to the line @-@ up the following match , a British Home Championship decider against Scotland . After announcing his retirement from football , he made a farewell appearance against Norway in May 1949 to take his number of caps to 19 , after which the goalkeeper 's jersey was taken by Bert Williams . Swift also represented Great Britain in a 1947 match against a " Rest of Europe " team , played to celebrate the return of the Home Nations to FIFA .
= = Playing style = =
Raich Carter once said of Frank Swift that he looked so big in goal that as a forward it often seemed that trying to score against him was like trying to put the ball into a matchbox . Swift 's hands , which had a finger span of 11 3 ⁄ 4 in ( 29 @.@ 8 cm ) , were sufficiently large for him to easily pick up the ball with one hand , and gave rise to the nickname " Frying Pan Hands " . Swift kicked with his left foot as the result of an injury to his right foot sustained during his youth . However , where possible he preferred throwing the ball to the wing over kicking it downfield . When asked for advice to give to young goalkeepers , Swift replied that he drew diagrams of each goal scored against him to see if he was at fault .
= = Outside football = =
Swift had three brothers , Cuthbert , Fred and Alf , and one sister , Alice . Fred , also a goalkeeper , played for Bolton Wanderers amongst others . The five grew up in a house a short walk from Blackpool 's Bloomfield Road ground . During football 's off @-@ season , Frank and Alf ran boat trips off the Blackpool coast for tourists . On one such trip he met his future wife , Doris Potter . They married at Blackpool in 1935 . They had a daughter , Jean , who was born in 1936 , and a son , David , who was born in 1948 .
During wartime , Swift became a special constable with responsibility for traffic control . He was enrolled in the RAF , and travelled to France after the Invasion of Normandy , but was stationed well behind the front line and did not see combat . This did not prevent risk to his life , however , as in 1944 a Dakota on which he was a passenger was involved in a near miss .
Several members of Swift 's family attended the February 2008 Manchester derby , played in the week of the 50th anniversary of the Munich air disaster . The game , at Old Trafford , was won by Manchester City ; the minutes silence was fully observed by the Manchester City fans . Towards the end of the game , the City fans chanted " There 's only one Frank Swift " several times , to rounds of applause from the United fans .
= LSWR M7 class =
The LSWR M7 class is a class of 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 passenger tank locomotive built between 1897 and 1911 . The class was designed by Dugald Drummond for use on the intensive London network of the London and South Western Railway ( LSWR ) , and performed well in such tasks . Because of their utility , 105 were built and the class went through several modifications over five production batches . For this reason there were detail variations such as frame length . Many of the class were fitted with push @-@ pull operation gear that enabled efficient use on branch line duties without the need to change to the other end of its train at the end of a journey .
Under LSWR and Southern Railway ownership they had been successful suburban passenger engines , although with the increased availability of newer , standard designs , many of the class were diagrammed to take on a new role as reliable branch line engines , especially in Southern England .
Members of the class lasted in service until 1964 , and two examples have survived into preservation : number 245 in the National Railway Museum , and 53 ( as BR 30053 ) on the Swanage Railway .
= = Background = =
Drummond designed these locomotives to answer the need for a larger and more powerful version of William Adams ' 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 T1 class of 1888 . The Adams T1 design of 1888 with 5 ft 7 in ( 1 @,@ 702 mm ) wheels had been developed to meet the LSWR 's requirement for a compact and sure @-@ footed suburban passenger locomotive to be utilised on the intensive commuter timetables around London . However , by the mid @-@ 1890s the suburban services around London were growing at a rate which began to preclude the use of these and other older classes of locomotive .
= = Construction history = =
The M7 tank locomotive was the first design by Dugald Drummond upon replacing William Adams as Locomotive Superintendent of the LSWR in 1895 . It was an enlargement of the T1 with a sloping grate of increased area giving greater power . Drummond drew upon his previous experience with the successful London Brighton and South Coast Railway D1 class , whilst he was works manager at Brighton in the early 1870s , and his own 157 class of 1877 , on the North British Railway in Scotland . It was the heaviest 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 type ever to run in Britain .
The first 25 were constructed at Nine Elms Locomotive Works between March and November 1897 . Thereafter the M7 class had a long production run with five major sets of design variants . Between 1897 and 1899 the locomotives were constructed with a short overhang at the front , and sandboxes combined with the front splashers . Injectors and a lever @-@ type reverser were also added , and a conical , as opposed to flat , smokebox door was implemented on numbers 252 – 256 . In 1900 the design was modified to incorporate the sandboxes inside the smokebox ; these were later relocated below the running plate .
After 1903 , a 36 ft 3 in ( 11 @.@ 05 m ) frame with a longer overhang at the front end was introduced and steam reversing gear fitted . Some sources record these locomotives as X14 class , and this designation was sometimes used to refer to the longer @-@ framed versions , but for most purposes the two sub @-@ classes were grouped together and known as M7 . The 1904 / 05 construction batch moved the sandboxes back to the front splasher and new items were feed water heating , single ram pumps and balanced crank axles . For the remainder of construction from the outshopping of the 105th locomotive in 1911 , duplex pumps were fitted .
Several of the most successful features of the class were used by Drummond on his other designs . Thus the boiler , cylinders and motion were identical and interchangeable with those used on his 700 class 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 freight locomotives of 1897 and the same boiler was used on his C8 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 passenger class .
= = = Boiler pressure = = =
According to Bradley ( p . 108 ) the original 175 lbf / in2 ( 1 @.@ 21 MPa ) working pressure was reduced to 150 lbf / in2 ( 1 @.@ 03 MPa ) to reduce wear on the boilers in 1900 when it became clear that they were no longer to be used for sustained high speed running . However H. C. Casserley states that the pressure was increased from 150 to 175 pounds @-@ force per square inch ( 1 @.@ 03 to 1 @.@ 21 MPa ) .
= = = Push @-@ pull equipment = = =
After 1912 thirty @-@ one M7 locomotives were equipped with push @-@ pull train capabilities with the provision of a primitive cable and pulley device . This was a modification that was designed to save time on country branch lines where the locomotive would usually have to run around its train in order to make a return journey . As a result , it was possible for the driver to drive his train from a cab located at the front of a designated push @-@ pull coach , leaving the fireman to tend the fire and operate the injectors on the locomotive footplate .
The pulley system was eventually deemed unsafe due to instances of sagging and delayed reaction . As a result , it was replaced on 36 engines by a safer compressed air system between 1930 and 1937 . This system had seen previous successful use on the LBSCR . Because the air compressor required extra space for installation , these conversions were confined to the long @-@ framed members of the class .
A further four conversions to push @-@ pull capability appeared between 1960 – 62 . This was the result of short @-@ framed M7s having long frames substituted during overhaul in order to create room for the air compressor .
= = = Variants = = =
Following the successful use of superheating on other Drummond classes , Robert Urie experimentally fitted a superheated boiler to No.126 in December 1920 , together with an extended smokebox and larger cylinders . The additional weight of the new boiler raised the centre of gravity of the locomotive , thereby adding to problems of instability on faster main line trains , whilst simultaneously preventing its use on many branch lines . As a result , no further examples were fitted , and No.126 was eventually broken up for spare parts in 1937 . In 1931 No. 672 was experimentally fitted with the Strowger @-@ Hudd Automatic Warning System , but the equipment was not adopted by the Southern Railway and the equipment later removed .
= = Operational details = =
When first introduced to LSWR , several of the class were allocated to work semi @-@ fast passenger services between London and Portsmouth , Exeter and Plymouth , and Bournemouth and Weymouth . However they were withdrawn from these duties after a high speed derailment near Tavistock in 1898 , following criticism by the Board of Trade inspector about the use of front @-@ coupled locomotives on fast services . As a result , the class was to become synonymous with local main line and branch workings , as well as London suburban services .
With the gradual growth of the electrification of the inner London suburban lines after 1915 , the class tended to be used on stopping trains on the LSWR main line , and on services to Guildford and Reading . After the formation of the Southern Railway in 1923 the class gradually began to be used , further afield , notably in the west of England , but also on branch lines in Kent , and on the former South Eastern and Chatham Railway line between Redhill and Reading .
During the 1950s a substantial number of the " push @-@ pull " fitted members of the class was transferred to the Central Section of the Southern Region , at Brighton and Horsham , replacing worn @-@ out D3 locomotives on the branch lines of the former London Brighton and South Coast Railway in West Sussex . A further ten were transferred to Tunbridge Wells and Three Bridges in 1955 for use on East Sussex branches . These were less well accepted by the train crews , who preferred the less powerful SECR H class . Others remained in the London area on empty stock workings , notably between Clapham Junction and Waterloo Station .
The class was gradually replaced in the southeast England during the late 1950s and early 1960s due to the introduction of further electrification , new lightweight standard steam classes , diesel shunters , and diesel @-@ electric multiple units . By the end of 1963 the majority that remained were based at Bournemouth to work the Swanage branch .
= = Accidents and incidents = =
On 25 May 1933 , locomotive No. 107 was hauling a passenger train when it was derailed at Raynes Park , London , coming to rest foul of an adjacent line . Another passenger train was in a side @-@ long collision with it . Five people were killed and 35 were injured . The accident was caused by a failure to implement a speed restriction on a section of track under maintenance .
On 27 November 1962 , locomotive No. 30131 was derailed at Eastleigh , Hampshire after it was moved by an unauthorised person ] ] .
= = Withdrawal and preservation = =
Apart from the experimentally boilered No. 126 , all the M7s entered into British Railways service in 1948 . In that year No. 672 fell down the lift shaft which provided rolling stock access to the Waterloo and City Line at Waterloo , and was cut up . The remainder survived until 1957 , but over the next seven years the remainder of the class was withdrawn as part of the Modernisation Plan ..
Two examples of this quintessential class of steam locomotive have survived into preservation . They are :
No. 245 ( built 1897 ) is at the National Railway Museum in York Surviving records indicate that number 245 was constructed in 1897 at the cost of £ 1 @,@ 846 , and lasted in service until 1962 .
No. 30053 ( built 1905 ) is based at the Swanage Railway ; this locomotive was sold to Steamtown in Bellows Falls , Vermont in the United States of America in 1967 , but was repatriated in 1987 .
= = Livery and numbering = =
= = = LSWR and Southern Railway = = =
Under the LSWR the class saw various liveries over its pre @-@ grouping career . Most associated with the class during this period was the LSWR passenger light sage green livery with purple @-@ brown edging , creating panels of green . This was further lined in white and black with " LSWR " in gilt on the water tank sides , and the locomotive number on the coal bunker sides . The National Railway Museum has chosen a non @-@ typical green for the livery on No 245 .
When transferred to Southern Railway ownership after 1923 the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsell 's darker version of the LSWR livery , with numbering having an ' E ' prefix
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had a 60 @-@ year age limit . Due to EEA rules , the judicial age limit was 65 years , so Color Air was able to hire retired SAS and Braathens pilots . These could be paid only NOK 500 @,@ 000 in annual wage , since they received a full pension from their old employers on top of it . The Norwegian Airline Pilots Association stated that this was morally reprehensible , but Color Air was supported by the Norwegian Civil Aviation Authority , medical experts , and SAS , who all claimed that there were no medical reasons to not let people in their 60s operate aircraft .
= = = Start of operation = = =
The first aircraft was delivered on 1 August 1998 . While the new airport at Gardermoen would not officially open until 8 October , when also SAS and Braathens would move to the airport , Color Air started flights from Gardermoen to Ålesund Airport , Vigra on 6 August . Flights to Trondheim Airport , Værnes commenced on 8 August , while the Bergen Airport , Flesland @-@ route started 15 August . After a week , very few passengers were traveling with Color Air , with two at the least and twenty @-@ four at the most per departure . Color Air was losing NOK 650 @,@ 000 per week of operation .
The pricing scheme was based on tickets for NOK 399 , 499 , 599 and 699 , plus NOK 71 in taxes . At least ten tickets were available at the lowest price per departure , and the first to order were granted the cheapest tickets . Tickets had no restrictions on cancellation , and were not subject to restrictions on return dates .
With the opening of Gardermoen , both Braathens and SAS increased the number of flights . Braathens established a route to Haugesund , while SAS started routes to Ålesund and Kristiansand . The number of daily trips from Oslo for SAS increased from 59 to over 80 . In total , the three companies increased their daily round trip from 138 to 200 , and the daily seat capacity from 18 @,@ 000 to 26 @,@ 000 . Ålesund had the largest increase , from seven daily round trips only with Braathens , to seventeen offered by all three companies . On the route to Trondheim , the number of departures had increased from 27 to 39 , with Braathens operating 19 , SAS 16 and Color Air 5 . The increase in seats was profitable for the state ; the new seat tax — which was also applicable to unsold seats — received an annual revenue increase of NOK 110 million .
The first plane planned to leave Gardermoen was an SAS aircraft . However , since it was 20 minutes delayed , a Color Air aircraft was instead the first to take off , at 06 : 52 on 8 August 1998 . By the end of October , the airline had between 40 and 50 % cabin load , and the company stated that it needed " slightly more than 50 % " to make a profit . It also announced that it would receive three more aircraft to supplement the two it had in service . Instead of starting a route to Stavanger , the company instead chose to open a route to London Stansted Airport starting 1 December . The airline stated that it did not have sufficient aircraft do make more than two round trips to Stavanger , and that this would be too little to be a credible operator on the route .
= = = Price war = = =
In November , Color Air changed the conditions tied to purchase of tickets . Reduced price tickets were only available seven days or more before departure , and only full @-@ price tickets could be refunded . At the same time , the maximum price increased to NOK 870 , though all ticket prices were changed to include all taxes , after requirements from the authorities . A new , cheapest ticket was introduced at NOK 345 , including taxes . After the winter settled , the front between Color Air and Braathens grew colder following Braathens ' denying Color Air to use their deicing equipment at Ålesund , resulting in the plane being stuck at the airport .
In November , Color Air transported 102 @,@ 544 passengers . From mid @-@ December , the company had a time @-@ limited offer of tickets for NOK 200 .
In September , the ownership of Color Air was rearranged . Sunde reallocated his ownership and created Color Group , that would wholly own both Color Line , Scandi Line , Larvik Line and Color Air . Sunde retained a 77 % ownership in the corporation through Larvik Scandi Line . The group was subsequently listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange . In the general meeting held in December , two of the largest owners of Color Line , Vital Forsikring and the Government Pension Fund of Norway , both were opposed to the merger , as they felt the purchased companies were overvalued . Color Air was at the time valuated at NOK 157 million . After a long process between the miniority shareholders and Color Group , the valuation was adjusted to NOK 108 million . In May , Olav Nils Sunde bought the entire Color Group , and delisted it from the stock exchange following the conflict with the other shareholders .
By the end of 1998 , it became clear that Braathens had increased capacity by 20 % , but only achieved a 5 @.@ 2 % ridership increase after the opening of Gardermoen . Similar numbers were applicable for SAS . The business market , in particular the large corporations with divisions in several large cities , were demanding high frequencies on the routes . Color Air could get by with fewer departures because they mainly targeted the leisure segment . In particular , the routes from Oslo to Ålesund and Kristiansand had a very low seat utilization ; to Ålesund there were 1 @.@ 2 million seats annually , but only 345 @,@ 000 passengers , giving a 29 % cabin load . Accumulated cabin load for Color Air was 32 % , with 116 @,@ 176 passengers . In the course of the last quarter of 1998 , Color Air lost NOK 91 million , or NOK 1 million each day . For the whole year , Color Air had an average ticket price of NOK 453 , giving a revenue of NOK 57 million . NOK 45 million was used on taxes , giving NOK 12 million to cover operating costs of NOK 209 million . The company lost NOK 197 million in 1998 .
In February 1999 , Braathens announced that they would re @-@ register all their planes in Sweden to avoid having to pay value added tax on catering and fuel . Color Air and SAS , who had their planes registered abroad , had gotten away without paying the taxes , since it only applied to Norway @-@ registered planes . Following this announcement , the Ministry of Finance changed the rules so also foreign @-@ owned planes had to pay the tax . The change in rules cost Color Air NOK 10 million per plane per year . From 1 July 1999 , the seat tax was removed , but replaced by an equivalent tax for each passenger . This made it cheaper to fly an empty plane , but more expensive to fly a full one . Color Air had reduced the number of seats in each plane to avoid the seat tax , but increased them again after the tax was removed .
In the first quarter of 1999 , Color Air transported 100 @,@ 472 passengers . This gave a cabin load of 35 % , of which the Trondheim route had 40 % and the Ålesund route 32 % . This gave the airline a deficit of NOK 92 million . SAS lost NOK 22 million , while Braathens had lost NOK 300 million . In comparison , both Braathens and SAS Norway made a NOK 320 million profit in the first quarter of 1998 .
On 1 April , Color Air won a two @-@ year contract with Norway Post for all air mail from Oslo to Trondheim and Ålesund . On 10 April , Color Air started a weekly round trip each Saturday to Alicante Airport in Spain . On 12 April , Ove Johan Solem took over as CEO of Color Air . In May , the company increased the cabin load from 38 to 48 % , with ridership increasing from 33 @,@ 978 to 44 @,@ 081 . These numbers also included a change in the number of seats per plane . The following month , 46 @,@ 777 people traveled with the airline . By the end of July , Color Air had lost NOK 350 million . However , in July , Color Air had a cabin load exceeding 50 % , the level Sunde had stated was necessary to make a profit .
In September , SAS announced that if Braathens took the first step to reduce capacity between Bergen and Oslo , they would follow immediately to reduce the overcapacity in the combined 37 daily departures . However , Braathens was not willing to reduce . On 15 September , Color Air announced that they would start flying five round trips from Oslo to Stavanger Airport , Sola on 1 October , following the delivery of their fourth aircraft . At the same time , the airline would reduce the number of round trips to Ålesund from four to two . The load factor in August was 43 % , and management stated that 50 % load would not be sufficient to make money . In particular , the company stated that while aircraft were full during the weekends , the company was not succeeding at garnering the necessary business ridership to fill up the planes during the weekdays . To become more attractive , the company changed its fares to two classes : Business Full Flex and Saver No Flex . The company also stated that to attract more business travelers , it was looking for an international partner to conduct codesharing on international routes , and perhaps also introduce a frequent flyer program alone or in cooperation with the partner .
= = = Bankruptcy = = =
On 27 September 1999 , Color Air terminated all flights and ceased operations . Sunde stated that he regretted having started the airline , and said that he had overestimated the synergies between his ferry company and the airline , but also underestimated the price elasticity for business travel . In particular , the frequent flyer programs that SAS and Braathens had made it difficult to convince corporate travelers to switch to Color Air . Sunde believed that the company would continue to lose money in 2000 . 220 employees lost their jobs , while Color Group estimated it lost NOK 400 million on the airline . There were discussions concerning cooperation with , or a take @-@ over by , British Airways , but these discussions did not lead to an agreement . In total , Color Air flew 430 @,@ 000 passengers , effectively subsidizing each passenger with almost NOK 1000 . The company was not declared bankrupt , as Sunde wanted to insure his good reputation by paying everyone he owed money . While this was about NOK 10 million in airport fees and smaller sums to other parties , the largest creditors were the two aircraft leasing companies , to whom NOK 270 million was owed for the rest of the rental period . The 20 @,@ 000 people who had tickets with Color Air were all rebooked onto Braathens flights . After NOK 170 million in debt was registered by the company , and assets were only worth NOK 17 million , Color Air was declared bankrupt on 10 November 1999 .
On the day of the termination , the stock price of Braathens increased by 16 % , while SAS 's increased 3 % . Immediately following the bankruptcy , the two airlines increased their prices . Subsequently , Braathens increased their ticket price by 15 % , but stated that this had nothing to do with the elimination of competition , since the price increase was not on any Oslo routes . In November , Braathens started to remove routes , and announced they would increase prices by 20 % . They also reintroduced the Flag of Norway on the tailplane that since the rebranding had been replaced by a silver , abstract wing . Both Braathens and SAS lost more than NOK 1 billion in 1999 , and the total cost of the price war between the three airlines exceeded NOK 3 billion .
= 1996 Football League Second Division play @-@ off Final =
The 1996 Football League Second Division play @-@ off Final was a football match played at Wembley Stadium on 26 May 1996 , at the end
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crossbar by Jonathan Gould , as County tried to equalise during a 20 @-@ minute spell of pressure . Between County 's chances , Stallard had the opportunity to double City 's lead when he capitalised on a slip from Strodder , but Ward saved his effort . However , City went on to double their advantage on 75 minutes . Ormondroyd , who had replaced the injured Hamilton , flicked on a long pass from Richard Huxford with his first touch . His header went across goal to Stallard who volleyed home . Two minutes after the goal , Martindale fired wide for County after a pass from Agana , and with time running out Finnan 's long @-@ range shot was deflected for a corner , but from the resulting set @-@ piece , Richardson shot over the crossbar .
= = = Post @-@ match reaction = = =
In his match report for The Independent , Tim Collings wrote that City " played with a width , verve and pace which embarrassed County " and called it " a professional job by a spirited and swift team " . The Sun 's report said that City had " cruised to victory " . The Daily Mirror reported that County had struggled until the second half with their best chance limited to one from 25 yards from goal . Trevor Haylett , The Guardian match reporter , called it an uneven contest , with Bradford never looking back from their early goal . He added Hamilton and Kiwomya , City 's two wingers , maintained their side 's momentum . Haylett reported that County played as a " team of strangers " during the first half . Bradford 's daily newspaper the Telegraph & Argus reported that " apart from a 15 @-@ minute spell midway through the second half when Notts came close to equalising , City were in complete charge of the game " .
City 's matchwinner Hamilton and his manager Kamara shared the headlines in the national newspapers . Hamilton said after the game : " To score for my hometown team at Wembley has got to be one of the best feelings ever . " Kamara added : " Now I am hungry for second helpings of success . And I am absolutely convinced I can get it here . We will not look out of place in the First Division because we have so much quality . " County 's manager Colin Murphy told the press : " All credit to Bradford , they won it fair and square . And that does not always happen in football . Bradford are a very experienced side compared to mine . Maybe this came a year too early for my boys . " Jacobs , the Bradford full @-@ back who played 11 years for the club and won a subsequent promotion to the Premier League , said after his career : " I just look back on some amazing times and I was delighted to be part of them . It was a real blessing to my life . To play at Wembley was a dream fulfilled . "
The day after the final , City held an open top bus tour and a civic reception at Bradford City Hall . The following day , they hosted a friendly match against Dutch side Feyenoord to celebrate their victory .
= = Match details = =
= = = Statistics = = =
= = Aftermath = =
The following season , Bradford City 's fate once again went down to the final game of the season . A 3 – 0 victory against Queens Park Rangers ensured they avoided being relegated immediately back to the Second Division . Instead Grimsby Town went down alongside Oldham Athletic and Southend United . In January 1998 , Richmond sacked Kamara and named his assistant Paul Jewell as new manager . Jewell guided City to the Premier League within 16 months , the first time City had been in the top flight in 77 years .
Notts County 's fate went in the opposite direction . They were relegated in bottom place the season after the 1996 play @-@ off final defeat , only to win the 1997 – 98 Third Division title and gain instant promotion . However , they have spent every season since in the bottom two divisions . The two clubs did not meet again in league football until January 2008 after City 's fall back down the league structure .
Blackpool , whom Bradford had defeated in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , were relegated to the bottom tier in 1999 – 2000 . They won three promotions – all via the play @-@ offs – within the following decade to reach the Premier League themselves for the first time in their history .
= Underneath the Tree =
" Underneath the Tree " is a song by American recording artist Kelly Clarkson , from her sixth studio album and first Christmas album , Wrapped in Red ( 2013 ) . Written by Clarkson along with Greg Kurstin , who handled its production , it is a Christmas @-@ themed song that sings of gratitude for companionship during the holidays , in which the beloved is being referred as the only present needed " underneath the tree " . Accompanied by various instrumental sounds , the song prominently incorporates a Wall of Sound treatment along with sleigh bells and bell chimes to resonate a holiday atmosphere . " Underneath the Tree " was first released to Adult Contemporary radio stations on November 5 , 2013 , by RCA Records as the lead single from the album .
" Underneath the Tree " has been praised by music critics , who considered it as the main highlight of Wrapped in Red and lauded its potential to be a holiday classic . They also complimentarily compared it to the 1994 modern Christmas standard " All I Want for Christmas Is You " by Mariah Carey . Three weeks after its release , the song topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and attained a top ten position on the Billboard Holiday 100 chart . It also attained a chart position on the national Billboard Hot 100 chart and became top forty hit in Canada , the Netherlands , South Korea , and the United Kingdom .
Filmed by English director Hamish Hamilton , the accompanying music video for the song features a live performance from the television special Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale at The Venetian Las Vegas . Apart from the television special , Clarkson has also performed it in various televised performances , such as Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and the American singing competition The Voice .
= = Production and composition = =
After recording tracks for her greatest hits compilation , Greatest Hits – Chapter One , Clarkson began discussing with her record label RCA Records about plans for her sixth studio album being a Christmas release in late 2012 , during which she also began to write original Christmas material . Greg Kurstin , whom she had previously collaborated with , was approached by Clarkson to produce the album ; and together , they co @-@ wrote the tracks " Underneath the Tree " and " 4 Carats " . " Underneath the Tree " was produced by Kurstin , who also played most of the instruments , including a mellotron and a Chamberlin , to evoke a Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound treatment — a sound that Billboard and HitFix noticed upon hearing the song . He also had Clarkson provide all the voices in it , including all its backing vocals . She recalled the experience as new , stating , " I 've never had to do anything like this before — doing all my backup vocals , essentially being my own choir . "
" Underneath the Tree " is an uptempo big band @-@ style Christmas and pop song written by Clarkson and Kurstin . It is one of the five original songs recorded for Wrapped in Red . According to the sheet notes at Musicnotes published by EMI Music Publishing , the song was written in the key of E ♭ major , in which the vocal range spans from E ♭ 4 to G5 . Apart from the Wall of Sound , various other sounds , such as sleigh bells and bell chimes , are also prominently heard on the song , which features a saxophone solo on the bridge .
= = Release and reception = =
On October 18 , 2013 , Clarkson premiered " Underneath the Tree " on her Vevo channel . On November 5 , 2013 , RCA Records released it as a single on Adult Contemporary radio stations in the United States , while also planning to release it on Mainstream Pop stations . It was then released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on November 22 , 2013 , and in the United States on December 9 , 2013 . A digital EP containing remixes of the song was released internationally on December 17 , 2013 .
= = = Critical response = = =
" Underneath the Tree " has received critical acclaim from various music critics on its release , who lauded it as main highlight of Wrapped in Red and a prospective Christmas standard . Billboard 's Marisa Fox called it as the album 's " biggest surprise " , and described it as an optimistic tune that has Clarkson powering through Darlene Love @-@ style vocals . While Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times 's described it as a remarkably cheery single . In her review , Christina Vinson of Taste of Country remarked that the track " has everything a Christmas song could want : a jazzy , big band sound , saxophone and bells ringing , all bottled up in an optimistic and catchy holiday track " and said that Clarkson " shines " , as her " strong vocals are needed to offset the snazzy production and chorus . " In his review , Idolator 's Carl Williott wrote that the song " sounds instantly familiar — sleigh bells , laments about a lonely Christmas day , a sax solo — but with a tightly coiled hook and Clarkson ’ s transcendent voice , the whole thing is kind of invigorating . " Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe called it as bouncy , cooing number tailor @-@ made to soundtrack sleigh rides , and named it as the best track on the album .
Critics also approvingly compared it to Mariah Carey 's modern Christmas classic " All I Want for Christmas Is You " ( 1994 ) , a track that RCA chief executive Peter Edge described as the song 's inspiration . Williot added that " Underneath the Tree " is strong enough that it could enter the pantheon of modern Christmas staples like Carey 's " All I Want For Christmas Is You " and ' N Sync 's " Merry Christmas , Happy Holidays " . Jenna Hally Rubenstein of MTV News remarked , " if we may be so bold , it is definitely on par with other impeccable Christmas originals — namely Carey 's " All I Want For Christmas Is You " . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine noted the similar themes of two songs , and that " Underneath the Tree " is likely to become Clarkson 's very own contemporary standard . Melinda Newman of HitFix wrote , " It 's a finger @-@ popping , bell @-@ ringing pleaser that could achieve that rare feat of becoming a new Christmas standard . That hasn 't happened since Carey 's " All I Want For Christmas " in 1994 ; " while The Independent 's Hugh Montgomery applauded it as having a sass , jingle and a sax solo , saying that it is " a winner on all fronts . "
= = = Chart performance = = =
Upon the release of Wrapped in Red , " Underneath the Tree " entered the Billboard Holiday Digital Songs chart as an album cut at number four on the week ending November 16 , 2013 . Following its release as a single , it reached a peak position of number three on the week ending December 28 , 2013 . After being released as a single to Adult Contemporary radio , the song debuted at number 21 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for the week ending November 23 , 2013 , eventually topping the chart after three weeks , becoming her third Adult Contemporary number one song and her first since " Stronger ( What Doesn 't Kill You ) " ( 2012 ) . That same week , it also entered the Billboard Holiday 100 chart at number 34 , making it her second entry at the Holiday Songs after " I 'll Be Home for Christmas " ( 2011 ) . The song entered the chart 's top ten after two weeks at number 10 . On the week ending December 21 , 2013 , the song entered the main Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 92 , and peaked at number 78 on the week ending January 4 , 2013 . Brian Mansfield of USA Today reported that " Underneath the Tree " was radio 's most @-@ played new holiday song of 2013 .
Internationally , " Underneath the Tree " became a top forty hit in four countries . After debuting at number 41 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart on the week ending December 21 , 2013 , the song reached a peak of number 28 after a week . In the United Kingdom , it debuted on the Official UK Singles Chart at number 79 on the week ending December 14 , 2013 , eventually reaching at number 30 on the week ending December 28 , 2013 . In the Netherlands , " Underneath the Tree " debuted on the Mega Top 50 chart at number 38 on the week ending December 14 , 2013 , and peaked at number 34 on the week ending December 28 , 2013 . That same week , it entered the Mega Single Top 100 at number 85 , and peaked at number 69 . It " Underneath the Tree " entered the Dutch Top 40 chart at number 26 , making it her first top forty hit in that region after four years since " I Do Not Hook Up " peaked at number 19 in 2009 . It then peaked at number 25 after a week . In South Korea , the song debuted at number 2 on the Gaon Singles Chart on the week ending November 9 , 2013 . In Japan , it debuted on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart at number 84 on the week ending January 4 , 2014 , and spend two weeks on the chart .
= = Music video = =
On the eve of Wrapped in Red 's release , RCA Records released an animated lyric video for " Underneath the Tree " , featuring shots of ice skating , a snow @-@ covered town , and copious Christmas trees . The lyric video was released to positive reviews , with Idolator 's Sam Lansky describing it as " a nice visual accompaniment to the song that just lends an extra high @-@ octane Yuletide cheer to its already @-@ effervescent spirit " . Its accompanying music video premiered on December 3 , 2013 on Vevo , featuring a live performance from the stage of her NBC television special Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale , which was directed by Hamish Hamilton , known for his concert films .
= = Live performances and usage in media = =
Clarkson has performed " Underneath the Tree " in various televised performances . She first performed " Underneath the Tree " in a live televised performance on The Today Show on November 26 , 2013 . Apart from being performed from the set of Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale featured in the song 's accompanying music video , a different live performance was aired during the television special itself , in which Clarkson was accompanied by children while singing it . She also performed the song on the fifth season of the American singing competition The Voice on December 3 , 2013 . On December 5 , 2013 , she then performed it on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon .
= = Track listing = =
Digital download – Single
Digital download – Remixes EP
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Produced at Echo Recording Studio , Los Angeles , California
Personnel
Credits lifted from the Wrapped in Red liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Radio and release history = =
= Goshin =
Goshin ( Japanese : 護神 , " protector of the spirit " ) is a bonsai created by John Y. Naka . It is a forest planting of eleven Foemina junipers ( Juniperus chinensis ' Foemina ' ) , the earliest of which Naka began training into bonsai in 1948 . Naka donated it to the National Bonsai Foundation in 1984 , to be displayed at the United States National Arboretum ; it has been there ever since . The individual trees represent Naka 's grandchildren .
= = History = =
Naka began working with the first two of the eleven trees that would ultimately make up Goshin in 1948 ; he created a " two @-@ tree style " composition using two Foeminia junipers of equal height . In 1953 , Naka created a " formal upright " style Foeminia , during a demonstration for his bonsai class . He also acquired a taller tree ( eventually to become the main , tallest tree of Goshin ) , which was replanted in the ground and gradually thinned and shaped ; it was ready for showing by 1960 .
Goshin first took shape as a forest planting around 1964 . Inspired by a forest of Cryptomeria japonica near a shrine in Japan , Naka first combined the four trees he had already developed into a single , 4 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) composition . He soon added three more , to create a seven @-@ tree forest bonsai . Naka also had to modify the pot to ensure adequate drainage — the lack of which caused one of the trees , and its repeated replacements , to die . At the time , Naka had seven grandchildren , each of which was represented by a tree . At the urging of fellow bonsai artists , he named his composition ; he called the bonsai " Goshin " , meaning " protector of the spirit " , in reference to the forest shrine that inspired it . By 1973 , Naka had eleven grandchildren , and he augmented Goshin concordantly .
In 1984 , Goshin was displayed at the Philadelphia Flower Show in mid @-@ March , where it was viewed by about 250 @,@ 000 people . At the show 's conclusion , Naka donated Goshin to the National Bonsai Federation ( which he had helped launch in 1976 ) , to be displayed in the new North American Pavilion ( named in his honor ) of the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum at the United States National Arboretum in Washington , D.C. Since 1984 , Goshin has repeatedly graced the covers of prominent bonsai magazines , and it is one of the most widely recognized bonsai .
Naka returned frequently to Washington to check in on and supervise maintenance of Goshin , including extensive work in 1999 . Later that year , he created another forest bonsai that is known as Goshin Two . When Naka died in 2004 , one French site published a cartoon captioned ( in translation ) : " John Naka has gone . A whisper of astonishment wanders in between the branches of Goshin . "
= Lundomys =
Lundomys molitor , also known as Lund 's amphibious rat or the greater marsh rat , is a semiaquatic rat species from southeastern South America . Its distribution is now restricted to Uruguay and nearby Rio Grande do Sul , Brazil , but it previously ranged northward into Minas Gerais , Brazil , and southward into eastern Argentina . The Argentine form may have been distinct from the living form from Brazil and Uruguay . L. molitor is a large rodent , with the head and body length averaging 193 mm ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) , characterized by a long tail , large hindfeet , and long and dense fur . It builds nests above the water , supported by reeds , and it is not currently threatened .
Its external morphology is similar to that of Holochilus brasiliensis and over the course of its complex taxonomic history , it has been confused with that species , but other features support its placement in a distinct genus , Lundomys . Within the family Cricetidae and subfamily Sigmodontinae , it is a member of a group of specialized oryzomyine rodents that also includes Holochilus , Noronhomys , Carletonomys , and Pseudoryzomys .
= = Taxonomy = =
Lundomys molitor was first described in 1887 by Danish zoologist Herluf Winge , who reviewed the materials Peter Wilhelm Lund had collected in the caves of Lagoa Santa , Minas Gerais , Brazil . Winge used four specimens for his description , including two skull fragments and an isolated maxilla ( upper jaw ) from the cave chamber Lapa da Escrivania Nr. 5 and a mandible ( lower jaw ) from Lapa da Serra das Abelhas , but the latter later turned out to be from a different species , probably Gyldenstolpia fronto . Lund named the animal Hesperomys molitor and placed it in the same genus ( Hesperomys ) as what is now Pseudoryzomys simplex and two species of Calomys . Subsequently , it was rarely mentioned in the literature on South American rodents ; those authors who did mention it placed it in either Oryzomys or Calomys .
In 1926 , American zoologist Colin Campbell Sanborn collected some rodents in Uruguay , which he identified as Holochilus vulpinus ( currently Holochilus brasiliensis ) in his 1929 report on the collection . When his successor at the Field Museum of Natural History , Philip Hershkovitz , reviewed Holochilus in 1955 , he recognized that the series from Uruguay contained two species , one close to the forms of Holochilus found across much of South America , and another unique to Uruguay and southern Brazil ; he named the latter as a new species , Holochilus magnus . Hershkovitz identified Holochilus as one of the members of a " sigmodont " group of American rodents , also including Sigmodon , Reithrodon , and Neotomys , on the basis of its flat @-@ crowned molars , which are lophodont ( the crown consists of transverse ridges ) . In 1 @,@ 981 ft ( 604 m ) agnus was also recognized in the Late Pleistocene of Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , and in 1982 it was recorded from Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil .
In a 1980 article , Argentine zoologist Elio Massoia recognized the resemblance between Winge 's Hesperomys molitor and Hershkovitz 's Holochilus magnus , and recommended that the former be reclassified as a species of Holochilus , Holochilus molitor . When American zoologists Voss and Carleton restudied Winge 's material in a 1993 paper , they were unable to find any consistent differences between the two and accordingly considered them to pertain to the same species . In addition , they reviewed the differences between this species and other Holochilus and concluded that these were significant enough to place the former in a distinct genus , which they named Lundomys after Lund , who had collected the original material . Since then , the species has been known as Lundomys molitor .
In the same paper in which they described Lundomys , Voss and Carleton also , for the first time , diagnosed the tribe Oryzomyini in a phylogenetically valid way . Previously , Oryzomyini had been a somewhat loosely defined group defined among others by a long palate and the presence of a crest known as the mesoloph on the upper molars and mesolophid on the lower molars ; this crest is absent or reduced in Holochilus and Lundomys . Voss and Carleton recognized five synapomorphies for the group , all of which are shared by Lundomys ; the placement in Oryzomyini of Lundomys and of three other genera — Holochilus , Pseudoryzomys , and Zygodontomys — which also lack complete mesoloph ( id ) s has been universally supported since .
Voss and Carleton had found some support for a close relationship between Holochilus , Lundomys , and Pseudoryzomys within Oryzomyini . In subsequent years , the related species Holochilus primigenus and Noronhomys vespuccii were discovered , providing additional evidence for this grouping . The allocation of the former , which is similar to Lundomys in features of the dentition , to Holochilus is controversial and placement as a second species of Lundomys has been suggested as an alternative . A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of oryzomyines by Marcelo Weksler , published in 2006 , supported a close relationship among Lundomys , Holochilus , and Pseudoryzomys ; the other species of the group were not included . Data from the sequence of the IRBP gene supported a closer relationship between Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys , with Lundomys more distantly related , but morphological data placed Holochilus and Lundomys closer together , as did the combined analysis of both morphological and IRPB data . Subsequently , Carletonomys cailoi was described as an additional relative of Holochilus and Lundomys .
= = Description = =
Lundomys molitor is among the largest living oryzomyines , rivaled only by some large forms of Holochilus and Nectomys , but it is substantially smaller than some of the recently extinct Antillean species , such as " Ekbletomys hypenemus " and Megalomys desmarestii . Unlike in Holochilus brasiliensis , which occurs in the same area , the tail is longer than the head and body . It is sparsely haired and dark , and there is no difference in color between the upper and lower side . The coat , which is long , dense , and soft , is yellow – brown at the sides , but becomes darker on the upperparts and lighter on the underparts . The large hindfeet are characterized by conspicuous interdigital webbing , but they lack tufts of hair on the digits and several of the pads are reduced . As in some other semiaquatic oryzomyines , fringes of hair are present along the plantar margins and between some of the digits . The forefeet also lack tufts on the digits and show very long claws , a character unique among oryzomyines . The female has four pairs of teats and the gall bladder is absent , both important characters of oryzomyines . The head and body length is 160 to 230 mm ( 6 @.@ 3 to 9 @.@ 1 in ) , averaging 193 mm ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) , the tail length is 195 to 255 mm ( 7 @.@ 68 to 10 @.@ 04 mm ) , averaging 235 mm ( 9 @.@ 3 in ) , and the length of the hindfoot is 58 to 68 mm ( 2 @.@ 3 to 2 @.@ 7 in ) , averaging 62 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) .
The front part of the skull is notably broad . As in Holochilus , the zygomatic plate , the flattened front portion of the cheek bone , is expansive and produced into a spinous process at the anterior margin . The jugal bone is small , but less reduced than in Holochilus . The interorbital region of the skull is narrow and flanked by high beads . The incisive foramina , which perforate the palate between the incisors and the upper molars , are long , extending between the molars . The palate itself is also long , extending beyond the posterior margin of the maxillary bones , and it is perforated near the third molars by conspicuous posterolateral palatal pits . As in all oryzomyines , the squamosal bone lacks a suspensory process that contacts the tegmen tympani , the roof of the tympanic cavity , but Lundomys is unusual in that the squamosal and the tegmen tympani usually overlap when viewed from the side . In the mandible , the angular and coronoid processes are less well @-@ developed than in Holochilus . The capsular process of the lower incisor , a slight raising of the mandibular bone at the back end of the incisor , near the coronoid process , is small . The two masseteric ridges , to which some of the chewing muscles are attached , are entirely separate , joining only at their anterior edges , which are located below the first molar .
The molars are slightly more high @-@ crowned ( hypsodont ) than in most oryzomyines and many of the accessory crests are reduced , but they are sharply distinct from the highly derived , hypsodont molars of Holochilus . The main cusps are located opposite each other and have rounded edges . The enamel folds do not extend past the midlines of the molars . The mesoloph , an accessory crest on the upper molars that is usually well @-@ developed in oryzomyines , is present but short on the first and second upper molar ; it is much more reduced in Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys . The corresponding structure on the lower molars , the mesolophid , is present on the first and second molars in Lundomys , but absent in both Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys . Another accessory crest , the anteroloph , is present , though small , on the first upper molar in Lundomys , but entirely absent in both other genera . As in Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys , the anterior cusp on the first lower molar , the anteroconid , contains a deep pit . Each of the three upper molars has three roots ; unlike in both Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys , the first upper molar lacks an accessory fourth root . The first lower molar has four roots , including two small accessory roots located between larger anterior and posterior roots . The second molar has either two or three roots , with the anterior root split into two smaller roots in some specimens .
The karyotype contains 52 chromosomes with a total of 58 major arms ( 2n
= 52 , FN =
58 ) . The non @-@ sex chromosomes ( autosomes ) are mostly acrocentric , having a long and a short arm , or telocentric , having only one arm , but there are also three large metacentric pairs , which have two major arms , and a small metacentric pair . The Y chromosome is metacentric and the X chromosome is variable , ranging from nearly metacentric to acrocentric in five specimens studied .
= = Distribution and ecology = =
Lundomys molitor has been found as a living animal only in Uruguay and nearby Rio Grande do Sul ; records of live specimens from eastern Argentina and Lagoa Santa , Minas Gerais , have not been confirmed . It is rarely encountered and it has been collected in only one location in Rio Grande do Sul , but this may be due to insufficient efforts to locate it , rather than genuine rarity . Its distribution is generally limited to areas with mean winter temperatures over 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) , mean annual temperatures over 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) , annual rainfall over 1 @,@ 100 mm ( 43 in ) , and a long rainy season averaging over 200 days . It is usually found in swamps or near streams .
Pleistocene fossils have been found throughout its current range and beyond it . In Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul , the Lujanian ( Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene ) Sopas Formation has yielded remains of L. molitor , in addition to such other mammals as the extinct saber @-@ toothed cat Smilodon populator and species of Glyptodon , Macrauchenia , and Toxodon . The type locality , Lagoa Santa , lies far northeast of the nearest record of live L. molitor ; there , it is known only from three skull fragments from a cave known as Laga da Escrivania Nr. 5 . This cave also contains numerous remains of members of the extinct South American megafauna , such as ground sloths , litopternans , gomphotheres , and glyptodonts , in addition to 16 species of cricetid rodents , but it is not certain that all remains from this cave are from the same age .
Remains of Lundomys have been found at six Pleistocene localities in Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , which suggests a warm and humid paleoclimate there . The oldest deposits , at Bajo San José , date to Marine Isotopic Stage 11 , about 420 @,@ 000 to 360 @,@ 000 years ago , younger specimens from other localities are as little as 30 @,@ 000 years old . The younger Argentine Lundomys specimens are subtly distinct from living Lundomys in some features of the first lower molar and may represent a distinct species . One lower first molar of this form has length 3 @.@ 28 mm . Because the Bajo San José material does not contain lower first molars , it is impossible to determine whether this material also pertains to the later Argentine Lundomys form . The morphology of the upper and lower jaw precludes an identification as Holochilus primigenus , a fossil species with molar traits almost identical to those of Lundomys . The length of the upper toothrow of one specimen from this locality is 8 @.@ 50 mm ( 0 @.@ 335 in ) and the length of the upper first molar is 3 @.@ 48 mm ( 0 @.@ 137 in ) , slightly smaller than in living Lundomys , which ranges from 3 @.@ 56 to 3 @.@ 64 mm ( 0 @.@ 140 to 0 @.@ 143 in ) in four specimens
= = Natural history = =
Lundomys molitor is semiaquatic in habits , spending much of its time in the water , and is active during the night . An excellent swimmer , it is even more specialized for swimming than is Holochilus . It builds a spherical nest among reeds in up to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) deep water , usually about 20 cm ( 8 in ) above the water . The material for the nest , which is 25 to 30 cm ( 10 to 12 in ) in diameter and 9 to 11 cm ( about 4 in ) in height , comes from the surrounding reeds . Its wall consists of three layers , surrounding a central chamber , which is connected
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three @-@ year gap since the release of De Vita 's last studio album . De Vita worked as producer with David Cabrera . The album is part of the live albums series entitled Primera Fila , promoted by the record label and including De Vita 's greatest hits on re @-@ worked versions and new songs .
The album features collaborations by several performers , including Leonel García , Alejandra Guzmán , Debi Nova , Gilberto Santa Rosa , and Noel Schajris , among others . En Primera Fila entered the top five in Mexico and the United States . The first single , " Tan Sólo Tú " , performed by De Vita and Guzmán , reached Top 20 at the Billboard Top Latin Songs . Francamente , a DVD documentary about the recording sessions , is included on the standard edition of the album . De Vita was awarded the Best Male Pop Vocal Album at the 12th Latin Grammy Awards for En Primera Fila .
= = Background = =
After selling 12 million copies of his albums and composing for various artists , including Ricky Martin and Chayanne , Franco De Vita recorded En Primera Fila as a part of the concert series promoted by the label Sony Music entitled Primera Fila , which has a concept of record live performances by Latin American performers before a small audience in an intimate setting , resemblant to MTV Unplugged . About Primera Fila De Vita said , " The project was good for me , since I wanted to refresh many songs , some of them composed and recorded 25 years ago to incorporate a current sound and change some things . But the songs remains the same . " De Vita became the fourth performer to record under this format , following Vicente Fernández , Thalía , and OV7 . The album is De Vita 's third live album , following En Vivo Marzo 16 ( 1992 ) and Mil y Una Historias en Vivo ( 2006 ) .
= = Development = =
En Primera Fila was recorded from January 20 – 21 , 2011 , at the Comtel Studios in Miami , Florida , United States . De Vita was supported by a band of 15 members and was joined on stage by a handful of guest performers . Colombian singer @-@ songwriter Santiago Cruz helped with the song " Cálido y Frío " , Gilberto Santa Rosa added vocals to " Te Veo Venir Soledad " , Soledad Pastorutti performed on " No Se Olvida " , Alejandra Guzmán on " Tan Sólo Tú " , and Debi Nova on " Si Quieres Decir Adiós " . For the track " Si La Ves " , De Vita was accompanied by the members of the dissolved band Sin Bandera , Leonel García and Noel Schajris , who performed on the original version of the song . " I tried to give to the songs a different look , dress them differently . I did not change the lyrics or the melody , only the instrumental part , " De Vita recalled about the recording session . According to De Vita , Guzmán had the most complicated song on the album , the lead single . De Vita and Guzmán recorded the track twice , with Guzmán standing beside De Vita 's piano . For " Te Veo Venir Soledad " , De Vita and Santa Rosa tried to play a guajira , in order to Santa Rosa to improvise . The singer tried to keep the musical arrangements fresh and modern , without changing the songs too much . " I did not wanted people to feel that the songs were changed , " De Vita declared .
= = Repertoire = =
About the songs to be included on the album , De Vita revealed that his idea was to include well @-@ known songs that were more than three years old and refresh them with new arrangements . " The first challenge was to choose the songs , and the second to make that sound different ... but not too much " , De Vita said . Sixteen previous songs by the singer are included : " Un Buen Perdedor " , from his debut album of 1984 ; and " Aquí Estás Otra Vez " , from Fantasía ( 1986 ) ; " Louis " and " Te Amo " , from Al Norte del Sur ( 1989 ) ; " No Basta " , the lead single from Extranjero ( 1990 ) ; " Y Te Pienso " and " Cálido y Frío " , from Voces a mi Alrededor ( 1993 ) ; " Si Quieres Decir Adios " and the title track from the 1993 album Fuera de Este Mundo ; and " Si Tú No Estás " and " Te Veo Venir Soledad " , selected from Nada es Igual ( 1999 ) . The most represented album on the setlist is Stop ( 2005 ) with four songs : " Si La Ves " , " Dónde Está el Amor " , " No Me Lástimes " , and " Tú de Qué Vas " . " No Se Olvida " is the only song selected from the 2008 album Simplemente La Verdad . Two songs were previously unreleased . De Vita chose Mexican singer Alejandra Guzmán to record the lead single " Tan Sólo Tú " , since he thought she was " perfect " for the song . " Mira Más Allá " is the other new song included . De Vita also stated his intention to record a sequel to Primera Fila ; since many songs in his repertoire were left out , " I would like to include Shakira on a ballad ... Ricky Martin was considered for this album too , but could not make it in time . " Two years later , Vuelve en Primera Fila was announced to be the follow @-@ up album which was released on November 12 , 2013 in Latin America .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Mariano Prunes of Allmusic gave the album 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . He described it as an opportunity to showcase De Vita 's craftsmanship , while the singer " effortlessly dabble in pop , rock , ballads , and salsa . " De Vita earned two Latin Grammy Awards for his work on En Primera Fila : Best Male Pop Vocal Album and Best Long Form Music Video for the recording of the live presentation , which was shared with Diego Alvarez and Vicente Solís ; while the album was nominated for Album of the Year , which it lost to Entren Los Que Quieran by Calle 13 . The first single , " Tan Sólo Tú " received nominations for Record of the Year and Best Short Form Music Video , losing the first to " Latinoamérica " , and the second to " Calma Pueblo " , both by Calle 13 . The album also received a nomination for the Mexican Oye ! Awards for Male Pop Album of the Year , while " Tan Sólo Tú " was nominated for Pop Song of the Year . De Vita lost the first award to Cristian Castro for Viva el Príncipe , and the second to Mexican band Zoé for " Labios Rotos " .
= = = Commercial reception = = =
The album debuted at number four and peaked at number two on the Mexican Albums Chart . En Primera Fila earned a double platinum certification in Mexico by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . In the United States , the album debuted and peaked at number three in the Billboard Latin Albums , becoming De Vita 's second top ten album and highest placement on the chart , after Stop peaked at number seven in 2005 . On the Latin Pop Albums chart , En Primera Fila was the first number @-@ one album for De Vita and his seventh top ten hit . The album was certified Gold ( Latin field ) by the Recording Industry Association of America .
= = Promotion = =
= = = Singles = = =
" Tan Sólo Tú " , performed by De Vita and Alejandra Guzmán , was selected as the lead single from the album and also as the main theme for the Argentinian series Los únicos . De Vita also recorded a cameo for the series . The track peaked at number 15 in the Billboard Latin Songs and at number three in the Latin Pop Songs charts in the United States . In Mexico , the song peaked at number four on the Mexican Singles Chart . " Si Quieres Decir Adiós " was released as the second single . The song features singer @-@ songwriter Debi Nova and peaked at number 26 in the Latin Pop Songs chart in the United States .
= = = Tour = = =
To promote En Primera Fila , De Vita launched the " Mira Más Allá Tour " , where he had scheduled performances in Ecuador ( Guayaquil and Quito ) ; Venezuela ( Puerto La Cruz , Valencia , Caracas , Maracaibo and San Cristóbal ) ; for the show held in Caracas at the Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda Air Base De Vita was joined by Panamanian singer @-@ songwriter Rubén Blades and the Simón Bolivar Symphony and they gathered more than 100 @,@ 000 people ; De Vita also visited Mexico ( Guadalajara , Puebla , Tijuana ) , with the presentation in Guadalajara , held at the Telmex Auditorium , being joined by Leonel García on the song " Si la Ves " , and also performing " Entra en Mi Vida " , a single from García 's former band Sin Bandera . In the United States the singer performed at the Radio City Music Hall and was accompanied by Spanish singer Natalia Jiménez , Leonel García and La India . Following this presentation De Vita visited Boston and Washington to finally arrive to Argentina to perform at the Gran Rex . De Vita also performed along Alejandra Guzmán at the 12th Latin Grammy Awards the single " Tan Sólo Tú " .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Franco De Vita ( except where noted ) .
All songs written and composed by Franco De Vita ( except where noted ) .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Personnel = =
This information adapted from Allmusic .
= Maryland Route 198 =
Maryland Route 198 ( MD 198 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . The highway runs 14 @.@ 14 miles ( 22 @.@ 76 km ) from MD 650 near Spencerville east to the entrance of Fort George G. Meade beyond its junction with MD 32 . MD 198 connects Laurel in far northern Prince George 's County with the northeastern Montgomery County communities of Spencerville and Burtonsville and Maryland City and Fort Meade in western Anne Arundel County . The highway is a four @-@ to @-@ six @-@ lane divided highway between U.S. Route 29 ( US 29 ) in Burtonsville and the Baltimore – Washington Parkway in Maryland City .
MD 198 was constructed from US 1 in Laurel west toward Burtonsville in the early 1920s and completed in the late 1920s . Another section was built in Spencerville in the late 1920s ; the two segments were connected in the mid @-@ 1950s . The Laurel – Fort Meade road was built as MD 602 for military access purposes in the mid @-@ 1940s , replacing the original highway between the two locations , MD 216 . MD 198 was relocated through Laurel and extended east along MD 602 to Fort Meade in the early 1960s . The first divided highway portion of the highway was part of a relocation at the Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) interchange in the early 1970s . The divided highway was extended west to Burtonsville in the mid @-@ 1980s and through Maryland City in the late 1980s . MD 198 's eastern end was extended to MD 32 in the early 1990s and then moved again for its interchange with that highway in the early 2000s . The Maryland State Highway Administration ( MDSHA ) plans to expand the remaining two @-@ lane portions of MD 198 to a divided highway .
= = Route description = =
MD 198 begins at a four @-@ legged intersection with MD 650 ( New Hampshire Avenue ) west of Spencerville . The west leg of the intersection is county @-@ maintained Norbeck Road , which leads west to MD 28 . MD 198 heads east as two @-@ lane Spencerville Road through an intersection with Good Hope Road and passes through the village of Spencerville . At the western edge of Burtonsville , the highway expands to a four @-@ lane undivided highway and has a three @-@ way intersection with Old Columbia Pike and takes on that name . MD 198 expands to a six @-@ lane divided highway just west of its three @-@ quarter diamond interchange with US 29 ( Columbia Pike ) . Access from southbound US 29 to MD 198 is provided via Columbia Pike , a bypassed segment of US 29 that intersects MD 198 opposite the ramp from MD 198 to southbound US 29 .
MD 198 continues east as Sandy Spring Road , which drops to four lanes as the road leaves Burtonsville . The route crosses the Montgomery – Prince George 's county line and temporarily expands to six lanes between the intersection with Old Gunpowder Road and Bond Mill Road and the state highway 's junction with I @-@ 95 in West Laurel . The junction is a cloverleaf interchange with a flyover ramp from westbound MD 198 to southbound I @-@ 95 . MD 198 again becomes six lanes at the east end of the interchange where the highway enters the city of Laurel . At Ninth Street , the state highway splits into a one @-@ way pair that uses Gorman Avenue eastbound and Talbott Avenue westbound . MD 198 meets the southern end of MD 216 ( Seventh Street ) and intersects US 1 , which comprises a one @-@ way pair that uses Washington Boulevard southbound and Second Street northbound . East of US 1 , Gorman and Talbott Avenues come together to form Fort Meade Road , a six @-@ lane divided highway that crosses CSX 's Capital Subdivision , which carries MARC 's Camden Line .
MD 198 curves northeast and meets the northern end of MD 197 ( Laurel Bowie Road ) before crossing the Patuxent River , where the route leaves the city of Laurel and enters Anne Arundel County . The highway , now named Laurel Fort Meade Road , passes one of the main entrances to Laurel Park Racecourse and passes through Maryland City . MD 198 drops to four lanes at its partial cloverleaf interchange with the Baltimore – Washington Parkway ( unsigned MD 295 ) and then becomes a two @-@ lane road a short distance east of the interchange . The state highway crosses the Little Patuxent River , then curves southeast and expands to a four @-@ lane divided highway as it parallels MD 32 ( Patuxent Freeway ) . At the entrance to Tipton Airport , MD 198 curves north and meets MD 32 at a dumbbell interchange . The highway passes through an S @-@ curve then reaches its northern terminus at an entrance to Fort Meade . The road continues into the military installation as Mapes Road .
MD 198 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length . The highway is an intermodal connector between I @-@ 95 and US 1 . The remainder of the highway is a National Highway System principal arterial .
= = History = =
The first segment of MD 198 was built as a 15 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) concrete road from US 1 west to Contee Road by 1921 ; the two roads intersected at the site of the modern I @-@ 95 interchange . The concrete road was extended west to the Montgomery – Prince George 's county line in 1923 . In Laurel , MD 198 originally followed Montgomery Street and the piece of Sandy Spring Road north of modern MD 198 from Montgomery Street to the I @-@ 95 interchange . A separate segment of MD 198 was built as a macadam road from MD 27 ( later US 29 , now MD 650 ) to a point east of Good Hope Road in 1929 and 1930 . In addition , the first segment of the state highway was extended as a 20 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) macadam road from the county line to the western Old Columbia Pike intersection in Burtonsville ; the macadam road continued south along Old Columbia Pike , which was then designated MD 196 . MD 198 was widened with a pair of 3 @.@ 5 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) bituminous shoulders from the county line east to Laurel between 1938 and 1940 . There remained a gap in MD 198 between Spencerville and Burtonsville until the intervening county road was brought into state maintenance in 1956 .
The original route connecting Laurel and Fort Meade was MD 216 . That highway was built between 1934 and 1939 along a course generally north of modern MD 198 . Modern MD 198 was constructed as MD 602 as a military access project during World War II . The first segment of the new highway , from US 1 to MD 216 near Brock Bridge Road in what is now Maryland City , was started in 1943 and completed in 1944 . This segment included a bridge across the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad ( now CSX ) in Laurel and a bridge across the Patuxent River . The remainder of MD 602 , from near Brock Bridge Road to the entrance to Fort Meade near the Little Patuxent River , was completed by 1946 . When MD 602 was completed , MD 216 was truncated at US 1 .
MD 198 was widened to 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) on Montgomery Street in Laurel in 1948 . When the US 1 Laurel Bypass — today the northbound lanes of the U.S. Highway on Second Street — was completed , the highway was extended east one block on Montgomery Street to the new bypass in 1950 and 1951 . In 1963 , MD 198 was removed from Montgomery Avenue and placed on its Gorman – Talbott one @-@ way pair through Laurel in 1963 . That same year , A new piece of highway was created from Van Dusen Road to Ninth Street to connect the one @-@ way pair with Sandy Spring Road . That same year , MD 198 was extended over the course of MD 602 to Fort Meade . The first portion of MD 198 to become a divided highway was along a new alignment from Sweitzer Lane to Van Dusen Road . This highway was built concurrent with I @-@ 95 and the I @-@ 95 – MD 198 interchange in 1970 and 1971 .
The MD 198 divided highway was extended west from Sweitzer Lane to what was then US 29 in 1985 . That same year , the state highway was expanded to a divided highway from US 1 to the Patuxent River . MD 198 was rebuilt as a divided highway from the Patuxent River to just west of the Baltimore – Washington Parkway in 1987 . The divided highway was extended through the parkway interchange in 1991 . As part of the construction , the original five @-@ ramp partial cloverleaf interchange had a loop ramp added from the northbound parkway to westbound MD 198 . That same year , MD 198 was extended east from the Little Patuxent River to newly constructed MD 32 in Fort Meade . The state highway 's western terminus was relocated from an acute intersection with MD 650 to an orthogonal intersection in 1997 . The west leg of the intersection became operational when the extended Norbeck Road , a county highway connecting the ends of MD 28 and MD 198 , opened in 2004 . MD 198 's eastern end was extended along its current course when the MD 198 – MD 32 dumbbell interchange was completed in 2002 . The MD 198 – US 29 interchange opened in 2005 .
MDSHA has conducted a study on the east – west corridor between the MD 28 – MD 97 intersection at Norbeck and the I @-@ 95 – MD 198 interchange , a corridor that forms the most direct route from Laurel to Rockville . Plans for the MD 198 portion of the corridor call for expanding the route to a four @-@ lane divided highway from MD 650 to US 29 and widening the highway to six lanes from the Montgomery – Prince George 's County line to west of I @-@ 95 . The proposals also include adding a center turn lane to MD 198 between Old Columbia Pike and the Columbia Pike intersection and constructing roundabouts at Good Hope Road , Thompson Road , and Peach Orchard Road in Spencerville . MDSHA has also conducted a study concerning MD 198 between the Baltimore – Washington Parkway and Fort Meade . Proposed improvements are associated with the Base Realignment and Closure process that has greatly increased activity at Fort Meade . The preferred alternative that came out of the study was to expand MD 198 from the Baltimore – Washington Parkway to MD 32 to a four @-@ lane divided highway and to construct a flyover ramp from westbound MD 32 to westbound MD 198 to supplement the existing dumbbell interchange .
= = Junction list = =
= = Auxiliary route = =
MD 198A is the designation for Old MD 198 , which runs 0 @.@ 07 miles ( 0 @.@ 11 km ) from MD 650 east to a dead end adjacent to MD 198 near Spencerville . MD 198A is the old alignment of MD 198 before the highway 's western terminus was relocated to its present intersection in 1997 . MD 198A was assigned to the stub in 2007 .
= Blah Blah Blah ( Kesha song ) =
" Blah Blah Blah " is a song by American recording artist Kesha from her debut album , Animal ( 2010 ) . Produced by Benny Blanco , and co @-@ written by Kesha , Blanco , Neon Hitch and Sean Foreman , it was released as the album 's second single on February 19 , 2010 , and features 3OH ! 3 . Initial writing of the song took place when Kesha , Blanco , Hitch and Foreman were discussing which sex talked more and which one was more " obnoxious . " The song is a midtempo electropop song that speaks of men in the same way that they have talked about women in the music industry . The lyrics depict a woman who would rather have sex than listen to a man speak and features blatant come @-@ ons throughout the song .
The single achieved commercial success by reaching the top five in Australia and Canada , whilst charting within the top ten in the United States and New Zealand . The song became Kesha 's second top ten single in Australia , Canada and the United States . It has gone on to sell over two million copies in the United States as well as being certified two times platinum in Canada .
The music video for " Blah Blah Blah " was directed by Brendan Malloy . The video follows similar suit to the song 's lyrics . It depicts Kesha getting hit on by a variety of different men and she continually rejects them . Kesha and 3OH ! 3 performed the song on ninth season of American Idol to promote the single .
= = Writing and inspiration = =
" Blah Blah Blah " was written by Kesha alongside Neon Hitch , Sean Foreman and Benny Blanco who also produced the song . Kesha said that the song originated from a discussion they had in the studio on the politics of female @-@ male relationships which Kesha later explained , " The song came about when the people that wrote it — me , Benny Blanco , Neon Hitch and [ 3OH ! 3 's ] Sean Foreman — all got in a room , and they were talking about how chicks talk too much , " [ ... ] " And me and Neon were like , ' No , no , no , guys talk too much , " [ ... ] " So , we had this war of who were more obnoxious , chicks or dudes . And the song kind of came around from that conversation . I think I make a pretty fair point both in this video and in the song , that dudes are way more annoying . "
= = Composition = =
" Blah Blah Blah " is a midtempo electropop song ; the song utilizes synthesizers and drum machines in its production . According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music Publishing , the single is set in compound time with a moderate beat rate of 120 beats per minute . It is written in the key of D minor and Kesha 's vocal range in the song spans from the note of D3 to the note of D5 . Lyrically , " Blah Blah Blah " depicts a woman who would rather have sex than listen to a man speak as the singer finds talkative men annoying ; blatant come @-@ ons such as " show me where your dick 's at " and " I wanna be naked " leave this literal meaning unambiguous . Kesha herself has been frank about this straightforward interpretation of the lyrics . The lyrics have been interpreted as a shot at the way men objectify women by speaking about them the way that they do in the music industry . " Andrew Burgess of MusicOMH felt that the line " I don 't really care where you live at , just turn around boy , let me hit that . Don 't be a little bitch with your chit @-@ chat ; just show me where your dick 's at " was a way of belittling her male peers . Fraser McAlpine of BBC noted that it was cultural progress that a woman can now " sing a song [ ... ] as dirty [ ... ] as her male peers " .
= = Critical reception = =
Fraser McAlpine of the BBC was impressed with the song saying " it 's a sign of cultural progress that a modern pop lass can sing a song which is exactly as dirty as the kind of song her male peers would risk . " He compared Kesha 's vocal delivery to that of Eminem , he also compared the hook , " you tah @-@ tah @-@ tawkin ' that Blah Blah Blah " to " Bad Romance " by Lady Gaga , stating that the song was a " rural , farm @-@ girl spin " of it . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News stated that the track " could become the ' whatever ' anthem of the season . " It was described by the Winnipeg Free Press as a " hard pop @-@ hop cut with pogo @-@ worthy beats . " Daniel Brockman of The Phoenix thought that Kesha " intone [ d ] in a lusty , disturbingly carefree tone " on the song .
Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times said that " Blah Blah Blah " was one of those " moments on Animal that are nearly as experimental as an Animal Collective record , but instead of some wistful , Brian Wilson @-@ loving artiste at the song 's center , there 's this girl , rolling her eyes and snapping her gum . " Melanie Bertoldi from Billboard magazine also thought that the verse by 3OH ! 3 " severely slow [ ed ] down the momentum and never quite gel [ ed ] with Kesha 's catty , aggressive delivery , " but praised the song for its " danceability " . Andrew Burgess of MusicOMH said that while " 3OH ! 3 makes a lame attempt to assert the case for male equality [ on the song ] , Kesha comes off as so infectiously dominating , it 's hard to take [ 3OH ! 3 ] seriously . " Mayer Nissim of Digital Spy gave the song two out of five stars , stating that it was not as catchy as her debut , slamming the lyrics for being " thick " and adding that she failed to deliver on many lines , calling them " faux @-@ outrageous , faux @-@ feminist trash " . Melinda Newman of HitFix criticized the song , calling 3OH ! 3 " slumming " and " wretched . "
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Blah Blah Blah " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at position seven , and on the Hot Digital Songs chart at number two , selling a total of 206 @,@ 000 downloads , both chartings would become the songs ' peaks . On Billboard 's Pop chart , the song reached a peak of eleven . The song has received Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 units and as of February 2011 , the song has sold more than two million digital copies in the United States alone. as of June 2011 , the song has sold 2 @,@ 132 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In Canada , " Blah Blah Blah " debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at position three , which became its peak . In March 2010 the single was certified double platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for sales of 160 @,@ 000 units .
In Australia , " Blah Blah Blah " entered the Australian chart at position seven on the week of January 24 , 2010 . The following week the song moved to position four , where it held the spot for three consecutive weeks . On the song 's fifth week on the chart , it reached its peak at position three where it held the spot for one week . The song was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for sales of 70 @,@ 000 units . In New Zealand , the song debuted and peaked at position seven . It later went on to receive gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for sales of 7 @,@ 500 units . " Blah Blah Blah " made its debut onto the UK Singles Chart at number eleven on the issue dated February 7 , 2010 with sales of 27 @,@ 161 .
= = Music video = =
The music video for the song was directed by Brendan Malloy . It premiered on February 23 , 2010 , on Vevo . Both members of 3OH ! 3 make an appearance in the video . Kesha told MTV that the video primarily involves men ( described as " douchey " ) hitting on Kesha , while she declines their advances . " At one point , " Kesha says " I get to be strapped to this harness and bouncing around everywhere , and it was really cool [ ... ] The whole concept of the video was a bunch of douche @-@ y guys macking on me as usual , and me making them eat their toupees or other various items " . Melanie Bertoldi of Billboard said that the clip was " thoroughly entertaining " .
In the first scene , outside of a club , Kesha is hit on by comedian Bret Ernst . He tries to convince Kesha that they would make a good couple , meanwhile Kesha texts someone , describing the man as a " major douchemaster " . The next scene has Kesha at a bar playing pool near a man , where she duct @-@ tapes him , later pulling down his pants , after describing him as a " tool bag " in a text message . In an arcade , Kesha pushes a man away who is making conversation with her . The third suitor attempts to serenade Kesha with a guitar , to which Kesha replies by stuffing paper in his mouth . In the final sequence , a man tries to talk to Kesha in a bowling alley . She loses interest when his toupée falls off his head and she shoves the hairpiece into his mouth , in vein of the previous arcade scene . The video ends with Kesha and 3OH ! 3 singing and dancing together in the bowling lanes .
= = Live performances = =
The song was first performed live for MTV Push , a program broadcast by MTV Networks worldwide . It was also performed on January 18 , 2010 , at MuchOnDemand , broadcast on Canadian cable music channel , MuchMusic . Kesha performed for the first time a heavily censored version of the song on the ninth season of American Idol with 3OH ! 3 on March 17 , 2010 . In the United Kingdom , Kesha made two appearances to perform the song . The first was on February 18 , 2010 , Alan Carr : Chatty Man . It was followed by a performance on breakfast television show GMTV , on February 19 . She also performed the song in a set for BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend , as well as Willkommen Bei Mario Barth Live in Germany and So You Think You
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, while the concept of the family being turned inside out by a mysterious fog comes from an episode of the radio show Lights Out called " The Dark " . The performance of the final dance number is stylized after the song 's performance on The Brady Bunch Hour .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Treehouse of Horror V " finished 27th in ratings for the week of October 24 – 30 , 1994 , with a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 2 , equivalent to approximately 11 @.@ 6 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Beverly Hills 90210 .
The episode is often considered one of the best Simpsons Halloween episodes ever . It finished ninth on a list by the magazine Entertainment Weekly of its top 25 Simpsons episodes . In it , The Shinning segment was described as " a parody [ ... ] with such detail [ and ] comic timing " and that it " ranks with the great [ ... ] spoofs of all time " , and the Time and Punishment segment as " one of the most beautifully random moments in [ The ] Simpsons history " , but also said that the Nightmare Cafeteria segment " doesn 't shine as brilliantly " . It ranked fifth on AskMen.com 's " Top 10 : Simpsons Episodes " list . The list stated that the episode " offers three completely different tales , [ ... ] boasting a potent combination of wit and humor " that , " the laughs never end " and that it " does a great job of incorporating Halloween @-@ themed stories with the standard Simpsons charm " . IGN called the episode " the funniest Treehouse of Horror to date " . In 2006 , they also named it the best episode of the sixth season . Adam Finley of the weblog TV Squad called it " possibly one of the best Halloween episodes ever " . Michael Passman said the episode " is largely regarded as the best , but a weak final third holds it back " .
The Shinning is particularly the highest @-@ praised segment . As well as Entertainment Weekly 's praise , IGN voted it first on their list of the best segments in the Treehouse of Horror series , with Time and Punishment coming fourth . It came ninth on the blog Noise to Signal 's , list of " The Ten Best Treehouse of Horror Vignettes " . Adam Finley of TV Squad contemplating that it " could [ ... ] be the best Treehouse of Horror segment ever " as well as praising the opening of Time and Punishment . When putting together the perfect Treehouse of Horror episode , Michael Passman of Michigan Daily included The Shinning as " a shoo @-@ in " . Empire named " No TV And No Beer Make Homer Go Crazy " the sixth best film parody in the show 's history .
Alf Clausen 's musical score for this episode received an Emmy Award nomination for " Outstanding Dramatic Underscore - Series " in 1995 . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood called it " Another fine entry to the Treehouse canon " .
James Earl Jones ' guest appearance in this episode , as well as in " Treehouse of Horror " and " Das Bus " , was listed seventh on IGN 's " Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances " list . Jones ranked 25th on AOL 's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars . Matt Groening said that this line is among his favorite lines in the show . David Mirkin said that Homer 's line " Oh I wish , I wish I hadn 't killed that fish " is one of his favorites in the show , and that the alternate future in which the family are rich " breaks [ his ] heart every time " . Homer 's line " close enough " from " Time and Punishment " was later used in the Stargate SG @-@ 1 episode " Moebius " .
= = Legacy = =
Time and Punishment was later referenced in DC Comic 's Booster Gold comic series , where Booster Gold explains the butterfly effect by asking if anyone had seen the episode where Homer stepped on a butterfly and it began raining donuts , only to wish it were raining donuts where he was .
= Lydia Hart =
Lydia Hart is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks , a long @-@ running serial drama about life in a fictional suburb of Chester . The character is no longer part of current storylines . She was played by actress Lydia Kelly between 2009 and 2010 . Lydia was created by series producer Bryan Kirkwood as one of many characters introduced that year . She made her debut in the soap on 4 March 2009 , and remained for ten months .
Lydia 's storylines focus on homosexuality , obsessiveness and murder . The seemingly level @-@ headed music lover and friend of Josh Ashworth , she is portrayed as opinionated , passionate young student who had a love of music and protecting her family , for example her young sister Persephone Hart who also appeared in the show for a period of three months . Lydia 's relationship to the sexually confused Sarah Barnes was central to the character for seven months of the year culminating with her screen death in October 2009 after she was murdered by Lydia . Other storylines included her ongoing on @-@ off relationship with ex @-@ girlfriend Charlotte Lau and continued feuds with Archie and Zoe Carpenter . The characters departure was announced in December 2009 , when the character was arrested for the attempted murder of Zoe at Sarah 's graveside after stabbing her , resulting in her being charged for the murder of Sarah and the attempted murder of Zoe , with Lydia making her final appearance on 1 January 2010 . The parachute stunt won a British Soap Award in 2010 . The aftermath storyline has received mixed reviews from critics . Some have favoured Lydia 's " bunny boiling " and others described it as a " drawn out and boring storyline . "
= = Character creation and casting = =
In November 2008 , during an episode of Hollyoaks spin @-@ off Hollyoaks Later , Sarah Barnes ( Loui Batley ) and Zoe Carpenter ( Zoë Lister ) had a sexual encounter . Up to now both characters had previously been portrayed as heterosexual and this was the start of Sarah 's on @-@ going sexuality crisis . The character of Lydia Hart was created as the new love interest for the sexually confused already established character , Sarah . When the character first appeared on @-@ screen she was revealed to have a younger sister , Persephone Hart ( Elizabeth Hadley ) , who was attending the dance classes taught by Sarah . Little is known about the rest of Lydia 's family , although the character did stay with her mother frequently off @-@ screen . The character was also given links to Charlotte Lau ( Amy Yamazaki ) who arrived in Hollyoaks in June 2009 . It was soon revealed that Lydia was Charlotte 's ex @-@ girlfriend .
It was announced in February 2009 that Hollyoaks series producer Bryan Kirkwood had cast television newcomer Lydia Kelly in the role of Lydia . Speaking to the Hollyoaks website of her casting , Kelly stated , " It was brilliant , when my agent said I 'd got the part I didn 't believe her . " and in Hollyoaks Backstage , Kelly was asked what was next for Lydia , she stated , " [ ... ] I don 't know whats next for Lydia [ ... ] I think justice has to be done soon . " In December 2009 , it was announced that Kelly would leave the show . Producers confirmed that Lydia would depart at the climax of her storyline .
= = Character development = =
= = = Characterisation = = =
Lydia first arriving on @-@ screen was first shown as different from other characters and it was stated from her inception that she was passionate about music and enjoyed getting people into the music scene . Speaking of her character , Kelly stated " She 's very down to earth . She knows exactly what she wants , where she wants to go , and how to get there ! She 's also very level @-@ headed . " From the characters inception , she was shown to be an opinionated , proud young student who wasn 't afraid of her homosexuality and a person who could make friends very easily , as well as enemies .
Lydia 's relationships helped develop the character . Her first relationship off @-@ screen is with ex @-@ girlfriend Charlotte , who supposedly shared her interests in music and fashion , as they were both considered ' out there ' . The history of the relationship immediately gave viewers an insight to the character . However , their relationship was seemingly shattered by Lydia 's constant jealousy and her clingy nature , which ultimately lead to their break up . But , Lydia tried to commit suicide soon after , which was told on @-@ screen when Charlotte arrived in the village . Lydia 's second relationship is a more serious one , with the sexually confused Sarah Barnes ; Sarah , who had previously been portrayed as heterosexual , suffers an identity crisis , coming to terms with her one @-@ night stand with Zoe Carpenter , however Sarah ended the relationship after Lydia became interfering and tried to control her life due to falling in love with her . Speaking to entertainment website Digital Spy about Sarah 's relationship with Lydia , Loui Batley commented , " With Lydia , she brought something to her and she got on with her and was sparky , which is something that Sarah liked . " After her relationship with Sarah ended , the character 's true persona was revealed . She became jealous of Sarah and her relationship with Zoe , and the character 's vulnerability became the centre of her deranged campaign for revenge in the latter part of 2009 , as she was excluded from Sarah 's life .
= = = Murder and exit = = =
In July 2009 , it was announced by Hollyoaks that Loui Batley had quit her role as Sarah and Zoe Lister ( Zoe ) would depart the soap later in the year and that one of the girls ' exits , however , will result in a " tragic curtain call " . It was announced that Lydia would be the cause of the pair 's departure . In later September , Lydia became very jealous of Sarah , who she had recently split up with . She also became jealous of Zoe , who Sarah had a one @-@ night stand with in the previous year . During the events of Hollyoaks Later in October , Lydia 's jealousy went out of control when she sabotaged a parachute , which was revealed to be used by either Sarah or Zoe . It was announced that one of the pair would be killed after plummeting to their death .
Hysterical Lydia , who thought Sarah and Zoe were having an affair , had a conversation with Charlotte and revealed when they split up , she attempted suicide , proving the character 's vulnerability . After sabotaging Zoe 's parachute , they are mixed up and a terrified Lydia began to worry that she might have got the sabotaged parachute . While doing the jump , Zoe 's deploys , however Sarah 's does not . As she hits the ground , Lydia screams in terror . She is completely destroyed by Sarah 's death , but does not admit to being responsible when Zoe is arrested , and with that Lydia tries to commit suicide once again .
After Zoe is released from prison and is found not guilty of Sarah 's murder , it is believed that Sarah committed suicide after her diary , found by Mike Barnes ( Tony Hirst ) is used as evidence in court . Soon Lydia starts to befriend Zoe and she ends up moving in with the Barnes family where Lydia now lives and soon Zoe plans too uncover Lydia 's murderous ways as she does not want to be known as a killer . In an interview with entertainment website Digital Spy , Lister said of the storyline , " It all gets really messy from here ! Because Lydia 's really deranged , Lydia starts thinking that because she loved Sarah and Sarah loved Zoe , if she gets with Zoe , that 'll be the final piece in the puzzle and it 'll all work out . " She explained : " Lydia starts becoming obsessed with Zoe and to keep control , Zoe has to go with it . There 's a point where Lydia kisses her ! And then Mike walks in and kicks Zoe out . "
The culmination of the plot saw Lydia lure Zoe to a church and stab her at Sarah 's grave . The stabbing storyline was described as a " brutal attack " and at the time producers refused to reveal if Zoe would die . Describing the terror Lydia causes a spokesperson for the serial stated : " Zoe can ’ t believe it when Lydia admits the parachute was meant for her . As soon as she realises Lydia wanted her dead she tries to run . That ’ s when Lydia pulls out a knife and stabs her . " This led to a fight between Lydia and Charlotte who arrives with Dave Colburn ( Elliot James Langridge ) . They both fight to grab the knife while an unconscious Zoe bleeds , ultimately leading to the arrest of Lydia when the police arrive . She is later charged with the murder of Sarah and the attempted murder of Zoe .
= = Storylines = =
= = = 2009 – 2010 = = =
Lydia first appears in March 2009 as a friend of Josh Ashworth ( Sonny Flood ) . She orders Steph Cunningham ( Carley Stenson ) to fire Sarah after her sister Persephone Hart tells her that Sarah hit her . Theresa McQueen ( Jorgie Porter ) steals Lydia 's handbag and she accuses Josh 's girlfriend Amy Barnes ( Ashley Slanina @-@ Davies ) . She decides not to press charges against Theresa . Amy accuses Lydia and Josh of having an affair . Josh tells her she is a lesbian and Amy hits her . Amy later apologises , however is still jealous of Lydia and Josh 's relationship . At Josh 's birthday party , Michaela McQueen ( Hollie @-@ Jay Bowes ) assumes that Lydia and Sarah are a couple . Sarah and Lydia then become friends . In late March , after agreeing to dance with Sarah during one of the classes , Lydia kisses her . Sarah denies it when Lydia claims that they felt something . Sarah then shows more of an interest in Lydia .
Lydia finds out Sarah is bribing Holly Cunningham ( Lydia Waters ) to befriend Persephone so she could get closer to her , leaving things awkward between the girls . The next day , Lydia allays her fears to Sarah over relationships and the girls seal it with a kiss , which Michaela sees . Sarah and Lydia then begin a full relationship . It is revealed that out of her family , Persephone is the only one who knows of Lydia 's sexuality . Lydia replaces Rhys Ashworth ( Andrew Moss ) as the drummer of Josh 's band ' The Somethings ' as he kicked him out because he was against having wheelchair user Hayley Ramsey ( Kelly Marie Stewart ) as the lead singer because of their bad breakup . Lydia is later kicked out of the band due to unreliability .
After breaking up from Sarah , Lydia becomes jealous of Zoe and Sarah 's friendship . Lydia then begins going out with Sarah again although she is more invested in the relationship with Sarah . Lydia 's true colours start to show when she tells Sarah she has received dead flowers on her and former girlfriend Charlotte 's anniversary , she tells Sarah she thinks they are from Charlotte , she then shows the same bouquet to Charlotte and accuses Zoe . It is then revealed during an argument with Charlotte that Lydia tried to kill herself when she and Charlotte split up . Lydia sees Sarah and Zoe going on an adventure holiday with Steph Cunningham ( Carley Stenson ) , Fernando Fernandez ( Jeronimo Best ) and Gilly Roach ( Anthony Quinlan ) and is jealous when she takes Zoe . Lydia follows them and has an argument with Sarah . She continues to pretend Charlotte is stalking her in order to gain sympathy . When left alone with Zoe , she tells her Sarah tried to kill herself over her . Later , Lydia overhears Sarah admit her love to a drunken Zoe . The next day , Lydia begins slitting her wrists and tries to convince Sarah that Zoe is trying to split them up . Lydia uses a knife on one of the parachutes which Zoe will use , however they get mixed up . As the girls head into the sky , Lydia begins to feel guilty and tries to stop them , however Zoe and Sarah jump out . Lydia follows and is horrified when Zoe 's parachute deploys and Sarah 's does not . Sarah then hits the ground . Lydia and Zoe rush to her body , both crying . Lydia frames Zoe for the death of Sarah by hiding the knife used to sabotage the parachute behind Zoe 's bed . Lydia then proceeds to slit her wrists in the shower due to her guilt .
As Lydia recovers in hospital , Zoe is charged with Sarah 's murder . Realising she has escaped arrest for accidentally killing Sarah , Lydia lies to Charlotte , telling her how she and Sarah planned to travel and even adopt . Archie Carpenter ( Stephen Beard ) confronts Lydia over the day of Sarah 's death and is shocked when Lydia claims she was not supposed to die . Archie goes to the police , however they do not do anything . During Sarah 's funeral , Archie arrives at her wake and announces Lydia caused her death . When no one believes him , he is removed . Before Zoe 's court case , Mike goes to visit her . Lydia tries to tell Mike that she will try to appear innocent . When he returns , and claims he knows she could not have killed Sarah , Lydia manipulates him into believing that she was just trying to get him on side . At this time , Charlotte and Lydia get back together . At the court case , Lydia lies whilst giving a statement . Charlotte accompanies Lydia to the case , agreeing to keep their new relationship quiet . However , when she sees the knife used to cut the parachute , Charlotte realises Lydia was responsible for Sarah 's death . After she confesses , Lydia tells Charlotte if she goes to prison , she will kill herself .
Zoe is found not guilty of Sarah 's murder , due to the court believing Sarah committed suicide . After Lydia catches Mike kissing Zoe , she goes to Amy and tells her what she saw , and tells her she believes Zoe is trying to get Mike on her side to make it look like she is innocent . Lydia expresses her doubts with Mike , still trying to blame Zoe for Sarah 's death . However , after realising she could try to get Zoe on her side , she pleads with her to forgive her and move into the Barnes family home . An angry Zoe throws her out . Zoe then approaches Lydia and apologises . The pair slowly become friends . However , Zoe is only pretending in order to get a confession . Lydia and Zoe kiss as part of Zoe 's plan to expose Lydia as Sarah 's killer . Mike throws Zoe out of the flat .
On New Year 's Eve , Lydia discovers Zoe 's true reasons for befriending her and decides to murder her at Sarah 's grave , before taking her own life . Zoe and Lydia meet in a church to admit their ' relationship ' to Sarah . However , Zoe flees and is knocked unconscious . When she wakes up , she finally gets a confession from Lydia , who admits why she cut the parachute . Zoe attacks Lydia before leaving . At Sarah 's grave , Lydia stabs Zoe , as Charlotte , Mike and Dave arrive to stop her . As Zoe is taken away in an ambulance , Lydia is arrested . Lydia is questioned by D.I. Fletcher ( Laura Fletcher ) as Zoe recovers in hospital . Lydia admits everything and she is then charged for the murder of Sarah and attempted murder of Zoe . She is later given a lifetime prison sentence .
= = Reception = =
Ruth Deller of entertainment website Lowculture criticised Lydia during her monthly review on the popularity of soap opera characters , she branded her as an unconvincing villain , stating : " Looking like a demented shrew doesn 't mean you 're convincing at being a crazed murderess . The whole ' who killed Sarah ' storyline is rather silly , and it 's not helped by Lydia being a rubbish villain . Memo to Hollyoaks : must try harder . "
The parachute stunt won " Spectacular Scene Of The Year " at the 2010 British Soap Awards . Olly Riachards men 's lifestyle magazine FHM commented on the aftermath of Sarah 's death and Lydia 's storyline branding it as a " really drawn out and really boring plotline . " Radio Times included Lydia on their list of top bunny boilers due to her attitude towards Sarah and killing her out of jealousy . They ironically joked about how long she could repress her murderous impulses , giving her until the new year . ( The actual time she tried to kill Zoe ) . Cara Lee of The Sun branded Lydia stabbing Zoe as one of Hollyoak 's most memorable New Year storylines in its history . The Daily Star also commented on the storyline with Zoe , stating " Smitten Lydia falls for her act and is delighted as she always thought Zoe was out of her league . "
= Black Moshannon State Park =
Black Moshannon State Park is a 3 @,@ 481 @-@ acre ( 1 @,@ 409 ha ) Pennsylvania state park in Rush Township , Centre County , Pennsylvania , United States . It surrounds Black Moshannon Lake , formed by a dam on Black Moshannon Creek , which has given its name to the lake and park . The park is just west of the Allegheny Front , 9 miles ( 14 km ) east of Philipsburg on Pennsylvania Route 504 , and is largely surrounded by Moshannon State Forest . A bog in the park provides a habitat for diverse wildlife not common in other areas of the state , such as carnivorous plants , orchids , and species normally found farther north . As home to the " [ l ] argest reconstituted bog / wetland complex in Pennsylvania " .
Humans have long used the Black Moshannon area for recreational , industrial , and subsistence purposes . The Seneca tribe used it as hunting and fishing grounds . European settlers cleared some land for farming , then clear @-@ cut the vast stands of old @-@ growth White Pine and Eastern Hemlock to meet the needs of a growing nation during the late 19th century . Black Moshannon State Park rose from the ashes of a depleted forest that was largely destroyed by wildfire in the years following the lumber era . The forests were rehabilitated by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression of the 1930s . Many of the buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps stand in the park today and are protected on the list of National Register of Historic Places in three historic districts .
Black Moshannon State Park is open year @-@ round for recreation and has an extensive network of trails which allow hiking , biking , and viewing the bog habitat at the Black Moshannon State Natural Area . The park is in Pennsylvania Important Bird Area # 33 , where bird watchers have recorded 175 different species . It is also home to many rare and unusual plants and animals , due to its location atop the Allegheny Plateau ; the lake is at an elevation of about 1 @,@ 900 feet ( 580 m ) . Much of the park is open for hunting and the lake and creek are open for fishing , boating , and swimming . In winter it is a popular destination for cross @-@ country skiing , and was home to a small downhill skiing area from 1965 to 1982 . Picnics and camping are also popular , and the " Friends of Black Moshannon State Park " group promotes the park and all of the recreational activities associated with it .
= = History = =
= = = Native Americans = = =
Humans have lived in what is now Pennsylvania since at least 10 @,@ 000 BC . The first settlers were Paleo @-@ Indian nomadic hunters known from their stone tools . The hunter @-@ gatherers of the Archaic period , which lasted locally from 7000 to 1000 BC , used a greater variety of more sophisticated stone artefacts . The Woodland period marked the gradual transition to semi @-@ permanent villages and horticulture , between 1000 BC and 1500 AD . Archeological evidence found in the state from this time includes a range of pottery types and styles , burial mounds , pipes , bows and arrow , and ornaments .
Black Moshannon Creek is in the West Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin , whose earliest recorded inhabitants were the Iroquoian @-@ speaking Susquehannocks . They were a matriarchial society that lived in large long houses in stockaded villages . Decimated by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois , by 1675 they had died out , moved away , or been assimilated into other tribes .
After this , the lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois . The Iroquois lived in long houses , primarily in what is now New York , and had a strong confederacy which gave them power beyond their numbers . To fill the void left by the demise of the Susquehannocks , the Iroquois encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle in the West Branch watershed , including the Lenape ( or Delaware ) .
The Seneca , members of the Iroquois Confederacy , were inhabitants in the area of Black Moshannon Lake , which was a series of beaver ponds at the time . They and other Native Americans , including the Lenape , hunted , fished , and traded in the region . The Great Shamokin Path , the major native east – west path connecting the Susquehanna and Allegheny River basins , crossed Black Moshannon Creek at a ford a few miles downstream from the park ; however , no trails of the indigenous peoples are recorded as having passed through the park itself . The park 's 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) Indian Trail for hiking and cross @-@ country skiing recalls such native paths as it runs through an open forest of oak and pine trees , with occasional clearings and a grove of hawthorns .
The French and Indian War ( 1754 – 1763 ) led to the migration of many Native Americans westward to the Ohio River basin . On November 5 , 1768 , the British acquired the " New Purchase " from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix , including what is now Black Moshannon State Park . After the American Revolutionary War , Native Americans almost entirely left Pennsylvania .
While there are no known archeological sites within Black Moshannon State Park , the name Moshannon / moʊˈʃænən / is derived from a Lenape ( Delaware ) term for Moshannon and Black Moshannon Creeks : Mos 'hanna 'unk , which means " elk river place . " The name " Black Moshannon " refers to the dark color of the water , a result of plant tannins from the local vegetation and bog .
= = = Lumber era = = =
Prior to the arrival of William Penn and his Quaker colonists in 1682 , it has been estimated that up to 90 percent of what is now Pennsylvania was covered with woods : over 31 @,@ 000 square miles ( 80 @,@ 000 km2 ) of white pine , eastern hemlock , and a mix of hardwoods . The forests near the three original counties , Philadelphia , Bucks , and Chester , were the first to be harvested , as the early settlers used the readily available timber to build homes , barns , and ships , and cleared the land for agriculture . The demand for lumber slowly increased and by the time of the American Revolution the lumber industry had reached the interior and mountainous regions of Pennsylvania .
Lumber became one of the leading industries in Pennsylvania . Trees were used to furnish fuel to heat homes , tannin for the many tanneries that were spread throughout the state , and wood for construction , furniture , and barrel making . Large areas of forest were harvested by colliers to fire iron furnaces . Rifle stocks and shingles were made from Pennsylvania timber , as were a wide variety of household utensils , and the first Conestoga wagons . The Philadelphia – Erie Pike ( present day Pennsylvania Route 504 ) opened the Black Moshannon area to settlers by 1821 . The first settlers opened the Antes Tavern along the Pike , trapped fur @-@ bearing animals , and cleared land for farming .
By the mid @-@ 19th century , the demand for lumber reached the area , where eastern white pine and eastern hemlock covered the surrounding mountainsides . Lumbermen came and harvested the trees and sent them down Black Moshannon and Moshannon Creeks to the West Branch Susquehanna River , then along that to the Susquehanna Boom and sawmills at Williamsport . Lumber was also transported by sled and wagon over the ridges and through the valleys to Philipsburg , Julian and Unionville .
The Beaver Mill Lumber Company became one of the largest single lumber operations in all of Pennsylvania , and four lumber boomtowns , Beaver Mills , Star Mill , Underwood Mills , and Antes , altered the landscape in the Black Moshannon area . A dam was built at the site of an old beaver dam , and the mill ponds for the lumber mills flooded the old beaver ponds . The communities featured general stores , blacksmith shops , liveries , taverns , schools , and even a ten @-@ pin bowling alley . The area helped to meet the nation 's need for timber in mining operations , construction , and railroads .
A number of trails in the park today recall this time . The 0 @.@ 8 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 3 km ) Seneca Trail for cross @-@ country skiing and hiking passes through a second growth forest of oak and cherry trees that shade the stumps of the old growth pines harvested during the lumber era . The Shingle Mill Trail is a 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) loop that begins at the main parking area near the dam on Black Moshannon Lake and follows the banks of Black Moshannon Creek to the Allegheny Front Trail and back . The remains of Star Mill , a sawmill built in 1879 that operated until the end of the lumber era , are on the 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) Star Mill Trail . This loop trail for hiking and cross @-@ country skiing is flat , with a view of Black Moshannon Lake .
This boom era was not to last ; before long the lumber was gone , and once the trees were all clear @-@ cut , the loggers left the area . The lumbermen left behind a barren landscape that was devastated by erosion and wildfires . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania bought thousands of acres of deforested and burned land , then began the project of reforestation . By the 1930s , the land that became Black Moshannon State Park was already a place for picnics and camping , on the aptly named " Tent Hill " , and people swam and fished in the old mill pond . The 0 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 800 m ) Tent Hill Trail still runs from the campsites to the beach on Black Moshannon Lake .
= = = Civilian Conservation Corps = = =
The Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) was a work relief program for young men from unemployed families , established in 1933 . As part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal legislation , it was designed to combat unemployment during the Great Depression . The CCC operated in every U.S. state .
The original facilities at Black Moshannon State Park were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps , from 1933 to 1937 . The CCC created many jobs for unemployed industrial workers from throughout the United States . Black Moshannon State Park is the result of one of many projects undertaken by the CCC throughout central Pennsylvania .
Beaver Meadow CCC Camp S @-@ 71 was built in May 1933 near the abandoned village of Beaver Mills , and was one of the first to expand recreational facilities in Pennsylvania . Over 200 young men moved in and began the work of conserving soil , water , and timber in the area . They cut roads through the growing forest to aid in fighting the wildfires that sprang up , and planted many acres of Red Pines as part of the reforestation effort .
Most of the CCC @-@ built park facilities are still in use today , including log cabins , picnic pavilions , a food concession stand , and miles of trails . Early on , the CCC constructed a dam at Black Moshannon Lake , on the site of the former mill pond dam . CCC Camp S @-@ 71 closed in January 1937 and Black Moshannon State Park opened that same year .
= = = = Historic districts = = = =
In 1987 , three separate historic districts incorporating the existing CCC structures in Black Moshannon State Park were placed on the National Register of Historic Places . The structures in all three districts were built between 1933 and 1937 and are designated as part of either the Beach and Day Use , Family Cabin , or Maintenance Historic Districts .
Eighteen structures in the Beach and Day Use Historic District are protected as contributing properties , including seven " standard " pavilions , a larger picnic shelter , and three water pump shelters . These last were built of native stone and covered with pebbles , and have since been converted to small picnic pavilions . The concession building , beach bathhouse , and museum are also protected . Four open pit latrines with wane edge siding and hipped roofs are also contributing structures to the Beach and Day Use district .
The Family Cabin Historic District consists of 16 contributing properties : 13 log cabins , one lodge , and two latrines . Cabins 1 – 12 , half with one room and half with two , are in a line along a road , similar to 1930s motor courts . The cabin layout at Black Moshannon State Park is unique compared to CCC @-@ built cabins at other Pennsylvania state parks . The cabins at the other parks reflect the " rustic " style of cabin layout promoted by the National Park Service . The Lodge , also known as Cabin 13 , is a large rectangular clapboard @-@ sided building with a stone fireplace , while Cabin 14 is L @-@ shaped with an open porch . Two pit latrines built by the CCC are also contributing structures .
The Maintenance Historic District includes four CCC @-@ built structures . The storage building is a wood @-@ frame structure with a gable roof , similar to military storage buildings built in the 1930s and 1940s . A three @-@ bay garage of standard military design is included in this historic district , as is the gas pump house with an extended eave to protect the gas pumps . The ranger 's residence is a 1 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ story gable @-@ roofed house , with modern aluminum siding .
= = = Modern era = = =
Since its establishment in 1937 , Black Moshannon State Park has undergone several changes . In 1941 , Governor Arthur James announced plans to expand the park to 1 @,@ 000 acres ( 400 ha ) by annexing surrounding state forest land . " Black Moshannon Airport " was built on land taken from the state park and Moshannon State Forest just prior to the Second World War , was operational by 1942 , and renamed " Mid @-@ State Airport " in 1962 . As of 2008 , it is officially known as " Mid @-@ State Regional Airport " and covers 500 acres ( 200 ha ) . While the airport has been designated a Keystone Opportunity Zone to encourage business growth , there are limitations in state law that prohibit any further development on park or forest lands .
The CCC @-@ built dam forming Black Moshannon Lake was replaced in the 1950s by the current structure . On November 11 , 1954 , the park was officially named " Black Moshannon State Park " by the Pennsylvania Geographic Board . The park experienced major developments between 1971 and 1980 . As of 2008 , post @-@ war facilities include the ranger 's station , six modern cabins , boat launches , showerhouses , and modern restroom facilities . The CCC @-@ built Museum is now the Environmental Learning Center . There is a wastewater treatment plant near the dam for effluent from the park , airport , and some private homes .
Black Moshannon State Park was the site of a ski resort from the 1960s until 1982 . The state legislature authorized " construction of ski facilities " at the park in 1961 , which were operational by 1965 . Although managed by the state , a commercial operator was sought as early as 1969 , and in 1980 it was leased to a private contractor , before being closed in 1982 . The ski area was primitive by modern standards : skiers were lifted to the
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is more precise , and considers the story to have taken place between June and August 1954 .
In August 1956 , for fifty guineas , Fleming commissioned Richard Chopping to provide the art for the cover , based on Fleming 's design ; the result won a number of prizes . After Diamonds Are Forever had been published in March 1956 , Fleming received a letter from a thirty @-@ one @-@ year @-@ old Bond enthusiast and gun expert , Geoffrey Boothroyd , criticising the author 's choice of firearm for Bond . Boothroyd 's suggestions came too late to be included in From Russia , with Love , but one of his guns — a .38 Smith & Wesson snub @-@ nosed revolver modified with one third of the trigger guard removed — was used as the model for Chopping 's image . Fleming later thanked Boothroyd by naming the armourer in Dr. No Major Boothroyd .
= = Development = =
= = = Plot inspirations = = =
As with several of his works , Fleming appropriated the names or backgrounds of people he knew or had heard of for the story 's characters : Red Grant , a Jamaican river guide — whom Fleming 's biographer Andrew Lycett described as " a cheerful , voluble giant of villainous aspect " — was used for the half @-@ German , half @-@ Irish assassin . Rosa Klebb was partly based on Colonel Rybkin — a real @-@ life member of the Lenin Military @-@ Political Academy about whom Fleming had written an article for The Sunday Times . The Spektor machine used as the bait for Bond was not a Cold War device , but had its roots in the Second World War Enigma machine , which Fleming had tried to obtain while serving in the Naval Intelligence Division .
The idea of the Orient Express came from two sources : Fleming had returned from the Istanbul conference in 1955 by the train , but found the experience drab , partly because the restaurant car was closed . He also knew of the story of Eugene Karp and his journey on the Orient Express : Karp was a US naval attaché and intelligence agent based in Budapest who , in February 1950 , took the Orient Express from Budapest to Paris , carrying a number of papers about blown US spy networks in the Eastern Bloc . Soviet assassins were already on the train . The conductor was drugged and Karp 's body was found shortly afterwards in a railway tunnel south of Salzburg . Fleming had a long @-@ standing interest in trains and , following his involvement in a near @-@ fatal crash in 1927 , associated them with danger ; they also feature in Live and Let Die , Diamonds Are Forever and The Man with the Golden Gun .
The cultural historian Jeremy Black points out that From Russia , with Love was written and published at a time when tensions between East and West were on the rise and public awareness of the Cold War was high . A joint British and American operation to tap into landline communication of the Soviet Army headquarters in Berlin using a tunnel into the Soviet @-@ occupied zone had been publicly uncovered by the Soviets in April 1956 . The same month the diver Lionel Crabb had gone missing on a mission to photograph the propeller of the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze while the ship was moored in Portsmouth Harbour , an incident that was much reported and discussed in British newspapers . In October and November that year a popular uprising in Hungary was repressed by Soviet forces .
= = = Characters = = =
To make Bond a more rounded character , Fleming put further aspects of his personality into his creation . The journalist and writer Matthew Parker observes that Bond 's " physical and mental ennui " is a reflection of Fleming 's poor health and low spirits when he wrote the book . Following on from the character development of Bond in his previous four novels , Fleming adds further background to Bond 's private life , largely around his home life and personal habits , with Bond 's introduction to the story seeing him at breakfast with his housekeeper , May . The novelist Raymond Benson — who later wrote a series of Bond novels — sees aspects of self @-@ doubt entering Bond 's mind with the " soft " life he has been leading when he is introduced in the book . Benson identifies Bond 's fear when the flight to Istanbul encounters severe turbulence from a storm , and notes Bond 's apparent nervousness when he first meets Romanova ; he seems concerned and guilty about his mission . The other characters in the book are also well developed , according to Benson . He considers that the head of the Turkish office , Darko Kerim Bey , is " one of Fleming 's more colourful characters " ; Kerim is a similar type of dependable and appealing ally that Fleming also created with Quarrel ( in Live and Let Die ) and Colombo ( in the short story " Risico " ) . Parker considers that Kerim is " an antidote " to Bond 's lethargy , while the essayist Umberto Eco sees the character as having some of the moral qualities of the villains in the series , but that those qualities are used in support of Bond .
From Russia , with Love is one of the few stories by Fleming in which the Soviets are the main enemy , although Eco considers Bond 's Russian opponents " so monstrous , so improbably evil that it seems impossible to take them seriously " . Fleming introduced what was a new development for him , a female opponent for Bond , although much like the former adversaries in the series , Rosa Klebb is described as being physically repulsive , with poor hygiene and gross tastes . Eco — and Anthony Synnott , in his examination of aesthetics in the Bond novels — consider that despite Klebb being female , the character is more akin to a " sexually neuter " individual . Red Grant was Fleming 's first " psychotic opponent " for Bond , according to Benson . Charlie Higson — who later wrote the Young Bond series — finds Grant to be " a very modern villain : the relentless , remorseless psycho with the cold dead eyes of a ' drowned man ' . "
= = Style = =
According to Higson , Fleming spent the first four novels changing the style of his books , and his approach to his characters , but in From Russia , with Love the author " finally hits on the classic Bond formula , and he happily moved into his most creative phase " . The literary analyst LeRoy L. Panek observes that the previous novels were , in essence , episodic detective stories , while From Russia , with Love is structured differently , with an " extended opening picture " that describes Grant , the Russians and Romanova before moving onto the main story and then bringing back some of the elements when least expected . The extensive prose that describes the Soviet opponents and the background to the mission takes up the first ten chapters of the book , and Bond is only introduced into the story in chapter eleven . Eco identifies that the opening passage introducing Red Grant is a " cleverly presented " beginning , similar to the opening of a film . Eco remarks that " Fleming abounds in such passages of high technical skill " .
Benson describes the " Fleming Sweep " as taking the reader from one chapter to another using " hooks " at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader onto the next . He feels that the " Fleming Sweep steadily propels the plot " of From Russia , with Love and , though it was the longest of Fleming 's novels , " the Sweep makes it seem half as long " . Kingsley Amis , who later wrote a Bond novel , considers that the story is " full of pace and conviction " , while Parker identifies " cracks " in the plot of the novel , but believes that " the action mov [ es ] fast enough for the reader to skim over them " .
Fleming used known brand names and everyday details to produce a sense of realism , which Amis calls " the Fleming effect " . Amis describes " the imaginative use of information , whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond 's world ... [ is ] bolted down to some sort of reality , or at least counter @-@ balanced . "
= = Themes = =
The cultural historians Janet Woollacott and Tony Bennett consider that Fleming 's preface note — in which he informs readers that " a great deal of the background to this story is accurate " — indicates that in this novel " cold war tensions are most massively present , saturating the narrative from beginning to end " . As in Casino Royale , the concept of the loss of British power and influence during the post @-@ Second World War and Cold War period was also present in the novel . The journalist William Cook observes that , with the British Empire in decline " Bond pandered to Britain 's inflated and increasingly insecure self @-@ image , flattering us with the fantasy that Britannia could still punch above her weight . " Woollacott and Bennett agree , and maintain that " Bond embodied the imaginary possibility that England might once again be placed at the centre of world affairs during a period when its world power status was visibly and rapidly declining . " In From Russia , with Love , this acknowledgement of decline manifested itself in Bond 's conversations with Darko Kerim when he admits that in England " we don 't show teeth any more — only gums . "
Woollacott and Bennett argue that in selecting Bond as the target for the Russians , he is " deemed the most consummate embodiment of the myth of England " . The literary critic Meir Sternberg sees the theme of Saint George and the Dragon running through several of the Bond stories , including From Russia , with Love . He sees Bond as Saint George — the patron saint of England — in the story , and notes that the opening chapter begins with an examination of a dragonfly as it flies over the supine body of Grant .
= = Publication and reception = =
= = = Publication history = = =
From Russia , with Love was released in the UK as a hardback on 8 April 1957 , by the publishers Jonathan Cape . The American edition was published a few weeks later by Macmillan . In November 1956 the Prime Minister , Sir Anthony Eden , had visited Fleming 's Jamaican Goldeneye estate , to recuperate from a breakdown in his health . This was much reported in the British press , and the publication of From Russia , with Love was accompanied by a promotional campaign that capitalised on Fleming 's raised public profile . The serialisation of the story in The Daily Express in 1957 provided a boost to the sales of the book ; a bigger rise in sales was to follow four years later . In an article in Life on 17 March 1961 , the US President John F. Kennedy listed From Russia , with Love as one of his ten favourite books . This accolade , and its associated publicity , led to a surge in sales that made Fleming the biggest @-@ selling crime writer in the US . There was a further boost to sales following the release of the film of the same name in 1963 , which saw the sales of the Pan paperback rise from 145 @,@ 000 in 1962 to 642 @,@ 000 in 1963 and 600 @,@ 000 in 1964 .
= = = Reception = = =
From Russia , with Love received mainly positive reviews from critics . Julian Symons , in The Times Literary Supplement , considered that it was Fleming 's " tautest , most exciting and most brilliant tale " , that the author " brings the thriller in line with modern emotional needs " , and that Bond " is the intellectual 's Mike Hammer : a killer with a keen eye and a soft heart for a woman " . The critic for The Times was less persuaded by the story , suggesting that " the general tautness and brutality of the story leave the reader uneasily hovering between fact and fiction " . Although the review compared Fleming in unflattering terms to Peter Cheyney , a crime fiction writer of the 1930s and 1940s , it concluded that From Russia , with Love was " exciting enough of its kind " .
The Observer 's critic , Maurice Richardson , thought that From Russia , with Love was a " stupendous plot to trap ... Bond , our deluxe cad @-@ clubman agent " and wondered " Is this the end of Bond ? " The reviewer for the Oxford Mail declared that " Ian Fleming is in a class by himself " , while the critic for The Sunday Times argued that " If a psychiatrist and a thoroughly efficient copywriter got together to produce a fictional character who would be the mid @-@ twentieth century subconscious male ambition , the result would inevitably be James Bond . "
Writing in The New York Times , Anthony Boucher — described by a Fleming biographer , John Pearson , as " throughout an avid anti @-@ Bond and an anti @-@ Fleming man " — was damning in his review , saying that From Russia , with Love was Fleming 's " longest and poorest book " . Boucher further wrote that the novel contained " as usual , sex @-@ cum @-@ sadism with a veneer of literacy but without the occasional brilliant setpieces " . The critic for the New York Herald Tribune , conversely , wrote that " Mr Fleming is intensely observant , acutely literate and can turn a cliché into a silk purse with astute alchemy " . Robert R Kirsch , writing in the Los Angeles Times , also disagreed with Boucher , saying that " the espionage novel has been brought up to date by a superb practitioner of that nearly lost art : Ian Fleming . " In Kirsch 's opinion , From Russia , with Love " has everything of the traditional plus the most modern refinements in the sinister arts of spying " .
= = Adaptations = =
From Russia , with Love was serialised in The Daily Express from 1 April 1957 ; it was the first Bond novel the paper had adapted . In 1960 the novel was also adapted as a daily comic strip in the paper and was syndicated worldwide . The series , which ran from 3 February to 21 May 1960 , was written by Henry Gammidge and illustrated by John McLusky . The comic strip was reprinted in 2005 by Titan Books in the Dr. No anthology , which also included Diamonds Are Forever and Casino Royale .
The film From Russia with Love was released in 1963 , produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , and directed by Terence Young . It was the second Bond film in the Eon Productions series and starred Sean Connery as Bond . The film version contained some changes to the novel , with the leading villains switching from SMERSH to SPECTRE , a fictional terrorist organisation . In the main it was a faithful adaptation of the novel ; the ending was changed to make clear Bond 's survival . Benson declares that " many fans consider it the best Bond film , simply because it is close to Fleming 's original story " .
In 2012 the novel was dramatised for radio by Archie Scottney , directed by Martin Jarvis and produced by Rosalind Ayres ; it featured a full cast starring Toby Stephens as James Bond and was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 . It continued the series of Bond radio adaptations featuring Jarvis and Stephens following Dr. No in 2008 and Goldfinger in 2010 .
= Black Creek ( Susquehanna River ) =
Black Creek is a tributary of the Susquehanna River in Luzerne County , Pennsylvania , in the United States . It is approximately 2 @.@ 6 miles ( 4 @.@ 2 km ) long and flows through Conyngham Township . The creek 's watershed has an area of 3 @.@ 85 square miles ( 10 @.@ 0 km2 ) . It is designated as a Coldwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery . The creek is ephemeral and loses its flow to underground mines . Varying concentrations of many alkali metals , alkaline earth metals , and transition metals occur in water in the creek 's watershed . The watershed typically experiences relatively mild temperatures . It is mainly accessible via U.S. Route 11 , Pennsylvania Route 239 , and a local road .
Black Creek is situated within the Northern Anthracite Coal Field . Rock formations in the watershed include the Mauch Chunk Formation , the Pottsville Formation , and the Llwellyn Formation . Coal beds in the watershed include the Lower Red Ash bed , the Upper Red Ash bed , the Lower Ross bed , the Upper Ross bed , and the Baltimore Bed . Ridges of mine waste also occur in the creek 's drainage basin . Mining was done in the watershed as early as the winter of 1836 @-@ 1837 , but it stopped in 1955 . The creek and the surrounding areas were the subject of a joint study by several federal and state organizations in the 1960s .
= = Course = =
Black Creek begins in a valley in Conyngham Township . It flows west @-@ northwest for nearly a mile , passing through a large pond or small lake , before turning north for several hundred feet . The creek then turns west for a short distance and enters a broader and much shallower valley before receiving an unnamed tributary from the right . It then turns southwest for more than a mile before turning south @-@ southwest and flowing through a deep and narrow valley to the northern border of Mocanaqua . The creek then turns west for a few tenths of a mile , following the border of Mocanaqua to its confluence with the Susquehanna River .
Black Creek joins the Susquehanna River 171 @.@ 90 miles ( 276 @.@ 65 km ) upstream of its mouth .
= = = Tributaries = = =
Black Creek has no officially named tributaries . However , an 1887 book stated that the creek had two tributaries . One was unnamed and flowed from a point 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) west of the DuPont Drift to the creek at the Golden Drift . The other was referred to as Turkey Pond Creek and was sometimes nearly dry , but could have a substantial flow during spring rains .
= = Hydrology and climate = =
Black Creek is an ephemeral stream . It used to drain an area between Turtle Creek and the Susquehanna River , but now loses its flow to underground mines via broken bedrock . Its channel is also disrupted by strip mines and rock piles . The waters of Black Creek are acidic .
Anions in the waters of the Black Creek drainage basin include sulfate and bicarbonate . The concentrations of aluminum in the mine pools in the area are typically very low or nonexistent . However , some mine waters in the watershed can have aluminum ion concentrations of over 70 milligrams per liter , forming 6 percent of total dissolved solids in the water , as measured by weight . The concentration of manganese ions in the waters can be over 100 milligrams per liter and calcium also occurs in groundwater in the watershed . Magnesium occurs in the non @-@ polluted groundwater in the watershed in concentrations of 1 to 5 milligrams per liter and occurs in polluted groundwater at concentrations of 4 to 440 milligrams per liter .
Sodium and potassium occur in water in the Black Creek watershed , with sodium being considerably more common than potassium . Potassium concentrations are around 20 milligrams per liter , while sodium concentrations are less than 10 milligrams per liter . Lithium and rubidium also have been observed in the watershed , with concentrations of 0 @.@ 02 to 0 @.@ 2 and 0 @.@ 04 milligrams per liter , respectively .
Barium occurs in the water of the Black Creek watershed , typically at concentrations of less than 0 @.@ 07 milligrams per liter . Beryllium is about as common , with a concentration of less than 0 @.@ 06 milligrams per liter . Strontium is much more common , with a concentration of up to 4 @.@ 4 milligrams per liter .
The concentration of titanium in the waters of the Black Creek watershed is less than 0 @.@ 17 milligrams per liter and the concentration of zirconium is less than 0 @.@ 055 milligrams per liter . Small amounts ( less than 0 @.@ 01 milligrams per liter ) of vanadium , chromium , and molybdenum also occur in the water . The cobalt concentration in mine waters in the watershed ranges from 0 @.@ 07 to 0 @.@ 93 milligrams per liter and the nickel concentration ranges from 0 @.@ 09 to 1 @.@ 2 milligrams per liter . Copper , silver , tin , and lead also occur in the watershed .
The concentration of chloride ions in the watershed of Black Creek ranges from 0 to 14 milligrams per liter .
A 1971 report described the climate in the watershed of Black Creek as " mild " . Temperatures above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) are rare in the area , but temperatures below 32 ° F ( 0 ° C ) are common . At the United States Weather Bureau station in Wilkes @-@ Barre , the highest recorded temperature between 1945 and 1966 was 101 ° F ( 38 ° C ) and the lowest was − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) . Killing frosts have been recorded as early as October and as late as May .
= = Geography = =
The elevation near the mouth of Black Creek is 482 feet ( 147 m ) above sea level . The elevation of the creek 's source is between 840 and 860 feet ( 260 and 260 m ) above sea level . The lowest elevations in the watershed are approximately 500 feet ( 150 m ) above sea level and they occur near the Susquehanna River . The highest part of the watershed is a ridge in the northern part of the watershed ; this area has an elevation of 1 @,@ 275 feet ( 389 m ) above sea level . The highest level of topographic relief in the watershed is 775 feet ( 236 m ) and local relief can be as high as 740 feet ( 230 m ) , but is typically less than 500 feet ( 150 m ) .
The watershed of Black Creek is situated at the southwestern end of the Northern Anthracite Coal Field . The watershed is also part of a " long , narrow , complexly deformed " synclinorium , with complex folds and faults . The watershed of the creek is within the filled @-@ in valley of the preglacial Susquehanna River . The watershed contains three downwarped coal basins : the West Basin , the East Basin , and the Priscilla Lee Basin . A tunnel runs between the West Basin and the East Basin at an elevation of 567 feet ( 173 m ) above sea level .
There are a number of pits in the area of Black Creek , some of which are up to 100 feet ( 30 m ) deep . Some are former entrances to mines , while others are strip mining pits . There is standing water in the underground mine workings in the creek 's vicinity . It drains a coal sheet known as Mine Sheet No. 1 . The creek once flowed over a ledge of conglomerate of the Pottsville Formation 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) upstream of its mouth . An 1887 book described this as " producing an effect especially interesting in the study of creek erosion " .
Black Creek accumulates drift to some degree as it flows along its course . However , due to the high speed of its waters , it does not deposit significant amounts of drift along its course .
= = Geology = =
The bedrock in the watershed of Black Creek consists of several rock formations . The oldest is the Mauch Chunk Formation of the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian eras . Younger rock formations in the watershed include the Pottsville Formation and the Llwellyn Formation , both of which date to the Pennsylvanian era . There are anthracite beds in the watershed and these beds occur within the Llwellyn Formation . The Mauch Chunk Formation was originally 1 @,@ 200 feet ( 370 m ) thick in the watershed .
Most of the surficial geology in the watershed of Black Creek consists of bedrock . However , glaciofluvial deposits and mining waste also occur in some areas . To the west of the Lee Shaft , there are ridges of mine waste up to 70 feet ( 21 m ) thick and there are a number of " finger @-@ shaped " ridges with a thickness of 120 feet ( 37 m ) in the West Basin .
There are five beds of coal that have been mined in the watershed of Black Creek : the Lower Red Ash bed , the Upper Red Ash bed , the Lower Ross bed , the Upper Ross bed , and the Baltimore Bed . The Lower Red Ash coal bed has a thickness of up to 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) at the West End Mine in the watershed and the Upper Red Ash coal is up to 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) thick .
The bedrock is exposed on the ridges in the Black Creek watershed . The exposure is due to glaciofluvial deposits disappearing due to erosion and mining . There are many faults in the watershed 's rocks .
= = Watershed = =
The watershed of Black Creek has an area of 3 @.@ 85 square miles ( 10 @.@ 0 km2 ) . The mouth of the creek is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Shickshinny . However , its source is in the quadrangle of Nanticoke .
The Susquehanna River watershed is immediately north and west of the watershed of Black Creek , while the watershed of Turtle Creek is located immediately south of the watershed . The eastern edge of the watershed ( the part that was studied during the 1960s study of the watershed ) includes a barrier pillar between the West End Mine and the Glen Lyon Mine . A body of water known as Stump Lake is in the creek 's watershed .
As of the 1960s or early 1970s , the only human inhabitants of the watershed of Black Creek reside either in the village of Mocanaqua in the southwestern part of the watershed or the small community of Lee . The watershed can be accessed from US Route 11 , Pennsylvania Route 239 , and a local road that runs from Mocanaqua to Glen Lyon .
Historically , there was a swamp at the headwaters of Black Creek . As late as the 1910s , the waters of the creek were described as coming from mountain springs and a swamp .
= = History = =
Black Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2 , 1979 . Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1169696 .
Coal mining was done in the watershed of Black Creek as early as the winter of 1836 – 1837 . Several people operated in the area until 1865 , when it was leased to the E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company for 99 years . However , the mining was stopped by a strike in 1872 and for some time thereafter mining was done by several smaller companies . The mine in the watershed was run by the Delaware , Lackawanna , and Western Railroad between 1901 and 1921 . The Glen Alden Corp. then operated it until 1938 , at which point underground mining in the watershed stopped . Strip mining was already underway there and it continued until 1955 , when all mining stopped . During World War II , coal waste in the watershed was rerun through a coal processing
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the 8th @-@ tallest building in Southampton .
On 9 January 1986 , Southampton City Council created the Itchen Valley Conservation Area which includes South Stoneham House and Lodge . This places a number of restrictions on the construction of new buildings and the demolition of existing structures ; however the Council have made an exception in the case of the tower block attached to South Stoneham House , which " may be considered for demolition by the University within the plan period . "
In the 1990s South Stoneham House was merged into the Wessex Lane Halls complex of residences , although each individual hall maintained an individual character . Residents were catered for and ate originally in South Stoneham 's own dining hall , part of the 1960s extension , and later in the Galley Restaurant in the neighbouring Connaught Hall . Residents shared small kitchen and bathroom facilities .
South Stoneham House continued to be used as a hall of residence into the first decade of the 21st century .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Original house = = =
The architecture of the original building is attributed to Nicholas Hawksmoor , with some alterations from around 1900 and the subsequent modern 1960s extensions . The original mansion is in the Queen Anne style . The house itself has three storeys constructed of red brick . The ground floor level has a rubbed brick band at nine courses , and another rubbed brick band exists on the second floor , along with a moulded stone cornice level with the sills .
The attic is tall and embraces the second floor . It has moulded stone coping and a small pediment in the centre , which is supported by an entablature decorated with triglyphs and modillions .
The roof is tiled and hipped , with five hips in all . The seven window openings built into the roof at second @-@ floor level are original , but fitted with modern windows . On the first floor there are nine tall , narrow windows with wide frames , stone sills and deep arches of rubbed brick . In the late 18th century eight windows , two of which are on the left @-@ hand @-@ side of the door , were altered . The door itself is placed centrally with a coved , moulded architrave above and 45 @-@ degree corbels decorated with acanthus supporting a cornice with round brackets and a carved keystone . The door is glazed and a Doric porch of modern brick covers the doorcase .
A full @-@ height extension exists to the left @-@ hand side of the building ( looking at the north front ) , and the attic storey was extended by one bay on each side after this full @-@ height extension was built . The building is now flanked by two modern wings .
The rear of the house , the south front , has the same overall design as the north front with the exception of a large central bay at ground and first @-@ floor level . The first floor of the bay has three windows ; the ground floor has two windows with a glazed door in the middle . This door is of similar design to the front door at the north of the house , and has four steps of Portland stone accompanied by balustrades also of Portland stone .
On both the north and south faces of the building there are two rainwater heads made of cast lead , inscribed with the initials " EDS " .
= = = 1960s extension = = =
The extension was designed by Robert Potter and Richard Hare , while the associate architect in charge was JJA Caount . Potter was based in Salisbury and was better known as an ecclesiastical architect , having previously designed the ( now listed ) Church of the Ascension in Crownhill , Plymouth and St George 's Church in Oakdale , Dorset . During his lifetime he was also responsible for significant work on Chichester Cathedral , Chelmsford Cathedral , Oxford 's Bodleian Library and he held the post of Surveyor to the Fabric of St Paul 's Cathedral in London .
EWH Gifford and Partners were the structural engineers , while the general contractors were a company called Trollope and Colls Limited . The designers settled on a tower block so as to leave as much of the gardens and grounds intact as they could .
The tower block and other additions to the house were described in the January – March 1964 edition of Concrete Quarterly as " some very fine extensions " :
The low blocks are of traditional brick construction to serve as a ' continuation ' of the mansion . The tower , on the other hand , is concrete built and finished – a strikingly simple design of cross walls and facing panels which , in structural and elevational treatment , strongly suggests an industrialized building system : so much so , in fact , that it serves as a pointer to what system building can mean in terms of good architecture .
The tower block measures 49 by 56 feet ( 15 by 17 m ) and rests on a concrete raft 2 feet 6 inches ( 76 cm ) thick on a stiff clay subsoil . A reinforced concrete core keeps the tower stable and contains the lifts and other services . This central core also supported a tower crane during construction which meant no scaffolding was used at all . Above the first floor level , the tower has an " egg crate structure " with cross walls made of reinforced concrete and measuring 6 inches ( 15 cm ) thick , and 5 inches ( 13 cm ) thick reinforced concrete floor slabs . Both the walls and floor slabs were cast on site .
= = Grounds and gardens = =
The estate was landscaped some time after 1722 by Lancelot " Capability " Brown and Kelly 's Directory of 1915 described the house as being " pleasantly seated " . At that time the grounds comprised 110 acres , with 5 acres of water , which would have included parts of Monks Brook ( including the salmon pool that it flows into ) and the River Itchen and the modern Riverside Park . However 100 years earlier the estate was more extensive , being described thus in The Times on 21 June 1815 :
A highly valuable and very compact FREEHOLD ESTATE , comprising the manor or reputed manor of South Stoneham , and the capital Mansion , called South Stoneham @-@ house , most delightfully situate on the banks of the Itchen river , distant only two miles and a half from Southampton , with offices of every description for a family of respectability , gardens , pleasure grounds , hot houses , ice house , sheets of water , fish ponds , and 360 customary acres of arable , meadow , and wood land , about 40 acres of which form a beautiful paddock , in which the mansion stands ; the remainder divided into a farm , with farm house and buildings ...
In 1839 the estate was described as not particularly extensive , but notable for its groups of " patrician " elm trees .
It has been suggested that the ponds are relics of the " 2 fisheries " mentioned in the Domesday Book entry for the site . The gardens and salmon pool were the subject of an oil painting by the neo @-@ classical painter Adam Buck ; the painting , measuring 35 inches by 57 inches , sold at auction at Sotheby 's in London for £ 3 @,@ 200 on 27 November 1974 . Some of Capability Brown 's signature cedars of Lebanon still surround the house today .
= = Interior = =
= = = Original house = = =
When the house was sold in 1875 , the interior was described thus :
A Corridor with scagliola pilaster , having solid Ormolu Corinthian caps and bases , leads to a spacious SEMI @-@ OCTAGONAL LIBRARY , surrounded by twenty fluted three @-@ quarter column scagliola pilasters , standing on a scagliola base , and having ormolu caps and bases supporting a richly moulded imitation marble cornice , the recesses filled with Shelves for Books , and a black marble chimney @-@ piece and register stove . Plate glass French Windows open into a HANDSOME @-@ CONSERVATORY 40 @-@ ft. long and 14 @-@ ft . 6 @-@ in. wide , with a silvered plate glass screen at the further end , giving an appearance of greater length , and stocked , with some choice creapers . On the right of the Hall is a Gentleman 's Room or Study with Wainscotted Walls , two large Cupboards , marble and carved Mantel @-@ piece , next to which is a GLASS and CHINA STORE ROOM , fitted with numerous Cupboards and a close Stove , and at the back a SCHOOL ROOM overlooking the Lawn , with marble Chimney Piece and register Stove . ANTE @-@ ROOM at side , LOBBY , long Passage , W.C. ; GARDEN ROOM at end , opening on to the Terrace . THE PRINCIPAL STAIRCASE with spiral balusters and Gallery Landing , leads to TWO NOBLE DRAWING ROOMS , divided by folding doors , one being 20 @-@ ft . 3 @-@ in . , by 18 @-@ ft .. 6 @-@ in . , and the other 25 @-@ ft. by 20 @-@ ft . 6 @-@ in . , with moulded cornices , distempered walls , woodwork grained maple , enamelled slate chimney @-@ piece in imitation of Sienna marble , and polished register Stove . A BED ROOM , 18 @-@ ft. by 16 @-@ ft . , adjoining , and a DRESSING ROOM , also A PRINCIPAL OCTAGONAL SHAPED BED ROOM OVER THE LIBRARY .
Surviving interior features include an early 18th @-@ century staircase with carved tread ends decorated with scroll , flower and leaf designs . Each step has three twisted balusters , and there is a moulded hand rail . The staircase is situated in a hall with an 18th @-@ century ceiling painting of pelicans , trumpets and swags . In the early 21st century it was planned to remove the staircase from the house entirely .
The interior is panelled to dado level and in the Music Room there is a cornice decorated with swags and paterae and a marble fireplace decorated with cupids , urns and more swags . The music room is situated at the eastern end of the ground floor .
= = = 1960s extension = = =
Each of the upper floors of the tower block has a kitchen , a laundry and wash rooms as well as ten " study @-@ bedrooms " and two larger rooms linked by a lobby . Each study room has a wash basin and fitted wardrobe . Originally the interior walls of the extension were not plastered since a plastic @-@ faced plywood framework had been used to give a higher quality finish to the concrete , rendering plastering unnecessary . As a result , internal decoration was applied directly to the concrete walls .
= = Redevelopment proposals = =
Much controversy has surrounded the continuous use of South Stoneham Tower and in 1997 a large wooden collar was added to the base of the tower to prevent crumbling concrete falling onto staff and students below . The tower 's construction and its extensive use of asbestos mean that decommission and deconstruction has provided a technical stumbling block to redevelopment of the South Stoneham site . Physical disassembly would be hugely expensive , while explosives cannot be used due to the proximity of private houses and the Grade II * listed original building . Indeed , because the tower and kitchen / dining hall complex are physically linked to the original house by a glazed connection , the whole site , including the tower , shares the listed building status .
Nevertheless the University commissioned a firm of architects to create a listed building consent application for the tower and the kitchen and dining hall complex to be demolished with the resulting report being published in 2004 . The application stated that the demolition was part of a " master plan " which " seeks to establish the reinstatement of South Stoneham House to a standard befitting its Listed Building status . The key part of the master plan is to refurbish and change the use of the Listed Building as a conference facility . " The application stated that this would replace the University 's conference centre at Chilworth Manor .
To pay for the demolition of the 1960s extension , the consent application indicated that the University planned to sell off another part of the current South Stoneham estate , currently occupied by a tennis court and caretakers ' house , for a residential scheme comprising 65 flats . In addition , to replace the student accommodation that the demolition would remove , the plan was for another building containing 64 student flats plus staff accommodation to be constructed on the eastern part of the site .
The plan also indicated the provision of better access to the site including new footpaths alongside Monks Brook and the River Itchen as well as the possibility of handing part of the site to the city council as a nature conservation area . The University also planned a series of repairs and alterations to the original house .
The listed building consent application for the demolition was recommended for approval although some concerns were raised regarding the proposed new constructions , which were to be detailed in a separate application . Other applications made at the time , for the demolition of other buildings on the site and for the refurbishment and change of use of the house itself were also recommended for approval .
In 2006 , the first six floors of the tower were re @-@ opened to accommodate an overflow of students . As of 2012 , however , the building was no longer in use and was not listed on the University 's website for the Wessex Lane Halls complex .
A 2007 promotional leaflet revealed that architecture firm Poole Philips had recently completed a design for the " restoration and enhancement " of South Stoneham House to be used as a conference centre . The design combined the historical original house with " a modern glass structure " .
= = Restoration = =
By 2011 the western part of the house ( the end closest to the 1960s extension ) had been water damaged leading to a substantial dry rot infestation . To remedy this several of the original timber lintels , wooden wall panelling , plasterwork and some steps from the staircase had all been removed and it was planned to remove the entire staircase from the house . The lintels were to be replaced with new wood and the walls were to be replastered .
= Hurricane Debra ( 1959 ) =
Hurricane Debra was a destructive tropical cyclone that developed during the 1959 Atlantic hurricane season . The fifth tropical storm and third hurricane of the season , Debra originated from the interaction of a cold @-@ core low and a tropical wave on July 15 . The system was designated a tropical depression on July 23 when it was south of Louisiana and meandered westward while it swiftly intensified into a tropical storm along the Gulf Coast of the United States . A turn towards the northwest became evident as it attained Category 1 hurricane status on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale the following day while it organized into a developed storm . As the hurricane curved northward at a slow forward speed , strength was maintained as it approached the coast of Texas as a minimal hurricane . It came ashore during the evening of July 24 local time ( 0000 UTC on July 25 ) between Freeport and Galveston , Texas . It rapidly weakened into a tropical storm and later a depression as it moved inland , and dissipated on July 28 while it turned northwestward . The remnant moisture later sparked upper @-@ level thunderstorms in late July and early August .
Prior to Debra 's arrival in Texas , numerous hurricane warnings were issued and at least 8 @,@ 600 individuals evacuated . Torrential rains were produced in southeastern Texas , which led to widespread flooding on highways . Sea vessels took the brunt of the storm , with many having become stranded or damaged . Forms of transportation such as air , rail , and road were significantly interrupted or even shut down . High winds from the storm caused expansive damage to buildings , windows , signs , and roofs . The hurricane resulted in 11 injuries but no deaths , and approximately 90 cattle drowned . Damage in Texas ' Brazoria , Galveston , and Harris counties surmounted $ 6 @.@ 685 million , and total damage from the storm reached $ 7 million . In the aftermath , the Weather Bureau was criticized for the lack of warning ; the bureau 's chief , Stephen Lichtblau , maintained that it was fortunate that any warnings were issued , and those that were had been delivered in a timely manner .
= = Meteorological history = =
Debra 's origins were from an area of convection over the western Bahamas and Florida related to an upper @-@ tropospheric cold @-@ core low and a tropical wave on July 15 . Whilst under the influence of a subtropical ridge – or a belt of high pressure – it slowly meandered southwestward and arrived into the Gulf of Mexico on July 20 . A weak surface circulation was observed near 1900 EST ( 0100 UTC on July 21 ) which was affected by an inverted trough as they turned westward . The system 's circulation remained indistinct until July 23 as winds of 22 – 30 knots consorted with squalls adjacent to the coasts of Louisiana and Texas .
The storm attained tropical characteristics near 0000 UTC while situated south of Louisiana and was subsequently designated a tropical depression . Ship communications off the coast on July 24 relayed winds of 23 – 50 knots and a barometric pressure of 1007 @.@ 5 mbar ( 29 @.@ 75 inHg ) , which indicated it was a tropical storm on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . Radar imagery taken near 0733 CST ( 1333 UTC ) from a Dow Chemical plant in Freeport , Texas evidenced that Debra was a full @-@ fledged Category 1 hurricane on the scale , with a prominent spiral appearance that was not perceived by the radar the previous afternoon .
As the result of a polar trough aloft in the central United States , Debra curved northward though its winds shifted southward , defying the earlier prediction of a bend west @-@ northwest to northwest . A reconnaissance flight determined the location of its center during the mid @-@ morning , and the hurricane made landfall near its peak intensity between Freeport and Galveston , Texas during the evening of July 24 local time ( 0000 UTC on July 25 ) . It rapidly weakened on July 26 while it arched west @-@ northwest , though it maintained tropical characteristics until its dissipation on July 28 over central Oklahoma while the system progressed north @-@ northwestward . As it moved inland , moisture along its eastern fringe converged with a front to its northeast , causing heavy rains that were confined to limited areas in northeast Louisiana and southern Arkansas ; they eventually traversed east @-@ northeastward over northern Mississippi , Tennessee , and Kentucky . Moisture and instability from Debra led to high @-@ level thunderstorms in Montana and northern Idaho on July 31 and August 1 .
Hurricane Debra 's development near the coast was unusual , complicating forecasting in addition to its rapid intensification and abnormal direction . The lack of ship reports and incorrect information received from those that were received further complicated Debra 's forecasts . However , due to its formation close to the coast , Debra had inadequate time to cause a greater storm surge . Debra 's floods accounted for most of the month 's rainfall .
= = Preparations = =
The Weather Bureau in New Orleans , Louisiana issued small craft warnings at 1230 UTC on July 24 stretching from Port O 'Connor to High Island , Texas , while " whole gale warnings " were posted from Port O 'Connor to Matagorda , Texas with regular gale warnings extending north to Freeport , Texas at 1500 UTC . A hurricane warning was later declared for areas between Matagorda to High Island at 2130 UTC , which was published at 2200 UTC . Warnings were widely distributed through radio services ( including KGBC , KILE , KTLW , WBRZ , and KIOX ) , newspapers , bulletin boards , telegraph via the Western Union , regional teleprinters , the Chamber of Commerce 's storm board , and storm warning displays . Several thousand citizens sought shelter at public facilities , including schools and courthouses . Approximately 1 @,@ 000 inhabitants of Surfside Beach evacuated amid the threat of Debra . Between two and three thousand fled to Angleton , and another 1 @,@ 000 fled to Freeport . An estimate said that at least 2 @,@ 500 people left the Galveston Bay area ; another 1 @,@ 100 stayed in the Brazoria County Courthouse and 1 @,@ 000 residents took shelter in public buildings in Galveston . Numerous others moved from resort towns into other areas .
= = Impact = =
= = = Texas = = =
The highest reported winds were estimated at 80 – 90 mph ( 130 – 150 km / h ) , with gusts up to 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) at the Brazos River floodgates near Freeport . Tides were 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) to 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) at Galveston Bay ; Morgan Point measured the highest tides , at 7 @.@ 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) above normal . Overall , the storm surge was about 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) high ; near Harrisburg , Houston , its height was approximately 9 @.@ 6 feet ( 2 @.@ 9 m ) ; around the Kemah @-@ Seabrook area , the storm surge was 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) , while along the Dickinson Bayou they were 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) to 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) above average . Alongside the Gulf Coast , especially in Texas , there were widespread measurements of heavy rainfall , which included a total of 15 @.@ 89 inches ( 404 mm ) at Orange , Texas , which led to the inundation low @-@ lying streets ; this total was the highest attributed to Debra . A daily rainfall record of 3 @.@ 62 inches ( 92 mm ) was achieved at Beaumont , and hurricane @-@ force winds stretched 100 miles ( 160 km ) inland .
The simultaneous occurrence of a storm surge and heavy rainfall wrought by Debra led to widespread flooding on highways , including that on Highway 75 northwest of Galveston on July 25 which caused the detachment of Galveston Island from the mainland for several hours . Other major roadways flooded were Highway 6 between Hitchcock and Galveston ; Highway 146 from Kemah to Seabrook ; and Farm Road 518 extending from Kemah through League City . An unconfirmed report indicated that a funnel cloud briefly touched down roughly 40 miles ( 64 km ) northwest of Brownsville / South Padre Island International Airport at approximately 0027 UTC , though no damage occurred .
The majority of private piers situated upon the western and northern ends of Galveston Bay were destroyed as a result of Debra 's storm surge . Damage primarily constituted to roofs , glass , sign boards , antennas , and certain sea vessels ; abundant damage was caused by rising waters due to torrential rains . Approximately 90 cattle were killed on the western edge of Galveston Island . Furniture was thrown from the luxury Buccaneer Hotel into its swimming pool , shattering a large window . In Fort Worth , the entrance to the Tabernacle Baptist Church was completely destroyed , with its remnants littering the adjacent road . The largest quantity of damage to sea vessels was consolidated near the Kemah @-@ Baytown area . Widespread damage from winds and tides was evident in the Hitchcock area , where three men were rescued after attempting to endure the hurricane at a fishing camp , although they were later rescued . In the Houston area , damage was limited to power lines and downed trees . At the former Houston International Airport , air transport was terminated , and water transportation was impeded as vast ships remained in ports . Onlookers were advised not to touch downed power lines , and electricity was knocked out at a hospital and roads were immersed in floodwaters . Most rail and road traffic in Houston was significantly interrupted .
One person went missing in Texas City , and several others were unaccounted for at other areas . There , damage to houses and other structures totaled several hundreds of thousands of dollars . Although 16 shops were damaged , no homes suffered any damage . Crop damage in Brazoria County also reached hundreds of thousands of dollars . A boat captain was hurt when his vessel crashed into a rock jetty under waves of 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) . A tower 75 feet ( 23 m ) tall utilized for the purpose of hoisting storm warning flags in Freeport was demolished , and damage within the city involved broken windows and roof shingles , in addition to the power outages that occurred . Automobiles were blown onto the city 's roads , and Second Street , the city 's primary street , was below 3 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) of floodwaters ; the costs of the overall effects from Debra in Freeport were estimated at $ 300 @,@ 000 , although then @-@ mayor Jim Russell claimed that damage could reach $ 1 @.@ 5 million . Damage at La Marque ( then known as Lamarque ) totaled to as much as $ 1 million . Reports asserted that one person was engulfed and died offshore the Freeport area , but they were unconfirmed ; another individual and their daughter previously listed as missing in the city were discovered at Houston . Several other individuals were reported as missing , including four on a vessel offshore Freeport and one in Texas City . Another two were unaccounted for in Green Lake . A night club at Clute burst into flames during the hurricane and winds created the possibility of the blaze spreading , although it was dealt with after several firemen came to the location . Debra destroyed approximately 1 @,@ 000 piers of a small size at La Porte .
A shrimp boat and two other watercraft were known to be in difficult situations , while another sent out a distress call claiming that the boat 's fuel tank had dismantled from it and its crew was anticipating an explosion . A Coast Guard aircraft searched for the shrimping boat Rosina after it had began to dismantle while a Coast Guard buoy identified as the Blackthorn probed for the Cain Hoy , although the three on board the Rosina were later recovered . All vessels reported as missing were recovered by the Coast Guard on July 25 . A ship known as Hope with a crew of three was thrown ashore 35 miles ( 56 km ) southeast of Freeport , but the United States Coast Guard was incapable of rescuing the craft and its shipmembers . Tornadoes touched down near the then @-@ Jefferson County Airport , Sebastian , and Kenedy , with the first associated with the precursor to Debra .
In all , damage in Brazoria , Galveston , and the eastern part of Harris counties totaled $ 6 @.@ 7 million , while damage elsewhere increased the total to $ 7 million . 10 people suffered minor injuries in Brazoria County , in addition to one off the coast .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
In Oklahoma , torrential rainfall produced floods in small areas of the state , especially the southeast , east- , north- , and north @-@ central portions of the state . Two tornadoes touched down in Kiowa and Caddo counties , with the prior tracking 20 miles ( 32 km ) , resulting in minimal damage . In Stillwater , three consecutive hours of torrential rains led to an inundation of 8 inches ( 200 mm ) as observed by the Oklahoma Highway Patrol . Heavy rainfall also occurred in Louisiana , Mississippi , Arkansas , Alabama , Missouri , Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , and Ohio . Debra sparked high @-@ level thunderstorms in Montana and northern Idaho , eventually leading to wildfires .
= = Aftermath = =
An editorial published in the Houston Chronicle criticized the lack of warnings prior to Hurricane Debra 's arrival in Texas , alleging that with radar , aircraft , and communication systems , the Weather Bureau should have been able to give a warning well in advance of the storm . The article remarked that the Bureau " seemed almost as uninformed as the ordinary citizen " in regards to the forecasting . The chief of the Weather Bureau , Stephen Lichtblau , fired back , saying that " we were fortunate to get a warning . " He continued " had [ the Weather Bureau ] not had ... [ such ] equipment they are complaining about , we could have [ released ] nothing , " and maintained that warnings were issued promptly . When repairs in Calhoun County , Texas were completed in 1961 , Hurricane Carla struck shortly thereafter in September .
= Gunfight at the O.K. Corral =
The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral was a 30 @-@ second gunfight between an outlaw group of Cowboys and lawmen . It is generally regarded as the most famous shootout in the history of the American Wild West . The gunfight took place at about 3 : 00 p.m. on Wednesday , October 26 , 1881 , in Tombstone , Arizona Territory . It was the result of a long @-@ simmering feud , with Cowboys Billy
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hip was given to the Massachusetts Memorial Committee on 8 June 1965 to become a museum ship in Fall River , Massachusetts ; she has been located in " Battleship Cove " ever since .
= = = Alabama = = =
Construction work on Alabama , the fourth and final member of the South Dakota class , began on 1 February 1940 in the Norfolk Navy Yard with the keel laying . She was launched on 16 February 1942 and commissioned into service six months later , on 16 August . Alabama sailed on her shakedown cruise from the Chesapeake Bay on 11 November , which culminated in Casco Bay , Maine . Minor repairs were carried out in Norfolk , after which the big ship returned to Casco Bay to conduct training maneuvers with her sister , South Dakota . Beginning in March 1943 , Alabama was assigned to the British Home Fleet , and tasked with convoy escort duties on the route to the Soviet Union . She was relieved of these duties in July so that she could return to Norfolk for a brief overhaul in August .
Later in August , Alabama departed for the Pacific theater ; the ship was assigned to the US Third Fleet during the amphibious operations in the Gilbert islands , particularly Kwajalein in early 1944 . During the night of 21 February 1944 , Alabama 's 5 @-@ inch guns were firing upon Japanese aircraft in the area . The ship turned in the direction of the Japanese aircraft in order to better engage them , but the rearmost turret was masked behind the amidships mount . The gunner in the rearmost turret accidentally overrode the safety mechanism that prevented the gun from firing in that circumstance , and when the gun was fired , it hit the 5 @-@ inch turret in front of it . Five men were killed and 11 wounded in the incident ; an investigation revealed that the override switch was faulty and prone to accidental operation .
Alabama shot down her first Japanese aircraft the following month , in March 1944 . The ship conducted anti @-@ aircraft defense operations during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 . After that , she joined other battleships that were providing gunfire support to the ground troops in the Marianas islands . She was assigned to Task Force 34 during the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 . In early 1945 , Alabama returned for repair and refit work at the Puget Sound naval yard ; the work consisted primarily of improvements to her guns and radar equipment . By early May the ship returned to fleet operations . She was tasked with providing anti @-@ aircraft support to the fast carrier groups that were launching air strikes on the Japanese main island of Kyushu . In July 1945 , she shelled a number of areas in Japan , including Kamaishi on the 14th , Hitachi on the 18th , and Hamamatsu on the 29th and 30th . These turned out to be her last offensive operations of the war . Her last duty in the Far East was to assist in the landing of occupation forces in Japan , after which she departed for the United States .
On 9 January 1947 , Alabama was placed into the reserve fleet in Bremerton , Washington , where she remained until 1 June 1962 , when she was removed from the Navy List . Alabama was transferred to the USS Alabama Battleship Commission , which had acquired the ship in order to turn her into a memorial . She was towed out of Bremerton on 2 July 1964 , to Mobile , Alabama , where she currently resides as a museum ship , the main attraction of Battleship Memorial Park .
= = = Conversion proposal = = =
On 26 July 1954 , a conversion proposal for the South Dakota class ships was ordered by the Chairman of the Ship Characteristics Board . The request was made for the ships ' speed to be increased to at least 31 knots . To do so , the design staff decided to remove the after turret and use the weight and space gained to install either a set of improved steam turbines or a set of gas turbines . Either system would have to produce at least 256 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 190 MW ) — the minimum requirement to achieve 31 knots on the South Dakota hull . Unfortunately , this would have necessitated alterations to the hull form , particularly in the rear of the ship . Larger propellers were also required , and all four shafts would have had to have been completely rebuilt to accommodate the changes . Estimates for the project ran as high as $ 40 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 per ship , and this did not include the cost of reactivating the ship and upgrades to its electrical and combat systems . As a result , the conversion program was halted .
= High Street ( IND Eighth Avenue Line ) =
High Street , also labeled as High Street – Brooklyn Bridge , and also referred to as " Brooklyn Bridge Plaza " and " Cranberry Street " , is a station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway . It is located at Cadman Plaza East near Red Cross Place and the Brooklyn Bridge approach in Brooklyn Heights , Brooklyn . Its name comes from older street names ; its original location was at the intersection of High Street and Washington Street . It is served by the A train at all times and the C train at all times except late nights .
= = History = =
The High Street station , which is alternatively referred to as " Brooklyn Bridge Plaza " and " Cranberry Street " , was part of a three @-@ stop extension of the IND Eighth Avenue Line from Chambers Street in Lower Manhattan to Jay Street – Borough Hall in Downtown Brooklyn . Construction of the extension began in June 1928 . Due to the station 's proximity to the Cranberry Street Tunnel under the East River , instead of typical cut @-@ and @-@ cover ( or open @-@ cut ) construction methods , the station site was constructed 70 feet ( 21 m ) below the street ( the tunnel is 90 feet ( 27 m ) below the surface at its lowest point ) using mining techniques . The station was built between the eastern ends of the cast @-@ iron river tubes reinforced with cement , leading to its tubular design . The depth of the station meant that few buildings in the area would be disturbed or demolished , except for two structures along Cranberry Street between Henry Street and Old Fulton Street .
The extension opened to Jay Street on February 1 , 1933 , but the High Street station remained closed for an additional five months . The trains ran through the station without stopping , because the escalators to the street had not been completed due to lack of funding . That month , the contract for four escalators in the station was awarded to Otis Elevator Company . The station opened on June 24 , 1933 .
The station was located below the sites of the Sands Street terminal for BMT elevated trains , some of which traveled over the Brooklyn Bridge . The BMT station closed in 1944 and was replaced by Cadman Plaza . Old Fulton Street ( now Cadman Plaza West ) and Cranberry Street was also the site of the printing shop where Walt Whitman 's Leaves of Grass was first published in 1855 . The area is now the site of the Whitman Close Apartments .
The High Street station was the site of an attempted robbery of subway revenue on June 18 , 1954 , in which the unarmed perpetrator was fatally shot by one of the two armed transit employees collecting fares and already @-@ used transfer slips from token booths .
In the 1970s , the escalators at the eastern end of the station to Adams Street were replaced .
= = Station layout = =
This underground station has two tracks and one island platform . It is the northernmost Brooklyn station for the A and C trains . To the north , the IND Eighth Avenue Line enters the Cranberry Street Tunnel and passes under the East River into Manhattan . As a result , the station was built in a tube design , and built with escalators between the upper fare control level and the lower mezzanine level to easier traverse the 70 foot ( 21 m ) drop below street level . The tile band at this station is a small " High " printed on the walls in a dark purple color scheme .
There are exits at both ends to the full length mezzanine along with evidence of removed center exits ; since this station was built , the area now known as Cadman Plaza was completely rebuilt . Cadman Plaza East , the short one @-@ block street outside the Red Cross Place exit , was previously called Washington Street ; the Washington Street moniker still applies to the road north of Prospect Street . High Street is not directly accessible from the station , as the short one @-@ block street is interrupted by a parking lot . However , Red Cross Place , which was once a part of High Street , is directly accessible .
The geographic western exit leads to Cadman Plaza West / Old Fulton Street ( formerly Fulton Street , as indicated on wall mosaic signs ) in Brooklyn Heights , a few hundred feet south of Cadman Plaza West 's intersection with Middagh Street . This was the original exit to the station . The eastern exits lead to Adams Street , on the border of Brooklyn Heights , DUMBO and Downtown Brooklyn , adjacent to the central courthouse for the Federal Eastern District of New York . These exits were opened following an additional delay to complete the escalators . Adams Street was widened from 100 feet to 160 feet in the 1950s to accommodate new ramps to the Brooklyn Bridge , and now carries carries the secondary name " Brooklyn Bridge Boulevard " . The current exit staircases lead to ether side of Adams Street , acting as a pedestrian underpass . There are painted @-@ over mosaics pointing to former exits at Washington Street ( now Cadman Plaza East ) .
East ( railroad south ) of the station , the line curves south onto Jay Street and has three track switches with the IND Sixth Avenue Line . A power station for the line is located on the west side of Jay Street just north of Concord Street . A second substation is located at Red Cross Place and Cadman Plaza East .
= = Ridership = =
In 2015 , the station had 2 @,@ 656 @,@ 705 boardings , making it the 188th most used station in the 422 @-@ station system . This amounted to an average of 8 @,@ 479 passengers per weekday . In 2014 , the station had an average of 8 @,@ 870 daily weekday boardings , up from 5 @,@ 410 daily boardings in 2005 ; this represented a 64 % ridership increase over nine years . The station is the 26th busiest of all the stations served by the A / C routes .
= Bees and toxic chemicals =
Bees can suffer serious effects from toxic chemicals in their environments . These include various synthetic chemicals , such as insecticides and fertilizers , as well as a variety of naturally occurring chemicals from plants , such as ethanol resulting from the fermentation of organic material . Bee intoxication can result from exposure to ethanol from fermented nectar , ripe fruits , and manmade and natural chemicals in the environment .
The effects of alcohol on bees are sufficiently similar to the effects of alcohol on humans that honey bees have been used as models of human ethanol intoxication . However , the metabolism of bees and humans is sufficiently different that bees can safely collect nectars from plants that contain compounds toxic to humans . The honey produced by bees from these toxic nectars can be poisonous if consumed by humans . Many humans have eaten toxic honey and become seriously ill as a result .
Natural processes can also introduce toxic substances into nontoxic honey produced from nontoxic nectar . Microorganisms in honey can convert some of the sugars in honey to ethanol . This process of ethanol fermentation is intentionally harnessed to produce the alcoholic beverage called mead from fermented honey .
= = Ethanol = =
= = = Effects of intoxication = = =
The introduction of certain chemical substances — such as ethanol or pesticides or defensive toxic biochemicals produced by plants — to a bee 's environment can cause the bee to display abnormal or unusual behavior and disorientation . In sufficient quantities , such chemicals can poison and even kill the bee . The effects of alcohol on bees have long been recognized . For example , John Cumming described the effect in an 1864 publication on beekeeping .
When bees become intoxicated from ethanol consumption or poisoned with other chemicals , their balance is affected , and they are wobbly when they walk . Charles Abramson 's group at Oklahoma State University has put inebriated bees on running wheels , where they exhibit locomotion difficulties . They also put honey bees in shuttle @-@ boxes that used a stimulus to encourage the bees to move , and found that they were less mobile as they became more intoxicated .
A temulent bee is more likely to stick out its tongue , or proboscis . Inebriated bees spend more time flying . If a bee is sufficiently intoxicated , it will just lie on its back and wiggle its legs . Inebriated bees typically have many more flying accidents as well . Some bees that consume ethanol become too inebriated to find their way back to the hive , and will die as a result . Bozic et al . ( 2006 ) found that alcohol consumption by honeybees disrupts foraging and social behaviors , and has some similar effects to poisoning with insecticides . Some bees become more aggressive after consuming alcohol .
Exposure to alcohol can have a prolonged effect on bees , lasting as long as 48 hours . This phenomenon is also observed in fruit flies and is connected to the neurotransmitter octopamine in fruit flies , which is also present in bees .
= = = Bees as ethanol inebriation models = = =
In 1999 , research by David Sandeman led to the realization that bee inebriation models are potentially valuable for understanding vertebrate and even human ethanol intoxication :
" Advances over the past three decades in our understanding of nervous systems are impressive and come from a multifaceted approach to the study of both vertebrate and invertebrate animals . An almost unexpected by @-@ product of the parallel investigation of vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems that is explored in this article is the emergent view of an intricate web of evolutionary homology and convergence exhibited in the structure and function of the nervous systems of these two large , paraphyletic groups of animals . "
The behavior of honey bees intoxicated by ethanol is being studied by scientists at The Ohio State University , Oklahoma State University , University of Ljubljana in Slovenia , and other sites as a potential model of the effects of alcohol on humans . At the Oklahoma State University , for example , Abramson 's research found significant correlations between the reactions of bees and other vertebrates to ethanol exposure :
" The purpose of this experiment was to test the feasibility of creating an animal model of ethanol consumption using social insects .... The experiments on consumption , locomotion , and learning suggest that exposure to ethanol influences behavior of honey bees similarly to that observed in experiments with analogous vertebrates . "
It has thus been found that " the honey bee nervous system is similar to that of vertebrates " . These similarities are pronounced enough to even make it possible to derive information on the functioning of human brains from how bees react to certain chemicals . Julie Mustard , a researcher at Ohio State , explained that :
" On the molecular level , the brains of honey bees and humans work the same . Knowing how chronic alcohol use affects genes and proteins in the honey bee brain may help us eventually understand how alcoholism affects memory and behavior in humans , as well as the molecular basis of addiction . "
The evaluation of a bee model for ethanol inebration of vertebrates has just begun , but appears to be promising . The bees are fed ethanol solutions and their behavior observed . Researchers place the bees in tiny harnesses , and feed them varying concentrations of alcohol introduced into sugar solutions . Tests of locomotion , foraging , social interaction and aggressiveness are performed . Mustard has noted that " Alcohol affects bees and humans in similar ways — it impairs motor functioning along with learning and memory processing . " The interaction of bees with antabuse ( disulfiram , a common medication administered as a treatment for alcoholism ) has been tested as well .
= = Bee exposure to other toxic and inebriating chemicals = =
= = = Synthetic chemicals = = =
Bees can be severely and even fatally affected by pesticides , fertilizers , and other chemicals that man has introduced into the environment . They can appear inebriated and dizzy , and even die . This is serious because it has substantial economic consequences for agriculture .
This problem has been the object of growing concern . For example , researchers at the University of Hohenheim are studying how bees can be poisoned by exposure to seed disinfectants . In France , the Ministry of Agriculture commissioned an expert group , the Scientific and Technical Committee for the Multifactorial Study on Bees ( CST ) , to study the intoxicating and sometimes fatal effects of chemicals used in agriculture on bees . Researchers at the Bee Research Institute and the Department of Food Chemistry and Analysis in the Czech Republic have pondered the intoxicating effects of various chemicals used to treat winter rapeseed crops . Romania suffered a severe case of widespread bee intoxication and extensive bee mortality from deltamethrin in 2002 . The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) even has published standards for testing chemicals for bee intoxication .
= = = Natural compounds = = =
Bees and other Hymenoptera can also be substantially affected by natural compounds in the environment besides ethanol . For example , Dariusz L. Szlachetko of the Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation , Gdańsk University observed wasps in Poland acting in a very sleepy ( possibly inebriated ) manner after eating nectar derived from the North American orchid Neottica .
Detzel and Wink ( 1993 ) published an extensive review of 63 types of plant allelochemicals ( alkaloids , terpenes , glycosides , etc . ) and their effects on bees when consumed . It was found that 39 chemical compounds repelled bees ( primarily alkaloids , coumarins , and saponins ) and three terpene compounds attracted bees . They report that 17 out of 29 allelochemicals are toxic at some levels ( especially alkaloids , saponins , cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic glycosides ) .
Various plants are known to have pollen which is toxic to honey bees , in some cases killing the adults ( e.g. , Toxicoscordion ) , in other cases creating a problem only when passed to the brood ( e.g. , Heliconia ) . Other plants which have toxic pollen are Spathodea campanulata and Ochroma lagopus . Both the pollen and nectar of the California Buckeye ( Aesculus californica ) are toxic to honeybees , and it is thought that other members of the Buckeye family are also .
= = = Bee inebriation in pollination = = =
Some plants reportedly rely on using intoxicating chemicals to produce inebriated bees , and use this inebriation as part of their reproductive strategy . One plant that some claim uses this mechanism is the South American bucket orchid ( Coryanthes sp . ) , an epiphyte . The bucket orchid attracts male euglossine bees with its scent , derived from a variety of aromatic compounds . The bees store these compounds in specialized spongy pouches inside their swollen hind legs , as they appear to use the scent ( or derivatives thereof ) in order to attract females .
However , the flower is constructed in such a way as to make the surface almost impossible to cling to , with smooth , downward @-@ pointing hairs ; the bees commonly slip and fall into the fluid in the bucket , and the only navigable route out is a narrow , constricting passage that either glues a " pollinium " ( a pollen sack ) on their body ( if the flower has not yet been visited ) or removes any pollinium that is there ( if the flower has already been visited ) . The passageway constricts after a bee has entered , and holds it there for a few minutes , allowing the glue to dry and securing the pollinium . It has been suggested that this process involves " inebriation " of the bees , but this effect has never been confirmed .
In this way , the bucket orchid passes its pollen from flower to flower . This mechanism is almost but not quite species specific , as it is possible for a few closely related bees to pollinate any given species of orchid , as long as the bees are similar in size and are attracted by the same compounds .
Van der Pijl and Dodson ( 1966 ) observed that bees of the genera Eulaema and Xylocopa exhibit symptoms of inebriation after consuming nectar from the orchids Sobralia violacea and Sobralia rosea . The Gongora horichiana orchid was suspected by Lanau ( 1992 ) of producing pheromones like a female euglossine bee and even somewhat resembles a female euglossine bee shape , using these characteristics to spread its pollen :
" A hapless male bee , blind drunk with the flower 's overpowering pheromones , might well mistake a toadstool for a suitable mate , but the flower has made at least a modest attempt at recreating a beelike gestalt . "
However , this seems unlikely , given that no one has ever documented that female euglossines produce pheromones ; male euglossines produce pheromones using the chemicals they collect from orchids , and these pheromones attract females , rather than the converse , as Cullina ( 2004 ) suggests .
= = Toxic honey = =
Some substances which are toxic to humans have no effect on bees . If bees obtain their nectar from certain flowers , the resulting honey can be psychoactive , or even toxic to humans , but innocuous to bees and their larvae . Poisoning from this honey is called mad honey disease . Even when honey is not produced from the nectar of toxic plants , it can still ferment to produce ethanol . Animals , such as birds , that have consumed honey fermented in the sun can be found incapable of flight or other normal movement . Sometimes honey is fermented intentionally to produce mead , an alcoholic beverage made of honey , water , and yeast . The word for " drunk " in classical Greek is even translated as " honey @-@ intoxicated " and indeed the shared Indo @-@ European antiquity of such a conception is enshrined in the names of at least two ( euhemerised ) goddesses of personified intoxication : the Irish Medb ( see also Maeve ( Irish name ) ) and the Indian Madhavi of the Mahabharata ( - see page Yayati ) , cognate with the English word mead and the Russian word for bear медведь ( - medved - literally ' honey @-@ eater ' ) .
Morphine @-@ containing honey has been reported in areas where opium poppy cultivation is widespread .
Accidental intoxication of humans by mad honey has been well documented by several Classical authors , notably Xenophon , while the deliberate use of such honey as a medicine and intoxicant ( even hallucinogen ) is still practiced by the Gurung tribe of Nepal , who have a long tradition of hazardous cliff @-@ climbing to wrest the precious commodity from the nests of Apis dorsata laboriosa , the giant Himalayan honeybee . The honey thus collected by the Gurung owes its inebriating properties to the nectar which the giant bees gather from a deep red @-@ flowered species of Rhododendron , which , in turn , owes its toxicity to the compound grayanotoxin , widespread in the plant family Ericaceae , to which the genus Rhododendron belongs .
= Transformers : Dark of the Moon =
Transformers : Dark of the Moon is a 2011 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and based on the Transformers toy line . First released on June 23 , 2011 , it is the third installment of the live @-@ action Transformers film series and the sequel to 2009 's Revenge of the Fallen . The film 's story is set three years after the events of the 2009 film , and follows the warring Autobots and Decepticons as they battle to possess powerful technology from their homeworld that had crashed on Earth 's moon .
The film stars Shia LaBeouf , Josh Duhamel , John Turturro , Tyrese Gibson , Rosie Huntington @-@ Whiteley , Patrick Dempsey , Kevin Dunn , Julie White , John Malkovich and Frances McDormand . The script was written by Ehren Kruger , who also collaborated on the narrative of Revenge of the Fallen . Dark of the Moon employed both regular 35mm film cameras and specially @-@ developed 3 @-@ D cameras , with filming locations in Chicago , Florida , Indiana , Milwaukee , Moscow , and Washington , D.C .. The film was rendered specifically for 3 @-@ D , and the visual effects involved more complex robots which took longer to render .
In May 2011 , it was announced that Paramount would move Transformers : Dark of the Moon 's release date of July 1 to June 29 in order to monitor an early response to footage . Exclusive early premieres in select 3 @-@ D and IMAX theaters took place June 28 , 2011 , one night before worldwide release in 2 @-@ D and 3 @-@ D ( including IMAX 3D ) formats — each featuring Dolby Surround 7 @.@ 1 sound .
Critical reception of the film was mixed with several critics calling it better than Revenge of the Fallen and praising the film 's visuals , Steve Jablonsky 's musical score , and 3 @-@ D action sequences , while others criticizing its writing , acting , and length . But despite the reviews , Dark of the Moon grossed US $ 1 @.@ 12 billion worldwide , and is currently the 13th @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of all time , the second @-@ highest @-@ grossing film of 2011 ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ) , the highest @-@ grossing film in the Transformers series , and the 10th film to gross over $ 1 billion . Like the 2007 film , it was nominated for Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , and Best Visual Effects at the 84th Academy Awards . A sequel , Transformers : Age of Extinction was released on June 27 , 2014 . A fifth film Transformers : The Last Knight is set to be released in 2017 . A sixth film serving as a Bumblebee spin @-@ off is scheduled for a 2018 release . A seventh film , serving as the sixth main entry Transformers 6 is scheduled for a 2019 release .
= = Plot = =
In 1961 , the Ark , a Cybertronian spacecraft carrying an invention capable of ending the war between the benevolent Autobots and the malevolent Decepticons , crash lands on the dark side of Earth 's Moon . The crash is detected on Earth by NASA , and President John F. Kennedy authorizes a mission to put a man on the Moon as a cover for investigating the craft . In 1969 , the crew of Apollo 11 lands on the Moon .
In the present , the Autobots assist the United States military in preventing conflicts around the globe . During a mission to Chernobyl to investigate suspected alien technology , Optimus Prime finds a fuel cell from the Ark , discovering that it had survived its journey from Cybertron . The Autobots are attacked by Shockwave , who manages to escape . After learning of the top @-@ secret mission to the Moon , the Autobots travel there to explore the Ark . They discover a comatose Sentinel Prime – Optimus ' predecessor as leader of the Autobots – and the Pillars he created as a means of establishing a Space Bridge between two points to teleport matter . After returning to Earth , Optimus uses the energy of his Matrix of Leadership to revive Sentinel Prime .
Meanwhile , Sam Witwicky is frustrated that he is unable to work with the Autobots or find a job . He also becomes envious of the close relationship between his new girlfriend , Carly Spencer , and her boss Dylan Gould . After finding work , Sam is provided information by his eccentric co @-@ worker Jerry Wang about the Ark , before Jerry is assassinated by the Decepticon Laserbeak . Sam contacts the now @-@ independently wealthy Seymour Simmons , and together they realize that the Decepticons and their leader , Megatron , are murdering people connected to the American and Russian space missions to the Ark . They locate two surviving Russian cosmonauts , who reveal satellite photos of hundreds of Pillars being stockpiled on the Moon . Sam realizes that the Decepticons raided the Ark long before the Autobots ' mission and intentionally left Sentinel and five Pillars behind to lure the Autobots into a trap – Sentinel being the key to activating the Pillars and the Decepticons lacking the means to revive him . The Autobots rush to return Sentinel to their base for protection but Sentinel betrays them and kills the Autobot Ironhide , revealing he had made a deal with Megatron to ensure the survival of the Cybertronian race .
Sentinel uses the Pillars to transport hundreds of concealed Decepticons from the Moon to Earth . Carly is captured by Gould , who is revealed to be in the service of the Decepticons . The Autobots are exiled from Earth at the demand of the Decepticons to avoid war , but as their ship leaves Earth it is destroyed by Megatron 's second @-@ in @-@ command , Starscream , seemingly killing the Autobots . The Decepticons , led by Megatron and Sentinel , seize Chicago as their agents place Pillars around the world . Gould reveals to Carly that the Decepticons plan to transport their homeworld of Cybertron to the Solar System , then to enslave humanity and use Earth 's resources to rebuild their world . Sam teams with USAF Chief Robert Epps to go into Chicago to save Carly , but they are nearly killed by Decepticon forces before the Autobots intervene , revealing they concealed themselves during the launch of their ship to convince the Decepticons they were destroyed as well as to prove to the humans that the Decepticons were untrustworthy .
Working together , the Autobots and human soldiers manage to rescue Carly and destroy Laserbeak , Starscream , Soundwave , Barricade , and Shockwave , with Optimus using Shockwave 's arm @-@ cannon to blast the Control Pillar , disabling the Space Bridge . Sam confronts Gould as he reactivates the Control Pillar , and knocks Gould into the Pillar , electrocuting him . Bumblebee and Ratchet arrive and destroy the Control Pillar , permanently disabling the Bridge and causing the partially transported Cybertron to implode . Optimus and Sentinel fight while Carly convinces Megatron rather easily that he will be replaced as leader of the Decepticons by Sentinel . During the fight , Sentinel severs Optimus ' right arm , and is about to execute him when Megatron intervenes , viciously incapacitating Sentinel . Megatron invokes Optimus for a truce , having the desire to become the one in charge again . Optimus replies by tearing Megatron 's head off . Sentinel attempts to justify his plan but Optimus executes him in the head for betraying his own principles . With the Decepticons defeated , Carly and Sam are reunited and the Autobots accept that , with Cybertron gone for good , Earth is now their home .
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= Cast = =
= = = Humans = = =
Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky , a recent college graduate who is once again tied to the fate of Earth 's survival .
Rosie Huntington @-@ Whiteley as Carly Spencer , Sam 's new girlfriend .
Josh Duhamel as Will Lennox , the commander of the classified strike team NEST , an international task @-@ force battling Decepticons with the Autobots .
John Turturro as Seymour Simmons , a former agent in charge of the terminated Sector 7 unit and now a successful professional writer .
Tyrese Gibson as Chief Master Sergeant Rob Epps , former NCOIC of the NEST strike team who now works at Kennedy Space Center .
Patrick Dempsey as Dylan Gould , a wealthy car collector and Carly 's employer who is secretly in cahoots with the Decepticons .
Kevin Dunn as Ron Witwicky , Sam 's father .
Julie White as Judy Witwicky , Sam 's mother .
John Malkovich as Bruce Brazos , Sam 's employer and boss at Accuretta Systems .
Frances McDormand as Charlotte Mearing , the Director of National Intelligence .
Keiko Agena as the assistant of Charlotte Mearing .
Lester Speight as " Hardcore " Eddie , a former member of NEST .
Josh Kelly as Stone , a former member of NEST .
Alan Tudyk as Dutch , Simmons ' personal assistant .
Ken Jeong as Jerry " Deep " Wang , a paranoid software programmer at Sam 's work .
Glenn Morshower as General Morshower , Director of NEST , who communicates with the squad from the Pentagon .
Buzz Aldrin appears as himself , meeting Optimus Prime at the NEST headquarters .
Bill O 'Reilly appears as himself , interviewing Simmons through his television program The O 'Reilly Factor .
Elya Baskin as Cosmonaut Dimitri , one of the two surviving Russian cosmonauts who gives Sam information on the Moon missions .
Andy Daly - mailroom worker
Mindy Sterling - insurance agent
= = = Transformers = = =
= = = = Autobots = = = =
Peter Cullen as Optimus Prime , the leader of the Autobots and keeper of the Matrix of Leadership who transforms into a blue and red 1994 Peterbilt 379 semi @-@ trailer truck .
Leonard Nimoy as Sentinel Prime , Optimus 's predecessor as the leader of the Autobots and later a traitor who transforms into a red and black Rosenbauer Panther Fire Truck .
Bumblebee , the Autobot scout and Sam Witwicky 's guardian who transforms into a yellow and black 2011 Chevrolet Camaro .
Jess Harnell as Ironhide , the Autobot weapons specialist who transforms into a black 2006 GMC Topkick C4500 .
Robert Foxworth as Ratchet , the Autobot medical officer who transforms into a white and green 2004 search and rescue Hummer H2 ambulance .
James Remar as Sideswipe , the Autobot combat instructor who transforms into a silver 2009 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray .
Francesco Quinn as Mirage , the Autobot spy who transforms into a red 2010 Ferrari 458 Italia . This was Quinn 's final role before his death shortly after the film was released .
George Coe as Wheeljack , the Autobot engineer who invents gadgets , equipment , and weapons and transforms into a blue 2009 Mercedes @-@ Benz E550 .
Tom Kenny as Wheelie , a former Decepticon drone turned Autobot who transforms into a blue radio @-@ controlled toy monster truck .
Reno Wilson as Brains , Wheelie 's partner and a fellow former Decepticon drone who transforms into a Lenovo ThinkPad Edge laptop computer .
Wreckers
Ron Bottitta as Roadbuster , an Autobot Wrecker who transforms into a Hendrick Motorsports # 88 AMP Energy / National Guard Chevrolet Impala .
John DiMaggio as Leadfoot , the leader of the Autobot Wreckers who transforms into a Chip Ganassi Racing # 42 Target Chevrolet Impala .
Topspin , an Autobot Wrecker who transforms into a Hendrick Motorsports # 48 Lowe 's / Kobalt Chevrolet Impala .
= = = = Decepticons = = = =
Hugo Weaving as Megatron , the leader of the Decepticons who is still badly wounded of his half face and transforms into a rusty 10 @-@ wheeler Mack Titan tank @-@ truck .
Charlie Adler as Starscream , Megatron 's second @-@ in @-@ command who transforms into a Lockheed Martin F @-@ 22 Raptor .
Frank Welker as
Shockwave , the sadistic Decepticon scientist and assassin .
Soundwave , the Decepticon communications officer who transforms into a silver Mercedes @-@ Benz SLS AMG
Barricade ( uncredited ) , a Decepticon scout and interrogator from the first film .
Keith Szarabajka as Laserbeak , a condor @-@ like Decepticon who is fiercely loyal to Soundwave and frequently changes transformation modes .
Greg Berg as Igor , a deformed Decepticon who serves as a personal servant to Megatron in his exile .
Dreads
Crankcase , the leader of the Decepticon Dreads who transforms into a black Police Chevrolet Suburban .
Jim Wood as Crowbar ( uncredited ) , a Decepticon Dread who transforms into a black Police Chevrolet Suburban .
Hatchet , a Decepticon Dread who transforms into a black Police Chevrolet Suburban .
Driller , a giant worm @-@ like Decepticon and Shockwave 's pet .
Devcon , a quadruped Decepticon .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
As a preemptive measure before the release of Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , Michael Lucchi and Paramount Pictures announced on March 16 , 2009 , that a third film would be released in IMAX 3D on July 1 , 2011 , which earned a surprised response from director Michael Bay :
I said I was taking off a year from Transformers . Paramount made a mistake in dating Transformers 3 — they asked me on the phone — I said yes to July 1 — but for 2012 — whoops ! Not 2011 ! That would mean I would have to start prep in September . No way . My brain needs a break from fighting robots .
Screenwriters Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman , who had worked on the two previous Transformers films , declined to return for the third film , with Kurtzman declaring that " the franchise is so wonderful that it deserves to be fresh , all the time . We just felt like we ’ d given it a lot and didn ’ t have an insight for where to go with it next " . Revenge of the Fallen 's co @-@ writer Ehren Kruger became the sole screenwriter for Dark of the Moon . Kruger had frequent meetings with Industrial Light & Magic 's ( ILM ) visual effects producers , who suggested plot points such as the scenes in Chernobyl .
On October 1 , 2009 , Bay revealed that Transformers : Dark of the Moon had already gone into pre @-@ production , and its planned release was back to its originally intended date of July 1 , 2011 , rather than 2012 . Due to the revived interest in 3 @-@ D technology brought in by the success of Avatar , talks between Paramount , ILM , and Bay had considered the possibility of the next Transformers film being filmed in 3 @-@ D , and testing was performed to bring the technology into Bay 's work . Bay originally was not much interested in the format as he felt it did not fit his " aggressive style " of filmmaking , but he was convinced after talks with Avatar director James Cameron , who even offered the technical crew from that film . Cameron reportedly told Bay about 3 @-@ D , " You gotta look at it as a toy , it 's another fun tool to help get emotion and character and create an experience . " Bay was reluctant to film with 3 @-@ D cameras since in test he found them to be too cumbersome for his filming style , but he did not want to implement the technology in post production either since he was not pleased with the results . In addition to using the 3 @-@ D Fusion camera rigs developed by Cameron 's team , Bay and the team spent nine months developing a more portable 3 @-@ D camera that could be brought into location .
In a hidden extra for the Blu @-@ ray version of Revenge of the Fallen , Bay expressed his intention to make Transformers 3 not necessarily larger than Revenge of the Fallen , but instead deeper into the mythology , to give it more character development , and to make it darker and more emotional . Unicron is briefly shown in a secret Transformers 3 preview feature in the Revenge of the Fallen Blu @-@ ray disc . Ultimately , the producers decided to forgo a plot involving the planet @-@ eating transformer , and no further comments were ever made on the subject . Having been called Transformers 3 up to that point , the film 's final title was revealed to be Dark of the Moon in October 2010 . After Revenge of the Fallen was almost universally panned by critics , Bay acknowledged the general flaws of the script , having blamed the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike prior to the film for many problems . Bay promised to not have the " dorky comedy " from the last film . On March 19 , 2010 , the script was said to be finished .
= = = Casting = = =
Megan Fox was originally attached to the film , and Patrick Dempsey 's role as Dylan Gould was to be the employer of Fox 's character , Mikaela Banes . According to various published sources , Fox 's absence from the film was due to Bay ultimately choosing not to renew her role in light of her comparing him and his work ethics to Adolf Hitler , although representatives for the actress said that it was her decision to leave the film franchise . Bay later claimed that Fox was fired by executive producer Steven Spielberg , a claim which Spielberg denied . " I wasn 't hurt " , Bay stated , " because I know that 's just Megan . Megan loves to get a response . And she does it in kind of the wrong way . I 'm sorry , Megan . I 'm sorry I made you work twelve hours . I 'm sorry that I 'm making you show up on time . Movies are not always warm and fuzzy . "
With Fox not reprising her role , Rosie Huntington @-@ Whiteley was chosen to play Sam 's new love interest . Ramón Rodríguez was initially planned to be in the film , in a role bigger than the one he had in Revenge of the Fallen , but he was dropped during early production . Shia LaBeouf stated that this would be his last film in the series , also concluding that director Michael Bay will not return for a fourth installment , though it was later confirmed that Bay would return as director in the fourth film . A few well @-@ known actors such as John Malkovich and Frances McDormand also gained selected roles for the film . Malkovich explains : " I play a guy called Bruce Brazos , who 's just a loudmouth , kind of business man who 's Shia 's character 's boss . Who 's just a jerk , and a kind of a loud one . But a fun character . Nice . It was fun . Very , very enjoyable , just with Shia , Rosie a little bit , and with John Turturro . So , for me , it was a blast . " Another well @-@ known actor , Ken Jeong , was cast as an eccentric co @-@ worker and stalker . Jeong described the film , " Yeah , it 's a small role in Transformers but yeah . I had an out of body experience working on that one because I just couldn 't believe I was there . Still , that was not a thing where oh , I 'm going to be a part of a blockbuster franchise like Transformers 3 or even now Hangover 2 for that matter . So I can 't believe I 'm a part of these franchises in any way . It was amazing . Michael Bay is brilliant and it 'll blow your mind . "
= = = Themes and inspirations = = =
Unlike the two previous Transformers installments , which were based solely on the script writers ' endemic story , Transformers : Dark of the Moon was based on a novel called Transformers : Ghosts of Yesterday , written by Alan Dean Foster . The novel is a prequel to the 2007 film Transformers . It follows the same story structure as Dark of the Moon , being set in 1969 , the year of Apollo 11 . The story structure differs slightly , though , because the novel was written merely as prequel to the first film .
Due to the critically panned Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , Bay decided to remove the characters called the Twins entirely from Dark of the Moon : " This one really builds to a final crescendo . It 's not three multiple endings . One thing we 're getting rid of is what I call the dorky comedy . [ The twins are ] basically gone . " Due to fan rumors that the Twins would actually be in the film , the director made a public $ 25 @,@ 000 " bet " that the Twins would not be seen in Dark of the Moon . However they were briefly seen in the N.E.S.T headquarters in their vehicle modes in the film .
Bay acknowledged that Revenge of the Fallen was " disappointing to the fans " and stated that he " doesn 't want the third one to suck " . Bay stated that he wanted Dark of the Moon 's final battle to be more geographic and feature a " small group of heroes " like Ridley Scott 's war – drama Black Hawk Down , Joe Dante 's science fiction – action Small Soldiers and Hasbro 's G.I. Joe : The Rise of Cobra . Bay also decided to include Shockwave because he considers the character " bad " and " He 's got a much bigger gun [ than Megatron and is ] a little bit more vicious . " According to The A.V. Club , the film had several minor story inspirations from the 1980s cartoon The Transformers , including the usage of a Space Bridge , and the " kicking the Autobots out " .
Similar to the previous two installments , the film was told in the human point @-@ of @-@ view to engage the audience . Bay wanted Sam to have a girlfriend like in the first two films . Actor Shia LaBeouf said that Sam and Mikaela had become " one character " and , although he would " miss " Megan Fox , with this change " you have discovery again from a new perspective . " LaBeouf also stated that the additions of Huntington @-@ Whiteley and new characters allows Dark of the Moon to keep the " magic " of the first film .
Dark of the Moon also had numerous Star Trek references , partly because scriptwriter Ehren Kruger was a " big Star Trek geek " , but also as a nod to the fact that new character Sentinel Prime was voiced by Leonard Nimoy , who originated the iconic role of Spock on Star Trek and voiced Galvatron in The Transformers : The Movie . The first Star Trek reference is when refugee robots Brains and Wheelie , who live in Sam and Carly 's apartment complex , are watching TOS episode " Amok Time " ; Wheelie comments " I 've seen this one . It 's the one where Spock goes nuts . " The second reference is when Sam meets his girlfriend , Carly Spencer at work , and is being introduced to Carly 's employer , Dylan Gould , Sam marvels at their workplace : " It 's a beautiful building you guys have . Like the Starship Enterprise in here . " The third reference is when Bumblebee says goodbye to Sam at Cape Canaveral : the words " my friend " are sampled from Spock in Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ( " You are ... my friend . I am and always shall be yours . " ) . The fourth and final reference is when Sentinel Prime activates the Control Pillar , quoting Spock 's maxim in Star Trek II and Star Trek III : The Search for Spock , " The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few " .
= = = Filming = = =
Transformers : Dark of the Moon 's production cost was reported $ 195 million , with the cost of the 3 @-@ D filming accounting at $ 30 million of the budget . Preparation for filming began on April 7 , 2010 in Northwest Indiana , specifically around Gary , which portrayed Ukraine in the film . Principal photography commenced on May 18 , 2010 , with shooting locations including Chicago , Florida , and Moscow . The first six weeks were spent in Los Angeles : locations included Sherman Oaks , Fourth Avenue , and 5 . Main . The next four weeks were spent in Chicago . Locations filmed in Chicago included LaSalle Street , Michigan Avenue , Bacino 's of Lincoln Park at 2204 North Lincoln Avenue , and areas surrounding the Willis Tower . The scenes set in Michigan Ave featured a substantial amount of pyrotechnics and stunt work . Filming in Detroit was planned to take place in August but the Chicago shoot was extended until September 1 . In late @-@ September , the production moved to Florida , just before the launch of Space Shuttle mission STS @-@ 133 .
While filming in Washington , D.C. , the crew shot on the National Mall , and Bay stated that there would be a car race on the location . Two further locations announced were the Milwaukee Art Museum and the former Tower Automotive complex on Milwaukee 's north side , then under redevelopment for mixed use as well as the city 's equipment yard . Filming was scheduled to take place there after work was done in Chicago . On September 23 , scenes were filmed at the former city hall in Detroit . On October 16 , a scene in the later @-@ 1960s was shot at the Johnson Space Center in Houston , utilizing extras with period fashion and hairstyles . One day of shooting was also spent at the Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia . Other planned filming locations included Africa and China . Though about 70 % of the film 's live action footage was shot in 3 @-@ D using Arri Alexa and Sony F35 cameras , more than half of the film still had to be converted into 3 @-@ D in post production to fix technical flaws 3 @-@ D filming produces . Other footage that needed to be converted into 3 @-@ D in post production was either entirely computer generated or shot in the anamorphic format on 35mm film . 35mm film was used for scenes filmed in slow motion and scenes such as closeups of faces or shots of the sky which required higher image quality than the HD digital 3 @-@ D cameras could provide . 35mm cameras were also used for scenes where the 3 @-@ D cameras proved to be too heavy , or were subject to strobing or electrical damage from dust . Principal photography officially concluded on November 9 , 2010 .
Dark of the Moon has been found to contain recycled footage from an earlier film directed by Michael Bay — The Island ( 2005 ) . Bay similarly recycled footage from his film Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) in the 2007 film
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stroke lead over Nick Faldo entering the final round . Norman shot a 78 while Faldo scored a 67 to win by five shots ( for his third Masters championship ) . Norman also suffered in 1986 when after birdieing four straight holes , and needing only a par to tie Nicklaus for the lead and force a Monday playoff , he badly pushed his 4 @-@ iron approach on 18 and missed his par putt for a closing bogey .
In 1997 , Tiger Woods won the Masters by twelve shots at age 21 , in the process breaking the tournament four @-@ day scoring record that had stood for 32 years . Woods completed his " Tiger Slam " by winning his fourth straight major championship at the Masters in 2001 . He won again the following year , making him only the third player in history to win the tournament in consecutive years , as well as in 2005 when he defeated Chris DiMarco in a playoff for his first major championship win in almost three years .
The club was targeted by Martha Burk , who organized a failed protest at the 2003 Masters to pressure the club into accepting female members . Burk planned to protest at the front gates of Augusta National during the third day of the tournament , but her application for a permit to do so was denied . A court appeal was dismissed . In 2004 , Burk stated that she had no further plans to protest against the club .
Augusta National Chairman Billy Payne himself made headlines in April 2010 , however , when he commented ( at the annual pre @-@ Masters press conference ) on Tiger Woods ' off @-@ the @-@ course behavior . " It 's not simply the degree of his conduct that is so egregious here , " Payne said , in his opening speech . " It is the fact he disappointed all of us and more importantly our kids and grandkids . "
The 2003 tournament was won by Mike Weir , who became the first Canadian to win a men 's major championship , and the first left @-@ hander to win the Masters . The following year , another left @-@ hander , Phil Mickelson , won his first major championship by making a birdie on the final hole to beat Ernie Els by a stroke . Mickelson also won the tournament in 2006 and 2010 . In 2011 , the tournament was won by South African Charl Schwartzel , who birdied the final four holes to win by two strokes . In 2012 , Bubba Watson won the tournament on the second playoff hole . Watson 's win marked the fifth time that a left @-@ hander won the Masters in the previous ten tournaments . Prior to 2003 , no left @-@ hander had ever won the Masters . The 2013 Masters was won by Adam Scott , the first Australian to win the tournament . Watson won the 2014 Masters by three strokes over Jordan Spieth and Jonas Blixt . It was his second Masters victory in three years . In 2015 , Spieth would become the second @-@ youngest winner in just his second Masters .
= = Traditions = =
= = = Awards = = =
The total prize money for the 2014 tournament was $ 9 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , with $ 1 @,@ 620 @,@ 000 going to the winner . In the inaugural year of 1934 , the winner Horton Smith received $ 1 @,@ 500 out of a $ 5 @,@ 000 purse . After Nicklaus 's first win in 1963 , he received $ 20 @,@ 000 , while after his final victory in 1986 he won $ 144 @,@ 000 . In recent years the purse has grown quickly . Between 2001 and 2014 , the winner 's share grew by $ 612 @,@ 000 , and the purse grew by $ 3 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 .
In addition to a cash prize , the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket , formally awarded since 1949 , and informally acquired by the champions for many years before that . The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds ; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club . The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament , and the presentation is then repeated outside near the 18th green in front of the spectators . Winners keep their jacket for the first year after their first victory , then return it to the club to wear whenever they visit . The tradition began in 1949 , when Sam Snead won his first of three Masters titles .
The green jacket is only allowed to be removed from Augusta National by the reigning champion , after which it must remain at the club . Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player , who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory ( although he has always followed the spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket ) ; Seve Ballesteros who , in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña , showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room ; and Henry Picard , whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established , remained in his closet for a number of years , and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio , where he was the club professional for many years .
By tradition , the winner of the previous year 's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament . In 1966 , Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself . When Nick Faldo ( in 1990 ) and Tiger Woods ( in 2002 ) repeated as champions , the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them .
There are several awards presented to players who perform exceptional feats during the tournament . The player who has the daily lowest score receives a crystal vase , while players who score a hole @-@ in @-@ one or a double eagle win a large crystal bowl . For each eagle a player makes he receives a pair of crystal goblets .
In addition to the green jacket , winners of the tournament receive a gold medal . They have their names engraved on the actual silver Masters trophy , introduced in 1961 , which depicts the clubhouse . This trophy remains at Augusta National ; since 1993 winners have received a sterling silver replica . The runner @-@ up receives a silver medal , introduced in 1951 . Beginning in 1978 , a silver salver was added as an award for the runner @-@ up .
In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner @-@ up .
= = = Par 3 Contest = = =
The Par 3 Contest was first introduced in 1960 , and was won that year by Snead . Since then it has traditionally been played on the Wednesday before the tournament starts . The par 3 course was built in 1958 . It is a nine @-@ hole course , with a par of 27 , and measures 1 @,@ 060 yards ( 970 m ) in length .
There have been 94 holes @-@ in @-@ one in the history of the contest , with a record nine occurring in 2016 . Camilo Villegas became the first player to card two holes @-@ in @-@ one in the same round during the 2015 Par 3 Contest . No par 3 contest winner has also won the Masters in the same year . There have been several repeat winners , including Pádraig Harrington , Sandy Lyle and Sam Snead . The former two won in successive years .
In this event , golfers may use their children as caddies , which helps to create a family @-@ friendly atmosphere . In 2008 , the event was televised for the first time by ESPN .
The winner of the par 3 competition , which is played the day before the tournament begins , wins a crystal bowl .
= = = Player invitations = = =
As with the other majors , winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure . Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors ( the U.S. Open , The Open Championship , and the PGA Championship ( except for amateur winners unless they turn pro within the five @-@ year period ) ) for the next five years , and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters . They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to The Players Championship for five years .
Because the tournament was established by an amateur golfer , Bobby Jones , the Masters has a tradition of honoring amateur golf . It invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world . Also , the current U.S. Amateur champion always plays in the same group as the defending Masters champion for the first two days of the tournament .
Amateurs in the field are welcome to stay in the " Crow 's Nest " atop the Augusta National clubhouse during the tournament . The Crow 's Nest is 1 @,@ 200 square feet and there is space for five people to lodge there during the competition .
= = = Opening tee shot = = =
Since 1963 the custom in most years has been to start the tournament with an honorary opening tee shot at the first hole , typically by one of golf 's greatest players . The original honorary starters were Jock Hutchison and Fred McLeod ; this twosome led off every tournament from 1963 until 1973 , when poor health prevented Hutchison from swinging a club . McLeod continued on until his death in 1976 . Byron Nelson and Gene Sarazen started in 1981 , and were then joined by Sam Snead in 1984 . This trio continued until 1999 when Sarazen died , while Nelson stopped in 2001 . Snead hit his final opening tee shot in 2002 , a little over a month before he died .
In 2007 , Arnold Palmer took over as the honorary starter . Palmer also had the honor in 2008 and 2009 . At the 2010 and 2011 Masters Tournaments , Jack Nicklaus joined Palmer as an honorary co @-@ starter for the event . In 2012 , Gary Player joined them . Palmer announced in March 2016 that a lingering shoulder issue would prevent him from partaking in the 2016 tee shot .
= = = Champions ' Dinner = = =
The Champions ' Dinner is held each year on the Tuesday evening preceding Thursday 's first round . The dinner was first held in 1952 , hosted by defending champion Ben Hogan , to honor the past champions of the tournament . At that time 15 tournaments had been played , and the number of past champions was 11 . Officially known as the " Masters Club " , it includes only past winners of the Masters , although selected members of the Augusta National Golf Club have been included as honorary members , usually the chairman .
The defending champion , as host , selects the menu for the dinner . Frequently , Masters champions have served finely prepared cuisine by the Masters chef from their home regions . Notable examples have included haggis , served by Scotsman Sandy Lyle in 1989 , and bobotie , a South African dish , served at the behest of 2008 champion Trevor Immelman . Other examples include German Bernhard Langer 's 1986 Wiener schnitzel , Britain 's Nick Faldo 's fish and chips , Canadian Mike Weir 's elk and wild boar , and Vijay Singh 's seafood tom kah and chicken panang curry . In 1997 , 1979 champion Fuzzy Zoeller created a media storm when he suggested that Tiger Woods refrain from serving collard greens and fried chicken , dishes commonly associated with Afro @-@ American culture , at the dinner .
= = = Caddies = = =
Until 1983 , all players in the Masters were required to use the services of an Augusta National Club caddy , who by club tradition was always an African American man . Indeed , club co @-@ founder Clifford Roberts is reputed to have said , " As long as I 'm alive , golfers will be white , and caddies will be black . " Since 1983 , players have been allowed the option of using their own caddy .
The Masters requires caddies to wear a uniform consisting of a white jumpsuit , a green Masters cap , and white tennis shoes . The surname , and sometimes first initial , of each player is found on the back of his caddie 's uniform . The defending champion always receives caddy number " 1 " : other golfers get their caddy numbers from the order in which they register for the tournament . The other majors and some PGA Tour events formerly had a similar policy concerning caddies well into the 1970s ; the U.S. Open first allowed players to use their own caddies in 1976 .
= = = Other traditions = = =
The day after the tournament closes , The Bobby Jones Scholars from The University of St Andrews in Scotland play a four @-@ ball round on the course - the last people to do so before the greenkeepers start the process of repairing and restoring the course to pre @-@ tournament standard .
= = Format = =
The Masters is the first major championship of the year . Since 1948 , its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April , with several exceptions . It ended on the first Sunday four times ( 1952 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 ) and the 1979 and 1984 tournaments ended on April 15 , the month 's third Sunday . The first edition in 1934 was held in late March and the next ten were in early April , with only the 1942 event scheduled to end on the second Sunday .
Similar to the other majors , the tournament consists of four rounds at 18 holes each , Thursday through Sunday ( when there are no delays ) . The Masters has a relatively small field of contenders , when compared with other golf tournaments , so the competitors play in groups of three for the first two rounds ( 36 holes ) and the field is not split to start on the 1st and 10th tees , unless weather shortens the available playing time . The tournament is unique in that it is the only major tournament conducted by a private club rather than a national golf organization like the PGA .
After 36 holes of play , a cut @-@ off score is calculated to reduce the size of the field for the weekend rounds . To " make the cut " , players must be either in the top 50 places ( ties counting ) , or within 10 strokes of the leader 's score . These criteria have applied since 2013 . From 1957 to 1960 , the top 40 scores ( including ties ) and those within 10 strokes of the leader made the cut . From 1961 to 2012 , it was the top 44 ( and ties ) or within 10 strokes of the lead . Before 1957 , there was no 36 @-@ hole cut and all of the invitees played four rounds , if desired .
Following the cut , an additional 36 holes are played over the final two days . Should the fourth round fail to produce a winner , all players tied for the lead enter a sudden @-@ death playoff . Play begins on the 18th hole , followed by the adjacent 10th , repeating until one player remains . Adopted in 1976 , the sudden @-@ death playoff was originally formatted to start on the first hole , but was not needed for the first three years . It was changed for 1979 to the inward ( final ) nine holes , starting at the tenth tee , where the television coverage began . First employed that same year , the Masters ' first sudden @-@ death playoff ended on the eleventh green . The current arrangement , beginning at the 18th tee , was amended for 2004 and first used the following year . Through 2016 , the ten sudden @-@ death playoffs have yet to advance past the second extra hole . Earlier playoffs were 18 holes on the following day , except for the first in 1935 , which was 36 holes ; the last 18 hole playoff was in 1970 , and none of the full @-@ round playoffs went to additional holes .
= = Course = =
The golf course was formerly a plant nursery and each hole is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated .
The course layout in 2014 :
Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade :
The course was lengthened to 7 @,@ 445 yards ( 6 @,@ 808 m ) in 2006 . The first hole was shortened
by 10 yards ( 9 m ) in 2009 , resulting in the current length of 7 @,@ 435 yards ( 6 @,@ 799 m ) .
= = = Course adjustments = = =
As with many other courses , Augusta National 's championship setup was lengthened in recent years . In 2001 , the course measured 6 @,@ 925 yards ( 6 @,@ 332 m ) and was extended to 7 @,@ 270 yards ( 6 @,@ 648 m ) for 2002 , and again in 2006 to 7 @,@ 445 yards ( 6 @,@ 808 m ) ; 520 yards ( 475 m ) longer than the 2001 course . The changes attracted many critics , including the most successful players in Masters history , Jack Nicklaus , Arnold Palmer , Gary Player and Tiger Woods . Woods claimed that the " shorter hitters are going to struggle . " Augusta National chairman Hootie Johnson was unperturbed , stating , " We are comfortable with what we are doing with the golf course . " After a practice round , Gary Player defended the changes , saying , " There have been a lot of criticisms , but I think unjustly so , now I 've played it .... The guys are basically having to hit the same second shots that Jack Nicklaus had to hit ( in his prime ) " .
Originally , the grass on the putting greens was the wide @-@ bladed Bermuda . The greens lost speed , especially during the late 1970s , after the introduction of a healthier strain of narrow @-@ bladed Bermuda , which thrived and grew thicker . In 1978 , the greens on the par 3 course were reconstructed with bentgrass , a narrow @-@ bladed species that could be mowed shorter , eliminating grain . After this test run , the greens on the main course were replaced with bentgrass in time for the 1981 Masters . The bentgrass resulted in significantly faster putting surfaces , which has required a reduction in some of the contours of the greens over time .
Just before the 1975 tournament , the common beige sand in the bunkers was replaced with the now @-@ signature white feldspar . It is a quartz derivative of the mining of feldspar and is shipped in from North Carolina .
= = Field = =
The Masters has the smallest field out of the major championships at 90 – 100 players . Unlike other majors , there are no alternates or qualifying tournaments . It is an invitational event , with invitations largely issued on an automatic basis to players who meet published criteria . The top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking are all invited .
Past champions are always eligible , but since 2002 the Augusta National Golf Club has discouraged them from continuing to participate at an advanced age . Some will later become honorary starters .
Invitation categories : Categories 6 – 10 are honored provided the participants maintain their amateur status prior to the tournament .
Masters Tournament Champions ( lifetime )
U.S. Open champions ( five years )
The Open champions ( five years )
PGA champions ( five years )
Winners of the Players Championship ( three years )
Current U.S. Amateur champion and runner @-@ up
Current British Amateur champion
Current Asia @-@ Pacific Amateur champion
Current U.S. Mid @-@ Amateur champion
Current Latin America Amateur champion
The first 12 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Masters Tournament
The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's U.S. Open
The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's Open Championship
The first 4 players , including ties , in the previous year 's PGA Championship
Winners of PGA Tour regular season and playoff events that award at least a full @-@ point allocation for the FedEx Cup , starting with the RBC Heritage the week after the Masters to the Shell Houston Open the week beforehand .
Those qualifying for the previous year 's season @-@ ending Tour Championship ( top 30 in FedEx Cup prior to tournament )
The 50 leaders on the Final Official World Golf Ranking for the previous calendar year
The 50 leaders on the Official World Golf Ranking published during the week prior to the current Masters Tournament
Most of the top current players will meet the criteria of multiple categories for invitation . The Masters Committee , at its discretion , can also invite any golfer not otherwise qualified , although in practice these invitations are currently reserved for international players .
Changes for the 2014 tournament include invitations now being awarded to the autumn events in the PGA Tour , which now begin the wraparound season , tightening of qualifications ( top 12 plus ties from the Masters , top 4 from the U.S. Open , Open Championship , and PGA Championship ) , and the top 30 on the PGA Tour now referencing the season @-@ ending points before the Tour Championship , not the former annual money list . The 2015 Masters added the winner of the newly established Latin America Amateur Championship , which effectively replaced the exemption for the United States Amateur Public Links Championship , which ended after the 2014 tournament . ( The final Public Links champion played in the 2015 Masters . )
= = Winners = =
The first winner of the Masters Tournament was Horton Smith in 1934 . He repeated his win in 1936 . The player with the most Masters victories is Jack Nicklaus , who won six times between 1963 and 1986 . Arnold Palmer and Tiger Woods have each won four , and Jimmy Demaret , Gary Player , Sam Snead , Nick Faldo and Phil Mickelson have three titles to their name . Player also became the tournament 's first overseas winner with his first victory in 1961 . Other notable winners include Byron Nelson , Ben Hogan , Tom Watson , Seve Ballesteros , Bernhard Langer , Ben Crenshaw , José María Olazábal and Bubba Watson , who have all won the Masters twice .
The sudden @-@ death format was adopted in 1976 , first used in 1979 , and revised in 2004.None of the 10 sudden @-@ death playoffs has advanced past the second hole ; three were decided at the first hole , seven at the second .
Playoffs prior to 1976 were full 18 @-@ hole rounds , except for 1935 , which was 36 holes .
None of the 6 full @-@ round playoffs were tied at the end of the round ; the closest margin was one stroke in 1942 and 1954 .
The 1962 playoff included three players Arnold Palmer , Gary Player and Dow Finsterwald . Palmer won the playoff with a round of 68 , Player finished 2nd with a 71 and Finsterwald finished 3rd with a 77 .
The 1966 playoff included three players Jack Nicklaus , Tommy Jacobs and Gay Brewer . Nicklaus won the playoff with a round of 70 , Jacobs finished 2nd with a 72 and Brewer finished 3rd with a 78 .
= = Low amateurs = =
In 1952 the Masters began presenting an award , known as the Silver Cup , to the lowest scoring amateur to make the cut . In 1954 they began presenting an amateur silver medal to the low amateur runner @-@ up .
= = Records = =
Jack Nicklaus has won the most Masters ( six ) and was 46 years , 82 days old when he won in 1986 , making him the oldest winner of the Masters . Nicklaus is the record holder for the most top tens , with 22 , and the most cuts made , with 37 . The youngest winner of the Masters is Tiger Woods , who was 21 years , 104 days old when he won in 1997 . In that year Woods also broke the records for the widest winning margin ( 12 strokes ) , and the lowest winning score , with 270 ( − 18 ) . Jordan Spieth tied his score record in 2015 .
In 2013 , Guan Tianlang became the youngest player ever to compete in the Masters , at age 14 years , 168 days on the opening day of the tournament ; the following day , he became the youngest ever to make the cut at the Masters or any men 's major championship .
Gary Player holds the record for most appearances , with 52 . Player also holds the record for the number of consecutive cuts made , with 23 between 1959 and 1982 ( Player did not compete in 1973 as he was recovering from recent surgery ) . He shares this record with Fred Couples , who made his consecutive cuts between 1983 and 2007 , not competing in 1987 and 1994 .
Nick Price and Greg Norman share the course record of 63 , with their rounds coming in 1986 and 1996 respectively . This score is also a record for all men 's major championships .
The highest winning score of 289 ( + 1 ) has occurred three times : Sam Snead in 1954 , Jack Burke , Jr. in 1956 , and Zach Johnson in 2007 . Anthony Kim holds the record for most birdies in a round with 11 in 2009 during his second round .
There have been only four double eagles carded in the history of the Masters ; the latest occurring in 2012 when South Africa 's Louis Oosthuizen , using a 4 iron , holed a reported 260 @-@ yard shot on the course 's second hole , called Pink Dogwood . The other two rare occurrences of this feat after Sarazen 's double eagle on the fabled course 's Fire Thorn hole in 1935 : Bruce Devlin made double eagle from 248 yards out with a 4 wood at the eighth hole ( Yellow Jasmine ) in the first round of the 1967 tournament , while Jeff Maggert hit a 3 @-@ iron 222 yards at the 13th hole ( Azalea ) in the fourth round of the 1994 event .
Three players share the record for most runner @-@ up finishes with four : Ben Hogan ( 1942 , 1946 , 1954 , 1955 ) , Tom Weiskopf ( 1969 , 1972 , 1974 , 1975 ) , Jack Nicklaus ( 1964 , 1971 , 1977 , 1981 )
= = Broadcasting = =
= = = United States television = = =
CBS has televised the Masters in the United States every year since 1956 , when it used six cameras and covered only the final four holes . Tournament coverage of the first eight holes did not begin until 1993 because of resistance from the tournament organizers , but by 2006 , more than 50 cameras were used . In 1997 , chairmen Jack Stephens stated that the organizers were worried that broadcasting the front nine of the course on television would cut down on attendance for the tournament . USA Network added first- and second @-@ round coverage in 1982 , which was also produced by the CBS production team . The Masters has been broadcast every year in high @-@ definition television since 2000 , one of the first golf tournaments to ever hold that distinction , and the early round coverage previously aired in that format on USA 's sister network , Universal HD . In 2008 , ESPN replaced USA and Universal as the weekday coverage provider .
In 2005 , CBS broadcast the tournament with high @-@ definition fixed and handheld wired cameras , as well as standard @-@ definition wireless handheld cameras . In 2006 , a webstream called " Amen Corner Live " began providing coverage of all players passing through holes 11 , 12 , and 13 through all four rounds . This was the first full tournament multi @-@ hole webcast from a major championship . In 2007 , CBS added " Masters Extra , " an extra hour of full @-@ field bonus coverage daily on the internet , preceding the television broadcasts . In 2008 , CBS added full coverage of holes 15 and 16 live on the web . In 2011 , " Masters Extra " was dropped after officials gave ESPN an extra hour each day on Thursday and Friday . In 2016 , the Amen Corner feed was broadcast in 4K ultra high definition exclusively on DirecTV — as one of the first live U.S. sports telecasts in the format .
While Augusta National Golf Club has consistently chosen CBS as its U.S. broadcast partner , it has done so in successive one @-@ year contracts . Due to the lack of long @-@ term contractual security , as well as the club 's limited dependence on broadcast rights fees ( owing to its affluent membership ) , it is widely held that CBS allows Augusta National greater control over the content of the broadcast , or at least performs some form of self @-@ censorship , in order to maintain future rights . The club , however , has insisted it does not make any demands with respect to the content of the broadcast . Despite this , announcers who have been deemed not to have acted with the decorum expected by the club have been removed , notably Jack Whitaker and Gary McCord , and there also tends to be a lack of discussion of any controversy involving Augusta National , such as the 2003 Martha Burk protests .
Coverage itself carries a more formal style than other golf telecasts ; announcers refer to the gallery as patrons rather than as spectators or fans . Gallery itself is also used . The club also disallows promotions for other network programs , with the sole exception of an on @-@ screen mention of 60 Minutes should the final round run long or right before the coverage ends , nor does it allow sponsored graphics or blimps . Significant restrictions have been placed on the tournament 's broadcast hours compared to other major championships . Only in the 21st century did the tournament allow CBS to air 18 @-@ hole coverage of the leaders , a standard at the other three majors . Since 1982 , CBS has used " Augusta " by Dave Loggins as the event telecast 's distinctive theme music . Loggins originally came up with the song during his first trip to the Augusta course in 1981 .
The club mandates minimal commercial interruption , currently limited to four minutes per hour ( as opposed to the usual 12 or more ) ; this is subsidized by selling exclusive sponsorship packages to three companies — in 2013 , these " global sponsors " were IBM , ExxonMobil and AT & T. In 2014 , ExxonMobil was replaced as a global sponsor by Mercedes @-@ Benz . The club also sells separate sponsorship packages , which do not provide rights to air commercials on the U.S. telecasts , to two " international partners " ; in 2014 , those companies will be Rolex and UPS ( the latter of which replaced Mercedes @-@ Benz upon that company 's elevation to " global sponsor " status ) . In the immediate aftermath of the Martha Burk controversy , there were no commercials during the 2003 and 2004 U.S. broadcasts .
= = = Radio coverage = = =
WestwoodOne ( previously Dial Global and CBS Radio ) has provided live radio play @-@ by @-@ play coverage in the United States since 1956 . This coverage can also be heard on the official Masters website . The network provides short two- or three @-@ minute updates throughout the tournament , as well as longer three- and four @-@ hour segments towards the end of the day .
= = = International television = = =
The BBC has broadcast the Masters in the UK since 1986 , and it also provides live radio commentary on the closing stages on Radio Five Live . With the 2007 launch of BBC HD , UK viewers can now watch the championship in that format . BBC Sport held the TV and radio rights through to 2010 . The BBC 's coverage airs without commercials because it is financed by a licence fee . From the 2011 Masters , Sky Sports began broadcasting all four days , as well as the par 3 contest in HD and , for the first time ever , in 3D . The BBC will only have highlights of the first two days ' play but will go head to head with Sky Sports , with full live coverage on the
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the belief of her royal personage , King Frederick VI of Denmark @-@ Norway commanded an elaborately carved sarcophagus to hold her body .
This careful treatment of the Haraldskær Woman 's remains explains the excellent state of conservation of the corpse ; conversely , Tollund Man , a later discovery , was not properly conserved and most of the body has been lost , leaving only the head as original remains in his display .
In 1842 , the young Danish archaeologist J. J. A. Worsaae disagreed the Haraldskær Woman was Gunnhild . A pioneer in archaeological stratigraphy , Worsaae presented evidence the Haraldskær Woman dated from the Iron Age . Later radiocarbon dating confirmed the body was not Gunnhild , but rather a woman of the early Iron Age who lived about 490 BCE . Though no one proved the Haraldskær Woman has any royal lineage , her body lies in state in a display in the north transept of Saint Nicolai Church .
= = Details = =
Excavators found the body of the Haraldskær Woman in a supine position in an excellent state of preservation . She was naked and her clothes , consisting of a leather cape and three woolen garments , had been placed on top of her . Hurdles of branches and wooden poles pinned the body down . The complete skin envelope and the internal organs were both intact . The body had a lancing wound to the knee joint area , where some object ( possibly one of the sharp poles ) penetrated to some depth . Her skin was deeply bronzed with a robust skin tone due to tannins in the peat , and all the body joints were preserved with overlying skin in a state as if she had died only recently . Doctors determined she had been about 50 years old when she died and in good health without signs of degenerative diseases ( such as arthritis ) which are typically found in human remains of that age .
In 1979 , doctors at Århus Hospital undertook a further forensic examination of the Haraldskær Woman . By this time , the body had desiccated , shrunken , and the skin was leathery , severely wrinkled and folded . A CT @-@ scan of the cranium more accurately determined her age to be about 40 years old at the time of her death . The body height now measured only 1 @.@ 33 m ( 4 ft 4 in ) , but doctors used the original 1835 descriptions to estimate she would have stood about 1 @.@ 50 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) .
In 2000 , Lone Hvass of the Elsinore Museum , Miranda Aldhouse @-@ Green of Cardiff University , and the Department of Forensic Science at the University of Århus performed a re @-@ examination of the Haraldskær Woman . Forensic analysis revealed stomach contents of unhusked millet and blackberries . Her neck had a faint groove as if someone applied a rope for torture or strangulation . The scientists concluded bog acids caused the swelling of the knee joint and that the woman was probably already dead before the branches pinned her down . Because of her careful placement , and since cremation was the prevailing mode of interment during that period in Jutland , the examiners determined the Haraldskær Woman was a victim of ritual sacrifice .
= = Relation to other bog bodies = =
The principal locations where bog bodies have been discovered are the Northern European countries of Germany , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom , Ireland , and especially Denmark . The oldest of these bodies dates to about 8000 BCE , although the majority of specimens in Denmark are from the Pre @-@ Roman Iron Age to Roman Iron Age era ( about 500 BCE to 400 CE ) . As of 2006 , more than 700 ancient bodies have been discovered in these sites , although other estimates have placed the number in the thousands . It is difficult for scientists to ascertain a precise number because many of the bodies have been lost or destroyed . Before archaeologists began actively searching for bog bodies , the bodies were discovered mostly during the routine extraction of peat , and then reburied or discarded . After the discovery that systematic conservation of Iron Age bodies was attributable to the acidic anaerobic environs , major excavations have occurred in Jutland . Other bog bodies recovered on the Jutland peninsula which have undergone as extensive an analysis as the Haraldskær Woman include Tollund Man , Grauballe Man , Elling Woman , Huldremose Woman and the Borremose Woman .
= = Literary references = =
Danish author Steen Steensen Blicher , an amateur archaeologist and one of the first to visit the site , made the first literary reference to the Haraldskær Woman . In 1836 , he published his novella Gravhøjen which was a parody about a mistaken archaeological find . However , by 1841 Blicher seemed to have changed his mind about the Haraldskær Woman 's identity when he wrote the poem Dronning Gunhild , a lament for the dead queen in the bog . In 1846 , the Danish playwright Jens Christian Hostrup wrote his comedy , A Sparrow Doing a Crane Dance , ( En Spurv i Tranedans ) , in which the ghost of Queen Gunnhild gives a magical ring to a scheming tailor and makes everyone blind to his actions . Hostrup 's play indirectly satirized the theory that the Haraldskær Woman was Queen Gunnhild , and became the first major public endorsement of Worsaae ’ s hypothesis .
= Sélestat =
Sélestat ( pronounced : [ selɛsta ] ; Alsatian : Schlettstàdt ; German : Schlettstadt ) is a commune in the north @-@ east region of France . An administrative division ( sous @-@ préfecture ) of the Bas @-@ Rhin department , the town lies on the Ill river , 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) from the Rhine and the German border . Sélestat is located between the largest communes of Alsace , Strasbourg and Mulhouse .
In 2013 , Sélestat had a total population of 19 @,@ 332 , which makes it the eighth most populous town in Alsace . During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance it was the third largest city in the region , after Strasbourg and Colmar , and it is ranked the third commune in Alsace for cultural heritage . Sélestat was founded in the 8th century as a port on the Ill and it experienced a long period of prosperity thanks to the trade in wine and a thriving religious and cultural life . It gradually declined after the Reformation and the French conquest in the 17th century . The town eventually experienced a new demographic growth in the second half of the 20th century when it became a small industrial and cultural centre .
Thanks to its rich heritage , which includes the renowned Humanist Library and an imposing pair of medieval churches , Sélestat is an important tourist destination in Alsace . It also benefits from its location on the Alsace wine road and its proximity to Haut @-@ Kœnigsbourg castle . Aside from the medieval old town , the commune of Sélestat encompasses a nature reserve including one of the largest riparian forests of France .
= = Name = =
The present name of the town is a Frenchification of the original Germanic name . It appeared soon after the French conquest in the 17th century . The town is called Schlettstàdt ( [ ˈʃlɛd ̥ ʃd ̥ ɐd ̥ ] ) in Alsatian and Schlettstadt ( German pronunciation : [ ˈʃlet ͡ ʃtat ] ) in German .
Sélestat was first mentioned in 727 as Sclastat . It was mentioned as Scalistati in 775 , as Slectistat in 881 , as Sclezistat in 884 and as Slezestat in 1095 . The current German name , Schlettstadt , appeared in 1310 , although various spellings can be noticed on posterior documents , such as Schlestat , Schlet ( t ) stat and Schlestat . The French administration used various forms from the 17th to the 19th century , such as Frenchified ( Sélestat , Sélestadt ) and Germanic ( Schlestadt , Schelestadt ) . The town was officially known as Schlettstadt between 1871 and 1919 , when Alsace was part of the German Empire . Since 1920 , the town 's French name is fixed as Sélestat .
The origin of the name " Schlettstadt " is unclear . It probably derives from Germanic words slade or sclade meaning " marshes " , and stat for " city " . Sélestat would then be a " city in the marshes " , a reference to its position in the Grand Ried , a vast area subject to flooding that stretches over the centre of Alsace . Stat could also mean " area " rather than " city " .
A popular myth explains that the town takes its name from a dragon called Schletto that founded the settlement after opening up the nearby Lièpvre valley in the Vosges mountains .
= = History = =
= = = Birth of the town = = =
Sélestat was first mentioned in 727 AD but the town probably has an earlier Celtic or Roman origin . Archaeological findings provide evidence of human settlement during the Mesolithic , the Neolithic and the Bronze Age . A large number of wood piles dating from the 1st and 2nd centuries AD were discovered around St. Quirin chapel , suggesting a Roman settlement . At that time Sélestat might have already been a port on the river Ill .
When Sélestat started to appear in written documents in the 8th century , it may have been a market town or simply a village populated by fishermen and farmers . The area was part of the estate of Eberhard , a member of the Alsatian ducal family , who donated it to Murbach Abbey at the end of his life . In 775 , Charlemagne spent Christmas in Sélestat , which indicates that the town must have had enough appropriate buildings and population to accommodate his court and troops .
In the 1080s , Sélestat was the property of Hildegard von Eguisheim , mother of Frederick I , Duke of Swabia , the first member of the House of Hohenstaufen . Hildegard transformed the place into a religious centre when she founded St. Faith 's Church , which she gave to the Benedictines of Conques Abbey . Monks from Conques opened a priory next to the church in 1092 . The House of Hohenstaufen quickly became the leading dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire , which came to the imperial throne in 1152 . Being under their protection , the priory of Sélestat strongly influenced local life . Even though Sélestat constituted a distinct parish , its priest had only limited power and the Benedictine prior was the true head of the municipality . At the end of the 12th century , the Hohenstaufen dynasty gradually lost power and as a result the priory started to decline . The citizens used this opportunity to reduce the prior 's dominance and secure the power of their parish . They started to build a new parish church in the 1220s . St. George 's Church was designed in Gothic style and was significantly larger than St. Faith 's Church , another way to signify the end of Benedictine hegemony .
= = = Free imperial city = = =
Frederick II , ruler of the Holy Roman Empire in the 13th century , realised that his dynasty was losing its power and granted freedoms to many cities in order to keep their allegiance . These cities became Free imperial cities and Sélestat became one of them in 1217 . Under the new status Sélestat was able to build city walls and collect taxes on its own . Its serfs and settlers were freed . The German monarch Adolf of Nassau granted Sélestat a constitution in 1292 . It was amended many times but it regulated local politics until 1789 . Although the new status favoured trade and prosperity , free cities in Alsace were afraid that they would not be defended by imperial forces if a conflict was to occur . So they decided to form an alliance called the Decapolis in 1354 , which comprised ten cities : ( Haguenau , Colmar , Wissembourg , Turckheim , Obernai , Kaysersberg , Rosheim , Munster , Sélestat and Mulhouse ) . The seat of the alliance was in Haguenau but its archives were kept in Sélestat . Because the town was the most centrally located , it often hosted meetings of the association .
The Benedictine priory was closed in 1424 after many years of decline . It had long lost its power to the local nobility that were gradually replaced by the bourgeoisie in the mid @-@ 14th century . Nevertheless , Sélestat remained a religious centre even after the closing of the priory . Convents were established in the 13th century by Dominicans , Knights Hospitaller and Franciscans . Several abbeys located outside of the town also had a residence in town . At the beginning of the 16th century , Sélestat was a noted centre of Renaissance humanism thanks to its celebrated Latin school . Reformers Beatus Rhenanus and Martin Bucer were among the school 's alumni . This school helped spread Protestant ideas among the population , although the local authorities remained faithful to Rome . Erasmus of Rotterdam visited Sélestat four times between 1515 and 1522 .
Being a free city , Sélestat attracted settlers from the region who sought protection , freedom and a thriving economic environment . The first city wall , which had become too constricting , was replaced in 1280 , and a third wall had to be erected in the 16th century as the city grew . At the end of the Middle Ages , the population was estimated at between 5 @,@ 000 and 6 @,@ 000 . It was then the fourth largest Alsatian town after Strasbourg ( 18 @,@ 000 ) , Colmar and Haguenau ( 6 @,@ 000 each ) . The local economy reached its zenith around 1500 . It was centered on shipping and trade ( mainly hay , cereals , wine , fish , glass , iron and salt ) . As the road network was poor and dangerous , goods transited via the Ill river .
= = = Decline = = =
The decline of the town started in the 1520s , when the humanist school lost its former influence . The troubles surrounding the Protestant Reformation brought instability and unrest to the region . The town experienced the German Peasants ' War in 1525 and its convents were sacked by a mob in 1534 . During the same period Sélestat lost its pre @-@ eminence in the Decapolis because the city of Mulhouse left the alliance in 1515 and was replaced by Landau in 1521 , moving the geographical centre of the alliance to the north .
During the 17th century , Alsace was one of the main battlefields of the Thirty Years War . Sélestat was seized by the Swedes in 1632 after a month @-@ long siege . They surrendered the town to their French allies two years later . The local population long remained predominantly faithful to the House of Habsburg . The Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) formalised the annexation of the Decapolis by France . Sélestat was briefly occupied by the Germans during the Franco @-@ Dutch War in 1674 . The Treaties of Nijmegen ( 1679 ) that ended the war also abolished the Decapolis .
At first , Sélestat was a major strategic stronghold for the French . Located near the Rhine , it controlled the access to the Vosges mountains and the rest of France . Vauban , the foremost military architect at that time , rebuilt the town walls between 1675 and 1691 . However , after the conquest of Strasbourg in 1681 Sélestat lost much of its strategic importance , as Strasbourg was better located . But it remained a garrison town , and the troops stationed there helped to improve the faltering local economy . Although Protestantism was not forbidden in Alsace , French authorities largely encouraged Catholicism and opened three new convents in Sélestat . Jews were expelled from the town in 1642 . During the French Revolution the population was extremely conservative and opposed to change . The new territorial organisation confirmed the decline of the town , which did not become a prefecture and was not distinguished as a subprefecture until 1806 , when it replaced Barr in that capacity . Sélestat suffered from the Napoleonic wars as it was besieged and bombed by the Bavarians in 1814 and blockaded by a German coalition in 1815 .
= = = Since 1815 = = =
Industry appeared very early in Sélestat . The town had already several factories at the beginning of the 19th century : a tilery , a sawmill , 12 tanneries and 11 mills . Sélestat quickly became specialised in wire gauze making but it never became a large industrial centre , remaining a small town with limited influence . The completion of the Strasbourg @-@ Basel railway ( 1840 ) , one of the first to be built in France , did not lead to significant urban development . The town walls that still encircled the town were a significant factor in its economic and demographic stagnation . After the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 , Alsace and a part of Lorraine were annexed by the new German Empire . The German authorities demolished the city walls in 1874 and built new spacious neighbourhoods around the old town , as they did in Strasbourg and Metz .
Sélestat became French again after the First World War , during which almost a thousand inhabitants died . It was part of the Third Reich during the Second World War . Its liberation took three months and ended in February 1945 . The town is a recipient of the War Cross 1914 – 1918 and War Cross 1939 – 1945 . Sélestat has experienced steady demographic and economic growth since 1945 . Its population almost doubled between 1946 and 1999 and two industrial parks were built to accommodate new large factories . The service industry has enriched the town 's economy since the 1970s with a large number of small businesses .
South of the town , at 48 ° 15 ′ 4 ″ N 7 ° 25 ′ 28 ″ E , a large broadcasting facility was used for transmitting on 1161 kHz and 1278 kHz in the medium @-@ wave range . It was opened in 1948 and ceased to emit on 1 January 2016 .
= = Governance = =
Sélestat is one of the six subprefectures of the Bas @-@ Rhin departement . As such it is at the head of the Sélestat @-@ Erstein arrondissement . Sélestat is also the administrative centre of a canton including 28 other communes which primarily serve as a constituency for local elections . Sélestat is part of the 5th Bas @-@ Rhin constituency for national elections . Since 2002 , the Member of the National Assembly for the constituency has been the Republican Antoine Herth .
Sélestat is a member of a federation of communes with shared competencies : the Communauté de communes de Sélestat . Sélestat is its main town , and it includes 11 neighbouring villages . It was created in 1995 to replace an older but similar structure founded in 1969 . Sélestat is also the seat of the Central Alsace pays , a structure aiming at developing the area .
The town has had a council since 1292 , when it was granted a constitution under the Holy Roman Empire . The constitution shaped the local political system until the French Revolution of 1789 . Since then , the town has been administered as all the other communes of France . Its council currently comprises 33 councillors , whose number is defined by law according to the size of the population . The town also has a mayor elected by the councillors .
Alsace in general is a stronghold of the French right . The main French right @-@ wing party , The Republicans , currently holds a large majority in the council ( 26 councillors ) . Marcel Bauer , who has been mayor since 2001 , is also a member of that party . Voters in Sélestat generally favour right @-@ wing candidates at other elections as well , although Sélestat was governed by the Socialist Party between 1989 and 2001 .
= = Geography = =
Sélestat is located at the very centre of Alsace , near the limit separating the Bas @-@ Rhin and Haut @-@ Rhin departments , which traditionally correspond to Lower and Upper Alsace , respectively . The town is located between Strasbourg and Mulhouse , the first being 42 kilometres ( 26 mi ) north and the latter 57 kilometres ( 35 mi ) south of the city . Sélestat is also located between Obernai ( 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) ) and Colmar ( 21 kilometres ( 13 mi ) ) . On the other side of the Rhine , Freiburg im Breisgau is around 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) distant .
Sélestat lies on the Alsace plains , a narrow , very fertile area that stretches between the Rhine and the Vosges mountains . The Ill flows parallel to the Rhine and crosses Sélestat . This river frequently branches and swells , making the area very wet and subject to flooding . Sélestat is only 4 kilometres ( 2 mi ) from the Vosges , at the opening of one of the rare valleys crossing the mountain range and providing a connection to the rest of France . This valley corresponds to the course of the Giessen , a 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) long tributary of the Ill . In contrast to the Ill , which has a constant annual flow , the Giessen is a mountain river subject to sudden increases in the water level , especially during the spring thaw period . The Giessen passes north of the town and meets the Ill several kilometers to the east , in Ebersmunster .
The town itself is built on the Giessen alluvial fan so it is slightly higher than the rest of the Alsace plains . Much of its territory is however located on areas liable to flooding . Such areas are mostly located inside the Illwald natural reserve and comprise both forests and meadows . There the Ill forms more than 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) of waterways .
= = Transport = =
Despite its small size , Sélestat is well connected to transport networks . Alsace as a whole , being part of the economic heart of Europe , has a high road and railway density .
The town is served by the A35 autoroute , a motorway that crosses Alsace north to south , connecting Strasbourg , Colmar and Mulhouse . Further south it connects to the Swiss A3 motorway , and further north to the German B9 highway . Taken together , these three roads connect the Netherlands to Austria . Sélestat is also located at one of the seven crossings of the Vosges mountains , connecting Lorraine to Alsace and Germany .
Sélestat train station was opened in 1840 , which makes it one of the oldest in France . It lies on the
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Strasbourg – Basel railway , which also serves Colmar , Mulhouse and Saint @-@ Louis . Sélestat is at the terminus of two local railways that are partly closed : Sélestat @-@ Lesseux , now ending in Lièpvre , and Sélestat @-@ Saverne , now ending in Molsheim . The former railway runs towards the west through the Vosges , while the latter runs towards the northwest . A third local line , Sélestat @-@ Sundhouse , closed in 1953 . Although one of the oldest in France , the Strasbourg @-@ Basel railway allows high speed travel of ( 200 kilometres per hour ( 120 mph ) ) because it is very rectilinear and crosses a very flat landscape . Sélestat is served by all regional trains between Strasbourg and Basel ( one train in each direction every hour on weekdays ) . Local trains also run between Sélestat and Molsheim , Sélestat and Strasbourg and Sélestat and Barr . Sélestat is served by a Paris @-@ Colmar TGV every day in each direction , by Strasbourg @-@ Nice and Strasbourg @-@ Cerbère Intercités in the summer , and by EuroCity trains connecting Zurich to Brussels and Basel to Luxembourg City .
SNCF and the Bas @-@ Rhin council operate coach lines between Sélestat and Sainte @-@ Marie @-@ aux @-@ Mines , Saint @-@ Dié @-@ des @-@ Vosges , Ribeauvillé , Marckolsheim , Sundhouse and Villé . The council also arranges for seasonal connections with Haut @-@ Kœnigsbourg castle and Europa Park .
Sélestat and its communauté de communes have their own local bus network , the " Transport intercommunal de Sélestat " ( TIS ) . It comprises two lines , one connecting Châtenois to Ebersheim , and the other Scherwiller to Muttersholtz . These two lines make several stops in Sélestat proper , which is at the centre of the network .
= = Demography = =
As of the 2013 census , Sélestat had 19 @,@ 332 inhabitants . It is the 8th most populated commune in Alsace , having reached its maximum population in 2006 , with 19 @,@ 459 inhabitants . The oldest preserved birth registries of the town 's Catholic parish go back to the year 1608 ; the oldest vital records ( état civil ) go back to the year 1793 .
Sélestat was one of the largest towns in the region from the Middle Ages until the beginning of the 19th century . In 1801 , it was still the third most populous in Alsace behind Strasbourg and Colmar . It then had 7 @,@ 375 inhabitants , a slightly higher figure than for Mulhouse ( 7 @,@ 197 ) and Haguenau ( 7 @,@ 009 ) . Through the 19th century , Sélestat did not take advantage of industrialisation and rural exodus because its city wall and military function prevented urban growth . It reached its overpopulation threeshold around 1830 , with around 10 @,@ 000 inhabitants living on only 32 hectares ( 79 acres ) . Only after the Second World War did Sélestat experience significant demographic growth , almost doubling its population in 50 years . However , this growth was not strong enough for Sélestat to recover its previous rank .
The demographic growth that occurred in Sélestat after 1945 was primarily due to a relatively high birth rate ( 20 @.@ 1 ‰ in Sélestat over the period 1968 – 1975 , compared to 16 @.@ 9 ‰ in France ) . After 1975 , this rate progressively declined to match the national figure . Net migration figures remained slightly negative until 1990 because Sélestat and Central Alsace were on the margins of the metropolitan areas of Strasbourg and Colmar and lacked attractivity . Since 1990 , the Strasbourg area greatly expanded to gradually reach Sélestat . The town has thus become more attractive to newcomers .
The population of Sélestat is relatively young , 39 @.@ 7 % of the population were under 30 in 2009 ( France : 37 @.@ 2 % ) and the pecentage of people over 60 years old ( 19 % ) was lower than the national ( 21 @.@ 8 % ) figure . Sélestat has a significant proportion of people between 15 and 44 ( 42 @.@ 7 % , compared to 38 @.@ 9 % for all of France ) because it attracts a large number of young actives and couples starting a family . As other towns in the region , such as Saverne , Haguenau and Molsheim , it welcomes young adults and encourages them to settle in the surrounding villages .
= = Economy = =
At the end of 2010 , Sélestat had 1 @,@ 823 businesses , most of them ( 1 @,@ 240 ) in the tertiary sector . A large share were small businesses ; only 10 % had more than 10 employees . Sélestat is a retail and services centre for the whole Central Alsace , with a large shopping park and administrative and educational institutions . Industry is nonetheless represented by some large firms , such as the Société alsacienne de meubles , which builds kitchens and bathrooms under a Schmidt and Cuisinella franchise , Amcor ( aluminium packaging ) , Daramic ( battery separators ) , Albany ( gauzes for the printing industry ) , Wanzl ( warehouse material ) , and DHJ ( textiles ) .
Most of the large factories are in an industrial estate located south of the town centre . Created in the 1930s , it covers a site of 67 hectares ( 166 acres ) . The newer commercial estate north of the town was developed in the 1970s and is dedicated to retail and cottage industry . It covers 134 hectares ( 331 acres ) . The town centre is also an important shopping area with more than 200 businesses .
= = Sights and culture = =
In terms of architecture the city is one of the richest and most varied among the smaller cities of Alsace . Although it is only the 8th most populous town in the region , it has the third largest cultural heritage after Strasbourg and Colmar . Sélestat has 35 listed buildings and 119 additional sites that are indexed in the French list of cultural heritage monuments .
= = = Museums = = =
The Humanist Library displays one of the oldest and most homogeneous collections of medieval manuscripts and Renaissance books in Europe . Its core is the still almost intact library of Beatus Rhenanus , which was bequeathed to the city and has been maintained by it ever since . The institution also holds the books that belonged to the Latin school of Sélestat , at which Rhenanus and many other reformers were educated around 1500 . In 2011 , the library has been inscribed in the Unesco 's Memory of the World Register .
The library is open to both researchers and tourists , with an exhibition displaying some of its most noteworthy items : an 8th @-@ century lectionary , the first books printed in Alsace , a copy of the Cosmographiae Introductio where the oldest mention of America can be found , and a 1521 document which contains the oldest record of a Christmas tree .
Sélestat also has a museum dedicated to bread and baking and it is the seat of the FRAC d 'Alsace , a regional institution whose aim is to collect contemporary works of art ( see below , Cultural institutions and events ) . These works are regularly part of temporary exhibits in Sélestat and other places in Alsace . FRAC possesses works by Aurélie Nemours , Olivier Debré , Mario Merz and Panamarenko , among other artists .
= = = Religious architecture = = =
Sélestat has two large and remarkable churches from the Middle Ages . St. Faith 's Church is the oldest and a prime example of Romanesque architecture . Its design is related to similar buildings both in the Rhine region and in Lorraine . It was built during the second half of the 12th century to replace an earlier building . The church was renovated in the 19th century and a medieval death mask was found during this work . It is often attributed to Hildegard of Eguisheim , founder of the church , and is now displayed in a crypt .
St. George 's Church has always served as the main parish church . It is often referred to as " the cathedral " because of its size , but it has never been the seat of a diocese . Its construction started soon after 1200 and was completed at the beginning of the 15th century . Its design is pure Gothic , save for a Romanesque side portal . The choir , the last part to be completed , is the most remarkable element . It is illuminated by 288 stained glass panels , of which 55 date from the 15th century .
Most of the convents of the town have disappeared ; the Dominican convent is the only one to have retained much of its original appearance . It was built in the 13th century and still has its church and cloister . The Franciscan convent was completely destroyed , apart from the choir of its church , which now serves as a Protestant church . Sélestat also has an old granary that belonged to the Benedictine priory , and a 16th @-@ century commandery built by the Knights Hospitaller .
The synagogue was built in 1890 . Its architecture is typical of the region , with a square shape and discreet neo @-@ romanesque ornaments . Its cupola was destroyed in 1940 by the Nazis and never rebuilt . The Jewish cemetery , located outside the old town , was opened in 1622 . It has several 18th century gravestones showing a Christian artistic influence .
= = = Civil and military architecture = = =
The old town comprises a large number of medieval and Renaissance buildings . The quai des Tanneurs ( " tanners ' quay " ) is one of the most picturesque streets in Alsace . A stream used to flow in the middle of the street until the beginning of the 20th century , the relic of a former noxious @-@ smelling trade , since tanning required large amounts of flowing water for treating and washing animal skins . Most of the old tanner houses date back to the Middle Ages and have a tall attic to provide a ventilated space for drying leather . In the neighbouring streets , rue des Oies ( " geese street " ) and rue des Veaux ( " calf street " ) , many houses were covered with a coat of plaster in the 19th century in order to hide the timbering , which was considered too rustic .
Several hôtels particuliers ( large townhouses ) date from the Renaissance . Most of them have oriel windows that are characteristic of German Renaissance architecture . The grandest of these hôtels belonged to the Ebersmunster abbey and it has a large three @-@ story granary . The Ziegler house has a beautiful oriel that shows the interest of the elite of that time in Antiquity . The oriel partly reflects Vitruvius 's architectural legacy and displays the portraits of four key figures of Antiquity . Baroque architecture is visible on some later hôtels dating from the 17th and 18th century . French classical architecture and its main feature , the mansard roof , were largely employed in the 18th century . To reduce costs , buildings were still built with timber framing , but as this technique was considered too Germanic and rustic , they were often covered with a rendering imitating stone .
The German period ( 1870 – 1918 ) left some examples of Wilhelminism in the city 's architecture . This prestige @-@ oriented style is a mixture of various earlier styles , including Romanesque , Gothic and neoclassical . Noteworthy are the post office ( 1884 ) , the courthouse ( 1900 ) , the lycée Koeberlé ( 1913 ) and the water tower ( 1906 ) . The latter ( height : 50 m ( 160 ft ) ) was largely inspired by the water tower in Deventer , Netherlands .
The medieval city walls , built in several stages between the 13th and the 16th century , were torn down after the French annexation in the 17th century . However , four towers escaped destruction . The Tour des Sorcières ( " witches ' tower " ) , which served as a gate and a jail , is the tallest . The Tour de l 'Horloge ( " clock tower " ) was also originally part of a gate . The clock and the elaborate roof were added in 1614 . Two much smaller towers can also be seen , one near the Ill river and another integrated into a later house . All these remains date from the 13th century .
New walls were built by Tarade and Vauban in the 17th century . They were in their turn destroyed in 1874 . Only small portions survive : two bastions and the Porte de Strasbourg ( " Strasbourg gate " ) , a good example of French architecture under Louis XIV . Sélestat still has two old arsenals , Sainte @-@ Barbe on the main square ( 1470 ) and Saint @-@ Hilaire ( 1518 ) . The first , with a large crenelated gable , is a fine example of Gothic architecture .
= = = Illwald forest = = =
The Illwald forest was designated a regional nature reserve in 2013 . It covers 1 @,@ 855 hectares ( 4 @,@ 584 acres ) , almost half of the territory of Sélestat , and is one of the largest riparian forests in France . It lies on the Ill , which forms a complex hydrographic network there . The site is subject to flooding and it is characteristic of the Grand Ried , a flat region located between the Ill and the Rhine that serves as a natural spillway for the two rivers .
Common trees are oaks , willows and alders , which tolerate wet soils . Because the phreatic table is very close to the surface , soils hardly freeze in winter and drought rarely occurs in summer . The nature reserve also has meadows and reed beds . Common animals include a large variety of birds ( storks , curlews , harriers ) , amphibians and mammals ( beavers ) . The reserve is home to the largest fallow deer population in France . This animal was introduced to the area in 1854 .
The Illwald contains three chapels that were originally pilgrimage destinations . The Schnellenbuhl chapel was built by Jesuits in 1683 ; Our Lady of the Oaks dates back to the 15th century but it was rebuilt after a fire in 1920 ; Our Lady of Peace was built in 1960 , and St. Anthony was founded in 1280 but rebuilt in 1930 .
= = = Cultural institutions and events = = =
Sélestat is the seat of the Agence culturelle d 'Alsace ( " cultural agency of Alsace " , ACA ) since 1976 . Since 1982 , Sélestat is the seat of the FRAC Alsace , the Alsace branch of the Fonds régional d 'art contemporain ( " Regional Contemporary art fund " ) , administered by the ACA . A biennale dedicated to contemporary art takes place every two year in autumn since 1984 . It has welcomed artists like Daniel Buren , Ben Vautier , Sarkis Zabunyan and Agnès Varda . Since 2006 , Sélestat is the seat of the Pôle interdépartemental d 'archéologie rhénan ( PAIR ) , the " Rhenish inter @-@ départemental center for archaeology " , which conducts and documents archaeological field surveys and excavations in Alsace .
Every year since 1927 , Sélestat has organised a large flower procession through its old town . The " corso fleuri " is one of the biggest floral shows in eastern France . New floats are made each year around a theme and decorated with dahlias only . A carnaval procession is also held in March . It is the remnant of a very old tradition started by the town 's butchers . Sélestat also has festivals dedicated to electronic music ( Epidemic Experience ) , satirical cartoons ( Sélest 'ival ) , a spring fun fair , and a summer medievial reenactment with a market and a procession .
The cultural complex Les Tanzmatten , built by Rudy Ricciotti , was inaugurated in 2000 . It serves as the town 's concert and performances hall , as well as for exhibitions , commercial fairs and weddings .
= = Sports = =
Sélestat Alsace Handball is a noted French handball club . It was founded in 1967 . FC Sélestat , the football club , was founded in 1906 .
= = Notable people = =
= = = Born in Sélestat = = =
Martin Bucer , German Protestant reformer
Fabienne Keller , French politician
Eugène Koeberlé , French surgeon
Heinrich Kramer , German inquisitor
Johannes Mentelin , German printer
Beatus Rhenanus , German humanist
Jakob Wimpfeling , German humanist
= = = Connected to Sélestat = = =
Ludwig Dringenberg ( died in Sélestat )
Thierry Omeyer ( played professionally for Sélestat )
François Ignace Schaal ( died in Sélestat )
= = Twin towns = =
Sélestat is twinned with four European towns .
Montignies @-@ sur @-@ Sambre , Belgium , since 1959 ( merged with Charleroi in 1977 )
Waldkirch , Germany , since 1966
Grenchen , Switzerland , since 1988
Dornbirn , Austria , since 2006
= Symphonic poems ( Liszt ) =
The symphonic poems of the Hungarian composer Franz Liszt are a series of 13 orchestral works , numbered S.95 – 107 . The first 12 were composed between 1848 and 1858 ( though some use material conceived earlier ) ; the last , Von der Wiege bis zum Grabe ( From the Cradle to the Grave ) , followed in 1882 . These works helped establish the genre of orchestral program music — compositions written to illustrate an extra @-@ musical plan derived from a play , poem , painting or work of nature . They inspired the symphonic poems of Bedřich Smetana , Antonín Dvořák , Richard Strauss and others .
Liszt 's intent , according to musicologist Hugh MacDonald , was for these single @-@ movement works " to display the traditional logic of symphonic thought . " In other words , Liszt wanted these works to display a complexity in their interplay of themes similar to that usually reserved for the opening movement of the Classical symphony ; this principal self @-@ contained section was normally considered the most important in the larger whole of the symphony in terms of academic achievement and musical architecture . At the same time , Liszt wanted to incorporate the abilities of program music to inspire listeners to imagine scenes , images , or moods . To capture these dramatic and evocative qualities while achieving the scale of an opening movement , he combined elements of overture and symphony in a modified sonata design . The composition of the symphonic poems proved daunting . They underwent a continual process of creative experimentation that included many stages of composition , rehearsal and revision to reach a balance of musical form .
Aware that the public appreciated instrumental music with context , Liszt provided written prefaces for nine of his symphonic poems . However , Liszt 's view of the symphonic poem tended to be evocative , using music to create a general mood or atmosphere rather than to illustrate a narrative or describe something literally . In this regard , Liszt authority Humphrey Searle suggests that he may have been closer to his contemporary Hector Berlioz than to many who would follow him in writing symphonic poems .
= = Background = =
According to cultural historian Hannu Salmi , classical music began to gain public prominence in Western Europe in the latter 18th century through the establishment of concerts by musical societies in cities such as Leipzig and the subsequent press coverage of these events . This was a consequence of the Industrial Revolution , according to music critic and historian Harold C. Schonberg , which brought changes to the early 19th @-@ century lifestyles of the working masses . The lower and middle classes began to take an interest in the arts , which previously had been enjoyed mostly by the clergy and aristocracy . In the 1830s , concert halls were few , and orchestras served mainly in the production of operas — symphonic works were considered far lower in importance . However , the European music scene underwent a transformation in the 1840s . As the role of religion diminished , Salmi asserts , 19th @-@ century culture remained a religious one and the attendance of the arts in historical or similarly impressive surroundings " may still have generated a rapture akin to experiencing the sacred . " Schonberg , cultural historian Peter Cay and musicologist Alan Walker add that , while aristocrats still held private musical events , public concerts grew as institutions for the middle class , which was growing prosperous and could now afford to attend . As interest burgeoned , these concerts were performed at a rapidly increasing number of venues . Programs often ran over three hours , " even if the content was thin : two or more symphonies , two overtures , vocal and instrumental numbers , duets , a concerto . " Roughly half of the presented music was vocal in nature . Symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Joseph Haydn or Ludwig van Beethoven usually opened or concluded concerts , and " while these works were revered as models of great music , they were ultimately less popular than the arias and scenes from operas and oratorios that stood prominently in the middle of these concerts . "
Meanwhile , the future of the symphony genre was coming into doubt . Musicologist Mark Evan Bonds writes , " Even symphonies by [ such ] well @-@ known composers of the early 19th century as Méhul , Rossini , Cherubini , Hérold , Czerny , Clementi , Weber and Moscheles were perceived in their own time as standing in the symphonic shadow of Haydn , Mozart , Beethoven , or some combination of the three . " While many composers continued to write symphonies during the 1820s and 30s , " there was a growing sense that these works were aesthetically far inferior to Beethoven 's .... The real question was not so much whether symphonies could still be written , but whether the genre could continue to flourish and grow as it had over the previous half @-@ century in the hands of Haydn , Mozart and Beethoven . On this count , there were varying degrees of skepticism but virtually no real optimism . "
The crux of the issue , Bonds asserts , " was never really one of style ... but rather of generic conception . " Between his Third and Seventh Symphonies , Beethoven had pushed the symphony well beyond the boundaries of entertainment into those of moral , political and philosophical statement . By adding text and voices in his Ninth Symphony , he not only redefined the genre but also called into question whether instrumental music could truly be superior to vocal music . The Ninth , Bonds says , in fact became the catalyst that fueled debate about the symphony genre . Hector Berlioz was the only composer " able to grapple successfully with Beethoven 's legacy . " However , Felix Mendelssohn , Robert Schumann and Niels Gade also achieved successes with their symphonies , putting at least a temporary stop to the debate as to whether the genre was dead . Regardless , composers increasingly turned to the " more compact form " of the concert overture " as a vehicle within which to blend musical , narrative and pictoral ideas " ; examples included Mendelssohn 's overtures A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1826 ) and The Hebrides ( 1830 ) .
Franz Liszt , a Hungarian composer , had attempted to write a Revolutionary Symphony as early as 1830 ; however , his focus for the early part of his adult life was mostly on his performing career . By 1847 , Liszt was famous throughout Europe as a virtuoso pianist . " Lisztomania " swept across Europe , the emotional charge of his recitals making them " more like séances than serious musical events " , and the reaction of many of his listeners could be characterized as hysterical . Musicologist Alan Walker says , " Liszt was a natural phenomenon , and people were swayed by him .... With his mesmeric personality and long mane of flowing hair , he created a striking stage presence . And there were many witnesses to testify that his playing did indeed raise the mood of an audience to a level of mystical ecstasy . " The demands of concert life " reached exponential proportions " and " every public appearance led to demands for a dozen others . " Liszt desired to compose music , such as large @-@ scale orchestral works , but lacked the time to do so as a travelling virtuoso . In September 1847 , Liszt gave his last public recital as a paid artist and announced his retirement from the concert platform . He settled in Weimar , where he had been made its honorary music director in 1842 , to work on his compositions .
Weimar was a small town that held many attractions for Liszt . Two of Germany 's greatest men of letters , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller , had both lived there . As one of the cultural centers of Germany , Weimar boasted a theater and an orchestra plus its own painters , poets and scientists . The University of Jena was also nearby . Most importantly , the town 's patroness was the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna , the sister of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia . " This triple alliance of court , theater and academia was difficult to resist . " The town also received its first railway line in 1848 , which gave Liszt relatively quick access from there to the rest of Germany .
= = Inventing the symphonic poem = =
Liszt desired to expand single @-@ movement works beyond the concert overture form . As he himself said , " New wine demands new bottles , " and as Alan Walker points out , the " language of music was changing ; it seemed pointless to Liszt to contain it in forms that were almost 100 years old . " The music of overtures is to inspire listeners to imagine scenes , images , or moods ; Liszt intended to combine those programmatic qualities with a scale and musical complexity normally reserved for the opening movement of Classical symphonies . The opening movement , with its interplay of contrasting themes under sonata form , was normally considered the most important part of the symphony . To achieve his objectives , he needed a more flexible method of developing musical themes than sonata form would allow , but one that would preserve the overall unity of a musical composition .
Liszt found his method through two compositional practices , which he used in his symphonic poems . The first practice was cyclic form , a procedure established by Beethoven in which certain movements are not only linked but actually reflect one another 's content . Liszt took Beethoven 's practice one step further , combining separate movements into a single @-@ movement cyclic structure . Many of Liszt 's mature works follow this pattern , of which Les préludes is one of the best @-@ known examples . The second practice was thematic transformation , a type of variation in which one theme is changed , not into a related or subsidiary theme but into something new , separate and independent . Thematic transformation , like cyclic form , was nothing new in itself ; it had already been used by Mozart and Haydn . In the final movement of his Ninth Symphony , Beethoven had transformed the theme of the " Ode to Joy " into a Turkish march . Weber and Berlioz had also transformed themes , and Schubert used thematic transformation to bind together the movements of his Wanderer Fantasy , a work that had a tremendous influence on Liszt . However , Liszt perfected the creation of significantly longer formal structures solely through thematic transformation , not only in the symphonic poems but in other works such as his Second Piano Concerto and his Piano Sonata in B minor . In fact , when a work had to be shortened , Liszt tended to cut sections of conventional musical development and preserve sections of thematic transformation .
Between 1845 and 1847 , Belgian @-@ French composer César Franck wrote an orchestral piece based on Victor Hugo 's poem Ce qu 'on entend sur la montagne . The work exhibits characteristics of a symphonic poem , and some musicologists , such as Norman Demuth and Julien Tiersot , consider it the first of its genre , preceding Liszt 's compositions . However , Franck did not publish or perform his piece ; neither did he set about defining the genre . Liszt 's determination to explore and promote the symphonic poem gained him recognition as the genre 's inventor .
Until he coined the term " symphonic poem " , Liszt introduced several of these new orchestral works as overtures ; in fact , some of the poems were initially overtures or preludes for other works , only later being expanded or rewritten past the confines of the overture form . The first version of Tasso , Liszt stated , was an incidental overture for Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's 1790 drama Torquato Tasso , performed for the Weimar Goethe Centenary Festival . Orpheus was first performed in Weimar on February 16 , 1854 as a prelude to Christoph Willibald Gluck 's opera Orfeo ed Euridice . Likewise , Hamlet started out in 1858 as a prelude to the Shakespearean tragedy . Liszt first used the term
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" Sinfonische Dichtung " ( symphonic poem ) in public at a concert in Weimar on April 19 , 1854 to describe Tasso . Five days later , he used the term " poèmes symphoniques " in a letter to Hans von Bülow to describe Les preludes and Orpheus .
= = Composition process = =
Particularly striking in his symphonic poems is Liszt 's approach to musical form . As purely musical structures , they do not follow a strict presentation and development of musical themes as they would under sonata form . Instead , they follow a loose episodic pattern , in which motifs — recurring melodies associated with a subject — are thematically transformed in a manner similar to that later made famous by Richard Wagner . Recapitulations , where themes are normally restated after they are combined and contrasted in development , are foreshortened , while codas , where pieces of music generally wind to a close , are greatly enlarged to a size and scope that can affect the listener 's concept of the themes . Themes shuffle into new and unexpected patterns of order , and three- or four @-@ movement structures roll into one in a continual process of creative experimentation .
Part of this creative experimentation was a trial @-@ and @-@ error approach . Liszt constructed compositions with varying sections of music not necessarily having distinct beginnings and ends . He sketched sections , sometimes without fully completing them , on a small number of staves with some indication of the orchestration . After an assistant — August Conradi from 1848 to 1849 , Joachim Raff from 1850 to 1853 — had realized Liszt 's ideas and provided a score of an acceptable standard , Liszt would then make further revisions ; he moved sections to form different structural relationships , and modified connective materials or composed them anew , completing the piece of music . The score was copied , then tried out in rehearsals with the Weimarian Court orchestra and further changes made in the light of practical experience . Many years later , Liszt reminisced how his compositional development hinged on hearing an orchestra perform his works : " I needed to hear them in order to get an idea of them . " He added that it was much more for this reason , and not simply for securing a public for his own works , that he promoted them in Weimar and elsewhere . After many such stages of composition , rehearsal and revision , Liszt might reach a version where the musical form seemed balanced and he was satisfied . However , it was his habit to write modifications to already printed scores . From his perspective , his compositions remained " works in progress " as he continued to reshape , rework , or add and subtract material . In some instances , a composition could exist in four or five versions simultaneously .
Tasso , based on the life of sixteenth @-@ century Italian poet , Torquato Tasso , is a perfect example of both Liszt 's working method and his achievements based on restless experimentation . The 1849 version following a conventional overture layout , divided into a slow section ( " Lament " ) and a fast one ( " Triumph " ) . Even with this division , the entire work was actually a set of variations on a single melody — a folk hymn sung to Liszt by a gondolier in Venice in the late 1830s . Among the most significant revisions Liszt made was the addition of a middle section in the vein of a minuet . The theme of the minuet was , again , a variant of the gondolier 's folk hymn , thus becoming another example of thematic transformation . Calmer than either of the outer sections , it was intended to depict Tasso 's more stable years in the employment of the Este family in Ferrara . In a margin note , Liszt informs the conductor that the orchestra " assumes a dual role " in this section ; strings play a self @-@ contained piece based on the original version of the gondolier 's hymn while woodwinds play another based on the variation used in the minuet . This was very much in the manner of Italian composer Pietro Raimondi , whose contrapuntal mastery was such that he had written three oratorios — Joseph , Potiphar and Jacob — which could be performed either individually or together . Liszt made a study of Raimondi 's work but the Italian composer died before Liszt could meet him personally . While the minuet section was probably added to act as a musical bridge between the opening lament and final triumphal sections , it along with other modifications " rendered the ' Tasso Overture ' an overture no longer " . The piece became " far too long and developed " to be considered an overture and was redesignated a symphonic poem .
= = Raff 's role = =
When Liszt started writing symphonic poems , " he had very little experience in handling an orchestra ... his knowledge of the technique of instrumentation was defective and he had as yet composed hardly anything for the orchestra . " For these reasons he relied first on his assistants August Conradi and Joachim Raff to fill the gaps in his knowledge and find his " orchestral voice " . Raff , " a gifted composer with an imaginative grasp of the orchestra " , offered close assistance to Liszt . Also helpful were the virtuosi present at that time in the Weimarian Court orchestra , such as trombonist Moritz Nabich , harpist Jeanne Pohl , concertmaster Joseph Joachim and violinist Edmund Singer . " [ Liszt ] mixed daily with these musicians , and their discussions must have been filled with ' shop talk . ' " Both Singer and cellist Bernhard Cossmann were widely experienced orchestral players who probably knew the different instrumental effects a string section could produce — knowledge that Liszt would have found invaluable , and about which he might have had many discussions with the two men . With such a range of talent from which to learn , Liszt may have actually mastered orchestration reasonably quickly . By 1853 , he felt he no longer needed Raff 's assistance and their professional association ended in 1856 . Also , in 1854 Liszt received a specially designed instrument called a " piano @-@ organ " from the firm of Alexandre and fils in Paris . This huge instrument , a combination of piano and organ , was basically a one @-@ piece orchestra that contained three keyboards , eight registers , a pedal board and a set of pipes that reproduced the sounds of all the wind instruments . With it , Liszt could try out various instrumental combinations at his leisure as a further aid for his orchestration .
While Raff was able to offer " practical suggestions [ in orchestration ] which were of great value to Liszt " , there may have been " a basic misunderstanding " of the nature of their collaboration . Liszt wanted to learn more about instrumentation and acknowledged Raff 's greater expertise in this area . Hence , he gave Raff piano sketches to orchestrate , just as he had done earlier with Conradi — " so that he might rehearse them , reflect on them , and then , as his confidence in the orchestra grew , change them . " Raff disagreed , having the impression that Liszt wanted him on equal terms as a full collaborator . While attending an 1850 rehearsal of Prometheus , he told Bernhard Cossmann , who sat next to him , " Listen to the instrumentation . It is by me . "
Raff continued making such claims about his role in Liszt 's compositional process . Some of these accounts , published posthumously by Die Musik in 1902 and 1903 , suggest that he was an equal collaborator with Liszt . Raff 's assertions were supported by Joachim , who had been active in Weimar at approximately the same time as Raff . Walker writes that Joachim later recalled to Raff 's widow " that he had seen Raff ' produce full orchestral scores from piano sketches . ' " Joachim also told Raff 's biographer Andreas Moser that " the E @-@ flat @-@ major Piano Concerto was orchestrated from beginning to end by Raff . " Raff 's and Joachim 's statements effectively questioned the authorship of Liszt 's orchestral music , especially the symphonic poems . This speculation was debased when composer and Liszt scholar Peter Raabe carefully compared all sketches then known of Liszt 's orchestral works with the published versions of the same works . Raabe demonstrated that , regardless of the position with first drafts , or of how much assistance Liszt may have received from Raff or Conradi at that point , every note of the final versions represents Liszt 's intentions .
= = Programmatic content = =
Liszt provided written prefaces for nine of his symphonic poems . His doing so , Alan Walker states , " was a reflection of the historical position in which he found himself . " Liszt was aware these musical works would be experienced not just by select connoisseurs , as might have been the case in previous generations , but also by the general public . In addition , he knew about the public 's fondness for attaching stories to instrumental music , regardless of their source , their relevance to a musical composition or whether the composer had actually sanctioned them . Therefore , in a pre @-@ emptive gesture , Liszt provided context before others could invent one to take its place . Liszt may have also felt that since many of these works were written in new forms , some sort of verbal or written explanation would be welcome to explain their shape .
These prefaces have proven atypical in a couple of ways . For one , they do not spell out a specific , step @-@ by @-@ step scenario that the music would follow but rather a general context . Some of them , in fact , are little more than autobiographical asides on what inspired Liszt to compose a piece or what feelings he was trying to inspire through it . While these insights could prove " both useful and interesting " in themselves , Walker admits , will they aid listeners to " pictorialize the music that follows ? " For Liszt , Walker concludes , the " pictorialization of a detailed program is simply not an issue . " Moreover , Liszt wrote these prefaces long after he had composed the music . This was the complete opposite of other composers , who wrote their music to fit a pre @-@ existing program . For both these reasons , Walker suggests , Liszt 's prefaces could be called " programmes about music " with equal logic or validity . He adds that the prefaces might not have entirely been of Liszt 's idea or doing , since evidence exists that his then @-@ companion Princess Carolyne zu Sayn @-@ Wittgenstein helped shape or create them .
Overall , Walker concludes , " Posterity may have overestimated the importance of extra @-@ musical thought in Liszt 's symphonic poems . We would not want to be without his prefaces , of course , nor any other that he made about the origins of his music ; but we should not follow them slavishly , for the simple reason that the symphonic poems do not follow them slavishly either . " Hugh MacDonald concurs that Liszt " held an idealized view of the symphonic poem " as being evocative rather than representational . " He only rarely achieved in his symphonic poems the directness and subtle timing that narrative requires , " MacDonald explains ; he generally focused more on expressing poetic ideas by setting a mood or atmosphere , refraining on the whole from narrative description or pictorial realism .
= = Reception = =
Liszt composed his symphonic poems during a period of
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, a Camarilla pendant , the game 's strategy guide , and an alternative game case cover . The Collector 's Edition also included a copy of the game 's soundtrack , featuring songs by Type O Negative , Gravity Kills , Ministry , Darling Violetta , Cubanate , Primus , Youth Engine , and Kevin Manthei . Nihilistic also released Embrace , a level editor with access to the game 's code to allow fans to modify levels and scripts . A Mac OS version was released in November 2001 . Redemption received a digital release on the GOG.com service in February 2010 .
During its first week on sale , the Microsoft Windows version of Redemption was the third best @-@ selling game behind The Sims and Who Wants To Be A Millionaire 2nd Edition . Sales of the Collector 's Edition were individually tracked ; it was the fifth best @-@ selling game that same week . Redemption achieved enough success to merit the 2004 release of an indirect sequel , Vampire : The Masquerade – Bloodlines , which was set in the same fictional universe and was developed by Troika Games .
= = Reception = =
Vampire : The Masquerade – Redemption received a mixed critical response . The aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic give it a score of 75 % ( based on 33 reviews ) and 74 out of 100 ( based on 22 reviews ) , respectively . Reviewers compared it to other successful RPGs , including Diablo II , Deus Ex , Darkstone : Evil Reigns , and the Final Fantasy series .
The game 's graphics received near @-@ unanimous praise . Game Revolution said its " brilliant " graphics were among the best in gaming and Next Generation said the graphics were the best in any PC RPG . Computer Games said it was the most attractive PC game at the time , ArsTechnica said it was the best game to look at and watch since The Last Express ( 1997 ) , and PC Gamer said , " there has never been a more beautifully created RPG " . The level design and environments were praised for the level of detail , providing a brooding , atmospheric aesthetic with " painstaking " detail . Reviewers also made positive comments about the game 's lighting effects . Conversely , Computer Gaming World ( CGW ) said that while the game was attractive , the visuals were superficial and failed to emphasize the game 's horror elements . They were also critical of the third @-@ person in @-@ game camera positioning , claiming that it obscured the area directly in front of the player and did not allow the player to look upwards .
Responses to the story were ambivalent ; some reviewers called it strong with good dialog ; others said it was poor . GameRevolution and CGW called the dialog poor , sophomoric , and often overly @-@ verbose ; in particular CGW said some speeches became an " agonizingly long filibuster " that only served to delay the return of control to the player . Other sources called it one of the richest , most engrossing stories to be found outside films and novels , and more original than most RPGs . Computer Games criticized the linear storyline , and said the few dialog choices available to the player had no real impact on the storytelling . CGW said the linear story prevented Redemption from being a true RPG because it lacked interaction with many characters , and the lack of player impact on the story made it seem as though they were not building characters but rather were getting them to the story milestones . According to PC Gamer , while the game 's linearity was a negative , it kept the narrative tight and compelling .
Reviewers variously appreciated and disliked the voice acting . Game Revolution and Computer Games said the acting ranged from adequate to good , while CGW said the voices were inappropriate and the 12th century European voices sounding like modern Americans , but that the modern @-@ era featured better actors . ArsTechnica said the acting was inconsistent but was better than that of Deus Ex . The weather effects , background sound , and moody music were said to blend together well and help immerse the player in the game 's world . CGW said the sound quality was sometimes poor .
Much of Redemption 's criticism focused on technical problems when it was released , undermining the game experience or making it unplayable . Several reviewers noted issues with the initial lack of a function to save game progress at any point , which meant that dying or technical issues with the game could necessitate them to reload a previous save , and then repeat up to 30 minutes of gameplay . CGW added that the repetitive gameplay meant that losing progress and having to repeat it was a particular downside . Next Generation , who provided the game with a score of 3 out of 5 , said that Redemption was potentially only a few patches away from being a 5 out of 5 game , if not for technical issues . PC Gamer 's review even included recommended instructions for cheats that worked around the technical flaws .
CGW said the in @-@ game combat became a confusing mess once allies became involved , in part due to poor Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) that caused them to use powers liberally and become low on blood as a result . The AI was considered to be insufficient for the game ; pathfinding failures meant allies would become stuck on environmental objects or each other during combat , use up their costliest abilities on enemies regardless of their threat , and were poor at staying alive in battle . Enemies were similarly dismissed for either not noticing the playable character in obvious circumstances or failing to respond to attacks on themselves .
Combat was also criticized ; Computer Games called the game " little more than a hack @-@ and @-@ slash adventure " , and said the game 's focus on combat was counter to the greater focus on political intrigue and social interaction prevalent in the source Vampire – the Masquerade tabletop game . ArsTechnica said that combat was initially fun but very repetitive , and it became a chore by the later stages of the game , noting that every enemy dungeon consisted of four levels filled with identical enemies , while Next Generation said the number of enemies and the difficulty of defeating them often meant the playable character would run away or die . The repetitive combat was also criticized by other reviewers , who disliked that it involved repeatedly clicking on enemies until they were dead ; and running away if the playable character was about to die against unending waves of enemies . Disciplines were considered helpful in adding variety to combat , but battles were too fast @-@ paced to allow the tactical use of a wide range of powers because of the inability to pause the combat to allow the issuing of orders .
Game Revolution said the multiplayer feature was a revelation and worth the cost of the game alone . Computer Games said it was innovative and may serve as an inspiration for future games . PC Gamer said the multiplayer mode was the redeeming factor of the game , though it was still marred by bugs . Others noted that aspects of the multiplayer interface were insufficient , such as the inability to store custom dialog , requiring the Storyteller to type text in real time during gameplay .
= = = Accolades = = =
At the 1999 Game Critics Awards , Redemption was named Best RPG ahead of the first @-@ person action RPG , Deus Ex . In 2014 , Gameranx listed the game as one of the 22 Best Vampire games of all time .
= George Toogood Smith =
George Toogood Smith ( 1903 – 5 June 1955 ) was the maternal uncle , through marriage , of John Lennon . Smith operated his family 's two dairy farms and a retail outlet with his brother , Frank Smith , in the village of Woolton , Liverpool . The farms had been in the Smith family for four generations , but after the start of World War II , they were taken over by the British Government for war work .
Smith started courting Mimi Stanley in the spring of 1932 , but was thwarted by her indifference and her father 's interference . After delivering milk to the hospital where she worked he gave her an ultimatum that she must marry him , " or nothing at all ! " On 15 September 1939 , she finally married him . They bought a semi @-@ detached house called Mendips , named after the range of hills , at 251 Menlove Avenue , Liverpool .
Lennon lived with Smith and his wife for the majority of his childhood , and Smith taught the young Lennon to read , read him nursery rhymes at night , and later taught Lennon how to solve crossword puzzles . He also taught him to draw and paint and bought him his first mouth organ . Smith collapsed and died on a Sunday at his home of a liver haemorrhage , aged 52 , and was buried in St Peter ’ s Church graveyard , Woolton .
= = Early years = =
George Toogood Smith 's parents , Francis and Alice Smith , had eight children in total ; Mary , Eleanor , Francis , Robert , Alice , George , Alfred and one other who died . Robert was killed in action on 30 August 1918 in World War I. George 's paternal grandmother 's maiden name was Toogood which was given to George as a middle name . His mother died in 1949 . Smith operated his family 's two dairy farms and a shop with his brother Frank in the village of Woolton . The farms had been in the Smith family for four generations . Smith delivered milk by horse and cart in the Woolton area . The raw milk he provided was stored in a large churn and was ladled out into the bottles and receptacles of customers .
When other girls were thinking of marriage , Mimi Stanley talked of challenges and adventures . She once confided that she never wanted to get married , as she hated the idea of being " tied to the kitchen sink " . She became a resident trainee nurse at the Woolton Convalescent Hospital , to which Smith delivered milk every morning . Smith started seriously courting Mimi in the spring of 1932 , but was constantly thwarted by her indifference and her father 's interference . George Stanley ( Mimi 's father ) would only allow the couple to sit in the back room of the family home in Newcastle Road when he or his wife were in the front room , and before it grew too late he would burst into the back room and loudly order Smith home . The courtship lasted almost seven years , but Smith grew tired of waiting , so after delivering milk to the hospital one morning he gave her an ultimatum that she must marry him , " or nothing at all ! " The youngest sister of the Stanley family , Julia Stanley , had married Alfred Lennon nine months before , on 3 December 1938 .
= = = Marriage = = =
On 15 September 1939 , Mimi finally married Smith . They bought a semi @-@ detached house called Mendips ( named after the range of hills ) at 251 Menlove Avenue ( across the road from the Allerton Park golf course ) in a middle @-@ class area of Liverpool . After World War II started the British Government took over the Smith family 's farmland for war work , and they had to find other sources of income .
Menlove Avenue suffered extensive damage during the war , and Smith and his wife often had to throw a wet blanket on incendiary bombs that fell in their garden . Smith was called up for military service , but was discharged three years later , and subsequently worked in an aircraft factory in Speke until the end of the war . Smith later left the milk trade and started a small bookmaker 's business , which led his wife to complain that Smith was a compulsive gambler , and had lost most of their money . During 1942 – 1943 , Mimi 's sister Julia lived with Lennon at The Dairy Cottage ; 120a Allerton Road , Woolton , which was owned by the Smith family .
= = = John Lennon = = =
Lennon lived with Smith and his wife for the majority of his childhood when his mother Julia ( under pressure from the local authorities , Mimi , and the Stanley family ) was told that she was unable to care for her son . Julia was eventually forced to hand the care of Lennon over to Mimi and George , who had no children of their own . Lennon then lived continuously at Mendips , in the smallest bedroom above the front door . Lennon later talked about Mendips and the area around it : " I lived in the suburbs in a nice semi @-@ detached place with a small garden and doctors and lawyers and that ilk living around ... not the poor slummy kind of image that was projected in all The Beatles ' stories " .
Smith was very fond of Lennon , and his softer approach to parenting was in stark contrast to his stern wife , who based everything on decorum , honesty , and a black @-@ and @-@ white attitude ; either you were good enough or you were not . Pete Shotton — Lennon 's school friend — later commented that " Mimi had a very strong sense of what was right or wrong " . In contrast , Smith used to give the young Lennon " squeakers " ( kisses ) that his wife did not approve of .
Smith taught the four @-@ year @-@ old Lennon to read by reading out loud the headlines of the Liverpool Echo , read him nursery rhymes at night , and later taught Lennon how to solve crossword puzzles . Smith told Lennon that words did not have to be taken at face value , as they had many different meanings , which Lennon would later use in his writing . He also taught Lennon to draw and paint and bought him his first mouth organ . Mimi admitted that she never had the time to " go playing ducks in the bath with him " ( Lennon ) but that Smith would put Lennon to bed nearly every night . Mimi later said : " John [ Lennon ] loved his uncle George . I felt quite left out of that . They 'd go off together , just leaving me a bar of chocolate and a note saying : ' Have a happy day . ' "
Smith often took Lennon and his cousins to the cinema or the park , even though he worked at night and early in the morning on the farm and his milk round . When the cousins played outside Smith allowed them to eat meals with their hands in the garden shed . During the school holidays Lennon and his cousins were allowed to accompany Smith on his milk rounds , and every year he allowed Lennon to place a bet on the Grand National .
= = Death = =
Smith collapsed and died on a Sunday at home of a liver haemorrhage ( aged 52 ) and was buried in the graveyard of St. Peter 's Church , Woolton , in the Smith family grave .
At the time of Smith 's death , the fourteen @-@ year @-@ old Lennon was visiting members of the Stanley family in Sango Bay , Durness , Scotland , and was not informed until he returned home . Lennon 's first reaction was to laugh hysterically , but then to privately grieve and cry , as he later did after hearing about the death of his mother three years later , and the death of Stuart Sutcliffe ( The Beatles ' first bass player ) which were all major factors in Lennon 's early life . In the same year as Smith ’ s death the McCartney family moved to 20 Forthlin Road , which is only ¾ of a mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) from Mendips . Lennon would later meet Paul McCartney for the first time at St. Peter 's Church , where Smith was buried .
After Smith 's death , Lennon insisted on wearing a large overcoat that had belonged to Smith , and even though it became worn and threadbare , Lennon wore it throughout his art college years . Mimi never used the downstairs sitting rooms again after Smith 's death ( only using the breakfast room and the kitchen ) and never replaced the furniture , which became old and faded . Lennon continued to live at Mendips ( and also for a time with his first wife Cynthia Lennon ) until his early 20s , before moving to London .
When Lennon was living in America he asked his half @-@ sister , Julia Dykins , to send the clock that was previously in the living room at Mendips , which had been passed down through Smith 's family , and was inscribed with the words , " George Smith , Woolton Tavern " , onto a metal plate on the back . In Lennon 's last published interview , he said : " This image of me being an orphan is garbage , because I was well protected by my auntie and uncle [ Smith and Mimi ] and they looked after me very well , thanks " .
= = Portrayal on film = =
Smith , his wife and Lennon were portrayed in the film Nowhere Boy , by David Threlfall , Kristin Scott Thomas , and Aaron Johnson , which was released in the US on 8 October 2010 .
= Leicester Square =
Leicester Square ( / ˈlɛstər / LESS @-@ ter ) ) is a pedestrianised square in the West End of London , England . It was laid out in 1670 and is named after the contemporary Leicester House , itself named after Robert Sidney , 2nd Earl of Leicester .
The square was originally a gentrified residential area , with tenants including Frederick , Prince of Wales and artists William Hogarth and Joshua Reynolds . It became more down @-@ market in the late 18th century as Leicester House was demolished and retail developments took place , becoming a centre for entertainment . Several major theatres were established in the 19th century , which were converted to cinemas towards the middle of the next . Leicester Square holds a number of nationally important cinemas such as the Odeon Leicester Square , Empire , Leicester Square and the now closed Odeon West End , which are frequently used for film premières , The nearby Prince Charles Cinema is popular for showing cult films and marathon film runs . The square remains a popular tourist attraction , including hosting events for the Chinese New Year .
The square has always had a park in its centre , which was originally Lammas land . The park 's fortunes have varied over the centuries , reaching near dilapidation in the mid @-@ 19th century after changing ownership several times . It was restored under the direction of Albert Grant , which included the construction of four new statues and a fountain of William Shakespeare . The square was extensively refurbished and remodelled for the 2012 London Olympics , costing more than £ 15m and taking over 17 months to complete .
= = Geography = =
The square lies within an area bound by Lisle Street , to the north ; Charing Cross Road , to the east ; Orange Street , to the south ; and Whitcomb Street , to the west . The park at the centre of the Square is bound by Cranbourn Street , to the north ; Leicester Street , to the east ; Irving Street , to the south ; and a section of road designated simply as Leicester Square , to the west . It is within the City of Westminster , north of Trafalgar Square , east of Piccadilly Circus , west of Covent Garden , and south of Cambridge Circus .
The nearest tube station is Leicester Square tube station , which opened in 1906 . London bus routes 24 , 29 and 176 run on nearby Charing Cross Road .
= = History = =
= = = 16th – 18th centuries = = =
The land where Leicester Square now lies once belonged to the Abbot and Convent of Westminster Abbey and the Beaumont family . In 1536 , Henry VIII took control of 3 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 ha ) of land around the square , with the remaining 4 acres ( 1 @.@ 6 ha ) being transferred to the king the following year . The square is named after Robert Sidney , 2nd Earl of Leicester , who purchased this land in 1630 . By 1635 , he had built himself a large house , Leicester House , at the northern end . The area in front of the house was then enclosed , depriving inhabitants of St Martin in the Fields parish of their right to use the previously common land . The parishioners appealed to King Charles I , and he appointed three members of the privy council to arbitrate . Lord Leicester was ordered to keep part of his land ( thereafter known as Leicester Fields and later as Leicester Square ) open for the parishioners .
The square was laid out to the south of Leicester House and developed in the 1670s . The area was originally entirely residential , with properties laid out in a similar style to nearby Pall Mall . In 1687 , the northern part of the square became part of the new parish of St Anne , Soho . The Jocelyn Sidney , 7th Earl of Leicester took ownership of the property in 1728 and it was briefly the residence of Frederick , Prince of Wales from 1742 until Leicester 's death the following year . The poet Matthew Prior lived at what is now No. 21 around 1700 and artist William Hogarth resided at No 30 between 1733 and 1764 , where he produced some of his best known works including Gin Lane . The magistrate Thomas de Veil , later to found Bow Street Magistrates ' Court , lived at No 40 between 1729 and 1737 ; this location is now the Odeon West End . The painter Joshua Reynolds lived at No 47 from 1760 until his death in 1792 ; this location is now Fanum House , once the Automobile Association head office .
At the end of the 17th century , Lord Leicester 's heir , Philip Sidney , 3rd Earl of Leicester , permitted a small amount of retail development in booths along the front of Leicester House . A statue of King George I was built on the square in 1760 following the coronation of his grandson , George III . The square remained fashionable throughout most of the 18th century , with notable residents including the architect James Stuart at No 35 from 1766 to 1788 and the painter John Singleton Copley at No. 28 from 1776 to 1783 .
Leicester House was intermittently inhabited during the mid @-@ 18th century , and was finally sold to the naturalist Ashton Lever in 1775 . Lever turned the house into a museum with a significant amount of natural history objects . In turn , the square began to serve as a venue for popular entertainments . Brothels started appearing around Leicester Square during the century , and visitors could pay to watch the severed heads of traitors executed at Temple Bar through a telescope . Leicester House became home of a museum of natural curiosities called the Holophusikon in the 1780s . It was demolished in 1791 – 72 due to rising debts following the extinction of the Leicester peerage , and replaced by Leicester Place . That in turn was converted into a church in 1865 and is now the site of the Prince Charles Cinema .
In 1790 , a new Royal Opera House was proposed to be built in Leicester Square . The scheme was led by The Prince of Wales , Francis Russell , 5th Duke of Bedford and James Cecil , 1st Marquess of Salisbury and aimed to re @-@ establish London as a centre for Italian opera and ballet , with an opera house to rival those in mainland Europe . The opera house was never built , as the royal patent needed at that time to license a theatre was refused . The plans for the original design are preserved in Sir John Soane 's Museum , while a 1790 painting by William Hodges , which displays the finished design , belongs to the Museum of London .
= = = 19th – 21st centuries = = =
By the 19th century , Leicester Square was known as an entertainment venue , with many amusements peculiar to the era , including Wyld 's Great Globe , which was built for The Great Exhibition of 1851 and housed a giant scale map of the Earth . The construction of New Coventry Street made it easier for traffic to access the square , resulting in private residences being replaced by shops , museums and exhibition centres . Savile House at No. 5 – 6 , built in 1683 for Thomas Bruce , 2nd Earl of Ailesbury , had become a museum by this time , and was ultimately destroyed by fire in 1865 . It was rebuilt as the Empire Theatre .
Several foreign @-@ owned hotels were established around the square , making it popular with visitors to London . Brunet 's Hôtel at No. 25 was opened by Louis Brunet in 1800 , later expanding to Nos. 24 and 26 during the following decade . It was bought by Francis Jaunay in 1815 known as Jaunay 's Hôtel . The Hôtel Sablonière et de Provence opened at No. 17 – 18 in 1845 as the Hôtel de Provence , and renamed in 1869 . It closed in 1919 and became a public house . The Cavour , at No. 20 at the southeast of the square , opened in 1864 . It was badly damaged in World War II but subsequently restored .
The Alhambra Theatre was built in 1854 on the east side of the square , dominating the site . It temporarily closed two years later when the original owner , Edward Clarke , became bankrupt , but then reopened in 1858 as the Alhambra Palace . It enjoyed a surge in popularity after Queen Victoria and family came to see " Black Eagle – The Horse of Beauty " . It burned down in 1882 , but reopened the following year . In the early 20th century , the theatre became a popular venue for ballet . It was demolished in 1936 and replaced by the Odeon Cinema . The Empire Theatre of Varieties opened in 1881 on the former site of Savile House , but had a troubled start , closing for a time , until the end of the decade . The theatre had a notorious reputation for high @-@ class prostitutes frequenting the theatre , and in 1894 the London County Council ordered the promenade on the upper balcony to be remodelled . A young Winston Churchill , then a cadet at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst , helped destroy canvas screens that had been erected to prevent access to the balcony . The theatre closed in 1927 , to be replaced by the Empire Cinema .
During the Winter of Discontent , where the incumbent Labour Party struggled to meet demands of trade unions and a shrinking economy , refuse collectors went on strike in January 1979 . Leicester Square was turned into a de facto dump , earning it the nickname of " Fester Square " . In the 1980s , the square was pedestrianised , cutting off all vehicular traffic . Access to the square for goods and deliveries is now controlled by specially designated marshals .
By the start of the 21st century , Westminster City Council were concerned that the square was too dangerous at night , and wanted to demolish sections of it to encourage the growth of theatres and cinemas , and reduce popularity of nightclubs . In 2010 , a major redevelopment of Leicester Square took place as part of a Great Outdoors scheme proposed by the Mayor of London , Boris Johnson . The improvements included 12 @,@ 000 square metres ( 130 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of granite paving and a water feature surrounding the Shakespeare statue . The square re @-@ opened in May 2012 after 17 months ' work at a total cost of £ 15 @.@ 3 million . The Greater London Authority said the refurbishments would accommodate more than 1 @,@ 000 new jobs . The re @-@ opening coincided with the 2012 Summer Olympics later that year .
= = Features = =
= = = Gardens square = = =
In the middle of the Square is a small park that was originally available for common use on Lammas Day ( 12 August ) , such as washing clothes and herding cattle . The Earl of Leicester was obliged to preserve these grounds , which were separated from the rest of the square with railings . In 1808 , the garden was sold by the Leicester Estate to Charles Elmes for £ 210 ( now 14770 ) , who neglected to maintain it . Ownership changed hands a number of times during the first half of the 19th century , including Robert Barren following Elme 's death in 1822 , John Inderwick in 1834 , and Hyam Hyams and Edward Moxhay in 1839 . Little maintenance was done and the garden deteriorated to the point of severe dilapidation .
In 1848 , the land was subject to the significant legal case of Tulk v Moxhay . The plot 's previous owner , Moxhay , had agreed upon a covenant not to erect buildings but the law would not allow buyers who were not " privy " to the initial contract to be bound by subsequent promises . The judge , Lord Cottenham , decided that future owners could be bound by promises to abstain from activity . Otherwise , a buyer could sell land to himself to undermine an initial promise . James Wyld bought the assets of the garden from the Tulk and Moxhay 's deaths in 1849 in order to erect the Great Globe , though buried the statue of George I under
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0 participants , becoming the largest of their kind in the UK . These included lion dances , a show of the Cultures of China and a drum show . A parade ran nearby through Charing Cross Road and Shaftesbury Avenue .
The School of English operated on Leicester Square from 1992 until its closure in 2015 . It taught over 25 @,@ 000 students during its years of operation .
= = = Infrastructure = = =
The main electrical substation for the West End is beneath the Square . The electrical cables to the substation are in a large tunnel ending at Leicester Square , and originating in Wimbledon , at Plough Lane , behind the former Wimbledon FC football ground , before which the cables are above ground .
= = Cultural references = =
In 1726 , anatomist Nathanael St André claimed to have delivered rabbits from a woman at No. 27 Leicester Square . The event was widely reported around London , attracting interest from King George I and Royal Society president Hans Sloane . Shortly afterwards , the woman was caught trying to buy a rabbit in secret , and the incident was uncovered as a hoax .
Leicester Square is commemorated in the lyrics of the music hall song " It 's a Long Way to Tipperary " along with nearby Piccadilly , which became popular with soldiers during World War I. During the war , British inmates of Ruhleben Prisoner of War camp mentioned the square in a song : " Shout this chorus all you can . We want the people there , to hear in Leicester Square , That we 're the boys that never get downhearted . "
The square is mentioned in the lyrics of several rock group tracks , including the Rolling Stones ' notorious " Cocksucker Blues " , ( 1970 ) " Jeffrey Goes To Leicester Square " on Jethro Tull 's album Stand Up ( 1969 ) , " Emit Remmus " on the album Californication by the Red Hot Chili Peppers ( 1999 ) , and " Leicester Square " on Rancid 's Life Won 't Wait ( 1998 ) , . A verse in " Something About England " on the Clash 's 1980 album Sandinista ! refers back to " It 's a Long Way to Tipperary " , including a reference to Leicester Square .
Leicester Square has acquired a reputation for being difficult to pronounce for non @-@ native British English speakers . A report by Premier Inn said it was the most mispronounced place in Britain by tourists , usually as " / laɪˈtʃɛstər / " ( " Lie @-@ chester " ) Square . It is one of a group of three on the British Monopoly board along with Coventry Street and Piccadilly .
= 1st Split Partisan Detachment =
The 1st Split Partisan Detachment ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Prvi splitski partizanski odred ) or the 1st Split Detachment ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Prvi splitski odred ) was a short @-@ lived unit of the Yugoslav Partisans during World War II . It was composed of volunteers from the city of Split and was created in August 1941 , just four months after the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , and the annexation of Split and most of Dalmatia by the Kingdom of Italy . The unit , composed mostly of young men with little or no fighting experience , planned to relocate to the Dinara mountains to join other Partisan units in fighting the Axis powers .
After initial organizational problems , the weakened detachment reached an area near the village of Košute where they were engaged by Ustaše Militia backed by Italian reinforcements . After a day of fighting and the death of one of their commanders , members of the detachment began to retreat . In the end , the Partisans suffered four killed in action and 25 taken prisoner , while 13 managed to escape . All but three of the prisoners were later executed by firing squad . A Split Detachment was reformed , but most of its fighters were part of the 3rd Dalmatian Assault Brigade .
= = Background = =
The Axis powers began their invasion of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941 . Just four days later , a puppet state known as the Independent State of Croatia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska – NDH ) was declared , encompassing most of modern @-@ day Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern @-@ day Serbia . In accordance with the Treaties of Rome signed by the Ustaše leadership of the NDH , a large part of the Croatian coastline and islands , including the cities of Split and Rijeka , were incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy . The low morale of Yugoslav troops in Split and the uncontested advance of the Italian Army through Dalmatia resulted in a number of desertions . Paramilitary formations of the Croatian Peasant Party ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Hrvatska Seljačka Stranka , HSS ) disarmed soldiers . By 11 April , there were no organized military formations remaining in Split , and a large number of police and gendarmerie switched their allegiance to the NDH . With Split under the control of the new Ustaše government , the authorities apprehended 300 citizens they deemed to be political enemies . On 13 April , members of the League of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Savez komunističke omladine Jugoslavije , SKOJ ) broke in to a number of Ustaše weapons depots , stealing dozens of rifles and machine guns , as well as ammunition and hand grenades .
On the evening of 15 April , the first troops of the Italian Army entered Split , signifying the start of their occupation . On 21 April , civil control of Split passed from the NDH to Italian authorities , followed by the raising of the Italian flag over the city . On 18 May , Italy and the NDH signed the Treaties of Rome , confirming Italian rule of Dalmatia , including Split .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
On 7 August 1941 , Pavle Pap @-@ Šilja and Mirko Kovačević @-@ Lala arrived in Split with instructions from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia ( Serbo @-@ Croatian : Centralni komitet komunističke partije Hrvatske ) to discuss the forming of Partisan detachments to fight the Axis occupiers . In a meeting with the members of the Regional Committee , they agreed that the new detachments should operate in the Dinara mountains where their fighters could rely on support from the population of the Sinj and Livanjsko field regions as well as other Partisan formations planned for Bosanska Krajina and Lika . This plan meant that the detachments would have to be formed and then relocated to the Dinara mountains . Relocation meant crossing the rough terrain of Zagora , whose population did not support the Partisans . Despite these difficulties , it was decided that in the next two days the Regional Committee would form seven detachments , including one from Split .
According to the initial plan , on the night of 11 August , the Split Detachment was to move just outside the town and collect weapons that had been captured on 13 April . They would then link up with the Solin Detachment and continue towards Kamešnica . From there , they would travel to Otok to meet with the Sinj Detachment . On 8 August , a meeting of Communist Party members and sympathisers was held in a field house between Split and Stobreč to ask for volunteers to join the Split Detachment . The detachment was formed on 11 August , and consisted of 66 members organized in three platoons . The detachment departed Split on the same day , under the command of Đordano Borovčić @-@ Kurir with commissar Alfred Santini , and accompanied by Kovačević @-@ Lala who was in overall command of all Partisan detachments in Dalmatia .
= = = Ambush and aftermath = = =
The plan went awry when the 2nd Platoon got lost and missed a rendezvous with the 1st and 3rd Platoon , which were waiting for them near Mravince . The 2nd Platoon was therefore disbanded while the rest of the detachment continued via Mosor to Dicmo where they were to meet up with their guides . They arrived on the night of 12 August , and upon realizing their guides were not there , decided to continue alone towards Kamešnica , but got lost and ran out of supplies during the night . At dawn on 13 August the detachment camped near the village of Krušvar . In the evening they once again continued towards Kamešnica , and at dawn on 14 August , they camped near the village of Košute , near Trilj . Borovčić @-@ Kurir tasked two fighters to go into the village and ask the locals for water and directions . After talking to some locals , the fighters were fired upon by a member of the Ustaše Militia of the village . They returned fire then continued back to their camp and notified the others about the incident .
Just as they finished their report , the detachment was fired on by Ustaše Militia . The Ustaše called for help from Sinj , and by 18 : 00 , Italian reinforcements had arrived and began encircling the detachment , engaging them with mortars and light artillery . Outnumbered and facing an enemy with greater firepower , the Partisans planned to hold their positions until evening then retreat using the cover of darkness . About 20 : 00 , Kovačević @-@ Lala , one of the most experienced members of the detachment , was killed after being hit by a mortar round , which had a significant effect on the morale of the remaining fighters . Borovčić @-@ Kurir issued the order to retreat , but it turned into chaos as individuals fled the area .
Four Partisans died in the fighting , and three more were summarily shot after capture . Twenty @-@ five were captured and taken prisoner , while 13 managed to escape . The 25 that were captured were moved to Sinj , where one of the prisoners was beaten to death . The rest were placed on trial before a special court that was sent from Mostar . Three prisoners were acquitted while the remaining 21 were taken to Ruduša near Sinj , and executed by firing squad . According to the Yugoslav historian Mate Šalov , a Split Detachment was still active at the time of the Italian Armistice in September 1943 , but only consisted of the detachment staff and a few fighters , with the Dinara Battalion forming part of the 3rd Dalmatian Assault Brigade .
= = Commemoration = =
After the war , a public school was named after Borovčić @-@ Kurir . In 1962 , the 1st Split Partisan Detachment was commemorated with a 15 metres ( 49 feet 3 inches ) tall monument designed by Vuko Bombardelli , which was erected in Ruduša where the captured members of the detachment were executed . The monument was destroyed by an explosion in August 1992 , during the Croatian War of Independence . It was renovated in 2009 with financial aid from the owners of the RNK Split football club , as several members of the detachment had played for the club before the war . In 1981 , a monument dedicated to the detachment was placed in Vinkovačka street in Split . In July 2013 , this monument was vandalized by unknown perpetrators who spray painted symbols of the Ustaše , swastikas , and the initials of the Croatian Civic Party ( Hrvatska građanska stranka ; HGS ) and the Croatian Pure Party of Rights ( Hrvatska čista stranka prava ; HČSP ) . This was the second time the monument had been damaged . A movie about the detachment , entitled Prvi splitski odred and directed by Vojdrag Berčić , was released in 1972 .
In August 2014 , the Mayor of Split Ivo Baldasar announced he would propose that the Split city council name a street in the Mejaši neighbourhood after the detachment . The initiative was met with opposition from the Mejaši district leaders , who stated that people living in Mejaši had a " different political orientation " and that such action would devalue the Croatian War of Independence and all of its values . The initiative was also met with opposition from the Croatian Democratic Union ( Hrvatska demokratska zajednica ; HDZ ) members of the council who accused Baldasar of " forging history " , because " the detachment was never Partisan , and its members didn 't die under Partisan insignia . " A HDZ council member explained that even during the existence of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , the street that was named after the detachment did not have the word Partisan in it . Members of the Organization of Anti @-@ fascists and Anti @-@ fascist Fighters of Split were also dissatisfied because the proposal was intended for a minor street at the edge of the city . Faced with this opposition , Baldasar withdrew his proposal during a council meeting on 25 August , explaining he couldn 't " allow arguments surrounding street names " .
= Demi 's Birthday Suit =
Demi 's Birthday Suit , or The Suit , was a trompe @-@ l 'œil body painting by Joanne Gair photographed by Annie Leibovitz that was featured on the cover of the Vanity Fair August 1992 issue to commemorate and exploit the success of Leibovitz 's More Demi Moore cover photo of Demi Moore one year earlier . As an example of modern body painting artwork , it raised the profile of Gair in pop culture as an artist in that genre .
The work is considered to be groundbreaking by some , although there is controversy surrounding its originality . The converse of this image serves as the cover to Gair 's second bodypainting book , Body Painting . The photo shoot also let Moore show off the results of her fitness regimen .
= = Artistic perspective = =
Gene Newman considers the body painting of Moore to be the introduction of modern body painting to the world . Although willing to credit Moore and Gair with the rebirth of bodypainting in a San Francisco Chronicle story , the " makeup artist , wig maker and stylist " Jim Ponder had difficulty calling interest in bodypainting a trend because it traces back to the " beginnings of man . " Joanne Gair has described the painting as a stylized reference to Botticelli , since the sinuous pose is reminiscent of the central figures in both Primavera and The Birth of Venus . The Amazon.com product description for Gair 's book calls her participation in this photoshoot as her " defining moment . " Soon after the release of the magazine Gair became such a pop culture icon that she was considered for an Absolut Vodka Absolut Gair ad campaign according to a story in The New York Times . The work is considered to be an example from the most sophisticated end of the bodypainting spectrum which extends all the way to Henna tattoos .
Some sources have claimed that the work is a derivative of preceding works . Playboy published a photo with similar bodypainting , with a necktie , suit jacket and similar pose , in its March 1968 issue , as part of a feature on bodypainting .
= = Details = =
Gair had worked with Leibovitz and Moore on More Demi Moore . Departing Vanity Fair editor Tina Brown felt " The only thing to do for the anniversary cover was to reprise it . " According to a Houston Chronicle story that quotes both Moore and Brown , about 100 million people had seen the earlier cover , and this cover capitalized on the anniversary .
They decided to attempt a body painting during the week @-@ long shoot at the Chateau Marmont Hotel in Los Angeles , California in 1992 . Gair was provided with a pinstriped three @-@ piece suit by Richard Tyler as a model to paint onto Moore . Since in those days she did not generally work with assistants , the day started at 6 : 30 A.M. and Demi Moore slept that night in the painted @-@ on suit in case they needed to resume the next day . It took 15 hours to apply the suit because it was difficult for Gair to build the proper paint density . Moore 's body heat melted the paint . For the 1992 cover , which required a full @-@ day sitting for Gair and her team of make @-@ up artists , Leibovitz could not decide where to shoot , and " reserved two mobile homes , four hotel rooms and five houses " . Stylist Lori Goldstein assisted with the application .
Having started rigorous workouts in the final trimester of her pregnancy the year before to prepare for her role in A Few Good Men , Moore was physically fit for the photoshoot . Thus she appeared in additional nude photos within the magazine 's cover story . Moore viewed the photos as a chance to show off the results of her workouts : " I said I would get better with each baby and I have . " The weeklong effort also involved shots taken in Kauai , Hawaii that are included in Gair 's second book , Body Painting . Moore felt she looked better on the cover at age 29 than she had in a bikini nine years earlier in Blame It on Rio .
= = More Demi Moore = =
Demi Moore had appeared on the cover of Vanity Fair exactly one year earlier in the August 1991 edition in Le
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immensely likeable author 's struggle to reconcile her longing for happiness with her terror of its consequences . "
Fritz Lanham of the Houston Chronicle felt that book was too long and that the narrative proceeded at too slow a pace . He was also critical of the reconstructed conversations that appear in the book , describing them as often sounding " contrived " .
= = Film = =
The film rights were optioned by Sharp Independent and Killer Films in 2008 . Jeffrey Sharp and Christine Vachon agreed to collaborate in the creation of a film adaption of the book , and Vachon said that she was " excited about helping to bring this amazing and timely story to the screen " .
= Actinium =
Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Ac ( not to be confused with the abbreviation for an acetyl group ) and atomic number 89 , which was discovered in 1899 . It was the first non @-@ primordial radioactive element to be isolated . Polonium , radium and radon were observed before actinium , but they were not isolated until 1902 . Actinium gave the name to the actinide series , a group of 15 similar elements between actinium and lawrencium in the periodic table .
A soft , silvery @-@ white radioactive metal , actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that prevents further oxidation . As with most lanthanides and many actinides , actinium assumes oxidation state + 3 in nearly all its chemical compounds . Actinium is found only in traces in uranium and thorium ores as the isotope 227Ac , which decays with a half @-@ life of 21 @.@ 772 years , predominantly emitting beta and sometimes alpha particles , and 228Ac , which is beta active with a half @-@ life of 6 @.@ 15 hours . One tonne of natural uranium in ore contains about 0 @.@ 2 milligrams of actinium @-@ 227 , and one tonne of natural thorium contains about 5 nanograms of actinium @-@ 228 . The close similarity of physical and chemical properties of actinium and lanthanum makes separation of actinium from the ore impractical . Instead , the element is prepared , in milligram amounts , by the neutron irradiation of 226Ra in a nuclear reactor . Owing to its scarcity , high price and radioactivity , actinium has no significant industrial use . Its current applications include a neutron source and an agent for radiation therapy targeting cancer cells in the body .
= = History = =
André @-@ Louis Debierne , a French chemist , announced the discovery of a new element in 1899 . He separated it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium . In 1899 , Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and ( in 1900 ) as similar to thorium . Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it " emanium " in 1904 . After a comparison of the substances half @-@ lives determined by Debierne , Hariett Brooks in 1904 , and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905 , Debierne 's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority .
Articles published in the 1970s and later suggest that Debierne 's results published in 1904 conflict with those reported in 1899 and 1900 . This has led some authors to advocate that Giesel alone should be credited with the discovery . A less confrontational vision of scientific discovery is proposed by Adloff . He suggests that hindsight criticism of the early publications should be mitigated by the then nascent state of radiochemistry : highlighting the prudence of Debierne 's claims in the original papers , he notes that nobody can contend that Debierne 's substance did not contain actinium . Debierne , who is now considered by the vast majority of historians as the discoverer , lost interest in the element and left the topic . Giesel , on the other hand , can rightfully be credited with the first preparation of radiochemically pure actinium and with the identification of its atomic number 89 .
The name actinium originates from the Ancient Greek aktis , aktinos ( ακτίς , ακτίνος ) , meaning beam or ray . Its symbol Ac is also used in abbreviations of other compounds that have nothing to do with actinium , such as acetyl , acetate and sometimes acetaldehyde .
= = Properties = =
Actinium is a soft , silvery @-@ white , radioactive , metallic element . Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead . Owing to its strong radioactivity , actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light , which originates from the surrounding air ionized by the emitted energetic particles . Actinium has similar chemical properties to lanthanum and other lanthanides , and therefore these elements are difficult to separate when extracting from uranium ores . Solvent extraction and ion chromatography are commonly used for the separation .
The first element of the actinides , actinium gave the group its name , much as lanthanum had done for the lanthanides . The group of elements is more diverse than the lanthanides and therefore it was not until 1928 that Charles Janet proposed the most significant change to Dmitri Mendeleev 's periodic table since the recognition of the lanthanides , by introducing the actinides , a move suggested again in 1945 by Glenn T. Seaborg .
Actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that impedes further oxidation . As with most lanthanides and actinides , actinium exists in the oxidation state + 3 , and the Ac3 + ions are colorless in solutions . The oxidation state + 3 originates from the [ Rn ] 6d17s2 electronic configuration of actinium , with three valence electrons that are easily donated to give the stable closed @-@ shell structure of the noble gas radon . The rare oxidation state + 2 is only known for actinium dihydride ( AcH2 ) .
= = Chemical compounds = =
Only a limited number of actinium compounds are known including AcF3 , AcCl3 , AcBr3 , AcOF , AcOCl , AcOBr , Ac2S3 , Ac2O3 and AcPO4 . Except for AcPO4 , they are all similar to the corresponding lanthanum compounds and contain actinium in the oxidation state + 3 . In particular , the lattice constants of the analogous lanthanum and actinium compounds differ by only a few percent .
Here a , b and c are lattice constants , No is space group number and Z is the number of formula units per unit cell . Density was not measured directly but calculated from the lattice parameters .
= = = Oxides = = =
Actinium oxide ( Ac2O3 ) can be obtained by heating the hydroxide at 500 ° C or the oxalate at 1100 ° C , in vacuum . Its crystal lattice is isotypic with the oxides of most trivalent rare @-@ earth metals .
= = = Halides = = =
Actinium trifluoride can be produced either in solution or in solid reaction . The former reaction is carried out at room temperature , by adding hydrofluoric acid to a solution containing actinium ions . In the latter method , actinium metal is treated with hydrogen fluoride vapors at 700 ° C in an all @-@ platinum setup . Treating actinium trifluoride with ammonium hydroxide at 900 – 1000 ° C yields oxyfluoride AcOF . Whereas lanthanum oxyfluoride can be easily obtained by burning lanthanum trifluoride in air at 800 ° C for an hour , similar treatment of actinium trifluoride yields no AcOF and only results in melting of the initial product .
AcF3 + 2 NH3 + H2O → AcOF + 2 NH4F
Actinium trichloride is obtained by reacting actinium hydroxide or oxalate with carbon tetrachloride vapors at temperatures above 960 ° C. Similar to oxyfluoride , actinium oxychloride can be prepared by hydrolyzing actinium trichloride with ammonium hydroxide at 1000 ° C. However , in contrast to the oxyfluoride , the oxychloride could well be synthesized by igniting a solution of actinium trichloride in hydrochloric acid with ammonia .
Reaction of aluminium bromide and actinium oxide yields actinium tribromide :
Ac2O3 + 2 AlBr3 → 2 AcBr3 + Al2O3
and treating it with ammonium hydroxide at 500 ° C results in the oxybromide AcOBr .
= = = Other compounds = = =
Actinium hydride was obtained by reduction of actinium trichloride with potassium at 300 ° C , and its structure was deduced by analogy with the corresponding LaH2 hydride . The source of hydrogen in the reaction was uncertain .
Mixing monosodium phosphate ( NaH2PO4 ) with a solution of actinium in hydrochloric acid yields white @-@ colored actinium phosphate hemihydrate ( AcPO4 · 0.5H2O ) , and heating actinium oxalate with hydrogen sulfide vapors at 1400 ° C for a few minutes results in a black actinium sulfide Ac2S3 . It may possibly be produced by acting with a mixture of hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide on actinium oxide at 1000 ° C.
= = Isotopes = =
Naturally occurring actinium is composed of two radioactive isotopes ; 227Ac ( from the radioactive family of 235U ) and 228Ac ( a granddaughter of 232Th ) . 227Ac decays mainly as a beta emitter with a very small energy , but in 1 @.@ 38 % of cases it emits an alpha particle , so it can readily be identified through alpha spectrometry . Thirty @-@ six radioisotopes have been identified , the most stable being 227Ac with a half @-@ life of 21 @.@ 772 years , 225Ac with a half @-@ life of 10 @.@ 0 days and 226Ac with a half @-@ life of 29 @.@ 37 hours . All remaining radioactive isotopes have half @-@ lives that are less than 10 hours and the majority of them have half @-@ lives shorter than one minute . The shortest @-@ lived known isotope of actinium is 217Ac ( half @-@ life of 69 nanoseconds ) which decays through alpha decay and electron capture . Actinium also has two known meta states . The most significant isotopes for chemistry are 225Ac , 227Ac , and 228Ac .
Purified 227Ac comes into equilibrium with its decay products after about a half of year . It decays according to its 21 @.@ 772 @-@ year half @-@ life emitting mostly beta ( 98 @.@ 62 % ) and some alpha particles ( 1 @.@ 38 % ) ; the successive decay products are part of the actinium series . Owing to the low available amounts , low energy of its beta particles ( maximum 44 @.@ 8 keV ) and low intensity of alpha radiation , 227Ac is difficult to detect directly by its emission and it is therefore traced via its decay products . The isotopes of actinium range in atomic weight from 206 u ( 206Ac ) to 236 u ( 236Ac ) .
= = Occurrence and synthesis = =
Actinium is found only in traces in uranium ores – one tonne of uranium in ore contains about 0 @.@ 2 milligrams of 227Ac – and in thorium ores , which contain about 5 nanograms of 228Ac per one tonne of thorium . The actinium isotope 227Ac is a transient member of the uranium @-@ actinium series decay chain , which begins with the parent isotope 235U ( or 239Pu ) and ends with the stable lead isotope 207Pb . The isotope 228Ac is a transient member of the thorium series decay chain , which begins with the parent isotope 232Th and ends with the stable lead isotope 208Pb . Another actinium isotope ( 225Ac ) was transiently present in the neptunium series decay chain , beginning with 237Np ( or 233U ) and ending with thallium ( 205Tl ) and near @-@ stable bismuth ( 209Bi ) , but this chain existed only in the early Solar System , due to the short half @-@ life of neptunium @-@ 237 .
The low natural concentration , and the close similarity of physical and chemical properties to those of lanthanum and other lanthanides , which are always abundant in actinium @-@ bearing ores , render separation of actinium from the ore impractical , and complete separation was never achieved . Instead , actinium is prepared , in milligram amounts , by the neutron irradiation of 226Ra in a nuclear reactor .
<formula>
The reaction yield is about 2 % of the radium weight . 227Ac can further capture neutrons resulting in small amounts of 228Ac . After the synthesis , actinium is separated from radium and from the products of decay and nuclear fusion , such as thorium , polonium , lead and bismuth . The extraction can be performed with thenoyltrifluoroacetone @-@ benzene solution from an aqueous solution of the radiation products , and the selectivity to a certain element is achieved by adjusting the pH ( to about 6 @.@ 0 for actinium ) . An alternative procedure is anion exchange with an appropriate resin in nitric acid , which can result in a separation factor of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 for radium and actinium vs. thorium in a two @-@ stage process . Actinium can then be separated from radium , with a ratio of about 100 , using a low cross @-@ linking cation exchange resin and nitric acid as eluant .
225Ac was first produced artificially at the Institute for Transuranium Elements ( ITU ) in Germany using a cyclotron and at St George Hospital in Sydney using a linac in 2000 . This rare isotope has potential applications in radiation therapy and is most efficiently produced by bombarding a radium @-@ 226 target with 20 – 30 MeV deuterium ions . This reaction also yields 226Ac which however decays with a half @-@ life of 29 hours and thus does not contaminate 225Ac .
Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with lithium vapor in vacuum at a temperature between 1100 and 1300 ° C. Higher temperatures resulted in evaporation of the product and lower ones lead to an incomplete transformation . Lithium was chosen among other alkali metals because its fluoride is most volatile .
= = Applications = =
Owing to its scarcity , high price and radioactivity , actinium currently has no significant industrial use .
227Ac is highly radioactive and was therefore studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators , for example in spacecraft . The oxide of 227Ac pressed with beryllium is also an efficient neutron source with the activity exceeding that of the standard americium @-@ beryllium and radium @-@ beryllium pairs . In all those applications , 227Ac ( a beta source ) is merely a progenitor which generates alpha @-@ emitting isotopes upon its decay . Beryllium captures alpha particles and emits neutrons owing to its large cross @-@ section for the ( α , n ) nuclear reaction :
<formula>
The 227AcBe neutron sources can be applied in a neutron probe – a standard device for measuring the quantity of water present in soil , as well as moisture / density for quality control in highway construction . Such probes are also used in well logging applications , in neutron radiography , tomography and other radiochemical investigations .
225Ac is applied in medicine to produce 213Bi in a reusable generator or can be used alone as an agent for radiation therapy , in particular targeted alpha therapy ( TAT ) . This isotope has a half @-@ life of 10 days that makes it much more suitable for radiation therapy than 213Bi ( half @-@ life 46 minutes ) . Not only 225Ac itself , but also its decay products emit alpha particles which kill cancer cells in the body . The major difficulty with application of 225Ac was that intravenous injection of simple actinium complexes resulted in their accumulation in the bones and liver for a period of tens of years . As a result , after the cancer cells were quickly killed by alpha particles from 225Ac , the radiation from the actinium and its decay products might induce new mutations . To solve this problem , 225Ac was bound to a chelating agent , such as citrate , ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA ) or diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid ( DTPA ) . This reduced actinium accumulation in the bones , but the excretion from the body remained slow . Much better results were obtained with such chelating agents as HEHA ( 1 @,@ 4 @,@ 7 @,@ 10 @,@ 13 @,@ 16 @-@ hexaazacyclohexadecane @-@ N , N ' , N ' ` , N ' `` , N ' `` ' , N ' `` ' `-hexaacetic acid ) or DOTA ( 1 @,@ 4 @,@ 7 @,@ 10 @-@ tetraazacyclododecane @-@ 1 @,@ 4 @,@ 7 @,@ 10 @-@ tetraacetic acid ) coupled to trastuzumab , a monoclonal antibody that interferes with the HER2 / neu receptor . The latter delivery combination was tested on mice and proved to be effective against leukemia , lymphoma , breast , ovarian , neuroblastoma and prostate cancers .
The medium half @-@ life of 227Ac ( 21 @.@ 77 years ) makes it very convenient radioactive isotope in modeling the slow vertical mixing of oceanic waters . The associated processes cannot be studied with the required accuracy by direct measurements of current velocities ( of the order 50 meters per year ) . However , evaluation of the concentration depth @-@ profiles for different isotopes allows estimating the mixing rates . The physics behind this method is as follows : oceanic waters contain homogeneously dispersed 235U . Its decay product , 231Pa , gradually precipitates to the bottom , so that its concentration first increases with depth and then stays nearly constant . 231Pa decays to 227Ac ; however , the concentration of the latter isotope does not follow the 231Pa depth profile , but instead increases toward the sea bottom . This occurs because of the mixing processes which raise some additional 227Ac from the sea bottom . Thus analysis of both 231Pa and 227Ac depth profiles allows to model the mixing behavior .
= = Precautions = =
227Ac is highly radioactive and experiments with it are carried out in a specially designed laboratory equipped with a glove box . When actinium trichloride is administered intravenously to rats , about 33 % of actinium is deposited into the bones and 50 % into the liver . Its toxicity is comparable to , but slightly lower than that of americium and plutonium .
= The Werewolf Transformation =
" The Werewolf Transformation " is the 18th episode of the fifth season of the U.S. sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 105th episode of the show overall . It first aired on CBS on February 23 , 2012 .
In the episode , Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) abandons his methodical approach to life after failing to get a haircut from his usual barber , while Howard ( Simon Helberg ) has a rough time in his astronaut training . The episode was submitted for Parsons ' Emmy nomination , but received mixed reactions from critics .
= = Plot = =
Sheldon goes to get a haircut ; his usual barber Mr. D 'Onofrio is in a coma , so the barber 's nephew Angelo ( Peter Onorati ) is there instead . Sheldon is uncomfortable with the situation and runs away . Later , he talks to his friends ; Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) offers to cut his hair while Raj ( Kunal Nayyar ) and Amy ( Mayim Bialik ) suggest other barbers . He rejects all of their ideas .
Sheldon goes to visit Mr. D 'Onofrio in hospital . When the nurse sees him with scissors , expecting to get a haircut , she calls security and he has to leave . He accepts that he is not going to get a haircut , but also abandons all of his meticulous planning ( for example , his bowel chart spreadsheet ) , realizing it has been a waste of time .
Early in the morning , Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Penny wake up to find Sheldon playing a bongo drum , as Richard Feynman played bongos . They try to make him stop but he leaves the apartment , eventually falling asleep on Amy 's couch . The next morning , Penny convinces him to let her cut his hair , although she ends up accidentally shaving off part of the back of his hair .
Meanwhile , Howard is summoned for astronaut training by NASA . After his first day of training , he talks to Bernadette ( Melissa Rauch ) via webcam ; he vomited while experiencing microgravity . Next , he is forced to go on overnight survival training , where he is spooned by an armadillo during a sandstorm . Bernadette goes to visit Howard in Houston , but finds his mother already there , taking care of him .
= = Production = =
At the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards , Jim Parsons received a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . He submitted " The Werewolf Transformation " for consideration . Alan Sepinwall predicted on HitFix that Parsons would win , which would have been the third time in a row Parsons had won the award . However , he lost to Jon Cryer , who played Dr. Alan Harper in Two and a Half Men .
Vernee Watson @-@ Johnson , who has appeared on several episodes of the show including the pilot , appeared briefly in the episode as Mr. D 'Onofrio 's nurse .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" The Werewolf Transformation " was first broadcast in the U.S. on CBS on February 23 , 2012 at 8 p.m. , and was watched by 16 @.@ 20 million households , the highest viewing figure that night . It received a Nielsen rating of 5 @.@ 3 / 16 in the demographic 18 @-@ 49 . On the same night in Canada , the episode garnered 3 @.@ 513 million viewers on CTV Total , making it the second @-@ most watched television show that week .
In Australia , the episode aired on the Nine Network on March 12 , 2012 . It was watched by 1 @.@ 312 million households and came third in the nightly rank . In the UK on E4 , " The Werewolf Transformation " was first broadcast on April 26 , 2012 ; the episode garnered 1 @.@ 609 million viewers , along with 0 @.@ 377 million watches on the timeshift channel E4 + 1 . It was first on the weekly ratings for both channels .
= = = Reviews = = =
Will Harris from The A.V. Club gave the episode a B + , describing it as " relatively strong " while claiming there were " some imperfections in characterization " of Sheldon and that " Raj had little more than cameo status " in the episode . Harris was " actually moved " when Bernadette arrived at Howard 's hotel room in Houston . R. L. Shaffer of IGN gave " The Werewolf Transformation " 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 and described it as a " good filler episode " ; however , the subplot was criticized as viewers never see Howard experiencing hardships in training , and due to the " sour end " where Howard 's mother is revealed to be staying with him in the hotel . Shaffer also suggested that episode would have been a good opportunity for Sheldon to have sex with Amy . Jim Garner of TV Fanatic gave the episode 3 @.@ 8 out of 5 stars , saying that while it " wasn 't the most hysterically funny episode of the season , it did explore some fun areas of our favorite geeks " . However , Garner criticized the Howard subplot , saying that it had been " lingering " for too long and that " we [ should ] go ahead and shoot Howard in to space and be done with it " .
Robin Pierson of The TV Critic rated the episode 43 out of 100 . Pierson had " mixed feelings " about Howard 's storyline , but described Sheldon 's plot as " tedious " . When Sheldon abandoned the systematic organization of his life , " the episode was half over already " , so he did not have a chance to " question anything seriously " . Jill Mader from Inside Pulse described the episode as " solidly average " , commenting that Sheldon 's reaction was not surprising given his " strong signs of Autism Spectrum " . Howard 's subplot was described as "
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leaders , and by the time von Quirnheim defies the others and tells him to do it anyway , the meeting is over . Meanwhile , the Reserve Army is mobilized by Olbricht , unbeknownst to Fromm , to stand by . With no action taken , Stauffenberg safely extracts himself and the bomb from the bunker , and the Reserve Army is ordered to stand down , believing that the mobilization was a drill . Back in Berlin , Olbricht and Stauffenberg are threatened by Fromm that if they try to control the reserve army again he will personally have them arrested ; Stauffenberg goes to the committee to protest their indecisiveness and condemns Goerdeler , who has been selected to be chancellor after the coup . When Goerdeler demands that Stauffenberg be relieved , Beck informs him that the SS has issued a warrant for his arrest , and that he must leave the country immediately .
On July 20 , 1944 , Stauffenberg and his adjutant Lieutenant Haeften ( Parker ) return to Wolf 's Lair . To Stauffenberg 's dismay , he discovers only after the timer has been activated that , due to the warm weather , the conference is being held in an open @-@ window summer barrack , whereas the plotters had intended to detonate the bomb within the walls of the bunker for maximum damage . While his adjuntant waits with the car , Stauffenberg places the briefcase with the bomb armed at the meeting as close to Hitler as possible . Stauffenberg then leaves the barrack , returning to the car . However , one of the officers at the meeting moves the bomb behind a table leg , which will inadvertently protect Hitler from most of the blast . When the bomb explodes , Stauffenberg is certain that Hitler is dead and flees Wolf 's Lair . Before shutting down communications , Fellgiebel calls Mertz about the explosion but cannot clearly convey whether or not Hitler is dead .
As Stauffenberg flies back to Berlin , Olbricht refuses to mobilize the Reserve Army until he knows without a doubt that Hitler is dead ( if Hitler isn 't dead , Olbricht will be arrested for having the reserve army mobilized without Fromm 's permission ) . Behind Olbricht 's back , Mertz forges his signature and issues the orders anyway . With Operation Valkyrie underway , Stauffenberg and his fellow plotters order the arrest of Nazi party leaders and SS officers , convincing lower officers that the Party and the SS are staging a coup . As Army soldiers begin to take control of Berlin 's government ministries , including SS headquarters , mid @-@ level officers relaying the orders begin to wonder which side they should be fighting for . Rumors reach Berlin that Hitler survived the blast , but Stauffenberg dismisses them as SS propaganda . Meanwhile , Fromm learns from Field Marshal Keitel that Hitler is still alive . The General refuses to join the plotters , resulting in them detaining him . Major Otto Ernst Remer of the Reserve Army prepares to arrest Goebbels , but is stopped when Goebbels connects him by phone to Hitler .
Immediately recognizing the voice on the other end , Remer realizes that the Reserve Army has been duped — rather than containing a coup , they have unwittingly supported it . SS officers are released and the plotters in turn are besieged inside the Bendlerblock . The headquarters staff flees , but the resistance leaders are arrested . In an ultimately vain effort to save himself , General Fromm convenes an impromptu court martial and sentences the conspirators to death , contravening Hitler 's orders that they be kept alive . Given a pistol by Fromm , Beck commits suicide . That night , the ringleaders are then executed by firing squad one by one . When Stauffenberg is about to be shot , in a last gesture of loyalty and defiance , Haeften places himself in the path of the bullets meant for Stauffenberg . When his turn arrives , Colonel Stauffenberg 's last act is to cry " Long live sacred Germany ! "
A brief epilogue informs that the conspiracy of July 20 , 1944 was the last of fifteen known assassination attempts on Hitler by Germans . It also mentions Hitler 's suicide nine months later and that Countess Nina von Stauffenberg and her children survived the war . A shortened version of the dedication at the Memorial to the German Resistance is then shown onscreen :
You did not bear the shame
You resisted .
By sacrificing your impassioned lives ,
For freedom , justice and honor .
= = Cast = =
Tom Cruise as Colonel Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg : The German army Colonel who was instrumental in the conspiracy to assassinate Adolf Hitler . Bryan Singer saw von Stauffenberg as " very much a humanist " , saying , " He understood his role as a colonel , but he also understood that the Nazis were doing terrible , terrible , terrible things . " Having directed Superman Returns , Singer compared von Stauffenberg 's dual identity as loyal colonel and conspirator to Superman and his civilian identity Clark Kent . Cruise had wanted to work with Singer since they met at the premiere for Mission : Impossible , and the actor was enticed by the script 's background , the truth of which struck him as a surprise . The actor described von Stauffenberg 's heroism , " I thought of it in terms of what [ von ] Stauffenberg represents . He was someone who realized that he had to take the steps that ultimately cost him his life ... He recognized what was at stake . " Cruise felt von Stauffenberg did not think of himself as a hero . The actor prepared for the role for eight months by hiring a researcher , studying history books , and speaking with some of von Stauffenberg 's family . Since von Stauffenberg lost his left eye , right hand and two fingers on his left hand in an Allied attack in Tunisia , Cruise affected the same disabilities to practice dressing , moving items and writing . Cruise initially found the eyepatch difficult to work with but acknowledged that von Stauffenberg had to live with this discomfort .
Kenneth Branagh as Major General Henning von Tresckow : Branagh differed physically from the real von Tresckow , who was balding , but Singer said , " [ I ] f you look at [ von ] Tresckow 's energy , he had an honesty that Branagh has . "
Bill Nighy as General of Infantry Friedrich Olbricht : Nighy was cast to give a sympathetic quality , so Olbricht would not be the " fall guy " . Nighy wanted to convey Olbricht as divided between complaining about Hitler 's regime and actually doing something about it . The actor described his portrayal , " One of the most disconcerting things imaginable is to put on a Nazi uniform . It 's so associated with evil that it took me several days to get used to being in costume . "
Terence Stamp as Colonel General Ludwig Beck : Singer met Stamp to discuss playing a part in X @-@ Men , having admired him for portraying General Zod in Superman II . Stamp endured the Blitz as a child and aided Singer in staging a scene where the von Stauffenbergs hide from the Allied bombings . The actor described his approach to acting : he was not the sort of actor who puts on a mask ; rather , he tries to find the place within himself that resonates with the characters he portrays saying that " [ t ] here has to be a kind of non @-@ judgmental discernment , so when I 'm playing villains , they don 't think they 're particularly villains . " Singer said of his direction of Stamp as the heroic and selfless Beck that he sought to find " the part of Terence that would be prepared to fall on his sword for certain ideals " just as Beck had in fact done after being arrested with his co @-@ conspirators for treason .
Tom Wilkinson as Colonel General Friedrich Fromm : The head of Germany 's Reserve Army . Wilkinson was cast to make the treacherous Fromm sympathetic .
Carice van Houten as Nina Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg : von Stauffenberg 's wife . The filmmakers were impressed by her performance in Black Book , and argued she could give a strong performance with minimal dialogue . Screenwriter Nathan Alexander spoke to von Stauffenberg 's relatives and noted that , although Nina and Claus never directly spoke about the plot , " in a sense it was all they talked about " .
Kevin McNally as Dr. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler : A German politician who intends to become chancellor of Germany after a successful coup .
David Schofield as General Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben : A retired general and one of the plotters . Singer and Producer Christopher McQuarrie were impressed by Schofield 's professionalism and dedication to show up on set for scenes without his character , and the filmmakers expanded his role as a result .
Christian Berkel as Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim : A plotter with knowledge of explosives .
Jamie Parker as Lieutenant Werner von Haeften : An adjutant to von Stauffenberg who helps the colonel carry out the plot .
Eddie Izzard as General of signal corps Erich Fellgiebel : A German signals officer and plotter , responsible for communications at Hitler 's bunker Wolf 's Lair .
David Bamber as Adolf Hitler : The Führer of Germany . During Bamber 's audition for the role , Singer was struck by Bamber 's eyes and stated that Bamber had a quality that resonated with Hitler .
Thomas Kretschmann as Major Otto Ernst Remer : Commanding officer of Großdeutschland guard battalion . Kretschmann was the original choice to play von Stauffenberg before Singer joined the production , when McQuarrie was intending to direct .
Harvey Friedman as Dr. Joseph Goebbels : Minister of Propaganda and a member of Hitler 's inner circle .
Kenneth Cranham as General Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel : The head of the OKW and a member of Hitler 's inner circle .
Matthias Freihof as Heinrich Himmler : The head of the SS and a member of Hitler 's inner circle .
Waldemar Kobus as Wolf @-@ Heinrich Graf von Helldorf , chief of the Berlin police who pledges his and men 's assistance in carrying out the plot .
Halina Reijn as Margarethe von Oven , secretary in the Bendlerblock . Reijn co @-@ starred with fellow Dutchwoman Carice van Houten in Black Book .
Werner Daehn as Major Ernst John von Freyend
Tom Hollander as Colonel Heinz Brandt
Bernard Hill as a General working with Stauffenberg in Tunisia
Ian McNeice as the composite " Pompous General " who attempts to disrupt the coup headquarters . Though the general is not named in the film , McQuarrie and Alexander said the character was based on General Joachim von Kortzfleisch , who tried to disrupt the coup in the same fashion .
Gerhard Haase @-@ Hindenberg as Hermann Göring
Anton Algrang as Albert Speer
Helmut Stauss as judge Roland Freisler
Matthew Burton as Lieutenant General Adolf Heusinger
Philipp von Schulthess as Major General Henning von Tresckow 's aide : von Schulthess is the grandson of Claus von Stauffenberg .
Patrick Wilson was originally cast in Valkyrie , but he dropped out due to scheduling conflicts and other unspecified reasons . Stephen Fry was also offered a role in the film but was unable to participate .
Some of the non @-@ German actors initially experimented with German accents , but Singer discarded the idea , instead instructing them to adopt neutral accents that " [ wouldn 't ] distract from the story " . Singer added he was not making a docu @-@ drama and wanted to make the story engaging .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
In 2002 , Christopher McQuarrie visited Berlin while researching another project and visited the memorial to von Stauffenberg at the Bendlerblock . Researching the 20 July plot , he was moved and fascinated by the fact that the conspirators were fully aware of what would happen if they failed their assassination attempt , and he wanted to make their story more well @-@ known . He approached Nathan Alexander to co @-@ write the film , and Alexander began researching the project . McQuarrie sought to model the story after the 2001 TV film Conspiracy , which depicted the Wannsee Conference at which the Nazis planned the Final Solution . He also sought to direct the film , until he realized that adequate financing would only be secured with Bryan Singer directing .
After Singer completed the three major productions X @-@ Men ( 2000 ) , X2 ( 2003 ) and Superman Returns ( 2006 ) , he sought a smaller project before embarking upon the eventually aborted sequel to Superman Returns . Singer and McQuarrie had often made World War II films in their backyards while growing up in New Jersey , and Singer had later dealt with Nazi subject matter in Apt Pupil and X @-@ Men . Singer first learned of the plot in the early 1980s when his mother visited Bonn and met Freya von Moltke , widow of Helmuth von Moltke , a founder of the Kreisau Circle resistance group . After learning of McQuarrie and Alexander 's screenplay and signing on to direct , Singer read The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich by William L. Shirer to gain deeper understanding of Nazi Germany 's political landscape , and also met with one of Hitler 's bodyguards , Rochus Misch , who was the last person to leave the bunker where Hitler committed suicide . The creative team acknowledged the ambiguity over the enigmatic von Stauffenberg 's true motivation , but Singer and McQuarrie judged him to be a man of ethics just from what he did . Though McQuarrie sought for Valkyrie to be similar to Conspiracy , Singer had bigger ambitions for the film , wanting it to be more than " old men in rooms , talking " . Singer looked back on his decision , saying , " The true story had all the makings of a classic assassination thriller ... I knew if I could keep the audience with [ von ] Stauffenberg , with his mission , they would go with the flow and be less inclined to start hypothesising on things from history . "
McQuarrie suggested they bring the project to United Artists partners Paula Wagner and Tom Cruise , who immediately agreed to finance the film in March 2007 . Singer invited Tom Cruise to take the lead role , which Cruise accepted . Cruise had been provided a picture of von Stauffenberg , in which the actor noticed a similarity in his profile with the German colonel , drawing him to the role . The director and the screenwriter initially anticipated Valkyrie as a " small " film with a budget of under US $ 20 million and to be completed within several months , but Cruise 's interest in playing von Stauffenberg made Singer realize his involvement could broaden the film 's publicity and therefore its budget . The film 's budget was then raised to $ 60 million . The director considered calling the film Operation Valkyrie , not wanting to use a generic action film title . The film 's English @-@ language title was ultimately titled Valkyrie because Singer felt that the film was about more than the operation and liked its connection to Wagner 's music .
Germany 's Finance Ministry had originally denied the producers the right to film at Bendlerblock , explaining that the site should be treated as a " place of remembrance and mourning " which would " lose dignity if we were to exploit it as a film set " . The producers were also denied a request to film at a Berlin police station by the department , citing adverse impact to the facility . The German government eventually had a change of heart concerning the Bendlerblock site and gave permission for filmmakers to film there . A United Artists spokesman said that they were " very grateful " for the decision , saying that the site " [ had ] always been important to us symbolically , creatively and for the sake of historical authenticity " and that the company had been in continuous talks with the German government in order to clear up any misconceptions about the nature of the film . The Memorial to the German Resistance also helped filmmakers by permitting them access to their materials and documents . German military pageantry was shaped by referring to the recorded material and input from military advisers .
= = = Writing = = =
McQuarrie and Alexander researched first @-@ hand accounts , photos , newsreels and texts
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. They also examined Gestapo and SS records , as the organizations had been meticulous in reconstructing the events of the conspiracy in its aftermath . A timeline of events was created , from which McQuarrie and Alexander shaped the script . After production began in Berlin , the writers were able to visit locations and meet with relatives of the conspirators ; these meetings informed changes made to the script during filming .
The initial scenes of von Stauffenberg in Tunisia were written to provide historical context to the rest of the film . The scenes were written with the intention of communicating the complexity of the situation — including references to the Holocaust — without being too obvious . The writers also wanted to evoke the spirit of the resistance and convey the ongoing disgust of the German officers . McQuarrie and Alexander found the most difficult task was in conveying the motives of the conspirators ; von Stauffenberg especially remained an enigma , though the writers believed he and the other resistance members to be propelled by their moral outrage . McQuarrie and Alexander attempted to include a scene of von Stauffenberg 's witnessing an atrocity , but because he was a supply officer he had little exposure to many of those that occurred . Though he witnessed some — such as the starvation of the Russians — they believed it difficult to dramatize von Stauffenberg 's being compelled to action by " field reports " . They also had difficulties with Hitler 's portrayal ; in researching his speeches , they struggled to find one in which he made overtly villainous statements .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming began on July 18 , 2007 in Berlin . Production of Valkyrie was then estimated to have a budget of US $ 80 million , with two @-@ thirds to be spent in Germany . The German Federal Film Fund issued € 4 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 6 @.@ 64 million ) to United Artists to assist with production . The filmmakers received permission to film at Tempelhof International Airport 's Columbia Haus , a former Nazi jail for political prisoners . Production also involved World War II planes with swastikas painted on the sides , practicing in the airspace above Brandenburg . Around 70 sets were built for the film . The filmmakers also shot on location at the former Reich Air Ministry Building and the exterior of the house at which von Stauffenberg stayed with his brother .
A replica set of Hitler 's Eastern Front Headquarters Wolf 's Lair was constructed 60 kilometers south of Berlin , though the headquarters ' actual location was in modern @-@ day Poland . It took twelve weeks to build . Filming also took place in some of the houses that were used to hide the bombs in 1944 . The interior of Hitler 's Bavarian residence Berghof was also replicated using film shot by Hitler 's consort Eva Braun and designing models of furniture possessed by secretive collectors . The production also made use of surviving Nazi relics , including furniture used by the Reich Ministry and objects that once adorned Hitler 's desk . Nazi symbols , the display of which is heavily restricted in Germany , were also used at several locations , and while the filmmakers gave forewarnings to local residents , a passerby witnessing the use of swastikas during filming in Berlin filed an official complaint with the city . Similar charges have also been filed against the owners of sites set up to show Nazi displays for the film 's production . Filming also took place at Babelsberg Studios . During filming on August 19 , 2007 , eleven people were hurt when the side panel of a truck they were riding broke , with one person requiring hospitalization . They demanded $ 11 million in compensation , rejecting a settlement offered by the studio .
Before filming the scene of von Stauffenberg 's execution at Bendlerblock , Tom Cruise led the cast and crew in holding a moment of silence , " out of respect for the place and out of respect for the life achievement of these people who were executed there , " according to actor Christian Berkel . After filming of the scene was completed , the footage was sent to be developed for the post @-@ production process at a processing plant in Germany . The wrong chemical was accidentally used in development , damaging the film and requiring the crew to seek permission from the government to re @-@ shoot the scenes . Permission was granted and a spokesman for the film indicated the schedule and budget had not been affected .
Singer and cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel chose different styles for the separate halves of the film . Elegant camerawork such as cranes were used as the plot builds to the attempt on Hitler 's life , and the second half is frantic with handheld cinematography as the plotters are hunted down . The colors in the film also become more intense as the story continues . Sigel focused on red , the color of the Nazi flag , which he felt represented the violence of their ideology . Singer looked towards thrillers of the 1940s and home movies shot by Eva Braun for inspiration . Shooting scenes at night was difficult because presenting historical accuracy of the era required blackouts . Sigel noted in real life , car headlights were used for the firing squad to aim at and execute the plotters in the Bendlerblock . Singer chose to shoot in 1 : 85 aspect ratio , and since filming took place in Germany , the director used Arriflex cameras with Zeiss lenses .
The Tunisia battle sequence that opened the film was the last major sequence filmed . The filmmakers wanted to avoid the appearance that von Stauffenberg wanted to kill Hitler because of the injuries he suffered in the battle . They began a rough cut in October 2007 , and between then and June 2008 , there were several test screenings without the battle sequence . By June 2008 , the filmmakers felt that they knew how to adequately frame the characters when filming the battle sequence . Singer scouted Jordan and Spain for locations , but the candidates did not meet the aesthetic and economic criteria . The Cougar Buttes desert in California was ultimately chosen to represent Tunisia . Since the production budget was adjusted to provide visual effects to make von Stauffenberg 's injuries realistic , not enough was left for solely computer @-@ generated fighter planes . Singer instead used two P @-@ 40 Warhawks in the battle sequence . The budget increased in the course of production due to the filming in Germany , the rebuilding of sets , and lost shooting days , but German tax rebates tempered the growth . The studio reported its final production budget to be $ 75 million , but competing studios believed it to be closer to $ 90 million .
= = = Visual effects = = =
The film 's visual effects were created by Sony Pictures Imageworks , who collaborated with Bryan Singer on Superman Returns . The VFX company 's two key goals were to accurately portray von Stauffenberg 's injuries and to create a 1943 period look to Berlin . With many explosions and stunts seen in the film performed practically , the majority of the 800 computer @-@ generated effects shots were used to portray von Stauffenberg 's injuries . A digital version of Cruise 's hand was designed , and VFX employees rotoscoped the hand in every movement it could make so the missing fingers were erased in the process . With many close @-@ ups of von Stauffenberg 's hand with missing fingers , the injuries were textured to look like actual scars , particularly based on surgical procedures from 1943 . Cruise asked for advice on how to best move his hands so visual effects would be easier to apply , but some challenges , such as von Stauffenberg getting dressed on his own , were inescapable . According to VFX supervisor Richard R. Hoover , " We know from historical accounts that von Stauffenberg didn 't stick his hands in his pockets to try and hide his injuries . "
For the battle sequence in North Africa , two actual Curtiss P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks in Desert Air Force paint schemes were used , accompanied by cloned images of them or by computer @-@ generated planes . In scenes showing squadrons of soldiers , digital extras were not used ; instead , photography of real squadrons was cloned . Sony Pictures Imageworks also digitally expanded details on stage locations and at practical locations . The exterior of Hitler 's Bavarian residence Berghof was digitally created , since little was left of the original structure , and the creation was superimposed on a shot of a ski area in Austria . In Berlin itself , city officials helped reduce the need for visual effects by removing power poles and modern lighting over the weekend when filming took place and restoring the equipment by the start of the new week .
= = = Editing and scoring = = =
As with his previous collaborations with Bryan Singer on The Usual Suspects , Superman Returns and X2 , editor and composer John Ottman edited the film without a temp track , noting if the film was working well without music , it was becoming a strong product . Since Valkyrie drew its inspirations from previous World War II films like The Great Escape ( 1963 ) , Where Eagles Dare ( 1968 ) , Patton ( 1970 ) , and Midway ( 1976 ) , filmmakers initially had a cut where title cards introduced characters and their roles . When the cut was test screened with an American audience , the title cards were removed due to complaints that there were too many characters to follow .
Ottman said the challenge on Valkyrie was to create tension from dialogue scenes , and he often reshaped scenes to do this : moments rather than whole scenes were cut from the film . Being historically accurate meant Ottman was more restricted in reorganizing scenes , but he was able to choose what lines and close @-@ ups he could focus on . Ottman said the scene he was most saddened to delete was a scene where von Stauffenberg dances with his wife because he had been looking forward to scoring it .
Ottman originally planned to compose a minimal score to Valkyrie , but found that despite the film 's dialogue @-@ heavy nature , the film needed music to create a thriller atmosphere . Ottman described the new approach , " It 's very much like Usual Suspects — in order to keep the tension going in a scene where there 's really a lot of dialogue , we had to rely on a lot of score . But the score is done in a very sort of pulsating , subliminal way . It 's not an expository score , it 's more like a running pulse going through the movie . " Singer applied an imaginary metronome , " which only began clicking " when he watched scenes where the pace was becoming faster . He had a specific theme he wanted for the film , which was more modern than the " The Winds of War " -type score he expected Ottman to do . Another challenge in composing thriller music was that the score needed to " slowly lapse " into the tragedy of the film 's ending . The finished score has some percussion instruments and few brass , but no snare drums or trumpets , which were the conventions Singer and Ottman avoided .
Ottman had to compose music for the North African battle before the scene was shot , because booking space to record film music is difficult . Although he found that composing music based on the script results in overlong pieces , he felt the music worked out fine for the sequence . The film 's end credits piece , " They 'll Remember You " , is an original composition , but the lyrics were based on the poem " Wanderer 's Nightsong " by German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . An end piece entitled " Long Live Sacred Germany " was inspired by Adagio for Strings , in the sense it would not feel like film music tailored to every moment in the scene , but still fit with what was going on . Ottman described the original version of the track as a " three minute drone that I slowed down with these two Tuvan throat singers , the whole thing was this horribly dark , morbid piece [ which ] left you cold . " Ottman composed a metallic motif for Hitler , which was formed by low strings and a piano cluster .
= = German response to production = =
In June 2007 , prior to production , a German Defence Ministry spokesperson said that filming of Valkyrie would not be allowed at the country 's military sites if protagonist Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg was portrayed by Tom Cruise , due to the actor 's adherence to Scientology , which is regarded as a dangerous cult by the German authorities . The spokesperson further indicated that the ministry had not at that time received official filming requests from Valkyrie 's producers . Colonel Stauffenberg 's eldest child , retired Bundeswehr general Berthold Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg , also voiced concerns over Cruise 's portrayal of his father , saying that he would not oppose the film 's production , but hoped that Cruise would drop the role . " I fear that only terrible kitsch will come out of the project . It 's bound to be rubbish , " he said . " Cruise should keep his hands off my father . " Later in the month , the ministry reversed its stance and welcomed production of Valkyrie .
The initial controversy reportedly stemmed from German member of parliament Antje Blumenthal , an authority on cults for the Christian Democratic Union and well @-@ known opponent of Scientology , who had claimed that the German Defence Minister had assured her that the film would not be shot in the country . In addition , Cruise 's affiliation with Scientology was also criticized by junior politicians such as Rudolf Köberle , the state secretary for interior issues in the state of Baden @-@ Württemberg . Thomas Gandow , a spokesperson for the German Protestant Church , said Cruise 's involvement in the film would " have the same propaganda advantages for Scientology as the 1936 Olympics had for the Nazis " and compared the actor to Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels .
The film subsequently found local support in Germany . Director Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck saw that Cruise 's involvement would promote awareness of a neglected story , and veteran German actor Armin Mueller @-@ Stahl also gave his support to the production . A grandson of Colonel von Stauffenberg , who appeared in the film as an assistant , hailed Cruise 's professionalism and indicated that most of his family were curious to see the finished product . In September 2007 , when the Defence Ministry initially denied permission for filming at the Bendlerblock memorial , support for the film came in from German newspaper columnists and filmmakers , including director Wolfgang Petersen and Frank Schirrmacher , journalist and co @-@ publisher of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Schirrmacher visited the set and agreed that the film would advance global awareness of the German Resistance . Ultimately granting access to the Bendlerblock after reviewing the script , the Defence Ministry said it showed that " barbarism didn 't triumph but led to the founding of a democratic Germany " . Ursula Caberta , who is in charge of a German government office which monitors Scientology , was disappointed in the ministry 's decision , saying , " Tom Cruise [ is ] a figurehead of an anti @-@ constitutional organization , and he should be treated that way . "
A spokesperson for Scientology in Berlin , Sabine Weber , said in August 2007 that she was " shocked " by German politicians ' criticisms , adding that it was a " call to discrimination " against someone based on their religious beliefs . In the same month , Cruise suggested to his critics that they see the film before denouncing it . In October 2007 , fellow Valkyrie actor Kenneth Branagh said that the issue had been " largely exaggerated " and that the German official who initially incited the complaints contacted the production one week into filming to apologise , after reading the script and realising he had misinterpreted the film 's plot .
In November 2007 , the head of the German Resistance Memorial Centre warned against any potential " myth formation " around von Stauffenberg as a result of the film , urging that any understanding of the Colonel must also be informed by the fact that he had been loyal to the Nazi cause for most of his military career . In the same month Cruise was given a Bambi courage award , presented by German media company Hubert Burda Media , " for tackling a story that had never been covered by Hollywood before " .
Klaus Berg of the Hamburg Chronicle noted that " ( ... ) It is a well @-@ known cliche that American film makers prefer to provide their audiences with a happy ending . Here , a viewer with even the most superficial and rudimentary knowledge of the history of the Second World War and of the National Socialist Regime would know from the very outset that a happy ending is out of the question , that all the protagonists ' efforts and plans are doomed to end in bitter failure . Knowing this , I was surprised to realize how deeply I was caught up in the tension of the plot , how desperately I was hoping against hope that Cruise and his fellows would after all succeed . ( ... ) No , not for one minute during the entire film did I think about Scientology " .
= = Marketing = =
Valkyrie was intended to be a high @-@ profile film that would jump @-@ start United Artists , the host studio partly owned by Tom Cruise and Paula Wagner . Pressure was placed on Valkyrie to do well since an earlier United Artists film featuring Cruise , Lions for Lambs , performed poorly in the box office , and the studio 's planned production of Oliver Stone 's Pinkville was canceled . The film changed release dates multiple times . It was originally slated to be released on August 8 , 2008 , then moved up earlier to June 27 , 2008 . The film was then held off to October 3 , 2008 to avoid competition from WALL @-@ E and Wanted , and to enable the late filming of the North African battle sequence . The October date was also originally chosen to increase the film 's chances of awards success . In April 2008 , the release date was pushed back to February 13 , 2009 , with the studio citing the early fall schedule as too crowded with Academy Award prospects . Valkyrie would have taken advantage of the lucrative President 's Day weekend , after The Wolfman and The Pink Panther 2 were moved from this date .
In July 2008 , United Artists president of worldwide marketing Dennis Rice was replaced by Michael Vollman , who was tasked to develop a marketing strategy for the " troubled " Valkyrie , which had been " battered by constant media sniping " . Under Vollman , by August 2008 , the release date was changed to December 26 , 2008 with reports citing commercial reasons for the move after a successful test screening . ( The film was ultimately released on Christmas Day , December 25 , 2008 . ) The release date was before the end of December , which " crucially " helped the film with a home distribution deal with the subscription channel Showtime . In the same month of August , Paula Wagner left her position with the studio during the film 's post @-@ production . The changing release date for Valkyrie drew criticism about the viability of United Artists , and the studio aimed to combat the criticism leading up to the film 's eventual release . In addition , the first theatrical trailer , released early in 2008 , received " mixed buzz " over Tom Cruise 's portraying von Stauffenberg with an American accent . The trade paper Variety described the trailer as " dour and ... like it was selling a talky stage play with a cast of old British actors " . Images of Tom Cruise as Colonel von Stauffenberg that surfaced during filming were widely ridiculed . Terry Press , a marketing consultant with the studio , said that Valkyrie had been wrongly labeled as " the Tom Cruise eye @-@ patch movie " .
As the December release date approached , United Artists launched a campaign to reform public perception of the film , downplaying the role of Tom Cruise as a German war hero and instead pitching Valkyrie as " a character @-@ driven suspense thriller " . The new campaign also played up the reputation of director Bryan Singer , who had directed the thrillers The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) and Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) . Terry Press urged foregoing an awards campaign for the film ; Cruise agreed with the consultant , while Singer was disappointed about the decision . Instead , the studio focused on audience appeal in a competitive time frame in late December . A second theatrical trailer and a new poster were unveiled in October 2008 by United Artists to renew Valkyrie 's viability with audiences and accolades . The poster was designed to have flashy graphics and to emulate the posters from the war films The Great Escape ( 1963 ) and The Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) in having a team as a central visual . The team element was based on market research from the studio 's focus groups who indicated that they liked Cruise as " a character leading a group of people toward solving a problem " . The new trailer accentuated action , and was widely considered an improvement over the first trailer . An internal MGM memo reported the reception of the trailer by online communities to be " significantly favorable " compared to the previous trailer . The studio sought two demographic quadrants : males over 35 years old as well as younger males . Since United Artists reported that the film cost $ 75 million to make and that $ 60 million was spent on marketing , the studio faced high financial stakes . The film also tested the determination of its distributor Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer and the mettle of Cruise as a superstar .
= = Release = =
= = = Theatrical run = = =
Prior to Valkyrie 's December 2008 release , concern was raised about how the film would be received in the holiday season due to its Nazi subject matter , along with related films The Boy in the Striped Pajamas , The Reader , Defiance and Good . Advertising Age wrote during the economic crisis of 2008 , " The depressing state of the economy and an alarmingly low level of understanding of the Holocaust among American youth point to a tough road for such serious fare . "
Valkyrie opened on Christmas Day , December 25 , 2008 , in 2 @,@ 711 theaters in the United States and Canada . The film grossed an estimated $ 8 @.@ 5 million for the opening day . In the four @-@ day holiday weekend , Valkyrie grossed an estimated $ 30 million , ranking fourth at the box office with $ 7 @,@ 942 per theater . Pamela McClintock of Variety cited the weekend performance as " a victory for United Artists and MGM " ; Gitesh Pandya of Rotten Tomatoes said the haul represented a " big hit " for the studio . Studio research revealed that audiences averaged 55 % male and 66 % over 25 . Paul Dergarabedian , president of box @-@ office tracker Media By Numbers , said that the weekend gross " totally robs the nay @-@ sayers of their ability to deem it a flop " , believing that Cruise 's comic performance in the previous summer 's Tropic Thunder helped audiences embrace the star again . Dergarabedian also ascribed the better @-@ than @-@ expected performance to the studio 's marketing of Valkyrie as a thriller film . Since Cruise was collecting a salary of $ 20 million against 20 % of the backend ( revenue gathered after the completion of a film ) and MGM / UA investment was capped at $ 60 million , United Artists sold the film to several foreign territories to make money back .
The European premiere was held at the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin on January 20 , 2009 . Valkyrie commercially opened in over a dozen territories outside the United States and Canada on the weekend of January 23 , 2009 , including a premiere in Germany on January 22 . The film ranked first in the international box office , grossing over $ 13 million . It placed first in Germany , Australia , and the Netherlands and placed second in the United Kingdom , Austria and South Korea . Valkyrie 's highest @-@ grossing territory was Germany , where it earned $ 3 @.@ 7 million from 689 locations , averaging $ 5 @,@ 311 per screen . The German opening was considered " a chart @-@ topping yet unspectacular start " , barely edging out Twilight , which opened three weeks before . BBC News reported that the premiere of the film has renewed the topic of the German Resistance among the German populace .
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ix 's mother Elizabeth had been unwell , and deteriorated during the crossing from France to England . Elizabeth was transferred to hospital when they landed ; though she partially recovered and was moved to a nursing home , at that same time her other daughter , Elsie , fell ill .
Rix shuttled back and forth between her two ailing family members until , on 2 September 1914 , Elsie died . For three months Rix withheld the news from her mother , fearing it would harm her already fragile condition . Elizabeth survived the news , but as the war continued , Rix 's artistic output dwindled almost to nothing . Then in March 1916 , Elizabeth died . Rix was just over thirty years old , and all her immediate relatives were now dead . Recalling the experience , she later wrote : " I could scarcely put one foot in front of the other and walked like an old thing " .
Further misfortune lay in store . In France , an Australian officer , Captain George Matson Nicholas , was posted to Étaples . There he heard about the Australian woman artist who had had to leave her paintings behind when she and her family left abruptly for England . Nicholas sought out the works and admired them , and decided to contact the artist when next he was on leave . He met Rix in September 1916 , and they were married on 7 October at St Saviour 's , Warwick Avenue in London . After three days together , he returned to duty ; she was widowed five weeks later on 14 November , when he was shot and killed during battle at Flers , on the Western Front . Initially writing in her diary that she had lost the will to live , Rix Nicholas 's grief eventually found its expression in three paintings , titled And Those Who Would Have Been Their Sons , They Gave Their Immortality ( a phrase from a poem by Rupert Brooke ) , Desolation and Pro Humanitate . The second of these paintings ( which was destroyed in 1930 ) , portrayed a gaunt and tearful woman shrouded in a black cloak , crouched staring at the viewer amidst a battlescarred landscape , featureless but for the crosses on distant graves . The National Gallery of Australia holds a charcoal drawing made as a study for the work . The first was " a portrait of a woman cradling a ghostly child " , while the third represented the tragedy of her short marriage to Nicholas . In visualising the ruin of war , her works were more personal than those of other artists of the last years of World War I , such as Paul Nash and Eric Kennington , and her representation of widowhood was both unusual for its time , and confronting for the viewer .
= = Return to Australia , 1918 – 1923 = =
In March 1918 , Rix Nicholas , along with her brother @-@ in @-@ law Athol Nicholas , left England and arrived in Melbourne on 10 May . There , with the encouragement of artist Henrietta Gulliver and the members of the city 's Women 's Art Club , Rix Nicholas began to reconstruct her career as a professional artist . It did not take long . In November , she was amongst the members of the Club whose works were displayed at the Athaeneum Hall , where a critic described her as the " dominating personality of the show " . At the same time , in Melbourne 's Guild Hall she held a large exhibition of her European and north African paintings , sketches and drawings , with over a hundred works on display . Several were sold , including In Picardy , purchased by the National Gallery of Victoria . Noting the artist 's success in Paris and London , the reviewer for The Argus admired her " appreciation of character and talents for observation and representation " , while The Age was struck by " the influence of modern French Impressionism in [ her paintings ' ] fearless handling of sunlight and open air effects . " When the exhibition travelled to Sydney in 1919 , reviews were likewise positive both from newspapers and from her peers such as Julian Ashton , Antonio Dattilo Rubbo and Grace Cossington Smith .
Rix Nicholas continued to experience success in her exhibitions and with regular favourable reviews in the press , such as for her show in the Queen Victoria Markets in September 1920 . Nevertheless , Pigot has argued that her place in the Australian art world at the time was complex , and her style was affected by vigorous debate around the emergence of modernism , which was being resisted by local critics . Her experience of this more conservative Australia , and the effects of the deaths of all those close to her , contributed to Rix Nicholas abandoning her more experimental art , and returning to more academic and figurative subjects . This ultimately had a detrimental effect on the long @-@ term trajectory of her career . Pigot also argues that her refusal to conform to the gendered expectations of the Australian artistic establishment led to her rejection .
In 1922 , a competition was launched by the trustees of the Melbourne Public Library for a mural to commemorate the Great War . Rix Nicholas learned of the competition and quickly prepared and submitted an entry . Three judges , all respected Melbourne academic artists , submitted a report to the trustees , who met to consider the entries received . The trustees voted six to five to grant the commission to Harold Septimus Power , despite the fact that he had not fulfilled the conditions of entry ; they then withheld the judges ' report from publication , decided not to exhibit any of the competition entries , and delayed awarding any prize . One newspaper reported that Rix Nicholas 's entry had been one of the top three . Rix Nicholas was furious , as were some former soldiers who wrote letters to newspapers about the incident . Pigot suggests that gender was a factor : " While Rix Nicholas 's claim to be a war artist was legitimate , the fact that she was a woman meant that she was denied an equal place within the discourse " . Later that same year , the Australian War Memorial decided to purchase a work by Rix Nicholas portraying a French woman ( titled A Mother of France ( 1914 ) ) , but not to acquire the other work offered , showing an Australian soldier ( A Man ( 1921 ) ) ; according to Pigot , this reflected the gendered approach taken by institutions , which considered that subjects suitable for portrayal by artists were dependent upon their sex .
Her paintings of war subjects were just one aspect of Rix Nicholas 's developing commitment to nationalist ideals and the heroic representation of Australia . At the time of her 1919 exhibition , Rix Nicholas had commented that she wished " to show the people [ of Europe ] what is possessed in a land of beauty where the colour scheme is so different , and which sent so many gallant men to the struggle for liberty " . In this respect she was following in the tradition of the Heidelberg School and writers such as Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson , who extolled the virtues of the bush and pioneer life . Accompanied by her friend Dorothy Richmond , Rix Nicholas set out to paint in rural New South Wales , beginning in Delegate , a small town on the border of New South Wales and Victoria . Here she created numerous works , including In Australia , His Land , and The Shearers . Other works from this period include The Three Sisters , Blue Mountains ( 1921 – 22 ) , which is in the collection of the National Gallery of Australia . While Australian patriotic imagery and discourse of the period was very male @-@ dominated , Rix Nicholas 's portraits were frequently of women , such as in The Monaro Pioneer , The Magpie 's Song and Motherhood .
Back in Sydney , Rix Nicholas held another solo exhibition in August 1923 . Once again it was favourably reviewed , and there was again the description of her work in masculine terms : the reviewer at Sydney 's Sunday Times described her as " the most virile , and , in many respects , the strongest woman painter Australia has yet produced " . Rix Nicholas disliked being thought of as a " woman " artist , but she took such reviews as complimentary , given how dismissive were critics in general when considering paintings by women .
= = Second trip to Europe , 1924 – 26 = =
In 1924 , Rix Nicholas , again travelling with Dorothy Richmond , set sail for France , intending to exhibit her works in Europe . She voyaged on the Ormonde , which was also carrying the Australian Olympic team . She befriended several of the team members and painted a portrait of one for an Olympic artists ' competition .
Arriving in Paris in June , eventually Rix Nicholas rented a studio in Montparnasse , which had previously belonged to French artist Rosa Bonheur . An exhibition at the " prestigious " Georges Petit Galerie in Paris in January 1925 was a great success . It led to important sales , including to the Musée du Luxembourg , making her the only Australian woman to have more than one work in its collection and , according to one report , one of only three Australian artists represented at all at that time , the others being Rupert Bunny and Arthur Streeton . The exhibition led also to a tour of her works to London and British regional galleries , the first time any Australian artist had archived such prominence ; between 1926 and 1928 , her works were shown in Hull , Sunderland , Tyne and Wear , Bootle , Blackpool , Northampton , Warrington , Folkestone , Leicester , Derby , Gateshead and Leek in Staffordshire .
The work purchased by the Luxembourg in 1925 was In Australia , a portrait of Ned Wright , manager of the property at Delegate where she had stayed in the early 1920s . He is portrayed on horseback , a pipe clasped in his exposed and bright teeth , with a panoramic backdrop of an Australian pastoral landscape . His stance is casual , self @-@ assured and heroic , consistent with the up @-@ beat nationalism of Australia at the time .
In 1925 there were further exhibitions , including at the International Society of Sculptors , Painters and Gravers , and the Royal Academy of Art , both in London . Also in London , a solo exhibition was held at the Beaux Arts Gallery in December , which displayed her painting His Land . The work was described by one reviewer as having " the rare quality of conveying the spirit of life in the Commonwealth as well as portraying that life pictorially ... the whole picture seems to convey the sunny heat @-@ laden atmosphere of Australia " . Like In Australia , this work also suggested the elemental strength and vitality that Rix Nicholas advocated should pervade Australian painting .
In the same year , Rix Nicholas created one of her most extraordinary works , which would also be her largest canvas . Standing almost 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) high , and 128 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 20 ft ) wide , Les fleurs dédaignées ( ' The despised flowers ' ) is an " unnerving " and " arresting " portrait of a young woman in fashionable eighteenth @-@ century clothing . Painted not with the artist 's typical technique , but in a mannerist style , the subject faces the viewer yet is glancing away , her pose tense , expression unreadable , with a bunch of discarded flowers on the ground next to the hem of her enormous formal dress . Although portraying a young lady , the person chosen to sit was " a Parisian professional model and a prostitute , apparently with a reputation for being moody and cantankerous " . The pastiche created in this work is striking : a sixteenth @-@ century artistic style , a composition comprising a seventeenth @-@ century tapestry and an eighteenth @-@ century dress , created by a twentieth @-@ century artist . It certainly reflected the scope of Rix Nicholas 's abilities and ambitions , and was painted with the specific intention of having it hung at the Paris Salon . When the work was displayed in Sydney in 1927 , it grabbed The Sydney Morning Herald critic 's attention :
For combination of grace , dramatic strength , and clearness in technique this picture would be difficult to surpass . There is nothing finicky about it ; it tells its story
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persons acting in a manner prejudicial to public security or for harbouring such persons without his or her knowledge or consent , and that he or she exercised due diligence to ensure that the building would not be used in this manner .
= = = Offences = = =
Chapter III of Part III of the ISA creates a number of criminal offences relating to security areas .
= = = = Firearms , ammunition and explosives = = = =
It is an offence to carry , or have in one 's possession or under one 's control in a security area without lawful excuse , any firearm , ammunition or explosive without lawful authority . The penalty for the offence is death . The onus is on the person charged to prove that he or she has a lawful excuse for having the item , and this can only be done by demonstrating that he or she acquired the item in a lawful manner for a lawful purpose , and did not act " in a manner prejudicial to public security or the maintenance of public order " while in possession of or having control of it . Furthermore , the person charged has lawful authority to have the item only if he or she :
is a police officer , member of the security forces , or person employed in the Prisons Department , and has the item in connection with the performance of his or her duty ;
is licensed , or authorized without a licence , to have the item ; or
has been granted an exemption by an officer in charge of a police division , or is a member of a class of persons exempted by the Commissioner of Police .
However , even if any of the above situations applies to a person , he or she will not be regarded as having lawful authority if he or she has the item for the purpose of using it in a manner prejudicial to public security or the maintenance of public order .
In Liew Sai Wah v. Public Prosecutor ( 1968 ) , the appellant was arrested at the Singapore train station for having six grenade bodies in his bag . He was charged and found guilty of possession of ammunition by the High Court , and sentenced to death . The conviction was upheld by the Federal Court of Malaysia ( then part of Singapore 's court hierarchy ) . However , on further appeal to the Privy Council , their Lordships held that grenade bodies did not come within the term ammunition , which was defined as " ammunition for any fire @-@ arm as hereafter defined and includes grenades , bombs and other like missiles whether capable of use with such a fire @-@ arm or not and any ammunition containing or designed or adapted to contain any noxious liquid , gas or other thing " . Counsel for the Public Prosecutor suggested that grenade bodies might fall within the definition of explosive , which includes " any material for making an explosive and any apparatus , machine , implement or material used or intended to be used or adapted for causing or aiding in causing any explosion in or with any explosive , and any part of any such apparatus , machine or implement " . However , the Privy Council declined to allow this submission as it involved the presentation of a case completely different to the one that the appellant was required to meet during his trial and the appeal before the Federal Court . The appellant was therefore acquitted .
It is a crime , while in a security area , to consort with or to be found in the company of a person carrying or having possession of or having under his or her control a firearm , ammunition or explosive in contravention of the offence mentioned above , if the circumstances raise a reasonable presumption that the person consorting intends or is about to act or has recently acted with the person having the item in a manner prejudicial to public security or the maintenance of public order . The penalty is either death or life imprisonment . It is a slightly less serious offence to be in a security area and consort with or be in the company of another person if it is reasonable for the person consorting to know that the other person had one of the above items . The penalty for this offence is imprisonment not exceeding ten years . If a person is carrying or has in his or her possession or under his or her control a firearm , ammunition or explosive , there is a rebuttable presumption that the person was acting in contravention of the offence mentioned above .
= = = = Supplies = = = =
It is an offence for a person , whether inside or outside a security area , to demand , collect or receive supplies from another person under circumstances which raise a reasonable presumption that :
the first person intends or is about to act , or has recently acted , in a manner prejudicial to public security or the maintenance of public order ; or
the supplies are intended for someone who intends or is about to act , or has recently acted in such a manner , or are for a terrorist to use .
It is also an offence , inside or outside a security area , to be found in possession of supplies which cannot be satisfactorily accounted for , or to directly or indirectly provide supplies to another person , in circumstances which raise the reasonable presumption referred to above . The penalty for all these offences is life imprisonment . However , in the latter situation , a person will not be convicted if he or she voluntarily provides full information of the offence to a police officer before being accused of or charged with the offence .
= = = = Other offences = = = =
A person inside or outside a security area who knows or has reasonable cause to believe that another person has committed an offence under Part III of the ISA , or has information about the present or intended movements or whereabouts of another person whom he or she knows or has reasonable cause to believe to be a terrorist , but who fails to report the matter to a police officer , commits an offence punishable by imprisonment for up to ten years . However , if the person voluntarily gives full information to a police officer before being accused of or charged with an offence , he or she will not be convicted .
It is also an offence to attempt to commit an offence under Part III ; to assist someone that one knows or has reasonable cause to believe has committed an offence to prevent , hinder or interfere with that person 's arrest , trial or punishment ; or generally to contravene or fail to comply with any provision of Part III or any order made , direction given or requirement imposed under Part III , or to abet any contravention or failure by another person .
= = Miscellaneous provisions = =
The final part of the ISA , Part IV , contains various miscellaneous provisions . Some notable provisions are described in this section .
A police officer is entitled to use such force as is reasonably necessary in the circumstances , including lethal weapons :
to arrest a person subject to a detention order ;
to arrest a person in respect of whom the officer has reason to believe that there are grounds justifying his or her preventive detention , or that he or she has acted or is about to act or is likely to act in a manner prejudicial to national security ;
to arrest a person suspected of having committed an offence under the ISA , the Corrosive and Explosive Substances and Offensive Weapons Act , or sections 435 or 436 of the Penal Code which criminalize the commission of mischief by fire or an explosive substance to damage property or destroy a building ;
to overcome forcible resistance by a person to such an arrest ; or
to prevent an arrested person from escaping or being rescued from arrest .
A person who has been arrested for any of the offences mentioned above must , as soon as possible after arrest , be " clearly warned of his liability to be shot at if he endeavours to escape from custody " . In addition to a police officer , the power to use force can be exercised by a member of the security forces , any guard or watchman in a protected place , and any person authorized by the Commissioner of Police .
Provisions exist in the ISA to make it easier to admit statements made by people charged with offences under the Act or certain offences under other laws specified in the Second Schedule to the Act . A statement is admissible in evidence in a trial and , if the person who made the statement chooses to testify during a trial , it may be used in cross @-@ examination and to impeach his or her credit , " whether the statement amounts to a confession or not or is oral or in writing , made at any time , whether before or after that person is charged and whether in the course of a police investigation or not and whether or not wholly or partly in answer to questions , by that person to or in the hearing of any police officer of or above the rank of sergeant and whether or not interpreted to him by any other police officer or any other person concerned , or not , in the arrest " . This is subject to two limitations :
A statement is not admissible " if the making of the statement appears to the court to have been caused by any inducement , threat or promise having reference to the charge against that person , proceeding from a person in authority and sufficient in the opinion of the court to give that person grounds which would appear to him reasonable for supposing that by making it he would gain any advantage or avoid any evil of a temporal nature in reference to the proceedings against him " .
If a statement has been made by a person after being arrested , it is only admissible if the court is satisfied that a caution along the following lines was administered : " It is my duty to warn you that you are not obliged to say anything or to answer any question , but anything you say , whether in answer to a question or not , may be given in evidence . " However , if a person makes a statement before there is time to administer a caution , the statement remains admissible if the caution is then administered as soon as possible .
Once a person has been cautioned , he or she has a right to remain silent and is not required to answer any questions .
= = = Cases = = =
Lee Mau Seng v. Minister for Home Affairs [ 1971 ] SGHC 10 , [ 1971 – 1973 ] S.L.R. ( R. ) 135 , High Court ( Singapore ) , archived from the original on 5 January 2012 .
Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs [ 1988 ] SGCA 16 , [ 1988 ] 2 S.L.R. ( R. ) [ Singapore Law Reports ( Reissue ) ] 525 , Court of Appeal ( Singapore ) , archived from the original on 24 December 2011 .
Teo Soh Lung v. Ministry for Home Affairs [ 1989 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 461 , H.C. ( Singapore ) ( " Teo Soh Lung ( H.C. ) " ) .
Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs [ 1990 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 347 , C.A. ( Singapore ) ( " Teo Soh Lung ( C.A. ) " ) .
= = = Legislation = = =
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( 1985 Rev. Ed . , 1999 Reprint ) .
Essential ( Detained Non @-@ Citizens ) Regulations ( Cap . 90 , Rg 12 , 1990 Rev. Ed . ) .
Internal Security Act ( Cap . 143 , 1985 Rev. Ed . ) ( " ISA " ) .
Internal Security ( General ) Regulations ( Cap . 143 , Rg 2 , 1990 Rev. Ed . ) ( " ISGR " ) .
= = = Other works = = =
Hor , Michael ( 2002 ) , " Terrorism and the Criminal law : Singapore 's Solution " , Singapore Journal of Legal Studies : 30 – 55 , SSRN 426922 .
Teo Chee Hean ( Deputy Prime Minister , Coordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Home Affairs ) , " Debate on President 's Address ( Third Allotted Day ) " , Singapore Parliamentary Debates , Official Report ( 19 October 2011 ) , vol . 88 , cols . 61 – 73 .
Tham , Chee Ho ( 1992 ) , " Judiciary Under Siege ? " , Singapore Law Review 13 : 60 – 84 .
Yee , Chee Wai ; Ho , Tze Wei Monica ; Seng , Kiat Boon Daniel ( 1989 ) , " Judicial Review of Preventive Detention under the Internal Security Act – A Summary of Developments " , Singapore Law Review 10 : 66 – 103 .
= = = Articles = = =
Lee , Jack Tsen @-@ Ta ( 2012 ) , The Past , Present and Future of the Internal Security Act [ Singapore Management University School of Law Opinion Series No . JL3 / 2012 ] , SelectedWorks ; first published as Lee , Jack Tsen @-@ Ta ( June 2012 ) , " The Past , Present and Future of the Internal Security Act " , Dignity Defined , pp. 6 – 9 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 June 2012 .
Sin , Boon Ann ( 1989 ) , " Judges and Administrative Action – A Look at Chng Suan Tze v Minister of Home Affairs & Ors " , Malayan Law Journal 2 : ci – cvii .
Yeong , Sien Seu ( 1992 ) , " Clarity or Controversy – The Meaning of Judicial Independence in Singapore and Malaysia " , Singapore Law Review 13 : 85 – 108 .
Zee , Josiah ( 2011 ) , " Defending Singapore 's Internal Security Act : Balancing the Need for National Security with the Rule of Law " , Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 18 ( 1 ) : 28 – 46 , archived from the original on 14 February 2013 .
= = = Books and other works = = =
Prof. S. Jayakumar ( Minister for Law ) , speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( Amendment ) Bill , Singapore Parliamentary Debates , Official Report ( 25 January 1989 ) , vol . 52 , cols . 463 – 528 .
Prof. S. Jayakumar ( Minister for Law ) , speech during the Second Reading of the Internal Security ( Amendment ) Bill , Singapore Parliamentary Debates , Official Report ( 25 January 1989 ) , vol . 52 , cols . 531 – 556 .
Tan , Jing Quee ; Teo , Soh Lung ; Koh , Kay Yew ( 2009 ) , Our Thoughts are Free : Poems and Prose on Imprisonment and Exile , Singapore : Ethos Books , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 08 @-@ 2511 @-@ 9 .
Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ; Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2010 ) , " Special Powers against Subversion and Emergency Powers " , Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore ( 3rd ed . ) , Singapore : LexisNexis , pp. 180 – 261 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 236 @-@ 795 @-@ 2 .
Teo , Soh Lung ( 2010 ) , Beyond the Blue Gate : Recollections of a Political Prisoner , Petaling Jaya , Selangor , Malaysia : Strategic Information and Research Development Centre , ISBN 978 @-@ 967 @-@ 5 @-@ 83201 @-@ 7 .
Teo Soh Lung : Singapore [ Lawyer to Lawyer Network , Human Rights Documents , General , 1582 , doc . 123 ] , New York , N.Y. : Lawyers Committee for Human Rights , December 1988 , OCLC 57694111 .
Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2012 ) , " Constitutional Supremacy " , A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law , Singapore : Academy Publishing , pp. 223 – 271 at 260 – 271 , paras . 04 @.@ 084 – 04 @.@ 104 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 07 @-@ 1515 @-@ 1 .
Update [ Lawyer to Lawyer Network , Human Rights Documents , General , 1582 , doc . 175 ] , New York , N.Y. : Lawyers Committee for Human Rights , June 1990 , OCLC 57698074 .
= Stranger in a Strange Land ( Lost ) =
" Stranger in a Strange Land " is the ninth episode of the third season of the American drama television series Lost , and the show 's 58th episode overall . The episode was written by Elizabeth Sarnoff and Christina M. Kim , and directed by Paris Barclay . It first aired in the United States on February 21 , 2007 , on ABC .
In the episode , Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) , Karl ( Blake Bashoff ) , and James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) continue to journey back to the beach camp , while Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) and Alex ( Tania Raymonde ) must save Juliet Burke ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) from execution . Flashbacks reveal the origin of Jack 's tattoos .
= = Plot = =
In flashbacks , Jack is in Phuket , Thailand , where he meets a local woman named Achara ( Bai Ling ) ; the two soon enter into a relationship . After finding out that she works in a tattoo parlor and claims to be able to see who people really are , Jack demands that she give him a tattoo . Achara is hesitant to give him a tattoo , but she does so anyway and tells him there will be consequences . The next morning , he is beaten up by her brother and other locals and told to leave .
Sawyer and Kate begin the episode on Alex 's canoe with an unconscious Karl , paddling away from the Hydra island . Kate suggests returning for Jack ; however , Sawyer refuses . Kate and Sawyer land on the main island and question Karl about the Others . Karl reveals that the Others work on the Hydra island , but live on the main island . The next morning , Sawyer finds Karl crying in the jungle . Karl says that he is crying because he misses Alex . Sawyer asks Karl if he is in love , which Karl affirms to be true . Sawyer tells him that love is worth the risks of getting caught by the Others and lets Karl go into the jungle to find Alex .
Jack is put into the bear cage , and notices a handcuffed Juliet being led to his old prison . She visits him later and asks Jack to treat Ben 's back , which has become infected following the surgery , but Jack refuses . She also explains that she is in trouble with the Others for killing Pickett . Later , Isabel ( Diana Scarwid ) , the Others ' " sheriff , " arrives at the cage and discusses Jack 's tattoo with him , as she can read the Chinese . Isabel brings him to a room where Juliet is being held and asks him whether Juliet told him to kill Ben or not . Jack lies and says she did not and is brought back to his cage . Once back , he is visited by Cindy Chandler ( Kimberley Joseph ) and the previously kidnapped members of the tail @-@ section . Cindy starts to ask Jack questions , saying they are here to " watch " , but he angrily sends her away . Alex visits Jack later and tells him that the Others are planning to execute Juliet . Alex helps him escape from his cage , and they go to Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) , who writes a note , sparing Juliet , in return for Jack 's continuing to be Ben 's doctor . The two then go to a trial the Others are holding for Juliet , and Alex gives Isabel Ben 's note , which says Juliet is not to be executed , but is to be marked instead ( with a branded symbol at the base of her spine ) . When Juliet later asks Jack why he helped her , he replies that it is because Ben said he would let both of them off the island and he wants to make that happen by working together . At the end of the episode , Jack and the Others travel back to the main island on a boat . Just before leaving , Isabel translates Jack 's tattoo , " He walks amongst us , but he is not one of us " . Jack replies , " That 's what they say , that 's not what they mean . "
= = Production = =
" Stranger in a Strange Land " was the first episode of the series directed by Paris Barclay . Barclay had previously won two Emmy Awards for directing episodes of NYPD Blue . The episode was written by Elizabeth Sarnoff and Christina M. Kim , the pair had previously worked together on the second season episodes " The Hunting Party " , " The Whole Truth " , and " Two for the Road " .
Although Jack had tattoos on his arm the entire series , their origin had never been explained . Matthew Fox received the tattoos before Lost was even created . The producers considered putting make @-@ up over them , but instead , decided just to keep them and fit it in with the plot . According to Assistant Professor Xinping Zhu of Northeastern University , the tattoo is made up of four Chinese characters from a poem written by Mao Zedong in 1925 . Fox 's tattoo translates to " Eagles high up , cleaving the space " . ( In this episode however , one of " the Others " tells Jack that his tattoo translates as : " He walks among us , but he is not one of us . " Jack replies , " That 's what they say , that 's not what they mean . " ) The number 5 can also be seen on Fox 's forearm ; he got that tattoo while working on Party of Five , along with another cast member . In an interview , Fox said that for him , getting a tattoo was a " pretty intense experience " , and something he would not do in the " spur of the moment " . He thought Jack having tattoos was a " really cool idea " . Since Fox used tattoos to represent memories or meaningful events in his life , the writers took a similar approach when dealing with Jack 's tattoos .
" Stranger in a Strange Land " was shot in various places on the island of Oahu . The scenes with Kate , Sawyer , and Karl on the canoe were shot in Kāne 'ohe Bay , while the flashback beach scenes were filmed on Waimanalo Beach . The shots of Jack in a cage were done in Oahu 's Paradise Park . The Other 's tank and operating room are located in a film studio on the island . Bai Ling , who played Achara , recalled that when shooting the sex scene between her character and Jack , she was " kind of nervous " because she did not know Fox very well . Ling recalls that " we ( she and Fox ) both had a mutual understanding to just go for it . Sometimes I 'm on top of him , sometimes he 's on top of me . "
= = Reception = =
" Stranger in a Strange Land " was watched by 12 @.@ 95 million Americans , ranking Lost as the 21st most watched program of the week . This was an increase in viewers from the previous episode , making Lost the number one scripted television series in the adults 18 @-@ 49 category for the third consecutive week . The episode garnered more viewers than other television series ' showing at the same time on other networks , including Criminal Minds and CSI : NY . The ratings , however , were a decrease compared to the same time the previous year , when the episode " One of Them " garnered 18 @.@ 20 million Americans .
" Stranger in a Strange Land " garnered many negative reviews from critics . Chris Carabott , a writer for IGN , wrote that " the episode was " nothing more than a transition episode " . Carabott felt that although it was " a necessary evil in episodic television like Lost " , it did not " excuse the poor execution and uninteresting story " . IGN later chose it as the worst episode of the series , describing it as " pointless and boring " . Cinemablend.com 's Josh Spiegel claimed that the episode " was the first rough patch of an otherwise very good third season . " Spiegel went on to write that although previews for " Stranger in a Strange Land " promised that three questions would be answered , they were not the mysteries he had been worried about . Mac Slocum of Filmfodder.com was upset about the " overblown marketing " which failed to deliver the answers that he wanted .
" Stranger in a Strange Land " is widely considered amongst Lost fans as the worst episode of the series , and was even recognized as such by show runner Damon Lindelof in an interview . It was part of the inspiration to set an end date for the series .
= Big Painting No. 6 =
Big Painting No. 6 ( sometimes Big Painting or Big Painting VI ) is a 196
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a damaged machine gun , another crashed through a house which put its wireless radio set and main armament out of action , and the third broke loose of the glider as it landed and was flipped over onto its turret , rendering it useless .
Six Locusts landed intact on the landing zone , including several with significant damage , but two of these tanks would never reach the rendezvous point chosen for the regiment . One undamaged tank came to the aid of a group of American paratroopers who were under fire from a German self @-@ propelled gun but was rapidly knocked out by the German vehicle , wounding two crewmembers . A second tank broke down as it attempted to tow a jeep out of a crashed glider , although the crew remained with the tank and supported British airborne troops in the area . Of the four Locusts that reached the rendezvous point , only two were undamaged and fully fit for action ; these two were immediately deployed to the high ground east of the Diersfordter Wald , while being covered by the two damaged tanks . Upon arrival they were engaged by German troops and had to be supported by an infantry company , and soon their presence began attracting a great deal of artillery and anti @-@ tank fire . Although neither of the tanks were hit , a number of infantrymen were killed or wounded and after several hours the tanks were forced to withdraw . The four tanks and remaining infantry formed a small force that repelled several German attempts to attack their position , and were eventually relieved at 10 : 30 by a tank squadron from the 44th Royal Tank Regiment and elements of the rest of the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment .
= = = Post @-@ war = = =
Operation Varsity was the only time the Locust would see action with the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment or the British Army as a whole . A report issued at the end of a conference held by the Director ( Air ) of the War Office in January 1946 confirmed that the Locust design was considered obsolete ; any light tanks to be used in post @-@ war airborne formations would be made from completely new designs . The British Army disposed of a small number of Locusts by transferring them to foreign militaries . Several had their main armaments removed and were used by the Belgian Army as command tanks for their M4 Sherman regiments , and a few Locusts even found their way back to the U.S. , where they had their turrets removed and served as agricultural tractors . A larger number of Locusts served with the Egyptian Army , replacing a number of older tank models , such as the Vickers @-@ Armstrong Mark V light tank , that the Egyptian military had acquired during the interwar period . Several company @-@ sized units of Locusts were used by the Egyptians during the 1948 Arab – Israeli War .
= = Users = =
Belgium
Egypt
United Kingdom
United States
= = Survivors = =
Today 16 tanks are known to survive in various conditions :
One vehicle at the Bovington Tank Museum , England .
One tank is owned by the Royal Dutch Army Museum , Delft . It is currently stored in an undisclosed location .
One vehicle is owned by the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces , Brussels ( Belgium ) . It is a runner and regularly participates in reenactment events .
One exemplar is a static display in Negba , Israel .
One tank is displayed at the Armoured Corps Museum , Ahmednagar , India .
One Locust is displayed at the Military Museum Of Southern New England , Danbury , USA .
One exemplar is currently stored at Fort Lee , USA and will be part of the new US Army Ordnance Museum when it opens .
One vehicle with a turret reproduction is currently stored at Fort Benning , USA , and will be part of the new National Armor and Cavalry Museum when it opens .
One tank is displayed at the Rock Island Arsenal Museum , USA .
One running vehicle is owned by Roberts Armory World War II Museum in Rochell , USA . The turret of this vehicle is a reproduction .
One tank is displayed at the Military Vehicles Technology Foundation , Portola , USA .
One running vehicle is owned by the World War II US Military Vehicle Museum , San Rafael , USA . The turret seems to be a reproduction .
One unrestored hull is currently owned by Hugh Movie Supplies in England . The owner also has a turret cast reproduction and an engine , but is missing the original tracks ( the original tracks and sprockets can be replaced by M5 Stuart ones ) .
One M22 Locust hull , which has been converted by the British for use as a personnel carrier , is stored in an unrestored condition at the Military Museum Of Southern New England , Danbury , Connecticut .
Two vehicles are owned by Kevin Wheatcroft in England .
One tank is displayed at the Institute of Military Technology in Titusville , Florida . Unrestored condition with a LVT @-@ 3 Turret installed . The Hull serial number is 49 .
One tank undergoing restoration is located in Georgetown , Texas
= Goldilocks and the Three Bears =
" Goldilocks and the Three Bears " and the older " The Story of the Three Bears " are two variations of an old fairy tale . The original tale tells of an ugly , old woman who enters the forest home of three bachelor bears whilst they are away . She sits in their chairs , eats some of their porridge , and falls asleep in one of their beds . When the bears return and discover her , she starts up , jumps from the window , and is never seen again . The other major version brings Goldilocks to the tale ( replacing the old woman ) , and an even later version retained Goldilocks , but has the three bachelor bears transformed into Papa , Mama , and Baby Bear .
What was originally a fearsome oral tale became a cosy family story with only a hint of menace . The story has elicited various interpretations and has been adapted to film , opera , and other media . " The Story of the Three Bears " is one of the most popular fairy tales in the English language .
= = Plot = =
In Southey 's tale , three anthropomorphic bears – " a Little , Small , Wee Bear , a Middle @-@ sized Bear , and a Great , Huge Bear " – live together in a house in the woods . Southey describes them as very good @-@ natured , trusting , harmless , tidy , and hospitable . Each of these " bachelor " bears has his own porridge bowl , chair , and bed . One day they take a walk in the woods while their porridge cools . A woman approaches the bears ' house . As she has been sent out by her family , since she is a disgrace to them . She is described at various points in the story as impudent , bad , foul @-@ mouthed , ugly , dirty , and a vagrant deserving of a stint in the House of Correction . She looks through a window , peeps through the keyhole , and lifts the latch . Assured that no one is home , she walks in . The old woman eats the Wee Bear 's porridge , then settles into his chair and breaks it . Prowling about , she finds the bears ' beds and falls asleep in Wee Bear 's bed . The climax of the tale is reached when the bears return . Wee Bear finds the old woman in his bed and cries , " Somebody has been lying in my bed , – and here she is ! " The old woman starts up , jumps from the window , and runs away never to be seen again .
= = Origins = =
The story was first recorded in narrative form by British writer and poet Robert Southey , and first published anonymously in 1837 in a volume of his writings called The Doctor . The same year , British writer George Nicol published a version in rhyme based upon Southey 's prose tale , with Southey approving Nicol 's attempt to give the story more exposure . In 1849 , Joseph Cundall introduced a pretty little girl to the story and dispensed with the old woman . Cundall believed there were already too many tales with old women playing roles in the narrative .
The story of the three bears was in circulation before the publication of Southey 's tale . In 1813 , for example , Southey was telling the story to friends , and in 1831 Eleanor Mure fashioned a handmade booklet about the three bears and the old woman for her nephew 's birthday , In 1894 , " Scrapefoot " , a tale with a fox as antagonist that bears striking similarities to Southey 's story , was uncovered by the folklorist Joseph Jacobs and may predate Southey 's version in the oral tradition . Southey possibly heard " Scrapefoot " , and confused its " vixen " with a synonym for an unpleasant malicious old woman . Some maintain however that the story as well as the old woman originated with Southey .
" The Story of the Three Bears " experienced two significant changes during its early publication history . The intrusive little girl was given various names referring to her hair until Goldilocks was settled upon once and for all in the early 20th century . Southey 's three bachelor bears evolved into Papa , Mama , and Baby Bear over several years .
In 1837 , Robert Southey published " The Story of the Three Bears " in his collection of essays and miscellanea entitled The Doctor . The tale was not an original creation by Southey , but was a retelling of a story that had long been in circulation . Southey had been telling the story to others as early as September 1813 , and in 1831 Eleanor Mure versified the tale as a birthday gift for her nephew Horace Broke .
Southey and Mure differ in details . Southey 's bears have porridge , but Mure 's have milk ; Southey 's old woman has no motive for entering the house , but Mure 's old woman is piqued when her courtesy visit is rebuffed ; Southey 's old woman runs away when discovered , but Mure 's old woman is impaled on the steeple of St Paul 's Cathedral .
Southey most likely learned the tale as a child from his uncle William Tyler . Tyler may have told a version with a vixen ( she @-@ fox ) as intruder , and Southey later confused vixen with a common appellation for a crafty old woman . P.M. Zall writes in " The Gothic Voice of Father Bear " ( 1974 ) that " It was no trick for Southey , a consummate technician , to recreate the improvisational tone of an Uncle William through rhythmical reiteration , artful alliteration ( ' they walked into the woods , while ' ) , even bardic interpolation ( ' She could not have been a good , honest Old Woman ' ) " . Ultimately , it is uncertain where Southey or his uncle learned the tale .
The same year Southey 's tale was published , the story was versified by George Nicol who acknowledged the anonymous author of The Doctor as " the great , original concocter " of the tale . Southey was delighted with Nicol 's effort to bring more exposure to the tale , concerned children might overlook it in The Doctor . Nicol 's version was illustrated with engravings by B. Hart ( after " C.J. " ) , and was reissued in 1848 with Southey identified as the story 's author .
Folklorists Iona and Peter Opie point out in The Classic Fairy Tales ( 1999 ) that the tale has a " partial analogue " in " Snow White " : the lost princess enters the dwarfs ' house , tastes their food , and falls asleep in one of their beds . In a manner similar to the three bears , the dwarfs cry , " Someone 's been sitting in my chair ! " , " Someone 's been eating off my plate ! " , and " Someone 's been sleeping in my bed ! " The Opies also point to similarities in a Norwegian tale about a princess who takes refuge in a cave inhabited by three Russian princes dressed in bearskins . She eats their food and hides under a bed .
In 1865 , Charles Dickens referenced a similar tale in Our Mutual Friend , but in Our Mutual Friend , the house belongs to hobgoblins rather than bears . Dickens ' reference however suggests a yet to be discovered analogue or source . Hunting rituals and ceremonies have been suggested and dismissed as possible origins .
In 1894 , the illustrator John D. Batten reported a variant of the tale at least 40 years old . In this version , the three bears live in a castle in the woods and are visited by a fox called Scrapefoot who drinks their milk , sits in their chairs , and rests in their beds . This version belongs to the early Fox and Bear tale @-@ cycle .
= = Later variations : Goldilocks = =
Twelve years after the publication of Southey 's tale , Joseph Cundall transformed the antagonist from an ugly old woman to a pretty little girl in his Treasury of Pleasure Books for Young Children . He explained his reasons for doing so in a dedicatory letter to his children , dated November 1849 , which was inserted at the beginning of the book :
The " Story of the Three Bears " is a very old Nursery Tale , but it was never so well told as by the great poet Southey , whose version I have ( with permission ) given you , only I have made the intruder a little girl instead of an old woman . This I did because I found that the tale is better known with Silver @-@ Hair , and because there are so many other stories of old women .
Once the little girl entered the tale , she remained
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ensing event had subsided , the science teams studying the star used the NACO adaptive optics facility at the Very Large Telescope in Chile to determine the actual apparent magnitude of the star that microlensed its background star , hoping to compare it to the magnitude of the star measured during the microlensing event . A discrepancy was found , a discrepancy that may have been a result of either error or of a planetary body . Interpretation of follow @-@ up observations led to the planet 's confirmation . The ratio between the planet 's mass and its host star 's mass is well @-@ constrained , but a large interval of uncertainty exists because the host star 's mass is known within a large confidence interval that spans the mass of all red dwarf stars .
The discovery of the planet MOA @-@ 2009 @-@ BLG @-@ 387Lb was published on February 21 , 2011 in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics by the European Southern Observatory .
= Jon Burge =
Jon Graham Burge ( born December 20 , 1947 ) is a convicted felon and former Chicago Police Department detective and commander who gained notoriety for torturing more than 200 criminal suspects between 1972 and 1991 in order to force confessions . A decorated United States Army veteran , Burge served tours in South Korea and Vietnam and continued as an enlisted United States Army Reserve soldier where he served in the military police . He then returned to the South Side of Chicago and began his career as a police officer . Allegations were made about the methods of Burge and those under his command . Eventually , hundreds of similar reports resulted in a decision by Illinois Governor George Ryan to declare a moratorium on death penalty executions in Illinois in 2000 and to clear the state 's death row in 2003 .
The most controversial arrests began in February 1982 , in the midst of a series of shootings of Chicago law enforcement officials in Police Area 2 , whose detective squad Burge commanded . Some of the people who confessed to murder were later granted new trials and a few were acquitted or pardoned . Burge was acquitted of police brutality charges in 1989 after a first trial resulted in a hung jury . He was suspended from the Chicago Police Department in 1991 and fired in 1993 after the Police Department Review Board ruled that he had used torture .
After Burge was fired , there was a groundswell of support to investigate convictions for which he provided evidence . In 2002 , a special prosecutor began investigating the accusations . The review , which cost $ 17 million , revealed improprieties that resulted in no action due to the statute of limitations . Several convictions were reversed , remanded , or overturned . All Illinois death row inmates received reductions in their sentences . Four of Burge 's victims were pardoned by then @-@ Governor Ryan and subsequently filed a consolidated suit in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois against the City of Chicago , various police officers , Cook County and various State 's Attorneys . A $ 19 @.@ 8 million settlement was reached in December 2007 , with the " city defendants " . Cases against Cook County and the other current / former county prosecutors continue as of July 2008 . In October 2008 , Patrick Fitzgerald had Burge arrested on charges of obstruction of justice and perjury in relation to a civil suit regarding the torture allegations against him . On April 1 , 2010 , Judge Joan Lefkow postponed the trial , for the fourth time , to May 24 , 2010 . Burge was convicted on all counts on June 28 , 2010 . He was sentenced to four @-@ and @-@ one @-@ half years in federal prison on January 21 , 2011 and was released in October 2014 .
= = Early life = =
Raised in the South Deering community area on the Southeast Side of Chicago , Burge was the second eldest son of Floyd and Ethel Burge . Floyd was a blue collar worker of Norwegian descent and Ethel was an aspiring fashion writer of mixed Western European descent . Burge attended Bowen High School where he showed a keen interest in the school 's Junior Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( JROTC ) . There he was exposed to military drill , weapons , leadership and military history . He attended the University of Missouri but dropped out after one semester , which ended his draft deferment . He returned to Chicago to work as a stock clerk in the Jewel supermarket chain in 1966 .
In June 1966 , Burge enlisted in the army reserve and began six years of service , including two years of active duty . He spent eight weeks at a military police ( MP ) school in Georgia . He also received some training at Fort Benning , Georgia , where he learned interrogation techniques . He volunteered for a tour of duty in the Vietnam War , but instead he became an MP trainer and then served as an MP in South Korea , gathering five letters of appreciation from superiors . On June 18 , 1968 , Burge volunteered for duty in Vietnam a second time , and was assigned to the Ninth Military Police Company of the Ninth Infantry Division . He reported to division headquarters , where he was assigned to provide security as a sergeant at his division base camp , which was named Đồng Tâm by William Westmoreland . Burge described his military police service as time spent escorting convoys , providing security for forward support bases , supervising security for the divisional central base camp in Dong Tam , and then serving a tour as a provost marshal investigator .
During his military service , Burge earned a Bronze Star , a Purple Heart , the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry and two Army Commendation Medals for valor , for pulling wounded men to safety while under fire . Burge claimed no knowledge of or involvement in prisoner interrogation , brutality or torture in Vietnam . Burge was honorably discharged from the Army on August 25 , 1969 . However , when reporting on the Chicago Police Department 's ongoing legacy of torture , Ryan Cooper , reporting in The Week magazine , asserted that Burge probably learned to torture in Vietnam , because his preferred technique was to use a hand @-@ cranked generator , a common technique in Vietnam , where hand @-@ cranked field telephones were widely available .
= = Police career = =
Burge became a police officer in March 1970 at age 22 on the South side of Chicago . In 20 years of service , he earned 13 commendations and a letter of praise from the Department of Justice . In May 1972 , he was promoted to detective and assigned to Area 2 ( Pullman Area ) Robbery . He was later promoted to field lieutenant in the Monroe Street District . From 1981 – 1986 he served as the commander of the Area 2 Violent Crimes Unit until he was promoted to commander of the Bomb and Arson Unit in 1986 . In 1988 , Burge became Area 3 ( Brighton Park ) detective commander .
= = = Turning point = = =
According to The Guardian , federal prosecutors stated that Burge 's use of torture began in 1972 . However , the most prominent example occurred in 1982 . On February 9 , 1982 , there was an incident on the streets in which a suspect took a police officer 's weapon , then shot and killed both the officer and his partner . This incident occurred within Burge 's jurisdiction ; he was then a lieutenant and commanding officer of Area 2 . The two fatalities brought the total to five officers ( including two Cook County Sheriff 's Officers wounded and a rookie Chicago police officer shot and killed on a CTA bus on February 5 ) who had been shot in the 60 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 160 km2 ) area of the South Side within about a month .
Initial interrogation procedures allegedly included shooting pets , handcuffing subjects to stationary objects for entire days , and holding guns to the heads of minors . Jesse Jackson , Operation PUSH spokesmen , the Chicago Defender and black Chicago Police officers were outraged . Renault Robinson , president of Chicago 's Afro American Police League characterized the dragnet operation as " sloppy police work , a matter of racism " , comparing the police action to that of a southern sheriff leading a posse that turned into a lynch mob . Jackson complained that the black community was being held under martial law . After all of the police excesses , mere coincidence enabled the capture of the suspects for the most recent two killings . Tyrone Sims identified Donald " Kojak " White as the shooter , and Kojak was linked to Andrew and Jackie Wilson by having committed a burglary with them earlier on the day of the killings .
= = = The torture = = =
Andrew Wilson was arrested on the morning of February 14 , 1982 for the murder of the two police officers , and by the end of the day he was in Mercy Hospital and Medical Center with lacerations on various parts of his head , including his face , chest bruises and second @-@ degree thigh burns . It was clear that Wilson had received sufficient injuries to be sent to the hospital , with more than a dozen of them caused while in police custody . During a two @-@ week trial in 1983 , Andrew Wilson was convicted of the killings and given a death penalty sentence , while his brother , Jackie , was convicted as an accomplice and given a life sentence . In 1985 , Jackie 's conviction was overturned by the Illinois Appellate Court because his right to remain silent had not been properly explained . Because Andrew was given a death sentence , his case was not reviewable on the same grounds by the Appellate Court and went directly to the Illinois Supreme Court . In April 1987 , the Supreme Court overturned Andrew 's conviction with a ruling that his confession had been coerced involuntarily out of him while under duress .
In October 1987 , the appellate court further ruled that Jackie Wilson should have been tried separately from his brother and that evidence against Andrew Wilson regarding other matters for which the police wanted him was incorrectly admitted . In June 1988 , Andrew was re @-@ convicted . However , with ten women in favor and two men opposed , the jury was unable to agree on his eligibility for the death penalty after five days of deliberation , and the following month he was sentenced to life imprisonment .
Seven years after the original arrest , Andrew filed a civil suit stating that he had been beaten , suffocated with a plastic bag , burned ( by cigarette and radiator ) , treated with electric shock , and been the victim of the pattern of a cover @-@ up . Although the suit was against four detectives , a former police superintendent and the City of Chicago , it hinged on the testimonies of plaintiff Wilson and commander Burge , who oversaw all of the alleged activity .
Jury selection commenced on February 15 , 1989 . The original two @-@ woman , four @-@ man jury included three African @-@ Americans and one Latino . When Burge took the stand on March 13 , 1989 , he denied claims he injured Andrew Wilson during questioning and denied any knowledge of any such activity by other officers . Wilson 's legal team , led by G. Flint Taylor , received anonymous letters during the trial from a person claiming to be an officer who worked with Burge . This person alleged that the Wilson case was part of a larger pattern of police torture , sanctioned by Burge , of African @-@ American suspects . However , U.S. District Judge Brian Barnett Duff did not permit the jury to hear this evidence . Gradually , charges against other officers were dismissed . On March 15 , 1989 , Sergeant Thomas McKenna was cleared of wrongdoing ; and on March 30 , 1989 , Detectives John Yucaitis and Patrick O 'Hara were unanimously cleared by the jury . However , the jury was at an impasse on the Burge verdict . Judge Duff ordered a retrial for Burge , former Police Supt. Richard Brzeczek and the City of Chicago on two other outstanding charges ( conspiracy and whether the City of Chicago 's policy toward police brutality contributed to Wilson 's injuries ) . Burge was cleared in a second nine @-@ week trial that began on June 9 , 1989 .
Burge and other Chicago Police officers allegedly used methods of torture that left few marks . They were accused of slamming telephone books on top of suspect ’ s heads . There were also three separate electrical devices that Burge and his detectives were accused of using : a cattle prod , a hand cranked device , and a violet wand . They allegedly used a Tucker telephone , an old @-@ style hand cranked telephone which generated electricity , and attached wires to the suspect ’ s genitals or face . According to veteran sergeant D. J. Lewis , this is a method of torture common in the Korean War , and usually results in a confession . Burge has denied ever witnessing such telephone torture procedures . The violet wand was said to be regularly placed either on the anus , into the rectum or against the victim 's exposed genitals . They also used stun guns and adapted hair dryers . Burge and officers under his command also allegedly engaged in mock executions , in putting plastic bags over heads , cigarette burnings and severe beatings . At one point he is alleged to have supervised the electrical shocking of a 13 @-@ year @-@ old boy , Marcus Wiggins .
= = = Discovery = = =
The verdict that cleared Burge and his colleagues also found that the City of Chicago employed a policy of using excessive force on suspected killers of police officers . Initial reports of torture appeared in the pages of the alternative weekly the Chicago Reader in 1990 . By 1990 there was growing momentum to an effort to seek disciplinary action against Burge . An investigation conducted by Chicago Police Department 's Office of Professional Standards concluded that Jon Burge and his detectives engaged in " methodical " and " systematic " torture , and " The type of abuse described was not limited to the usual beating , but went into such esoteric areas as psychological techniques and planned torture . "
Danny K. Davis turned police brutality and excessive force into a Chicago mayoral race campaign issue for the February 26 , 1991 Democratic Primary . He sought an independent citizens ' review . On January 28 , 1991 , Amnesty International called for an investigation into police torture in Chicago . After Mayor of Chicago Richard M. Daley showed reluctance to follow the Amnesty International directive , Davis raised an issue about a police coverup . Eventually , after pressure by citizens ' organizations and anti @-@ brutality organizations , an internal investigation resumed .
In 1991 , Gregory Banks filed suit against Burge , three colleagues and the City of Chicago for condoning brutality and torture . The allegation was related to a false 1983 confession to murder obtained by placing a plastic bag over Banks ' head , putting a gun in his mouth and other acts . There were eleven other suspects that the officers allegedly abused with brutality such as electro @-@ shock . The suit was brought by the same attorneys who represented Andrew Wilson in the previous 1989 brutality case . The suit described 23 incidents against black and Hispanic suspects between 1972 – 1985 . A third suit was brought against Burge in 1993 . The Banks suit named Sergeant Peter Dignan as one of the officers involved in the abusive handling . Dignan was promoted later for meritorious service despite the fact that the City of Chicago settled out of court with Banks .
In November 1991 , the Chicago Police Department Office of Professional Standards , an internal review division for police misconduct , acknowledged an October 25 , 1991 request for action against Burge . This type of request was a common precursor to a police dismissal and gave the City of Chicago 's Corporation counsel 30 days to consider the report . Burge was suspended pending separation for 30 days starting on November 8 , 1991 . The Chicago Police Board set a November 25 hearing to formalize the firing of Burge and two detectives based on 30 counts of abuse and brutality against Wilson . The hearing related to the internal police investigation finding that Burge and Detective John Yucaitis physically abused Wilson in 1982 , while Detective Patrick O 'Hara did nothing to stop them . The suspension became controversial after the 30 day period ended and the officers remained suspended without pay . They sued for reinstatement , but their reinstatements were denied . During the hearing an internal report that had been suppressed for years revealed police review findings that criminal suspects were subjected to systematic brutality at the Area 2 detective headquarters for 12 years and that supervisory commanders had knowledge of the abuses . During the trial , several alleged victims testified against Burge .
The internal hearing concluded in March 1992 , and the Chicago Police Board found Burge guilty of " physically abusing " an accused murderer 11 years earlier and ordered his firing from the police force on February 10 , 1993 . Detectives John Yucaitis and Patrick O 'Hara were given 15 @-@ month suspensions without pay and reinstated , which amounted to a penalty equal to time served . Upon reinstatement the two detectives were initially demoted , but almost a year later they were reinstated at full @-@ rank with backpay for time served while demoted . Burge attempted to have the ruling overturned , but the suspension and subsequent firing was upheld .
The internal hearing resulted in a situation in which the City of Chicago was employing lawyers to defend Burge during an appeal by Wilson and a new case by Banks while employing lawyers to prosecute him on departmental charges . The City of Chicago had to hire outside counsel to prosecute the detectives at the internal hearing . After having spent $ 750 @,@ 000 to defend Burge in the Wilson hearing , the City of Chicago was in a dilemma about whether to follow normal practices and pay for the defense of its police officers .
In 1993 , Wilson was granted a new hearing by the 7th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals . The ruling was based on the fact that the exoneration of the officers resulted from a trial strategy to " immerse the jury in the sordid details of Wilson 's crimes " rather than focus on a suspect 's " right to be free from torture and the correlative right to present his claim of torture to a jury that has not been whipped into a frenzy of hatred " .
= = Abuse @-@ related decisions = =
In 1998 , Bianca Jagger , Anthony Amsterdam , George N. Leighton , Abner Mikva , R. Eugene Pincham and representatives from the MacArthur Justice Center at the University of Chicago Law School , and by the London @-@ based International Center for Criminal Law and Human Rights called for a stay of execution for Aaron Patterson who was allegedly tortured into a confession .
In 1999 , lawyers for several death row inmates began to call for a special review of the convictions based on evidence extracted by Burge and his colleagues . These inmates ( Aaron Patterson ; Madison Hobley ; Stanley Howard ; Leonard Kidd ; Derrick King ; Ronald Kitchen ; Reginald Mahaffey ; Jerry Mahaffey ; Andrew Maxwell , and Leroy Orange ) became known as the " Death Row 10 " . In a report called the Goldston Report , the City of Chicago enumerated 50 alleged instances of police brutality and abuse by Burge and other officers . The City of Chicago struggled with the issue of coerced confessions for decades and in the 1990s it quietly reopened several controversial brutality cases . Despite an extensive investigation into the actions by a number of police employees , few others but Burge were sanctioned .
Several politicians , including US Representative Bobby Rush , requested that State 's Attorney Richard A. Devine seek new trials for the Death Row 10 who were allegedly tortured by Burge . Devine met with representatives and supporters of the inmates and was convinced to request that the Illinois Supreme Court stay proceedings against three of the inmates . However , the Supreme Court denied Devine 's request . Rush also sought out Janet Reno to pursue federal intervention .
In February 1999 , David Protess , a Northwestern University journalism professor and his students uncovered exonerating evidence on behalf of Death Row inmate Anthony Porter . The students produced four affidavits and a videotaped statement that placed the guilt on another suspect . Recantations of testimony at trial were among the affidavits obtained . One witness claimed that he named Anthony Porter after police officers threatened , harassed and intimidated him into doing so .
In 2000 , Governor Ryan halted executions in Illinois after courts found that 13 death row inmates had been wrongfully convicted . Ryan also promised to review the cases of all Illinois death row inmates . Given the number of cases of alleged brutality , allegedly coerced inmates were offered reduced sentences in exchange for dropping charges . A plea agreement was reached with one convicted victim . Devine made a broader offer to several inmates . Aaron Patterson rejected the plea .
On January 11 , 2003 , having lost confidence in the state 's penal system , outgoing Republican Governor George Ryan commuted the death sentences of 167 prisoners on Illinois ’ death row . He decided to grant clemency to all death row inmates by converting death sentences to sentences of life without parole in most cases and reducing some sentences . In addition , Ryan pardoned four death row inmates : Madison Hobley , Aaron Patterson , Leroy Orange and Stanley Howard , who were among the ten who claimed wrongful imprisonment . In the unusual proceeding , the governor took the extraordinary step of a direct pardon release rather than a court proceeding .
Daley , at the time the Cook County State 's Attorney , has been accused by the Illinois General Assembly of failing to act on information he possessed on the conduct of Burge and others . Daley has acknowledged his responsibility to be proactive in stopping the torture , but denies any knowledge which could have made him responsible . On July 19 , 2006 , US Congressman Jesse Jackson Jr. issued a press release calling Mayor Daley culpable , possibly even criminally culpable , for his failure to prosecute until the statute of limitations had run out . Jackson called for an investigation to determine if there was any planned delay to allow the cases to expire . Eventually , death penalty opponents requested that U.S. President Bill Clinton follow Ryan 's lead in halting executions . In August 2000 , The Illinois Supreme Court reversed or remanded two Burge @-@ related death row cases based on allegations of torture by police .
After being pardoned by Governor Ryan , Burge 's victims began to file lawsuits . Madison Hobley was the first of the four pardoned inmates to file suit in May 2003 . Aaron Patterson followed in June with his own suit , and Stanley Howard filed suit in November . Eventually , the City of Chicago agreed to a $ 20 million settlement with the four pardoned inmates . Another result of the pardons was a series of legislative death penalty reforms that Ryan 's successor Rod Blagojevich vetoed . By 2005 , the state mandated video recording of interrogations in homicide cases . Barack Obama had pushed the mandated video recording bill through the Illinois State Senate in 2003 . One of the four men pardoned by Ryan , Madison Hobley , would sue Burge for the torture . Ultimately , it was answers Burge gave in a deposition in Hobley 's lawsuit that allowed Burge to be charged with perjury .
= = = Review = = =
In 2002 , the Cook County Bar Association , the Justice Coalition of Chicago and others petitioned for a review of the allegations against Burge . Edward Egan , a former prosecutor , Illinois Appellate Court jurist , and semiretired lawyer who lived in Florida , was appointed as a Special State 's Attorney ( a / k / a " special prosecutor " ) to investigate allegations dating back to 1973 . He hired an assistant , several lawyers and retired Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents . The only prior official investigation , which resulted in Burge 's firing , had been by the Office of Professional Standards , which determined that " the preponderance of evidence is that abuse did occur and that it was systematic . " Former prosecutor Robert D. Boyle was also appointed as a special prosecutor . In 2003 , former Chief of the Special Prosecution Division of the U.S. Attorney 's Office Gordon B. Nash Jr. was appointed as an additional special prosecutor .
A total of 60 cases were ordered to be reviewed . A special prosecutor was hired because Cook County State 's Attorney , Richard Devine , had a conflict of interest stemming from his tenure at the law firm of Phelan , Pope & John , which defended Burge in two federal suits . Criminal Courts Judge Paul P. Biebel Jr. presided over the determination of the need of a review to determine the propriety of criminal charges and the appointment of the special prosecutor .
During the written phase of the investigation Burge and eight other officers pleaded the Fifth Amendment . On September 1 , 2004 , Burge was served with a subpoena to testify before a grand jury in an ongoing criminal investigation of police torture while in town for depositions on civil lawsuits at his attorney 's office . Burge pleaded the Fifth Amendment to virtually every question during a 4 @-@ hour civil case deposition . He only answered questions about his name , his boat 's name ( Vigilante ) and his $ 30 @,@ 000 annual pension . The City of Chicago continues to be bound by court order to pay for Burge 's legal fees . The service of the subpoena was quite storied with Burge eluding servers at Midway Airport and a team placed at his lawyer 's office before dawn . Eventually , several police officers were granted immunity in order to further the investigation into Burge .
Three years into the investigation no criminal charges had been filed although several civil suits were filed in federal court . By that time , a total of 139 victims were involved in
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@ dong . One North Korean force , estimated to number 1 @,@ 600 men , reached Hills 482 and 510 , 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) southwest of Yonil Airfield . Facing this force were two regiments of the ROK 3rd Division , which held a defensive position on the hills bordering the west side of the valley south of the airfield . North Korean pressure threatened to penetrate between the two ROK regiments .
On the evening of September 9 , Church formed Task Force Davidson to eliminate this threat to Yonil . The airfield itself had not been used since the middle of August except for emergency landing and refueling of planes , but evacuation of US Air Force equipment , bombs , and petroleum products was still in progress . Davidson commanded the task force , which was composed of the US 19th Infantry , less the 3rd Battalion , the 3rd Battalion of the 9th Infantry , the 13th Field Artillery Battalion , C Battery of the 15th Field Artillery Battalion , A Company of the 3rd Engineer Combat Battalion , the 9th Infantry Regimental Tank Company , two batteries of antiaircraft automatic weapons , and other miscellaneous units .
With the North Koreans having cut off all other approaches from the Kyongju area , the task force spent all of September 10 making a circuitous southern approach to its objective . It arrived in its assembly area at Yongdok @-@ tong , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of Yonil Airfield , at 19 : 00 that evening . Davidson early that morning had flown on ahead from Kyongju to Yongdok @-@ tong . Emmerich was there to meet him when his light plane landed on the road . On the flight over , Davidson looked for but did not see any North Korean soldiers . Emmerich told Davidson the North Koreans had driven the ROK troops from Hill 131 . This hill was on the southern side of the boundary between the two ROK regiments holding the Yonil defensive position . Davidson and Emmerich agreed that the ROK troops would have to recapture Hill 131 during the night and that then the task force would attack through the ROK 3rd Division to capture the main North Korean positions on Hill 482 . They thought that if the task force could establish the ROK troops on Hill 482 they should be able to hold it and control the situation thereafter . Emmerich took Davidson to meet the ROK 3rd Division commander . Davidson told him that he was in command in that area and informed him of his plan for the attack . That night the South Korean troops did succeed in recapturing Hill 131 and restoring their lines there . In this attack the ROK 3rd Engineer Battalion fought as infantry , and under the leadership and guidance of Captain Walter J. Hutchins , the KMAG adviser to the battalion , contributed heavily to the success .
= = = North Koreans repulsed = = =
The next morning , September 11 , the 19th Infantry passed through the left @-@ hand ROK regiment just south of Hill 131 and , with the 1st Battalion leading , attacked west . At 09 : 30 it captured without opposition the first hill mass 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of its starting point . The 2nd Battalion then passed through the 1st Battalion and continued the attack toward Hill 482 ( Unje @-@ san ) , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) westward across a steep @-@ sided gorge . There , North Koreans held entrenched positions , and their machine gun fire checked the 2nd Battalion for the rest of the day . The morning of September 12 four Australian pilots from No. 77 Squadron RAAF struck the North Korean positions with napalm , and an artillery preparation followed the strike . The 2nd Battalion then launched its attack and secured Hill 482 about 12 : 00 . That afternoon , ROK forces relieved Task Force Davidson on the hill mass , and the task force descended to the valley southwest of Yongdok @-@ tong for the night . On September 13 , Task Force Davidson returned to Kyongju .
While this action was in progress near Yonil Airfield , the week @-@ long battle for Hill 300 north of Kyongju came to an end . A regiment of the ROK 3rd Division captured the hill on September 11 . In midafternoon the 3rd Battalion , US 19th Infantry , relieved the South Korean troops there . Scattered over Hill 300 lay 257 counted North Korean dead and great quantities of abandoned equipment and weapons , some of it American . In this fighting for Hill 300 , the US 3rd Battalion , 19th Infantry , 37 men killed .
September 12 is considered as the day when the North Korean offensive in the east ended . By that date , the NK 12th Division had been virtually destroyed and the NK 5th Division was trying to consolidate its survivors near P 'ohang @-@ dong . Aerial observers reported sighting many North Korean groups moving north and east .
The ROK 3rd Division followed the withdrawing NK 5th Division , and the ROK Capital Division advanced against the retreating survivors of the NK 12th Division . On September 15 some elements of the Capital Division reached the southern edge of An 'gang @-@ ni . Reports indicated that North Korean troops were retreating toward Kigye . With the threat in the east subsiding , Eighth Army dissolved Task Force Church , effective at 12 : 00 September 15 , and the ROK Army resumed control of the ROK I Corps . Eighth Army also ordered the US 24th Infantry Division to move to Kyongsan , southeast of Taegu , in a regrouping of forces . The US 21st Infantry Regiment had already moved there on the 14th . The US 9th Infantry was to remain temporarily at Kyongju in Eighth Army reserve .
= = Aftermath = =
North and South Korean forces suffered heavily in the battle , each side inflicted large numbers of casualties on one another . The exact numbers of casualties are impossible to determine . Both sides are known to have suffered heavily . Following the counterattack at Inchon , the North Korean units in the sector fled back North , no more than a few thousand troops from the NK 5th and 12th divisions were known to have returned to North Korea . US Casualties , in the meantime , were relatively light .
In the eastern battles during the first two weeks of September , the South Korean troops , demoralized though they were , did most of the ground fighting . American tanks , artillery , and ground units supported them . Uncontested UN aerial supremacy and naval gunfire from offshore also supported the South Korean troops , and probably were the factors that tipped the scales in their favor . After the initial phase of their September offensive , the North Koreans labored under what proved to be insurmountable difficulties in supplying their forward units . The North Korean system of supply could not resolve the problems of logistics and communication necessary to support and exploit an offensive operation in this sector of the front . Nevertheless , the breakthrough was severe enough that the Eighth Army considered pulling back for several days , eventually deciding to stand its ground .
= Himegoto =
Himegoto ( ひめゴト , lit . Secret ) , also known as Secret Princess , is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Norio Tsukudani . It was originally serialized in Ichijinsha 's Waai ! magazine , but was later featured in three additional magazines published by Ichijinsha : Waai ! Mahalo , Comic Rex and Febri . Collectively , Himegoto was serialized across the four magazines from November 2011 to June 2015 and was collected into six tankōbon volumes .
The story focuses on Hime Arikawa , a high school boy whose sizable debt is paid off by the girls of his school 's student council . In exchange , he agrees to join the student council and spend the rest of his high school life dressed as a girl . A 13 @-@ episode anime adaptation , directed by Yūji Yanase and produced by Asahi Production , aired in Japan between July and September 2014 . Critics pointed out a general focus on humiliation and shame , and panned it for its characters and reliance on a single joke throughout the series .
= = Plot = =
Himegoto follows Hime Arikawa , a second @-@ year student at Shimoshina High School ( 霜科高校 , Shimoshina Kōkō ) . Forced to assume a large amount of debt from his now @-@ absent parents , Hime is saved by the three girls of his school 's student council after he is chased down by debt collectors . In return for paying off his debt , Hime agrees to their conditions of becoming the student council 's " dog " and spending his high school life dressed as a girl .
= = Characters = =
Hime Arikawa ( 有川 ひめ , Arikawa Hime )
Voiced by : Yūki Kuwahara
The protagonist of the series , Hime is an extremely feminine @-@ looking second @-@ year student who gets troubled by debt collectors because his parents have racked up a large amount of debt in his name for constantly traveling overseas . When the student council pays off his creditors , he is obligated to join them as a servant , and must also cross @-@ dress for the rest of his time in high school . [ vol . 1 ] While at first he only cross @-@ dresses because he has no other choice , he starts to slowly shows signs of enjoying it , much to the delight of his brother and the student council .
Aruku 18 @-@ kin ( 歩く18禁 , Aruku Jūhachi @-@ kin , " Walking 18 + " ) / Tōya Shimoshina ( 霜科 十八 , Shimoshina Tōya ) [ vol . 5 ]
Voiced by : Yuka Matenrō
18 @-@ kin is the student body vice @-@ president . [ vol . 1 ] She often forces Hime into unreasonable situations . Her father is the board chairman of the school . [ vol . 1 ] Despite how much she enjoys making fun of Hime , she never allows actual harm to come to him . She has feelings for Hime and likes kissing . [ vol . 5 ]
Unko ( 運子 ) / Sadako Ijūin ( 伊集院 運子 , Ijūin Sadako ) [ vol . 5 ]
Voiced by : Saki Ono
Unko is the student council president at Shimoshina . [ vol . 1 ] She is an intelligent and athletic girl . [ vol . 1 ] Although her name is actually Sadako , this reminds her of the horror character Sadako , so she prefers to use Unko because she is afraid of ghosts . [ vol . 2 ]
Albertina II ( アルベルティーナ 2世 , Aruberutīna Ni @-@ sei ) / China Abe ( 阿部 ちな , Abe China ) [ vol . 5 ]
Voiced by : Hisako Tōjō
Albertina II , who also goes by " Bell " ( ベル , Beru ) , is the student council secretary . [ vol . 1 ] She is a popular manga artist , and uses Hime as the basis for the title character in her manga Magical Boy Hime Kiss ( 魔法少年ヒメキッス , Mahō Shōnen Hime Kissu ) . [ vol . 2 ] She is sensitive about her small chest and gets upset whenever the issue of size comes up . [ vol . 1 ]
Kaguya Arikawa ( 有川 かぐや , Arikawa Kaguya )
Voiced by : Chinatsu Akasaki
Kaguya is Hime 's younger brother who cross @-@ dresses by choice because he enjoys the attention he receives from it . He dislikes that 18 @-@ kin and the student council pays so much attention to Hime . [ vol . 1 ] He is the lead character in the spin @-@ off series Himegoto + . Kaguya joins the public morals committee at his school . He has a number of admirers at school he refers to as his " servants " . [ vol . 1 ]
No. 1 ( 1号 , Ichi @-@ gō ) / Ichigo Ichigō ( 一郷 いちご , Ichigō Ichigo ) [ vol . 5 ]
Voiced by : Minami Tsuda
No. 1 is Kaguya 's classmate ; her moniker refers to her status as Kaguya 's foremost and closest admirer . [ vol . 1 ] While she normally dresses as a boy ( for Kaguya 's sake ) , when she dresses as a girl , she has a large bust size and is regarded as incredibly pretty . [ vol . 5 ] She has known Kaguya for five years and is very close with him . [ vol . 6 ] She joined the public morals committee with Kaguya . [ vol . 1 ]
Mitsunaga Oda ( 織田 光永 , Oda Mitsunaga )
Voiced by : Ayane Sakura
Nicknamed " Mittan " ( みったん ) , Mitsunaga is a third @-@ year student at Shimoshina High School and is the chairman of the public morals committee . As the head of the Oda family , he is forced to cross @-@ dress until he reaches adulthood due to a family rule . [ vol . 5 ] Similar to Kaguya , Mitsunaga dislikes 18 @-@ kin due to her lax morals and disregard for his authority . [ vol . 1 ]
Hiro Toyotomi ( 豊臣 ヒロ , Toyotomi Hiro ) [ vol . 5 ]
Voiced by : Azusa Tadokoro
Hiro is Mitsunaga 's classmate and assistant in the public morals committee . [ vol . 1 ] His family has served the Mitsunaga family for generations as their servants . [ vol . 1 ] Due to feeling sorry for Mitsunaga being forced to cross @-@ dress , Hiro willingly dresses as a girl and normally dresses in a maid outfit . [ vol . 5 ] He has a homosexual relationship with Mitsunaga . [ vol . 4 ]
Yūma Tadokoro ( 田所 悠馬 , Tadokoro Yūma ) [ vol . 5 ]
Voiced by : Takuya Eguchi
Tadokoro is Hime 's classmate and they have been friends since junior high school . He is somewhat of a playboy , but never gets far . [ vol . 1 ]
= = Development = =
Norio Tsukudani based Himegoto on an earlier four @-@ panel manga she drew for fun during her time as a student . At that time , the main characters that make up the student council were instead members of the drama club . However , Tsukudani decided to change this when developing Himegoto to be serialized in Ichijinsha 's Waai ! magazine , and she decided it would be easier to manage a cross @-@ dressing character if he was in the student council . Before creating Himegoto , Tsukudani read various works of fiction that featured cross @-@ dressing boys , but many of them featured the boys being paired with other boys . When she proposed the idea of Himegoto , she wanted to pair a cross @-@ dressing boy with girls , which Tsukudani herself wanted to read . In this way , she thought that a variety of different people would enjoy it .
When drawing the manga , Tsukudani aimed to write scenes that were easy to read , something she felt she was unable to do well when the manga 's serialization began . What she felt was most important was depicting the characters as cute as possible . When developing the characters , she based the female members of the student council and Tadokoro on friends she had in the drama club when she was a student . However , Hime was created from scratch using Tsukud
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Dale that an American assassin , Mickey Karharias , is visiting the UK . It is later revealed Karharias was actually killed , and the entire operation was orchestrated by supposedly dead CIA agent Herman Joyce ( Tomas Arana ) , who is seeking revenge on Tom for ruining his daughter 's life when Tom recruited her . Joyce frames Tom for assassinating the Chief of the Defence Staff . While Tom attempts to prove his innocence , Harry corners him , forcing Tom to wound Harry and escape into the North Sea . At the end of the episode , the team assumes he drowned .
In the third series premiere episode , Tom survives and poses as a vagrant in order to find Joyce in a church ; Tom kills Joyce and leaves his body outside Thames House in an attempt to prove his innocence . When it does not , Adam Carter ( Rupert Penry @-@ Jones ) tracks down Joyce 's wife and makes her confess to their plan to frame Tom , clearing him of all charges . Tom is reinstated as Head of Section . However , in the next episode , he undergoes a " conscience explosion " and sabotages an operation to lure a terrorist cell into buying " red mercury " , because he did not like what was being done to the scientist in order for him to attempt to create it ( which includes forging gambling debt , prompting the man 's wife to leave him . He also develops a severe alcohol problem ) . As a result , Tom is decommissioned and takes early retirement from MI5 . In the book Spooks : The Personnel Files , Tom is revealed to have married Christine Dale following his retirement and to have founded a private security company called ' Trans Atlantic Security ' . He is also mentioned in Season 7 Episode 1 when Lucas North asks Harry ' How did Tom Quinn work out ? ' . Tom briefly returns in the final episode , hired by Harry Pearce as an " outside contractor " to eliminate the head of a conspiracy of Russian nationalists who tried to derail the move to a closer Russian / UK relationship . Although brief , this scene makes it clear that Tom is still involved in spying .
= = = Characteristics = = =
Tom Quinn is depicted as " serious , focused and popular " with his team , as well as " deeply intelligent " , with " impeccable instincts . " Throughout the first series , Tom has a relationship with Ellie Simm . In the first few episodes , Tom deals with keeping his true identity secret , but not being truthful to Ellie is " eating away at him . " Ultimately , Tom tells her the truth , and she later leaves him in the beginning of the second series as a consequence . Throughout the second series , Tom 's " journey " has evolved slowly , where his attitude to his work has changed , and his conscience has " kicked in " , finding himself questioning the world he is in . In Tom 's final episode , writer Howard Brenton described Tom as not disillusioned , but " sort of becomes a human being . "
= = Conceptual history = =
Series creator David Wolstencroft believed that writing Tom was the most fun , yet the hardest work compared with other characters , because he was Spooks ' primary protagonist . Wolstencroft chose a job in Information Technology ( IT ) as the cover story Tom used in his relationship with Ellie , because he felt that in real life people are reluctant to ask questions about IT work . To portray the character , actor Matthew Macfadyen followed the scripts , and did not want to deviate from them , as he did not believe doing so would be useful . Macfadyen was also keen to explore parts of Tom from within him for influence .
During production of the first series , Macfadyen , along with co stars Keeley Hawes and David Oyelowo were wary of playing the lead characters in their mid @-@ twenties , but since felt they earned the right to be in the series . During production of episodes three and five of the first series , Macfadyen burst a blood vessel on one of his eyes . Macfadyen compensated by wearing sunglasses in order to hide it . Halfway through filming series two , Macfadyen got to carry a gun for the first time in the series ; he was disappointed in not carrying one in the first series .
Though Macfadyen enjoyed working in the series , he began to feel " very sluggish and fed up " with playing the same character for two years . When the producers knew Macfadyen planned to leave , they did not know whether or not he would appear in the beginning of the third series . Howard Brenton , who wrote the series two finale , originally killed Tom off by drowning him while trying to escape onto the North Sea , while labouring under the impression that he was not to return . The producers would have continued the third series without Tom , however when they heard the actor would be prepared to return for the first two episodes of the third series , they were rewritten to include his character Tom . Brenton had to " unkill him . " After a seven @-@ year absence , in October 2011 , it was announced that Macfadyen was to make a " fleeting " cameo appearance in the final episode of the series . A Spooks insider stated that his scene " will bring back all the memories of Tom and what the character endured in those first few series . "
= = Reception = =
The character gained Matthew Macfadyen recognition during his tenure on Spooks , but since his departure , Macfadyen stated that " no one notices me now . " Fan reaction of the character proved positive . In the " Best of Drama " viewer polls at BBC Online , Macfadyen was voted fifth in the " Best Actor " category in 2002 , ahead of co @-@ star Peter Firth , who was voted 21st . He would later be voted fourth in 2003 , and then fifth again in 2004 ; co @-@ star Rupert Penry @-@ Jones was voted third in the same category . Furthermore , the scene entitled " Tom 's death ( or was it ? ) " in the cliffhanger of series two , was voted second in the " Favourite Moment " category in 2003 , beaten only by the return of " Dirty Den " Watts in EastEnders .
Critical reaction towards the character was generally mixed . In a DVD review of the first series , Michael Mackenzie of Home Cinema thought Macfadyen was not a very good actor and believed " he seems to be in some sort of contest with Keanu Reeves to see how long he can maintain the same lifeless facial expression , " but thought the character himself , particularly his personal life , mostly worked well for the most part as it continues " as a standard soap opera . " In review of the second series , Dennis Landmann of MovieFreak praised the " drama and intensity that builds around his character , " noting Tom 's somewhat " haunted soul " and the last five minutes of the last episode " were so powerful they affected how I felt for the next couple of days ; I kept thinking about the character and the tragic events that happened to him . " In the third series , Mackenzie praised the episode where Tom tries to clear his name , but thought his exit was " not particularly satisfying . " However , David Blackwell of Enterline Media thought that his farewell scene was " one of [ his ] best moments of the first two episode ( in addition to the way Tom acts in the opening episode ) . "
Critical reaction toward Tom 's cameo appearance was met with generally positive reviews . Christopher Hootan of Metro opined " the return of Tom Quinn as a hired assassin in the final few seconds was a nice nod to early series of show . " Rob McLaughlin of Den of Geek noted that Tom 's return among the final few minutes of the show was " a welcome return from an old friend , " while Dork Adore reviewer Nick Bryan called it " a nice touch , " also reflecting that it " nailed home the central moral : no @-@ one ever escapes from the horror . ( Especially since that guy was written out of the show due to an attack of conscience , yet is now doing Harry ’ s dirty work . ) " Vicky Frost of The Guardian meanwhile , felt the cameo " made no sense at all . Obviously it was super cheesy , " but she " obviously " " completely loved it – despite knowing it was coming . "
= Elmer Flick =
Elmer Harrison Flick ( January 11 , 1876 – January 9 , 1971 ) was an American major league baseball outfielder who played from 1898 to 1910 for the Philadelphia Phillies , Philadelphia Athletics , and Cleveland Bronchos / Naps . In 1 @,@ 483 career games Flick recorded a .313 batting average while accumulating 164 triples , 1 @,@ 752 hits , 330 stolen bases , and 756 runs batted in . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963 .
Flick began his career in semi @-@ professional baseball and played in minor league baseball for two years . He was noticed by George Stallings , the manager of the Phillies , who signed Flick as a reserve outfielder . Flick was pressed into a starting role in 1898 when an injury forced another player to retire . He excelled as a starter . Flick jumped to the Athletics in 1902 , but an court injunction prevented him from playing in Pennsylvania . He joined the Naps , where he continued to play for the remainder of his major league career , which was curtailed by a stomach ailment .
Flick was known predominantly for his solid batting and speed . He led the National League in RBIs in 1900 , and led the American League in stolen bases in 1904 and 1906 , and in batting average in 1905 .
= = Early life = =
Flick was born on January 11 , 1876 , the third of five children of Zachary and Mary Flick , on the family farm in Bedford , Ohio . His father was a farmer and mechanic who had served in the American Civil War . Flick attended Bedford High School , where he played catcher on the school 's baseball team . He also played American football , wrestled , and boxed .
Flick entered semi @-@ professional baseball by chance . When he was 15 years old , he was at a train station to support the local baseball team as it left for a road trip . Only eight of the team 's players showed up at the station , so Flick was recruited to go on the trip with the team . Though Flick did not have a uniform or shoes , he hit well in both games of the doubleheader , though Bedford lost both games . He joined the Bedford team on a regular basis , and he continued to play semi @-@ pro baseball throughout his teenage years .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Minor league baseball = = =
In 1896 , the manager of the Youngstown Puddlers of the Interstate League signed Flick . Because the team had an established catcher , Flick played in the outfield , where he struggled to learn the position . In 31 games , Flick had a .826 fielding percentage . However , Flick had a strong performance offensively . Using his father 's lathe , Flick crafted his own baseball bat , which he used to hit for a .438 batting average .
The next year , Flick played for the Dayton Old Soldiers , also in the Interstate League , as their regular left fielder . His defense improved , as he compiled a .921 fielding percentage , and he batted .386 . He also led the league with 20 triples and 295 total bases .
= = = Major League Baseball = = =
George Stallings , the manager of the Philadelphia Phillies of the National League ( NL ) , noticed Flick while he played for Dayton . Stallings signed Flick to the Phillies to serve as a reserve outfielder for the team in the 1898 season . Starting outfielder Sam Thompson injured his back after six games , forcing Stallings to play Flick . In his debut game , Flick went 2 @-@ for @-@ 3 with two singles against Fred Klobedanz . Thompson returned to the team briefly , but reinjured his back and announced his retirement in May , allowing Flick to play regularly . Flick proved himself a capable big leaguer , batting .302 with eight home runs , 13 triples and 81 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . In the 1899 season , he batted .342 , with 98 runs scored and 98 RBIs . However , he suffered a serious knee injury in August , and reinjured the
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knee when he returned to the game too quickly .
Before the 1900 season , Philadelphia stars Napoleon Lajoie and Ed Delahanty held out of renewing their contracts with the team . Other members of the team had grown disgruntled . Amid talk of a revival of the American Association , Flick and several other players began to talk about not returning to the team the next year . The Philadelphia Inquirer reported that Flick 's father was in the chair business in Cleveland and that he might require Flick 's help with the business . Flick agreed to a contract extension before the season started .
That year , he led the NL with 110 RBIs . He finished second in the NL with a .367 batting average , a .545 slugging percentage , 11 home runs , 59 extra @-@ base hits , and 297 total bases . He also engaged in a fistfight with Lajoie that caused Lajoie to miss five weeks due to a broken thumb . The race for the batting title came down to the end of the season . The title winner , Honus Wagner , later said , " I 've had a lot of thrills , but don 't think I was ever happier than in 1900 when I won after battling Elmer Flick to the last day of the season for the title . "
Flick was one of many star NL players who jumped to the fledgling American League ( AL ) after the 1901 season , playing for the crosstown Philadelphia Athletics . Flick played in 11 games for the Athletics , before the Phillies obtained an injunction from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court prohibiting any player under contract with the Phillies from playing for another team . Though this injunction named Lajoie , Bill Bernhard , and Chick Fraser only , it still applied to Flick as well . As a recourse , Flick and teammate Lajoie signed instead with the Cleveland Naps , as the Pennsylvania injunction could not be enforced in Ohio . The two players often traveled separately from their teammates for the next year , never setting foot in Pennsylvania in order to avoid a subpoena . Flick spent the remainder of his career in Cleveland , and the contract dispute was resolved when the leagues made peace in September 1903 with the National Agreement .
On July 6 , 1902 , Flick hit three triples in one game . Between 1900 and 2010 , 49 players accomplished that feat . By early 1904 , Flick did not want to re @-@ sign with Cleveland for the offered $ 2 @,@ 500 ( $ 65 @,@ 843 in current dollar terms ) . Plans were being made to run a railroad through a corner of Flick 's farm and Flick hoped to hire some of his horses to the construction team . " After July 4 , my farm work will be along so that I will be able to give considerable attention to independent ball " , he said .
Flick did return to Cleveland for the 1904 season . That year , Flick tied teammate Harry Bay for the league lead with 38 stolen bases . Flick was the AL batting champion in the 1905 season with a .308 average . Only Carl Yastrzemski , who won the batting title with a .301 average in the 1968 season , led the league with a lower average . Flick also led the league with a .462 slugging percentage and 18 triples in 1905 . His .383 on @-@ base percentage trailed only Topsy Hartsel . During a 1905 game , Cleveland fielders were charged with seven errors in a single inning , but Flick committed only one of the errors .
In the 1906 season , Flick played a league @-@ leading 157 games . He led the league with 700 plate appearances , 624 at @-@ bats , 98 runs scored , 22 triples , and 39 stolen bases ( tied with John Anderson ) . However , Flick was " said to be dissatisfied with the team " , and the Naps considered trading him to the Detroit Tigers for Matty McIntyre . Before the 1907 season , the Naps turned down a trade with the Tigers which would have exchanged Flick for the 21 @-@ year @-@ old Ty Cobb . Hughie Jennings , the Tigers ' manager , was tired of dealing with Cobb 's abrasive behavior . The Naps refused to part with Flick , even in exchange for Cobb . They countered with Bunk Congalton , but the Tigers declined . Flick had been holding out but he signed a few days after the proposed trade . After Cobb was nearly traded away , Jennings attempted to repair the difficult relationships between Cobb and the other Detroit players . " Cobb is too good a hitter to let get away , when a little diplomacy will get the boys together " , Jennings said . In the 1907 season , Flick again led the league with 18 triples .
However , baseball took its toll on Flick . Before the 1907 season , he considered retiring to pursue other business opportunities . By 1908 , he developed stomach problems . Cleveland personnel initially said that the illness was related to Flick 's overeating . He left training camp that year , complaining of " train sickness " , and returned home to Cleveland . He missed the majority of the 1908 season , playing in only nine games . He missed the beginning of the 1909 season as well , as a doctor recommended Flick have his appendix removed . Now weighing 130 pounds ( 59 kg ) , Flick was afraid of a bad outcome from the surgery , which was a significant risk at the time . He kept his appendix and played in 66 games , batting .255 . He played in another 24 games in the 1910 season before he was again sidelined by his stomach ailment .
The Naps acquired Shoeless Joe Jackson from the Athletics in a trade and had him replace Flick in the lineup . In July 1910 , the Naps sold Flick to the Kansas City Blues of the American Association , but Flick refused to report to Kansas City , which cancelled the transaction .
= = = Later career = = =
In 1911 , Flick looked to continue his career . Unable to find a major league team willing to sign him , he returned to the minor leagues . The Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association purchased him from Cleveland . Flick played for Toledo in 1911 and 1912 . He batted .326 in the 1911 season and .262 in the 1912 season , but did not hit for power . The Mud Hens released him at the end of the 1912 season . He retired from professional baseball after being released by Toledo , though he briefly played as a second baseman for a local amateur team in Bedford in 1914 .
Flick retired without playing in a World Series . As of 2003 , there were six Hall of Famers without a World Series appearance who played most of their careers after 1903 ; three of them – Flick , Lajoie and Addie Joss – played together with Cleveland from 1902 to 1910 .
= = Later life = =
Returning to Bedford , Flick hunted , raised horses , built buildings , and became involved in selling real estate . He also scouted for Cleveland . Only four 19th century baseball players , including Flick , were still alive in 1970 . In his later years , Flick still answered requests for autographs from his fans . Proud of his longevity , Flick often completed autographs by writing the date and his age above or underneath his signature .
Flick was married to Rosa Ella ( née Gates ) . The couple had five daughters . Flick died in his hometown of Bedford in 1971 , at the age of 94 , of congestive heart failure . He also suffered from mycosis fungoides .
= = Honors = =
When Cobb died in 1961 , stories written about him mentioned the attempted trade between Cleveland and Detroit , which revived interest in Flick . Flick was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1963 after being unanimously elected by the Veterans Committee ( VC ) . When he received the call from Branch Rickey that he had been selected , Flick did not believe Rickey at first . He said that he did not even realize that he was being considered for election at the time . Flick 's family had to convince him that the call was real . He was the oldest living inductee in Hall of Fame history . At his induction , the 87 @-@ year @-@ old Flick said , " This is a bigger day than I 've ever had before . I 'm not going to find the words to explain how I feel . "
Subsequent to his induction , writers have questioned the validity of Flick 's Hall of Fame membership . James Vail characterized Flick and three other Hall of Famers as " some of the most dubious VC choices ever " . David Fleitz wrote that Rickey 's influence on the Veterans Committee led to Flick 's election , as Rickey was the only committee member who had seen Flick play . Author Robert E. Kelly pointed out that Flick 's career was relatively short and that stronger candidates from Flick 's era ( such as Sherry Magee ) had not been inducted .
Flick was enshrined in the Greater Cleveland Sports Hall of Fame in 1977 , and the Ohio Baseball Hall of Fame in 1987 . A statue of Flick 's likeness was created to be placed in Bedford ; it was funded by donations and was dedicated in September 2013 . Mike Hargrove was among the baseball figures who attended the ceremony .
= Julia Gasper =
Julia Gasper is a British independent academic specialising in historical literature and a right @-@ wing political activist affiliated with the English Democrats . She formerly belonged to the UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) . A vociferous critic of LGBT rights , she has generated controversy with comments widely deemed homophobic and transphobic .
In 1987 , Gasper obtained a D.Phil in English Literature from the University of Oxford after studying at Somerville College . She converted her D.Phil thesis – a study of the role of Protestantism in the work of Thomas Dekker – into her first book ; published in 1990 , it received a mixed critical reception . She has since published two further books on eighteenth @-@ century European history , on Theodore of Corsica and the Jean @-@ Baptiste de Boyer , Marquis d 'Argens respectively .
Involved in local politics within the Oxford area , she serves as a parish councillor for Risinghurst and Sandhills . In 2012 Gasper was selected as UKIP 's Parliamentary candidate for Oxford East . She was scrutinised for her anti @-@ LGBT blog posts by LGBT @-@ themed news service Pink News , whose readers she then asserted were mentally ill . When The Sunday Mirror exposed further anti @-@ LGBT comments that she had made on a UKIP members forum , she was denounced by party leader Nigel Farage and stepped down from her position . Changing her allegiance to the English Democrats , she unsuccessfully stood for them in the 2014 European Parliament election and for Oxford City Council in a local by @-@ election .
= = Academic career = =
In 1987 , Gasper obtained a D.Phil in English Literature from the University of Oxford after studying at Somerville College . Her thesis examined the Protestant plays of Elizabethan English playwright Thomas Dekker . In 1990 , Clarendon Press published Gasper 's work The Dragon and the Dove : The Plays of Thomas Dekker . Writing in The Yearbook of English Studies , John Stachniewski of the University of Manchester described the book as " trenchant and well @-@ informed " and expressed the view that he found Gasper 's thesis – that Dekker 's dramatic works subscribed to a militant Protestant ideology – to be " convincing " . John Harmon of Syracuse University reviewed Gasper 's book for the English Studies journal , describing it as " crisply researched " and " eminently readable " although thought that she argued " somewhat defensively " that scholars should take Dekker 's work more seriously . Reviewing the book for The Review of English Studies , T. H. Howard @-@ Hill of the University of South Carolina noted that despite the work 's title , it did not examine all of Dekker 's 26 plays but only a selection of them . While noting that the work was " thoroughly researched , well documented , and densely written " , Hill also opined that it was " disjointed , digressive , repetitive , and rambling " and felt that it did not " convincingly illustrate Decker 's militant Protestant orientation " in some of the plays that she had discussed .
In 2013 the University of Delaware Press published her book Theodore von Neuhoff , King of Corsica : The Man behind the Legend . Reviewing the tome for the European Review of History : Revue europeenne d 'histoire , José Miguel Escribano Páeza of the European University Institute noted that Gasper brought a novel approach to her examination of the Corsican monarch . Although describing the " exciting " work as an " interesting exercise in historical biography " , he noted that Gasper paints a " hagiographic image " of von Neuhoff , for instance by unconvincingly portraying him as a " military genius " and by falling into " the trap of seeing things in black and white by frequently presenting Neuhoff and his followers as heroes fighting against villains . "
= = Political activity = =
Gasper occasionally lectured at Oxford University , served as a parish councillor for Risinghurst and Sandhills , and had founded the Windmill Road Residents ' Association and the Friends of Bury Knowle Library . The International Business Times characterised her as a " right @-@ wing political activist " .
= = = UKIP candidacy : 2012 – 13 = = =
In early 2012 , UKIP selected Gasper to represent them as their Parliamentary candidate for Oxford East , while she also began campaigning to be elected onto Oxford City Council . Asserting that " my central message is to take back control of this country " , she campaigned on a platform of promoting the UK 's removal from the European Union , opposing " mass immigration " , abolishing university tuition fees , and increasing the state pension .
During her campaign , a resident in the Oxford area discovered a blog post which Gasper had authored in 2010 ; concerned about its contents , they contacted the LGBT @-@ themed news service Pink News , who reported on it . Stating that homosexuality was not a sexual orientation but a " form of behaviour " , in her post Gasper suggested that same @-@ sex attraction was a choice , before criticising gay people for " complaining constantly of persecution " and being insufficiently grateful to heterosexuals for creating them . Asserting that legal support for LGBT rights had " gone too far " , she condemned same @-@ sex marriage and the adoption of children by same @-@ sex couples as " wholly unacceptable " , and claimed that there were strong links between male homosexuality and paedophilia . Her claims generated outrage , with a UKIP spokesperson commenting that while the party did not endorse Gasper
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's views on this issue , it did uphold her right to hold and express them .
Later that month Gasper complained that readers of Pink News had threatened her , declaring that they should be forcibly institutionalised under the Mental Health Act . In doing so , she compared her situation to that of Salman Rushdie during The Satanic Verses controversy . She then claimed that she had received email death threats and was under police protection , assertions that local police refused to either confirm or deny . Commenting to Cherwell , she claimed her views on LGBT issues were " very , very middle ground " and that she had not said anything homophobic , but been the victim of " a malicious witch hunt " . Roweena Russell , former chair of the International Gay Lesbian Bisexual Transgender Youth and Student Organisation , emailed Gasper to discuss the latter 's comments , to which Gasper responded that Russell too should be institutionalised . Russell proceeded to condemn Gasper , stating that " as a long @-@ term political activist I 'm disgusted she used this kind of language . Using mental health as a slur on top of everything else she 's doing is just unacceptable . " Rafe Jeune , chair of Oxford 's Pride parade , characterised Gasper 's comments as " abhorrent " and " disgusting " , noting that there was no evidence to link paedophilia and homosexuality .
In the United Kingdom general election , 2010 Gasper came fifth in her constituency with 2 @.@ 3 % of the vote ( 1 @,@ 202 votes ) .
In January 2013 , The Sunday Mirror revealed that in a UKIP members ' online forum Gasper had condemned LGBT rights as a " lunatic 's charter " , while claiming that some homosexuals prefer sex with animals over that with other humans , and reiterating her belief in a link between homosexuality and paedophilia . The newspaper characterised the comments as " extremist and offensive " and noted that the forum contained many homophobic and racist statements from UKIP members . When The Sunday Mirror asked for comment , Gasper stated that " I 'm not going to talk about them . It 's none of your business . " Political commentator Nick Cohen , commenting in The Observer , described Gasper as an advocate of " dumb prejudice " .
The forum was shut down , Gasper resigned from her position as chairman of UKIP 's Oxford branch , and a number of her supporters were also removed from the committee . A party spokesperson stated Gasper had stepped down " to avoid doing herself or the party any more damage " . Gasper insisted the withdrawal was her own decision , adding that she had been the victim of a " press vendetta " . UKIP stated that her resignation as Oxfordshire branch chair was welcome , but she would not be forced out of the party altogether . However , UKIP leader Nigel Farage condemned Gasper 's " war against homosexuals " as " unacceptable " , while Olly Neville , former chairman of UKIP 's Young Independent wing , tweeted a message of support for Gasper 's removal , stating that " her disgraceful views have no place as a rep [ resentative ] of a mainstream party " .
Gasper later lambasted UKIP as being " plagued with transsexuals " , a reference to the transwomen Nikki Sinclaire and Kellie Maloney , both of whom have served as candidates for the party . Asserting that she refused to recognise transwomen as women , she declared Maloney to be " absolutely grotesque " and added that her transition was " totally barmy – and how pathetic that he [ sic ] can do nothing better with his life . " In May , a former UKIP activist , Colin Cortbus , also publicly revealed to Cherwell that in emails Gasper had sent to him she had again emphasised a connection between homosexuality and paedophilia , and had described the Quran as a " fascist " book , comparing it to Adolf Hitler 's Mein Kampf and describing Islam as " a severely oppressive ideology " .
In November 2013 , Gasper was criticised for an essay entitled " The Myth of the Homocaust " , which she uploaded to her academia.edu account . It claimed that LGBT rights activists had fabricated the extent of the Nazi persecution of homosexuals . Olivia Marks @-@ Woldman , chief executive of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust , criticised Gasper 's claims as disappointing : " Whilst it is important to recognise the differences between the ways the Nazis persecuted different groups , this shouldn 't lead us to question the fact that thousands of gay men suffered appalling persecution because of their sexuality . "
= = = English Democrats : 2014 – 16 = = =
Disillusioned with UKIP , Gasper switched her allegiance to the English Democrats . In April 2014 , she declared there were far too many gay people in the Houses of Parliament , deeming this a " violation of democracy " . Claiming that only 1 @.@ 5 % of the population was gay , she stated this could justify no more than ten gay MPs , far less than the hundreds that she alleged existed . In the same post , she called for the gay networking and dating app Grindr to be banned as a threat to " public health " . Questioned by the BBC , the English Democrats ' party spokesman Steve Uncles defended Gasper 's " personal opinion " , which he claimed was based on a traditional , Christian understanding of sexuality , adding that she was " factually correct " in her claims regarding the number of homosexuals in Parliament . Conversely , her statistics were dismissed as " absurd " by the Oxford University Student Union 's LGBT representative ; they characterised Gasper 's comments as representing evidence of the continuing existence of those with " alarming prejudices " who " wish to actively discriminate against LGBTQ people " .
The following month , Gasper commented on the resignation of Brendan Eich as CEO of Mozilla after it was revealed that he had financially supported a group campaigning to prevent the legal recognition of same @-@ sex marriage in California . Gasper claimed Eich had been " victimised by a queer mafia that takes a vindictive pleasure in bullying and abusing people " and that this " Homo fascism is a threat to fundamental human rights . " Among those she accused of contributing to this campaign were US President Barack Obama , British Prime Minister David Cameron , Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg , the Labour Party , the United Nations , the European Union , Amnesty International , the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby , the Bishop of Buckingham Alan Wilson , Pope Francis , the actor Daniel Radcliffe , all European and American universities , and media such as The Guardian , The Daily Mail , and The Huffington Post . The following day , she condemned World AIDS Day as a celebration of HIV / AIDS and homosexuality , claiming it " congratulates " people for " spreading the disease " . Some days later she claimed that in campaigning for legal recognition of same @-@ sex marriage , " queer thugs and gangsters " had " used violence , threats , censorship , abuse , and every form of dirty tactic " . She hoped that " a twinge of guilt ... kills them " .
In May , Gasper stood as the English Democrats ' candidate for the South East England region in the European Parliament elections , gaining the votes of 0 @.@ 76 % of the electorate ( 17 @,@ 771 votes ) . Following the resignation of the Labour councillor for Quarry and Risinghurst on the Oxford City Council , Gasper stood as the English Democrats ' candidate for the seat , coming last with 43 votes .
After this failure , Gasper returned to her blog to argue there were " far too many homosexual comedians on TV " , focusing her criticism on Graham Norton , " the horrid little Alan Carr " , and " the unctuous Stephen Fry [ ... ] portly , preening and self @-@ satisfied . " She also posted that homosexuals were not persecuted anywhere in the world and that claims to the contrary , such as those regarding the murders of Matthew Shepard and David Kato , were " fraudulent " . Pink News , she said , operated as a " mafia " and had placed the actor Rupert Everett on its " hit list " , forcing him to obtain police protection . In October 2014 , Pink News founder Benjamin Cohen claimed this constituted libel and threatened legal action against her . Gasper responded that she did not simply stand by what she had said , but that she was " proud of it and I have morality on my side " . Commenting in an article in Cherwell , Samuel Rutishauser @-@ Mills questioned why the media bothered reporting on Gasper 's anti @-@ LGBT comments , noting that as a parish councillor her " political significance is tenuous ... and scarcely newsworthy or interesting . " He warned that excessive coverage of such opinions was counterproductive to the advancement of LGBT rights , by making " extreme homophobia " seem more commonplace than it really is .
Gasper retained her seat as parish councillor for Risinghurst and Sandhills at the United Kingdom local elections , 2016 .
= Cheadle Hulme =
Cheadle Hulme / ˈtʃiːdəl ˈhjuːm / is a suburb of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport in Greater Manchester , England . Historically in Cheshire , it is 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) south @-@ west of Stockport and 7 @.@ 5 miles ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) south @-@ east of the city of Manchester . It lies in the Ladybrook Valley on the Cheshire Plain , and the drift consists mostly of boulder clay , sands and gravels . In 2001 , it had a population of 29 @,@ 000 . This had fallen to 26 @,@ 479 ( both North and South Wards ) by 2011 .
Evidence of Bronze Age , Roman , and Anglo @-@ Saxon activity , including coins , jewellery and axes , has been discovered locally . The area was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 when it was a large estate which included neighbouring Cheadle . In the early 14th century it was split into southern and northern parts at about the future locations of Cheadle Hulme and Cheadle , respectively . The area was acquired by the Moseley family in the 17th century and became known as Cheadle Moseley . Unlike many English villages it did not grow around a church ; instead it formed from several hamlets , many of which retain their names as neighbourhoods within Cheadle Hulme . In the late 19th century Cheadle Hulme was united with Cheadle , Gatley and other neighbouring places to form the urban district of Cheadle and Gatley . This district was abolished in 1974 and Cheadle Hulme became a distinct place in its own right , as part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport .
Cheadle Hulme is an affluent area with open parkland ; it has a railway station and is close to both Manchester Airport and the A34 .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The Domesday Book provides the earliest mention of the area , where it is recorded as " Cedde " , Celtic for " wood " . Local archaeological finds include Bronze Age axes discovered in Cheadle . Evidence of Roman occupation includes coins and jewellery , which were discovered in 1972 . The modern @-@ day Cheadle Road was originally known as Street Lane , and may be of Roman origin . A stone cross dedicated to the Anglo @-@ Saxon St Chad , discovered in 1873 , indicates Anglo @-@ Saxon activity . The cross was found in an area called " Chad Hill " , on the banks of the Micker Brook near its confluence with the River Mersey ; this area became " Chedle " . Suggestions for the origin of the name include the words cedde , and leigh or leah , in Old English meaning " clearing " , forming the modern day " Cheadle " . " Hulme " may have been derived from the Danish word for " water meadow " or " island in the fen " .
According to the Domesday Book in 1086 , the modern @-@ day Cheadle and Cheadle Hulme were a single large estate . Valued at £ 20 , it was described as " large and important " and " a wood three leagues [ about 9 miles ] long and half as broad " . One of the earliest owners of the property was the Earl of Chester . It was held by a Gamel , a free Saxon , under Hugh d 'Avranches , 1st Earl of Chester , and later became the property of the de Chedle family , who took their name from the land they owned . By June 1294 Geoffrey de Chedle was Lord of the Manor . Geoffrey 's descendant Robert ( or Roger ) died in the early 1320s , leaving the estate to his wife Matilda who held it until her death in 1326 . As there were no male heirs the manor , which was now worth £ 30 per annum , was divided between her daughters , Clemence and Agnes . Clemence inherited the southern half ( which would later become the modern @-@ day Cheadle Hulme ) , and Agnes inherited the northern half , ( latterly Cheadle ) . The two areas became known as " Chedle Holme " and " Chedle Bulkeley " respectively . Shortly afterwards the Chedle Holme estate was divided and the part where Hulme Hall is now situated became known as " Holme " , and held by the Vernons . The estates were reunified on the death of the last of the Vernons in 1476 .
The only daughter of Clemence and William de Bagulegh , Isabel de Bagulegh , succeeded her parents as owner of the manor , and married Sir Thomas Danyers . Danyers was rewarded for his efforts in the crusades through an annual payment from the King of 40 marks , as well as the gift of Lyme Hall . His daughter Margaret continued to receive payments after his death .
The first John Savage succeeded Margaret , and nine more followed him . The tenth died young , so the estate passed to his brother , Thomas Savage . In 1626 Charles I created the title of Viscount Savage for him . On his death the estate passed to his daughter Joan , who later married John Paulet , 5th Marquess of Winchester . Joan died during childbirth at the age of 23 , and the estate passed to the Marquess . The Marquess practised Catholicism , and in 1643 the estate was confiscated due to persecution of Catholics in the English Civil War .
Following this , the estate was acquired by the Moseley family of Manchester and became known as Cheadle Moseley . Anne Moseley was the last of this family to hold the manor , as her husband could not afford to keep it following her death . It was purchased by John Davenport , who bequeathed it to the Bamford family when he died childless in 1760 . After the last Bamford died without male issue in 1806 , the estate passed to Robert Hesketh who took the name Bamford @-@ Hesketh ; it is from this family that the Hesketh Tavern public house in Cheadle Hulme got its name . The last person to hold the manor was Winifred , Countess of Dundonald , one of Bamford @-@ Hesketh 's descendants .
= = = Modern history = = =
In 1801 the population was 971 and had risen to 2 @,@ 319 by 1851 . In 1868 the area became a parish , but it was merged with Cheadle Bulkeley in 1879 and became part of the Cheadle and Gatley district in 1894 . The name " Cheadle Moseley " continued to be used for the area , and appeared on tithes and deeds until the 20th century . In 1974 , the Cheadle and Gatley district was abolished and Cheadle Hulme became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport .
During the Second World War , Cheadle Hulme was a refuge for evacuees from places such as Manchester and the Channel Islands . The area had its own Home Guard , as well as several air @-@ raid shelters . Cheadle Hulme was also home to large parts of RAF Handforth . This was a maintenance unit , classed as a ' Universal stores ' depot and had the official Royal Air Force name , " RAF Handforth No 61 M.U. ( Maintenance unit ) " . The depot opened in 1939 and closed in 1958 – 59 and covered large areas of land in both Cheadle Hulme and neighbouring Handforth .
The depot stored and dispatched every conceivable item that the " RAF " would use in wartime . Everything from knives and forks to aircraft engines were stored and dispatched from RAF Handforth . The site was served by a large , internal railway system which left the [ Manchester to Crewe mainline prior to Handforth railway station . The site of the exchange sidings and junction is at the rear of the ' Pets at home ' offices on Epsom Avenue . The depot had its own shunting locomotives , which were stored in an engine shed that stood at the Wilmslow bound exit slip road for the Handforth Dean shopping centre .
The only surviving buildings of RAF Handforth are the government pay offices adjacent to the ' Total Fitness ' gym on Dairyhouse Lane . These buildings were the Headquarters of the depot and have survived in military / MoD use to this day . The depot had satellite sites within Cheadle Hulme , these being Site Number 5 , general storage ( beneath the Eden Park road housing development which , until the housing development began still maintained the internal road layout and building foundations ) and site number 6 ( motor transport storage area ) which is now covered by part of the Hursthead housing estate . Three large ( 150 ft × 250 ft ) steel built , vehicle storage sheds stood at the junction of Malmesbury Road and Lyncombe Close / Tintern Road . The last of these sheds survived well into the 1980s and was latterly used by the local council as a rubbish dump . This stood between Tollard Close and Tintern Road . The houses on May Avenue were built by the RAF as married quarters and exist to this day .
As well as the above sites , several ' domestic sites ' existed within Cheadle Hulme . These provided sleeping , eating and washing facilities for the Airmen and women stationed at RAF Handforth . Grove Lane park was the site of an Officer 's mess , Cinema , NAAFI , Post Office , chapel and bath house among other buildings . ' The Grove ' near to the junction of Grove Lane and Pingate Lane , was Nissen hut accommodation , as were the flats on Gillbent Road opposite the shops and the large field at the junction of Longsight Lane and Stanley Road . The remains of the air raid shelters can still be seen at this location to this day . The wooded area to the rear of numbers 48 – 64 Hall Moss Lane also housed an officers ' mess , NAAFI , post office , chapel and bath house .
RAF Handforth was a large and important storage facility , that contributed directly to the war effort . The site stretched from the centre of Handforth village , through Cheadle Hulme and onwards to Woodford . The industrial estate , ' Adlington Park ' ( which is actually in Woodford / Poynton ) , was a dispersed site of RAF Handforth . Cheadle Hulme itself escaped being badly damaged , but its villagers knew the extent of the war , mainly due to the large and visible presence of the RAF and could hear the sounds of air @-@ raids on Manchester .
Cheadle Hulme did not grow around a church like many English villages , but instead grew from several hamlets that existed in the area . Many of the names of these hamlets still appear in the names of areas , including Smithy Green , Lane End , Gill Bent , and Grove Lane . Some of the many farms such as Orish Mere Farm and Hursthead Farm which covered the area also retain their names in schools that were built in their place .
= = Governance = =
Lying within the historic county boundaries of Cheshire , Cheadle Hulme was historically a township known as " Cheadle Moseley " in the ecclesiastical parish of Cheadle and Hundred of Stockport . Following the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 , part of Cheadle Moseley was amalgamated into the Municipal Borough of Stockport . In 1879 , the remaining part was merged with neighbouring Cheadle Bulkeley to form the township of Cheadle .
Established in 1886 , Cheadle Hulme 's first local authority was the Cheadle and Gatley local board of health , a regulatory body responsible for standards of hygiene and sanitation for the area of Stockport Etchells township and the part of Cheadle township outside the Municipal Borough of Stockport . The board of health was also part of Stockport poor law union . In 1888 the board was divided into four wards : Adswood , Cheadle , Cheadle Hulme and Gatley . Under the Local Government Act 1894 the area of the local board became Cheadle and Gatley Urban District . There were exchanges of land with the neighbouring urban districts of Wilmslow and Handforth in 1901 , and the wards were restructured again , splitting Cheadle Hulme into north and south , and merging in Adswood . Due to the fast @-@ paced growth of the district , the wards were again restructured in 1930 , with the addition of Heald Green . In 1940 the current wards of Adswood , Cheadle East , Cheadle West , Cheadle Hulme North , Cheadle Hulme South , Gatley and Heald Green were established . Under the Local Government Act 1972 the Cheadle and Gatley Urban District was abolished , and Cheadle Hulme has , since 1 April 1974 , formed an unparished area of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport within the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester .
Since 1950 Cheadle Hulme has been part of the Cheadle parliamentary constituency , and has been represented by Conservative member Mary Robinson since 2015 . Six councillors , three representing Cheadle Hulme South ward and three representing Cheadle Hulme North , serve on the borough council .
= = Geography = =
At 53 @.@ 376 ° N 2 @.@ 188 ° W / 53 @.@ 376 ; -2.188 , Cheadle Hulme is in the south of Greater Manchester . Stockport Metropolitan Borough straddles the Cheshire Plain and the Pennines , and Cheadle Hulme is in the west of the borough on the Cheshire Plain . The area lies in the Ladybrook Valley next to the Micker Brook , a tributary of the River Mersey which flows north – west from Poynton through Bramhall and Cheadle Hulme , joining the Mersey in Stockport . Cheadle Hulme is situated 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) south @-@ west of Stockport town centre , and 7 @.@ 5 miles ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) south @-@ east of Manchester city centre .
The majority of buildings in the area are houses from the 20th century , but there are a few buildings , landmarks , and objects that date from the 16th century , in addition to Bramall Hall which dates from the 14th century . In particular , there are many Victorian buildings in several places across the area . The local drift geology is mostly glacial boulder clay , as well as glacial sands and gravel . For many years the clay has been used for making bricks and tiles .
Cheadle Hulme 's climate is generally temperate , like the rest of Greater Manchester . The mean highest and lowest temperatures of 13 @.@ 2 ° C ( 55 @.@ 8 ° F ) and 6 @.@ 4 ° C ( 43 @.@ 5 ° F ) are slightly above the average for England , while the annual rainfall of 806 @.@ 6 millimetres ( 31 @.@ 76 in ) and average hours ( 1 @,@ 394 @.@ 5 hours ) of sunshine are respectively above and below the national averages .
= = Demography = =
Note : Cheadle Hulme is split into two areas for censuses , Cheadle Hulme North and Cheadle Hulme South . The figures below account for both areas .
According to the Office for National Statistics , Cheadle Hulme had a population of 28 @,@ 952 at the 2001 census . The population density was 8 @,@ 425 inhabitants per square mile ( 3 @,@ 253 / km2 ) , with a 100 – 92 @.@ 5 female @-@ to @-@ male ratio . Of those aged over 16 , 19 @.@ 7 % were single ( never married ) and 41 % married . Cheadle Hulme 's 11 @,@ 981 households included 27 @.@ 6 % one @-@ person , 43 @.@ 5 % married couples living together , 6 @.@ 5 % were co @-@ habiting couples , and 8 @.@ 1 % single parents with children . Of those aged 16 – 74 , 20 @.@ 8 % had no academic qualifications .
About 76 @.@ 5 % of Cheadle Hulme 's residents reported themselves as being Christian , 1 @.@ 9 % Muslim , 0 @.@ 9 % Jewish and 0 @.@ 7 % Hindu . The census recorded 12 @.@ 3 % as having no religion , 0 @.@ 3 % had an alternative religion and 7 @.@ 2 % did not state their religion .
= = Economy = =
For many years Cheadle Hulme was rural countryside , made up of woods , open land , and farms . The local population was made up of farmers and peasants , living in small cottages and working the land under the tenancy of the Lord of the Manor . Most families kept animals for food , grew their own crops , and probably bought and sold produce at Stockport market . Water was obtained from local wells and ponds , and sometimes the Micker Brook .
Local silk weaving became a large part of everyday life . The work took place in domestic cottages in a room known as a " loomshop " , and the woven silk was transported to firms in Macclesfield 8 miles ( 13 km ) away . Silk @-@ weaving remained commonplace in the area until the early 20th century , when the process became industrialised . Other industries in the area included a corn mill , which collapsed some time during the First World War , located next to the Micker Brook ; cotton weaving ; and brickworks , one located where the fire station is and one near the railway station . A coal wharf was situated opposite the railway station and supplied the area with coal .
The building of the railways in the early 1840s introduced new employment opportunities for people in places such as Stockport and Manchester , as well as an influx of people coming to live in the area . In the mid @-@ 19th century , one of the earliest shops was opened in the Smithy Green area , selling groceries , sweets and other provisions . As people settled in the area , more shops were opened and new houses were built , many of which still stand . During the early 20th century Cheadle Hulme experienced a rapid growth in population , mostly due to an influx of people from Manchester and other large towns and cities coming to live in the area , and it gradually became more suburban . In the 1930s more houses were built around the Grove Lane and Pingate Lane , Gill Bent Road , Hulme Hall Road and Cheadle Road areas , and new roads replaced old farms . In the 1960s the Hursthead estate was built on land that was once Hursthead Farm . By 2009 the only farm remaining was Leather 's Farm on Ladybridge Road .
Cheadle Hulme is served by a fire station on Turves Road which opened in October 1960 . Before this the area made use of a service in Cheadle . An ambulance station is near the fire station , and the closest public hospital is Stepping Hill Hospital in Hazel Grove . Until the early 2000s the area had a police station which served as the headquarters for the west Stockport area . The building , which opened in 1912 , was sold in 2006 and converted into flats .
Cheadle Hulme has a large variety of businesses serving the area . Station Road is home to the shopping precinct ( built in 1962 ) and contains among other businesses an Oxfam shop , an Asda supermarket , a hairdressing salon , an optician , a pharmacy , some clothing retailers and several restaurants . There are more restaurants and cafés along Station Road as well as solicitors and building societies , and long @-@ running family businesses such as Pimlott 's butchers are also prominent . In 2002 , a Tesco Express opened on the site of an old petrol station , and in July 2007 Cheadle Hulme became the home of Waitrose 's first purpose @-@ built retail outlet in northern England . Other retailers include a Wetherspoons pub , Homebird chic interiors store and Mountain Ski Services , a local ski and snowboard tuning service .
According to the 2001 census , the biggest industry of employment for Cheadle Hulme residents is that of wholesale and retail trade and repairs with approximately 16 % of people employed in that industry . This is followed closely by real estate , renting and business activities with 15 % of people employed in this area . Other big areas of employment include manufacturing ( 13 % ) , health and social work ( 11 % ) , and education ( 10 % ) . Approximately 30 % of people were classed as " economically inactive " in the 2001 census . This included retired people , people who had to look after their family , and disabled or sick people .
= = Landmarks = =
Bramall Hall , a Grade I listed building , is a 14th @-@ century black and white timber framed Tudor manor house , located between Cheadle Hulme and Bramhall . Described by Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council ( SMBC ) as " the most prestigious and historically significant building in the Conservation Area " , it is situated in the middle of 70 acres ( 28 ha ) of landscaped parkland featuring lakes , woodland and gardens . Both house and grounds are open to the public and are in one of the 19 conservation areas in the borough .
The Swann Lane , Hulme Hall Road , and Hill Top Avenue conservation area contains 16th and 17th century timber @-@ framed buildings , Victorian villas , churches , and some former farmsteads . There are two Grade II listed buildings in this area : Hulme Hall , a timber @-@ framed manor house which dates from either the 16th or 17th century , and 1 Higham Street , formerly Hill Cottage , which is of a similar period and style to Hulme Hall . The Church Inn public house , which dates from either the late 18th or early 19th century , is situated on the edge of this area .
Around 300 men from Cheadle Hulme served in the First World War , and it was decided that those who died should be commemorated
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. Various ideas , including a library and clock tower , were suggested and in the end a cenotaph was built on the corner of Ravenoak Road and Manor Road in 1921 . Additions for later wars have been made , and due to the busy traffic around that particular place there have been suggestions for moving it to a quieter area .
Bruntwood Park has a variety of facilities , including orienteering , an 18 @-@ hole , par 3 pitch and putt golf course , children 's play areas , football pitches , and a BMX track . Bruntwood Park is also home to The Bowmen of Bruntwood , Stockport 's only archery club . Bruntwood Park is a Grade B Site of Biological Interest , and in 1999 was given a Green Flag Award for its high standards . The land it occupies was once a large estate , which at one time included a stud farm . Bruntwood Hall , a Victorian Gothic building constructed in 1861 , has been used for various purposes , including serving as Cheadle and Gatley Town Hall from 1944 until 1959 . It is now used as offices , and since the 1940s the park has been open to the public .
Oak Meadow Park is a small park on Station Road , with a large grass area and woodland . In the early 2000s it was renovated and refurbished , with new fences , benches and footpaths . The project to maintain and improve the park is a continuous process overseen by a local volunteer group . The park is used for special community events throughout the year .
= = Transport = =
Although most of the roads in the area date from the 20th century , there are many older roads formed from ancient routes , some as old as Roman . Cheadle Road possibly originated in Roman times and Ack Lane ( formerly Hack Lane ) is named after Hacon , a local Saxon landowner . Hulme Hall Road is named for the landmark it runs through and has existed since at least the 18th century . Until the 20th century , the roads were little more than country lanes , and most traffic consisted of horsedrawn carriages , carts , and milk floats . The roads were about half as wide as they are currently , and have all since been widened to accommodate the increasing amount of traffic . The first cars appeared in Cheadle Hulme in the early 1900s , but horse @-@ drawn vehicles were the main form of transport until the 1920s . A bus , known as the " Rattler " was introduced around this time , and ran a service through the area . It was , however , very slow and noisy , as its name suggests .
The Crewe to Manchester railway was completed in May 1842 , and a railway station known as " Cheadle " was built opposite the modern @-@ day Hesketh Tavern . When the Stafford to Manchester railway opened in 1845 the original station closed and a new station was built to accommodate the junction between the two railways . The road was renamed to Station Road in the same year , and the station was renamed to Cheadle Hulme in 1866 . The station has four platforms that serve the Crewe to Manchester and Stafford to Manchester Lines ; there are three trains per hour to Manchester , and one train per hour to Stoke and Crewe . During the financial year 2007 – 2008 the station was used by passengers 424 @,@ 000 times , an increase of 47 @,@ 000 from the previous year .
Cheadle Hulme is situated near the A34 Cheadle bypass , as well as international transport link Manchester Airport , the busiest airport in the United Kingdom outside London . The A5419 and B5095 roads traverse Cheadle Hulme ; there are many buses that operate on a daily basis throughout the area , with frequent services to and from Stockport bus station , passing through neighbouring towns and villages . There are also services to Manchester Piccadilly Gardens , as well as to places such as Woodford , Macclesfield , Wythenshawe and Manchester Airport . Most buses are operated by Stagecoach Manchester .
= = Education = =
Cheadle Hulme 's first school , established in 1785 , was named after local grocer Jonathan Robinson , who donated 3 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 ha ) of land on what is now Woods Lane . The school was built on what is now the corner of Woods Lane and Church Road , and was originally for the teaching of four boys and four girls . With the increasing population and the Education Act 1870 All Saints ' National School was built across the road in 1873 , next to All Saints ' Church from which it took its name . Other schools established in the 19th century include the Grove Lane Baptist Day School , built in 1846 ; Cheadle Hulme School in 1855 ; the Congregational Church School in the same year ; and Ramillies Hall School in 1884 . Hulme Hall Grammar School was established in 1928 , Queens Road Primary School opened in 1932 , and the school that became Cheadle Hulme High School was built near to the site of the Jonathan Robinson School in the 1930s . The majority of the rest of the schools in the area were established in the 1950s and 1960s , including Cheadle County Grammar School for Girls ( built in 1956 ) which later became Margaret Danyers Sixth Form College , named after the same Danyers who was lady of the manor in the 14th century . The site is now the Cheadle campus of Cheadle and Marple Sixth Form College . In addition to the college , there are nine primary schools , two secondary schools , Cheadle Hulme High School and St. James ' Catholic High School , which opened in 1980 , four private schools and one special school , Seashell Trust .
= = Culture = =
= = = Venues = = =
The East Cheshire Chess Club is located on Church Road , and there are two amateur theatre societies : Players ' Dramatic Society on Anfield Road , and Chads Theatre on Mellor Road . Cheadle Hulme Library , which opened on 28 March 1936 , is also located on Mellor Road . Cheadle Hulme once had its own cinema named the Elysian Cinema , which was located on Station Road , but this closed in March 1974 . As of 2009 the closest cinemas to Cheadle Hulme are approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) away in Grand Central Stockport and the Parrs Wood entertainment centre , both leisure complexes which include restaurants , bars , bowling and fitness facilities , as well as cinemas .
Cheadle Hulme is also home to many public houses and restaurants that serve a variety of cuisine , including Indian , Chinese , and Italian . The John Millington , a Grade II listed building , was formerly Millington Hall , built for Stockport alderman John Millington . A row of cottages near to the hall served as a meeting place for local Methodists from 1814 , before a purpose @-@ built chapel was established . A Sunday school was also established in the same place . The King 's Hall was built in 1937 , and was originally a dance hall before its conversion into a restaurant and public house .
= = = Religion = = =
The oldest reference to Methodist meetings in the area dates to 1786 and regular services took place from the early 19th century when they established their own meeting places with a Methodist church and Sunday school built in 1824 . Grove Lane Baptist Church was built in 1840 . Anglican worshippers used the Jonathan Robinson School from 1861 for services and in 1863 All Saints Church was built on Church Road . Seven years later the Congregational Church opened on Swann Lane , after services were held in the school room which was built a year earlier . During the Second World War , Roman Catholic services were held in the King 's Hall on Station Road , and in 1952 St Ann 's Church was opened on Vicarage Avenue . Grove Lane Baptist Church was rebuilt in the late 1990s and Emmanuel Church was moved to a new building in the early 2000s .
= = = Fitness and leisure facilities = = =
Cheadle Hulme Recreation Centre , which is attached to Cheadle Hulme High School , contains a large sports hall , squash courts , tennis courts , an astro @-@ turf pitch and a large playing field . Cheadle Pools and Target Fitness Centre , located off Cheadle Road , contains two swimming pools , and a gym . Manchester Rugby Club is located on Grove Lane in Cheadle Hulme , as is Cheadle Hulme Cricket Club , which was established in 1881 , and a squash club . There is also a lacrosse club which was established in 1893 , a badminton club , and a sports club off Turves Road called the Ryecroft Sports Club , which has tennis courts and a bowling green . The Bowmen of Bruntwood ( Stockport 's only archery club ) is situated in Bruntwood Park . The local 11 @-@ a @-@ side football team ' Cheadle Hulme Athletic ' was established in 2009 and is currently playing in Division 2 of the Stockport District Sunday Football League . ' Cheadle Hulme Galaxy FC ' was established in 2013 and are currently playing in Division 4 of the Stockport District Sunday Football League .
= = Notable people = =
Actors and actresses from the area include Tim McInnerny , best known for his roles in Blackadder as Lord Percy and Captain Darling , and Kirsten Cassidy , best known for playing Tanya Young in Grange Hill . Other notable people from the area include blues musician John Mayall , mathematician Patrick du Val ; violinist Jennifer Pike ; poet Julian Turner ; John Davenport Siddeley , a captain of the automobile industry ; James Kirk ( VC ) ; Dame Felicity Peake , founder of the Women 's Royal Air Force ; and Stuart Pilkington , a housemate in Big Brother 2008 .
= Handled the ball =
Handled the ball is one of the ten methods of dismissing a batsman in the sport of cricket . It dictates that either batsman can be given out if they intentionally touch the ball with a hand that is not holding their bat . An exception is given for if the batsman handles the ball to avoid injury . It is governed by Law 33 of the laws of cricket , and is a rare way for a batsman to be dismissed : in the history of cricket , there have been 60 instances in first @-@ class matches and 5 occasions in List A games . In most cases this occurs when a batsman thinks that the ball is going to hit their wicket , and knocks it away from the stumps with their hand .
In international cricket , only ten dismissals have been given in this fashion ; on seven occasions in Test cricket and thrice in One Day Internationals . The South African Russell Endean became the first victim of this method in international cricket when he was dismissed in a 1957 Test match against England . The most recent occurrence was in an ODI in 2015 , when Chamu Chibhabha was given out against Afghanistan .
= = Definition = =
Handled the ball is Law 33 in the laws of cricket established by the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) . A batsman can be given out for handling the ball if , while playing a delivery , the batsman intentionally touches the ball with one or both of their hands not holding the bat . A decision of not out must be reached if the batsman handles the ball to avoid incurring an injury . A bowler does not receive credit for the wicket when a batsman is dismissed in this fashion .
= = History = =
As a method of dismissal , handling the ball has been included in the laws of cricket since the original code was written in 1744 . In that document , it stated that " If ye Striker touches or takes up ye Ball before she is lain quite still , unless asked by ye Bowler or Wicket Keeper , its out . " Similar wording remained in the revision made to the laws thirty years later . The first batsman to be dismissed for handling the ball in first @-@ class cricket was James Grundy , who suffered the fate while playing for the MCC against Kent in 1857 . Prior to 1899 , a batsman could be given out for handling the ball even if they were doing so to remove a ball which had got stuck in their equipment or clothing . At the time , if one of the fielders removed the ball from the batsman 's clothing , they could claim a catch . It was in such a situation that George Bennett , the first player to be given out handled the ball in English county cricket , was dismissed in 1872 . The wicket of William Scotton in early 1887 was described by Gerald Brodribb as " most unusual " . In a match between the smokers and the non @-@ smokers involved in the 1886 – 87 Ashes series , Scotton faced the final delivery of the contest . Eager to claim the ball as a souvenir of the high @-@ scoring match , he defended the delivery and picked the ball up . The fielders — who also wanted the souvenir — appealed , and Scotton was ruled out .
An addition was made to the law in 1950 to allow umpires to give a batsman not out if the ball should strike the hand after " an involuntary action by the striker in the throwing up of a hand to protect his person " . For a time , the act of handing the ball back to the fielding side was listed as not out under Law 33 , and instead was considered to be part of a different method of dismissal : obstructing the field , covered in Law 37 . The illegal nature of this offence was later returned to Law 33 , but reverted to Law 37 in 2013 . In 1948 the MCC issued a reminder to batsman , advising them not to handle the ball for any reason at any point during a cricket match , but it is relatively common for batsmen to pick the ball up and return it to the fielding side . Charles Wright was the first player to be dismissed for returning the ball to a fielder in first @-@ class cricket ; albeit wrongly . Brodribb relates that in an 1893 match , W. G. Grace influenced Wright to return the ball to him , and upon doing so , appealed . The umpire dismissed Wright , despite a clause added to the law nine years previous stating that a batsman would not be ruled out if they were returning the ball at the request of the fielding side .
In 2013 , the law received a major change . Prior to this , there had been ambiguity in certain situations whether handling the ball or obstructing the field was applicable . This ambiguity was removed by setting a clear demarcation point between the two as the point when the striker has " finished playing the ball " : before this point , handling the ball applies ; thereafter , obstructing the field applies . The result is that only the striker can now be dismissed handled ball , and only during the short period when the striker is playing ( or is attempting to play ) the ball , either as a first or subsequent stroke . The act of handing the ball back to the fielding side , mentioned above , is therefore no longer regarded as the striker playing the ball , resulting in this event now being dealt with under obstructing the field .
In total , there have been 60 occasions on which a batsman has been given out handled the ball in first @-@ class cricket and 5 instances in List A cricket . The most recent dismissal of this fashion in first @-@ class cricket occurred during a County Championship contest between Leicestershire and Kent in April 2016 , when Kent batsman Sean Dickson was dismissed for the infraction . Brodribb suggests that it is likely that there should have been a significant number more dismissals than there have been for handling the ball : in addition to the cases where batsman have returned the ball to the fielding side without permission , there are records of cases in which the umpires have been reticent to uphold an appeal . On one such instance , the umpire David Constant rejected an appeal against Younis Ahmed , saying that he thought the appeal was not serious .
= = Occasions in international cricket = =
The first occasion of a batsman being given out handled the ball in international cricket occurred during a Test match between South Africa and England in Cape Town in 1957 . In the second innings of the match , the South African Russell Endean padded away a delivery from Jim Laker . The ball looped off his pads into the air , and was falling towards his stumps until Endean instinctively knocked it away with his free hand . He later suggested that he had " thought of heading it away , but that seemed too theatrical . " The second instance came 22 years later during a bad @-@ tempered series between Australia and Pakistan that also involved another rare dismissal method : Mankading . Andrew Hilditch was the victim in this match ; he picked up the ball and returned it to the bowler after a wayward throw from a fielder . The bowler , Sarfraz Nawaz , appealed for the wicket and Hilditch was given out . Another Pakistan player , Asif Iqbal , distanced himself from the incident , commenting that he felt " there was no need for us to stoop so low as to appeal against Hilditch " . Hilditch 's dismissal marked the only time that a non @-@ striking batsman has been given out for handling the ball . The next case also occurred in a match between Australia and Pakistan . The match was marred by stones being thrown at the Australians in the field , providing a tense atmosphere . Mohsin Khan defended a delivery from Geoff Lawson , which then landed behind him . Mohsin pushed the ball away from the stumps with his hand , resulting in the wicket .
Desmond Haynes was the fourth man to be dismissed for handling the ball in Test cricket , just over a year after Mohsin . Facing India in late 1983 , Haynes had been struck on the bat and pad by the ball , which then headed towards the stumps . The West Indian batsman redirected the ball away from the stumps with his free hand . Upon being given out , Haynes — who was ignorant of the law regarding handling the ball — argued with the umpire about the dismissal . After asking the bowler , Kapil Dev , if he wanted to withdraw his appeal , the umpire sent Haynes back to the pavilion . The first instance in One Day Internationals was in 1986 , when the Indian batsman Mohinder Amarnath knocked away a turning delivery from Australia 's Greg Matthews that was heading for the stumps . In 1993 , Graham Gooch became the only player to be dismissed for handling the ball after scoring a century . Playing defensively to try and draw the Test match against Australia , Gooch blocked a short ball from Merv Hughes . The ball flicked off his bat and fell towards his stumps , prompting Gooch to instinctively punch the ball away : Australia won the match by 179 runs .
The dismissal of Daryll Cullinan in 1999 was the second instance in ODIs : facing the West Indian spinner Keith Arthurton , Cullinan fended the ball off into the ground . It bounced high in the air , and Cullinan removed his right hand from his bat to catch it as it fell again . Despite the fact that it was unlikely that the ball would land near the stumps , the West Indies captain , Brian Lara , appealed , and Cullinan was dismissed . The next occurrence was two years later , in a Test match between Australia and India . In the first innings of the match , Steve Waugh was struck on the pads by a delivery from Harbhajan Singh . The umpire turned down the appeal , but as he did so , the ball bounced and spun towards the stumps . Waugh was alerted by a shout from the non @-@ striking batsman , and instinctively swept the ball away with his free hand . The most recent instance came during the same year as Waugh 's dismissal , in another Test match involving India . England 's Michael Vaughan missed an attempted sweep against Sarandeep Singh , and the ball trickled along the ground after striking his pads . Vaughan brushed the ball away with his hand , despite the fact that it
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nightmares about running away from an unknown threat , and decided to incorporate an intelligent enemy capable of trailing and outrunning the protagonist . The chase sequences were designed to evoke a brief sense of tension and fright for the player , although the developers did not want to prolong the tension with the constant presence of monsters , and were concerned that this would become overwhelming and spoil the player 's immersion in the game and interest in the story . The constant presence of monsters was also thought to be irrelevant to Shattered Memories ; director Mark Simmons said , " this Harry Mason is not a guy who is constantly under attack from monsters . It 's not a story of surviving a zombie apocalypse . " Additionally , to make information @-@ gathering in the game realistic and corresponding to modern life standards , the developers substituted text in scattered documents , a common element in survival horror games , for the player 's interaction with the in @-@ game environment and use of the cell phone .
Silent Hill series composer Akira Yamaoka scored the soundtrack of Shattered Memories . It was his final contribution to the Silent Hill series before he resigned from Konami after 16 years with the company . Voice actress Mary Elizabeth McGlynn provided vocals for four musical pieces included in the game and co @-@ directed Shattered Memories ' voice acting , and musician Joe Romersa wrote lyrics for three of the pieces . The game is the first in the series to make prominent use of dynamic music ; a composition is introduced and subsequently retracted , based on the player 's actions , in every major area of the game . Widely varying compositions , ranging from undertones to rock music , were produced for the game .
= = Release = =
A playable demo of Shattered Memories was made available in June 2009 at the annual trade fair Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 ( E3 ) and received favorable reviews from video game journalists . A group of editors of the IGN website gave the game three " Best of E3 " awards in the Wii category for best overall game , best adventure game , and best video game graphics technology . The game was also given a " Best Wii Game " award by editors of the GameSpot website in an article on their preferred games featured at the E3 show .
Shattered Memories was published by Konami for the Wii in North America on December 8 , 2009 ; in Europe on February 26 , 2010 ; and in Japan on March 25 , 2010 . The Australian release was delayed until June 22 , 2010 , due to European supply problems caused by the economic effects of the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull . Major Australian retailers struggled to confirm available copies of the game for several months after the delayed release , potentially damaging initial sales of the game . The PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable versions were published in North America on January 19 , 2010 ; in Europe on February 26 , 2010 ; in Japan on March 25 , 2010 ; and in Australia on April 22 , 2010 . It also became available on the PlayStation Network for Europe and the United Kingdom on April 28 , 2014 . Compatibility with PS Vita was planned but cancelled ; the games are currently only available for the PSP . [ 1 ]
= = Reception = =
According to producer Tomm Hulett , the number of pre @-@ ordered copies of Silent Hill : Shattered Memories " looked very good " . In March 2010 , the game placed fifth on the list of the top forty bestselling PS2 videogames in the United Kingdom and eleventh on the corresponding list for Wii games . However , NintendoWorldReport stated that sales of the game were low . The game eventually broke even with the help of the PS2 port , selling an estimated 440 @,@ 000 copies .
Review aggregator website Metacritic displays an averaged score for Silent Hill : Shattered Memories of 79 / 100 , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Wesley Yin @-@ Poole of VideoGamer.com ranked Shattered Memories in seventh place on his list of " top ten nerve @-@ shredding video games " , and wrote : " Dark , dank and dangerous , Silent Hill grabs you by the scruff of the neck , shakes you till you throw up , then headbutts you right between the eyes . " Gamasutra 's Brandon Sheffield , ranked the game in fifth place on his top ten list of overlooked games of 2009 , and wrote that despite the absence of horror elements , the game was a nice experience . Matt Wales of IGN also included the game in a list of overlooked Wii games , and wrote that the combination of various elements which he regarded as positive delivered " a meticulously @-@ constructed , expertly @-@ paced experience quite unlike anything the series has seen before . "
Chris Schilling of The Daily Telegraph described it as " one of the most innovative and enjoyable survival horrors for many a year . " Eurogamer 's Kristan Reed wrote , " Packed with inventive ideas and one engaging sequence after another , it 's a spirited , poignant and unsettling game that not only delivers a long @-@ overdue return to form , but reinvigorates horror adventures in the process . " According to Lark Anderson of GameSpot , " Shattered Memories is a fantastic return to the core concept of personal fear , and though its developers made some unorthodox decisions — such as removing combat entirely — those decisions have paid off handsomely . " Nintendo Power called it audacious and compelling . In a retrospective feature , Nintendo World Report 's Jonathan Metts generally agreed with Gamespot , stating that the installment " is a noble and arguably successful attempt to revive and reform the survival horror genre . While perhaps not scary , it is genuinely disturbing , shocking , and always interesting . " According to Leigh Alexander of The A.V. Club , the innovation and uniqueness of the installment made it capable of standing alone from the Silent Hill series , without having to use the series ' reputation or name to attract players . Conversely , Game Informer 's Tim Turi considered the frustrating controls and dull pacing to be major flaws , and wrote , " If you ’ re a Silent Hill fan interested in a fresh take on the stale formula , this Wii entry may be the Cheryl you ’ ve been searching for — but it comes at a cost . "
The division of gameplay into puzzle @-@ based exploration , weaponless chase sequences , and therapy scenes drew mixed comments from reviewers . About.com 's Charles Herold wrote that the fast @-@ paced action of the nightmare sequences and the therapy scenes undercut the " trapped in a nightmare " feeling of previous Silent Hill games . Matt Casamassina of IGN wrote that " the separation between safe exploration and puzzling and run @-@ for @-@ your @-@ life monster scenarios is too transparent and as a result you will inevitably come to fear the ice and few things else . " PALGN 's Michael Kontoudis said that the chase sequences severely detracted from the rest of the game . Eurogamer wrote that they created a welcome mix with no gameplay element overemphasized . Reviewers were also divided on whether the chase sequences were potentially frustrating , or quickly grew repetitive . GamesRadar 's Henry Gilbert expressed frustration over the similar enemies and repetitive use of a stock scream . Neon Kelly of VideoGamer.com was concerned by the absence of a possible death of the player character which would result in a " game over " , because he esteemed the fear potentially caused to the player by player character death as a major element of the survival horror genre . The use of the Wii Remote was praised by reviewers as natural @-@ seeming , and well @-@ suited to the movement @-@ based puzzles and scenes .
Shattered Memories ' reimagined plot received praise from reviewers , some of whom found it easier to follow than the plot of the first game . Game Informer drew comparisons with film director M. Night Shyamalan 's style . GamesRadar wrote that the storyline and characterizations were mature , its puzzles clear yet challenging and that the atmospheric scares contributed to the game 's appeal . Justin Haywald of 1UP.com said that the text messages about minor characters not introduced in the game detracted from the overall narrative . The game 's duration , considered relatively short by reviewers , was seen as a drawback , although some reviewers said that the psychological elements and multiple endings increased the replay value of the game . The psychological elements were also criticized . About.com wrote that they were far less subtle than those in Silent Hill 2 , and GamePro 's Will Herring said that while the player @-@ profiling element was ambitious , he did not think it went far enough , as it changed only cosmetic details and character dialogue . Reviewers praised the graphics , and called them detailed and well @-@ done . Chris McMahon of Play placed the game tenth on his list of the " ten best @-@ looking PSP games " . GameTrailers praised the variety of objects , many of which can be manipulated by the player , and the detailed textures which lent the game 's environments authenticity . The soundtrack was favorably received , and reviewers described it as moody , atmospheric , and helping to create tension . The voice acting was similarly well @-@ received as believable . Additionally , the soundtrack won an award for its audio design at the Milthon European Games Awards , an event held in Paris , France , at the Paris Game Festival ; the awards were handed out by an eight @-@ person jury and the French Minister of Culture and Communication .
Metacritic shows an averaged score of 77 / 100 for the PlayStation 2 port , indicating generally favorable reviews . Casamassina gave the PS2 port a score of 8 @.@ 0 / 10 , and wrote that while the graphics and control system in the Wii version were better , the port held up well . For the PlayStation Portable port , Metacritic displays an averaged score of 73 / 100 , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . Casamassina gave it a score of 7 @.@ 0 , and commented upon the " obvious visual downgrades " , " sluggish controls " , and " the inability to directly control and point his flashlight " . In his review of both ports , Haywald said that the control systems of both ports worked well , and described them as " a technical triumph " .
= Chew Valley Lake =
Chew Valley Lake ( grid reference ST5659 ) is a large reservoir in the Chew Valley , Somerset , England , and the fifth @-@ largest artificial lake in the United Kingdom ( the largest in south @-@ west England ) , with an area of 1 @,@ 200 acres ( 4 @.@ 9 km ² ) . The lake , created in the early 1950s and opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1956 , provides much of the drinking water for the city of Bristol and surrounding area , taking its supply from the Mendip Hills . Some of the water from the lake is used to maintain the flow in the River Chew .
Before the lake was created , archaeological investigations were carried out that showed evidence of occupation since Neolithic times and included Roman artefacts . The lake is an important site for wildlife and has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) and a Special Protection Area ( SPA ) . It is a national centre for birdwatching , with over 260 species recorded . The lake has indigenous and migrant water birds throughout the year , and two nature trails have been created . The flora and fauna provide habitats for some less common plants and insects .
Some restricted use for recreational activities is permitted by the owner , Bristol Water , including dinghy sailing and fishing , primarily for trout .
= = Location = =
Chew Valley Lake is in the Chew Valley at the northern edge of the Mendip Hills , surrounded by meadows and woods and close to the villages of Chew Stoke , Chew Magna and Bishop Sutton . When it was built in the 1950s , its 1 @,@ 200 acres ( 4 @.@ 9 km ² ) were flooded with 4 @,@ 500 million imperial gallons ( 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 m ³ ) of water from the Mendip hills , with a catchment area of 14 @,@ 000 acres ( 57 km ² ) . It is shallow , with an average depth of 14 ft ( 4 m ) at top level and a maximum depth of just 37 ft ( 11 m ) . It is fed by small rivers , and it flows into the River Chew for 17 miles ( 27 km ) before it joins the Avon to head out to sea . The deepest part is near the dam and the outlet tower , where the steeply sloping shores of Walley Bank and the north shore result in depths of up to 20 ft ( 6 m ) . " Denny Island " , above the surface throughout the year , is wooded and provides a habitat for wildlife .
The lake is owned and operated by Bristol Water , which created it in 1956 when the demand became too large for nearby Blagdon Lake . Working with the Avon Wildlife Trust , Somerset Wildlife Trust and other environmental groups , Bristol Water has encouraged various species of birds and plants , and created a venue for visitors .
It has two landscaped picnic areas . Facilities include a tea shop , with indoor and outdoor seating areas with a view of the lake , and information centre . There are a souvenir shop and small art gallery and two nature trails . The Grebe Trail is a hard @-@ surfaced , all @-@ weather path suitable for pedestrians , pushchairs and wheelchairs and covers a circuit 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) long , starting and finishing at the wooded picnic area . The Bittern Trail is reached from the Grebe Trail by the footbridge over Hollow Brook . The grassy path is often waterlogged in winter , but there is a boardwalk over a short section . The trail runs along the east shore , visits an open bird hide and returns to the footbridge , making a 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 5 @-@ kilometre ) circuit . Bristol Water imposes conditions on visitors , particularly related to the areas where dogs are allowed .
= = Access and transportation = =
Access to the waterside is restricted in places to reduce the disruption to wildlife . Paths around the lake are generally flat and , where paths are surfaced , wheelchair access is possible .
Visitors are officially invited to use public transport , but overwhelmingly arrive by private car , encouraged by the provision of parking spaces . The " Chew Valley Explorer " bus route 672 / 674 provides access .
In 2002 a 1 @.@ 9 @-@ mile ( 3 @-@ kilometre ) safe cycle route , the Chew Lake West Green Route , was opened along the B3114 on the western part of the lake . It forms part of the Padstow to Bristol West Country Way , National Cycle Network Route 3 . It has all @-@ weather surfacing , providing a smooth off @-@ road facility for ramblers , mobility @-@ challenged visitors and cyclists of all abilities . It was funded by Bath and North East Somerset Council with the support of Sustrans and the Chew Valley Recreational Trail Association . Minor roads around the lake are also frequently used by cyclists .
Bristol Airport is approximately 10 miles ( 15 km ) away . The nearest major road is the A368 , which runs along the southern edge of the lake and provides access from Bath and Weston super Mare . The A37 and A38 are slightly further away , providing access from Bristol . Car parking is available at the visitor centre and Woodford Lodge , for which a charge is made , and a small amount of parking is available at points around the lake ; some of these are restricted to those with fishing permits .
= = History = =
The area the lake covers was once rich farmland . Farms and houses had to be removed before the land was flooded , and old roads , hedgerows and tree stumps can reappear when dry summers cause the level of the lake to drop . Prior to the flooding of the reservoir , archaeological excavations were carried out by Philip Rahtz and Ernest Greenfield employed by the Ministry of Works , from 1953 to 1955 . The excavations found evidence of people belonging to the consecutive periods known as Upper Palaeolithic , Mesolithic and Neolithic ( Old , Middle and New Stone Age ) , Bronze Age and Iron Age , including implements such as stone knives , flint blades and the head of a mace , along with buildings and graves . The artefacts from this period are held at Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery . Further evidence of Neolithic and Bronze Age occupation is provided by the archaeological survey of the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty .
Excavations have also uncovered Roman remains , indicating agricultural and industrial activity from the second half of the first century to third century AD . The finds included a villa at Chew Park where wooden writing tablets ( the first in the UK ) with ink writing were found . The tablets were sent to the British Museum , but other Roman material is on display at the Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery with the lake 's other historical artefacts .
Further excavations around the village of Moreton , which has now been totally submerged , found evidence of a thriving community in medieval times and possibly the remains of the Nunnery of Santa Cruz . During the Middle Ages farming was the most important activity in the area covered by the lake , supported by four flour mills powered by the River Chew . Stratford Mill was demolished and re @-@ erected in the grounds of Blaise Castle Museum , in north @-@ west Bristol . The largest settlement was Moreton , which is listed in the Domesday Book and survived until the flooding of the lake , when the remains of the Moreton Cross were moved to Chew Stoke Parish Church . There is evidence of lime kilns , which were used in the production of mortar for the construction of local churches . Farming , both arable and dairy , continued until the flooding of the lake , with most households also keeping pigs . There were orchards for fruit production , including apples , pears and plums . Moreton was also the site of gunpowder mill in the 18th century .
= = = Reservoir = = =
Plans for the building of the reservoir were under discussion before the Second World War , and an Act of Parliament submitted by the Bristol Waterworks Company was passed in 1939 . Following this , farms were bought by the company and farmed by the previous owners as tenancies . Farms and buildings still remaining in private hands were acquired by compulsory purchase . The sanction for construction was given in 1949 and the contract awarded to A.E. Farr , who employed 300 people on the site . The main dam was stabilised by injecting concrete into the cracks in the bedrock . The core of the dam was made of puddled clay mixed with sand . This was the first time the gain in strength brought about by the use of sand drains had been quantified . The lake was inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II , accompanied by Prince Philip , with the unveiling of a commemorative stone and plaque , which can be seen from the dam , on 17 April 1956 , although it was not full until 25 February 1958 . Flowers were presented to the Queen at the opening of Chew Valley Lake by Judith Blair Brown , daughter of Kennedy Brown , who worked at Bristol Water Works at the time of construction of the lake .
During the storm of 10 July 1968 , the lake gained an extra 471 million imperial gallons ( 2 @,@ 140 @,@ 000 m ³ ) and rose 19 inches ( 480 mm ) in under 12 hours . At one point worried Bristol police issued a warning that the dam might not hold , prompting localised evacuation of populated valley areas downstream including Pensford and Keynsham .
= = Ecology = =
The lake is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) and a Special Protection Area ( SPA ) ( Site Code : UK9010041 ) largely because of the diversity of species and habitats . Providing further protection , much of the area around the lake also falls within the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) .
The lake appears to have a higher sedimentation rate than would be expected in other similar reservoirs , being in the region of 100 – 150 t.km − 2.yr − 1 .
= = = Geology = = =
The main geological outcrops around the lake are mudstone , largely consisting of red siltstone resulting in the underlying characteristic of the gently rolling valley landscape . Bands of sandstone from the Triassic period contribute to the undulating character of the area . There are also more recent alluvial deposits beside the course of the River Chew .
= = = Birds = = =
Over 260 species of birds have been recorded at Chew , an internationally important site for wintering and migrating wildfowl . From late July to February , up to 4 @,@ 000 ducks ( Anatidae ) of twelve different species may be present , including internationally important numbers of northern shoveler ( Anas clypeata ) and gadwall ( Anas strepera ) . Up to 600 great crested grebes ( Podiceps cristatus ) gather to moult on the lake in autumn . Data on bird species and their numbers on the lake , dating back to the first " ringing " in 1964 , is available from the Chew Valley Ringing Station .
Numerous other birds can be seen , especially during the spring and autumn migration . Sand martins ( Riparia riparia ) arrive early and can usually be seen hawking over the water for insects in the second or third week of March . Flocks of tits ( Paridae ) , swallows ( Hirundinidae ) and terns ( Sternidae ) can regularly be seen . Waders , such as lapwings ( Vanellus vanellus ) , dunlin ( Calidris alpina ) and common snipe ( Gallinago gallinago ) , are attracted to the muddy shores if the water level drops in autumn . By midwinter up to 55 @,@ 000 gulls , mostly black @-@ headed gull ( Chroicocephalus ridibundus ) and common gull ( Larus canus ) , may be roosting . Good numbers of reed warblers ( Acrocephalus scirpaceus ) and sedge warblers ( A. schoenobaenus ) nest in the fringing reeds , along with grebes ( Podicipedidae ) and Eurasian coots ( Fulica atra ) .
Much of the management work carried out in the nature reserve is aimed at encouraging ducks to breed , and small numbers of tufted duck ( Aythya fuligula ) , common pochard ( Aythya ferina ) , common shelduck ( Tadorna tadorna ) and gadwall raise broods most years . Recent breeding successes also include water rail ( Rallus aquaticus ) and Cetti 's warbler ( Cettia cetti ) .
A wetland reserve has been created at Heron 's Green Pool on the opposite side of the causeway to the lake . A shallow pool fringed with sedges ( Cyperaceae ) , rushes ( Juncaceae ) and reedgrasses ( Calamagrostis ) and surrounded by lightly grazed , rough grassland may also prove attractive to snipe and lapwings
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= = = Fish = = =
In late summer large shoals of roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) and perch ( Perca fluviatilis ) fry congregate around the margins and weed beds , which are predated by the brown trout ( Salmo trutta morpha fario ) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) . Chew Valley also holds a large population of pike ( Esox lucius ) , and fishing for these is permitted at certain times of the year .
= = = Insects = = =
Aquatic midges ( Chironomidae ) provide the highest proportion of the fly life of the lake . The trout ( Salmonidae ) will feed at the surface on these and water boatmen ( Corixidae ) , and below the surface on the caddisfly ( Trichoptera ) larvae and pupae ; they will also take the adult caddisflies when they emerge . Other aquatic fauna including daphnia and snails are also found in the lake . Large populations of dragonflies , including migrant hawker ( Aeshna mixta ) and significant numbers of ruddy darter ( Sympetrum sanguineum ) , occur at the lake . Eleven species of wainscot moth make their home in the reed beds , including the nationally local brown @-@ veined wainscot ( Archanara dissoluta ) , twin @-@ spotted wainscot ( Archanara geminipuncta ) and silky wainscot ( Chilodes maritimus ) .
= = = Vegetation = = =
The lake is surrounded with fringing reedbeds , carr woodland and grassland , which are managed by Bristol Water . The water conditions are eutrophic with run off from local fields and streams . Open @-@ water plant communities are rather sparse , largely comprising fennel pondweed ( Potamogeton pectinatus ) , lesser pondweed ( Potamogeton pusillus ) , opposite @-@ leaved pondweed ( Groenlandia densa ) and water @-@ crowfoot ( Ranunculus spp . ) . On neutral soils around the reservoir , pepper @-@ saxifrage ( Silaum silaus ) , burnet @-@ saxifrage ( Pimpinella saxifraga ) and devil 's @-@ bit scabious ( Succisa pratensis ) occur , and on calcareous soils fairy flax ( Linum catharticum ) , dwarf thistle ( Cirsium acaule ) and salad burnet ( Sanguisorba minor subspecies minor ) are found .
The small and medium @-@ sized fields around the lake are generally bounded by hedges and occasionally by tree belts and woodland , some of which date back to the most evident period of enclosure of earlier open fields which took place in the late medieval period . Mature oak ( Quercus ) and ash ( Fraxinus excelsior ) trees are characteristic of the area with occasional groups of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) and chestnuts ( Castanea sativa ) . Many elm ( Ulmus ) trees have been lost in this area , and dead / dying elms are also evident in the surrounding landscape .
Four areas of woodland containing 157 trees has been planted by The Life for a Life Charity around the lake on the Restaurant side , for the cremated remains of loved ones to be placed beneath them . These forests contain Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) , English oak ( Quercus robur ) , rowan ( Sorbus aucuparia ) and the silver birch ( Betula pendula ) .
= = Leisure use = =
The lake is used for a wide variety of leisure pursuits .
= = = Birdwatching = = =
During 2005 – 2006 Bristol Water started restoring two artificial islands . These are intended to provide safe nesting and roosting sites for a range of wildfowl . Permits to enter the reservoir enclosure and to use the access roads , paths and bird hides are available ( for a fee ) only to members of ornithological and naturalist societies recognised by Bristol Water . They can be obtained from Woodford Lodge and include conditions of use imposed by the owners .
= = = Sailing = = =
Chew Valley Lake Sailing Club has a sailing area , approximately 1 @.@ 9 miles ( 3 km ) long , for dinghy sailing . The lake is divided into two areas : a restricted summer area which is available during the fishing season ( mid @-@ March to mid @-@ October ) , and the full area which can be used throughout the winter and on Sunday afternoons . The sailing area is marked out by lines of small white buoys . Racing marks are red buoys with flags , although large inflatable marks are used of open events .
The club can cater for fleets of over one hundred boats and it hosts large national events . Normal club racing has fleet starts for the following dinghy classes : Flying Fifteen ( keelboat ) , Laser ( dinghy ) , Solo ( dinghy ) and Topper ( dinghy ) as well as a handicap fleet run under the Portsmouth yardstick scheme . Five slipways enable easy launching . Off the water , the clubhouse facilities include large changing rooms , hot showers , hot food at the weekends , a bar and terrace overlooking the lake . The club caters for disabled people with facilities on both floors and a lift . Royal Yachting Association sailing courses are held at the club for members including race training , youth training , powerboat training , race officer training as well as more informal training run within each fleet .
= = = Fishing = = =
Seasonal day and afternoon bank fishing permits are available at Woodford Lodge . The restrictions imposed by Bristol Water mean that no fishing is allowed from the dams or stone embankments , the sailing club , in front of Stratford bird hide , in front of the picnic areas and in the nature reserve . There is a fleet of 32 motor boats for hire to fish .
= Drake ( musician ) =
Aubrey Drake Graham ( born October 24 , 1986 ) is a Canadian rapper , singer , songwriter , record producer , and actor . Drake initially gained recognition as an actor on the teen drama series Degrassi : The Next Generation in the early 2000s . Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , he departed the series in 2007 following the release of his debut mixtape Room for Improvement . He would go onto release two further independent projects , before signing to American rapper Lil Wayne 's Young Money Entertainment in June 2009 .
Drake would release his debut studio album , Thank Me Later , in 2010 to commercial success . Thank Me Later would debut at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was soon certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . His next two releases , 2011 's Take Care and 2013 's Nothing Was the Same , were worldwide successes , with each being certified platinum in U.S. sales , and the former earning him his first Grammy Award for Best Rap Album . They were followed by two mixtapes , with the trap influenced If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late , and a collaboration with Future for What a Time to Be Alive , in 2015 . Each mixtape saw widespread commercial success , with the former being certified double platinum in the U.S. , as well as to rave critical reception . Drake would release his fourth album , Views , in 2016 , breaking numerous chart records in the process . Views sat atop the Billboard 200 for ten nonconsecutive weeks , becoming the first album by a solo male to remain at number one the longest in over 10 years . It also saw Drake leading the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 simultaneously for eight weeks , breaking the previous record of seven held by both Michael Jackson and Whitney Houston . It also achieved double platinum status in the U.S. , and earned over 1 million album @-@ equivalent units in the first week of its release .
Alongside his Grammy Award win , Drake has won three Juno Awards and six BET Awards . He also occupies the highest number of singles to reach number one on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . He has the most number ones on the Hot Rap Songs , Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay and Rhythmic Charts .
Drake had developed into other ventures , including his OVO Sound record label with Noah " 40 " Shebib , in early 2012 . Drake also acts as a producer , producing under the pseudonym of Champagne Papi . Using the the " OVO " moniker , Drake has also marketed a clothing line , as well as having his own channel on Beats 1 . He is also currently acting as the global ambassador for NBA franchise , the Toronto Raptors .
= = Early life = =
Aubrey Drake Graham was born on October 24 , 1986 , in Toronto , Ontario . His father , Dennis Graham , is an African American and a practicing Catholic Christian from Memphis , Tennessee , and worked as a drummer , performing alongside country musician Jerry Lee Lewis . Through his father , bass guitarist Larry Graham and songwriter Teenie Hodges are his paternal uncles . Drake 's mother , Sandi Graham ( née Sher ) is a white Jewish Canadian , and worked as an educator of English and as a florist . Drake 's parents divorced when he was five years old . After the divorce , he and his mother remained in Toronto , whilst his father chose to return to Memphis in order to find a way to supplement himself financially . As a child , he witnessed his father 's arrest whilst visiting him in Memphis .
Drake was raised in two polarizing Toronto neighbourhoods ; he lived on Weston Road in the city 's working @-@ class west end , until the sixth grade . In his youth , he played minor hockey with the Weston Red Wings . Drake would then move to the city 's affluent suburb Forest Hill , in 2000 . When asked about the move to Forest Hill , Drake replied , " [ We had ] a half of a house we could live in . The other people had the top half , we had the bottom half . I lived in the basement , my mom lived on the first floor . It was not big , it was not luxurious . It was what we could afford . "
He attended the Forest Hill Collegiate Institute , where he demonstrated an affinity for the arts , first acting whilst an active student at the school . He later attended Vaughan Road Academy in the city 's multicultural Oakwood – Vaughan neighborhood . Due to the economic status associated with the neighborhood , Drake described the school as " not by any means the easiest school to go to . [ It 's tough ] . " Upon realizing that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his burgeoning acting career , Drake dropped out of school . He would then graduate in October 2012 .
= = Career = =
= = = 2001 – 05 : Degrassi : The Next Generation = = =
At 15 , Drake met an acting agent , the father of a high school friend . The agent found Drake a role on Canadian teen drama Degrassi : The Next Generation . Drake portrayed Jimmy Brooks , a basketball star who became physically disabled after he was shot by a classmate . When asked about his early acting career , Drake replied , " My mother was very sick . We were very poor , like broke . The only money I had coming in was off of Canadian TV . " He would continue his acting career on the show until 2007 , returning for sporadic appearances until his character graduated from Degrassi . Overall , Drake appeared in a total of 145 episodes .
= = = 2006 – 09 : Mixtapes and So Far Gone = = =
After becoming musically inspired by Jay Z and Clipse , Drake self @-@ released his debut mixtape , Room for Improvement , in 2006 . The mixtape featured Trey Songz and Lupe Fiasco , and included vast production from Canadian producers Boi @-@ 1da , and Frank Dukes . When asked about the mixtape , Drake described the project as " pretty straightforward , radio friendly , [ and ] not much content to it . " The mixtape was released for sale only , and confirmed to have sold over 6 @,@ 000 copies . In 2007 , he released his second mixtape , Comeback Season . Released from his recently founded October 's Very Own label , it spawned the single " Replacement Girl " , featuring Trey Songz . The song made Drake become the first ever unsigned Canadian rapper to have his music video featured on BET , with " Replacement Girl " being featured as the " New Joint of the Day " on April 30 , 2007 . The song also saw Drake sample " Man of the Year " by Brisco , Flo Rida and Lil Wayne , retaining Lil Wayne 's verse , and adjoined his own to the song 's earlier half . This caused Jas Prince to gift Lil Wayne the song , which prompted the rapper to invite Drake to Houston in order to join his Tha Carter III tour . Throughout the duration of the tour , Drake and Lil Wayne recorded multiple songs together , including " Ransom " , the original version of " I Want This Forever " , and a remix to " Brand New " . Despite the collaborations between the duo , Drake was yet to be signed by Young Money Entertainment .
In 2009 , Drake released his third mixtape , So Far Gone . It was made available for free download on his blog website , and was set to feature Lil Wayne , Bun B , Omarion , Lloyd and Trey Songz . It received over 2 @,@ 000 downloads in the first 2 hours of release , finding mainstream commercial success due to " Best I Ever Had " and " Successful " , both reaching Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . This prompted the release of an EP , featuring only four songs from the original mixtape , as well as the addition of " I 'm Goin ' In " and " Fear " . It debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 , and won the Rap Recording of the Year at the 2010 Juno Awards .
Due to the success of the mixtape , Drake was the subject of a bidding war from various labels , often reported as " one of the biggest bidding wars ever " . Despite this , it was confirmed that on June 29 , 2009 , Drake had secured a recording contract with Young Money Entertainment . This was confirmed following the planned lawsuit from Drake and Young Money against an unauthorized album entitled The Girls Love Drake , which was released on iTunes under dubious means .
Whilst participating on the America 's Most Wanted Tour in July 2009 , Drake fell on stage while performing " Best I Ever Had " in Camden , New Jersey . Drake was confirmed to have torn his anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee during the performance , and underwent surgery on September 8 , 2009 .
= = = 2010 – 11 : Thank Me Later = = =
Drake planned to release his debut album , Thank Me Later , in late 2008 , but the album 's release date was postponed , first to March 2010 , then May 25 , 2010 . Young Money and Universal Motown had then released a statement that the album had been pushed back three weeks , for a June 15 , 2010 , release .
On March 9 , 2010 , Drake released the debut single " Over " , peaking at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100 , as well as topping the Rap Songs chart . It also received a nomination for Best Rap Solo Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards . His second single , " Find Your Love " , became an even bigger success ; peaking at number five on the Hot 100 , and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The music video for the single was shot in Kingston , Jamaica , and was criticized by Jamaica 's minister of tourism , Edmund Bartlett . Bartlett condemned the portrayal of the island in the video , saying , " care has to be taken by all , including our creative artists , in [ showcasing ] images of our destination and people . Gun culture , while not unique to Jamaica , is not enhancing [ the island 's image ] . " The third single and fourth singles , " Miss Me " and " Fancy " respectively , attained moderate commercial success , however , the latter garnered Drake his second nomination at the 53rd Grammy Awards , for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group .
Thank Me Later was released on June 15 , 2010 , debuting at number one on the Billboard 200 with sales of over 447 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . Upon the album 's release , 25 @,@ 000 fans gathered at New York City 's South Street Seaport for a free concert , hosted by Drake and Hanson . A near @-@ riot ensued after police cancelled the show due to overflowing crowds . The album became the top selling debut album for any artist in 2010 , and features Jay Z , Kanye West , and Lil Wayne .
It was soon announced that Drake would have a prominent role in military science fiction video game , Gears of War 3 . He was scheduled to play the part of Jace Stratton , but scheduling conflicts with his upcoming Away from Home Tour prevented Drake from accepting the role . He began the tour on September 20 , 2010 in Miami , Florida , performing at 78 shows at four different legs . It concluded in Las Vegas in November 2010 . Due to the success of the Away From Home Tour , Drake hosted the first OVO Festival in 2010 . It would soon become a regular event during the summer , with the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto playing host to the festival on its annual cycle . Drake also had a eco @-@ friendly college tour to support the album , beginning with Eastern Illinois University in Charleston , Illinois . It concluded in Plymouth , New Hampshire on May 8 , 2010 . He also performed at The Bamboozle along with Kesha .
= = = 2011 – 12 : Take Care = = =
Beginning his second effort in the fall of 2010 , Drake would announce his intentions to allow for Noah " 40 " Shebib to handle most of the production and record a more cohesive sound than on Thank Me Later , which featured disparate production duties by Shebib and others . In November 2010 , Drake revealed the title of his next studio album will be Take Care . In comparison to his debut album , Drake revealed to Y.C Radio 1 that Thank Me Later was a rushed album , stating , " I didn ’ t get to take the time that I wanted to on that record . I rushed a lot of the songs and sonically I didn ’ t get to sit with the record and say , ' I should change this verse . ' " Once it was done , it was done . That ’ s why my new album is called Take Care , because I get to take my time this go @-@ round . " Drake sought to expand on the low @-@ tempo , sensuous , and dark sonic aesthetic of Thank Me Later . Primarily a hip hop album , Drake attempted to incorporate R & B and pop to create a languid , grandiose sound .
In January 2011 , Drake was in negotiations to join Eva Green and Susan Sarandon as a member of the cast in Nicholas Jarecki 's Arbitrage , before ultimately deciding against starring in the movie , to focus on the album . " Dreams Money Can Buy " and " Marvins Room " were released on Drake 's October 's Very Own Blog , on May 20 and June 9 , respectively . Acting as promotional singles for Take Care , the former was eventually unincluded on the album 's final track listing , whilst " Marvins Room " gained Gold certification by the RIAA , as well as peaking at number 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and reaching the top 10 of the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , coupled with extensive play on on contemporary urban radio . Drake would soon release the song 's music on June 28 .
" Headlines " was released on August 9 , acting as the lead single for Take Care . It was met with positive critical and commercial response , reaching number thirteen on the Hot 100 , as well as becoming his tenth single to reach the summit of the Billboard Hot Rap Songs , making Drake the artist with the highest amount of number one singles on the chart , with 12 . It was eventually certified Platinum in both the United States and Canada . The music video for the single was released on October 2 , and foresaw Drake performing the song during the second intermission of the 59th National Hockey League All @-@ Star Game in January 2012 . " Make Me Proud " was released as the album 's second single , on October 16 . It was the final single to be released prior to the launch of the album , and debuted at number 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song reached number nine the following week , tying the record for the largest jump on the Billboard Hot 100 for a male artist , with 88 . " Make Me Proud " soon became Drake 's fourth consecutive single to receive Platinum certification by the RIAA .
Take Care was released on November 15 , 2011 , and received near @-@ universal praise from music critics . John McDonnell of NME dubbed it " an affecting masterpiece " and commended its " delicate , mellifluous sound and unashamedly candid , emotive lyrics . " Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Dombal found Drake 's " technical abilities " to be improved and stated , " Just as his thematic concerns have become richer , so has the music backing them up . " Andy Hutchins of The Village Voice called it " a carefully crafted bundle of contradictory sentiments from a conflicted rapper who explores his own neuroses in as compelling a manner as anyone not named Kanye West . " Chicago Tribune writer Greg Kot complimented the depth of Drake 's " moral psychodramas " and stated , " the best of it affirms that Drake is shaping a pop persona with staying power . " It was also certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA in 2016 , with sales for the album marking 2 @.@ 6 million in the US , as well as winning the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album .
The album 's third and fourth singles , " The Motto " and Take Care " , were released on November 29 , and February 21 , 2012 respectively . Each song was subject to commercial success , whilst also having large societal impacts , with " The Motto " credited for popularizing the phrase " YOLO " in the United States . The music video for " Take Care " saw widespread acclaim , with MTV stating , " None of his contemporaries — not even the ever @-@ obtuse Kanye [ West ] - make videos like this , mostly because no one else can get away with it . " The video received four nominations at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards , for Best Male Video , Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography , and Video of the Year . " HYFR " was the final single to be released from the album , and became certified Gold . It had won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Hip @-@ Hop Video in 2012 . Drake was soon ranked at number two on MTV 's Hottest MCs in the Game list in 2011 .
In promotion of his second album , Drake embarked on the worldwide Club Paradise Tour . It became became the most successful hip @-@ hop tour of 2012 , grossing over $ 42 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . Drake would soon star in Ice Age : Continental Drift , providing the voice for Ethan .
= = = 2012 – 16 : Nothing Was the Same and commercial mixtapes = = =
During the European leg of the Club Paradise Tour , Drake spoke in an interview stating that he had begun working on his third studio album . Revealing his intentions to remain with 40 as the album 's executive producer , Drake spoke fondly about Jamie xx , hoping to expand the British producer 's influence over his next album . Drake had also revealed that the album would stylistically differ from Take Care , departing from the ambient production and despondent lyrics prevalent in the album .
In January 2013 , Drake announced that he would release the first single off of his third album at the conclusion of the 55th Grammy Awards . Despite an initial delay , it was released in the wake of his win for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album at the event , and it foresaw Drake announcing Nothing Was the Same as the title of his third album . The album 's second single " Hold On , We 're Going Home " was released in August 2013 , becoming the most successful single off the album , peaking at number @-@ one the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . Drake felt inspired by Miami Vice during the song 's composition , incorporating the dramatic elements seen in the show into the song 's music video . Drake would appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , performing the album 's third single , " Too Much " , alongside featured artist , Sampha .
Nothing Was the Same was released on September 24 , 2013 , debuting
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Corzo , Miguel Angel . Mortality immortality ? : the legacy of 20th @-@ century art . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute , 1999 . ISBN 0 @-@ 89236 @-@ 528 @-@ 5
Dorge , Valerie , and Sharon L. Jones . Building an emergency plan : a guide for museums and other cultural institutions . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute , 1999 . ISBN 0892365293
Lavédrine , Bertrand , Jean @-@ Paul Gandolfo , and Sibylle Monod . A guide to the preventive conservation of photograph collections . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute , 2003 . ISBN 0 @-@ 89236 @-@ 701 @-@ 6
Schweidler , Max , and Roy L Perkinson . The restoration of engravings , drawings , books , and other works on paper . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute , 2006 . ISBN 0 @-@ 89236 @-@ 835 @-@ 7
Rainer , Leslie and Angelyn Bass Rivera editors . The Conservation of Decorated Surfaces on Earthen Architecture . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute , 2006 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 89236 @-@ 850 @-@ 1
Caneva , Giulia , Maria Pia Nugari , and Ornella Salvadori . Plant Biology for Cultural Heritage : Biodeterioration and Conservation . Los Angeles : Getty Conservation Institute , 2009 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 89236 @-@ 939 @-@ 3
Here is a selection of courses by GCI :
ARIS ( International Course on Architectural Records , Inventories and Information Systems for Conservation )
= = Senior staff = =
Since GCI was established , it has had three directors . Besides the director , the GCI senior staff includes :
Associate Director , Programs : Jeanne Marie Teutonico
Associate Director , Administration : Kathleen Gaines
Chief Scientist : Giacomo Chiari
Head of Education : Kathleen Dardes
Head of Field Projects : Susan Macdonald
In 2009 , GCI had a $ 33 million budget , down from $ 41 million in 2008 .
= = Getty conservation activities outside GCI = =
In addition to the work of the GCI , the J. Paul Getty Trust contributes to the conservation field through the J. Paul Getty Museum conservation departments , the conservation collection located in the library at the Getty Research Institute , and conservation grants provided by the Getty Foundation .
= Original Song =
" Original Song " is the sixteenth episode of the second season of the American television series Glee , and the thirty @-@ eighth episode overall . It was written by Ryan Murphy , directed by Bradley Buecker , and premiered on Fox in the United States on March 15 , 2011 . McKinley High 's glee club , New Directions , decides to prepare original songs for the Regionals competition against the Dalton Academy Warblers , and Westvale High 's Aural Intensity coached by Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) . Blaine ( Darren Criss ) finally shows his affection for Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) . Rachel ( Lea Michele ) tries to repair her relationship with Finn ( Cory Monteith ) and faces off with Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) . New Directions wins the Midwest Regional Show Choir competition , advancing to the upcoming Nationals competition in New York City .
" Original Song " garnered mostly positive reception . Critics praised the interaction between Kurt and Blaine , as well as most of the original songs in the episode . Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald called it a " great " episode " filled with so many good moments " . Cover versions of six songs were featured , including " Raise Your Glass " by Pink and " Blackbird " by The Beatles . The episode also featured an extensive selection of original songs , more so than any previous episode of Glee . The musical performances , cover versions , and original songs in the episode were met with generally positive reviews from critics . With the exception of " Jesus Is My Friend " and " Only Child " , all songs were released as singles available for digital download .
Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 11 @.@ 15 million American viewers and garnered a 4 @.@ 2 / 13 rating / share in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic , according to the Nielsen ratings . The total viewership and ratings for this episode declined slightly from the previous episode , " Sexy " .
= = Plot = =
After the Warblers rehearse " Misery " in preparation for Regionals , Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) confesses his envy over how the Warblers always give Blaine ( Darren Criss ) the solo performance . Later , Kurt honors the sudden death of the Warblers ' canary mascot , Pavarotti , with a performance of " Blackbird " . Blaine is visibly moved by Kurt 's emotional tribute and realizes that he has feelings for Kurt . He later argues that the Warblers shouldn 't rely on him alone for Regionals , and proposes that instead of " Misery " , the group should feature a duet . Blaine is adamant that Kurt be his partner for it , and the vote in favor of it is nearly unanimous . As the two are about to practice their duet of " Candles " , Blaine confesses that he wanted to spend more time with him , and they share their first kiss .
Rachel 's ( Lea Michele ) second attempt at an original song , " Only Child " , proves to be only a small improvement over " My Headband " . Finn ( Cory Monteith ) encourages her to dig deeper into her pain to find her song . Quinn 's ( Dianna Agron ) desire to become prom queen prompts her to get close to Rachel in order to run interference between her and Finn . In doing this , she supports Rachel 's idea of writing original songs for Regionals ; the members of New Directions eventually agree , due to the fact they received a cease and desist letter from My Chemical Romance saying they can 't perform " Sing " for Regionals . Sue later admits to forging the letter in yet another attempt to sabotage the glee club . Rachel confronts Quinn about her relationship with Finn , trusting her to be honest . Quinn admits they have been together for a couple of weeks and tells Rachel that she doesn 't belong in Lima . Quinn says she will remain behind with Finn and Rachel can 't hate her for helping to send her on her way . Hurt , Rachel goes home and uses Quinn 's words as a springboard for writing a new song .
Brittany ( Heather Morris ) confronts Santana ( Naya Rivera ) , saying that she misses their friendship . However , Santana is hostile and angrily says that Brittany " blew her off " , while Brittany shows that she is upset that Santana is still dating Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) even after confessing her love to Brittany . The two are interrupted by Sue , finding that she has filled their lockers with dirt , an event later brought up during the Glee club 's song writing session .
In rehearsal , director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) passes out rhyming dictionaries to help the glee club with songwriting . Showcasing their original songs , Santana sings " Trouty Mouth " as a tribute to Sam 's large mouth and Puck ( Mark Salling ) sings " Big Ass Heart " to Lauren ( Ashley Fink ) . Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) later sings " Hell to the No " . While Will agrees that it 's a great song , he says that it 's not appropriate for Regionals , also noting that the best songs " come from a place of pain " . After the club members share recent hurtful anecdotes , he writes " Loser Like Me " on the board , deciding that could be the title for the yet @-@ unwritten song .
The judges for this year 's Regionals competition are local broadcasting legend Rod Remington ( Bill A. Jones ) , Tea Party candidate and home schooler Tammy Jean Albertson ( Kathy Griffin ) , and former exotic dancer Sister Mary Constance ( Loretta Devine ) . Aural Intensity opens the competition with " Jesus Is My Friend " , a song that Sue selected to cater specifically to the judges . The Warblers open with Kurt and Blaine 's duet of " Candles " , followed by " Raise Your Glass " . Rachel conveys feelings to Finn through the performance of her original song , " Get It Right " , reflecting on the past failures in their rocky relationship and expressing her deep desire to reconcile with Finn . The New Directions respond to Sue 's bullying with their second original song , " Loser Like Me " , an anthem dedicated to the underdogs of high school . New Directions wins the Regionals competition . Rachel is honored with New Directions ' first MVP award .
= = Production = =
The casting notice for Tammy Jean described her as " a middle @-@ aged recent Tea Party candidate and home schooler — a Sarah Palin type " , while Sister Mary Constance is a former stripper . Kathy Griffin and Loretta Devine were cast to guest @-@ star as Regionals judges Tammy Jean Albertson and Sister Mary Constance respectively . Recurring characters who appear include New Directions members Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , Lauren Zizes ( Ashley Fink ) , and Blaine Anderson ( Darren Criss ) , the lead singer of the Dalton Academy Warblers .
Series producer Ryan Murphy first planned an episode entitled " Original Song " to air in early 2010 , during the series ' first season . Prior to this episode , most of Glee 's musical performances were cover versions , and by October 2009 he had received offers from multiple songwriters willing to devise original tracks . At the time , he stated that Diane Warren would write two ballads for the show , and if successful , Glee may continue to use original music in the future , but not all the time . These plans did not come to fruition , nor did a December 2009 claim by OneRepublic frontman Ryan Tedder that he had been recruited by Glee 's music supervisor , Adam Anders , to write an original song for the series . Murphy later stated that he planned to showcase original music during the second season , aiming to find a way for this to occur organically , as : " It wouldn ’ t work [ before ] if they just broke out and started singing their own songs . You wouldn 't get it . I think it has to be an assignment . "
Six original tracks were composed for " Original Song " , entitled " Get It Right " , " Loser Like Me " , " Hell to the No " , " Trouty Mouth " , " Only Child " and " Big Ass Heart " . The first two songs are featured on the series ' sixth soundtrack album , Glee : The Music , Volume 5 . In the episode , " Loser Like Me " was performed by New Directions , with club co @-@ captains Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) and Finn Hudson ( Cory Monteith ) on lead vocals . Described by Glee music supervisor Adam Anders as " a very uptempo , kind @-@ of @-@ summery hit " , the song was co @-@ written with Swedish music songwriter and producer Max Martin , known for his work with many pop artists . Having covered many of Martin 's co @-@ written songs on the series , including songs by Britney Spears and Kelly Clarkson , Anders felt it was appropriate to have his involvement . According to the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers database , co @-@ writers on the song include Anders , Peer Åström , Savan Kotecha , and Johan Schuster . " Get It Right " is a ballad composed specifically for Michele by Anders , his writing partner , and his wife . " Hell to the No " was sung solo by Mercedes . It was titled for the character 's signature catchphrase and was co @-@ written by Anders
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Born in Ontario , he came west and eventually settled in Edmonton , where he practiced law . After a brief stint on Edmonton 's first city council , he was elected in Alberta 's inaugural provincial election as a Liberal . During the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal , he was a leader of the Liberal insurgency that forced Premier Alexander Cameron Rutherford from office .
Though initially left out of cabinet by Arthur Sifton , Rutherford 's successor , Boyle was named Minister of Education in 1912 . He served in this capacity until 1918 , during which time he alienated many non @-@ English speakers by insisting on a unilingual English school system . In 1918 he was made Attorney @-@ General . He retained his seat in the legislature after the Liberal defeat in the 1921 election and briefly served as leader of the Liberal opposition , but was appointed to the bench in 1924 . He was still a judge when he died in 1936 .
= = Early life = =
Boyle was born in Sykeston , Ontario on either February 1 , 1870 or February 3 , 1871 , of Scottish and Irish descent . His father died in 1884 , and Boyle had to leave school to support his family ; he eventually completed high school at Sarnia Collegiate Institute in 1888 and 1889 . Following graduation , he taught school for three years in Lambton County . In 1894 , he came west , though accounts vary as to exactly where he settled and for what purpose : he either studied law in Regina , taught school in Pilot Butte , or settled in Edmonton .
Sources agree that he was in the Edmonton area by 1896 , and that he taught school there before being called to the bar in 1899 . In either 1892 or 1902 he married Dora Shaw , with whom he had three children ( Helen , Frederick and Jean ) . He partnered with Hedley C. Taylor to form Taylor & Boyle , which was later known as Boyle , Parlee , Freeman , Abbott & Mustard ; the firm was a forerunner of the present day Parlee McLaws . Boyle was made King 's Counsel in 1913 .
He ran in the 1904 Edmonton municipal election to elect the first Edmonton City Council ( Edmonton had hitherto been a town ) . He finished second of seventeen candidates in the aldermanic race , and was elected to a two @-@ year term . He resigned in 1906 , before the completion of his term .
= = Provincial politics = =
= = = Early provincial career = = =
In 1905 , Boyle ran in Alberta 's inaugural provincial election as the Liberal candidate in Sturgeon , where he defeated Conservative Frank Knight by a wide margin . Boyle served as Deputy Speaker in the 1st Alberta Legislative Assembly . ( To focus on government affairs , Boyle resigned as Edmonton alderman on May 7 , 1906 and a by @-@ election was held to fill his empty seat . )
During his first term , Boyle supported the selection of Edmonton ( over rival Calgary ) as the new province 's capital , and supported the Liberal government of Alexander Cameron Rutherford in its decision to borrow money to finance the creation of Alberta Government Telephones ( abandoning its usual " pay as you go " approach ) . Boyle predicted that " Alberta , the first to undertake [ a provincial government telephone system ] will become a model for every province in the Dominion . " He also sided with the government in its rejection of Conservative demands that it build and operate railways , as he felt that doing so would not be viable as long as the trunk lines were in private hands . He enthusiastically backed private construction of railways , however , and greeted the announcement of the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway — which was to run northward from Edmonton to Lac la Biche and later Fort McMurray — with what historian L. G. Thomas describes as " an extravagant eulogy ... [ speaking ] of Lac la Biche as another Lake Louise , of Pullmans running from New Orleans to the Arctic circle , and of northern Alberta as a second Cobalt region . "
= = = Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal = = =
The Rutherford government was comfortably re @-@ elected in the 1909 election ; Boyle himself was acclaimed in Sturgeon . Shortly after the elections , rumours began to spread that all was not well with the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway ( A & GWR ) , to which the government had given loan guarantees and on whose behalf it had sold bonds in the London bond market . When the new legislature convened in February 1910 , Boyle tabled a list of eleven questions for the government about the A & GWR . Rutherford , Minister of Railways as well as Premier , duly answered them in writing . Boyle found these answers unsatisfactory , and on February 21 gave notice of a motion to expropriate the A & GWR 's bond money ; he held that the government had raised more money for the A & GWR than was needed for construction . He also alleged that S. B. Woods , deputy to Attorney @-@ General Charles Wilson Cross , had removed key components from the government 's files on the A & GWR , in advance of their having been inspected by Boyle and Conservative leader R. B. Bennett .
Boyle 's resolution rapidly divided the Liberal members between insurgents , led by Boyle and William Henry Cushing ( who resigned his position as Minister of Public Works over the A & GWR issue ) , and loyalists , led by Rutherford and his remaining cabinet ministers , especially Cross . In the ensuing debate , several charges were levelled against Boyle himself : Agriculture Minister Duncan Marshall accused him of being motivated by his rejection for the position of A & GWR solicitor . Boyle admitted applying for the position , but denied that it had anything to do with his attacks on the government . The Edmonton Bulletin accused him of approaching two Liberal members who were also hotel keepers , Lucien Boudreau and Robert L. Shaw , and offering them immunity from prosecution for liquor offenses if they helped bring down Rutherford 's government and replace it with one , led by Cushing , in which Boyle would be Attorney @-@ General .
Though Rutherford survived a motion of non @-@ confidence ( moved by Ezra Riley and seconded by Boyle ) by three votes , he was successfully pressured to resign by Lieutenant @-@ Governor of Alberta George Bulyea . It had been expected that Cushing would replace Rutherford if the latter was defeated , but Bulyea and other prominent Liberals did not have confidence in him , and instead selected Arthur Sifton , Alberta 's Chief Justice .
= = = Minister of the Crown = = =
Sifton left all major figures of the A & GWR affair , including Boyle , out of his first cabinet , and instead appointed fellow judge Charles R. Mitchell Attorney @-@ General . However , in 1912 he decided that enough time had passed for old wounds to heal , and re @-@ appointed Cross as Attorney @-@ General . At the same time , he brought Boyle into his cabinet as Minister of Education . The law required that members newly admitted to cabinet resign their seats in the legislature and immediately contest a by @-@ election ; Boyle was re @-@ elected in Sturgeon by a safe margin .
Boyle 's time as Education Minister was tumultuous : many teachers enlisted to fight in World War I , and many others left the profession for more lucrative opportunities elsewhere . In its members ' handbook , the Alberta Teachers ' Association describes Boyle 's efforts to remedy this situation as " heroic " , citing in particular his convincing the legislature to set a minimum teachers ' salary of $ 840 per year . Another of Boyle 's tactics to alleviate the teacher shortage was to make it easier for teachers qualified in Quebec to teach in Alberta . However , this liberalization was subject to applicants ' English proficiency : Boyle insisted that all instruction in Alberta schools be delivered in English . A Québécois teacher who passed an English language proficiency exam would be granted a temporary teaching license , which could be upgraded to a full Alberta Teaching Certificate with five months ' study at a normal school . Boyle 's insistence that Alberta was English offended not only the province 's French Canadian minority , but also its Ukrainian @-@ speaking population ; an editorial in a Ukrainian newspaper maintained angrily that " the minister of education lies when he says that Alberta is an English province . Alberta is a Canadian province , where everyone has equal rights , including the Ukrainians . " During a by @-@ election in Whitford Boyle accused the Conservatives of promising Ukrainian language schools to court the immigrant vote .
In 1918 , new premier Charles Stewart , who had succeeded Sifton when the latter entered federal politics in 1917 , fired Cross and appointed Boyle Attorney @-@ General . The following year Boyle introduced legislation formally making English Alberta 's only official language . At the time , he boasted that in the past election " my majority came from English electors " in contrast to a Conservative who supported " Russian schools for Russian people " . As Attorney @-@ General , he also supported unsuccessful legislation to allow Imperial Oil to construct a pipeline in Alberta ; in response to bipartisan opposition calling for pipelines to be common carriers , he said that to adopt such a course would be to tell oil companies that they " were free to spend vast sums in exploration work but if oil were found , they were not to pipe it out . "
One of Boyle 's chief responsibilities as Attorney @-@ General was to enforce Alberta 's recently enacted prohibition . This proved difficult , as the law was widely disparaged — not least by judges , who reputedly presided over liquor trials while hungover . In 1921 , Boyle estimated that bootleggers were profiting from prohibition to the tune of C $ 7 million . He was denounced by supporters of prohibition for his ineffectiveness at enforcing it , and by its opponents for " arrogating to himself the powers of a czar . "
In the 1921 election , Boyle both sought re @-@ election in Sturgeon and election in the new multi @-@ member constituency of Edmonton . He was defeated in the former but victorious in the latter , making him one of two members from the 1st Alberta Legislative Assembly to be elected to the 5th ; the other was Cross , Boyle 's predecessor as Attorney @-@ General and rival from the Alberta and Great Waterways Affair . Provincially , the Liberals were soundly defeated by the United Farmers of Alberta ( UFA ) , which , contesting their first election , won 39 seats to the Liberals ' 14 .
= = = Leader of the Alberta Liberals = = =
Late in Stewart 's term as premier , there had been speculation that he would resign due to ill @-@ health , and Boyle was among the candidates mentioned as possible successors . When Stewart did resign , immediately following the 1921 election , Boyle was selected to replace him . In the assessment of Lakeland College historian Franklin Foster , Boyle " showed vigour " in the legislature , where he presented a strong opposition to the new UFA government of Herbert Greenfield . Even so , he showed some private courtesy : when John Edward Brownlee , Greenfield 's Attorney @-@ General and his strongman in the legislature , missed a session due to illness , Boyle assured him that the Liberals would not attack the government too vigorously in his absence .
As leader of the Alberta Liberals , Boyle corresponded extensively with Liberal Party of Canada leader ( and Prime Minister of Canada ) William Lyon Mackenzie King ; according to Foster , Boyle 's letters to King were " a mixture of useless information and pleas to be rescued by an appointment to the bench . " It is possible that one of his letters had some impact on history , however : in 1924 , while Greenfield was attempting to negotiate control of Alberta 's natural resources from King 's federal government , Boyle sent King a letter warning him that the UFA was doomed in the next election unless " something extraordinary happens . That extraordinary thing which Greenfield wants to happen now is obtaining from you the natural resources at once . " King drew out negotiations until Greenfield returned to Alberta empty @-@ handed ; soon after , Greenfield was forced from office by his own backbenchers , and replaced by Brownlee .
= = Judicial career and later life = =
In 1924 , Boyle was appointed to the Supreme Court of Alberta , and resigned from the legislature . He was succeeded as Liberal leader by another former Attorney @-@ General , Charles R. Mitchell . As judge , Boyle once refused to issue an injunction to end a coal miners ' strike that had turned violent , because he believed that the Alberta Provincial Police could contain the violence if properly instructed ( another judge later issued the injunction ) . It was also before Boyle that the statement of claim was filed in MacMillan v. Brownlee , the case that forced Brownlee to resign as premier .
Boyle was a member of the Presbyterian Church , the Masonic Order , and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows . He was still sitting as a judge when he died February 15 , 1936 , on his way to Jamaica . The Edmonton neighbourhood of Boyle Street and the village of Boyle are named in his honour ; perhaps ironically , the latter lies on what was once the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway line .
= = Electoral record = =
= St Eugrad 's Church , Llaneugrad =
St Eugrad 's Church , Llaneugrad is an isolated church near the village of Marian @-@ glas , in Anglesey , north Wales . A church was supposedly founded here by St Eugrad in about 605 , although the earliest parts of the present structure are the nave , chancel and chancel arch , which date from the 12th century . A side chapel was added to the north in the 16th century , and some moderate restoration work was carried out in the 19th century . It contains a 12th @-@ century font , a 13th @-@ century carved stone depicting the crucifixion , and a memorial to one of the officers killed when the Royal Charter sank off Anglesey in 1859 .
The church is still used for worship by the Church in Wales , one of four in a combined parish ; one of the others is St Gallgo 's Church , Llanallgo , founded by Eugrad 's brother . As of 2012 , the parish does not have an incumbent priest . St Eugrad 's is a Grade II * listed building , a national designation given to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " , in particular because it is regarded as a " simple rural church " and " characteristic of the island " , and because of the medieval fabric including the chancel arch , described as " a rare survivor of an early building date for the region . "
= = History and location = =
St Eugrad 's Church is in the countryside in the north @-@ east of Anglesey , north Wales , in the community of Llaneugrad . It is about half a mile ( 800 m ) from the village of Marian @-@ glas and 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) from the county town of Llangefni . The isolated church , set within an oval churchyard , is located at the side of a lane leading to a house and farm . The community of Llaneugrad ( a local government sub @-@ division equivalent to a parish council in England ) takes its name from the church : the Welsh word llan originally meant " enclosure " and then " church " .
The 19th @-@ century writer Samuel Lewis said that the church was supposedly founded in about 605 by St Eugrad . Eugrad was one of the sons of St Caw ( a king from northern Britain ) and a brother of St Gildas . He was also brother of St Gallgo , who founded the nearby church now dedicated to him . St Gallgo 's and St Eugrad 's have been in the same parish since at least 1253 .
No part of any building from the early 7th century survives . The oldest parts of the church are the walls of the nave and the chancel , which are from the 12th century . The north and south doorways were added in the 14th and 15th centuries respectively . A chapel was added to the north side of the chancel in the 16th century . This was at a time when a second altar was added to many churches to allow expressions of devotion to St Mary , and side chapels from the late 15th and early 16th centuries can be found in many Anglesey churches . The 17th century saw the re @-@ roofing of the nave . A porch was added to the south @-@ west corner and a vestry to the north @-@ west in the middle of the 19th century ; Some restoration work ( described as " conservative " ) took place in the later part of the century .
St Eugrad 's is still used for worship by the Church in Wales . It is one of four churches in the combined benefice of Llaneugrad and Llanallgo with Penrhosllugwy with Llanfihangel Tre 'r Beirdd . It is within the deanery of Twrcelyn , the archdeaconry of Bangor and the Diocese of Bangor . As of 2012 , there is a vacancy for an incumbent priest . A service of Holy Communion or Morning Prayer ( in English ) is held at the church most Sunday mornings .
The poet Dafydd Trefor is recorded in a list of clergy for the Bangor diocese of 1504 as being rector of St Gallgo 's and St Eugrad 's , and signed himself as such in a deed of 1524 . The poet and historian John Williams ( better known by his bardic name " Glanmor " ) was rector of the two churches from 1883 until his death in 1891 .
= = Architecture and fittings = =
St Eugrad 's is built in Decorated style using rubble masonry with gritstone dressings . The roof is made of slate and has stone coping . It has a 17th @-@ century bellcote at the west end containing one bell , and stone crosses at the tops of the gables . All of the church 's external walls have been pebbledashed apart from the north and west wall of the chapel and the south porch . The vestry and the porch both have flat roofs and battlements .
The church is entered through the porch at the south @-@ west corner of the nave , which leads to a round @-@ arched 15th @-@ century doorway . Internally , the nave and chancel are separated by a 12th @-@ century arch , which is now covered in plaster . The nave is 18 feet 9 inches by 12 feet 6 inches ( 5 @.@ 7 by 3 @.@ 8 m ) . A doorway on the north side of the nave , from the 14th century , leads into the 19th @-@ century vestry . Alongside the doorway there is a water stoup which shows signs of weathering , and a carved stone depicting the crucifixion . It shows a " crudely carved " figure on a wheel cross , and is probably from the 13th century . It was previously set in a recess above the south door . The plain baptismal font , thought to be from the 12th century , is at the west end of the nave .
The chancel measures 12 feet 9 inches by 10 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 9 by 3 @.@ 2 m ) . Its roof is from the 16th century and has its trusses closer together than the 17th @-@ century nave roof . The south wall of the chancel has a decorated wooden panel dated 1644 , which used to be part of a pulpit . The north wall was removed when the chapel was added , and a beam placed across the opening . The chapel measures 20 feet by 12 feet 9 inches ( 6 @.@ 1 by 3 @.@ 9 m ) . Its roof is also from the 16th century and is similar to the nave roof . There is a blocked 16th @-@ century doorway with a pointed arch on the chapel 's west side .
The windows mainly date from the 19th century . The south wall of the nave has a blocked @-@ up round @-@ headed window from the 12th century . The 19th @-@ century east window has three lights ( sections of window separated vertically by mullions ) topped by tracery in trefoil shapes ( decorative stonework in a three @-@ leaf circular pattern ) . The chapel 's north and west window are similar . The north window in the vestry has details similar to those of the blocked nave window , and reuses some medieval material in the window sill . There is no stained glass in the church ; all the windows have clear glass .
The church furniture ( pews , pulpit , reading desk and chancel rail ) is from the 19th century ; all the items are all decorated with trefoil holes . A survey of church plate within the Bangor diocese in 1906 recorded some plain silver @-@ plated items ( chalice , paten , flagon and alms dish ) without inscriptions or dates .
There are various 18th @-@ century memorials , and some from the 19th and 20th centuries honouring members of the Williams family upon whose land the church stands . John Groome , the Fourth Officer of the Royal Charter ( which sank off the east coast of Anglesey in 1859 with the loss of over 440 lives ) is remembered with a stone memorial in Art Nouveau style .
= = Assessment = =
The church has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II * listed building – the second @-@ highest of the three grades of listing , designating " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . It was given this status on 12 May 1970 , and has been listed as " a simple rural church ( characteristic of the island ) " which is " substantially 12th @-@ century in character and fabric " . Cadw ( the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales and the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes the chancel arch , commenting that it " represents a rare survivor of an early building date for the region " , the 13th @-@ century cruxifixion stone and the 16th @-@ century chancel roof and chapel .
The 19th @-@ century Anglesey historian Angharad Llwyd described the church in 1833 as " a small but stately edifice , of lofty proportions and venerable appearance . " The clergyman and antiquarian Harry Longueville Jones visited in 1844 , and later wrote that " this little edifice is one of the simplest in the island " , although he added that " the plan of the building has been rendered very anomalous " because of the erection of the chapel , " as large as the nave " , on the north side of the chancel . He noted the " rudely sculptured crucifixal figure " , suggesting that it may have come from the churchyard cross . At the time of his visit , he said that the church " was in a state of great neglect " but deserved to be " carefully preserved " because of its " architectural peculiarities " .
A 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey comments that the nave and chancel both have " considerable headroom " , and notes the " very large beam " between the chancel and chapel . It describes the porch as " unusual " because of its flat roof and castellation . A 2009 guide to the buildings of the region describes St Eugrad 's as " very small " , adding that it is " small enough to have preserved its plan from the Early Christian Church " . It comments that the north and south doorways are " obscured " by the " clumsily battlemented " porch and vestry .
= Toy Story 3 =
Toy Story 3 is a 2010 American 3D computer @-@ animated comedy @-@ drama film , and the third installment in the Toy Story series . It was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Directed by Lee Unkrich , the screenplay was written by Michael Arndt , while Unkrich wrote the story along with John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton , respectively director and co @-@ writer of the first two films . The film was released in theaters June 18 , 2010 , and played worldwide from June through October in the Disney Digital 3 @-@ D , RealD , and IMAX 3D formats . Toy Story 3 was the first film to be released theatrically with Dolby Surround 7 @.@ 1 sound .
The plot focuses on the toys Woody , Buzz Lightyear , and their friends dealing with an uncertain future as their owner , Andy , prepares to leave for college . The film features an ensemble voice cast with Tom Hanks , Tim Allen , Joan Cusack , Don Rickles , Wallace Shawn , John Ratzenberger , Estelle Harris , Jodi Benson , and John Morris reprising their roles from the previous films , and Ned Beatty , Michael Keaton , Whoopi Goldberg , Blake Clark ( replacing Jim Varney ) , Timothy Dalton , Kristen Schaal , Bonnie Hunt , and Jeff Garlin joining the returning cast .
Toy Story 3 became the second Pixar film ( after Up ) and third animated film overall ( after Beauty and the Beast and Up ) to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture . It received four more Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Sound Editing , Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song , winning the latter two . Toy Story 3 grossed over $ 1 billion worldwide , becoming the highest @-@ grossing film of 2010 — both in North America and worldwide — and the fifth @-@ highest @-@ grossing film at the time of its release , as well as the third highest grossing animated film of all time and the first animated film to generate $ 1 billion in ticket sales . A sequel , Toy Story 4 , directed by Lasseter is scheduled to be released on June 15 , 2018 .
= = Plot = =
17 @-@ year @-@ old Andy is about to leave for college , and his toys have not been played with for years . He intends to take only Woody with him , and puts Buzz Lightyear , Jessie and the other toys in a bag to be stored in the attic . Andy 's mother mistakenly takes the bag to the curb for garbage pickup . The toys escape and , believing Andy intended to throw them away , decide to climb into a donation box with Barbie bound for Sunnyside Daycare . Woody follows them but is unable to convince them of the mistake .
Andy 's toys are welcomed by the other toys at Sunnyside , and are given a tour of the seemingly idyllic play @-@ setting by Lots @-@ O ' -Huggin ' Bear ( " Lotso " ) , Big Baby , and Ken , with whom Barbie falls in love . The toys choose to stay , except Woody , who attempts to return to Andy , but is instead found by Bonnie , one of the Sunnyside students . She takes Woody home and plays with him along with her other toys , which are well @-@ treated . Meanwhile , at Sunnyside , a group of toddlers play roughly with Andy 's toys , unlike the gentler older children .
Buzz seeks out Lotso to request to have them moved to the older children 's room , but Lotso , who controls Sunnyside in a concentration camp @-@ like style , refuses , explaining that the newer toys need to be sacrificed to the younger children to protect the older ones , who want to avoid enduring such damage and suffering . Seeing promise in Buzz , he resets him to his original space ranger persona , which also resets his memory . At the same time , Mrs. Potato Head , through an eye she accidentally left in Andy 's room , sees Andy searching for the toys and realizes Woody was telling the truth . However , before they can leave , Andy 's toys are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang , guarded by Buzz .
At Bonnie 's house , a toy clown named Chuckles explains to Woody that he , Lotso and Big Baby once had a beloved owner named Daisy . When the toys were accidentally left behind by Daisy 's family during a trip , they made their way back to her house , only to find that Lotso had been replaced , causing Lotso to become resentful .
Woody returns to Sunnyside and learns from a Chatter Telephone toy that there is only one way out of the daycare : the trash . He reconciles with Andy 's other toys and begins planning a way out of Sunnyside . That night , the toys execute their escape , but accidentally reset Buzz to Spanish mode instead of his old persona . Buzz promptly allies himself with Woody and falls in love with Jessie . The toys reach a dumpster , but are caught by Lotso and his gang . As a garbage truck approaches , Woody reveals what he learned about Lotso and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag , which Chuckles had kept , to Big Baby . Lotso smashes the tag and says that toys are meant to be discarded , but this leads an enraged Big Baby to throw Lotso into the dumpster . As the toys try to run away , Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects the trash . The rest of Andy 's toys fall into the back of the truck while trying to rescue him , and a falling television lands on Buzz , restoring his memory and normal personality .
The truck deposits the toys at a landfill , where they find themselves on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder , and then an incinerator . Woody and Buzz help Lotso reach an emergency stop button , only for Lotso to abandon them and escape . The toys resign themselves to their fate , but are soon rescued by the Aliens operating an industrial claw . Lotso is found by a garbage truck driver who straps him to his truck 's radiator grill and drives away . Woody and his friends board another garbage truck back to Andy 's house .
In Andy 's room , Woody climbs into the box with Andy 's college supplies , while the other toys ready themselves for the attic . Woody leaves a note for Andy , who , thinking the note is from his mother , takes the toys to Bonnie 's house and introduces her to them . Bonnie recognizes Woody , who , to Andy 's surprise , is at the bottom of the box . Though hesitant at first , Andy passes Woody on to Bonnie , and then plays with her before leaving . Woody and the other toys watch Andy 's departure as they begin their new lives with Bonnie . Meanwhile , Barbie , Ken and Big Baby have made vast improvements to Sunnyside , and maintain contact with Woody and his friends through letters .
= = Voice cast = =
This is the list of the voice cast for the film :
Several other characters ( such as Bo Peep , RC , Etch , and Wheezy ) are only seen in flashbacks or briefly mentioned . The character of Slinky Dog appeared to be in limbo after the death of his original voice actor Jim Varney on February 10 , 2000 , three months after Toy Story 2 was released . Varney was replaced by Blake Clark . After Clark was cast to play Slinky Dog , the producers realized that Clark and Varney had coincidentally been close friends since they appeared in the 1989 film Fast Food , making the transition a lot easier .
= = Production = =
According to the terms of Pixar 's initial seven @-@ film deal with Disney , all characters created by Pixar for their films were owned by Disney . Furthermore , Disney retained the rights to make sequels to any Pixar film , though Pixar retained the right of first refusal to work on these sequels . In 2004 , when the contentious negotiations between the two companies made a split appear likely , Michael Eisner , Disney chairman at the time , put plans in motion to produce Toy Story 3 at a new Disney studio , Circle 7 Animation . Tim Allen , the voice of Buzz Lightyear , indicated a willingness to return , even if Pixar was not on board .
Screenwriter Jim Herzfeld wrote a script for Circle 7 's version of the film . It focused on the other toys shipping a malfunctioning Buzz to Taiwan , where he was built , believing that he will be fixed there . While searching on the Internet , they find out that many more Buzz Lightyear toys are malfunctioning around the world and the company has issued a massive recall . Fearing Buzz 's destruction , a group of Andy 's toys ( Woody , Rex , Slinky , Mr. Potato Head , Hamm , Jessie , and Bullseye ) venture out to rescue Buzz . At the same time , Buzz meets other toys from around the world that were once loved , but have now been recalled .
In January 2006 , Disney bought Pixar in a deal that put Pixar chiefs Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter in charge of all Disney Animation . Shortly thereafter , Circle 7 Animation was shut down and its version of Toy Story 3 was cancelled . The following month , Disney CEO Robert Iger confirmed that Disney was in the process of transferring the production to Pixar . John Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , Pete Docter , and Lee Unkrich visited the house where they first pitched Toy Story and came up with the story for the film over a weekend . Stanton then wrote a treatment .
This story had no traces of the Circle 7 's version of the film , since the filmmakers
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around the remaining evergreen trees and bushes . Mothers tend to feed in open areas , presumably to make it easier to detect predators , although this may reduce their feeding efficiency . As a ruminant , the giraffe first chews its food , then swallows it for processing and then visibly passes the half @-@ digested cud up the neck and back into the mouth to chew again . It is common for a giraffe to salivate while feeding . The giraffe requires less food than many other herbivores because the foliage it eats has more concentrated nutrients and it has a more efficient digestive system . The animal 's faeces come in the form of small pellets . When it has access to water , a giraffe drinks at intervals no longer than three days .
Giraffes have a great effect on the trees that they feed on , delaying the growth of young trees for some years and giving " waistlines " to trees that are too tall . Feeding is at its highest during the first and last hours of daytime . Between these hours , giraffes mostly stand and ruminate . Rumination is the dominant activity during the night , when it is mostly done lying down .
= = = Social life = = =
Giraffes are usually found in groups . Traditionally , the composition of these groups has been described as open and ever @-@ changing . Giraffes were thought to have few social bonds and for research purposes , a " group " has been defined as " a collection of individuals that are less than a kilometre apart and moving in the same general direction . " More recent studies have found that giraffes do have long @-@ term social associations and may form groups or pairs based on kinship , sex or other factors . These groups may regularly associate with one another in larger communities or sub @-@ communities within a fission – fusion society . The number of giraffes in a group can range up to 44 individuals .
Giraffe groups tend to be sex @-@ segregated although mixed @-@ sex groups made of adult females and young males are known to occur . Particularity stable giraffe groups are those made of mothers and their young , which can last weeks or months . Social cohesion in these groups is maintained by the bonds formed between calves . Female association appears to be based on space @-@ use and individuals may be matrilineally related . Young males also form groups and will engage in playfights . However , as they get older males become more solitary but may also associate in pairs or with female groups . Giraffes are not territorial , but they have home ranges . Male giraffes occasionally wander far from areas that they normally frequent .
Although generally quiet and non @-@ vocal , giraffes have been heard to communicate using various sounds . During courtship , males emit loud coughs . Females call their young by bellowing . Calves will emit snorts , bleats , mooing and mewing sounds . Giraffes also snore , hiss , moan , grunt and make flute @-@ like sounds , and possibly communicate over long distances using infrasound — though this is disputed . During nighttime , giraffes appear to hum to each other above the infrasound range for purposes which are unclear .
= = = Reproduction and parental care = = =
Reproduction in giraffes is broadly polygamous : a few older males mate with the fertile females . Male giraffes assess female fertility by tasting the female 's urine to detect oestrus , in a multi @-@ step process known as the flehmen response . Males prefer young adult females over juveniles and older adults . Once an oestrous female is detected , the male will attempt to court her . When courting , dominant males will keep subordinate ones at bay . During copulation , the male stands on his hind legs with his head held up and his front legs resting on the female 's sides .
Giraffe gestation lasts 400 – 460 days , after which a single calf is normally born , although twins occur on rare occasions . The mother gives birth standing up . The calf emerges head and front legs first , having broken through the fetal membranes , and falls to the ground , severing the umbilical cord . The mother then grooms the newborn and helps it stand up . A newborn giraffe is 1 @.@ 7 – 2 m ( 5 @.@ 6 – 6 @.@ 6 ft ) tall . Within a few hours of birth , the calf can run around and is almost indistinguishable from a one @-@ week @-@ old . However , for the first 1 – 3 weeks , it spends most of its time hiding ; its coat pattern providing camouflage . The ossicones , which have lain flat while it was in the womb , become erect within a few days .
Mothers with calves will gather in nursery herds , moving or browsing together . Mothers in such a group may sometimes leave their calves with one female while they forage and drink elsewhere . This is known as a " calving pool " . Adult males play almost no role in raising the young , although they appear to have friendly interactions . Calves are at risk of predation , and a mother giraffe will stand over her calf and kick at an approaching predator . Females watching calving pools will only alert their own young if they detect a disturbance , although the others will take notice and follow . The bond a mother shares with her calf varies , though it can last until her next calving . Likewise , calves may suckle for only a month or as long as a year . Females become sexually mature when they are four years old , while males become mature at four or five years . However , males must wait until they are at least seven years old to gain the opportunity to mate .
= = = Necking = = =
Male giraffes use their necks as weapons in combat , a behaviour known as " necking " . Necking is used to establish dominance and males that win necking bouts have greater reproductive success . This behaviour occurs at low or high intensity . In low intensity necking , the combatants rub and lean against each other . The male that can hold itself more erect wins the bout . In high intensity necking , the combatants will spread their front legs and swing their necks at each other , attempting to land blows with their ossicones . The contestants will try to dodge each other 's blows and then get ready to counter . The power of a blow depends on the weight of the skull and the arc of the swing . A necking duel can last more than half an hour , depending on how well matched the combatants are . Although most fights do not lead to serious injury , there have been records of broken jaws , broken necks , and even deaths .
After a duel , it is common for two male giraffes to caress and court each other . Such interactions between males have been found to be more frequent than heterosexual coupling . In one study , up to 94 percent of observed mounting incidents took place between males . The proportion of same @-@ sex activities varied from 30 – 75 percent . Only one percent of same @-@ sex mounting incidents occurred between females .
= = = Mortality and health = = =
Giraffes have an unusually long lifespan compared to other ruminants , up to 25 years in the wild . Because of their size , eyesight and powerful kicks , adult giraffes are usually not subject to predation . However , they can fall prey to lions and are regular prey for them in Kruger National Park . Nile crocodiles can also be a threat to giraffes when they bend down to drink . Calves are much more vulnerable than adults , and are additionally preyed on by leopards , spotted hyenas and wild dogs . A quarter to a half of giraffe calves reach adulthood .
Some parasites feed on giraffes . They are often hosts for ticks , especially in the area around the genitals , which has thinner skin than other areas . Tick species that commonly feed on giraffes are those of genera Hyalomma , Amblyomma and Rhipicephalus . Giraffes may rely on red @-@ billed and yellow @-@ billed oxpeckers to clean them of ticks and alert them to danger . Giraffes host numerous species of internal parasite and are susceptible to various diseases . They were victims of the ( now eradicated ) viral illness rinderpest .
= = Relationship with humans = =
Humans have interacted with giraffes for millennia . The San people of southern Africa have medicine dances named after some animals ; the giraffe dance is performed to treat head ailments . How the giraffe got its height has been the subject of various African folktales , including one from eastern Africa which explains that the giraffe grew tall from eating too many magic herbs . Giraffes were depicted in art throughout the African continent , including that of the Kiffians , Egyptians and Meroë Nubians . The Kiffians were responsible for a life @-@ size rock engraving of two giraffes that has been called the " world 's largest rock art petroglyph " . The Egyptians gave the giraffe its own hieroglyph , named ' sr ' in Old Egyptian and ' mmy ' in later periods . They also kept giraffes as pets and shipped them around the Mediterranean .
The giraffe was also known to the Greeks and Romans , who believed that it was an unnatural hybrid of a camel and a leopard and called it camelopardalis . The giraffe was among the many animals collected and displayed by the Romans . The first one in Rome was brought in by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and exhibited to the public . With the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the housing of giraffes in Europe declined . During the Middle Ages , giraffes were known to Europeans through contact with the Arabs , who revered the giraffe for its peculiar appearance .
Individual captive giraffes were given celebrity status throughout history . In 1414 , a giraffe was shipped from Malindi to Bengal . It was then taken to China by explorer Zheng He and placed in a Ming dynasty zoo . The animal was a source of fascination for the Chinese people , who associated it with the mythical Qilin . The Medici giraffe was a giraffe presented to Lorenzo de ' Medici in 1486 . It caused a great stir on its arrival in Florence . Another famous giraffe was brought from Egypt to Paris in the early 19th century as a gift from Muhammad Ali of Egypt to Charles X of France . A sensation , the giraffe was the subject of numerous memorabilia or " giraffanalia " .
Giraffes continue to have a presence in modern culture . Salvador Dalí depicted them with conflagrated manes in some of his surrealist paintings . Dali considered the giraffe to be a symbol of masculinity , and a flaming giraffe was meant to be a " masculine cosmic apocalyptic monster " . Several children 's books feature the giraffe , including David A. Ufer 's The Giraffe Who Was Afraid of Heights , Giles Andreae 's Giraffes Can 't Dance and Roald Dahl 's The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me . Giraffes have appeared in animated films , as minor characters in Disney 's The Lion King and Dumbo , and in more prominent roles in The Wild and in the Madagascar films . Sophie the Giraffe has been a popular teether since 1961 . Another famous fictional giraffe is the Toys " R " Us mascot Geoffrey the Giraffe .
The giraffe has also been used for some scientific experiments and discoveries . Scientists have looked at the properties of giraffe skin when developing suits for astronauts and fighter pilots because the people in these professions are in danger of passing out if blood rushes to their legs . Computer scientists have modeled the coat patterns of several subspecies using reaction – diffusion mechanisms .
The constellation of Camelopardalis , introduced in the seventeenth century , depicts a giraffe . The Tswana people of Botswana saw the constellation Crux as two giraffes – Acrux and Mimosa forming a male , and Gacrux and Delta Crucis forming the female .
= = = Exploitation and conservation status = = =
Giraffes were probably common targets for hunters throughout Africa . Different parts of their bodies were used for different purposes . Their meat was used for food . The tail hairs served as flyswatters , bracelets , necklaces and thread . Shields , sandals and drums were made using the skin , and the strings of musical instruments were from the tendons . The smoke from burning giraffe skins was used by the medicine men of Buganda to treat nose bleeds . The Humr people of Sudan consume the drink Umm Nyolokh ; which is created from the liver and marrow of giraffes . Umm Nyolokh often contains DMT and other psychoactive substances from plants the giraffes eat such as Acacia ; and is known to cause hallucinations of giraffes , believed to be the giraffes ' ghosts by the Humr . In the 19th century , European explorers began to hunt them for sport . Habitat destruction has hurt the giraffe , too : in the Sahel , the need for firewood and grazing room for livestock has led to deforestation . Normally , giraffes can coexist with livestock , since they do not directly compete with them .
The giraffe species as a whole is assessed as Least Concern from a conservation perspective by the IUCN , as it is still numerous . However , giraffes have been extirpated from much of their historic range including Eritrea , Guinea , Mauritania and Senegal . They may also have disappeared from Angola , Mali , and Nigeria , but have been introduced to Rwanda and Swaziland . Two subspecies , the West African giraffe and the Rothschild giraffe , have been classified as Endangered , as wild populations of each of them number in the hundreds . In 1997 , Jonathan Kingdon suggested that the Nubian giraffe was the most threatened of all giraffes ; as of 2010 , it may number fewer than 250 , although this estimate is uncertain . Private game reserves have contributed to the preservation of giraffe populations in southern Africa . Giraffe Manor is a popular hotel in Nairobi that also serves as sanctuary for Rothschild 's giraffes . The giraffe is a protected species in most of its range . It is the national animal of Tanzania , and is protected by law . Unauthorised killing can result in imprisonment . In 1999 , it was estimated that over 140 @,@ 000 giraffes existed in the wild , but estimates in 2010 indicate that fewer than 80 @,@ 000 remain .
= Entoloma sinuatum =
Entoloma sinuatum ( commonly known as the livid entoloma , livid agaric , livid pinkgill , leaden entoloma , and lead poisoner ) is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America . Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus . The largest mushroom of the genus of pink @-@ spored fungi known as Entoloma , it is also the type species . Appearing in late summer and autumn , fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils , or nearby parklands , sometimes in the form of fairy rings . Solid in shape , they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma . The ivory to light grey @-@ brown cap is up to 20 cm ( 8 in ) across with a margin that is rolled inward . The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish , becoming pink as the spores develop . The thick whitish stem has no ring .
When young , it may be mistaken for the edible St George 's mushroom ( Calocybe gambosa ) or the miller ( Clitopilus prunulus ) . It has been responsible for many cases of mushroom poisoning in Europe . E. sinuatum causes primarily gastrointestinal problems that , though not generally life @-@ threatening , have been described as highly unpleasant . Delirium and depression are uncommon sequelae . It is generally not considered to be lethal , although one source has reported deaths from the consumption of this mushroom .
= = Name and relationships = =
The saga of this species ' name begins in 1788 with the publication of part 8 of Jean Baptiste Bulliard 's Herbier de la France . In it was plate 382 , representing a mushroom which he called Agaricus lividus . In 1872 , Lucien Quélet took up a species which he called " Entoloma lividus Bull . " ; although all subsequent agree that this is a fairly clear reference to Bulliard 's name , Quélet gave a description that is generally considered to be that of a different species from Bulliard 's . In the meantime , 1801 had seen the description of Agaricus sinuatus by Christian Persoon in his Synopsis Methodica Fungorum . He based that name on another plate ( number 579 ) published in the last part of Bulliard 's work , and which the latter had labelled " agaric sinué " . German mycologist Paul Kummer reclassified it as Entoloma sinuatum in 1871 .
For many years Quélet 's name and description were treated as valid because Bulliard 's name antedated Persoon 's . However , in 1950 , a change in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( termed the Stockholm Code , after the city where the International Botanical Congress was being held ) caused only names on fungi published after 1801 or 1821 ( depending on their type ) to be valid . This meant that suddenly Bulliard 's name was no longer a valid name , and now it was Persoon 's name that had priority . Nonetheless it was a well @-@ known name , and the already chaotic situation caused by a change to a famous Latin name was further complicated by another of Quélet 's suggestions . He had in 1886 proposed a new , broader genus that included all pink @-@ gilled fungi with adnate or sinuate gills and angular spores : Rhodophyllus . These two approach to genus placement , using either Rhodophyllus or Entoloma , coexisted for many decades , with mycologists and guidebooks following either ; Henri Romagnesi , who studied the genus for over forty years , favoured Rhodophyllus , as initially did Rolf Singer . However , most other authorities have tended to favour Entoloma , and Singer conceded the name was far more widely used and adopted it for his Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy text in 1986 .
In the meantime , it had been widely accepted that the 1950 change to the Stockholm Code caused more problems than they solved , and in 1981 , the Sydney Code reinstated the validity of pre @-@ 1801 names , but created the status of sanctioned name for those used in the foundational works of Persoon and Elias Magnus Fries . Thus Entoloma sinuatum , which Fries had sanctioned , still had to be used for the species described by Quélet even though Bulliard 's name was the older one . At about the same time , Machiel Noordeloos re @-@ examined Bulliard 's name in more details , and discovered that not only was it illegitimate ( and thus not available for use ) because William Hudson had already used it ten years earlier for a different species , but Bulliard 's illustration was clearly not an Entoloma , but a species of Pluteus , a genus that is only distantly related to Entoloma . As this made Quélet 's name definitely unusable for the Entoloma , and because at the time he and Romagnesi believed there were ground to treat Quélet 's " E. lividum " and Persoon 's E. sinuatum as separate species , he had to coin a third name for Quélet 's species : Entoloma eulividum . He however later changed his mind on this issue , combining again his own Entoloma eulividum and E. sinuatum , so that Persoon 's name is now universally recognised . Because it was previously widely used and Quélet had provided a good description and illustration ( which , the proposer argued , was better considered as a new species rather than a mere placement of Bulliard 's name in another genus ) , a proposal was made in 1999 to conserve Entoloma lividum and thus restore its use . However , it failed because E. sinuatum had already been in use ( if not universally ) for many years and was thus a well @-@ known name for the species .
The specific epithet sinuatum is the Latin for " wavy " , referring to the shape of the cap , while the generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words entos / ἐντός " inner " and lóma / λῶμα " fringe " or " hem " from the inrolled margin . The specific epithet lividum was derived from the Latin word līvǐdus " lead @-@ coloured " . The various common names include livid entoloma , livid agaric , livid pinkgill , leaden entoloma , lead poisoner , and grey pinkgill . In the Dijon region of France it was known as le grand empoisonneur de la Côte @-@ d 'Or ( " the great poisoner of Côte d 'Or " ) . Quélet himself , who was poisoned by the fungus , called it the miller 's purge , akin to another common name of false miller .
Within the large genus Entoloma , which contains around 1500 species , E. sinuatum has been classically placed in the section Entoloma within the subgenus Entoloma , as it is the type species of the genus . A 2009 study analysing DNA sequences and spore morphology found it to lie in a rhodopolioid clade with ( among other species ) E. sordidulum , E. politum and E. rhodopolium , and most closely related to E. sp . 1 . This rhodopolioid clade lay within a crown Entoloma clade .
= = Description = =
The largest member of its genus , Entoloma sinuatum has an imposing epigeous ( aboveground ) fruiting body ( basidiocarp ) , bearing a cap 6 – 15 cm ( 2 ½ – 6 in ) wide , though diameters of 25 cm ( 10 in ) have been recorded . It is convex to flat , often with a blunt umbo in its centre and wavy margins , ivory white to light grey @-@ brown in colour , and darkening with age . The distant gills are sinuate ( notched at their point of attachment to the stipe ) to almost free , generally ( but not always ) yellowish white before darkening to pink and then red . Interspersed between the gills are lamellulae ( short gills that do not extend completely from the cap margin to the stipe ) . When viewed from beneath , a characteristic groove colloquially known as a " moat " can be seen in the gill pattern circumnavigating the stalk . The form lacking yellow colour on the gills is rare but widespread , and has been recorded from Austria , France and the Netherlands .
The stout white stipe lacks a ring and is anywhere from 4 to 15 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 6 in ) high , and 0 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) in diameter . It may be bulbous at the base . The taste is mild , although it may be unpleasant . The mushroom 's strong and unusual odour can be hard to describe ; it may smell of flour , though is often unpleasant and rancid . The spore print is reddish @-@ brown , with angular spores 8 – 11 × 7 – 9 @.@ 5 μm , roughly six @-@ sided and globular in shape . The basidia are four @-@ spored and clamped . The gill edge is fertile , and cystidia are absent .
= = = Similar species = = =
Confusion with the highly regarded miller or sweetbread mushroom ( Clitopilus prunulus ) is a common cause of poisoning in France ; the latter fungus has a greyish @-@ white downy cap and whitish decurrent gills which turn pink with maturity . Young fruit bodies of Entoloma sinuatum can also be confused with St George 's mushroom ( Calocybe gambosa ) , although the gills of the latter are crowded and cream in colour , and the clouded agaric ( Clitocybe nebularis ) , which has whitish decurrent gills and an unusual odour . To complicate matters , it often grows near these edible species . Its overall size and shape resemble members of the genus Tricholoma , although the spore colour ( white in Tricholoma , pinkish in Entoloma ) and shape ( angular in Entoloma ) help distinguish it . The rare and edible all @-@ white dovelike tricholoma ( T. columbetta ) has a satiny cap and stem and a faint , not mealy , odour . E. sinuatum may be confused with Clitocybe multiceps in the Pacific Northwest of North America , although the latter has white spores and generally grows in clumps . A casual observer may mistake it for an edible field mushroom ( Agaricus campestris ) , but this species has a ring on the stipe , pink gills that become chocolate @-@ brown in maturity , and a dark brown spore print . The poorly known North American species E. albidum resembles E. sinuatum but is likewise poisonous .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Entoloma sinuatum is fairly common and widespread across North America as far south as Arizona . It also occurs throughout Europe and the British Isles including Ireland , though it is more common in southern and central parts of Europe than the northwest . In Asia , it has been recorded in the Black Sea region , and Adıyaman Province in Turkey , Iran , and northern Yunnan in China .
The fruit bodies of E. sinuatum grow solitarily or in groups , and have been found forming fairy rings . Fruit bodies appear mainly in autumn , and also in summer in North America , while in Europe the season is reported as late summer and autumn . They are found in deciduous woodlands under oak , beech , and less commonly birch , often on clay or calcareous ( chalky ) soils , but they may spread to in parks , fields and grassy areas nearby . Most members of the genus are saprotrophic , although this species has been recorded as forming an ectomycorrhizal relationship with willow ( Salix ) .
= = Toxicity = =
This fungus has been cited as being responsible for 10 % of all mushroom poisonings in Europe . For example , 70 people required hospital treatment in Geneva alone in 1983 , and the fungus accounted for 33 of 145 cases of mushroom poisoning in a five @-@ year period at a single hospital in Parma . Poisoning is said to be mainly gastrointestinal in nature ; symptoms of diarrhoea , vomiting and headache occur 30 minutes to 2 hours after consumption and last for up to 48 hours . Acute liver toxicity and psychiatric symptoms like mood disturbance or delirium may occur . Rarely , symptoms of depression may last for months . At least one source reports there have been fatalities in adults and children . Hospital treatment of poisoning by this mushroom is usually supportive ; antispasmodic medicines may lessen colicky abdominal cramps and activated charcoal may be administered early on to bind residual toxin . Intravenous fluids may be required if dehydration has been extensive , especially with children and the elderly . Metoclopramide may be used in cases of recurrent vomiting once gastric contents are emptied . The identity of the toxin ( s ) is unknown , but chemical analysis has established that there are alkaloids present in the mushroom .
A study of trace elements in mushrooms in the eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey found E. sinuatum to have the highest levels of copper ( 64 @.@ 8 ± 5 @.@ 9 μg / g dried material — insufficient to be toxic ) and zinc ( 198 μg / g ) recorded . Caps and stalks tested in an area with high levels of mercury in southeastern Poland showed it to bioaccumulate much higher levels of mercury than other fungi . The element was also found in high levels in the humus @-@ rich substrate . Entoloma sinuatum also accumulates arsenic @-@ containing compounds . Of the roughly 40 μg of arsenic present per gram of fresh mushroom tissue , about 8 % was arsenite and the other 92 % was arsenate .
= Matsuo Bashō =
Matsuo Bashō ( 松尾 芭蕉 , 1644 – 1694 ) , born 松尾 金作 , then Matsuo Chūemon Munefusa ( 松尾 忠右衛門 宗房 ) , was the most famous poet of the Edo period in Japan . During his lifetime , Bashō was recognized for his works in the collaborative haikai no renga form ; today , after centuries of commentary , he is recognized as the greatest master of haiku ( then called hokku ) . Matsuo Bashō 's poetry is internationally renowned ; and , in Japan , many of his poems are reproduced on monuments and traditional sites . Although Bashō is justifiably famous in the West for his hokku , he himself believed his best work lay in leading and participating in renku . He is quoted as saying , “ Many of my followers can write hokku as well as I can . Where I show who I really am is in linking haikai verses . ”
Bashō was introduced to poetry young , and after integrating himself into the intellectual scene of Edo ( modern Tokyo ) he quickly became well known throughout Japan . He made a living as a teacher ; but then renounced the social , urban life of the literary circles and was inclined to wander throughout the country , heading west , east , and far into the northern wilderness to gain inspiration for his writing . His poems were influenced by his firsthand experience of the world around him , often encapsulating the feeling of a scene in a few simple elements .
= = Early life = =
Bashō was born in 1644 , near Ueno , in Iga Province . His father may have been a low @-@ ranking samurai , which would have promised Bashō a career in the military , but not much chance of a notable life . His biographers traditionally claimed that he worked in the kitchens . However , as a child , Bashō became a servant to Tōdō Yoshitada ( 藤堂 良忠 ) : together they shared a love for haikai no renga , a form of collaborative poetry composition . A sequence was opened with a verse in 5 @-@ 7 @-@ 5 mora format ; this verse was named a hokku , and would centuries later be renamed haiku when presented as a stand @-@ alone work . The hokku would be followed by a related 7 @-@ 7 mora verse by another poet . Both Bashō and Yoshitada gave themselves haigō ( 俳号 ) , or haikai pen names ; Bashō 's was Sōbō ( 宗房 ) , which was simply the on 'yomi ( Sino @-@ Japanese reading ) of his adult name , " Munefusa ( 宗房 ) " . In 1662 , the first extant poem by Bashō was published . In 1664 , two of Bashō 's hokku were printed in a compilation .
In 1665 , Bashō and Yoshitada together with some acquaintances composed a hyakuin , or one @-@ hundred @-@ verse renku . In 1666 , Yoshitada 's sudden death brought Bashō 's peaceful life as a servant to an end . No records of this time remain , but it is believed that Bashō gave up any possibility of samurai status and left home . Biographers have proposed various reasons and destinations , including the possibility of an affair between Bashō and a Shinto miko named Jutei ( 寿貞 ) , which is unlikely to be true . Bashō 's own references to this time are vague ; he recalled that " at one time I coveted an official post with a tenure of land " , and that " there was a time when I was fascinated with the ways of homosexual love " : there is no indication whether he was referring to real obsessions or fictional ones . He was uncertain whether to become a full @-@ time poet ; by his own account , " the alternatives battled in my mind and made my life restless " . His indecision may have been influenced by the then still relatively low status of renga and haikai no renga as more social activities than serious artistic endeavors . In any case , his poems continued to be published in anthologies in 1667 , 1669 , and 1671 , and he published a compilation of work by himself and other authors of the Teitoku school , The Seashell Game ( 貝おほひ , Kai Ōi ) , in 1672 . In about the spring of that year he moved to Edo , to further his study of poetry .
= = Rise to fame = =
In the fashionable literary circles of Nihonbashi , Bashō 's poetry was quickly recognized for its simple and natural style . In 1674 he was inducted into the inner circle of the haikai profession , receiving secret teachings from Kitamura Kigin ( 1624 – 1705 ) . He wrote this hokku in mock tribute to the Shogun :
甲比丹もつくばはせけり君が春 kapitan mo / tsukubawasekeri / kimi ga haru
the Dutchmen , too , / kneel before His Lordship — / spring under His reign . [ 1678 ]
When Nishiyama Sōin , founder and leader of the Danrin school of haikai , came to Edo from Osaka in 1675 , Bashō was among the poets invited to compose with him . It was on this occasion that he gave himself the haigō of Tōsei , and by 1680 he had a full @-@ time job teaching twenty disciples , who published The Best Poems of Tōsei 's Twenty Disciples ( 桃青門弟独吟二十歌仙 , Tōsei @-@ montei Dokugin @-@ Nijukasen ) , advertising their connection to Tōsei 's talent . That winter , he took the surprising step of moving across the river to Fukagawa , out of the public eye and towards a more reclusive life . His disciples built him a rustic hut and planted a banana tree ( 芭蕉 , bashō ) in the yard , giving Bashō a new haigō and his first permanent home . He appreciated the plant very much , but was not happy to see Fukagawa 's native miscanthus grass growing alongside it :
ばせを植ゑてまづ憎む荻の二葉哉 bashō uete / mazu nikumu ogi no / futaba kana
by my new banana plant / the first sign of something I loathe — / a miscanthus bud ! [ 1680 ]
Despite his success , Bashō grew dissatisfied and lonely . He began to practice Zen meditation , but it seems not to have calmed his mind . In the winter of 1682 his hut burned down , and shortly afterwards , in early 1683 , his mother died . He then traveled to Yamura , to stay with a friend . In the winter of 1683 his disciples gave him a second hut in Edo , but his spirits did not improve . In 1684 his disciple Takarai Kikaku published a compilation of him and other poets , Shriveled Chestnuts ( 虚栗 , Minashiguri ) . Later that year he left Edo on the first of four major wanderings .
Bashō traveled alone , off the beaten path , that is , on the Edo Five Routes , which in medieval Japan were regarded as immensely dangerous ; and , at first Bashō expected to simply die in the middle of nowhere or be killed by bandits . However , as his trip progressed , his mood improved , and he became comfortable on the road . Bashō met many friends and grew to enjoy the changing scenery and the seasons . His poems took on a less
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Collieries ( 1889 ) Ltd. in Glamorgan , south Wales , a venture which turned out to be one of his most successful . By 1920 his Welsh company employed over 6 @,@ 000 miners and produced over one million tons of coal per year . The development of North 's Navigation Collieries Ltd. was largely responsible for the rapid growth of Maesteg and the Llynfi Valley during the years 1890 to 1910 . In addition , his nitrate business was the primary cause of the development of the towns of Iquique and Pisagua . To maintain his monopolies , North employed lawyers to block competing entrepreneurs both in court and the Chilean National Congress . Under president Domingo Santa María , North 's monopolies went unchallenged , and Santa María 's successor in 1886 , José Manuel Balmaceda , initially allowed the situation to continue . However , Balmaceda became concerned that the situation in Tarapacá was starting to resemble a " state within a state " and decided to break North 's monopoly . Congress was not supportive and Balmaceda had to force through reforms to restore competition in the province . Increasing disputes between Balmaceda and Congress resulted in the outbreak of the Civil War in 1891 .
In the meantime North enjoyed the status of a famous high society gentleman in Britain and was worth US $ 10 million in 1889 . He was a friend of the Prince of Wales , later to become Edward VII , and was described , by The New York Times as a " lion " of the London social season . He was the owner of a 600 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 4 km2 ) estate with extensive stables and a mansion , Avery Hill , near to Eltham in Kent . North owned several racing horses and won several British racing trophies . North visited the United States in July 1889 where he was described as a member of the nouveau riche and a " Chilean Monte Cristo " because of his recent rise to fame and fortune . He became known as Colonel North as he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Tower Hamlets Regiment of Volunteer Engineers on 25 March 1885 . He regularly allowed the regiment of 250 men to camp in the gardens of his estate for three days at a time . During this time he would hold festivals for the men and the local villagers and at one of these events he challenged the Lieutenant @-@ Colonel to a footrace and won .
= = Financial decline = =
North was approached by King Leopold II of Belgium at a horse racing event to provide funds to establish a concession company to extract rubber from the Congo Free State . North agreed and provided GBP £ 40 @,@ 000 of the BEF250,000 initial investment to set up the Anglo @-@ Belgian India Rubber Company ( ABIR ) at Antwerp on 6 August 1892 . ABIR had exclusive rights to all forest products from the Maringa @-@ Lopori basin for 30 years and had police powers within the limits of the concession to enforce the collection of rubber as a tax . The company was initially very successful but by 1898 , two years after North 's death , his heirs had sold his shares in the company . The company later became infamous for human rights abuses of the inhabitants of its concession and fell into financial troubles .
Despite his varied investments across the world North 's finances eventually dwindled , his decline was accelerated by the Chilean Civil War . By the time he died on 5 May 1896 his business empire had collapsed . His death occurred within half an hour of eating some oysters and the shells were sent for analysis but it was suspected that heart problems were the cause of death . In his will he donated Kirkstall Abbey to the city of Leeds and made donations to Leeds Infirmary and the Yorkshire College of Science , which later became the University of Leeds .
= Escape from New York =
Escape from New York is a 1981 British @-@ American dystopian action film co @-@ written , co @-@ scored , and directed by John Carpenter . The film is set in the then near @-@ future 1997 in a crime @-@ ridden United States that has converted Manhattan Island in New York City into a maximum security prison . Ex @-@ soldier Snake Plissken ( Kurt Russell ) is given 24 hours to find the President of the United States ( Donald Pleasence ) , who has been captured by prisoners after the crash of Air Force One .
Carpenter wrote the film in the mid @-@ 1970s as a reaction to the Watergate scandal . After the success of Halloween , he had enough influence to begin production and filmed it mainly in St. Louis , Missouri on an estimated budget of $ 6 million . Debra Hill and Larry J. Franco served as the producers . The film was co @-@ written by Nick Castle , who collaborated with Carpenter previously by portraying Michael Myers in Halloween .
Escape from New York was released in the United States on July 10 , 1981 . The film received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success , grossing $ 25 @,@ 244 @,@ 700 at the box office . It was nominated for four Saturn Awards , including Best Science Fiction Film and Best Direction . The film gained a cult following and was followed by a sequel , Escape from L.A.
= = Plot = =
In 1988 , following a 400 % increase in crime , the United States Government has turned Manhattan into a giant maximum @-@ security prison . A 50 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) containment wall surrounds the island and routes out of Manhattan have been dismantled or mined , while armed helicopters patrol the rivers . In 1997 , while travelling to a peace summit between the United States , China and the Soviet Union , Air Force One is hijacked by a terrorist . The President is given a security bracelet , and has a briefcase ( containing an audiotape describing a powerful new bomb ) handcuffed to his wrist . He makes it to an escape pod , and lands in Manhattan just before Air Force One crashes , killing everyone else aboard .
Police officers are dispatched to rescue the President . However , Romero , the right @-@ hand man of the Duke of New York , the top crime boss in the prison , warns them that the Duke has taken the President hostage , and that he will be killed if the police mount any further rescue attempts . Police Commissioner Bob Hauk offers a deal to " Snake " Plissken , a former Special Forces soldier convicted of attempting to rob the Federal Reserve in Denver , Colorado : if Snake rescues the President and retrieves the cassette tape , Hauk will arrange a presidential pardon . To ensure his compliance , Hauk has him injected with explosives that will rupture Snake 's carotid arteries within 22 hours ; if Snake returns with the President and the tape in time , Hauk will neutralize the explosives .
Snake is sent into Manhattan in a stealth glider , landing atop the World Trade Center . He tracks the President 's life @-@ monitor bracelet to a vaudeville theatre , only to find it on the wrist of an old man . He meets " Cabbie , " who takes Snake in his armored taxi cab to Harold " Brain " Hellman , an advisor to the Duke based in the New York Public Library . Brain tells Snake that the Duke plans to unify the gangs in a mass exodus across the heavily @-@ guarded Queensboro Bridge , using the President as a human shield and a map Brain has created to avoid the mines . Snake forces Brain and his girlfriend Maggie to lead him to the Duke 's compound at Grand Central Station . He finds the President and tries to free him , but is captured by the Duke 's men .
While Snake is forced to fight to the death with Slag , a prisoner , Brain and Maggie trick Romero into letting them see the President , killing him and fleeing with the President . As Snake kills Slag , the Duke learns of Brain 's treachery and rallies his gang to chase them down . Snake , Brain , Maggie , and the President attempt to use Snake 's glider to escape from New York . After a group of crazies destroy it , the group returns to the street and encounters Cabbie , who offers to take them across the bridge . When Cabbie reveals that he has the secret tape ( having traded it to Romero earlier for his hat ) , the President demands it , but Snake keeps it .
With the Duke chasing in another car , the cab is blown in half by a mine and Cabbie is killed . As they flee on foot , Brain is killed when he steps on another mine . Maggie refuses to leave him , and shoots repeatedly at the Duke ; he runs her over . Snake and the President reach the wall and the guards raise the President on a rope . The Duke kills the guards and attacks Snake , but the President , now armed atop the wall , gleefully shoots the Duke dead . Snake is lifted to safety and the implanted explosives are deactivated with seconds to spare .
As the President prepares for a televised speech to the leaders at the summit meeting , he thanks Snake for saving him . Snake asks how he feels about the people who died saving his life , but the President only offers halfhearted regret . Hauk offers Snake a job , but Snake walks away . The President 's speech commences , and he offers the contents of the cassette ; to his embarrassment , the tape is Cabbie 's cassette of the swing song " Bandstand Boogie " . As Snake walks away , he tears the magnetic tape out of the real cassette .
= = Cast = =
The character " Rehme " was named after producer Robert Rehme , while " Taylor " , " Romero " and " Cronenberg " were named after the directors Don Taylor , George Romero and David Cronenberg respectively .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Carpenter originally wrote the screenplay for Escape from New York in 1976 , in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal . Carpenter said , " The whole feeling of the nation was one of real cynicism about the President . I wrote the screenplay and no studio wanted to make it " because , according to Carpenter , " it was too violent , too scary , too weird . " He had been inspired by the film Death Wish , which was very popular at the time . He did not agree with this film 's philosophy but liked how it conveyed " the sense of New York as a kind of jungle , and I wanted to make a science fiction film along these lines " .
= = = Casting = = =
AVCO Embassy Pictures , the film 's financial backer , preferred either Charles Bronson or Tommy Lee Jones to play the role of Snake Plissken to Carpenter 's choice of Kurt Russell , who was trying to overcome the " lightweight " screen image conveyed by his roles in several Disney comedies . Carpenter refused to cast Bronson on the grounds that he was too old , and because he worried that he could lose directorial control over the picture with an experienced actor . At the time , Russell described his character as " a mercenary , and his style of fighting is a combination of Bruce Lee , The Exterminator , and Darth Vader , with Eastwood 's vocal @-@ ness . " All that matters to Snake , according to the actor , is " the next 60 seconds . Living for exactly that next minute is all there is . " Russell used a rigorous diet and exercise program in order to develop a lean and muscular build . He also endeavored to stay in character between takes and throughout the shooting , as he welcomed the opportunity to get away from the Disney comedies he had done previously . He did find it necessary to remove the eyepatch between takes , as wearing it constantly seriously affected his depth perception .
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Carpenter had just made Dark Star but no one wanted to hire him as a director , so he assumed that he would make it in Hollywood as a screenwriter . The filmmaker went on to do other films with the intention of making Escape later . After the success of Halloween , Avco @-@ Embassy signed him and producer Debra Hill to a two @-@ picture deal . The first film from this contract was The Fog . Initially , the second film that he was going to make to finish the contract was The Philadelphia Experiment , but because of script @-@ writing problems , Carpenter rejected it in favor of this project . However , Carpenter felt that something was missing and recalls , " This was basically a straight action film . And at one point , I realized it really doesn 't have this kind of crazy humor that people from New York would expect to see . " He brought in Nick Castle , a friend from his film school days at University of Southern California who played " The Shape " in Halloween . Castle invented the Cabbie character and came up with the film 's ending .
The film 's setting proved to be a potential problem for Carpenter , who needed to create a decaying , semi @-@ destroyed version of New York City on only a shoe @-@ string budget . He and the film 's production designer Joe Alves rejected shooting on location in New York City because it would be too hard to make it look like a destroyed city . Carpenter suggested shooting on a movie back lot but Alves nixed that idea " because the texture of a real street is not like a back lot . " They sent Barry Bernardi , their location manager ( and associate producer ) , " on a sort of all @-@ expense @-@ paid trip across the country looking for the worst city in America , " producer Debra Hill remembers .
Bernardi suggested East St. Louis , Illinois , because it was filled with old buildings " that exist in New York now , and [ that ] have that seedy run @-@ down quality " that the team was looking for . East St. Louis , sitting across the Mississippi River from the more prosperous St. Louis , Missouri , had entire neighborhoods burned out in 1976 during a massive urban fire . Hill said in an interview , " block after block was burnt @-@ out rubble . In some places there was absolutely nothing , so that you could see three and four blocks away . " As well , Alves found an old bridge to double for the " 69th St. Bridge " . The filmmaker purchased the Old Chain of Rocks Bridge for one dollar from the government and then gave it back to them , for the same amount , once production was completed , " so that they wouldn 't have any liability , " Hill remembers . Locations across the river in St. Louis , Missouri were used , including Union Station and the Fox Theatre , both of which have since been renovated , as well as the building which would eventually become the Schlafly Tap Room microbrewery .
= = = Filming = = =
Carpenter and his crew persuaded the city to shut off the electricity to ten blocks at a time at night . The film was shot from August to November 1980 . It was a tough and demanding shoot for the filmmaker as he recalls . " We 'd finish shooting at about 6 am and I 'd just be going to sleep at 7 when the sun would be coming up . I 'd wake up around 5 or 6 pm , depending on whether or not we had dailies , and by the time I got going , the sun would be setting . So for about two and a half months I never saw daylight , which was really strange . "
The gladiatorial fight to the death scene between Snake and Slag ( played by professional wrestler Ox Baker ) was filmed in the Grand Hall at St. Louis Union Station . Russell has stated , " That day was a nightmare . All I did was swing a [ spiked ] bat at that guy and get swung at in return . He threw a trash can in my face about five times ... I could have wound up in pretty bad shape . " In addition to shooting on location in St. Louis , Carpenter shot parts of the film in Los Angeles . Various interior scenes were shot on a sound stage ; the final scenes were shot at the Sepulveda Dam , in Sherman Oaks . New York served as a location , as did Atlanta , in order to utilize their then futuristic @-@ looking rapid @-@ transit system .
When it came to shooting in New York City , Carpenter managed to persuade federal officials to grant access to Liberty Island . " We were the first film company in history allowed to shoot on Liberty Island at the Statue of Liberty at night . They let us have the whole island to ourselves . We were lucky . It wasn 't easy to get that initial permission . They 'd had a bombing three months earlier and were worried about trouble . "
Carpenter was interested in creating two distinct looks for the movie . " One is the police state , high tech , lots of neon , a United States dominated by underground computers . That was easy to shoot compared to the Manhattan Island prison sequences which had few lights , mainly torch lights , like feudal England . "
Certain matte paintings were rendered by James Cameron , who was at the time a special effects artist with Roger Corman 's New World Pictures . Cameron was also one of the directors of photography on the film .
As Snake pilots the glider into the city , there are three screens on his control panel displaying wireframe animations of the landing target on the World Trade Center and surrounding buildings . What appears on those screens was not computer @-@ generated . Carpenter wanted high @-@ tech computer graphics which were very expensive at the time , even for such a simple animation . To get the animation he wanted , the effects crew filmed the miniature model set of New York City they used for other scenes under black light with reflective tape placed along every edge of the model buildings . Only the tape is visible and appears to be a 3D wireframe animation .
= = Reception = =
Escape from New York grossed $ 25 @.@ 2 million in American theaters in summer 1981 . The film received generally positive reviews . As of March 2016 , it has a rating of 85 % on Rotten Tomatoes , with the critical consensus " Featuring an atmospherically grimy futuristic metropolis , Escape from New York is a strange , entertaining jumble of thrilling action and oddball weirdness . " Newsweek magazine commented on Carpenter , saying , " [ He has a ] deeply ingrained B @-@ movie sensibility - which is both his strength and limitation . He does clean work , but settles for too little . He uses Russell well , however . " In Time magazine , Richard Corliss wrote , " John Carpenter is offering this summer 's moviegoers a rare opportunity : to escape from the air @-@ conditioned torpor of ordinary entertainment into the hothouse humidity of their own paranoia . It 's a trip worth taking . " Vincent Canby , in his review for the New York Times , wrote , " [ The film ] is not to be analyzed too solemnly , though . It 's a toughly told , very tall tale , one of the best escape ( and escapist ) movies of the season . " However , in his review for the Chicago Reader , Dave Kehr , wrote " it fails to satisfy – it gives us too little of too much . "
Cyberpunk pioneer William Gibson credits the film as an influence on his novel Neuromancer . " I was intrigued by the exchange in one of the opening scenes where the Warden says to Snake ' You flew the Gullfire over Leningrad , didn 't you ? ' It turns out to be just a throwaway line , but for a moment it worked like the best SF where a casual reference can imply a lot . " Popular videogame director Hideo Kojima has referred to the movie frequently as an influence on his work , in particular the Metal Gear series . Solid Snake is partially influenced by Snake Plissken . In Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty Snake actually uses the alias " Pliskin " to hide his real identity during most of the game . J. J. Abrams , producer of the 2008 film Cloverfield , mentioned that a scene in his film , which shows the head of the Statue of Liberty crashing into a New York street , was inspired by the poster for Escape from New York . Empire magazine ranked Snake Plissken # 71 in their " The 100 Greatest Movie Characters " poll .
American Film Institute lists
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills – Nominated
AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains :
Snake Plissken – Nominated Hero
AFI 's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Science Fiction Film
= = Soundtrack = =
= = Home media = =
= = = DVD releases = = =
Escape from New York was released on DVD twice by MGM ( USA ) , and once by Momentum Pictures ( UK ) . One MGM release is a barebones edition containing just the theatrical trailer . Another version is the Collector 's Edition , a two @-@ disc set featuring a High Definition remastered transfer with a 5 @.@ 1 Stereo audio track , two commentaries ( one by John Carpenter and Kurt Russell , another by producer Debra Hill and Joe Alves ) , a making @-@ of featurette , the first issue of a comic book series titled John Carpenter 's Snake Plissken Chronicles , and the ten @-@ minute Colorado bank robbery deleted opening sequence .
MGM 's special edition of the 1981 film was not released until 2003 because the original negative had disappeared . The workprint containing deleted scenes finally turned up in the Hutchinson , Kansas salt mine film depository . The excised scenes feature Snake Plissken robbing a bank , introducing the character of Plissken and establishing a backstory . Director John Carpenter decided to add the original scenes into the special edition release as an extra only : " After we screened the rough cut , we realized that the movie didn 't really start until Snake got to New York . It wasn 't necessary to show what sent him there . " The film has been released on the UMD format for Sony 's PlayStation Portable .
= = = Blu @-@ ray release = = =
On August 3 , 2010 , MGM Home Entertainment released Escape From New York as a bare @-@ bones Blu @-@ ray . Scream Factory , in association with Shout ! Factory , released the film on a special edition Blu @-@ ray on April 21 , 2015 .
= = = Novelization = = =
In 1981 , Bantam Books published a movie tie @-@ in novelization written by Mike McQuay that adopts a lean , humorous style reminiscent of the film . The novel is significant because it includes scenes that were cut out of the film , such as the Federal Reserve Depository robbery that results in Snake 's incarceration . The novel provides motivation and backstory to Snake and Hauk — both disillusioned war veterans — deepening their relationship that was only hinted at it in the film . The novel explains how Snake lost his eye during the Battle for Leningrad in World War III , how Hauk became warden of New York , and Hauk 's quest to find his crazy son who lives somewhere in the prison . The novel fleshes out the world that these characters exist in , at times presenting a future even bleaker than the one depicted in the film . The book explains that the West Coast is a no @-@ man 's land , and the country 's population is gradually being driven crazy by nerve gas as a result of World War III .
= = = Comic Books = = =
Marvel Comics released the one @-@ shot The Adventures of Snake Plissken in January 1997 . The story takes place sometime between Escape from New York and before his famous Cleveland escape mentioned in Escape from L.A. Snake has robbed Atlanta 's Center for Disease Control of some engineered metaviruses and is looking for buyers in Chicago . Finding himself in a deal that 's really a set @-@ up , he makes his getaway and exacts revenge on the buyer for ratting him out to the United States Police Force . In the meantime , a government lab has built a robot called A.T.A.C.S. ( Autonomous Tracking And Combat System ) that can catch criminals by imprinting their personalities upon its program in order to predict and anticipate a specific criminal 's every move . The robot 's first test subject is America 's public enemy number one , Snake Plissken . After a brief battle , the tide turns when A.T.A.C.S. copies Snake to the point of fully becoming his personality . Now recognizing the government as the enemy , A.T.A.C.S. sides with Snake . Unamused , Snake sucker punches the machine and destroys it . As A.T.A.C.S. shuts down , it can only ask him , " Why ? " Snake just walks off answering , " I don 't need the competition " .
In 2003 , CrossGen published John Carpenter 's Snake Plissken Chronicles , a four @-@ part comic book miniseries . The story takes place a day or so after the events of Escape from New York . Snake has been given a military Humvee after his presidential pardon and makes his way to Atlantic City . Although the director 's cut of Escape from New York shows Snake was caught after a bank job , this story has Snake finishing up a second heist that was pre @-@ planned before his capture . The job entails stealing the car in which John F. Kennedy was assassinated from a casino before delivering it to a buyer in the Gulf of Mexico . Snake partners with a man named Marrs who ends up double crossing him . Left for dead in a sinking crab cage , Snake escapes and is saved by a passing fisherman named Captain Ron ( an in @-@ joke referring to Kurt Russell 's 1992 comedy , Captain Ron ) . When Ron denies Snake 's request to use his boat in order to beat Marrs to the robbery , Snake decides to kill him . When Snake ends up saving Ron from the Russian mob who wants money , Ron changes his mind and helps Snake . Once at the casino , Snake comes face @-@ to @-@ face with Marrs and his men , who arrive at the same time , ending in a high @-@ speed shootout . Snake gets away with the car and its actress portraying Jackie Kennedy , leaving Marrs to be caught by the casino owner , who cuts him a deal to bring his car back and live
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the outer wing pylons .
The F @-@ 105 was designed primarily for low @-@ level interdiction and its low @-@ altitude speed was its greatest asset when dealing with enemy fighters such as the MiG @-@ 17 / J @-@ 5s and MiG @-@ 21 . The F @-@ 105 managed 27 @.@ 5 air @-@ to @-@ air victories . Based on combat experience , the F @-@ 105D was updated with a better ejection seat , additional armor , improved gun sights , and Electronic Counter Measures ( ECM ) pods on the wings .
= = = Flight characteristics = = =
Former North American F @-@ 86 Sabre pilot Jerry Noel Hoblit recalled being in awe of the F @-@ 105 's size after seeing it for the first time ; he could not manage to reach the air intake lip even with a running jump . The F @-@ 105 had a spacious cockpit with good visibility and layout ( particularly after introduction of " tape " instruments ) ; the advanced electronics were easy to learn and operate . Takeoffs and landings were often performed in the 230 mph ( 370 km / h ) range . The spoilers provided good roll control at all speeds and the distinctive four @-@ petal airbrakes ( which also opened slightly when the afterburner was engaged to allow for the larger flow of exhaust gases ) were highly effective even at supersonic speeds . Loss of control due to a spin or complications of adverse yaw required deliberate effort from the pilot and spontaneous spin recovery was rapid .
The initial reaction of the fighter pilot community to their new aircraft was lukewarm . Between its massive dimensions and troubled early service life , the F @-@ 105 had garnered a number of uncomplimentary nicknames . In addition to the aforementioned " Thud " , nicknames included the " Squat Bomber " , " Lead Sled " , and the " Hyper Hog " and / or " Ultra Hog " . The latter two names arose from the F @-@ 105 's predecessors , the Republic P @-@ 47 Thunderbolt and F @-@ 84 Thunderstreak , nicknamed " Hog " and " Super Hog " , respectively . According to F @-@ 105 pilots and crews , the " Thud " nickname was inspired by the character " Chief Thunderthud " from the Howdy Doody television series .
The aircraft 's offensive capabilities were sarcastically referred to as a " Triple Threat " — it could bomb you , strafe you , or fall on you . Positive aspects , such as the F @-@ 105 's responsive controls , strong performance at high speed and low altitude , and its outfit of electronics won over some pilots . For some , " Thud " was a term of endearment ; retroactively the RF @-@ 84F Thunderflash became known as " Thud 's Mother " . F @-@ 105 pilot Colonel Jack Broughton said of the nickname : " The Thud has justified herself , and the name that was originally spoken with a sneer has become one of utmost respect through the air fraternity " .
= = = Special modifications = = =
= = = = Commando Nail = = = =
The rear cockpits of several two @-@ seat F @-@ 105Fs were modified under project Commando Nail with an R @-@ 14A radar and a radar scope that offered high resolution . These aircraft were used for all @-@ weather and night low @-@ level strikes against especially dangerous targets by a unit from the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron ( 1966 – 1975 ) dubbed " Ryan 's Raiders " starting in April 1967 . Some of these aircraft were later converted to the Wild Weasel III standard .
In an effort to thwart MiG attacks , several F @-@ 105Fs were also fitted with Hallicrafters QRC @-@ 128 communication jamming system under project Combat Martin . The North Vietnamese interceptor force followed Soviet air @-@ defense doctrine , with pilots under rigid direction of ground controllers over radio links . The QRC @-@ 128 , nicknamed " Colonel Computer " , filled up the rear cockpit of the F @-@ 105F . It bounced voice communications over the radio channel back out after a delay , resulting in an obnoxious garble . However , the first time the Combat Martin was used , the US National Security Agency ( NSA ) , in charge of US strategic signals intelligence , ordered the Air Force to cease and desist immediately , since the NSA believed that the intelligence obtained by monitoring the channels outweighed the benefits of jamming them .
= = = = Thunderstick II = = = =
Experience in Vietnam demonstrated the need for a better visual and blind bombing capability . In March 1968 , the Air Force ordered development of an upgraded bombing / navigation system , incorporating a Singer @-@ General Precision inertial navigation system , improvements to the AN / APN @-@ 131 navigation radar , and solid @-@ state circuitry for the R @-@ 14A radar , which was redesignated R @-@ 14K . Furthermore , the digital AN / ARN @-@ 92 long @-@ range navigation receiver replaced the problematic AN / ARN @-@ 85 receiver . The additional avionics were housed in a long , raised dorsal spine . The modified bombing / navigation system was known as Thunderstick II . F @-@ 105s with this system could achieve a bombing circular error of probability ( CEP ) of 50 feet ( 15 m ) from an altitude of 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . Although the first Thunderstick II aircraft flew in 1969 , they were not used in Vietnam . A total of 30 F @-@ 105Ds received this modification .
= = = Wild Weasel = = =
In 1965 , the USAF began operating two @-@ seat North American F @-@ 100F Super Sabres specially equipped for Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses mission in Vietnam . Nicknamed the Wild Weasel , these aircraft achieved a number of victories against North Vietnamese surface @-@ to @-@ air missile radars . The second crew member was a Navigator trained as an Electronic Warfare Officer ( EWO ) to decipher sensor information and guide the pilot towards the targets . However , the F @-@ 100F was an interim solution , since its limited payload often required multiple aircraft to conduct a successful strike ; it also lacked the speed and endurance to effectively protect the F @-@ 105 .
The resulting EF @-@ 105F Wild Weasel III ( the EF designation was popularly used but unofficial ) supplemented its sensors and electronic jamming equipment with AGM @-@ 45 Shrike anti @-@ radiation missiles and conventional bombs , giving it an offensive capability lacking in the F @-@ 100F . The first of these aircraft flew on 15 January 1966 and they began arriving in Southeast Asia in May , flying their first mission on 6 June 1966 , with five assigned to the 13th TFS at Korat RTAFB and six more to the 354th TFS at Takhli RTAFB .
In a typical early mission , a single EF @-@ 105F would accompany one or two flights of F @-@ 105Ds to provide protection from enemy ground fire . While this strategy was effective in reducing F @-@ 105D losses , the Weasel aircraft suffered heavy casualties with five of the first 11 lost in July and August 1966 . Attacks into high @-@ risk environments saw the Weasels operating in " Iron Hand " Hunter @-@ Killer flights of mixed single @-@ seat and two @-@ seat Thunderchiefs , suppressing sites during attacks by the strike force and attacking others en route . In the fall of 1967 , EF @-@ 105Fs began to be upgraded to the definitive Wild Weasel Thunderchief , the F @-@ 105G .
The F @-@ 105G incorporated a considerable amount of new SEAD @-@ specific avionics , including an upgraded Radar Homing and Warning ( RHAW ) system which required a redesign of the wingtips . To free outboard hardpoints for additional weapons , the Westinghouse AN / ALQ @-@ 105 electronic countermeasures were permanently installed in two long blisters on the underside of the fuselage . Thirty aircraft were fitted with pylons to carry the AGM @-@ 78 Standard anti @-@ radiation missile . On a typical mission , the F @-@ 105G carried two Shrikes on outboard pylons , a single Standard on an inboard pylon balanced by a 450 US gal ( 1 @,@ 700 L ) fuel tank on the other side , and a 650 US gal ( 2 @,@ 500 L ) centerline fuel tank .
= = = Costs = = =
Notes : The costs above are in approximately 1960 United States dollars and have not been adjusted for inflation .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Introduction = = =
The F @-@ 105B entered USAF service with the Tactical Air Command 's 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the 4th Tactical Fighter Wing in August 1958 , although the squadron did not become fully operational until 1959 . On 11 December 1959 , an F @-@ 1
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escape . Five days later , Schomberg 's squadron rediscovered Néréide at Tamatave and persuaded the town 's commander to surrender without a fight . The battle was the last action of the Mauritius campaign and confirmed British dominance of the seas east of the Cape of Good Hope for the rest of the Napoleonic Wars .
= = Background = =
In August 1810 , the French squadron on Isle de France ( now Mauritius ) achieved the most significant French naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars , when they captured or destroyed four Royal Navy frigates at the Battle of Grand Port . The battle was fought inside Grand Port , one of the harbours of Isle de France into which the French squadrons , dominant in the Indian Ocean during 1809 , had been steadily pushed and blockaded by pressure from a British squadron under Commodore Josias Rowley . The British defeat had a noticeable galvanising effect on both the British and French naval commands : both recognised that the campaign would be won by the first to reinforce and resupply their forces . Although the French had achieved a significant victory , the naval bases on Isle de France lacked the military stores and food supplies to repair the battle damage to their ships or supply lengthy raiding voyages against British trade routes .
The British reaction was immediate : ships were dispatched from regional bases at Madras , the Cape of Good Hope and Rodriguez to replace Rowley 's losses while a larger force was collected at Rodriguez in preparation for a major invasion of Isle de France intended to permanently eliminate the island as a raiding base . The French response from their squadron on Isle de France , based at Port Napoleon under Commodore Jacques Hamelin , was to exercise their regional superiority by attacking British reinforcements at the actions of 13 September 1810 and 18 September 1810 . Despite inflicting severe damage on two British frigates , the French lost one of their own , captured with Hamelin aboard , and suffered two more damaged . Without supplies or reinforcements to replace these losses , the French were unable to resist the British invasion in November 1810 and the island fell within four days .
The French had also been preparing reinforcements for the region , but their nearest naval bases were in France itself , several thousand miles away across oceans almost totally controlled by the Royal Navy . These distances also delayed the arrival of news from the Indian Ocean , and therefore word had still not reached France of the fall of Isle de France by 17 : 00 on 2 February 1811 , when a reinforcement squadron set sail from Brest . This squadron consisted of three powerful frigates , Renommée under Commodore François Roquebert , Clorinde under Captain Jacques Saint @-@ Cricq and Néréide under Captain Jean @-@ François Lemaresquier . Each ship carried over 200 soldiers for the Isle de France garrison and significant food and military supplies with which to refit Hamelin 's squadron and resupply the island . The French authorities were aware of the possibility that Isle de France had been captured , and had ordered that if the island was in British hands , the squadron should continue on to the Dutch city of Batavia on Java , to operate against the British from there .
= = February to May 1811 = =
By 1811 , the Royal Navy enjoyed a worldwide naval supremacy over the French , including the seas immediately off the French coast . To avoid being attacked as they left Brest , French ships had to attempt to slip out either under cover of darkness or during storms that drove the British away from the dangerous coastline . This also however forced the French ships to fight against the wind to leave their harbours and as a result , Roquebert 's ships only covered 600 nautical miles ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) in the first 18 days . On 24 February , the squadron captured a Portuguese merchant ship and discovered Lisbon newspapers aboard that announced the British invasion , although not its outcome . On 13 March , Roquebert 's ships crossed the Equator and on 18 April they passed the Cape of Good Hope at distance , benefitting from good weather and a strong breeze during the latter stages of the journey . At 23 : 00 on 6 May at 23 : 00 , 93 days after leaving Brest , the French convoy arrived off Île de la Passe at the entrance to Grand Port .
The British had not been idle during the six months they had occupied Isle de France , now renamed Mauritius . The invasion fleet had broken up soon after the island fell and command of the remaining naval forces on the island had been given to Captain Philip Beaver . On 5 January , a small French dispatch ship had been captured off Port Louis ( formerly Port Napoleon ) and from the messages aboard the nature and destination of Roquebert 's squadron was discovered . Information was also received describing a second French force being prepared for operations in the region , consisting of the frigates Nymphe and Méduse . Aware of the impending arrival of French reinforcements , Admiral Robert Stopford at the Cape of Good Hope sent Captain James Hillyar in HMS Phoebe to reinforce Beaver on Mauritius . Beaver ordered Hillyar , with HMS Galatea under Captain Woodley Losack and HMS Racehorse under Captain James de Rippe , to prepare for the arrival of Roquebert 's convoy . Beaver then began eliminating French harbours in the western Indian Ocean , sending the brig HMS Eclipse to attack Tamatave on Madagascar , which was captured on 12 February . After the end of the hurricane season in March , Beaver personally sailed in HMS Nisus to invade the Seychelles , before collecting specie from Madras to refloat the Mauritian economy . In his absence , Mauritius came under the command of Captain Charles Marsh Schomberg in HMS Astraea .
When Roquebert 's ships appeared off Grand Port , Hillyar had his three ships in the harbour ready to sail at short notice and ensured that French tricolours were flying from Île de la Passe and other landmarks in the hope that the French could be lured into the shallow waters of the bay and defeated in a similar manner to the British defeat at the battle at Grand Port the previous year . Signals were exchanged between the French squadron and the shore but Roquebert was wary : the signals from Île de la Passe were out of date and he knew of the British invasion from the Lisbon newspapers captured two months before . Waiting offshore , the French commodore sent three boats ashore during the night with instructions to discover the situation on the island . Seizing two black inhabitants , one of the boats returned on the morning of 7 May and from his captives Roquebert learned that the British had captured the island six months earlier . The other landing parties were captured by British troops and did not return . With Hillyar 's trap uncovered , Roquebert raised French colours and turned eastwards away from Grand Port , Hillyar emerging from the harbour to give chase .
= = Roquebert 's escape = =
At 04 : 00 on 8 May , Roquebert realised that his overladen ships were too slow to outrun Hillyar 's squadron , which was 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ) behind and gaining rapidly . At 08 : 00 , he decided to turn and meet the British ships head @-@ on rather than be overtaken . Hillyar , aware that his squadron was weaker than Roquebert 's , held back in anticipation of the arrival of Schomberg in Astraea from Port Louis , to whom he had sent an urgent message the night before . As the British fell back towards the Île Ronde off the northeastern shore of Mauritius , Roquebert declined to follow them through the dangerous gap between Île Ronde and Île du Serpent and instead sailed southwards , escaping before Hillyar and Schomberg could join up . Although Losack , supported by many crew members on board both Phoebe and Galatea , remonstrated with Hillyar for not pursuing the French , the British commander could not be persuaded and Roquebert slipped away . The British retired to Port Louis , arriving on the 12 May .
Roquebert 's squadron sailed westwards towards Bourbon , initially planning to raid the eastern coast of island for food supplies , as his own were running low . Although the British garrison in the eastern part of the island was weak , the plan was thwarted by heavy surf on the landing beaches and Roquebert continued eastwards on half rations , reaching Tamatave in Madagascar on 19 May . The British garrison at Tamatave , 100 men of the 22nd Regiment of Foot , were afflicted with malaria and surrendered without contesting the town , where the French squadron gathered water and food supplies .
When Hillyar 's squadron arrived at Port Louis , Captain Schomberg immediately assumed command and led the squadron out again on 14 May , following the French eastwards . Heading straight for Tamatave , the only resupply point between Bourbon and the Cape of Good Hope , Schomberg rapidly gained on the French and when dawn broke on 20 May the French were within sight off the harbour . During the day , both commanders were frustrated by light winds and periods of calm in which none of the ships were able to move . Roquebert completed resupplying his ships at 12 : 00 and pulled away from the harbour in battle line , Clorinde followed by Renommée and Néréide while the British , although initially intending to form a line with Astraea at its head , gradually broke into a loose formation created by the vagaries of the wind .
= = Battle = =
Firing began at 16 : 00 , when Renommée attempted to engage Astraea at extreme range . The British returned fire , Phoebe and Galatea joining the attack as they advanced , but the long distances and slow speeds involved meant that little damage was caused by either side . The British squadron gradually drifted beyond the range of the French , Schomberg desperately but unsuccessfully attempting to turn back towards them . With the British becalmed , Roquebert 's ships began to close the distance , using the breeze to position their broadsides close to the sterns of the British ships . From this position the French were able to unleash a destructive raking fire , Clorinde concentrating on Phoebe and Renommée on Galatea . The rearmost ship , Néréide , was unable to manoeuvre successfully in the light winds and remained beyond the effective range of Astraea and Racehorse , despite an ineffectual cannonade in her direction .
Over the next two hours , Néréide advanced on Phoebe , sandwiching the British frigate between two opponents and exposing her to a destructive fire . Both squadrons had been rendered immobile by the lack of wind , and although Schomberg ordered de Rippe to use boats to tow Racehorse within range of the main engagement , the brig was still over a mile away at 18 : 30 , when the breeze picked up and Hillyar was able to advance on Néréide , engaging her at close quarters . Stranded by light winds , Renommée and Clorinde were unable to come to Lemaresquier 's assistance and in half an hour Phoebe had killed Captain Lemaresquier and inflicted such severe damage on her opponent that Néréide could no longer return fire . As Phoebe and Néréide fought , the becalmed Renommée and Clorinde concentrated their fire on Galatea , causing severe damage to Losack 's vessel . As the breeze strengthened at 19 : 00 , Renommée and Clorinde advanced on Phoebe , Losack firing on the French as they pulled away before steering his battered ship westwards and informing Schomberg that the damage was such that he could not continue in action . Continuing to the west with his rigging and masts in disarray and a distress signal flying , Losack 's ship disappeared into the growing darkness at 20 : 30 . Phoebe fell back before the French attack and joined Schomberg .
With the wind strengthening , Schomberg marshalled his forces and advanced on Roquebert 's squadron . The French were clustered together in support of Néréide , whose crew were attempting to make hasty repairs while the squadron limped in a northwesterly direction towards Madagascar . Following the French lights , Schomberg pursued the French in the darkness and when Clorinde lost a man overboard and stopped to rescue him at 21 : 50 , Roquebert was forced to fall back and protect his consort from being overwhelmed . Steering Renommée directly at Astraea , Roquebert opened fire at close range but was soon surrounded , with Astraea on one side , Racehorse on the other and Phoebe raking her stern . In a ferocious 25 minute engagement , Roquebert was killed and the French flagship suffered severe damage , surrendering after a shot from Racehorse ignited her mainsail . The British ships were also badly damaged : Racehorse was unable to launch a boat to take possession of Renommée due to a fallen topmast on her deck and Astraea 's boats all badly damaged by shot and leaked severely during the short row to the stricken French vessel .
= = Surrender at Tamatave = =
During the final battle of the Renommée , Saint @-@ Cricq in Clorinde had remained out of range of the British , refusing to support his commodore . When Renommée surrendered , he made all sail to the north , abandoning both Roquebert and Néréide in his attempt to escape . Although Clorinde was closely pursued by Astraea and Phoebe until 02 : 00 on 21 May , the damage they had suffered prevented them from gaining on the French ship and Clorinde eventually disappeared into the darkness . During the night Schomberg gathered Phoebe , Racehorse and Astraea , and rejoined Renommée at dawn on 21 May . A prize crew of seven men was sufficient to exercise control over the French frigate until Schomberg could remove most of the French crew and replace them with British sailors the following morning . Although Galatea was still within sight at dawn , Losack was unsure of the identity of the approaching squadron and decided to sail directly to Port Louis rather than risk combat with a superior enemy force .
While making repairs to his ships , particularly the battered Phoebe , and transferring prisoners from Renommée , Schomberg despatched Racehorse to Tamatave to investigate the situation at the port . De Rippe returned on 24 May and informed Schomberg that Néréide was in the harbour and the town was in the hands of a French garrison . Despite sailing directly to Tamatave , Schomberg 's ships were delayed by a gale and did not arrive until the afternoon of 25 May . Aware that no one in the British squadron had intimate knowledge of the coral reefs that surrounded the entrance to the bay and thus that he was poorly positioned to attack the French if they chose to resist him , Schomberg sent Racehorse into the harbour under a flag of truce . De Rippe presented the French commander , Lieutenant François Ponée , with a demand for surrender , the demand falsely stating that " Renommée and Clorinde have struck after a brave defence " . Ponée refused , instead proposing that the ship 's crew and the garrison of Tamatave be repatriated to France without conditions if the frigate , town and a 12 – gun battery were surrendered to Schomberg 's squadron . Schomberg accepted Ponée 's proposal and Tamatave and Néréide were surrendered without further conflict .
= = Aftermath = =
Clorinde had been almost undamaged in the battle and comfortably outran all British pursuit . Without a safe harbour in the entire Indian Ocean , Saint @-@ Criq initially sailed for the Seychelles , hiding among the islands until 7 June . On 26 June , Clorinde landed at Diego Garcia and collected fresh water and coconuts before beginning the return journey to France in defiance of the orders to continue on to Batavia issued before the convoy left Brest . On 1 August , Clorinde passed the Cape of Good Hope , Saint @-@ Criq supplementing his provisions by raiding British and American merchant ships in the Atlantic . On 24 September , Clorinde encountered the British blockade squadron off Brest and was chased by the 80 – gun ship of the line HMS Tonnant under Captain Sir John Gore . Although Tonnant came close enough to Clorinde to discharge her broadside at the frigate , Gore was unable to catch the elusive French ship and was eventually forced to retire to open waters after coming under fire from batteries at Pointe Trépassée . By 17 : 00 , Clorinde was anchored in Brest harbour . Saint @-@ Criq was heavily criticised for his failure to support Roquebert and for ignoring his orders to sail to Batavia if Mauritius had been captured . In March 1812 , he was brought to a court martial to examine his behaviour and found to have been negligent in his duty , for which he was dismissed from the service , expelled from the legion of Honour and sentenced to three years imprisonment . Napoleon is reported to have suggested that Saint @-@ Criq be shot for deserting his commanding officer .
There were also recriminations among the British squadron , Schomberg praising Astraea and Phoebe but omitting Racehorse and Galatea from the recommendations in his post @-@ battle report . Captain Losack was particularly offended as Schomberg had implied that Galatea 's distress signal was an overreaction in the face of the enemy , despite her casualties being greater than the rest of the squadron combined . He subsequently requested a court martial to clear any suggestion of cowardice from his name but the Admiralty refused , commenting that they were fully satisfied with his conduct . Historian William James claims that opinion within the Navy was also with Losack and that Schomberg had been excessively harsh in his criticism .
Due to the variable winds of 20 May , some ships were more heavily engaged than others and as a result the casualties in the action were unevenly spread . According to the French account of the battle , Renommée suffered 93 killed and wounded , including Commodore Roquebert dead and the first lieutenant and commander of the troops on board both badly wounded , although British accounts give a figure of 145 casualties . The French accounts also demonstrate that Néréide had suffered severely , losing 25 dead including Captain Lemaresquier and 32 wounded ( again the British accounts differ , stating that she suffered 130 casualties ) . Clorinde , which had caused severe damage to Galatea while the British ship was immobile but had failed to support Renommée against Schomberg , lost just one man killed and six wounded . British losses were less severe , although still significant , Galatea losing 16 and 46 wounded , Phoebe seven dead and 24 wounded and Astraea two dead and 16 wounded . Racehorse , despite being badly damaged in her masts and rigging , reportedly suffered no casualties .
The captured ships were both purchased into the Royal Navy and recommissioned , Renommée becoming HMS Java and Néréide becoming HMS Madagascar . Nearly four decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 . The action marked the end of the final French attempt to operate in the Indian Ocean during the Napoleonic Wars : with their bases now in British hands , any deployment to the region would require a significant quantity of ships and supplies at a time when France was unable to even protect the entrances to her principal harbours , as Clorinde 's brush with Tonnant had demonstrated . The action also ended the threat to British merchant ships , especially the large East Indiamen , from attack in the Indian Ocean and the requirement for a significant Royal Navy presence in the region . With the exception of a few small Dutch ports in the East Indies , the world east of the Cape of Good Hope was now either under British control or in the hands of neutral powers and Britain 's allies .
= = Order of battle = =
Key
A † symbol indicates that the officer was killed during the action or subsequently died of wounds received .
The ships are ordered in the sequence in which they formed up for battle .
= British Royal Navy , =
French Navy .
= Taunton Unitarian Chapel =
Taunton Unitarian Chapel is on Mary Street , Taunton , Somerset , England . It was built in the early 18th century as a Baptist chapel , but later adopted Unitarianism . The exterior was extensively renovated in the 19th century in an Italianate style . The chapel has been designated as a Grade II * listed building .
Despite suffering significant persecution from their peers and the state , Baptists erected their first chapel in Taunton in 1670 , on or near the current site . This was replaced in 1712 with the building that still stands today . During the 18th century , probably during the ministry of Joseph Jeffries , the chapel 's form of worship became Unitarian , although this was forbidden by Parliament until 1813 . The Presbyterians of Taunton merged with the Unitarian church in 1814 , and later that century the chapel underwent significant renovation .
In the early 21st century a range of structural and decorative restoration works were carried out on the building , which continues to serve the Taunton congregation , who meet for services twice a month at the chapel .
= = History = =
= = = Baptist Meeting House = = =
After the English Reformation of the 16th century , an increasing number of people were unhappy with the control that the government and monarch had over the Church of England . This led to the formation of independent churches and schools by what are known as Dissenters . The worship of any faith other than Anglicanism was illegal , and those discovered taking part were arrested and even sentenced to death . Oliver Cromwell imposed a period of religious tolerance , but his death precipitated further persecution of Dissenters , principally through the Act of Uniformity 1549 , which required the use of the Book of Common Prayer as the only legal form of worship in England . The South West of England in general , and Taunton specifically , had a significant Dissenter population . There was a Baptist community in the town by 1646 , and despite continued persecution they erected their first Meeting House in Taunton , on Mary Street in 1670 .
The 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence was issued by Charles II in an attempt to introduce greater religious freedom , and within Somerset , 82 places applied for licences to meet and worship , 22 of them for Baptists . However , the Declaration was withdrawn at the urging of Parliament the following year . This led to further hostilities toward Dissenters , which were heightened after the failed Monmouth rebellion , in which a large number of Dissenters fought against the King 's forces . After the Glorious Revolution removed James II , his successor William III introduced the Act of Toleration 1689 , which specifically allowed nonconformist worship .
By 1721 , the Baptist community in Taunton had grown large , and reasonably affluent . They built a new chapel , funded entirely by the congregation , very near to the site of the original Meeting House . The pastor of the church at the time was Joseph Jeffries , and during his ministry the church transitioned from a Baptist church to Unitarianism .
= = = Unitarian Chapel = = =
In his history of Taunton , Joshua Toulmin suggested that the church adopted Unitarian worship in 1722 . This form of worship remained outlawed , as the Act of Toleration did not extend to nontrinitarianism . Unitarianism believed in the " One God and Father of all " , rather than the Trinity of God as three consubstantial persons . Writing a series on " Baptists in Taunton " for the Taunton Courier , H. J. Channon disagreed , placing the change in 1733 . Both agreed that the zeal with which Jeffries preached helped to swell his congregation , although a history of the Baptist church in Wellington notes that Jeffries was obstructive regarding a Baptist church being built in that town . Toulmin himself served as the pastor of the chapel from 1764 until 1803 , during which time he " experienced unremitted insult and misrepresentation . " At one time , an effigy was burned at his door , and it was said that Toulmin could have suffered the same fate , but for assistance from his friends . During Toulmin 's ministry , the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge occasionally preached at the chapel while staying at Coleridge Cottage in Nether Stowey . In a letter , Coleridge wrote , " I walked into Taunton ( eleven miles ) and back again , and performed the divine services for Dr. Toulmin . " The Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813 legalised Unitarian worship .
In 1814 , a Calvinistic Baptist group was formed in Taunton , and the following year they built a church on Silver Street . In the same year , the Presbyterians in Taunton found themselves homeless ; having previously met in chapels on Paul Street and then Tancred Street , the " ruinous condition " of their meeting house led them to abandon it , and they merged into the Unitarian congregation under the ministry of Henry Davies . Upon this merger , the congregation included " a few of the most influential inhabitants of the town " , and the chapel was so full that " children had to sit on the stairs . " An organ was added to the chapel in 1826 , and at the same time , the building renovated and " beautified " at a cost of £ 600 . The chapel was closed for a few months in 1881 , when the building was renovated . At this time , the stucco frontage was added to the building , and a number of internal alterations were made . The building had formerly had two entrance doors , but these were replaced with one central doorway . The Unitarians provided a free school for poor children in Taunton , and were the first in the town to offer this service equally for girls and boys . In 1886 , the Mary Street Memorial Schools were built next to the chapel , replacing a smaller school that had previously stood there . The schools , funded by John Collins Odgers were dedicated to the memory of Odgers late wife , and her father , William Arthur Jones , who had been a pastor of the Taunton chapel . The school was run under the care of the trustees of the Unitarian chapel until it was closed in 1933 during a reorganisation of education in Taunton . The school building was also used by the Unitarians for their Sunday school , and as a function hall for lectures and meetings .
The building underwent a series of repairs and redecoration , carried out by the Steel Coleman Davis Partnership in the early 21st century . These included a significant structural repair , as the main supporting roof truss was badly damaged . The frontage was also upgraded to withstand the weathering effects of being north @-@ facing , and the damage caused by being so close to the road . Services continue to be held at the Unitarian Chapel , and as of March 2015 , are held twice a month , on the first and third Sundays of each month .
= = Architecture = =
The Unitarian Chapel retains much of its original interior , including square Corinthian columns , Oak galleries and a carved wooden pulpit . A large brass chandelier was donated to the chapel later in the 18th century by Nathaniel Webb , one the town 's members of parliament . In 1881 , the building 's frontage was decorated with stucco to an Italianate style . Each floor is split by a number of Corinthian pilasters , and the doorway is framed by two pairs of similar identical pilasters , and topped by a triangular pediment . On the ground floor , there are four round @-@ headed windows , while the first floor has five round @-@ headed window bays , though the outer pairs are blocked . It was designated as a Grade II * listed building in 1952 .
= New York State Route 38A =
New York State Route 38A ( NY 38A ) is a north – south state highway located within Onondaga and Cayuga Counties in central New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 38 in the village of Moravia . Its northern terminus is at a junction with U.S. Route 20 ( US 20 ) and NY 5 in downtown Auburn . Much of NY 38A runs through rural , undeveloped areas situated between Owasco Lake and Skaneateles Lake .
The southern half of NY 38A was originally designated as part of NY 26 in 1924 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 26 was broken up into several routes , including NY 38A , a new route assigned to NY 26 's former alignment between Moravia and Skaneateles and a previously unnumbered highway from Skaneateles to Auburn .
= = Route description = =
NY 38A begins at an intersection with NY 38 in the village of Moravia . It proceeds east out of the village on East Cayuga Street and follows it to the vicinity of St. Patrick 's Cemetery , where NY 38A turns to follow Decker Creek northward through a valley surrounding the creek . While in the valley , NY 38A passes through mostly undeveloped areas of the towns of Moravia and Niles . At Globe Hotel Corners , an extremely small hamlet just north
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1719 on the Portuguese island of Príncipe . Other famous residents connected as seafarers include Isaac Davis , a former seaman who was engaged in the fur trade between the Pacific Northwest and China . He became an advisor to Kamehameha I and helped form the Kingdom of Hawaii . Milford Haven has produced , or attracted , several notable artists including Arthur Symons , poet , critic , and an art editor of The Savoy magazine , who was born in the town in 1865 , and Charles Norris , topographical artist , and author of A Historical Account of Tenby , who lived in Milford Haven from 1800 to 1810 .
Performing artists from Milford Haven include Helen Watts , a contralto who studied at the Royal Academy of Music and was awarded the CBE in 1978 , and singer @-@ songwriter Sarah Howells , founder member of the pop band Paper Aeroplanes . Film and TV actor George Winter ( Scum , Merlin of the Crystal Cave ) was also born in the town . Novelist Sarah Waters , although born in Neyland , attended Milford Haven Grammar School . Sir James Frederick Rees , born in 1883 and the son of a Hakin dock worker , pursued an academic career , becoming Principal of University College , Cardiff , and author of a number of historical texts , including The Story of Milford . Dorothy Meyler , born 1908 , joined University College of Wales , Aberystwyth in 1925 , and later enjoyed a successful career teaching in the university , in addition to publishing several academic works . Tailor and fashion designer Timothy Everest began his professional career working as a sales assistant at a branch of Hepworths in the town . Sporting figures include Robert Hughes , who in 2005 won the Wales National Darts Championship , and Andrew Salter , a batsman for Cardiff MCC University . Footballer Tommy Best played as a centre forward in the Football League for Chester City , Cardiff City and Queens Park Rangers . Another footballer from the town was Marwood Marchant , who played for Cardiff City and Torquay United . William Davies Evans , who from 1800 resided at Castle Pill with his family , is credited with the invention of the celebrated Evans Gambit , debuted in 1826 in London at his defeat of Alexander McDonnell Rosalyn Wild , a resident of the town , achieved fame in 2011 for charity work .
Milford Haven is also connected to notable military figures , such as Charles George Gordon , a British Army officer and administrator , remembered for his campaigns in China and northern Africa . During a two @-@ year stay in Pembroke , he prepared plans for fortifications of Milford Haven . Of those born in the town , Hubert William Lewis was awarded the Victoria Cross for acts of bravery during the First World War . W.G. " Gugs " Gwilliam was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal for acts of bravery whilst serving on board the HMS Exeter during the Battle of the River Plate . Other residents include Robert Fulke Greville and his uncle Charles Francis Greville , who improved and expanded Milford Haven as a more commercial and modern settlement , and John Zephaniah Holwell , a surgeon employed by the English East India Company and survivor of the Black Hole of Calcutta , who owned " Castle Hall " in the 1770s . Samuel Lake is remembered for his ambitious bid to complete Milford Docks for £ 80 @,@ 000 in a mere seven months in 1880 , and his subsequent bankruptcy in 1883 which delayed actual completion for a number of years . An ecclesiastic figure to gain prominence from the town was Frederick Ebenezer Lloyd , an independent Catholic bishop who contributed to the early development of the American Catholic Church . He headed this organization as Primate and Metropolitan from 1920 to his death in 1933 .
Milford Haven is the birthplace of serial killer John Cooper , who in 2011 was convicted of murdering siblings Richard and Helen Thomas at their Scoveston home near Steynton in 1985 , and Peter and Gwenda Dixon on the Pembrokeshire Coast Path near Little Haven in 1989 . He was additionally convicted of the rape of a teenager and assault of four others in woodland near the town 's Mount Estate in 1996 .
= Washington State Route 96 =
State Route 96 ( SR 96 ) is a 6 @.@ 75 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 10 @.@ 86 km ) state highway located within Snohomish County in the U.S. state of Washington . The highway travels east from an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) in Paine Field @-@ Lake Stickney through Mill Creek and an intersection with SR 527 to end at SR 9 south of Snohomish . SR 96 was established in 1991 and follows the route of a wagon road constructed by Snohomish County in the late 1880s to connect Snohomish to Seattle . The highway was closed during the Great Coastal Gale of 2007 after a culvert was damaged and its eastern terminus was re @-@ constructed in 2009 to serve increasing volumes of traffic .
= = Route description = =
SR 96 begins as 128th Street at a diamond interchange with I @-@ 5 in Paine Field @-@ Lake Stickney , located in suburban Snohomish County south of Everett . The highway travels east and crosses the Interurban Trail and North Creek before turning southeast onto 132nd Street and entering the city of Mill Creek . SR 96 passes north of McCollum Pioneer Park and Henry M. Jackson High School before it intersects SR 527 at the city center . The highway continues east and passes Archbishop Murphy High School before turning northeast onto Seattle Hill Road and ascends the eponymous hill into Silver Firs . SR 96 descends southeast into the Snohomish River valley from Larimers Corner to Rees Corner on 131st Street , ending at an intersection with SR 9 south of Snohomish .
Every year , the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that the busiest section of SR 96 was its western terminus at I @-@ 5 , serving 43 @,@ 000 vehicles , while the least busy section is its eastern terminus at SR 9 , serving 11 @,@ 000 vehicles .
= = History = =
Seattle Hill Road and 131st Street have existed since 1885 on their present route as part of a wagon road constructed by Snohomish County connecting Snohomish to Seattle . The highway from Seattle Hill through Mill Creek was completed by the late 1950s and paved in the early 1960s by the county . SR 96 was added to the state highway system and codified in 1991 , traveling east from I @-@ 5 to SR 9 via Mill Creek . Seattle Hill Road was bypassed to the south by Cathcart Way in 2004 , planned by the county government since 1978 to redirect traffic on the two @-@ lane SR 96 . During the Great Coastal Gale in December 2007 , Seattle Hill Road was washed out by a damaged culvert and subsequently closed until late January as WSDOT crews repaired the highway . The eastern terminus of SR 96 , an intersection with SR 9 , was expanded between April 2008 and December 2009 by WSDOT , adding turning lanes and a traffic camera .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Snohomish County .
= New Jersey Route 18 =
Route 18 is a 40 @.@ 16 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 64 @.@ 63 km ) state highway in the US state of New Jersey . It begins at an intersection with Route 138 in Wall and ends when the road disseminates into Hoes Lane in Piscataway . Much of the route is a limited @-@ access freeway , including the entire portion in Monmouth County and the northern end through New Brunswick and Piscataway . The remainder of the route is a multi @-@ lane divided highway . Route 18 was formerly designated as Route S28 , a prefixed spur of State Highway Route 28 through Middlesex and Monmouth Counties . The designation , assigned in the 1927 renumbering , remained until a second renumbering in 1953 . At that point , Route 18 was designated onto the alignment .
The route originally ended at Route 27 at the border between Highland Park and New Brunswick , but was extended northward to then @-@ County Route 514 Spur , now County Route 622 , in 1983 . The freeway through New Brunswick was constructed during the 1980s over the Delaware and Raritan Canal location . Route 18 was further extended in 2004 , and presently ends at Hoes Lane in Piscataway . However , construction is underway to extend the route to I @-@ 287 in Piscataway . The route southward of Exit 6A in Wall was also originally intended to extend to the Brielle Circle and terminate at Route 34 , Route 35 , and Route 70 but there are no plans to do so currently .
= = Route description = =
= = = Monmouth County = = =
Route 18 begins at a partial @-@ cloverleaf interchange with New Jersey Route 138 in Wall . At the southern end of the interchange , the right @-@ of @-@ way and unused pavement for the southern extension is visible along with the former on @-@ ramp from Route 138 to Route 18 northbound . The highway heads northward as a four @-@ lane freeway , crossing under Route 138 . Route 18 interchanges with Route 138 westbound and Monmouth Boulevard , a local road in New Bedford . Route 18 then crosses under Monmouth Boulevard and County Route 18 ( Belmar Boulevard ) in the community of Glendola . The route continues through Glendola , and interchanges with Brighton Avenue ( southbound Interchanges 7A and 7B ) . The freeway continues south of the Shark River Golf Course , through Neptune , paralleling Brighton Avenue , and interchanges with Route 33 and County Route 17 at exit 8 . Although signed as exit 8 northbound , the interchange is divided into exits 8A and 8B heading southbound . The roadway crosses into Ocean Township and crosses under County Route 17 ( West Bangs Avenue ) . In Ocean Township , there are exits for Route 66 and Asbury Avenue , Deal Road , and West Park Avenue . Farther north , the highway enters Eatontown .
A large interchange near the Naval Weapons Station Earle serves Industrial Way West , County Route 547 ( Wyckoff Road ) , New Jersey Route 36 , Hope Road , the Garden State Parkway , the Tinton Falls interchange ( exit 105 ) , and County Route 38 ( Wayside Road ) . The route continues northwestward into Colts Neck . The freeway continues to the northwest through wooded land for several miles , crossing over Normandy Road and to the south of the Pebble Creek Golf Club . Exits along this stretch include New Jersey Route 34 , County Route 537 ( Colts Neck Road ) , New Jersey Route 79 ( South Main Street ) , County Route 520 , and County Route 3 ( Tennent Road ) , which connects to Freehold Borough and Marlboro .
= = = Middlesex County = = =
After entering Middlesex County , Route 18 continues north as a freeway , entering Old Bridge Township . After interchanging with U.S. Route 9 ( exit 30 ) , the freeway ends , and the route becomes an arterial highway through a mostly wooded commercial stretch of Old Bridge . The route crosses several roads in this area . It then passes under County Route 516 and County Route 527 ( Old Bridge @-@ Matawan Road ) , but has no northbound interchange to connect with them ; motorists have to travel through a residential area to access these roads . On the southbound side , motorists can use a cloverleaf or Englishtown Road . Route 18 then enters East Brunswick , then interchanging with Middlesex County Route 615 , which also connects to County Route 527 .
Route 18 then continues through the heavily developed commercial corridor of East Brunswick , intersecting with County Route 617 ( Rues Lane ) and passing near Brunswick Square Mall . After the interchanges with County Routes 535 ( Cranbury Road ) and County Route 606 ( Milltown Road ) , Route 18 intersects West Ferris Street , West Prospect Street , Tices Lane , and then meets County Route 527 ( the Old Bridge Turnpike ) at Edgeboro Road . An intersection and partial interchange with Eggers Street and JFK Boulevard is followed by crossing over the New Jersey Turnpike at exit 9 of the turnpike . The road then intersects Tower Center Boulevard before crossing into New Brunswick at Lawrence Brook .
The U.S. Route 1 interchange is followed by an intersection at Paulus Boulevard before separating into a local / express configuration and paralleling the Raritan River , passing the former New Brunswick city docks . Local exits include New Jersey Route 172 ( the southern terminus of George Street ) , the Rutgers University boathouse and Elmer B. Boyd Park , Commercial Avenue , New Street , and New Jersey Route 27 ( Albany Street ) , after which the express and local lanes merge back together and cross under the New Jersey Transit Northeast Corridor Line viaduct . The freeway continues with exits for George Street , Rutgers ( for access to the College Avenue Campus ) and Easton Avenue before exiting New Brunswick on the John A. Lynch , Sr. Memorial Bridge over the Raritan River .
The highway then interchanges with County Route 622 ( River Road ) , Campus Road ( Rutgers ' Busch Campus and stadium ) , Metlars Lane ( Rutgers ' Livingston Campus and Louis Brown Athletic Center ) , where the route curves to the west before ending near Buckingham Drive . The roadway continues as Hoes Lane , which heads north to an intersection with Centennial Avenue . ( Route 18 signage is now in place on Hoes Lane and Centennial Avenue in anticipation of the upcoming extension of Route 18 to Interstate 287 . See § Extension through Piscataway and to Brielle below . )
= = History and future = =
= = = Designation and southern freeway construction = = =
The alignment of Route 18 through Middlesex County from Middlesex to Highland Park was first designated in the 1926 designing of a new highway system as State Highway Route S @-@ 29 , a prefixed spur of New Jersey Route 29 ( U.S. Route 22 ) through Middlesex County . The route followed Washington Avenue in Middlesex and the River Road in Piscataway until terminating at State Highway Route 27 near the Albany Street Bridge in Highland Park . By the time of the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , the route was re @-@ designated as State Highway Route S @-@ 28 . This route was a prefixed spur of State Highway Route 28 in Middlesex , following Raritan Avenue and River Road through Piscataway and Highland Park , joining State Highway Route 27 on a concurrency into New Brunswick , and onto George Street in New Brunswick southward . After New Brunswick , Route S @-@ 28 continued southward through East Brunswick , Old Bridge and Browntown before terminating at State Highway Route 4 ( U.S. Route 9 ) in Matawan .
The route was originally designated as an east – west highway , whereas it is now signed north @-@ south . Although Route S @-@ 28 was used for the alignment for nearly three decades , the second state highway renumbering in 1953 eliminated the designation , and Route 18 was designated in place .
During the 1950s , as the New Jersey State Highway Department was drawing out plans for an extensive freeway system , freeways were proposed for Route 18 and nearby Route 35 . Route 18 's freeway was to begin in Eatontown and head westward to Old Bridge along the former alignment of State Highway Route 18 prior to the 1953 renumbering , while Route 35 was to be rerouted from its surface alignment and head northward from Seaside Heights to Long Branch on a new freeway . Both plans were endorsed by the Tri @-@ State Transportation Committee in 1962 , and the acquisition for the right @-@ of @-@ ways began almost immediately . The freeways combined were to cost $ 50 million ( 1962 USD ) and be 30 miles ( 48 km ) in total . Both freeways were designed to handle 30 @,@ 000 – 50 @,@ 000 vehicles daily .
The freeway was completed between Route 138 and Route 33 in 1967 and Route 33 and Deal Road in 1969 . Following this , the Route 35 freeway was cancelled and it became the part of Route 18 south of Eatontown . In 1974 , Route 18 was completed between just south of Normandy Road in Colts Neck and US 9 . A small portion of the freeway between Obre Road and Normandy Road in Colts Neck was finished in 1977 . Route 18 was built between Wayside Road and Obre Road in 1978 . The final portion of the Route 18 between Deal Road and Wayside Road was finished in 1988 .
= = = Freeway around New Brunswick = = =
The proposals for a freeway bypassing New Brunswick began in 1962 , when the New Jersey State Highway Department made plans to construct a new freeway from U.S. Route 1 through New Brunswick to U.S. Route 22 in Bound Brook . The price tag for construction was $ 44 million ( about $ 344 million in 2016 dollars ) and was to head for 8 @.@ 3 miles ( 13 @.@ 4 km ) , accessing the Somerset Freeway , I @-@ 287 and Route 28 before terminating at US 22 . The extension to Bound Brook , however , was canceled in the 1970s because of tight funding .
Construction of a new four @-@ lane bridge across the Raritan River ( now the John A. Lynch Memorial Bridge ) began in the 1960s , but in 1970 , when the environment impact laws came out , construction froze with only three massive piers standing out of the river . Outside of the bridge , there was significant controversy over the abandoned Delaware and Raritan Canal heading through New Brunswick . The new freeway was to supplant the former canal and its thirteenth lock in New Brunswick , abandoned in 1932 . The environmentalists and the historic preservationists opposed the freeway extension because of the fears of losing the canal , while companies like Johnson & Johnson supported the new highway for redeveloping New Brunswick .
In 1977 , the newly formed New Jersey Department of Transportation received a federal grant to construct the Route 18 Freeway from New Street in New Brunswick , across the Raritan and terminating at Middlesex County Route 514 Spur in Piscataway . This 2 @.@ 3 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) portion was completed in 1983 at a cost of $ 40 million
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( about $ 95 million in 2016 dollars ) , with a finished bridge and freeway through New Brunswick .
In 2005 , construction began on a revamped Route 18 freeway through New Brunswick . The rebuild includes local and express lanes from Route 172 ( George Street ) to the interchange with Route 27 ( Albany Street ) . Conti Enterprises was hired for the project , which was announced complete in August 2009 at a ceremony by governor Jon S. Corzine and Stephen Dilts , the commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Transportation . During the construction , the New Street interchange and bridge were demolished and replaced . The area of the Paulus Boulevard intersection was upgraded for accessibility , and a bus stop was installed , but the roadway southbound is still three lanes at the traffic light . In adjacent Elmer Boyd Park a new entranceway and amphitheatre were added .
= = = Extension through Piscataway and to Brielle = = =
In 2001 , the New Jersey Department of Transportation approved construction of extending the Route 18 Freeway northward from Middlesex County Route 622 ( River Road , former CR 514 Spur ) in Piscataway to a new arterial on the existing Hoes Lane in the Rutgers University campuses . Construction of this segment , designated as Section 2A , built a partial cloverleaf interchange to County Route 622 , a trumpet interchange to Frelinghuysen Avenue ( the access to Busch Campus ) and a partial cloverleaf to County Route 609 ( Metlars Lane ) and Davidson Road . The state acquired 12 homes along the existing Metlars Lane and 30 acres ( 120 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land from Rutgers to build the extension . The project cost the state $ 85 million ( 2004 USD ) .
The Department of Transportation then planned the extension to Interstate 287 in Piscataway , by upgrading Hoes Lane 's arterial boulevard and its 20 intersections to standards , eliminating and upgrading several traffic lights . At the intersection with Centennial Avenue , Route 18 will turn off Hoes and follow Centennial to Possumtown Road , where it will terminate at Interstate 287 exit 8 . On February 15 , 2012 , the New Jersey Department of Transportation broke ground on the project , which is to cost $ 28 million and is nearing completion in mid @-@ 2016 . Although NJDOT 's road inventory continues to show Route 18 as ending at Hoes Lane and Buckingham Drive in Piscataway , Route 18 signage has been erected on Hoes Lane and Centennial Ave. between the current terminus and the future one . At least one press release suggested that NJDOT considered Route 18 to extend to Interstate 287 as of April 2016 .
There has been scrutiny about the stub end at Exit 6A for Route 138 that was to be a part of an extension of the freeway for its final five miles ( 8 km ) from Route 138 to the Brielle Circle . Some of the right @-@ of @-@ way that was acquired in the 1960s for the Route 35 freeway were transformed into a multi @-@ use trail for bicycles and other vehicles to link the Wall Township Municipal Complex to the existing Edgar Felix Bikeway that runs from Manasquan to Allaire State Park . In 2001 , the Brielle Circle was replaced with a new four @-@ approach interchange between Route 35 , Route 34 and Route 70 , but the project included no hint of the Route 18 Extension . NJDOT is in planning to create a Park & Ride at the southern terminus of the Route 18 freeway . It will be placed along the four lane right of way just south of Route 138 . Residents are in opposition to this proposal for fear of loitering and vandalism that may accompany the parking lot .
= = = New exit ramp in Old Bridge Township = = =
Construction was slated for the interchange with County Routes 516 and 527 in Old Bridge as there is no way to access either of them without driving through a residential area off Route 18 . The traffic flow along CR 516 ( Old Bridge into Matawan ) and 527 ( Old Bridge into Englishtown / Manalapan ) has increased significantly in the past ten years which called for the exit ramp off Route 18 . The Old Bridge improvements include adding inside shoulders and widening County Routes 516 and 527 . A signalized ramp is to be added for access to County Routes 516 and 527 . Subsequently , County Route 516 's intersection with Old Matawan Road is to be relocated . The project would cost over $ 28 million and was slated to begin in 2009 and to end in 2010 . As of the end of 2009 the large project was put on hold because of the lack of funds and the economic situation . Demolition was completed in 2009 on Marlboro Road , taking down several residential houses and along Old Matawan Road and CR 516 and taking down an old gas station in preparing for the project . There is no new date released by NJDOT in when construction will begin .
= = Major intersections = =
= Japanese battleship Nagato =
Nagato ( 長門 ) , named for Nagato Province , was a dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during the 1910s . The lead ship of her class , she carried supplies for the survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 . The ship was modernized in 1934 – 36 with improvements to her armor and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style . Nagato briefly participated in the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War in 1937 and was the flagship of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto during the attack on Pearl Harbor . She covered the withdrawal of the attacking ships and did not participate in the attack itself .
Other than participating in the Battle of Midway in June 1942 , where she did not see combat , the ship spent most of the first two years of the Pacific War training in home waters . She was transferred to Truk in mid @-@ 1943 , but did not see any combat until the Battle of the Philippine Sea in mid @-@ 1944 when she was attacked by American aircraft . Nagato did not fire her main armament against enemy vessels until the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944 . She was lightly damaged during the battle and returned to Japan the following month . The IJN was running out of fuel by this time and decided not to fully repair her . Nagato was converted into a floating anti @-@ aircraft platform and assigned to coastal defense duties . She was attacked in July 1945 as part of the American campaign to destroy the IJN 's last remaining capital ships , but was only slightly damaged . In mid @-@ 1946 , the ship was a target for nuclear weapon tests during Operation Crossroads . She survived the first test with little damage , but was sunk by the second .
= = Description = =
Nagato had a length of 201 @.@ 17 meters ( 660 ft 0 in ) between perpendiculars and 215 @.@ 8 meters ( 708 ft 0 in ) overall . She had a beam of 29 @.@ 02 meters ( 95 ft 3 in ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 08 meters ( 29 ft 9 in ) . The ship displaced 32 @,@ 720 metric tons ( 32 @,@ 200 long tons ) at standard load and 39 @,@ 116 metric tons ( 38 @,@ 498 long tons ) at full load . Her crew consisted of 1 @,@ 333 officers and enlisted men as built and 1 @,@ 368 in 1935 . The crew totaled around 1 @,@ 734 men in 1944 .
In 1930 , Nagato 's bow was remodeled to reduce the amount of spray produced when steaming into a head sea . This increased her overall length by 1 @.@ 59 meters ( 5 ft 3 in ) to 217 @.@ 39 meters ( 713 ft 3 in ) . During her 1934 – 36 reconstruction , the ship 's stern was lengthened by 7 @.@ 55 meters ( 24 @.@ 8 ft ) to improve her speed and her forward superstructure was rebuilt into a pagoda mast . She was given torpedo bulges to improve her underwater protection and to compensate for the weight of the additional armor and equipment . These changes increased her overall length to 224 @.@ 94 m ( 738 @.@ 0 ft ) , her beam to 34 @.@ 6 m ( 113 ft 6 in ) and her draft to 9 @.@ 49 meters ( 31 ft 2 in ) . Her displacement increased over 7 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 6 @,@ 900 long tons ) to 46 @,@ 690 metric tons ( 45 @,@ 950 long tons ) at deep load . The ship 's metacentric height at deep load was 2 @.@ 35 meters ( 7 ft 9 in ) . In November 1944 , the tops of Nagato 's mainmast and funnel were removed to improve the arcs of fire for her anti @-@ aircraft guns .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Nagato was equipped with four Gihon geared steam turbines , each of which drove one propeller shaft . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 80 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 60 @,@ 000 kW ) , using steam provided by 21 Kampon water @-@ tube boilers ; 15 of these were oil @-@ fired while the remaining half @-@ dozen consumed a mixture of coal and oil . The ship could carry 1 @,@ 600 long tons ( 1 @,@ 600 t ) of coal and 3 @,@ 400 long tons ( 3 @,@ 500 t ) of fuel oil , giving her a range of 5 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 200 km ; 6 @,@ 300 mi ) at a speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . The ship exceeded her designed speed of 26 @.@ 5 knots ( 49 @.@ 1 km / h ; 30 @.@ 5 mph ) during her sea trials , reaching 26 @.@ 7 knots ( 49 @.@ 4 km / h ; 30 @.@ 7 mph ) at 85 @,@ 500 shp ( 63 @,@ 800 kW ) .
Funnel smoke would often choke and blind crewmen on the bridge and in the fire @-@ control systems so a " fingernail " -shaped deflector was installed on the fore funnel in 1922 to direct the exhaust away from them . It was less than effective and the fore funnel was rebuilt in a serpentine shape in an unsuccessful effort during a refit in 1924 . That funnel was eliminated during the ship 's 1930s reconstruction when all of her boilers were replaced by ten oil @-@ fired Kampon boilers , which had a working pressure of 22 kg / cm2 ( 2 @,@ 157 kPa ; 313 psi ) and temperature of 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) . In addition her turbines were replaced by lighter , more modern , units . When Nagato conducted her post @-@ reconstruction trials , she reached a speed of 24 @.@ 98 knots ( 46 @.@ 26 km / h ; 28 @.@ 75 mph ) with 82 @,@ 300 shp ( 61 @,@ 400 kW ) . Additional fuel oil was stored in the bottoms of the newly added torpedo bulges , which increased her capacity to 5 @,@ 560 long tons ( 5 @,@ 650 t ) and thus her range to 8 @,@ 560 nmi ( 15 @,@ 850 km ; 9 @,@ 850 mi ) at 16 knots .
= = = Armament = = =
Nagato 's eight 45 @-@ caliber 41 @-@ centimeter guns were mounted in two pairs of twin @-@ gun , superfiring turrets fore and aft . Numbered one through four from front to rear , the hydraulically powered turrets gave the guns an elevation range of − 2 to + 35 degrees . The rate of fire for the guns was around two rounds per minute . The turrets aboard the Nagato @-@ class ships were replaced in the mid @-@ 1930s with the turrets stored from the unfinished Tosa @-@ class battleships . While in storage the turrets had been modified to increase their range of elevation to – 3 to + 43 degrees , which increased the gun 's maximum range from 30 @,@ 200 to 37 @,@ 900 meters ( 33 @,@ 000 to 41 @,@ 400 yd ) .
The ship 's secondary armament of twenty 50 @-@ caliber 14 @-@ centimeter guns was mounted in casemates on the upper sides of the hull and in the superstructure . The manually operated guns had a maximum range of 20 @,@ 500 metres ( 22 @,@ 400 yd ) and fired at a rate of six to 10 rounds per minute . Anti @-@ aircraft defense was provided by four 40 @-@ caliber 3rd Year Type three @-@ inch AA guns in single mounts . The 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) high @-@ angle guns had a maximum elevation of + 75 degrees , and had a rate of fire of 13 to 20 rounds per minute . The ship was also fitted with eight 53 @.@ 3 @-@ centimeter ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes , four on each broadside , two above water and two submerged .
Around 1926 , the four above @-@ water torpedo tubes were removed and the ship received three additional 76 mm AA guns that were situated around the base of the foremast . They were replaced by eight 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter Type 89 dual @-@ purpose guns in 1932 , fitted on both sides of the fore and aft superstructures in four twin @-@ gun mounts . When firing at surface targets , the guns had a range of 14 @,@ 700 meters ( 16 @,@ 100 yd ) ; they had a maximum ceiling of 9 @,@ 440 meters ( 30 @,@ 970 ft ) at their maximum elevation of + 90 degrees . Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute , but their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute . Two twin @-@ gun mounts for license @-@ built Vickers two @-@ pounder light AA guns were also added to the ship that same year . These guns had a maximum elevation of + 80 degrees which gave them a ceiling of 4 @,@ 000 meters ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) . They had a maximum rate of fire of 200 rounds per minute .
When the ship was reconstructed in 1934 – 36 , the remaining torpedo tubes and the two forward 14 cm guns were removed from the hull . The remaining 14 cm guns had their elevation increased to + 35 degrees which increased their range to 20 @,@ 000 meters ( 22 @,@ 000 yd ) . An unknown number of license @-@ built 13 @.@ 2 mm Hotchkiss machine guns in twin mounts were added . The maximum range of these guns was 6 @,@ 500 meters ( 7 @,@ 100 yd ) , but the effective range against aircraft was 700 – 1 @,@ 500 meters ( 770 – 1 @,@ 640 yd ) . The cyclic rate was adjustable between 425 and 475 rounds per minute , but the need to change 30 @-@ round magazines reduced the effective rate to 250 rounds per minute .
The unsatisfactory two @-@ pounders were replaced in 1939 by twenty license @-@ built Hotchkiss 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns in a mixture of twin @-@ gun and single mounts . This was the standard Japanese light AA gun during World War II , but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon . According to historian Mark Stille , the twin and triple mounts " lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation ; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets ; the gun exhibited excessive vibration ; the magazine was too small , and , finally , the gun produced excessive muzzle blast " . These 25 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) guns had an effective range of 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 1 @,@ 600 – 3 @,@ 300 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 meters ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) at an elevation of 85 degrees . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines . Additional 25 mm guns were installed during the war ; on 10 July 1944 , the ship was reported to have 98 guns on board . An additional 30 guns were added during a refit in Yokosuka in November . Two more twin 127 mm gun mounts were added at the same time abreast the funnel and her 14 cm guns were removed as she was by then a floating anti @-@ aircraft battery .
= = = Armor = = =
The ship 's waterline armor belt was 305 mm ( 12 in ) thick and tapered to a thickness of 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) at its bottom edge ; above it was a strake of 229 mm ( 9 @.@ 0 in ) armor . The main deck armor was 69 mm ( 2 @.@ 7 in ) while the lower deck was 75 mm ( 3 in ) thick . The turrets were protected with an armor thickness of 305 mm on the face , 230 – 190 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 5 in ) on the sides , and 152 – 127 mm ( 6 @.@ 0 – 5 @.@ 0 in ) on the roof . The barbettes of the turrets were protected by armor 305 mm thick , while the casemates of the 140 mm guns were protected by 25 mm armor plates . The sides of the conning tower were 369 mm ( 14 @.@ 5 in ) thick .
The new 41 cm turrets installed during Nagato 's reconstruction were more heavily armored than the original ones . Face armor was increased to 460 mm ( 18 @.@ 1 in ) , the sides to 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) , and the roof to 250 – 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 – 9 @.@ 1 in ) . The armor over the machinery and magazines was increased by 38 mm on the upper deck and 25 mm on the upper armored deck . These additions increased the weight of the ship 's armor to 13 @,@ 032 metric tons ( 12 @,@ 826 long tons ) , 32 @.@ 6 percent of her displacement . In early 1941 , as a preparation for war , Nagato 's barbette armor was reinforced with 100 mm (
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the tattoo shop ) . Rachel hires Santana to be her publicist , which leads her to take on a charitable cause with a local rescue kennel . She performs with Mercedes and Santana on stage for the benefit , ' Broadway Bitches ' , but the publicity stunt goes wrong when the dogs pull her down and drag her for several blocks . Despite this , Santana reassures her and they discuss the next step in their campaign . Rachel lands the lead on the Broadway show , Funny Girl . Santana offers to be Rachel 's understudy when Rachel is stuck in Los Angeles for a television show audition . Before the opening , she suffers from a bout of self @-@ doubt , but performs after Santana gives her a pep talk . Lee Paulblatt a Fox Television executive sees Rachel perform , and is so impressed , he informs her wants to cast her in an upcoming , unnamed television pilot . He has her meet with the famed screenwriter , Mary Halloran , who will be creating the script . After the first meeting , Rachel is confused by Mary 's ideas and idiosyncratic behavior . Rachel has the group review Mary 's script , and everyone agrees it is terrible ( except Brittany ) . Rachel meets with Mary and tells her that the lead character does not sound like her . Mary points out that television viewers want anti @-@ heroes , but Rachel responds by singing , and Mary , uncharacteristically , is moved and made happy by the performance . She agrees to redo the script , but warns Rachel that the network will never make a pilot from it . Eventually , the network loves the script and calls Rachel , and she moves to LA to start shooting her pilot .
= = = Season 6 = = =
In the final season premiere , " Loser Like Me " , it is revealed that Rachel 's pilot bombs . It got the extremely low rating and the show was quickly cancelled . Having burned her bridges in Broadway , Rachel retreats home to Lima and discovers that her fathers are divorcing and her house is being sold . Much to her dismay , Sue has disbanded all arts from McKinley and Rachel approaches the Superintendent to reboot the glee club with her remaining TV money to fund it . He agrees as long as she runs the club . With the help of the newly broken @-@ up Kurt , both of them officially restarts the New Directions , which angers Sue . She calls her old friends and former fellow glee club members Quinn , Santana , Brittany , Puck , Artie , Mercedes , and Tina to help her and Kurt recruits students to join the glee club , and got one student , Roderick , to audition . Blaine , who currently being a coach for Dalton Academy Warbler , is desperately trying to let a girl student named Jane to join the Warblers , despite the Warblers objections . Jane eventually choose to transfer to McKinley to join the New Directions after a brief coaching with Rachel , much to Blaine 's dismay . By the end , she has 4 members of the glee club . During her time as McKinley 's faculty , she bonds with Sam , who is the current assistant of Coach Beiste , and develops crush on him , despite he is only being hypnotized by Sue to distract Rachel . Sam backs off , stating he is still into Mercedes , which makes her sad . Over time , it 's obvious that they have feelings for each other , and after Mercedes giving her blessings and encourage both of them to pursue a relationship , they did . Also , by Mercedes suggestion , she auditions for Broadway again . She is struggling to move on from her old house once it got sold , and her friends and students cheers her up with a farewell party . Later , Rachel plans on applying back to NYADA , and she is accepted . But she is torn to choose broadway or college . Despite Jesse St. James , who returns to town , suggestion to go to the broadway with him , she chooses NYADA . She announces that after regionals is over , she will be departing from McKinley to go back to NYADA again . In beginning of the series finale , " Dreams Come True " it is seen she is still coming to the New Directions competition , assisting them . She did make it big on broadway , married to Jesse , and 8 months pregnant as a surrogate mother to Kurt 's and Blaine 's child . She wins a Tony , and thank everyone on stage , especially Will Schuester . In the final minutes of the series , she performs OneRepublic 's " I Lived " with almost every former member of New Directions and the adults during the rededication to the McKinley 's auditorium to Finn Hudson for one last time and take a final bow with the rest of the Glee Cast .
= = Development = =
= = = Casting and creation = = =
Rachel is regularly portrayed by Lea Michele , and as a child has been played by Lauren Boles . In casting Glee , series creator Ryan Murphy sought out actors who could identify with the rush of starring in theatrical roles . Instead of using traditional network casting calls , he spent three months on Broadway , where he found Lea Michele , who starred in Spring Awakening . The role of Rachel was written specifically for Michele . In an interview with The Washington Post , Michele commented on her casting , saying : " I was kind of just thrown into this — this is one of the first television jobs I 've ever had . Of course being able to sing helps bring a sense of comfort . The character I 'm playing is really outgoing — she performs in her everyday life as though she 's performing in front of a huge audience . "
In December 2010 , Ryan Murphy announced that the cast of Glee would be replaced at the end of the Season 3 to coincide with their graduation . Murphy said : " Every year we 're going to populate a new group . There 's nothing more depressing than a high schooler with a bald spot . " He also revealed that some of the original cast will leave as early as 2012 : " I think you have to be true to the fact that here is a group of people who come and go in these teachers ' lives . " Murphy said in July 2011 that Michele would be one of the actors leaving at the end of the third season , and Michele commented on the matter , saying : " We always knew we 'd graduate in real time . It 's all part of the plan and it 's all good ! It 's going to make Season 3 amazing ! This is just the beginning ! " However , Falchuk later stated that while Michele , along with Chris Colfer and Cory Monteith , will graduate at the end of the third season , " because they 're graduating doesn 't mean they 're leaving the show . " Falchuk insisted " it was never our plan or our intention to let them go … . They are not done with the show after this season . "
Sandra Gonzalez of Entertainment Weekly commented on the original news that several characters would be leaving the cast when they graduate , and said : " Indeed , a rolling cast list has done some shows good in the past . I 'll admit that it took me some time to warm up to the ' new kids ' on Friday Night Lights , which ends its run tomorrow on NBC , but it was a well @-@ done transition . What I loved most was that the new blood didn 't try to be the new versions of the old characters . They were new characters with completely different outlooks and goals . Glee could learn a lot from what Friday Night Lights accomplished : a seamless , realistic transition . The problem ? ' Seamless ' and ' realistic ' have never been Glee 's strong points , which is not to say they couldn 't be . But the question is : Is Glee looking to be the less @-@ attractive comedy cousin of Friday Night Lights … or Saved By the Bell : The New Class ? "
= = = Characterization = = =
She took the role because of Rachel 's characterization , and explained : " Not only is she a singer , but she has so much heart — I think it 's what we need on TV . A show that is filled with heart and love that is funny . It sends an amazing message to kids about the arts and being who you are . " Michele described the first thirteen episodes of the series as " Rachel 's journey of finding herself within the Glee club " , and said that " she 's learning how to be a team player and work within this group . She 's a very strong , driven girl , who 's sometimes a little misunderstood . "
Glee 's costume designer Lou Eyrich described Rachel 's costuming in an interview with Entertainment Weekly : " Originally , the inspiration for her look was Tracy Flick from Election — very buttoned @-@ down , preppy , obnoxious , squeaky clean , nerdy . But she 's got at least 12 costume changes each episode . That same look all the time just gets boring for the screen and for the actress to wear , so we spread it out a lot . We try to have her buttoned @-@ up or wearing a nerdy sweater over a cute dress , like she doesn 't quite get it right . Or she takes that sweater and tucks it into the skirt and pairs it with knee highs and flats . She makes it her way , which is more quirky . The popular girls find a way to make it look cool , but Rachel makes it look nerdy . But it 's not old @-@ school nerdy with thick glasses and pocket protectors . She thinks she 's taking a trend and making it cool , but she wears it wrong . "
Michele bases Rachel on herself when she was younger , and also draws inspiration from the film Election , and the Gossip Girl character Blair Waldorf ( Leighton Meester ) . She has explained : " [ Blair ] is shady , but you still love her . She 's still vulnerable . That 's what I try to do with Rachel . Rachel will never be popular because her looks aren 't considered beautiful , and when I was in high school it was the same for me . I didn 't get a nose job , and every single girl around me did . Therefore , I was out . I was not cool . What 's so great about Glee is that it shows you how that kind of stuff hurts , but it doesn 't matter : You can still be who you want to be . And in four years , high school will be over and all of that crap won 't matter anyway . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Several songs performed by Michele as Rachel have been released as singles , available for digital download , also featuring on the soundtracks Glee : The Music , Volume 1 and Glee : The Music , Volume 2 . Rachel has received positive reviews from critics . The role saw Michele nominated for the Emmy for Best Leading Actress in a Comedy Series at the 2010 Primetime Emmy Award , which were hosted on August 29 ; and for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy at the 2010 Golden Globe Awards . Robert A. George of the New York Post has deemed Rachel " the only female [ in Glee ] who doesn 't come across as manipulative or vapidly helpless " , while the Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan wrote , " Lea Michele not only has an amazing voice but manages to make her character , spoiled diva Rachel Berry , more than a humorless stereotype . " Denise Martin of The Los Angeles Times commented in her review of the episode " The Rhodes Not Taken " : " if there 's any justice in the world , Lea Michele will win a Golden Globe and an Emmy for playing Rachel " .
Following the episode " Hairography " in which Rachel is badly made @-@ over by Kurt , Mike Hale of The New York Times noted a popular theme amongst critics for negatively highlighting the way Glee treats its female characters . He said that while he understood this stance , he generally disagreed with it as the show treats male characters equally poorly . However , he wrote that " it was a bit much when Finn looked at Rachel in her catsuit and frizzy hair and said she looked like a ' sad clown hooker . ' Come on . She looked fantastic . " Zap2it 's Korbi Ghosh has deemed Rachel 's high point on the show romancing of Finn and Puck , commenting : " when we saw Rachel fall for them , she was actually relatable . Likable even . The type @-@ A , uber @-@ talented , self @-@ involved know @-@ it @-@ all who 's usually alienating her classmates let her guard down to expose a vulnerable side . And , as a bonus , we got some super solid musical performances from those awkward courtships . "
Conversely , Ghosh assessed her low point as being her romancing of Will , writing : " Sure , Schue 's got it going on , what with the rapping , the break dancing , the boy band 'ing and the lindy hopping too . But Rachel 's eye @-@ on @-@ the @-@ prize , I 'll @-@ get @-@ what @-@ I @-@ want attitude coupled with her inappropriate crush on the teacher just made her creepier than usual . Infiltrating his home , cooking and cleaning for him right under his crazy wife 's nose . Come on , Berry , you 're better than that ... " Raymund Flandez for The Wall Street Journal commented on the episode " Preggers " : " Rachel has become insufferable . The disagreements with Mr. Schue about her own development as a bonafide triple @-@ threat have branded her as an overbearing prima donna to the rest of Glee . " Eric Goldman for IGN agreed : " It 's hard not to be annoyed by Rachel " . James Poniewozik of Time has suggested that Rachel 's negative character traits may actually be an asset , commenting on her performance of " Don 't Rain on My Parade " in the episode " Sectionals " : " The number reminded me how much I like what the show 's done with Rachel : she 's a lead character , yet the show allows her to be annoying — but at the same time , her dedication makes her likeable . And as we see here , as much of a pill as she can be , her ability to whip out a performance she 's been working on since age four is an asset . "
AfterEllen.com ranked her No. 18 in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters .
= = = Accolades = = =
Michele has won a number of awards for her portrayal of Rachel . At the 2009 Satellite Awards , she won the award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical or Comedy Television Series . Michele was part of the Glee cast ensemble given the Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series award at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards . In 2010 , Michele won the NewNowNext Awards for Brink of Fame : Actor . The role has also garnered Michele numerous award nominations . In 2009 , she was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the category " Choice TV Breakout Star " .
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. Porter arrived at about 16 : 00 and stayed with Cassin until dusk when two British sloops , Jessamine and Tamarisk , took over for Porter ; Cassin was towed to safety and later returned to patrol duty .
On 28 April 1918 , Porter severely damaged U @-@ 108 while that German submarine was steaming to intercept a convoy . The destroyer was transferred to Brest , France , on 14 June . She returned to the United States at the end of the war , and operated off the East Coast until she was decommissioned on 23 June 1922 .
= = United States Coast Guard career = =
On 17 January 1920 , Prohibition was instituted by law in the United States . Soon , the smuggling of alcoholic beverages along the coastlines of the United States became widespread and blatant . The Treasury Department eventually determined that the United States Coast Guard simply did not have the ships to constitute a successful patrol . To cope with the problem , President Calvin Coolidge in 1924 authorized the transfer from the Navy to the Coast Guard of twenty old destroyers that were in reserve and out of commission . Porter was reactivated and transferred to the Treasury Department on 7 June 1924 for use by the Coast Guard .
Designated CG @-@ 7 , Porter was commissioned on 20 February 1925 , and was stationed in New York for duties on the " Rum Patrol " to aid in the attempt to enforce prohibition laws . During her Coast Guard service , Porter captured the rum @-@ running vessel Conseulo II ( the former Louise ) off the coast of Long Island .
After the United States Congress proposed the Twenty @-@ first Amendment to end prohibition in February 1933 , plans were made for Porter to be returned to the Navy . On 27 May 1933 , Porter arrived at the Philadelphia Navy Yard , and was decommissioned nine days later , on 5 June . Porter was transferred back to the Navy on 30 June . Later in 1933 the ship was renamed DD @-@ 59 in order to free the name Porter for a new destroyer of the same name . DD @-@ 59 remained in noncommissioned status until struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 5 July 1934 . She was sold for scrap on 22 August in accordance with the London Naval Treaty .
= Fall Down ( will.i.am song ) =
" Fall Down " is a song by American recording artist will.i.am featuring Miley Cyrus from his fourth studio album # willpower ( 2013 ) . It was released on April 16 , 2013 by Interscope Records as a promotional single from the record ; it was later serviced to Australian radio stations later that year as the third single from the project . The song was written and produced by will.i.am , Dr. Luke , Benny Blanco , and Cirkut . " Fall Down " is an electropop and hip hop song ; it strays from the electronic dance elements displayed in will.i.am 's earlier singles " Scream & Shout " and " # thatPower " , and instead leans towards an urban contemporary style .
" Fall Down " received generally negative reviews from music critics , who were disappointed with its overall production and drew comparisons to the work of American recording artist Kesha . It peaked at number 58 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and charted in the lower ends of several record charts worldwide . However , the song reached numbers 14 and 15 on the Australian ARIA Charts and the Official New Zealand Music Chart , respectively , being certified gold in both countries . In the United States , the track was promoted with live performances on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and Good Morning America .
= = Background and composition = =
" Fall Down " marks the first of three collaborations between will.i.am and Cyrus in 2013 . In October , he was credited as a songwriter and producer on the track " Do My Thang " from her fourth studio album Bangerz , while Cyrus was featured on his track " Feelin ' Myself " from the reissue of his fourth studio album # willpower in November. will.i.am first became interested in collaborating with Cyrus after hearing an earlier version of her single " Wrecking Ball " , and came in contact with her through producer Mike Will Made It .
" Fall Down " was first released on April 16 , 2013 , preceding the release of # willpower in the United States . It served as the follow @-@ up to will.i.am 's earlier singles " Scream & Shout " with Britney Spears and " # thatPower " with Justin Bieber , and served as a promotional single from the record. will.i.am and Cyrus promoted the song with live performances on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and Good Morning America in June . It was released to Australian radio stations in July 2013 as the third single from the record ; an Italian release followed on September 6 .
In contrast from the electronic dance music elements presented in " Scream & Shout " and " # thatPower " , " Fall Down " leans towards an urban contemporary musical style . The chorus incorporates electropop elements , while the verses tend towards a hip hop format , while the track itself culminates with an orchestral bridge. will.i.am mentioned the bridge as his favorite piece of # willpower , and described the overall song as if " Quincy Jones just sneezed on it . " Lyrically , the track describes the positive impact a couple has on each other , as seen in the lines " Girl , you 're like an elevator cause you always pick me up / Girl , you 're like a doctor when I 'm sick you always stitch me up " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Fall Down " received generally negative reviews from music critics , who were disappointed with its overall production . Writing for AllMusic , Fred Thomas was displeased that featuring " big gun " Cyrus still resulted in a " manufactured disposable pop moment " , and further elaborated that the song felt like one of # willpower 's " interminable 15 tracks [ that ] were written in the studio moments before they were recorded . " Sam Lansky from Idolator shared a similar sentiment , opining that Cyrus felt " mostly phoned @-@ in " by comparison with the " emotional punch " Cyrus delivered on her collaboration with American rapper Snoop Lion , " Ashtrays and Heartbreaks " . Andy Peterson of Contactmusic.com criticized the production of the track , stating that listeners are " treated to the sort of identikit trance @-@ plus @-@ autotune sound that 's been annexing American teen culture in the last couple of years " .
Writing for entertainment.ie , Karen Lawler criticized lyrics like " you could be my Coca Cola , let me sip it up " for acting as a substitute for the " articulate rhymes on which [ will.i.am ] built his reputation " , Brent Faulkner from PopMatters agreed that the lyrical content was sub @-@ par , and called the song itself " utterly ridiculous " . Mesfin Fekadu from The Huffington Post called Cyrus ' contributions to the song " forgettable " . Gregory Hicks of The Michigan Daily compared " Fall Down " to " Die Young " and " Crazy Kids " by American recording artist Kesha , all three of which were produced by Dr. Luke , which Hicks felt indicated that " Dr. Luke ’ s production and writing continues to dwindle as he copy and pastes his work with Ke $ ha onto this will.i.am track . "
= = Commercial performance = =
In the United States , " Fall Down " peaked at number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also charted at number four on the Dance / Electronic Songs component chart . The track reached number 15 on the Canadian Hot 100 , which is also organized by Billboard . In Europe , the track experienced varying commercial success . " Fall Down " peaked at number 17 on the Irish Singles Chart , and charted at number 37 on the Swedish Sverigetopplistan . It reached number 45 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 and number 48 on the French SNEP . The track respectively peaked at numbers 50 and 52 on the Wallonia Ultratop and the Flanders Ultratip in Belgian , and respectively reached numbers five and 30 on the Dance charts in each region . It also charted at number 59 on the Swiss Hitparade . In Oceania , " Fall Down " respectively peaked at numbers 14 and 15 on the Australian ARIA Charts and the Official New Zealand Music Chart ; it was certified platinum in Australia , and gold in New Zealand .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Joseph Johnson ( publisher ) =
Joseph Johnson ( 15 November 1738 – 20 December 1809 ) was an influential 18th @-@ century London bookseller and publisher . His publications covered a wide variety of genres and a broad spectrum of opinions on important issues . Johnson is best known for publishing the works of radical thinkers such as Mary Wollstonecraft , William Godwin , Thomas Malthus , and Joel Barlow , feminist economist Priscilla Wakefield , as well as religious dissenters such as Joseph Priestley , Anna Laetitia Barbauld , Gilbert Wakefield , and George Walker .
In the 1760s , Johnson established his publishing business , which focused primarily on religious works . He also became friends with Priestley and the artist Henry Fuseli — two relationships that lasted his entire life and brought him much business . In the 1770s and 1780s , Johnson expanded his business , publishing important works in medicine and children 's literature as well as the popular poetry of William Cowper and Erasmus Darwin . Throughout his career , Johnson helped shape the thought of his era not only through his publications , but also through his support of innovative writers and thinkers . He fostered the open discussion of new ideas , particularly at his famous weekly dinners , the regular attendees of which became known as the " Johnson Circle " .
In the 1790s , Johnson aligned himself with the supporters of the French Revolution , and published an increasing number of political pamphlets in addition to a prominent journal , the Analytical Review , which offered British reformers a voice in the public sphere . In 1799 , he was indicted on charges of seditious libel for publishing a pamphlet by the Unitarian minister Gilbert Wakefield . After spending six months in prison , albeit under relatively comfortable conditions , Johnson published fewer political works . In the last decade of his career , Johnson did not seek out many new writers ; however , he remained successful by publishing the collected works of authors such as William Shakespeare .
Johnson 's friend John Aikin eulogized him as " the father of the booktrade " . He has also been called " the most important publisher in England from 1770 until 1810 " for his appreciation and promotion of young writers , his emphasis on publishing inexpensive works directed at a growing middle @-@ class readership , and his cultivation and advocacy of women writers at a time when they were viewed with skepticism .
= = Early life = =
Johnson was the second son of Rebecca Turner Johnson and John Johnson , a Baptist yeoman who lived in Everton , Liverpool . Religious Dissent marked Johnson from the beginning of his life , as two of his mother 's relatives were prominent Baptist ministers and his father was a deacon . Liverpool , at the time of Johnson 's youth , was fast becoming a bustling urban centre and was one of the most important commercial ports in England . These two characteristics of his home — Dissent and commercialism — remained central elements in Johnson 's character throughout his life .
At the age of fifteen , Johnson was apprenticed to George Keith , a London bookseller who specialized in publishing religious tracts such as Reflections on the Modern but Unchristian Practice of Innoculation . As Gerald Tyson , Johnson 's major modern biographer , explains , it was unusual for the younger son of a family living in relative obscurity to move to London and to become a bookseller . Scholars have speculated that Johnson was indentured to Keith because the bookseller was associated with Liverpool Baptists . Keith and Johnson published several works together later in their careers , which suggests that the two remained on friendly terms after Johnson started his own business .
= = = 1760s : Beginnings in publishing = = =
Upon completing his apprenticeship in 1761 , Johnson opened his own business , but he struggled to establish himself , moving his shop several times within one year . Two of his early publications were a kind of day planner : The Complete Pocket @-@ Book ; Or , Gentleman and Tradesman 's Daily Journal for the Year of Our Lord , 1763 and The Ladies New and Polite Pocket Memorandum Book . Such pocketbooks were popular and Johnson outsold his rivals by publishing his both earlier and cheaper . Johnson continued to sell these profitable books until the end of the 1790s , but as a religious Dissenter , he was primarily interested in publishing books that would improve society . Therefore , religious texts dominated his book list , although he also published works relating to Liverpool ( his home town ) and medicine . However , as a publisher Johnson attended to more than the selling and distributing of books , as scholar Leslie Chard explains :
Besides the actual selling of books to the public , the bookseller saw to their publication , arrangements with printers , with advertisers , with other booksellers in the city , the provinces , and even foreign countries , in short to their distribution . He also sold , incongruously but typically , patent medicine . But what probably most occupied his time was the welfare of his authors : at the most he fed and housed them , but at the least he served as banker , postal clerk and packager , literary agent and editor , social chairman , and psychiatrist .
As Johnson became successful and his reputation grew , other publishers began including him in congers — syndicates that spread the risk of publishing a costly or inflammatory book among several firms .
= = = = Formative friendships = = = =
In his late twenties , Johnson formed two friendships that were to shape the rest of his life . The first was with the painter and writer Henry Fuseli , who was described as " quick witted and pugnacious " . Fuseli 's early 19th @-@ century biographer writes that when Fuseli met Johnson in 1764 , Johnson " had already acquired the character which he retained during life , — that of a man of great integrity , and encourager of literary men as far as his means extended , and an excellent judge of their productions " . Fuseli became and remained Johnson 's closest friend .
The second and possibly more consequential friendship was with Joseph Priestley , the renowned natural philosopher and Unitarian theologian . This friendship led Johnson to discard the Baptist faith of his youth and to adopt Unitarianism , as well as to pursue forms of political dissent . Johnson 's success as a publisher can be explained in large part through his association with Priestley , as Priestley published dozens of books with him and introduced him to many other Dissenting writers . Through Priestley 's recommendation , Johnson was able to issue the works of many Dissenters , especially those from Warrington Academy : the poet , essayist , and children 's author Anna Laetitia Barbauld ; her brother , the physician and writer , John Aikin ; the naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster ; the Unitarian minister and controversialist Gilbert Wakefield ; the moralist William Enfield ; and the political economist Thomas Malthus . Tyson writes that " the relationship between the Academy and the bookseller was mutually very useful . Not only did many of the tutors send occasional manuscripts for publication , but also former pupils often sought him out in later years to issue their works . " By printing the works of Priestley and other of the Warrington tutors , Johnson also made himself known to an even larger network of Dissenting intellectuals , including those in the Lunar Society , which expanded his business further . Priestley , in turn , trusted Johnson enough to handle the logistics of his induction into the Royal Society .
= = = = Partnerships = = = =
In July 1765 , Johnson moved his business to the more visible 8 Paternoster Row and formed a partnership with B. Davenport , of whom little is known aside from his association with Johnson . Chard postulates that they were attracted by mutual beliefs because the firm of Johnson and Davenport published even more religious works , including many that were " rigidly Calvinistic " . However , in the summer of 1767 , Davenport and Johnson parted ways ; scholars have speculated that this rupture occurred because Johnson 's religious views were becoming more unorthodox .
Newly independent , with a solid reputation , Johnson did not need to struggle to establish himself as he had early in his career . Within a year , he published nine first editions himself as well as thirty @-@ two works in partnership with other booksellers . He was also a part of " the select circle of bookmen that gathered at the Chapter Coffee House " , which was the centre of social and commercial life for publishers and booksellers in 18th @-@ century London . Major publishing ventures had started at the Chapter and important writers " clubbed " there .
In 1768 Johnson went into partnership with John Payne ( Johnson was probably the senior partner ) ; the following year they published 50 titles . Under Johnson and Payne , the firm published a wider array of works than under Johnson and Davenport . Although Johnson looked to his business interests , he did not publish works only to enrich himself . Projects that encouraged free discussion appealed to Johnson ; for example , he helped Priestley publish the Theological Repository , a financial failure that nevertheless fostered open debate of theological questions . Although the
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concrete foundations .
As Alcatraz had no water supply of its own , it had to import it from the mainland , brought by tug and barge . During the island 's military years , there were in @-@ ground water tanks and water tanks were situated on the roof of the citadel . The water tower was built in 1940 – 41 by the Federal Bureau of Prisons , after the island received a government renovations grant to supply the majority of the island 's fresh water .
It is the tallest building on the island , at a height of 94 feet ( 29 m ) with a volume of 250 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 950 kL ) gallons of fresh water . It was used to store potable water for drinking , water for firefighting , and water for the island 's service laundry facility .
= = = Model Industries Building = = =
The Model Industries Building is a three / four @-@ story building on the northwest corner of Alcatraz Island . This building was originally built by the U.S. military and was used as a laundry building until the New Industries Building was built as part of a redevelopment program on Alcatraz in 1939 when it was a federal penitentiary . As part of the Alcatraz jail , it held workshops for inmates to work in .
On January 10 , 1935 , the building shifted to within 2 @.@ 5 feet from the edge of the cliff following a landslide caused by a severe storm . The warden at the time , James A. Johnston , proposed extend the seawall next to it and asked the Bureau for $ 6500 to fund it ; he would later claim to dislike the building because it was irregularly shaped . A smaller , cheaper riprap was completed by the end of 1935 . A guard tower and a catwalk from Hill Tower was added to the roof of the Industries Building in June 1936 and the building was made secure with bars from old cells to bar the windows and grill the roof ventilators and to prevent inmates from escaping from the roof . It ceased use as a laundry in 1939 when it was moved to the upper floor of the New Industries Building . Today the building is heavily rusted after decades of exposure to the salt air and wind , and neither the guard tower on top of the building or the Hill Tower still exist .
= = = New Industries Building = = =
The New Industries Building was constructed in 1939 for $ 186 @,@ 000 as part of a $ 1 @.@ 1 million modernization scheme which also included the water tower , power house , officers ' quarters and remodeling of the D @-@ block .
The ground floor of the two @-@ story 306 ft long building contained a clothing factory , dry cleaning plant , furniture plant , brush factory , and an office , where prisoners of the federal penitentiary could work for money . They earned a small wage for their labour which was put into an account , known as a Prisoner 's Trust Fund , which would be given to them upon leaving Alcatraz . They made items such as gloves , furniture mats , and army uniforms . The laundry room occupied the entire upper floor , the largest in San Francisco at the time . Each window has 9 panes and there are 17 bays on each floor on either side .
= = Notable inmates = =
= = Legends = =
Alcatraz has been cited as one of the most " haunted " places in America . The Native Americans mentioned the evil spirits they purportedly encountered on the island long before it became a military prison . Mark Twain visited it , found the atmosphere of the island eerie , and described it as " being as cold as winter , even in the summer months " , and The Washington Post has also claimed that Alcatraz is a place " where visitors can sense the dread of past inhabitants still trapped in the atmosphere . " The alleged haunting of the prison has been documented in numerous paranormal television series . Officials for Alcatraz have dismissed the reports of ghosts at Alcatraz as nonsense and deny their existence ; an official for Alcatraz said in 1994 , " These ridiculous ghost stories will stop tourists from visiting . And how can these people say they heard canaries ? We don 't have any birds in here . "
= = In popular culture = =
= I Am ... Yours ( Beyoncé show ) =
I Am ... Yours was the first residency show by American singer Beyoncé . It was held four consecutive nights in July and August 2009 in support of her third studio album , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . The concerts were held at the Encore at Wynn Las Vegas in Las Vegas , Nevada . Beyoncé performed over thirty songs backed by an orchestra and her all @-@ female band , the Suga Mamas , to an audience of 1 @,@ 500 . The show was deemed " an intimate encounter " as Beyoncé portrayed a more raw and uninhibited show versus her previous concert performances . The concept of the shows revolves around Beyoncé 's recording career .
I Am ... Yours received positive response from music critics who praised the intimate performances and Beyoncé 's vocals as well as the jazz , funk and orchestral arrangements of the songs . The success of I Am ... Yours has led Wynn Resorts to ask Beyoncé to return as a residency act . A double disc CD and DVD , I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas , was released in November 2009 , featuring the performance recorded on August 2 , 2009 . It contained the full concert , a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes feature , along with an audio CD of the concert . I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas was aired on several TV Networks as a special .
= = Background and development = =
When Beyoncé 's I Am ... Tour ( 2009 – 2010 ) , was announced in 2008 by Entertainment Weekly , the article mentioned Beyoncé would perform a week @-@ long Las Vegas showcase . As tour dates were announced , it was later revealed that Beyoncé would perform four shows in Las Vegas . The concerts were held at the Encore Theatre in Las Vegas , Nevada to a standing room @-@ only audience of 1 @,@ 500 . Tickets for the first three shows were sold out after they were made available , but the ones for the fourth night were sold slowly with Las Vegas Sun reporting that ninety percent of the tickets were sold . The prices for the tickets were from $ 250 to $ 1 @,@ 000 . According to Beyoncé , the show is an " unplugged " version of her normal concerts ; she removed all the elaborate costumes and theatrics of her latest tour and performed with her band , Suga Mama , and a small team of dancers . Regarding the concerts , she told ABC News ,
" I 've always wanted to perform in Las Vegas , I 've always wanted to do my own show there , because a lot of the icons that I look up to had amazing shows in Las Vegas . I thought if I 'm going to have my own Las Vegas show , it has to be right and it has to have heart and soul and it has to be something memorable ... My whole objective here is for people to see what they don 't get to see . Just give me my band , give me a stage , some cool smoke and lights and you see the sweat , you see the pain , you see the love , you see the soul and it 's about music . "
During the documentary , " What Happens in Vegas ... " , Beyoncé stated that when the idea of a Vegas show was presented to her , she wanted the show to be a complete 180 from her current tour . Also , she did not want it to be the typical Las Vegas showcase . She wanted to remove the theatrics and " consciously show that I don 't need any of that stuff . Just give me my band , a stage and some cool smoke and lights . " Beyoncé and her production quickly organized the show in seven days , based on a script provided by filmmaker Matthew Dickens . She often rehearsed during sound checks of her 2009 tour .
The concept of the shows revolves around Beyoncé 's recording career , from her early childhood beginnings to the star she is today . She revealed , " In the beginning , I 'm gonna start out , sing and make it about my songwriting , my arrangements , my band and my love for music . Then , I 'm gonna tell my story . This way , I can sing all of the hit songs , the songs that people want . But , it 's a deeper meaning ... these songs meant more than just the chorus that 's catchy ... it 's my life . " Since the show was created last minute , there were many changes . Originally , the set list included , " Ego " , " At Last " , " Listen " , " Ring the Alarm " , and " Upgrade U " . These songs were later removed from the set list and a new one was added with additional instruments . The success of the show has led Wynn Resorts to ask Beyoncé to return as a residency act .
= = About the show = =
= = = Fashion and stage = = =
The stage contained wind machines , lasers , arena lighting , a teleprompter on the back and a retro , mood @-@ lit platform during the performances of the songs . According to Nate Chinen of The New York Times , " the stagecraft ... keeps a viewer at a worshipful remove " . During a statement before the show , Beyoncé revealed , " We have designed an elegant and beautiful stage and we will have new costumes that are being designed especially for this show . " Beyoncé is accompanied by an orchestra and her 18 @-@ member all @-@ female band on stage " whose satin interpretations pump lush over pomp " according to Mike Ragogna of The Huffington Post . She is also backed by several dancers during the performances of several songs and also appears alone during some performances . The choreography for the show was developed by Beyoncé 's collaborator Frank Jr . Gatson . The set list included performances of over thirty songs , both from Beyoncé 's solo career and as part of the girl group Destiny 's Child . During the show , one major costume change was made . Beyoncé first appeared in beaded Jean Paul Gaultier couture and then in a cape @-@ like jacket for the first half of the show . Both pieces were worn on top of a figure @-@ flaunting grey bodysuit . For the second part , Beyoncé traded the bodysuit for a black sequined , bathing suit @-@ like number . Several costumes for the stage during the show were also designed by Beyoncé 's mother Tina Knowles , who was her designer for many years . Arseniuk of Las Vegas Weekly praised the costumes of the show , saying that Beyoncé " sparkled from beginning to end " . She noted that the first costume " left little to the imagination " while the second one " left no curve unnoticed " .
= = = Show synopsis = = =
The show begins with a narrator introducing Beyoncé to the audience . She appears from the back of the theater performing " Hello " . She greets the audience and makes her way towards the stage as she continues to perform . At the stage , Beyoncé sings " Halo " . Next , she performs " Irreplaceable " and interacts with the audience . She later moves into an acoustic medley , performing a down @-@ tempo version of " Sweet Dreams " , " Dangerously in Love 2 " and " Sweet Love " ( originally recorded by Anita Baker ) . The medley leads into " If I Were a Boy " ( which contains excerpts from " You Oughta Know " ) and " Scared of Lonely " . The show continues with a performance of " That 's Why You 're Beautiful " , intertwined with excerpts from " The Beautiful Ones " ( originally recorded by Prince ) , " Satellites " , and " Resentment " . The first act concludes with Beyoncé performing a jazz @-@ fused " Déjà Vu " . Before the next act begins , three dancers appear and perform a tap sequence called " Bebop " .
Beyoncé begins the second act by telling the story of her career , starting from when she was nine years old when she auditioned for the talent show Star Search to her then @-@ latest album I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) . Beyoncé highlights that one of the very first songs she remembers learning was Michael Jackson 's " I Wanna Be Where You Are " . She continues with a medley of Destiny 's Child 's hits songs , including " No No No " , " Bug a Boo " , " Bills , Bills , Bills " , and " Say My Name " whilst in between the songs , she talks about the story behind them . The medley leads into " Work It Out " and " ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde " , as she now begins to talk about the start her solo career . As the set continues , Beyoncé explains how her record company felt her debut album did not have " one " hit song . She sarcastically remarks , " I guess they were kinda right ... I had five . " Beyoncé goes on to perform " Crazy in Love " ( reminiscent of " Proud Mary " by Tina Turner ) , " Naughty Girl " and " Get Me Bodied " . As the show draws to a close , Beyoncé performs " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " ; she then exits the stage after thanking the audience for their presence .
= = Critical reception = =
Overall , the show received a positive response from many music critics . Mike Weatherford of the Las Vegas Review @-@ Journal wrote , " The spectacle rivals Celine Dion 's ' A New Day ' as the singer transforms from fragile soul to the rock warrior alter ego of her album title , I Am ... Sasha Fierce . " Melissa Arseniuk of Las Vegas Weekly wrote in her review of the show , " Once Beyoncé took to the stage , she hardly left it . Appearing both on her own and with back @-@ up dancers , she worked the theater from left to right throughout the showcase . She sang , danced , and looked good while she did it ... Indeed , the mezzo @-@ soprano is as easy on the eyes as she is on the ears . " John Griffiths of Us Weekly described the concert as " lavish " . Andy Kellman from Allmusic wrote , " The show is certainly a theatrical production worthy of Vegas , with Beyoncé and her large backing band energetically rolling through the singer 's back catalog . "
Darryl Sterdan of the website Jam ! commented : " Only Beyonce would think an ' intimate ' theatre gig should include her massive all @-@ girl band , an orchestra , lasers , dancers , costume changes and a wind machine to keep her hair blowing majestically . And only Beyonce could pull it all together as superbly as she does in this 98 @-@ minute ... show " . A writer of The Boston Globe praised I Am ... Yours , comparing it with Sin City . He commended the jazz interlude , the acoustic rearrangements of the songs , and the " charming B [ eyoncé ] telling her life story in [ the ] song [ s ] " . Mike Ragogna of The Huffington Post compared Beyoncé with Diana Ross during the show and added : " This ' concert ' is a staged , stripped @-@ down reconfiguration by Beyoncé ... of her current touring extravaganza that covers her biggest hits ... as she whisks us through her career highlights in two tidy acts plus an ' intermission ' that is nothing of the sort ( it 's a jazz medley with a dance payoff ) . " He finished his review by saying , " Beyoncé 's I Am ... Yours is a satisfying decade @-@ and @-@ then @-@ some retrospective that reveals the artist 's interesting back story with a personal warmth " .
Mike Diver of BBC Online reviewed the show positively and said , " this is an entirely second @-@ guessable affair , each movement telegraphed and every realigned arrangement ( bombast turned down , jazz and funk switched up ) meeting the listener 's expectations head on . " The writer of People magazine described the show as a " magic " . Nate Chinen of The New York Times positively noted that I Am ... Yours documents a smaller show than the other ones Beyoncé usually makes . A less favorable review came from Margaret Lyons of Entertainment Weekly . She writes , " I just wish this special had the balls to call itself ' I Am … Mine ' and admit that among the many things we admire about Beyonce is that she 's not ours . In fact the opposite ’ s true . We 're hers " .
= = Broadcasts and recordings = =
A double disc CD and DVD , titled I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas , was released in November 2009 , featuring the performance recorded on August 2 , 2009 . The collection featured the full concert ( though her cover of " The Beautiful Ones " was not present ) , a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes feature , along with an audio CD of the concert . The collection was very successful , debuting at number 1 on the US Billboard Top Music Video chart . The album was also successful on the other DVD and albums charts across the world . The live performance of " Halo " during the show , which is featured on the album , was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 53rd Grammy Awards .
ABC Network aired a one @-@ hour Thanksgiving television special called Beyoncé – I Am ... Yours on November 26 , 2009 . A one @-@ minute trailer of the special was posted online on November 12 , 2009 ; it showed Beyoncé 's during her I Am ... Tour , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage including rehearsals , as well as personal videos . The special featured various songs from the show , as well as backstage footage , showing Beyoncé and her team preparing for the shows . The show was a success , drawing in nearly five million viewers . Black Entertainment Television aired the entire concert including songs that were not featured on the ABC special . In the United Kingdom , I Am ... Yours was broadcast on Channel 4 on December 25 , 2009 , ( Christmas Day morning ) , following an hour @-@ long documentary named Beyoncé : For The Record . Several videos of the live performances of " Halo " , " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " and " Scared of Lonely " were released at MTV Latin America in 2010 and 2011 . These videos were used to promote the album in Latin America and the television special " MTV World Stage : Beyoncé Live from Las Vegas " .
= = Set list = =
" Hello "
" Halo "
" Irreplaceable "
" Sweet Dreams " / " Dangerously in Love 2 " / " Sweet Love "
" If I Were a Boy "
" Scared of Lonely "
" That 's Why You 're Beautiful " / " The Beautiful Ones "
" Satellites "
" Resentment "
" Déjà Vu "
" I Wanna Be Where You Are "
Medley
" No , No , No Part 1 "
" No , No , No Part 2 "
" Bug a Boo "
" Bills , Bills , Bills "
" Say My Name "
" Jumpin ' , Jumpin ' "
" Independent Women Part I "
" Bootylicious "
" Survivor "
" Work It Out "
" ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde "
" Crazy in Love "
" Naughty Girl "
" Get Me Bodied "
" Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) "
= Topology ( electrical circuits ) =
The topology of an electronic circuit is the form taken by the network of interconnections of the circuit components . Different specific values or ratings of the components are regarded as being the same topology . Topology is not concerned with the physical layout of components in a circuit , nor with their positions on a circuit diagram . It is only concerned with what connections exist between the components . There may be numerous physical layouts and circuit diagrams that all amount to the same topology .
Strictly speaking , replacing a component with one of an entirely different type is still the same topology . In some contexts , however , these can loosely be described as different topologies . For instance , interchanging inductors and capacitors in a low @-@ pass filter results in a high @-@ pass filter . These might be described as high @-@ pass and low @-@ pass topologies even though the network topology is identical . A more correct term for these classes of object ( that is , a network where the type of component is specified but not the absolute value ) is prototype network .
Electronic network topology is related to mathematical topology , in particular , for networks which contain only two @-@ terminal devices , circuit topology can be viewed as an application of graph theory . In a network analysis of such a circuit from a topological point of view , the network nodes are the vertices of graph theory and the network branches are the edges of graph theory .
Standard graph theory can be extended to deal with active components and multi @-@ terminal devices such as integrated circuits . Graphs can also be used in the analysis of infinite networks .
= = Circuit diagrams = =
The circuit diagrams in this article follow the usual conventions in electronics ; lines represent conductors , filled small circles represent junctions of conductors , open small circles represent terminals for connection to the outside world . In most cases , impedances are represented by rectangles . A practical circuit diagram would use the specific symbols for resistors , inductors , capacitors etc . , but topology is not concerned with the type of component in the network so the symbol for a general impedance has been used instead .
The Graph theory section of this article gives an alternative method of representing networks .
= = Topology names = =
Many topology names relate to their appearance when drawn diagramatically . Most circuits can be drawn in a variety of ways and consequently have a variety of names . For instance , the three circuits shown in figure 1 @.@ 1 all look different but have identical topologies .
This example also demonstrates a common convention of naming topologies after a letter of the alphabet to which they have a resemblance . Greek alphabet letters can also be used in this way , for example Π ( pi ) topology and Δ ( delta ) topology .
= = Series and parallel topologies = =
For a network with two branches , there are only two possible topologies : series and parallel .
Even for these simplest of topologies , there are variations in the way the circuit can be presented .
For a network with three branches there are four possible topologies ;
Note that the parallel / series topology is another representation of the Delta topology discussed later .
Series and parallel topologies can continue to be constructed with greater and greater numbers of branches ad infinitum . The number of unique topologies that can be obtained from n branches is 2n @-@ 1 . The total number of unique topologies that can be obtained with no more than n branches is 2n @-@ 1 .
= = Y and Δ topologies = =
Y and Δ are important topologies in linear network analysis due to these being the simplest possible three @-@ terminal networks . A Y @-@ Δ transform is available for linear circuits . This transform is important because there are some networks that cannot be analysed in terms of series and parallel combinations .
An example of this is the network of figure 1 @.@ 6 , consisting of a Y network connected in parallel with a Δ network . Say it is desired to calculate the impedance between two nodes of the network . In many networks this can be done by successive applications of the rules for combination of series or parallel impedances . This is not , however , possible in this case where the Y @-@ Δ transform is needed in addition to the series and parallel rules .
The Y topology is also called star topology . However , star topology may also refer to the more general case of many branches connected to the same node rather than just three .
= = Simple filter topologies = =
The topologies shown in figure 1 @.@ 7 are commonly used for filter and attenuator designs . The L @-@ section is identical topology to the potential divider topology . The T @-@ section is identical topology to the Y topology . The Π @-@ section is identical topology to the Δ topology .
All these topologies can be viewed as a short section of a ladder topology . Longer sections would normally be described as ladder topology . These kinds of circuits are commonly analysed and characterised in terms of a two @-@ port network .
= = Bridge topology = =
Bridge topology is an important topology with many uses in both linear and non @-@ linear applications , including , amongst many others , the bridge rectifier , the Wheatstone bridge and the lattice phase equaliser . There are several ways that bridge topology is rendered in circuit diagrams . The first rendering in figure 1 @.@ 8 is the traditional depiction of a bridge circuit . The second rendering clearly shows the equivalence between the bridge topology and a topology derived by series and parallel combinations . The third rendering is more commonly known as lattice topology . It is not so obvious that this is topologically equivalent . It can be seen that this is indeed so by visualising the top left node moved to the right of the top right node .
It is normal to call a network bridge topology only if it is being used as a two @-@ port network with the input and output ports each consisting of a pair of diagonally opposite nodes . The box topology in figure 1 @.@ 7 can be seen to be identical to bridge topology but in the case of the filter the input and output ports are each a pair of adjacent nodes . Sometimes the loading ( or null indication ) component on the output port of the bridge will be included in the bridge topology as shown in figure 1 @.@ 9 .
= = Bridged T and Twin @-@ T topologies = =
Bridged T topology is derived from bridge topology in a way explained in the Zobel network article . There are many derivative topologies also discussed in the same article .
There is also a twin @-@ T topology which has practical applications where it is desirable to have the input and output share a common ( ground ) terminal . This may be , for instance , because the input and output connections are made with co @-@ axial topology . Connecting together an input and output terminal is not allowable with normal bridge topology and for this reason Twin @-@ T is used where a bridge would otherwise be used for balance or null measurement applications . The topology is also used in the twin @-@ T oscillator as a sine wave generator . The lower part of figure 1 @.@ 11 shows twin @-@ T topology redrawn to emphasise the connection with bridge topology .
= = Infinite topologies = =
Ladder topology can be extended without limit and is much used in filter designs . There are many variations on ladder topology , some of which are discussed in the Electronic filter topology and Composite image filter articles .
The balanced form of ladder topology can be viewed as being the graph of the side of a prism of arbitrary order . The side of an anti @-@ prism forms a topology which , in this sense , is an anti @-@ ladder . Anti @-@ ladder topology finds an application in voltage multiplier circuits , in particular the Cockcroft @-@ Walton generator . There is also a full @-@ wave version of the Cockcroft @-@ Walton generator which uses a double anti @-@ ladder topology .
Infinite topologies can also be formed by cascading multiple sections of some other simple topology , such as lattice or bridge @-@ T sections . Such infinite chains of lattice sections occur in the theoretical analysis and artificial simulation of transmission lines , but are rarely used as a practical circuit implementation .
= = Components with more than two terminals = =
Circuits containing components with three or more terminals greatly increase the number of possible topologies . Conversely , the number of different circuits represented by a topology diminishes and in many cases the circuit is easily recognisable from the topology even when specific components are not identified .
With more complex circuits the description may proceed by specification of a transfer function between the ports of the network rather than the topology of the components .
= = Graph theory = =
Graph theory is the branch of mathematics dealing with graphs . In network analysis , graphs are used extensively to represent a network being analysed . The graph of a network captures only certain aspects of a network ; those aspects related to its connectivity , or , in other words , its topology . This can be a useful representation and generalisation of a network because many network equations are invariant across networks with the same topology . This includes equations derived from Kirchhoff 's laws and Tellegen 's theorem .
= = = History = = =
Graph theory has been used in the network analysis of linear , passive networks almost from the moment that Kirchhoff 's laws were formulated . Gustav Kirchhoff himself , in 1847 , used graphs as an abstract representation of a network in his loop analysis of resistive circuits . This approach was later generalised to RLC circuits , replacing resistances with impedances . In 1873 James Clerk Maxwell provided the dual of this analysis with node analysis . Maxwell is also responsible for the topological theorem that the determinant of the node @-@ admittance matrix is equal to the sum of all the tree admittance products . In 1900 Henri Poincaré introduced the idea of representing a graph by its incidence matrix , hence founding the field of algebraic topology . In 1916 Oswald Veblen applied the algebraic topology of Poincaré to Kirchhoff 's analysis . Veblen is also responsible for the introduction of the spanning tree to aid choosing a compatible set of network variables .
Comprehensive cataloguing of network graphs as they apply to electrical circuits began with Percy MacMahon in 1891 ( with an engineer friendly article in The Electrician in 1892 ) who limited his survey to series and parallel combinations . MacMahon called these graphs yoke @-@ chains . Ronald Foster in 1932 categorised graphs by their nullity or rank and provided charts of all those with a small number of nodes . This work grew out of an earlier survey by Foster while collaborating with George Campbell in 1920 on 4 @-@ port telephone repeaters and produced 83 @,@ 539 distinct graphs .
For a long time topology in electrical circuit theory remained concerned only with linear passive networks . The more recent developments of semiconductor devices and circuits have required new tools in topology to deal with them . Enormous increases in circuit complexity have led to the use of combinatorics in graph theory to improve the efficiency of computer calculation .
= = = Graphs and circuit diagrams = = =
Networks are commonly classified by the kind of electrical elements making them up. in a circuit diagram these element @-@ kinds are specifically drawn , each with its own unique symbol . Resistive networks are one @-@ element @-@ kind networks , consisting only of R elements . Likewise capacitive or inductive networks are one @-@ element @-@ kind . The RC , RL and LC circuits are simple two @-@ element @-@ kind networks . The RLC circuit is the simplest three @-@ element @-@ kind network . The LC ladder network commonly used for low @-@ pass filters can have many elements but is another example of a two @-@ element @-@ kind network .
Conversely , topology is concerned only with the geometric relationship between the elements of a network , not with the kind of elements themselves . The heart of a topological representation of a network is the graph of the network . Elements are represented as the edges of the graph . An edge is drawn as a line , terminating on dots or small circles from which other edges ( elements ) may emanate . In circuit analysis , the edges of the graph are called branches . The dots are called the vertices of the graph and represent the nodes of the network . Node and vertex are terms that can be used interchangeably when discussing graphs of networks . Figure 2 @.@ 2 shows a graph representation of the circuit in figure 2 @.@ 1 .
Graphs used in network analysis are usually , in addition , both directed graphs , to capture the direction of current flow and voltage , and labelled graphs , to capture the uniqueness of the branches and nodes . For instance , a graph consisting of a square of branches would still be the same topological graph if two branches were interchanged unless the branches were uniquely labelled . In directed graphs , the two nodes that a branch connects to are designated the source and target nodes . Typically , these will be indicated by an arrow drawn on the branch .
= = = Incidence = = =
Incidence is one of the basic properties of a graph . An edge that is connected to a vertex is said to be incident on that vertex . The incidence of a graph can be captured in matrix format with a matrix called an incidence matrix . In fact , the incidence matrix is an alternative mathematical representation of the graph which dispenses with the need for any kind of drawing . Matrix rows correspond to nodes and matrix columns correspond to branches . The elements of the matrix are either zero , for no incidence , or one , for incidence between the node and branch . Direction in directed graphs is indicated by the sign of the element .
= = = Equivalence = = =
Graphs are equivalent if one can be transformed into the other by deformation . Deformation can include the operations of translation , rotation and reflection ; bending and stretching the branches ; and crossing or knotting the branches . Two graphs which are equivalent through deformation are said to be congruent .
In the field of electrical networks , there are two additional transforms that are considered to result in equivalent graphs which do not produce congruent graphs . The first of these is the interchange of series connected branches . This is the dual of interchange of parallel connected branches which can be achieved by deformation without the need for a special rule . The second is concerned with graphs divided into two or more separate parts , that is , a graph with two sets of nodes which have no branches incident to a node in each set . Two such separate parts are considered an equivalent graph to one where the parts are joined by combining a node from each into a single node . Likewise , a graph that can be split into two separate parts by splitting a node in two is also considered equivalent .
= = = Trees and links = = =
A tree is a graph in which all the nodes are connected , either directly or indirectly , by branches , but without forming any closed loops . Since there are no closed loops , there are no currents in a tree . In network analysis , we are interested in spanning trees , that is , trees that connect every node present in the graph of the network . In this article , spanning tree is meant by an unqualified tree unless otherwise stated . A given network graph can contain a number of different trees . The branches removed from a graph in order to form a tree are called links , the branches remaining in the tree are called twigs . For a graph with n nodes , the number of branches in each tree , t , must be ;
<formula>
An important relationship for circuit analysis is ;
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where b is the number of branches in the graph and l is the number of links removed to form the tree .
= = = Tie sets and cut sets = = =
The goal of circuit analysis is to determine all the branch currents and voltages in the network . These network variables are not all independent . The branch voltages are related to the branch currents by the transfer function of the elements of which they are composed . A complete solution of the network can therefore be either in terms of branch currents or branch voltages only . Nor are all the branch currents independent from each other . The minimum number of branch currents required for a complete solution is l . This is a consequence of the fact that a tree has l links removed and there can be no currents in a tree . Since the remaining branches of the tree have zero current they cannot be independent of the link currents . The branch currents chosen as a set of independent variables must be a set associated with the links of a tree : one cannot choose any l branches arbitrarily .
In terms of branch voltages , a complete solution of the network can be obtained with t branch voltages . This is a consequence the fact that short @-@ circuiting all the branches of a tree results in the voltage being zero everywhere . The link voltages cannot , therefore , be independent of the tree branch voltages .
A common analysis approach is to solve for loop currents rather than branch currents . The branch currents are then found in terms of the loop currents . Again , the set of loop currents cannot be chosen arbitrarily . To guarantee a set of independent variables the loop currents must be those associated with a certain set of loops . This set of loops consists of those loops formed by replacing a single link of a given tree of the graph of the circuit to be analysed . Since replacing a single link in a tree forms exactly one unique loop , the number of loop currents so defined is equal to l . The term loop in this context is not the same as the usual meaning of loop in graph theory . The set of branches forming a given loop is called a tie set . The set of network equations are formed by equating the loop currents to the algebraic sum of the tie set branch currents .
It is possible to choose a set of independent loop currents without reference to the trees and tie sets . A sufficient , but not necessary , condition for choosing a set of independent loops is to ensure that each chosen loop includes at least one branch that was not previously included by loops already chosen . A particularly straightforward choice is that used in mesh analysis in which the loops are all chosen to be meshes . Mesh analysis can only be applied if it is possible to map the graph on to a plane or a sphere without any of the branches crossing over . Such graphs are called planar graphs . Ability to map onto a plane or a sphere are equivalent conditions . Any finite graph mapped onto a plane can be shrunk until it will map onto a small region of a sphere . Conversely , a mesh of any graph mapped onto a sphere can be stretched until the space inside it occupies nearly all of the sphere . The entire graph then occupies only a small region of the sphere .
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@ creators , Fawcett and Graeme Manson , along with Maslany and her hair and makeup artists , developed the character of Tony over a period of six months after deciding that the inclusion of a transgender character would fit well with the show 's themes of identity , gender and sexuality . Overall , the episode received mixed reviews : critics praised Maslany 's performance but found Tony 's character underdeveloped and gimmicky and found the plot disorganised .
= = Plot = =
The episode opens with Tony Sawicki rushing his friend Sammy , who has just been shot , to an empty warehouse . Before dying , Sammy implores Tony to find Beth Childs and pass on a message to her . Not knowing that Beth is dead , Tony 's call to Beth 's phone is answered by her former partner , suspended detective Art Bell , who brings Tony to Felix . Realising that Tony is a transgender clone of his foster sister Sarah Manning , Felix ascertains that Tony is unaware of his origins , but refuses to impart any information until Sarah arrives . After Sarah arrives at Felix 's apartment and explains to Tony that they are clones , he is unflustered . He passes on Sammy 's message for Beth , although neither Sarah or Felix understand what it means . Felix gives Tony his , Sarah and Art 's phone numbers and shares a kiss with Tony before he leaves again .
Alison Hendrix returns home from rehab to find her husband Donnie drunk and chastises him . When she catches him trying to leave the house in the middle of the night , she persuades him not to give up on their marriage . In an effort to open up to him , she confesses that she played a role in the death of their neighbour Aynsley , and is shocked when Donnie responds by confessing that he accidentally shot and killed Dr. Aldous Leekie , the director of the Dyad Institute , the night before . When Alison asks what he did with Leekie 's body , Donnie leads her to their garage where Leekie 's corpse is wrapped in the trunk of their car .
Rachel Duncan , who works for the Dyad Institute , promotes Delphine Cormier to the role formerly held by Leekie , who had been ordered dead when Rachel let him escape the previous night , with the official cover story that he died of a heart attack on a private jet . Rachel sets Delphine the task of convincing Professor Ethan Duncan — a founding scientist of the clone program and Rachel 's adoptive father — to come into Dyad to help find a cure for the illness that has befallen Cosima Niehaus , another clone . When Ethan arrives , Rachel questions him about why she cannot reproduce , and he reveals that all of the clones were intended to be infertile by design . In response , she breaks down in anger and trashes her office .
Also working at the Dyad Institute , Cosima refuses to work with her girlfriend and monitor Delphine after Delphine 's recent betrayal . They later reunite and get high in their laboratory together , after which they profess their love for each other . Before Ethan arrives at Dyad to meet Cosima , she confesses to her lab assistant Scott that the clone subject they are researching is in fact herself . Shortly after meeting Ethan , Cosima begins to cough and vomit blood before falling to the ground and seizing .
= = Production = =
The episode introduced Tony Sawicki , a trans man and another clone played by Maslany . The character was first imagined by Manson and Fawcett during the development of the show 's first season ; they thought that introducing a transgender clone character would be " very tied to the themes of our show about identity " and would fit well with the previous season 's themes of gender and sexuality . When they approached Maslany with the idea at the end of the first season , she told them that she had already thought about playing a transgender character herself . It took the show 's creators longer than with any other character to develop and refine Tony 's personality and wardrobe , the entire process taking six months . In preparation for the part , Maslany researched and met with transgender people and grew out her underarm hair for six weeks , although she eventually had to shave her underarms to attend an awards ceremony before the episode was filmed . The new character was kept secret from most of the crew until scripts for the episode were distributed , and the show 's hair and makeup department trialled different looks for Tony on Maslany 's days off and weekends so that other members of the crew would not see her in Tony 's costume . Tony 's final look was created by Stephen Lynch , Sandy Sokolowski and Debra Hanson , in the show 's makeup , hair and wardrobe departments , respectively . Manson , Fawcett and Maslany sought advice from GLAAD on how to best go about introducing a transgender character . In response to the perception that Tony 's introduction had created " a minefield of sexual politics " , Fawcett said that that had not been the writers ' intention ; rather , their aim was to " just throw this character in there and treat them like a normal human being like we would anyone else on the show " .
Unlike most other episodes , the scenes which featured multiple clones were filmed using traditional locked @-@ off cameras rather than the time @-@ consuming Technodolly camera set @-@ up . The episode featured the longest continuous shot filmed in Orphan Black , where a scene between Felix , Tony and Sarah was filmed in one take . It took almost three days to film the 15 @-@ second sequence of Scott drilling into Kira 's tooth , involving three rented cameras and a prop tooth that was painted red inside and filled with white dust to achieve the desired effect when drilled into . The scene in which Cosima and Delphine use a vaporiser to get high was mostly improvised by Maslany and Brochu ; instead of inhaling actual helium , the pitch of their voices was altered in post @-@ production . A stunt double was used for the second @-@ to @-@ last scene , wherein Cosima falls to the ground after vomiting blood .
The episode features Cosima and her lab assistant Scott playing the board game Runewars . Fawcett , who describes himself as " a massive board game fan " , contacted the game 's creators at Fantasy Flight Games for permission to use Runewars in the show and employed one of his friends as a consultant for the episode . As a consultant , his friend set up the board for the scene , taught the involved actors how to play the game , checked for accuracy of the gameplay and dialogue about the game , and had a non @-@ speaking cameo appearance in the scene as one of the board game players . Manson chose to incorporate H. G. Wells ' science fiction novel The Island of Doctor Moreau , which Ethan Duncan reads to Kira , into the episode since he felt that the novel 's themes " run so deep in our show " . The book cover featured in the episode was designed by the show 's art department . The episode 's title , " Variable and Full of Perturbation " , is taken from a quote from Francis Bacon 's philosophical work Novum Organum : " the spirit of man ( according as it is meted out to different individuals ) is in fact a thing variable and full of perturbation , and governed as it were by chance . "
= = Reception = =
The episode was aired in the United States on 7 June 2014 on BBC America . It was watched by 576 @,@ 000 viewers and was the 14th most @-@ watched program of the night . It ranked ninth for the night in the key demographic of viewers aged 18 – 49 , with a Nielsen rating of 0 @.@ 27 .
" Variable and Full of Perturbation " received mixed reviews from critics . Mark Rozeman , writing for Paste , gave the episode a rating of 6 @.@ 9 out of 10 and , despite enjoying several storylines , described the introduction of Tony as " perhaps the biggest misstep in the show 's brief history " . He felt that the kiss between Tony and Felix was an example of " taboo @-@ pushing gimmickry " and summarised the episode as " strange experimental tangent " . Slant Magazine critic Matt Brennan found the episode " jumbled and strange " but felt that the introduction of Tony was a " delightful twist " . He said that Cosima 's storyline taking place at the Dyad Institute felt " dry and utilitarian , as though the writers realized they better get their shit together in time to wrap things up " . The A.V. Club 's Caroline Framke gave the episode a C – grade and criticised the " chaotic script " , " aggressively flashy direction " and the failed attempts to integrate the " wildly different " subplots . She admired the attempt to " shin [ e ] a light on a population that 's often invisible in the media landscape " by introducing a transgender character , but thought that Tony 's character was underdeveloped and " more like a prop than a character " . Similarly , Adam W. Kepler of The New York Times felt that Tony was a cliché of trans men — " absolutely nothing [ viewers ] haven 't seen before " — whose characterisation was overly simplistic .
Although Chris Jancelewicz of The Huffington Post found Tony 's character dull , he wrote in response to Maslany 's portrayal of him : " Gift @-@ wrap that Golden Globe , Hollywood Foreign Press . There are no other Best TV Actress contenders this year . " He praised the " touching " scenes shared by Cosima with Delphine and Scott and the " entertaining and twisted " bonding between Alison and Donnie . IGN 's Eric Goldman felt that introducing Tony was a " big leap " for the show but that it paid off , largely due to Maslany 's performance , and enjoyed the storylines featuring Alison , Cosima and Rachel . Vlada Gelman wrote for TVLine that Maslany 's performance as Tony in " Variable and Full of Perturbation " was proof that " there [ isn 't ] anything Tatiana Maslany can 't do " . Conversely , Rob Hunter of Film School Rejects felt that her portrayal of Tony provided " proof that Maslany is human after all and capable of failure " .
= Meddle =
Meddle is the sixth studio album by English progressive rock group Pink Floyd , released on 31 October 1971 by Harvest Records . It was produced between the band 's touring commitments , from January to August 1971 . The album was recorded at a series of locations around London , including Abbey Road Studios and Morgan Studios .
With no material to work with and no clear idea of the album 's direction , the group devised a series of novel experiments which eventually inspired the album 's signature track , " Echoes " . Although many of the band 's later albums would be unified by a central theme with lyrics written mainly by Roger Waters , Meddle was a group effort with lyrical contributions from each member , and is considered a transitional album between the Syd Barrett @-@ influenced group of the late 1960s and the emerging Pink Floyd . The cover , incorporating a close @-@ up shot of an ear underwater was , as with several previous albums , designed by Hipgnosis , though Storm Thorgerson was unhappy with the final result .
The album was well received by music critics upon its release . However , despite being commercially successful in the United Kingdom , lackluster publicity on the part of their United States @-@ based label led to poor sales there upon initial release .
= = Recording = =
Returning from a series of tours across America and England in support of Atom Heart Mother , at the start of 1971 Pink Floyd commenced work on new material at Abbey Road Studios in London . At the time , Abbey Road was equipped only with eight @-@ track multitrack recording facilities , which the band found insufficient for the increasing technical demands of their project . They transferred their best efforts , including the opening of what became " Echoes " , to 16 @-@ track tape at smaller studios in London ( namely AIR , and Morgan in West Hampstead ) and resumed work with the advantage of more flexible recording equipment . Engineers John Leckie and Peter Bown recorded the main Abbey Road and AIR sessions , while for minor work at Morgan , Rob Black , Wayne Gregory and Roger Quested handled the engineering duties .
Lacking a central theme for the project , the band used several experimental methods in an attempt to spur the creative process . One exercise involved each member playing on a separate track , with no reference to what the other members were doing . The tempo was entirely random while the band played around an agreed chord structure , and moods such as " first two minutes romantic , next two up tempo " . Each recorded section was named , but the process was largely unproductive ; after several weeks , no complete songs had been created .
Leckie had worked on albums such as George Harrison 's All Things Must Pass and Ringo Starr 's Sentimental Journey , and was employed as a tape @-@ operator on Meddle , partly for his proclivity for working into the early hours of the morning . He has said that Pink Floyd 's sessions would often begin in the afternoon , and end early the next morning , " during which time nothing would get done . There was no record company contact whatsoever , except when their label manager would show up now and again with a couple of bottles of wine and a couple of joints . " The band would apparently spend long periods of time working on simple sounds , or a particular guitar riff . They also spent several days at AIR attempting to create music using a variety of household objects , a project which would be revisited between their next albums , The Dark Side of the Moon and Wish You Were Here .
Following these early experiments – called Nothings – the band developed Son of Nothings , which was followed by Return of the Son of Nothings – the working title of the new album . One of these early works involved the use of Richard Wright 's piano . Wright had fed a single note through a Leslie speaker , producing a submarine @-@ like ping . The band tried repeatedly to recreate this sound in the studio but were unsuccessful , and so the demo version was used on what would later become " Echoes " , mixed almost exclusively at AIR Studios . Combined with David Gilmour 's guitar , the band were able to develop the track further , experimenting with accidental sound effects ( such as Gilmour 's guitar being plugged into a wah @-@ wah pedal back to front ) . Unlike with Atom Heart Mother , the new multi @-@ track capabilities of the studio enabled them to create the track in stages , rather than performing it in a single take . The final , 23 @-@ minute piece would eventually take up the entire second side of the album .
" One of These Days " was developed around an ostinato bassline created by Roger Waters , by feeding the output through a Binson Echorec . The bass line was performed by Waters and Gilmour using two bass guitars , one on old strings . Drummer Nick Mason 's abstruse " One of these days I 'm going to cut you into little pieces " line was recorded at double
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speed using a falsetto voice , and replayed at normal speed .
Meddle was recorded between the band 's various concert commitments , and therefore its production was spread over a considerable period of time . The band recorded in the first half of April 1971 , but in the latter half played at Doncaster and Norwich before returning to record at the end of the month . In May they split their time between sessions at Abbey Road , and rehearsals and concerts in London , Lancaster , Stirling , Edinburgh , Glasgow and Nottingham . June and July were spent mainly performing at venues across Europe . August was spent in the far east and Australia , September in Europe , and October to November in the US . In the same period , the group also produced Relics , a compilation album of some of Pink Floyd 's earlier works . A quadraphonic mix of the album was prepared at Command Studios on 21 and 26 September , but remains unreleased .
= = Composition = =
Although the tracks possess a variety of moods , Meddle is generally considered more cohesive than its 1970 predecessor , Atom Heart Mother . The largely instrumental " One of These Days " is followed by " A Pillow of Winds " , which is distinguished by being one of the few quiet , acoustic love songs in the Pink Floyd catalogue . These two songs segue into each other across windy sound effects , anticipating the technique that would later be used on Wish You Were Here . The title of " A Pillow of Winds " was inspired by the games of Mahjong that Waters , Mason , and their wives , played while in the south of France .
The song " Fearless " employs field recordings of the Liverpool F.C. Kop choir singing " You 'll Never Walk Alone " , their anthem , which brings the song to an end in a heavily reverberated fade @-@ out . " San Tropez " , by contrast , is a jazz @-@ inflected pop song with a shuffle tempo , composed by Waters in his increasingly deployed style of breezy , off @-@ the @-@ cuff songwriting . The song was inspired by the band 's trip to the south of France in 1970 . Pink Floyd uncharacteristically displayed their sense of humour with " Seamus " , a pseudo @-@ blues novelty track featuring Steve Marriott 's dog ( which Gilmour was looking after ) howling along to the music . " Seamus " often tops polls as the worst song Pink Floyd ever created , but the band would later use animal sounds again , in Animals .
The final song on the album is the 23 @-@ minute " Echoes " . First performed as " Return of the Son of Nothing " on 22 April 1971 in Norwich , the band spent about six months on the track in three studios ( Morgan , AIR and Abbey Road ) . The track opens with Wright 's " ping " . " Echoes " was recorded almost entirely at Air Studios , and completed in July 1971 . " Echoes " also gave its name to the compilation album Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd , on which a much @-@ edited version of the title track was included . On the compilation , multiple edits throughout the entire song cut the running length of the piece down by some seven minutes . Some of the material composed during the creation of Meddle was not used ; however , one song would eventually become " Brain Damage " , on The Dark Side of the Moon . " Echoes " was later featured in its entirety in the 1973 Australian surf film Crystal Voyager , filmed , written and narrated by surfer , photographer and filmmaker George Greenough during an extended section of slow @-@ motion footage shot inside the curl of waves .
= = Packaging = =
The album 's title Meddle is a play on words : a medal , and to interfere . Storm Thorgerson of the art @-@ design group Hipgnosis originally suggested a close @-@ up shot of a baboon 's anus for the album cover photograph . He was overruled by the band , who informed him via an intercontinental telephone call while on tour in Japan that they would rather have " an ear underwater " . The cover image was photographed by Bob Dowling . The image represents an ear , underwater , collecting waves of sound ( represented by ripples in the water ) . Thorgerson has expressed dissatisfaction with the cover , claiming it to be his least favourite Pink Floyd album sleeve : " I think Meddle is a much better album than its cover " . Thorgerson 's colleague Aubrey Powell shares his sentiments , saying : " Meddle was a mess . I hated that cover . I don 't think we did them justice with that at all ; it 's half @-@ hearted . " The gatefold contains a group photograph of the band ( Floyd 's last until 1987 's A Momentary Lapse of Reason ) .
= = Release and reception = =
Meddle was released on 31 October 1971 in the US , and 13 November in the UK . Meddle was later released as a remastered LP by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab , and in April 1989 on their " Ultradisc " gold CD format . The album was included as part of the box set Shine On on 2 November 1992 .
Although in the UK it reached number three , lacklustre publicity on the part of Capitol Records led to weak sales in the US , and a chart position of number 70 . On 29 November 1971 , " One of These Days " was released as a 7 @-@ inch single in the US , with " Fearless " on the B @-@ side . " One of These Days " and " Echoes " were performed during Live At Pompeii ( the latter in two parts ) and also on the BBC 's 1971 In Concert . Meddle was later certified gold by the RIAA on 29 October 1973 and then double platinum on 11 March 1994 , following the added attention garnered by the band 's later successes in the United States .
= = = Critical response = = =
On release , Meddle received generally positive reviews from music critics . Rolling Stone 's Jean @-@ Charles Costa wrote : " Meddle not only confirms lead guitarist David Gilmour 's emergence as a real shaping force with the group , it states forcefully and accurately that the group is well into the growth track again " , and the NME called it " an exceptionally good album " . Steve Peterson of Hit Parader cited " Fearless " as its best song and said of the album , " This has got to be their best ever . " Ed Kelleher of Circus called it " another masterpiece by a masterful group " , noting " Fearless " as " fascinating " and praising " Echoes " as " a tone poem that allows all four group members much time to stretch their muscles " . However , Melody Maker was more reserved , describing it as " a soundtrack to a non @-@ existent movie " .
In a retrospective review , Robert Christgau said Meddle was a fairly good progression over the group 's previous work and featured folk songs highlighted by unique melodies , although he lamented the lyrics to " A Pillow of Winds " : " The word ' behold ' should never cross their filters again " . In his critique of " Echoes " , he believed the lyrics imitate " Across the Universe " by the Beatles but over 23 minutes of music that flows with a " timeless calm " similar to " Interstellar Overdrive " . Daryl Easlea of BBC felt it is a similar , but more consistent and tuneful version of Atom Heart Mother highlighted by " Echoes " , which he said " dominates the entire work " and is " everything right about progressive rock ; engaging , intelligent and compelling " . In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Rob Sheffield said " Echoes " showed Pink Floyd to be a more developed group than before , " coloring the slow guitar ripples with deep @-@ in @-@ the @-@ studio sonic details that only the truly baked would notice , much less appreciate . " Writing for AllMusic , editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine called Meddle the best album from their transitional years leading up to The Dark Side of the Moon , as it " spends most of its time with sonic textures and elongated compositions , most notably on its epic closer , ' Echoes ' " . He noted a " uniform tone " , but not song structure , and wrote of the album 's significance in the group 's catalogue : " Pink Floyd were nothing if not masters of texture , and Meddle is one of their greatest excursions into little details , pointing the way to the measured brilliance of Dark Side of the Moon and the entire Roger Waters era . "
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Credits adapted from sleeve notes .
Pink Floyd
David Gilmour – guitar , lead vocals , harmony vocals on " Fearless " , bass on " One of These Days " , harmonica on " Seamus "
Roger Waters – bass , acoustic guitar and lead vocals on " San Tropez "
Richard Wright – Hammond organ , piano , EMS VCS 3 synthesizer , co @-@ lead vocals on " Echoes " , Farfisa organ ( uncredited )
Nick Mason – drums , percussion , vocal phrase on " One of These Days "
Additional personnel
Rob Black – engineering ( Morgan Studio )
Peter Bown – engineering ( Air and EMI Studios )
Peter Curzon – design on album remaster
Bob Dowling – outer sleeve photos
James Guthrie – remastering
Hipgnosis – band photo
John Leckie – engineering ( Air and EMI Studios )
Tony May – inner sleeve photos
Pink Floyd – album cover design
Roger Quested – engineering ( Morgan Studio )
Doug Sax – remastering
Seamus the Dog – vocals on " Seamus "
Storm Thorgerson – design on album remaster
= = Charts and certifications = =
= The Hideous Sun Demon =
The Hideous Sun Demon ( sometimes billed as The Sun Demon , or in the UK as Blood on His Lips ) is a 1958 science fiction horror film written , directed and produced by Robert Clarke , who also starred in the film . It also stars Patricia Manning , Nan Peterson , Patrick Whyte and Fred La Porta . The film focuses on a scientist ( portrayed by Clarke ) who is exposed to a radioactive isotope and soon finds out that it comes with horrifying consequences .
The film was inspired by the financial success of The Astounding She @-@ Monster in which Clarke had starred . The film 's crew was made up of University of Southern California film students , and the film 's cast were either unknowns or Clarke 's family and friends . The film was shot during 12 consecutive weekends and was shot by three different cinematographers . Originally budgeted at $ 10 @,@ 000 , it ended up costing $ 50 @,@ 000 . The Hideous Sun Demon premiered on August 29 , 1958 as part of a double bill with Roger Corman 's Attack of the Crab Monsters . The film received mostly negative reviews upon its release , but has since become a cult film and has been referenced and parodied many times . An unauthorized sequel , the 1965 short film Wrath of the Sun Demon , was produced by Donald F. Glut . Two redubbed versions of the original film have been released : the comedic Hideous Sun Demon : Special Edition and What 's Up , Hideous Sun Demon ( also known as Revenge of the Sun Demon ) , the latter of which was produced with Clarke 's permission .
= = Plot = =
When research scientist Dr. Gilbert " Gil " McKenna ( Clarke ) falls unconscious after accidentally being exposed to radiation during an experiment with a new radioactive isotope , he is rushed to a nearby hospital . Attending physician Dr. Stern ( Robert Garry ) is surprised to find that Gil shows no signs of burns typical for five @-@ minute exposure to radiation and informs Gil 's co @-@ workers , lab assistant Ann Russell ( Patricia Manning ) and scientist Dr. Frederick Buckell ( Patrick Whyte ) , that he will keep the patient under observation for several days .
Later , Gil is taken to a solarium to receive the sun 's healing rays . While he naps , he transforms into a reptilian creature , horrifying the other patients . Fleeing from the scene , Gil discovers his new appearance . Stern notifies Ann and Dr. Buckell about the incident , theorizing that the exposure to radiation caused a reversal of evolution , transforming Gil into a prehistoric reptile after exposure to sunlight . Stern suggests that Gil can control his symptoms by staying in the dark and remaining in the hospital , but admits that the patient cannot be held against his will .
Having reverted to normal , a disconsolate Gil notifies Ann of his resignation . Confining himself to his house and only coming out at night , Gil spends his hours drinking and wandering aimlessly around the grounds of his estate . He later drives to a bar where sultry piano player Trudy Osborne ( Nan Peterson ) is performing .
Buckell soon receives word that noted radiation @-@ poisoning specialist Dr. Jacob Hoffman ( Fred La Porta ) has agreed to help Gil and plans on arriving in the area within a few days . When radiation poisoning studies offer no leads on solving Gil 's own particular symptoms , the distraught scientist contemplates suicide , but soon changes his mind . Instead , Gil returns to the bar where Trudy joins him for a drink and comments that the evening is not over because it is " never late until the sun comes up . " Although Gil is disturbed by the comment , his loneliness draws him closer to her . When bar patron George insinuates that he has purchased Trudy 's company for the evening , Gil defends her , causing a fight between the two men . After knocking George unconscious , Gil flees with Trudy into the night . Later that evening , after walking the shoreline , they make love , falling asleep in the sand until the morning light awakens Gil . Horrified , Gil flees in his car leaving Trudy stranded on the beach . Arriving at the house , Gil runs in , but not before the transformation occurs .
Ann soon arrives , discovering Gil cowering in the cellar in a state of shock . Believing that he is beyond help , Gil at first refuses to see Dr. Hoffman , but after Ann 's tearful pleading , Gil reluctantly agrees . During the examination , Dr. Hoffman orders Gil to remain in the house at all times as a precaution until he can return with help . Feeling guilty for leaving Trudy , Gil returns to the bar but is brutally beaten by George and his gang . Gil regains consciousness the next morning and discovers that Trudy , having felt sorry for him , brought him home to her apartment . George soon arrives and , upon seeing Gil , forces him at gunpoint out into the daylight . Transforming into the creature , Gil murders George in front of the horrified Trudy before fleeing into the hills . Returning to the house , Gil finds Ann , Dr. Hoffman and Buckell waiting there and returns to his normal human state . A disturbed Gil later admits to the murder , with the others assuring him that he acted in self @-@ defense , but when the police arrive with an arrest warrant , the hysterical Gil flees from the grounds in his car and accidentally hits a police officer .
Hiding inside an oil field shack while police comb the area and set up roadblocks , Gil is discovered by young Suzy who offers to fetch him cookies . Hurrying back to her house , Suzy is caught hoarding cookies by her mother and is forced to reveal who they are for . While her mother calls the police , Suzy slips out of the door to return to Gil . Her mother chases after her into the oil field , and police cars soon arrive . Realizing Suzy is endangered by being with him , Gil carries the girl out of the shack into the sunlight where he lets her go . He soon transforms into the creature . In the ensuing police chase , Gil slaughters one of the officers and then climbs the stairs to the top of a tall natural gas tank , where the remaining officer chases after him . As Gil begins to strangle him , the officer shoots Gil in the neck . Mortally wounded , the mutated Gil falls several stories to his death while Buckell , Hoffman and a sobbing Ann watch in dismay .
= = Cast = =
Robert Clarke as Dr. Gilbert McKenna
Patricia Manning as Ann Russell
Nan Peterson as Trudy Osborne
Patrick Whyte as Dr. Frederick Buckell
Fred La Porta as Dr. Jacob Hoffman
Peter Similuk as George Messorio
William White as Police Lt. Peterson
Robert Garry as Dr. Stern
Donna King as Suzy 's Mother
Xandra Conkling as Suzy
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Development for The Hideous Sun Demon began after the 1957 release of The Astounding She @-@ Monster , a science fiction film starring Clarke . In his contract for the film , Clarke was promised five percent of She @-@ Monster 's profits in addition to his salary . Although Clarke later admitted that the film was awful , it was a financial success , with Clarke receiving a sizable sum from the film 's box office returns . Inspired by that film 's financial success , Clarke decided to direct his own low @-@ budget science fiction film . According to Clarke , the story for the film was inspired by Robert Louis Stevenson 's The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde , which dealt with multiple personalities . Clarke and co @-@ writer / director Tom Boutross ( although some sources , including Clarke himself , say his friend Phil Hiner co @-@ wrote the first draft ) wrote the first draft of the screenplay , then @-@ titled Saurus or Sauros , names taken from the Latin word meaning " reptile " . Other working titles for the film included Strange Pursuit and Terror in the Sun . Boutross , who is also credited as one of the film 's co @-@ directors , later edited films like Rat Fink ( 1965 ) , A Man Called Dagger ( 1967 ) and 1974 hit The Legend of Boggy Creek . The first draft of the script was significantly different from what would be shown in the finished film . The original storyline centered on an explorer and a female lawyer searching for uranium in the country of Guatemala . While there , they are tormented by a man who had been mutated by experiments conducted on him by his scientist father , who is an expert in radiation , and when the young man is exposed to the sun , he transforms into a reptilian creature .
The film 's crew consisted of students from the University of Southern California . Clarke pitched the story idea to Robin Kirkman , a student at USC , who liked the idea . The two men formed the production company Clarke @-@ King Enterprises , and Kirkman worked as the film 's associate producer . E.S. Seely , who later directed the 1961 film Shangri @-@ La , wrote the final draft of the film 's screenplay , which was then rewritten by Doane Hoag who " polished the dialogue " , according to Clarke . The film was initially budgeted at $ 10 @,@ 000 , but by the end of production , it had cost $ 50 @,@ 000 in total . The film was Clarke 's first and only effort as writer or director .
= = = Casting = = =
Clarke , the film 's director , writer and producer , also starred in the lead role of Dr. Gilbert McKenna . A veteran actor , he wanted his character to seem realistic and multi @-@ dimensional , with both bad and good qualities . " I acted the part as if I wouldn 't let anything get in my way " , Clarke later recalled . The rest of the cast consisted mostly of aspiring actors and actresses from around USC , with some characters played by Clarke 's friends and family . Actress Nan Peterson , in her acting debut , was cast in the role of Trudy Osborne because of her voluptuous figure , according to Clarke . Originally , singer Marilyn King of The King Sisters , who was Clarke 's sister @-@ in @-@ law , was cast for the role , but she dropped out due to her pregnancy at the time of production . King , however , did write and perform the song " Strange Pursuit " , featured in the bar scene in the film , providing the vocals for Peterson 's character . Peterson had previously worked as a model for Catalina Bathing Suits and was touring nationwide as " Miss Vornado " for the Vornado air conditioning company . Xandra Conkling , who played the little girl who befriends McKenna in the film , was actually the daughter of Clarke 's wife 's sister . Pearl Driggs , who portrayed an old woman on the hospital roof , was Clarke 's mother @-@ in @-@ law . A radio announcer heard in the film was played by Clarke 's sister @-@ in @-@ law 's fiance , and Clarke 's nephew played a newsboy in the film .
= = = Filming = = =
The Hideous Sun Demon was shot during 12 consecutive weekends on rented equipment . At the time of production , Clarke was busy acting in other films during weekdays while the student film crew attended school . A decision to film during the weekends was made , since it was the only time that both Clarke and the crew were free . The cast and crew were paid $ 25 per day . Due to the film 's low budget , items such as clothing and make @-@ up were provided by the film 's stars themselves . " I had to do my own make @-@ up , [ and ] use my own clothes ... it was a very low @-@ budget film " , Peterson later recalled . The film was shot by three different cinematographers , all credited at the end of the film : John Morrill , who Clarke later stated shot at least half the film ; Vilis Lapeniks , who also shot Eegah and the 1966 horror film Queen of Blood before working on bigger projects like Newman 's Law ( 1974 ) , Capone ( 1975 ) and Kiss Daddy Goodbye ( 1981 ) ; and Stan Follis , in his only film credit .
The film was one of the first to use practical locations during shooting . According to Clarke , " When we needed a scene in a bar , we went to Santa Monica and asked a guy how much money he would charge to let us come in and shoot scenes in his bar " . Because Clarke also acted in the film , editor and co @-@ writer Tom Boutross served as co @-@ director . Boutross later The main character 's home in the film was located on Lafayette Boulevard in Los Angeles , which is no longer standing . The four @-@ story rooming house was rented for 5 – 6 weekend days for $ 25 per day . The exterior shots of the character 's house were shot in a different location around Glendale Hill . A scene in the film where a transformed McKenna graphically crushes a rat with his bare hands
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was not in the script , and was improvised while on location . The effect was accomplished by placing ketchup on the rat ; Clarke would then gently squeeze the rat , making the ketchup ooze from his fingers . This scene was removed from prints that were released on television , but was later restored .
Coastal scenes were filmed at Bass Rock and near Trancas , while other scenes were filmed near Signal Hill . The film 's climax was filmed around the area of the Union Station train depot . The large gas tank , which stood over 300 feet tall , was made available to the cast and crew by the Southern California Gas Company . Filming at this location proved to be a challenge , as the cast and crew had trouble communicating with each other , with Clarke attempting to direct the film crew while on top of the large structure .
The title monster was designed by production designer Richard Cassarino , who created the suit for $ 500 , and was built over a diver 's wetsuit . Conditions inside the suit were very hot ; combined with the humid weather , this caused Clarke , who performed his own stunts in the film , to sweat profusely . The original mask is currently owned by archivist and occasional actor Bob Burns . Cassarino later worked as production designer for the 1958 film Hell Squad , and also was responsible for designing the sea creature costume in the science fiction film Destination Inner Space ( 1966 ) .
= = Release = =
= = = Theatrical release = = =
Clarke initially had no distribution deals set up for the film . Clarke 's brother – a sales manager at an Amarillo , Texas , television station – put him into contact with the owner of several local drive @-@ in theaters . Clarke agreed to premiere his film in Amarillo , and it played on a double bill with the Roger Corman film Attack of the Crab Monsters , under the alternate title The Sun Demon , on August 29 , 1958 . Peterson and Clarke appeared at the premiere , and , after the film , performed an interview together . While the audience was distracted , Clarke changed into his costume and made an appearance as the Sun Demon . After this success , Clarke declined a distribution deal with American International Pictures and instead chose a competitor , Miller @-@ Consolidated Pictures , who distributed it across the US and UK . Clarke made additional appearances as the Sun Demon . However , 18 months after the company started distributing the film , it went bankrupt . Because of this , Clarke never saw any income from the deal . Clarke later sold off the films rights to various distributors . In the United Kingdom , the film was distributed by D.U.K. and released with the title Blood on His Lips .
= = = Home media release = = =
The film was released on DVD by Image Entertainment on March 21 , 2000 . It was later re @-@ released by Image Entertainment as a 2 @-@ disc double feature on December 30 , 2003 , paired with a comically redubbed sequel titled What 's Up , Hideous Sun Demon or Revenge of the Sun Demon . This version of the film was later released on DVD by Image Entertainment on July 15 , 2003 .
= = Reception = =
Critical reception for The Hideous Sun Demon has been mostly negative . In a contemporary review , the Monthly Film Bulletin gave the film a negative review , saying that " wordy dialogue , poor acting , uneven photography and sub @-@ standard sound all add to the disadvantage of a hopelessly illogical plot " .
Bob Stephens of the San Francisco Chronicle , in a 2000 review , criticized the film 's narrative slightness and Peter Similuk 's casting , but also wrote that he " must confess that I enjoy Demon . Its naivete is a more reliable pathway to wonder than the cynicism and condescension of contemporary fantasy films could ever be " . TV Guide gave the film a negative review , awarding it 1 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars and calling it " laughable " , but also commented that the monster costume was good . Leonard Maltin gave the film a negative review , panning the film 's production values , calling it " hideous " . In his book The Encyclopedia of Monsters , author Jeff Rovin called it " a clever twist on the Wolfman theme " and an " effective and gritty film [ that ] boasts an excellent monster costume " . Allmovie gave the film a positive review , calling it " a staple of TV horror programming since the early 1960s " and praising the film 's claustrophobic feel , editing and actor / director Clarke 's performance as the lead character , while criticizing the film 's stock characters and " clunky " dialogue . In Cult Horror Films , Welch D. Everman wrote that the film expresses traditional 1950s themes : a warning about the dangers of nonconformity and a mixed message about nuclear energy . Chris Barsanti wrote in The Sci @-@ Fi Movie Guide that the film distinguishes itself from other 1950s radioactive monster films by being an allegory for alcoholism . The film has developed a cult following over the years since its release .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Wrath of the Sun Demon = = =
In 1965 , seven years after the release of the original film , a student short film serving as an unauthorized sequel was made by amateur filmmaker Don Glut , after he discovered the Sun Demon mask in Bob Burns ' collection . Filmed in black and white with a running time of three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes , Wrath of the Sun Demon starred Burns as the Sun Demon . The short film was made with the support of the University of Southern California , where Glut was a student at the time . The plot centered on a man ( presumably McKenna ) transforming into the Sun Demon and terrorizing several people before falling to his death off a cliff . The film also starred John Schuyler as the film 's hero and Burns ' wife Kathy .
Burns and his wife had been friends with Schuyler before production of the film . According to Glut , Schuyler had recently purchased a new sports jacket and did not want it to get soiled or damaged during production . During the fight scene , in order to avoid stepping on and damaging it , Schuyler would remove the jacket and carry it over his shoulder . When the time came for the film 's climax , where the Sun Demon fell to his death off a cliff , neither Burns nor Glut wanted to do the stunt , and neither wanted to damage the mask by putting it on a dummy . So Burns modified a G.I. Joe action figure so that it resembled the Sun Demon , and Glut then shot the figure in slow motion tumbling down a hole that resembled a valley . The original film 's soundtrack was later added to the remake during post @-@ production , with Glut 's friend Bart Andrews supplying the Sun Demon 's voice .
= = = Parodies = = =
Two redubbed versions of the film have been released . Years after Clarke sold off the film 's rights , they were purchased from Wade Williams by Hadi John Salem and Gregory Steven Brown , who released a redubbed version of the film titled Hideous Sun Demon : Special Edition . Unlike the original film , this version , which is not listed on IMDb , was intended to be a comedy .
Writing for Cinefantastique , David J. Hogan described plans for the original footage to be redubbed using a new screenplay written by Mark and Allan Estrin , with Clarke 's character Gil renamed Ishmael Pivnik . This version was to center on Pivnik , whose formula for an oral suntan lotion transforms the hapless scientist into a monster . Salem and Brown were inspired by Woody Allen 's redubbing of the 1965 Japanese spy thriller film Kokusai himitsu keisatsu : Kagi no kagi , which Allen then transformed into his directorial debut comedy film , What 's Up , Tiger Lily ? . The resulting redubbing was titled What 's Up , Hideous Sun Demon ( also known as Revenge of the Sun Demon ) , which was released with the original director 's permission . Salem and Brown were not credited as the producers in this version , which was produced by Jeffrey A. Montgomery and written by Craig Mitchell . New footage for this version was shot with Clarke 's son Cam along with Googy Gress , Mark Holton and Susan Tyrell . Actor and talk show host Jay Leno provided the uncredited voice for McKenna .
What 's Up , Hideous Sun Demon was featured in an episode of the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Image Entertainment released this film on DVD twice in 2003 , first by itself on July 15 , and later as a double feature with The Hideous Sun Demon on December 30 .
= = = In other media = = =
Clips from The Hideous Sun Demon appeared in the film It Came from Hollywood , while part of the film 's soundtrack was used during the cemetery chase scene in Night of the Living Dead . The film appeared on Elvira 's Movie Macabre , a television series in which the title character comments on the films that are shown , and the screenplay for the film was published as Scripts from the Crypt : The Hideous Sun Demon by BearManor on May 1 , 2011 . The band Hideous Sun Demons were named after the film . A modeling kit of the Sun Demon character was released by Resin from the Grave in 1988 , sculpted by Fred Hinck .
= Iridomyrmex =
Iridomyrmex , or the rainbow ant ( referring to its blue @-@ green iridescent sheen ) is a genus of ant first described by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr in 1862 . He placed it in the subfamily Dolichoderinae of the family Formicidae . There are 79 described species and five fossil species . Most of these ants are native to Australia ; others are found in several countries and islands in Asia and other areas in Oceania , and they have been introduced to Brazil , New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates . Fossil species are known from China , France and the United States .
These ants are known to be an ecologically dominant and important group of ants , but they are sometimes regarded as pests because they disturb soil and enter human houses . Farmers in rural Australia place animal carcasses on meat ant ( I. purpureus ) mounds as a method of disposing of them ; meat ants will consume the carcass and reduce it to bones in a matter of weeks . Meat ants also engage in ritualised fighting which helps prevent casualties and solve territorial disputes between neighbouring colonies . The largest members of this genus are those of the I. purpureus species group , measuring 8 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) .
After their nuptial flight , queen ants may establish a colony by themselves , by budding or cooperatively , where a subset of the colony migrates to a new location or when multiple queens help find a suitable nesting spot , but they will display intolerance to each other when workers are present . The eggs take 44 to 61 days to fully develop into adults . The genus lives in a wide variety of habitats and nests in soil in numbers that range from a couple of hundred individuals to over 300 @,@ 000 in a single colony . Depending on the species , nests are large mounds covered in pebbles with multiple entrances while others live above ground in twig nests . In some cases , ants dwell in several nest sites connected by paths ; some of these nests can extend to 650 metres ( 2 @,@ 130 ft ) in length . Some species associate with caterpillars and butterflies that provide the ants with secretions and honeydew , and I. bicknelli pollinates orchids . These ants are predators and scavengers ; they hunt for prey to feed their young . Notably , these ants are immune to the toxins of the cane toad and feed on the juveniles . Predators such as spiders , birds , lizards , and other ants prey on Iridomyrmex ants .
= = Phylogeny = =
The separation of the genus Iridomyrmex from its most recent common ancestor began around 12 million years ago . Its sister group , Froggattella , has only two species , even though both genera are the same age . In comparison to other Indo @-@ Australian genera in the subfamily Dolichoderinae , the clade of which it is a part is 23 million years old , meaning that it is rather young . However , the fossil species that have been found are from the Eocene and Oligocene . The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of Iridomyrmex among the Indo @-@ Australian genera :
= = Taxonomy = =
The genus Iridomyrmex was first described by Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr in 1862 , but it had no designated type species until 1903 . By then , the type species was designated as Formica detecta , a synonym of Iridomyrmex purpureus . The genus was placed in the subfamily Dolichoderinae in 1878 , the same year the subfamily was established . Since the establishment of the genus , it suffered taxonomic misunderstanding due to the gradual development of unrelated ants being designated into the genus by early researchers who failed to identify easily recognisable features that would make them distinct from the genus Iridomyrmex .
Myrmecologist William Brown , Jr . , was perhaps the first person to question the monophyly of the genus , mentioning that the Argentine ant , a former member of Iridomyrmex , differed from the rest of the genus . The first proper revisions of the genus began in the 1990s , and 91 species were transferred to six genera ; only 62 species remained after these revisions . These species were placed into the genera Anonychomyrma , Doleromyrma , Linepithema , Ochetellus , Papyrius and Philidris . In 2011 , the genus was revised again , and 79 species and five extinct species were now present , 31 of which were newly described . Four species were placed in different genera while 25 species and subspecies were classified as synonyms . According to one source , 350 Australian Iridomyrmex species may be present .
The scientific name of the genus , Iridomyrmex , meaning " rainbow ant " , refers to their blue @-@ green iridescent sheen . The word Irido , meaning " rainbow " , derives from Ancient Greek , and myrmex , another Greek word , means " ant " .
= = = Species = = =
[ extinct species are marked with † ]
= = Description = =
Unlike other genera in Dolichoderinae , the front margin of the clypeus is not below the mandibles ; instead , it is located above them . The eyes are located on top of the ants ' head , and they are noticeably distant from the mandibles . These ants range from small to medium ; members of the I. conifer species group measure 4 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 16 in ) , being reddish @-@ brown in colour with a distinctive propodeum , while members of the I. purpureus species group are the largest at 8 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) . Worker castes are rarely polymorphic .
Based on observations , Iridomyrmex workers can be deformed when they are born . For example , a captured specimen had its propodeum and gaster fused together , and the petiole was still present but enlarged . Despite the deformity , the worker was still able to forage with little trouble .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Ants of this genus are found in many countries and islands , spanning several continents . In the Oceanian region , these ants are found in Fiji , Indonesia , New Caledonia , Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands . In Australia , they are found in every state and territory . In New Zealand , this genus has been introduced to the country , establishing themselves in both the North Island and South Island . In Asia , they are found in Burma , East Timor , India , Malaysia and the Philippines . I. anceps is the only known ant of this genus present in the Middle East , having been introduced to the United Arab Emirates . I. rufoniger was introduced to Brazil through human activity . Populations are present on the islands of Norfolk Island and Phillip Island in Oceania . Extinct species were native to countries beyond the modern distribution of the genus ; fossils have been found in China , France and the United States .
The genus Iridomyrmex inhabits rural , arid , and semi @-@ arid areas . Nests are found in Acacia , Agathis , Banksia , Casuarina and Eucalyptus woodland , in pastures , Callitris forests , city parks , farmlands , grasslands , heath , sand dunes , savanna woodland , swamps , urban gardens , wet rain @-@ forests , wet and dry sclerophyll woodland , and even in buildings such as hotels and houses .
Most of these ants nest in soil , but some prefer to live under rocks , rotten wood , and in some cases in sandy beaches and footpaths . Certain species will avoid nesting in sandy soil . Nests will vary in appearance ; most species live in small mounds with a single entrance , while other species create large mounds covered in pebbles with multiple entrances . Some colonies are known to create " super @-@ nests " : workers construct many nests connected through established paths , extending up to 650 metres ( 2 @,@ 130 ft ) in length . In one extreme case , a single colony was found to occupy over 10 hectares of land with 85 individual nests and 1 @,@ 500 entrance holes . While meat ants are never aggressive to their nest mates , they will be aggressive to those who live in different nests within the same colony . Nests may be above or below ground , with some species such as I. conifer alternating between the two ; during winter , nests will be constructed above in twigs , with the ants moving back underground during the warmer months . Underground nests are located near areas where food sources are present . Colonies will relocate their nests to areas where there are reasonable levels of sunlight during winter .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
Most Iridomyrmex species are aggressive ants that will attack anything which attacks or disturbs their nests or trails they forage on . This is noticeable with particular member species of the I. purpureus species group , where they will pour out of their nest and attack and kill all intruders . Even smaller species show similar behaviours to these ants and will also swarm out of their nests to bite and spray iridomyrmecin , a defensive chemical found in the genus . Because of their large numbers , aggression , and activeness , Iridomyrmex ants are ecologically dominant in Australia , and several species are known to obtain exclusive possession to food sources and prevent other insects from using them . These ants will also affect foraging behaviours of other ant nests living nearby due to how active they are and their large numbers .
While Iridomyrmex ants are known for their aggression , some are more timid and shy ; workers will run and hide if they are disturbed and avoid contact with other ant species . When nests are disturbed , workers will not attack ; instead , they will relocate their brood and disregard other disturbances should they occur . Workers will hide in leaves and other vegetation , and in some cases , I. victorianus workers may remain still until any threat or danger subsides .
Meat ants engage in ritualised fights to maintain and resolve boundary disputes with neighbouring colonies . When individuals from separate colonies meet , they will engage each other until appeasement occurs . A meat ant detects a foreign worker by intense antennation and gaping of the mandibles , and will also stretch themselves upward to appear taller and larger , suggesting that meat ants do this in a display of size matching . Once the ants have finished fighting , they will groom themselves and search for another ant . Such disputes between colonies may continue for months or even years in the same area , and escalated fights that result in serious injury or death are rare .
= = = Foraging = = =
All species are predators and scavengers . Iridomyrmex ants tend to many Hemiptera insects and butterfly larvae to receive honeydew . Workers forage and scavenge for small insects , and they collect nectar from flowers
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@-@ in @-@ law , Pullan , and then by Colonel T. H. Minshall in the 1920s . Minshall offered the Zodiac settle and other items from Tower House for sale in 1933 , but the settle remained unsold .
The Tower House was owned by Colonel E. R. B. Graham and his wife from 1933 . The English poet John Betjeman , a champion of the architecture of the Victorian Gothic Revival , later befriended the Grahams and Betjeman was given the remaining two @-@ year lease on the Tower House and some of the furniture upon Mrs Graham 's death in 1962 . Betjeman subsequently gave the Zodiac settle as well as the " Narcissus washstand " and the " Philosophy cabinet " from Tower House to his friend , the novelist Evelyn Waugh . It is believed Betjeman gave them to Waugh to appease his wife , Penelope , who did not share his appreciation of Gothic Revival painted furniture . The " Philosophy cabinet " is now in the private collection of Andrew Lloyd Webber and the " Narcissus washstand " in the collection of The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum in Bedford . Waugh mentioned the settle in a letter to his daughter Maragret FitzHerbert in July 1965 . Waugh wrote that the settle was " looking very well between the windows of the morning @-@ room " . The settle descended through the Waugh family before being acquired by The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum in 2011 .
= = = 2011 acquisition = = =
A temporary export bar was placed on the settle by the Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest ( RCEWA ) . The RCEWA is part of the Arts Council England and advise the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport on matters concerning the exporting of objects of national interest . It was subsequently acquired by The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum in Bedford after a £ 480 @,@ 000 grant from the National Heritage Memorial Fund ( NHMF ) , £ 190 @,@ 000 from the Trustees of the Cecil Higgins Art Gallery and £ 180 @,@ 000 from the Art Fund .
= Typhoon Omar =
Typhoon Omar of 1992 , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Lusing , was the strongest and costliest typhoon to strike Guam since Typhoon Pamela in 1976 . The cyclone formed on August 23 from the monsoon trough across the western Pacific Ocean . Moving westward , Omar slowly intensified into a tropical storm , although another tropical cyclone nearby initially impeded further strengthening . After the two storms became more distant , Omar quickly strengthened into a powerful typhoon . On August 28 , it made landfall on Guam with winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) . The typhoon reached its peak intensity the next day , with estimated 1 ‑ minute winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) , making it a " super typhoon " according to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . Omar weakened significantly before striking eastern Taiwan on September 4 , proceeding into eastern China the next day and dissipating on September 9 .
On Guam , Omar caused one death and $ 457 million ( 1992 USD ) in damage . Strong gusts up to 248 km / h ( 154 mph ) left nearly the entire island without power for several days . The outages disrupted the water system and prevented the island @-@ based JTWC from issuing advisories for 11 days . Omar damaged or destroyed 2 @,@ 158 houses , leaving 3 @,@ 000 people homeless . In response to the destruction , the island 's building codes were updated to withstand winds of 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) , and insurance companies discontinued new policies for structures not made of concrete . While passing well north of the Philippines , the typhoon killed 11 people and wrought ₱ 903 million ( $ 35 @.@ 4 million ) worth of damage to 538 houses . Omar then brushed the southern islands of Japan with strong gusts and light rainfall , causing ¥ 476 million JPY ( $ 3 @.@ 8 million USD ) in crop losses . In Taiwan , scattered flooding caused three deaths and $ 65 million in damage , mostly to agriculture .
= = Meteorological history = =
Typhoon Omar originated from a tropical disturbance that was first noted on August 20 over the open Pacific Ocean , which exhibited persistent convection , or thunderstorms . During this early phase , two tropical cyclones dissipated and another became extratropical across the western Pacific basin ; this caused the monsoon trough , which spawned most of the storms in the basin , to realign in a more climatologically appropriate manner . According to the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) , Omar developed into a tropical depression at 1800 UTC on August 23 . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) assessed a slower pace of strengthening , issuing a tropical cyclone formation alert at 2100 UTC before initiating advisories on Tropical Depression 15W on August 24 .
As the depression traveled generally westward , the JTWC upgraded it to Tropical Storm Omar on August 25 , and the JMA followed suit on the next day . Omar began to slow as it tracked westward . Outflow from nearby Tropical Storm Polly to the west produced a stream of strong wind shear over Omar , slowing intensification . The JTWC noted that the shear could decouple Omar 's wind circulation from its convection , possibly weakening the storm . However , as Omar and Polly moved farther apart , a high @-@ pressure ridge developed between the storms . This caused Omar to drift northward and then west @-@ northwestward into a region with decreased shear , which allowed it to resume strengthening . Early on August 27 , the JTWC upgraded the system to a typhoon , and an eye began to appear around 23 : 00 UTC that day . Omar entered a phase of rapid intensification on August 28 , at which point the JMA also classified it as a typhoon . The typhoon made landfall on Guam soon after , with 1 ‑ minute sustained winds of about 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) . The eye , 37 km ( 23 mi ) in diameter , slowly crossed the northern portion of the small island over a period of 2 @.@ 5 hours .
At 1800 UTC on August 29 , Omar reached its peak intensity with 10 ‑ minute sustained winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 920 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 17 inHg ) as estimated by the JMA ; this intensity was maintained for 24 hours before a steady weakening trend began . The JTWC estimated higher 1 ‑ minute winds of around 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) , making Omar a super typhoon . Two days later , the typhoon came close enough to the Philippines to warrant monitoring from PAGASA , who named the storm Lusing . By 1500 UTC on September 3 , the JMA downgraded Omar to a tropical storm , although the JTWC maintained its typhoon intensity through the next day . Heading generally westward , the storm made landfall on the east coast of Taiwan near Hualien City on September 4 . After traversing the island in seven hours , Omar exited the coast of Yunlin County and emerged into the Taiwan Strait . The storm crossed the body of water and moved ashore in eastern China near Xiamen , Fujian , on September 5 . Inland , Omar quickly degenerated into a tropical depression before turning west @-@ southwest . It proceeded across southern China while heavily weakening , and completely dissipated over northern Vietnam on September 9 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Guam = = =
Ahead of the storm on August 25 , the United States Department of Defense set the Condition of Readiness ( COR ) at stage 3 on Guam , indicating destructive winds were possible within 48 hours . A day later , the COR was raised to stage 2 ; all but two United States Navy ships were sortied from the harbor to prevent damage , and the remainder rode out the storm southwest of Guam . On August 28 , COR 1 was declared , the highest level . In response , all fixed @-@ wing aircraft and helicopters on the island were moved into hangars or transported to Japan or the Philippines . All schools were closed for the duration of Omar 's passage over Guam . Flight operations were suspended for at least two days , stranding 5 @,@ 000 passengers on the island . About 3 @,@ 100 people rode out the storm in emergency shelters .
Omar was the strongest and most damaging typhoon to hit Guam since Typhoon Pamela in 1976 . The typhoon was felt on all parts of Guam ; tropical @-@ storm @-@ force winds affected the island for 16 hours , and wind gusts were estimated to have reached 248 km / h ( 154 mph ) in areas beneath the western eyewall . However , the high winds caused the anemometer at Hagåtña to fail during the eye 's passage , and the radar at Andersen Air Force Base was lost , preventing accurate wind speed assessments . The lowest barometric pressure was 940 mbar ( 27 @.@ 76 inHg ) at Apra Harbor . Omar 's slow movement resulted in prolonged heavy rainfall , peaking at 519 mm ( 20 @.@ 44 in ) at the Guam National Weather Service Office in Tiyan and reaching 417 mm ( 16 @.@ 41 in ) at Andersen AFB .
Damage on Guam was heaviest from the central region to the northern coast , in particular to tourist areas and military bases . The Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station was shut down due to power outages and water damage to the generators . The USS Niagara Falls ( AFS @-@ 3 ) and USS White Plains ( AFS @-@ 4 ) — both naval supply ships — went aground due to rough seas and strong winds , and the dry dock at Apra Harbor was washed ashore . Omar destroyed dozens of businesses on the island . High winds knocked a crane into an apartment building and downed 400 wooden and 20 concrete power poles across Tumon , leaving 70 % of the island without power . Throughout Guam , Omar disrupted transportation and communication systems , and led to the failure of water pumping systems . Landslides covered roads , and low @-@ lying areas were flooded . About 2 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed and another 2 @,@ 200 were damaged to varying degrees , displacing nearly 3 @,@ 000 people . Destruction was heaviest to wooden structures ; buildings made of concrete fared relatively well during the storm . Island @-@ wide , damage totaled $ 457 million , split nearly evenly between the military bases and civilian damage . One person died on Guam , and more than 200 people required emergency treatment — including about 80 injured by flying debris .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
While over the open Pacific Ocean , Omar passed well northeast of the Philippines just days after Tropical Storm Polly caused flooding and deaths in the country . The nation 's chief weather specialist noted that Omar was " more powerful than Polly and [ able to ] induce monsoon rains over a wide area . " Omar ultimately affected northern Luzon , primarily the Cordillera Administrative Region , Ilocos Region , and the Cagayan Valley . Across the country , the storm killed 11 people . The typhoon destroyed 393 houses and damaged another 145 , leaving 1 @,@ 965 people homeless . Damage was estimated at ₱ 903 million ( $ 35 @.@ 4 million ) , much of it to agriculture .
After its destructive landfall in Guam , Omar struck Wuqi District in Taiwan with maximum winds of 78 km / h ( 49 mph ) . The worst effects in the country were from widespread rain ; the strongest rainfall rates remained concentrated in southern regions , peaking at 375 @.@ 4 mm ( 14 @.@ 78 in ) in Kaohsiung . The storm flooded five counties and left 766 @,@ 000 people without power . High waves washed ashore four ships in Kaohsiung , and farmland and fisheries there , as well as in Yunlin , Chiayi City , and Pingtung County , suffered heavy damage . Throughout Taiwan , Omar resulted in three deaths ( two of which drownings ) , twelve injuries , and more than $ 65 million ( USD ) in damage .
The fringes of the typhoon dropped light rainfall in the outer regions of Japan , peaking at 28 mm ( 1 @.@ 1 in ) on Iriomote @-@ jima . The highest wind gust was 72 km / h ( 45 mph ) on Yonaguni . Omar damaged the sugar cane and okra in the southern Japanese islands , leading to crop losses of ¥ 476 million JPY ( $ 3 @.@ 8 million USD ) . In addition , traffic was disrupted and 38 flights were canceled . Later , Omar spread rainfall along its path through southern China , flooding parts of northwestern Hong Kong on September 7 .
= = Aftermath = =
Immediately after Omar 's landfall in Guam , former Governor Joseph Franklin Ada declared a state of emergency , and former U.S. President George H. W. Bush declared the island a federal disaster area . In the wake of the storm , several people were arrested for looting . The Federal Emergency Management Agency opened up disaster assistance centers where residents were able to apply for federal aid ; it ultimately provided about $ 18 @.@ 4 million in assistance , including disaster housing , storm @-@ related unemployment benefits , and grant programs for families or businesses , helping over 11 @,@ 000 people . The federal government paid for 100 % of the debris removal , emergency work , and reconstruction of uninsured public buildings , although it usually only provide 75 % of the cost for typical disasters . This was due to the sequence of three significant tropical cyclones affecting the United States in three weeks ; in addition to Omar , Hurricane Andrew struck Florida in August and Hurricane Iniki hit Hawaii in September . The Department of Defense assisted the affected areas with 27 members of the Guam National Guard and 700 members of the military . The military provided temporary housing , generators , and construction supplies , at a cost of $ 5 @.@ 75 million , though most of the disaster needs were handled by the government . The local Red Cross provided $ 6 million in assistance after the storm . Due to the combined damages from Andrew , Iniki , and Omar , the United States Congress passed the Dire Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act , 1992 , which provided additional funding for the agencies responding to the disasters through the fiscal year ending on September 30 .
For 11 days , the JTWC on Guam was unable to continue operations , relying on a backup agency . The damage to the airport radar prompted the NEXRAD — a network of high @-@ resolution weather radars — to be installed earlier than scheduled , in February 1993 , and limited incoming and outgoing flights to the daytime . On August 30 , a naval ship docked at Apra Harbor to provide a temporary mobile radar . By September 15 , both ships that had been washed ashore were refloated . In the aftermath of the destruction , insurance companies decided to stop issuing new policies for structures not made of concrete . In January 1996 , former Governor Carl Gutierrez issued an executive order , mandating that homes or storm shutters on the island withstand winds of at least 250 m / h ( 155 mph ) .
The citizens left homeless by Omar resided in a tent city nicknamed Camp Omar , consisting of 200 tents holding more than 1 @,@ 000 people . Volunteers and military efforts cleaned most of the debris on the island within a few weeks . Many important roads were reopened by three days after the storm . The power took four weeks to be restored island @-@ wide , disrupting schools and businesses , although water access was expected to be restored within a few days of the storm . Schools reopened on September 14 , and most businesses resumed their work by the end of the month . The United States military ceased relief operations on September 19 , though complete recovery was disrupted by the passage of several subsequent typhoons . These storms caused less damage than normal after Omar wrecked the more vulnerable structures . As a result , it became difficult to discern the damage between Omar and Typhoon Gay in December 1992 . A 1993 study in the medical journal Anxiety found that 7 @.@ 2 % of 320 participants affected by Omar developed acute stress reaction , and another 15 % developed early traumatic stress response , especially those affected by the later typhoons . About 5 @.@ 9 % of the participants displayed symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder , similar to the levels shown after Hurricane Hugo in 1989 .
Due to the destruction in Guam , the name Omar was retired and was replaced with Oscar in 1993 .
= Battle of Chosin Reservoir =
The Battle of Chosin Reservoir , also known as the Chosin Reservoir Campaign or the Changjin Lake Campaign ( Korean : 장진호 전투 ( 長津湖戰鬪 ) ; Chinese : 长津湖战役 ; pinyin : Cháng Jīn Hú Zhànyì ) , was a decisive battle in the Korean War . " Chosin " is the Japanese pronunciation of the Korean name , " Changjin " . The UN forces relied on Japanese language maps dating from their occupation of Korea which had only ended five years earlier at the conclusion of World War II . Shortly after the People 's Republic of China entered the conflict , the People 's Volunteer Army 9th Army infiltrated the northeastern part of North Korea .
On 27 November , the Chinese 9th Army surprised the US X Corps commanded by Major General Edward Almond at the Chosin Reservoir area . A brutal 17 day battle in freezing weather soon followed . In the period between 27 November and 13 December 1950 , 30 @,@ 000 United Nations troops ( later nicknamed " The Chosin Few " ) under the field command of Major General Oliver P. Smith were encircled and attacked by approximately 120 @,@ 000 Chinese troops under the command of Song Shi @-@ Lun , who had been ordered by Mao Zedong to destroy the UN forces . The UN forces were nonetheless able to make a fighting withdrawal and broke out of the encirclement while inflicting crippling losses on the Chinese . While the battle resulted in the Chinese pushing the UN out of North Korea , it was a Pyrrhic victory . The evacuation of the X Corps from the port of Hungnam marked the complete withdrawal of UN troops from North Korea .
= = Background = =
By mid @-@ 1950 after the successful landing at Inchon by the US X Corps and the subsequent destruction of the Korean People 's Army , the Korean War appeared to be all but over . United Nations ( UN ) forces advanced rapidly into North Korea with the intention of reuniting North and South Korea before the end of 1950 . North Korea is divided through the center by the impassable Taebaek Mountains , which separated the UN forces into two groups . The US Eighth Army advanced north through the western coast of the Korean Peninsula , while the Republic of Korea ( ROK ) I Corps and the US X Corps advanced north on the eastern coast .
At the same time the People 's Republic of China entered the conflict after issuing several warnings to the United Nations . On 19 October 1950 , large formations of Chinese troops , dubbed the People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) , secretly crossed the border and into North Korea . One of the first Chinese units to reach the Chosin Reservoir area was the PVA 42nd Corps , and it was tasked with stopping the eastern UN advances . On 25 October , the advancing ROK I Corps made contact with the Chinese and halted at Funchilin Pass , south of the Chosin Reservoir . After the landing at Wonsan , the US 1st Marine Division of the X Corps engaged the defending PVA 124th Division on 2 November , and the ensuing battle caused heavy casualties among the Chinese . On 6 November , the PVA 42nd Corps ordered a retreat to the north with the intention of luring the UN forces into the Chosin Reservoir . By 24 November , the 1st Marine Division occupied both Sinhung @-@ ni on the eastern side of the reservoir , and Yudami @-@ ni on the west side of the reservoir .
Faced with the sudden attacks by Chinese forces in the Eighth Army sector , General Douglas MacArthur ordered the Eighth Army to launch the Home @-@ by @-@ Christmas Offensive . To support the offensive , MacArthur ordered the X Corps to attack west from the Chosin Reservoir and to cut the vital Manpojin — Kanggye — Huichon supply line . As a response , Major General Edward M. Almond ,
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commander of the US X Corps , formulated a plan on 21 November . It called for the US 1st Marine Division to advance west through Yudami @-@ ni , while the US 7th Infantry Division would provide a regimental combat team to protect the right flank at Sinhung @-@ ni . The US 3rd Infantry Division would also protect the left flank while providing security in the rear area . By then the X Corps was stretched thin along a 400 miles ( 640 km ) front .
Surprised by the Marine landing at Wonsan , China 's Chairman Mao Zedong called for the immediate destruction of the ROK Capital Division , ROK 3rd Infantry Division , US 1st Marine Division , and US 7th Infantry Division in a telegraph to Commander Song Shi @-@ Lun of the PVA 9th Army on 31 October . Under Mao 's urgent orders , the 9th Army was rushed into North Korea on 10 November . Undetected by UN intelligence , the 9th Army quietly entered the Chosin Reservoir area on 17 November , with the 20th Corps of the 9th Army relieving the 42nd Corps near Yudami @-@ ni .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Location , terrain and weather = = =
Chosin Reservoir is a man @-@ made lake located in the northeast of the Korean peninsula . The name Chosin is the Japanese pronunciation of the Korean place name Changjin , and the name stuck due to the outdated Japanese maps used by UN forces . The battle 's main focus was around the 78 miles ( 126 km ) long road that connects Hungnam and Chosin Reservoir , which served as the only retreat route for the UN forces . Through these roads , Yudami @-@ ni and Sinhung @-@ ni , located at the west and east side of the reservoir respectively , are connected at Hagaru @-@ ri . From there , the road passes through Koto @-@ ri and eventually leads to the port of Hungnam . The area around the Chosin Reservoir was sparsely populated .
The battle was fought over some of the roughest terrain during some of the harshest winter weather conditions of the Korean War . The road was created by cutting through the hilly terrain of Korea , with steep climbs and drops . Dominant peaks , such as the Funchilin Pass and the Toktong Pass , overlook the entire length of the road . The road 's quality was poor , and in some places it was reduced to a one lane gravel trail . On 14 November , a cold front from Siberia descended over the Chosin Reservoir , and the temperature plunged to as low as − 35 ° F ( − 37 ° C ) . The cold weather was accompanied by frozen ground , creating considerable danger of frostbite casualties , icy roads , and weapon malfunctions . Medical supplies froze ; morphine syrettes had to be defrosted in a medic 's mouth before they could be injected ; frozen blood plasma was useless on the battlefield . Even cutting off clothing to deal with a wound risked gangrene and frostbite . Batteries used for the Jeeps and radios did not function properly in the temperature and quickly ran down . The lubrication in the guns gelled and rendered them useless in battle . Likewise , the springs on the firing pins would not strike hard enough to fire the round , or would jam .
= = = Forces and strategies = = =
Although the 1st Marine Division landed at Wonsan as part of Almond 's US X Corps , Almond and Major General Oliver P. Smith of the 1st Marine Division shared a mutual loathing of each other that dated back to a meeting before the landing at Inchon , during which Almond had spoken of how easy amphibious landings are even though he had never been involved in one . Smith believed that there were large numbers of Chinese forces in North Korea despite the fact that higher headquarters in Tokyo had said otherwise , while Almond felt Smith was overly cautious . The mutual distrust between the two commanders made Smith slow the 1st Marine Division 's advance towards the Chosin Reservoir against Almond 's instructions . Along the way Smith established supply points and airfields at Hagaru @-@ ri and Koto @-@ ri .
While the US X Corps was pushing towards the reservoir , the Chinese formulated their strategy based on their experiences in the Chinese Civil War . Working from the assumption that only a light UN presence would be at the reservoir , the 9th Army was to first destroy the UN garrisons at Yudami @-@ ni and Sinhung @-@ ni , then push towards Hagaru @-@ ri . Believing that the bulk of the US X Corps would scramble to rescue the destroyed units , the 9th Army would then block and trap the main UN forces on the road between Hagaru @-@ ri and Hungnam . The 9th Army initially committed eight divisions for the battle , with most of the forces concentrated at Yudami @-@ ni and Sinhung @-@ ni .
The flaw in the Chinese plan was a lack of accurate intelligence on the UN forces . Although the US X Corps was stretched thin over northeast Korea , the slow Marine advance allowed the bulk of the US 1st Marine Division , including the 5th , 7th and 11th Marines , to be concentrated at Yudami @-@ ni . Conversely , the strategically important Hagaru @-@ ri , which contained an airfield and a supply dump , was not a priority for the Chinese despite being lightly defended by the 1st and the 7th Marines . Only the Regimental Combat Team 31 , an understrength and hastily formed regimental combat team of the US 7th Infantry Division , was thinly spread along the eastern bank of the reservoir . Those units would later take the brunt of the Chinese assaults . As for the UN strength , the 1st Marine Division had an effective strength of 25 @,@ 473 men at the start of the battle , and it was further reinforced by the British 41 Royal Marine Commando and the equivalent strength of two regiments from the 3rd and the 7th Infantry Divisions . Thus the UN forces had an approximate strength of 30 @,@ 000 during the course of the battle . The UN forces at Chosin were also supported by one of the greatest concentrations of air power during the Korean War , in which the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing stationed at Yonpo Airfield and five aircraft carriers from the US Navy Task Force 77 were able to launch 230 sorties daily to provide close air support during the battle , while the US Air Force Far East Combat Cargo Command in Japan reached the capacity of airdropping 250 tons of supplies per day to resupply the trapped UN forces .
Although the 9th Army was one of China 's elite formations composed of veterans and former POWs from the Huaihai Campaign , several deficiencies hampered its ability during the battle . Initially the 9th Army was intended to be outfitted in Manchuria during November , but Mao suddenly ordered it into Korea before that could happen . As the result , the 9th Army received almost no winter gear for the harsh Korean winter . Similarly , poor logistics forced the 9th Army to abandon heavy artillery , while working with little food and ammunition . The food shortage forced the 9th Army to initially station a third of its strength away from the Chosin Reservoir as reserve , and starvation and exposure soon broke out among the Chinese units as foraging was not an option at the sparsely populated reservoir . By the end of the battle , more Chinese troops died from the cold than from combat and air raids .
As for the Chinese strength , it is normally assumed that the Chinese had 120 @,@ 000 troops for the battle , due to the fact that the 9th Army were composed of 12 divisions with a strength of 10 @,@ 000 + men per division . Before arriving in Korea , the 9th Army was reinforced . Each of its three Corps now had four divisions instead of the regular three . Infantry from two formerly liberated ( surrendered ) Nationalist divisions were absorbed to bring each infantry company up to strength . Some companies had ~ 150 men , but some companies were reinforced with more than 200 men . On average , each division of the 9th Army had more infantry troops than other Chinese divisions .
Eventually all 12 Chinese divisions of the 9th Army were deployed . Eight divisions of the PVA 20th and 27th Corps served as the main attacking force . Four divisions of the PVA 26th Corps initially were held back in reserve , and deployed after 20th and 27the Corps exhausted all available strength .
= = Battle = =
On the night of 27 November , the PVA 20th and 27th Corps of the 9th Army launched multiple attacks and ambushes along the road between the Chosin Reservoir and Koto @-@ ri . At Yudam @-@ ni , the 5th , 7th and 11th Marines were surrounded and attacked by the PVA 79th and 89th Divisions , with the 59th Division attacking the road between Yudam @-@ ni and Hagaru @-@ ri to cut off communication . Similarly , RCT @-@ 31 was isolated and ambushed at Sinhung @-@ ni by the PVA 80th , 81st and 94th Divisions . At Hagaru @-@ ri , the 1st Marine Division command headquarters was attacked by the PVA 58th Division . Finally , the PVA 60th Division surrounded elements of the 1st Marines at Koto @-@ ri from the north . Caught by complete surprise , the UN forces were cut off at Yudam @-@ ni , Sinhung @-@ ni , Hagaru @-@ ri and Koto @-@ ri by 28 November .
= = = Actions at Yudam @-@ ni = = =
Acting on Almond 's instruction , Smith ordered the 5th Marines to attack west toward Mupyong @-@ ni on 27 November . The attack was soon stalled by the PVA 89th Division and forced the Marines to dig in on the ridges surrounding Yudam @-@ ni . As night came , three Chinese regiments of the 79th Division attacked the ridges on the north and northwest of Yudam @-@ ni , hoping to annihilate the garrison in one stroke . Close range fighting soon developed as the attackers infiltrated Marine positions , but the 5th and 7th Marines held the line while inflicting heavy casualties to the Chinese . As day broke on 28 November , the Chinese forces and the American defenders were locked in a stalemate around the Yudam @-@ ni perimeter .
While the battle was underway at Yudam @-@ ni , the PVA 59th Division blocked the road between Yudam @-@ ni and Hagaru @-@ ri by attacking the defending Charlie and Fox Companies of the 7th Marines . The successful assault forced Charlie Company to retreat into Yudam @-@ ni which left Fox Company trapped in Toktong Pass , a vital pass that controlled the road . On 29 November , several efforts by the 7th Marines failed to rescue Fox Company despite inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese . Aided by artillery from Hagaru @-@ ri and Marine Corsair fighters , Fox Company managed to hold out for five days while enduring constant attacks by the PVA 59th Division .
After the heavy losses suffered by the PVA 79th Division at Yudam @-@ ni , 9th Army headquarters realized that the bulk of the 1st Marine Division was stationed at Yudam @-@ ni , with a garrison strength that was double the initial estimate . Believing that any further assaults would be futile , Song Shi @-@ Lun ordered the 9th Army to switch their main attacks toward Sinhung @-@ ni and Hagaru @-@ ri , leaving Yudam @-@ ni alone from 28 November to 30 November . At the same time , the US Eighth Army on the Korean western front was forced into full retreat at the Battle of the Ch 'ongch 'on River , and MacArthur ordered Almond to withdraw the US X Corps to the port of Hungnam . Acting on the instruction of Almond and Smith , Lieutenant Colonel Raymond L. Murray and Colonel Homer L. Litzenberg , commanders of the 5th and 7th Marines , respectively , issued a joint order to break out from Yudam @-@ ni to Hagaru @-@ ri on 30 November . Faced with tough fighting between the blocking Chinese divisions and the withdrawing Marines , Smith remarked : " Retreat , hell ! We 're not retreating , we 're just advancing in a different direction . "
For the breakout , the Marines formed into a convoy with a single M4A3 Sherman tank as the lead . The plan was to have 3rd Battalion , 5th Marines ( 3 / 5 ) as the vanguard of the convoy , with three battalions covering the rear . At the same time , 1st Battalion , 7th Marines ( 1 / 7 ) would attack towards Fox Company in order to open the road at Toktong Pass . To start the breakout , 3rd Battalion , 7th Marines ( 3 / 7 ) had to first attack south and capture Hill 1542 and Hill 1419 in order to cover the road from Chinese attacks . The breakout was carried out under the air cover of the 1st Marine Air Wing .
On the morning of 1 December , 3rd Battalion , 7th Marines ( 3 / 7 ) engaged the PVA 175th Regiment of the 59th Division at Hill 1542 and Hill 1419 . The tenacious Chinese defenders soon forced the Marines to dig in on the slopes between the road and the peaks when the convoy passed 3 / 7 's position by the afternoon . With Hagaru @-@ ri still not captured , the PVA High Command scrambled the 79th Division to resume attacks on Yudam @-@ ni while the 89th Division rushed south towards Koto @-@ ri . The Chinese struck at night , and the ferocious fighting forced the rear covering forces to call in night fighters to suppress the attacks . The fighting lasted well into the morning of 2 December until all the Marines managed to withdraw from Yudam @-@ ni .
At the same time , 1st Battalion , 7th Marines ( 1 / 7 ) also tried to break the Chinese blockade at Hill 1419 on 1 December . Despite being badly reduced by combat , hunger and frostbite , the PVA 59th Division sent in its last five platoons and refused to yield . As night approached , 1 / 7 finally captured the peak and started to march through the hills on the east side of the road . Relying on the element of surprise , they managed to destroy several Chinese positions along the road . On the morning of 2 December , a joint attack by Fox Company and 1 / 7 secured the Toktong Pass , thus opening the road between Yudam @-@ ni and Hagaru @-@ ri .
Although the road had been opened between Yudam @-@ ni and Hagaru @-@ ri , the convoy still had to fight through the numerous Chinese positions on the hills overlooking the road . On the first night of the retreat , the Chinese struck the convoy in force and inflicted heavy casualties upon 3rd Battalion , 5th Marines ( 3 / 5 ) . Although strong air cover suppressed most of the Chinese forces for the rest of the march , the
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noted that " there are many visual jokes , but the backbone of the game is in its witty dialogue " , and as such this gave the game a " replayability value " as players may pick up on jokes based on " verbal acrobatics , on the use of polysyllabic words , old English and other such oddities " that they missed the first time around . Linkola gave additional praise to the soundtrack and audio work , stating that the " very fitting voices ... adds to the comical duo 's wisecracking attitude " .
Allgame reviewer Steve Honeywell was also very positive with his comments , describing the plot as " interesting " , the graphics as " appropriately cartoonish and fun " and the locations as " well @-@ designed " , but noting that above all " what makes Sam & Max Hit the Road work is the humor " . On the game 's puzzles , Honeywell stated that " some of the puzzles are pretty simple , while others are difficult in the extreme . One nice thing is the almost complete absence of red herring items . Everything you find can be put to use somewhere " . As with other reviews , Allgame praised the audio work , noting that " the music is decent throughout the game , and the voice talent is stellar " , closing with the comment that the game takes point @-@ and @-@ click adventures to " insane new heights in terms of both fun and comedy " . GamersHell praised the graphics of the game as " superb " but noted that " it 's not so friendly that it can only be played by kiddies " . Although describing sound setup as " a bit tricky " , the reviewer praised the voice acting as " very good " and the music as " top quality " . However , although the review noted that the game had " easy to use " interfaces and menus , it was critical of the fact that " at times it can be the frustrating ' hunt for the correct pixel ' syndrome " .
The game was one of four nominees for the 1994 Annie Award in the category Best Animated CD @-@ ROM , although the award instead went to LucasArts ' Star Wars : Rebel Assault .
Sam and Max Hit the Road has since come to be regarded as a classic adventure game title , and is regularly featured in listings of the top 100 games . In 1996 , Computer Gaming World ranked it as the 95th best game of all time , calling it " the adventure game that redefined ' wacky ' . " In 2004 , Adventure Gamers listed Sam & Max Hit the Road as the eighth @-@ best adventure game of all time , describing it as " the most absurd and ridiculous game ever designed " . IGN described Sam and Max Hit the Road in its 2007 top 100 games feature as " known more for its story and characters " , noting that " the unusual and interesting gameplay is typically saddled in the shotgun position in fans ' memories , but when you 're driving a Porsche , even the trunk is a smooth ride " . Writing for Adventure Classic Gaming in 2006 , David Olgarsson noted that the game had " undoubtedly ... become [ LucasArts ' ] most critically acclaimed adventure game of all time " , citing the game 's production values , graphical effects , challenging puzzles and story techniques as the reason for this , concluding that the game was an " enduring testament to adventure gaming ’ s finest hours " .
= = Sequels = =
The first attempts at creating a sequel took place in September 2001 with Sam & Max Plunge Through Space . The game was to be an Xbox exclusive title , developed by Infinite Machine , a small company consisting of a number of former LucasArts employees . The story of the game was developed by series creator Steve Purcell and fellow designer Chuck Jordan and involved the Freelance Police travelling the galaxy to find a stolen Statue of Liberty . However , Infinite Machine went bankrupt within a year , and the project was abandoned .
At the 2002 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention , nearly a decade after the release of Sam & Max Hit the Road , LucasArts announced the production of a PC sequel , entitled Sam & Max : Freelance Police . Freelance Police , like Hit the Road , was to be a point @-@ and @-@ click graphic adventure game , utilising a new 3D game engine . Development of Freelance Police was led by Michael Stemmle , one of the original designers of Sam and Max Hit the Road . Steve Purcell contributed to the project by writing the story and producing concept art . The original voice actors for Sam and Max , Bill Farmer and Nick Jameson , were also set to reprise their roles . In March 2004 , however , quite far into the game 's development , Sam & Max : Freelance Police was abruptly cancelled by LucasArts , citing " current market place realities and underlying economic considerations " in a short press release . The fan reaction to the cancellation was strong ; a petition of 32 @,@ 000 signatures stating the disappointment of fans was later presented to LucasArts .
After LucasArts ' license with Steve Purcell expired in 2005 , the Sam & Max franchise moved to Telltale Games , a company of former LucasArts employees who had worked on a number of LucasArts adventure games , including on the development of Freelance Police . Under Telltale Games , a new episodic series of Sam & Max video games was announced . Like both Sam & Max Hit the Road and Freelance Police , Sam & Max Save the World was in a point @-@ and @-@ click graphic adventure game format , although it lacked the original voice actors for the characters . The first season ran for six episodes , each with a self @-@ contained storyline but with an overall story arc running through the series . The first episode was released on GameTap in October 2006 , with episodes following regularly until April 2007 , and a special compilation on the Wii released in October 2008 . A second season , Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space , began in November 2007 and ended in April 2008 . This was also released as a compilation on the Wii . Originally expected to be released in 2009 , a third season , Sam & Max : The Devil 's Playhouse , began in April 2010 .
= Nine Inch Nails =
Nine Inch Nails ( abbreviated NIN ; stylized as NIИ ) is an American industrial rock band , founded in 1988 by Trent Reznor in Cleveland , Ohio . As its main producer , singer , songwriter , and instrumentalist , Reznor is the only official member of the group and remains solely responsible for its direction . Nine Inch Nails ' music straddles a wide range of genres . After recording a new album , Reznor usually assembles a live band to perform with him . The touring band features a revolving lineup that often rearranges songs to fit a live setting . On stage , Nine Inch Nails often employs visual elements to accompany performances , which frequently include light shows .
Underground music audiences warmly received Nine Inch Nails in its early years . Reznor produced several highly influential records in the 1990s that achieved widespread popularity : many Nine Inch Nails songs became radio hits ; and their entire catalog has reached record sales exceeding over 20 million albums worldwide , with 10 million sales certified in the United States alone . In 1997 , Reznor appeared in Time magazine 's list of the year 's most influential people , and Spin magazine described him as " the most vital artist in music . " In 2004 , Rolling Stone placed Nine Inch Nails at 94 on its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time . Despite this acclaim , the band has had several feuds with the corporate side of the recording industry . In 2007 , these corporate entanglements resulted in Reznor announcing that Nine Inch Nails would split from its label and release future material independently .
Since 1989 , Nine Inch Nails has released eight studio albums . After a hiatus from 2009 to 2013 , Nine Inch Nails released Hesitation Marks , through Columbia Records . Prior to this , Ghosts I – IV and The Slip were both independently released in digital form , with physical releases coming later . The digital release of the latter was made available completely free of charge , and the former , while also available for sale , can be acquired legally through means such as file @-@ sharing due to its Creative Commons license . Nine Inch Nails has been nominated for thirteen Grammy Awards and won twice for the songs " Wish " and " Happiness in Slavery " , in 1992 and 1996 respectively . In 2014 , Nine Inch Nails was named as nominees for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , their first year of eligibility . In 2015 , they were nominated a second time .
= = History = =
= = = Formation ( 1988 – 1989 ) = = =
In 1987 , Trent Reznor played keyboard in a Cleveland band called the Exotic Birds , then managed by John Malm , Jr . Reznor and Malm became friends , and when Reznor left the Exotic Birds to work on music of his own , Malm informally became his manager . At the time , Reznor was employed as an assistant engineer and janitor at Right Track Studios , in Cleveland ; he asked studio owner Bart Koster for permission to record some demos of his own material for free during unused studio time . Koster agreed and allowed Reznor to use it whenever it was empty , commenting that it cost him " just a little wear on [ his ] tape heads " . While completing the early recordings , Reznor was unable to find a band that could articulate the material as he desired . Instead , inspired by Prince , Reznor played all the instruments except drums himself . This role remains Reznor 's on most of the band 's studio recordings , though he has occasionally involved other musicians and assistants . Nine Inch Nails debut was at the Phantasy Theater in Lakewood , Ohio on October 21 , 1988 as part of the Pretty Hate Machine Tour Series . In 1988 , after playing its first shows supporting Skinny Puppy , Reznor 's ambition for Nine Inch Nails was to release one 12 @-@ inch single on a small European label . Several labels responded favorably to the demo material and Reznor signed with TVT Records . Nine selections from the Right Track demos recorded live in November 1988 , collectively known as Purest Feeling , were later released in revised form on the band 's first full @-@ length studio release , Pretty Hate Machine ( 1989 ) . The overall sound on Purest Feeling is lighter than that of Pretty Hate Machine ; several songs feature more live drumming and guitar work throughout , as well as a heavier use of samples from films .
Reznor coined the name " Nine Inch Nails " because it " abbreviated easily " , rather than for " any literal meaning " . Other rumored explanations have circulated , alleging that Reznor chose to reference Jesus ' crucifixion with nine @-@ inch spikes , or Freddy Krueger 's nine @-@ inch fingernails . The English letters NIN are also noted for their resemblance to the modern Hebrew characters of the Tetragrammaton . There is also an old English music hall song with the refrain , " I don 't not know no one who don 't want no nine inch nails . " The Nine Inch Nails ' logo , which consists of the letters [ NIИ ] set inside a border , was designed by Reznor and Gary Talpas . The logo first appeared on the music video for Nine Inch Nails ' debut single , " Down in It " , and was inspired by Tibor Kalman 's typography on the Talking Heads album Remain in Light . Talpas , a native of Cleveland , would continue to design Nine Inch Nails packaging art until 1997 .
= = = Pretty Hate Machine ( 1989 – 1991 ) = = =
Written , arranged , and performed by Reznor , Nine Inch Nails '
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was reported that the Prince and Princess of Wales were " daily assailed with anonymous letters of the most outrageous character " bearing upon the scandal . The Prince of Wales intervened in the investigation ; no clients were ever prosecuted and nothing against Albert Victor was proven . Sir Charles Russell was retained to watch the proceedings in the case on behalf of Albert Victor . Although there is no conclusive evidence for or against his involvement , or that he ever visited a homosexual club or brothel , the rumours and cover @-@ up have led some biographers to speculate that he did visit Cleveland Street , and that he was " possibly bisexual , probably homosexual " . This is contested by other commentators , one of whom refers to him as " ardently heterosexual " and his involvement in the rumours as " somewhat unfair " . The historian H. Montgomery Hyde wrote , " There is no evidence that he was homosexual , or even bisexual . "
While English newspapers suppressed mention of the Prince 's name in association with the case , Welsh @-@ language , colonial , and American newspapers were less inhibited . The New York Times ridiculed him as a " dullard " and " stupid perverse boy " , who would " never be allowed to ascend the British throne " .
Somerset 's sister , Lady Waterford , denied that her brother knew anything about Albert Victor . She wrote , " I am sure the boy is as straight as a line ... Arthur does not the least know how or where the boy spends his time ... he believes the boy to be perfectly innocent . " Lady Waterford , however , also believed Somerset 's protestations of his own innocence . In surviving private letters to his friend Lord Esher , Somerset denies knowing anything directly about Albert Victor , but confirms that he has heard the rumours , and hopes that they will help quash any prosecution . He wrote , " I can quite understand the Prince of Wales being much annoyed at his son 's name being coupled with the thing but that was the case before I left it ... we were both accused of going to this place but not together ... they will end by having out in open court exactly what they are all trying to keep quiet . I wonder if it is really a fact or only an invention of that arch ruffian H [ ammond ] . " He continued , " I have never mentioned the boy 's name except to Probyn , Montagu and Knollys when they were acting for me and I thought they ought to know . Had they been wise , hearing what I knew and therefore what others knew , they ought to have hushed the matter up , instead of stirring it up as they did , with all the authorities . "
The rumours persisted ; sixty years later the official biographer of King George V , Harold Nicolson , was told by Lord Goddard , who was a twelve @-@ year @-@ old schoolboy at the time of the scandal , that Albert Victor " had been involved in a male brothel scene , and that a solicitor had to commit perjury to clear him . The solicitor was struck off the rolls for his offence , but was thereafter reinstated . " In fact , none of the lawyers in the case was convicted of perjury or struck off during the scandal , but Somerset 's solicitor , Arthur Newton , was convicted of obstruction of justice for helping his clients escape abroad , and was sentenced to six weeks in prison . Over twenty years later in 1910 , Newton was struck off for twelve months for professional misconduct after falsifying letters from another of his clients , the notorious murderer Dr Crippen . In 1913 , Newton was struck off indefinitely and sentenced to three years ' imprisonment for obtaining money by false pretences .
= = Tour of India = =
The foreign press suggested that Albert Victor was sent on a seven @-@ month tour of British India from October 1889 to avoid the gossip which swept London society in the wake of the scandal . This is not true ; the trip had actually been planned since the spring . Travelling via Athens , Port Said , Cairo and Aden , Albert Victor arrived in Bombay on 9 November 1889 . He was entertained sumptuously in Hyderabad by the Nizam , and elsewhere by many other maharajahs . He spent Christmas at Mandalay and the New Year at Calcutta . Most of the extensive travelling was done by train , although elephants were ridden as part of ceremonies . In the style of the time , a great many animals were shot for sport .
During the trip , Albert Victor met Mrs. Margery Haddon , the wife of a civil engineer , Henry Haddon . After several failed marriages and Albert Victor 's death , Margery came to England and claimed the Prince was the father of her son , Clarence Haddon . There was no evidence and her claims were dismissed . She had become an alcoholic and seemed deranged . The allegations were reported to Buckingham Palace and the head of the police Special Branch investigated . Papers in The National Archives show that neither courtiers nor Margery had any proof of the allegation . In a statement to police , Albert Victor 's lawyers admitted that there had been " some relations " between him and Mrs. Haddon , but denied the claim of fatherhood .
In the 1920s , however , the son , Clarence , repeated the story and published a book in the United States , My Uncle George V , in which he claimed he was born in London in September 1890 , about nine months after Albert Victor 's meeting with Mrs. Haddon . In 1933 , he was charged with demanding money with menace and attempted extortion after writing to the King asking for hush money . At his trial the following January , the prosecution produced documents showing that Haddon 's enlistment papers , marriage certificate , officer 's commission , demobilisation papers and employment records all showed he was born in or before 1887 , at least two years before Albert Victor met Mrs. Haddon . Haddon was found guilty and the judge , believing Haddon to be suffering from delusions , did not jail him but bound him over for three years on the condition that he made no claim that he was Albert Victor 's son . Haddon breached the conditions and was jailed for a year . Dismissed as a crank , he died a broken man . Even if Haddon 's claim had been true , as with other royal illegitimacies , it would have made no difference to the royal line of succession .
On his return from India , Albert Victor was created Duke of Clarence and Avondale and Earl of Athlone on 24 May 1890 , Queen Victoria 's 71st birthday .
= = Prospective brides = =
Several women were lined up as possible brides for Albert Victor . The first , in 1889 , was his cousin , Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine , but she did not return his affection and refused his offer of engagement . She later married Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , another of Albert Victor 's cousins , in 1894 . The second , in 1890 , was a love match with Princess Hélène of Orléans , a daughter of Prince Philippe , Count of Paris , a pretender to the French throne who was living in England after being banished from France in 1886 .
At first , Queen Victoria opposed any engagement because Hélène was Roman Catholic . Victoria wrote to her grandson suggesting another of her grandchildren , Princess Margaret of Prussia , as a suitable alternative , but nothing came of her suggestion , and once Albert Victor and Hélène confided their love to her , the Queen relented and supported the proposed marriage . Hélène offered to convert to the Church of England , and Albert Victor offered to renounce his succession rights to marry her . To the couple 's disappointment , her father refused to countenance the marriage and was adamant she could not convert . Hélène travelled personally to intercede with Pope Leo XIII but he confirmed her father 's verdict , and the courtship ended . She later became the Duchess of Aosta .
In mid @-@ 1890 , Albert Victor was attended by several doctors , but in correspondence his illness is only referred to as " fever " or " gout " . Some biographers have assumed he was suffering from " a mild form of venereal disease " , perhaps gonorrhea , which he may have suffered from on an earlier occasion , but the exact nature of his illness is unknown .
In late 1891 , the Prince was implicated as having been involved with a former Gaiety Theatre chorus girl , Lydia Miller ( stage name Lydia Manton ) , who committed suicide by drinking carbolic acid . Although she was the nominal mistress of Lord Charles Montagu , who gave evidence at the inquest , it was alleged that he was merely a cover for the Prince who had requested she give up her theatrical career on his behalf , and that the authorities sought to suppress the case by making the inquest private and refusing access to the depositions . Similarly to the Cleveland Street scandal only overseas newspapers printed Albert Victor 's name , but regional British newspapers did quote the radical London newspaper The Star which published : " It is a fact so well known that the blind denials of it given in some quarters are childishly futile . Lydia Manton was the petite amie of a certain young prince , and that , too , quite recently . " It was labelled " a scandal of the first magnitude ... on the lips of every clubman " , and compared to the Tranby Croft affair , in which his father was called to give evidence at a trial for slander .
Rumours also surfaced in 1900 , after Albert Victor 's death , of his association with another former Gaiety girl , Maude Richardson ( birth name : Louisa Lancey ) , and that the royal family had attempted to pay her off . In 2002 , letters from Albert Victor to his solicitor referring to a payoff made to Richardson of £
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pushes Candace to go and audition at the mall . The boys are as well curious about the world of stardom and want to know about the kind of artist who only releases one song , then its all over . They are explained the concept of " one @-@ hit wonders " by their mother , who reminisces about her days as one named " Lindana " . While the boys work on becoming one by writing a " meaningless " song in their room , Candace prepares to audition , trying on various outfits to wear to the audition -including her mother 's Lindana outfit- all rejected by her friend Stacy .
When she does audition she becomes the " hundredth contestant " and is set to perform with the new band " PFT " – she finds out , however , the band is " Phineas and the Ferb @-@ Tones " ( PFT being an acronym thereof ) , consisting of Phineas ( as main vocals and guitarist ) , Ferb ( as drummer and keyboardist ) , and their friends , Isabella Garcia @-@ Shapiro and Fireside Girls , Adyson Sweetwater , Gretchen and Milly ( as back @-@ up singers , referred by Phineas as " the Ferbettes " ) , who have effectively topped the charts with their song " Gitchee Gitchee Goo " , becoming one @-@ hit wonders . Being who she is , instead of joining them , Candace goes off to try and expose them to their mother , initially failing by mistaking the shadow on @-@ stage of an anthropomorphic rabbit playing a blender as his instrument for her brothers , known as Marty the Rabbit Boy and his musical blender .
Meanwhile , Perry enters Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's lair ( the ' lair ' building here is different from Doofenshmirtz 's usual lair ) wearing groucho glasses ; confusing him as a temp , Doofenshmirtz explains to him his entire plan to rain terror over the " entire Tri @-@ State Area " , which he later explains , after Perry removes his " disguise , " through the use of the entire building , which transforms into a giant robot ( the construction of which was achieved from Doofenshmirtz buying up construction toys at an alarming rate ) .
The boys , oblivious to Candace 's threat , continue their stardom , heading over to " Huge @-@ O @-@ Records " where they have been offered a record deal . Candace tries to show their mom the band 's poster as they are on their way ( taking with her a jacket their mother had not paid for yet . The security guard comes and takes their mother back in to pay for the jacket , regardless of him recognising her as Lindana ) , though it is on a building scheduled for demolition and is destroyed ( ironically , it would have been destroyed by Doofenshmirtz 's robot , if Perry had not changed its direction ) . When the band is at the record company , Phineas , following the steps his mother gave him , throws a diva tantrum and leaves , unaware that the CEO plans to use a videotape of the band 's performance to carry on the band 's legacy .
Meanwhile , Doofenshmirtz , inside his robot , traps Perry , offering him a deli platter thinking he has won ; Perry , however , has him pour a large amount of pepper onto it , blowing it and causing the robot to sneeze . The two are sent flying and crashing through the record building , Perry using the PFT tape to latch himself safely on a flag pole , while Doofenshmirtz plummets to the ground , landing on top of a mattress placed on top of a parked truck ( " Phew ! What an unbelievable stroke of luck ! " ) . Unfortunately , the truck belongs to a folding mattress company and Doofenshmirtz is then crushed by the mattress ( " I 'm okay ! I 'm still better than I ... " ) and then crushed by his own robot immediately afterwards ( a muffled " Curse you , Perry the Platypus ! " ) .
Candace , back at the mall ( having not further attempted to bust her brothers since the building implosion from earlier ) , is downtrodden until her crush , Jeremy , assures her to not let the boys ' fun ruin her good time and that if she got the chance to sing , she ought to , so she joins with the band singing their hit song in a reunion concert . When she thinks she has finally made it , the band announces they have finished their career and the mall closes , leaving her in the dark .
= = Production = =
Series co @-@ creators , Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh , wrote the story for " Flop Starz ; " Sherm Cohen and Antoine Guilbaud , meanwhile , constructed the storyboards . Povenmire directed the episode , which he did for the majority of the season . Povenmire and Marsh wrote the featured song , " Gitchee Gitchee Goo , " like they do with all of the music in the show . That song and Perry 's " secret agent theme " were the first pitched to Disney , who enjoyed it so much they wanted the pair to write a song for every episode .
The Disney company wanted to start off the series in a " big way . " Instead of premiering it with the pilot episode , " Rollercoaster , " they chose " Flop Starz " and aired it on the same day in every country in which the Disney Channel was broadcast ; over one hundred and fifty territories . This caused for the episode to air almost six months later than originally planned as different countries adapted the script and hired voice actors to rerecord lines in the selected languages . Despite the delay , the episode officially aired on 1 February 2008 , starting off the month @-@ long marathon Disney titled " Phineas and Ferb @-@ uary . "
= = Cultural references = =
The episode contains several references to the talent show American Idol , as the competition Candace enters and " Phineas and the Ferb @-@ tones " perform at , The Next American Pop Teen Idol Star , is a complete parody of it . The episode as well references the craze of boy bands and the pop genre , more specifically the " bubblegum " style , including its title , a play on " pop stars . "
Candace , trying on outfits , goes through a sailor suit , a construction worker uniform , Native American clothing , a biker wear , and a policemen uniform ; these are referent to the clothing worn by five members of the 1970s disco group Village People .
Linda 's pseudonym as a one @-@ hit wonder , " Lindana , " is a spoof of the famous singer Madonna ; as well , the title of her hit single " I 'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun " is referent to the 1983 hit song " Girls Just Want to Have Fun " by Cyndi Lauper . Furthermore , during the end credits , the Greatest hits CD for the song is titled " The Essential Lindana : Still Fun ... " which is a general play on " The Essentials " CDs .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Flop Starz " was , as recorded by Disney , cable 's number one watched animated series premiere for the " tween " demographic . Four million viewers have been reported as viewing it in no specific demographic . This spark continued , leading to the series to be television 's top @-@ rated animated series for kids ( 6 @-@ 11 ) and tweens ( 9 @-@ 14 ) for the first quarter of the year .
Worldwide , the episode garnered over 23 @.@ 5 million viewers from the over one hundred and fifty territories in which it was broadcast , including the United Kingdom , Australia , and the United States . Disney Channel 's vice president of programming for the UK , Scandinavia and emerging markets , has responded to the high ratings , explaining that it was an achievement due to the effort spent with marketing and voice overs .
= = = " Gitchee Gitchee Goo " and merchandise = = =
Several critics have positively reviewed the song " Gitchee Gitchee Goo " from the episode , stating that it " could probably have gotten radio play 20 years ago . " Disney as well enjoyed it enough to ask the creators to write songs every episode . The song has since then made brief appearances in later episodes , either in " elevator music " form or as the song itself . The song was featured as an extended version on the album Disney Channel Playlist , which featured multiple songs from different Disney Channel artists . The song also was one of the twenty @-@ six songs appearing on the series official soundtrack , released on September 29 , 2009 . The episode was one of several that was featured on the first volume DVD of season one titled " The Fast and the Phineas . " In the DVD , it is paired with its production partner " Are You My Mummy ? " Lara Bergen adapted the episode , along with the fellow season one episode " Lights , Candace , Action ! " into a novella for young readers titled Runaway Hit . It was the second of a series of novelizations made from the series .
The extended version of " Gitchee Gitchee Goo " also appears in the Musical Cliptastic Countdown episode , having been voted as the most requested song of the show 's first season ; after the hypnotic single My Name Is Doof is performed , and the audience members had been enslaved by Heinz Doofenshmirtz , Perry the Platypus , having been told by Major Monogram that they needed something even more catchy to neutralize the song 's effects , pulls down a curtain , therefore revealing the extended version and breaking the spell .
= 1980 Azores Islands earthquake =
Striking the Autonomous Region of Azores on 1 January , the 1980 Azores Island earthquake killed 61 people and injured over 400 , causing severe damage on the islands of Terceira and São Jorge . Measuring 7 @.@ 2 on the Richter scale , it also shook the islands of Pico and Faial , and resulted from a strike slip fracture , typical of other historical Azorean earthquakes .
In response to the earthquake , Portuguese president António Ramalho Eanes announced three days of national mourning , while relief efforts , initiated by agents of the local Air Force , were soon accompanied by government @-@ supported agencies .
= = Geology = =
= = = Background = = =
In 1950 , another strong earthquake had rocked the Azores Islands region , and this was the largest earthquake since .
= = = Description = = =
Volcanic in origin , the Azores lie in a tectonically complex area on either side of the Mid @-@ Atlantic Ridge , between the European , Eurasian and African plate boundaries , forming their own microplate . The 1980 earthquake was the result of movement along the northwest to southeast trending strike @-@ slip fault .
After aftershocks from the quake had concluded , examination took place , producing a focal solution to the small events . Movement of these shocks was similar to that of previous earthquakes around the Azores . For these earthquakes , scientists had determined that the conjugate nodal plane was responsible , seeing shearing on the right @-@ lateral ( dextral ) side . All faulting in this area is strike @-@ slip @-@ oriented , and on a rather large scale . Because of this research , information now points towards Azores volcanism being controlled by earthquake movement .
= = Damage and casualties = =
The earthquake that struck the Azorean islands was a magnitude 7 @.@ 2 on the Richter scale . It caused considerable damage on three separate islands ( Terceira , São Jorge , and Graciosa ) , destroying several buildings . According to local reports , roughly 70 % of the houses on Terceira were completely demolished , including the historic quarter of the island capital , Angra do Heroísmo . In general , public buildings such as churches remained intact , while several buildings caved in on themselves . Public utilities such as electricity and water , were reported cut in several areas .
Initially , the number of fatalities was set at 52 , but it was later revised to 61 . Additionally , the injuries were set at 300 , but this was also revised to more than 400 . At least 20 @,@ 000 people were left homeless . Minor damage was recorded at Pico and Faial islands .
No fatalities were recorded at the Lajes Field air base , nor any major damage .
= = Relief efforts and response = =
United States Navy and Air Force troops stationed at Lajes functioned as disaster relief workers , sheltering as many as 150 families . Portuguese Air Force members brought supplies to earthquake victims , while a João Coutinho class corvette navy ship transported medical officials to the island . The Portuguese President , António Ramalho Eanes , flew in on a plane accompanied by medical personnel and supplies ( such as bedding ) . Local officials including policemen and volunteer firemen cleared roads for relief supplies and transports . Responding to the situation , these officials were also involved in looking for survivors in the rubble . Soon after , tents were erected to replace the destroyed or unsafe homes for approximately 200 families of the islands . Portable homes were constructed by the People to People International project fund , resulting in 100 shelters .
Three days of national mourning were declared by Eanes . Following the relief efforts , 19 seismographic stations were installed to monitor seismic activities . Eleven of these were used to monitor earthquake activity , while the other eight also record information on the island 's geothermal areas .
The earthquake forced hundreds of people to leave the country for the United States . It occurred during a period of several major natural disasters in which many residents of the island left ; in 1975 , 8 @,@ 000 residents left . In 1981 , however , just 2 @,@ 500 people left the island .
Dino Meira , a Portuguese @-@ American singer , recorded and sold a 45 single " Acores 20 para as 4 " with the proceeds donated to the earthquake relief effort .
= = Analysis and current situation = =
Later studies of the events leading up to the tragedy found several factors contributing to the extent of the damage . A. Malheiro ( 2006 ) linked five major causes to damage from these earthquakes . The buildings most damaged by the earthquake were near fault lines on top of loosely packed soil . They tended to be of poor construction and did not conform to proper building code , nor had they been adequately examined .
The area around the Azores remains active . Threats from earthquakes and landslides remain .
= Gout =
Gout is usually characterized by recurrent attacks of inflammatory arthritis — a red , tender , hot , and swollen joint . Pain typically comes on rapidly in less than twelve hours . The joint at the base of the big toe is affected in about half of cases . It may also result in tophi , kidney stones , or urate nephropathy .
The cause is a combination of diet and genetic factors . It occurs more commonly in those who eat a lot of meat , drink a lot of beer , or are overweight . The underlying mechanism involves elevated levels of uric acid in the blood . At high levels , the uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in joints , tendons and surrounding tissues , an attack of gout occurs . Diagnosis may be confirmed by seeing the crystals in joint fluid or tophus . Blood uric acid levels may be normal during an attack .
Treatment with nonsteroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , steroids , or colchicine improves symptoms . Once the acute attack subsides , levels of uric acid can be lowered via lifestyle changes and in those with frequent attacks , allopurinol or probenecid provides long @-@ term prevention . Taking vitamin C and eating a diet high in low fat dairy products may be preventive .
Gout affects about 1 to 2 % of the Western population at some point in their lives . It has become more common in recent decades . This is believed to be due to increasing risk factors in the population , such as metabolic syndrome , longer life expectancy and changes in diet . Older males are most commonly affected . Gout was historically known as " the disease of kings " or " rich man 's disease " . It has been recognized at least since the time of the ancient Egyptians .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
Gout can present in multiple ways , although the most usual is a recurrent attack of acute inflammatory arthritis ( a red , tender , hot , swollen joint ) . The metatarsal @-@ phalangeal joint at the base of the big toe is affected most often , accounting for half of cases . Other joints , such as the heels , knees , wrists and fingers , may also be affected . Joint pain usually begins over 2 – 4 hours and during the night . This is mainly due to lower body temperature . Other symptoms may rarely occur along with the joint pain , including fatigue and a high fever .
Long @-@ standing elevated uric acid levels ( hyperuricemia ) may result in other symptoms , including hard , painless deposits of uric acid crystals known as tophi . Extensive tophi may lead to chronic arthritis due to bone erosion . Elevated levels of uric acid may also lead to crystals precipitating in the kidneys , resulting in stone formation and subsequent urate nephropathy .
= = Cause = =
The crystallization of uric acid , often related to relatively high levels in the blood , is the underlying cause of gout . This can occur because diet , genetic predisposition , or underexcretion of urate , the salts of uric acid . Underexcretion of uric acid by the kidney is the primary cause of hyperuricemia in about 90 % of cases , while overproduction is the cause in less than 10 % . About 10 % of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes . The risk , however , varies depending on the degree of hyperuricemia . When levels are between 415 and 530 μmol / l ( 7 and 8 @.@ 9 mg / dl ) , the risk is 0 @.@ 5 % per year , while in those with a level greater than 535 μmol / l ( 9 mg / dL ) , the risk is 4 @.@ 5 % per year .
= = = Lifestyle = = =
Dietary causes account for about 12 % of gout , and include a strong association with the consumption of alcohol , fructose @-@ sweetened drinks , meat and seafood . Other triggers include physical trauma and surgery .
Studies in the early 2000s found that other dietary factors are not relevant . Specifically , moderate consumption of purine @-@ rich vegetables ( e.g. beans , peas , lentils and spinach ) are not associated with gout . Neither is total consumption of protein . Alcohol consumption is strongly associated with an increased risk , with wine presenting somewhat less of a risk than beer and spirits .
The consumption of coffee , vitamin C and dairy products , as well as physical fitness , appear to decrease the risk . This is believed to be partly due to their effect in reducing insulin resistance .
= = = Genetics = = =
Gout is partly genetic , contributing to about 60 % of variability in uric acid level . The SLC2A9 , SLC22A12 and ABCG2 genes have been found to be commonly associated with gout and variations in them can approximately double the risk . Loss @-@ of @-@ function mutations in SLC2A9 and SLC22A12 cause hereditary hypouricaemia by reducing urate absorption and unopposed urate secretion . The rare genetic disorders familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy , medullary cystic kidney disease , phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity and hypoxanthine @-@ guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency as seen in Lesch @-@ Nyhan syndrome , are complicated by gout .
= = = Medical conditions = = =
Gout frequently occurs in combination with other medical problems . Metabolic syndrome , a combination of abdominal obesity , hypertension , insulin resistance and abnormal lipid levels , occurs in nearly 75 % of cases . Other conditions commonly complicated by gout include : polycythemia , lead poisoning , kidney failure , hemolytic anemia , psoriasis and solid organ transplants . A body mass index greater than or equal to 35 increases male risk of gout threefold . Chronic lead exposure and lead @-@ contaminated alcohol are risk factors for gout due to the harmful effect of lead on kidney function . Lesch @-@ Nyhan syndrome is often associated with gouty arthritis .
= = = Medication = = =
Diuretics have been associated with attacks of gout . However , a low dose of hydrochlorothiazide does not seem to increase risk . Other medicines that do increase the risk include niacin and aspirin ( acetylsalicylic acid ) . The immunosuppressive drugs ciclosporin and tacrolimus are associated with gout , the former more so when used in combination with hydrochlorothiazide .
= = Pathophysiology = =
Gout is a disorder of purine metabolism , and occurs when its final metabolite , uric acid , crystallizes in the form of monosodium urate , precipitating and forming deposits ( tophi ) in joints , on tendons and in the surrounding tissues . Microscopic tophi may be walled off by a ring of proteins , which blocks interaction of the crystals with cells and therefore avoids inflammation . Naked crystals may break out of walled @-@ off tophi due to minor physical trauma to the joint , medical or surgical stress , or rapid changes in uric acid levels . When they breach the tophi , they trigger a local immune @-@ mediated inflammatory reaction , with one of the key proteins in the inflammatory cascade being interleukin 1β . An evolutionary loss of urate oxidase ( uricase ) , which breaks down uric acid , in humans and higher primates has made this condition common .
The triggers for precipitation of uric acid are not well understood . While it may crystallize at normal levels , it is more likely to do so as levels increase . Other triggers believed to be important in acute episodes of arthritis include cool temperatures , rapid changes in uric acid levels , acidosis , articular hydration and extracellular matrix proteins , such as proteoglycans , collagens and chondroitin sulfate . The increased precipitation at low temperatures partly explains why the joints in the feet are most commonly affected . Rapid changes in uric acid may occur due to factors including trauma , surgery , chemotherapy , diuretics and stopping or starting allopurinol . Calcium channel blockers and losartan are associated with a lower risk of gout compared to other medications for hypertension .
= = Diagnosis = =
Gout may be diagnosed and treated without further investigations in someone with hyperuricemia and the classic acute arthritis of the base of the great toe ( known as podagra ) . Synovial fluid analysis should be done , however , if the diagnosis is in doubt . X @-@ rays , while useful for identifying chronic gout , have little utility in acute attacks .
= = = Synovial fluid = = =
A definitive diagnosis of gout is based upon the identification of monosodium urate crystals in synovial fluid or a tophus . All synovial fluid samples obtained from undiagnosed inflamed joints by arthrocentesis should be examined for these crystals . Under polarized light microscopy , they have a needle @-@ like morphology and strong negative birefringence . This test is difficult to perform and requires a trained observer . The fluid must be examined relatively soon after aspiration , as temperature and pH affect solubility .
= = = Blood tests = = =
Hyperuricemia is a classic feature of gout , but it occurs nearly half of the time without hyperuricemia and most people with raised uric acid levels never develop gout . Thus , the diagnostic utility of measuring uric acid level is limited . Hyperuricemia is defined as a plasma urate level greater than 420 μmol / l ( 7 @.@ 0 mg / dl ) in males and 360 μmol / l ( 6 @.@ 0 mg / dl ) in females . Other blood tests commonly performed are white blood cell count , electrolytes , kidney function and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ) . However , both the white blood cells and ESR may be elevated due to gout in the absence of infection . A white blood cell count as high as 40 @.@ 0 × 109 / l ( 40 @,@ 000 / mm3 ) has been documented .
= = = Differential diagnosis = = =
The most important differential diagnosis in gout is septic arthritis . This should be considered in those with signs of infection or those who do not improve with treatment . To help with diagnosis , a synovial fluid Gram stain and culture may be performed . Other conditions that look similar include pseudogout and rheumatoid arthritis . Gouty tophi , in particular when not located in a joint , can be mistaken for basal cell carcinoma or other neoplasms .
= = Prevention = =
Both lifestyle changes and medications can decrease uric acid levels . Dietary and lifestyle choices that are effective include reducing intake of food such as meat and seafood , consuming adequate vitamin C , limiting alcohol and fructose consumption and avoiding obesity . A low @-@ calorie diet in obese men decreased uric acid levels by 100 µmol / l ( 1 @.@ 7 mg / dl ) . Vitamin C intake of 1 @,@ 500 mg per day decreases the risk of gout by 45 % . Coffee , but not tea , consumption is associated with a lower risk of gout . Gout may be secondary to sleep apnea via the release of purines from oxygen @-@ starved cells . Treatment of apnea can lessen the occurrence of attacks .
= = Treatment = =
The initial aim of treatment is to settle the symptoms of an acute attack . Repeated attacks can be prevented by medications that reduce serum uric acid levels . Tentative evidence supports the application of ice for 20 to 30 minutes several times a day to decrease pain . Options for acute treatment include nonsteroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) , colchicine and steroids , while options for prevention include allopurinol , febuxostat and probenecid . Lowering uric acid levels can cure the disease . Treatment of associated health problems is also important . Lifestyle interventions have been poorly studied . It is unclear whether dietary supplements have an effect in people with gout .
= = = NSAIDs = = =
NSAIDs are the usual first @-@ line treatment for gout . No specific agent is significantly more or less effective than any other . Improvement may be seen within four hours and treatment is recommended for one to two weeks . They are not recommended , however , in those with certain other health problems , such as gastrointestinal bleeding , kidney failure , or heart failure . While indometacin has historically been the most commonly used NSAID , an alternative , such as ibuprofen , may be preferred due to its better side effect profile in the absence of superior effectiveness . For those at risk of gastric side effects from NSAIDs , an additional proton pump inhibitor may be given . There is some evidence that COX @-@ 2 inhibitors may work as well as nonselective NSAIDs for acute gout attack with fewer side effects .
= = = Colchicine = = =
Colchicine is an alternative for those unable to tolerate NSAIDs . At high doses , side effects ( primarily gastrointestinal upset ) limit its usage . At lower doses , which are still effective , it is well tolerated . Colchicine may interact with other commonly prescribed drugs , such as atorvastatin and erythromycin , among others .
= = = Steroids = = =
Glucocorticoids have been found to be as effective as NSAIDs and may be used if contraindications exist for NSAIDs . They also lead to improvement when injected into the joint . A joint infection must be excluded , however , as steroids worsen this condition .
= = = Pegloticase = = =
Pegloticase was approved in the USA to treat gout in 2010 . It is an option for the 3 % of people who are intolerant to other medications . Pegloticase is administered as an intravenous infusion every two
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pathogens , it maintains a pool of B cells with a wide range of specificities . Consequently , while there is almost always at least one B ( naive or memory ) cell capable of responding to any given epitope ( of all that the immune system can react against ) , there are very few exact duplicates . However , when a single B cell encounters an antigen to which it can bind , it can proliferate very rapidly . Such a group of cells with identical specificity towards the epitope is known as a clone , and is derived from a common " mother " cell . All the " daughter " B cells match the original " mother " cell in their epitope specificity , and they secrete antibodies with identical paratopes . These antibodies are monoclonal antibodies , since they derive from clones of the same parent cell . A polyclonal response is one in which clones of multiple B cells react to the same antigen .
= = = Single antigen contains multiple overlapping epitopes = = =
A single antigen can be thought of as a sequence of multiple overlapping epitopes . Many unique B cell clones may be able to bind to the individual epitopes . This imparts even greater multiplicity to the overall response . All of these B cells can become activated and produce large colonies of plasma cell clones , each of which can secrete up to 1000 antibody molecules against each epitope per second .
= = = Multiple clones recognize single epitope = = =
In addition to different B cells reacting to different epitopes on the same antigen , B cells belonging to different clones may also be able to react to the same epitope . An epitope that can be attacked by many different B cells is said to be highly immunogenic . In these cases , the binding affinities for respective epitope @-@ paratope pairs vary , with some B cell clones producing antibodies that bind strongly to the epitope , and others producing antibodies that bind weakly .
= = = Clonal selection = = =
The clones that bind to a particular epitope with greater strength are more likely to be selected for further proliferation in the germinal centers of the follicles in various lymphoid tissues like the lymph nodes . This is not unlike natural selection : clones are selected for their fitness to attack the epitopes ( strength of binding ) on the encountered pathogen . What makes the analogy even stronger is that the B lymphocytes have to compete with each other for signals that promote their survival in the germinal centers .
= = = Diversity of B cell clones = = =
Although there are many diverse pathogens , many of which are constantly mutating , it is a surprise that a majority of individuals remain free of infections . Thus , maintenance of health requires the body to recognize all pathogens ( antigens they present or produce ) likely to exist . This is achieved by maintaining a pool of immensely large ( about 109 ) clones of B cells , each of which reacts against a specific epitope by recognizing and producing antibodies against it . However , at any given time very few clones actually remain receptive to their specific epitope . Thus , approximately 107 different epitopes can be recognized by all the B cell clones combined . Moreover , in a lifetime , an individual usually requires the generation of antibodies against very few antigens in comparison with the number that the body can recognize and respond against .
= = Significance of the phenomenon = =
= = = Increased probability of recognizing any antigen = = =
If an antigen can be recognized by more than one component of its structure , it is less likely to be " missed " by the immune system . Mutation of pathogenic organisms can result in modification of antigen — and , hence , epitope — structure . If the immune system " remembers " what the other epitopes look like , the antigen , and the organism , will still be recognized and subjected to the body 's immune response . Thus , the polyclonal response widens the range of pathogens that can be recognized .
= = = Limitation of immune system against rapidly mutating viruses = = =
Many viruses undergo frequent mutations that result in changes in amino acid composition of their important proteins . Epitopes located on the protein may also undergo alterations in the process . Such an altered epitope binds less strongly with the antibodies specific to the unaltered epitope that would have stimulated the immune system . This is unfortunate because somatic hypermutation does give rise to clones capable of producing soluble antibodies that would have bound the altered epitope avidly enough to neutralize it . But these clones would consist of naive cells which are not allowed to proliferate by the weakly binding antibodies produced by the priorly stimulated clone . This doctrine is known as the original antigenic sin . This phenomenon comes into play particularly in immune responses against influenza , dengue and HIV viruses . This limitation , however , is not imposed by the phenomenon of polyclonal response , but rather , against it by an immune response that is biased in favor of experienced memory cells against the " novice " naive cells .
= = = Increased chances of autoimmune reactions = = =
In autoimmunity the immune system wrongly recognizes certain native molecules in the body as foreign ( self @-@ antigen ) , and mounts an immune response against them . Since these native molecules , as normal parts of the body , will naturally always exist in the body , the attacks against them can get stronger over time ( akin to secondary immune response ) . Moreover , many organisms exhibit molecular mimicry , which involves showing those antigens on their surface that are antigenically similar to the host proteins . This has two possible consequences : first , either the organism will be spared as a self antigen ; or secondly , that the antibodies produced against it will also bind to the mimicked native proteins . The antibodies will attack the self @-@ antigens and the tissues harboring them by activating various mechanisms like the complement activation and antibody @-@ dependent cell @-@ mediated cytotoxicity . Hence , wider the range of antibody @-@ specificities , greater the chance that one or the other will react against self @-@ antigens ( native molecules of the body ) .
= = = Difficulty in producing monoclonal antibodies = = =
Monoclonal antibodies are structurally identical immunoglobulin molecules with identical epitope @-@ specificity ( all of them bind with the same epitope with same affinity ) as against their polyclonal counterparts which have varying affinities for the same epitope . They are usually not produced in a natural immune response , but only in diseased states like multiple myeloma , or through specialized laboratory techniques . Because of their specificity , monoclonal antibodies are used in certain applications to quantify or detect the presence of substances ( which act as antigen for the monoclonal antibodies ) , and for targeting individual cells ( e.g. cancer cells ) . Monoclonal antibodies find use in various diagnostic modalities ( see : western blot and immunofluorescence ) and therapies — particularly of cancer and diseases with autoimmune component . But , since virtually all responses in nature are polyclonal , it makes production of immensely useful monoclonal antibodies less straightforward .
= = History = =
The first evidence of presence of a neutralizing substance in the blood that could counter infections came when Emil von Behring along with Kitasato Shibasaburō in 1890 developed effective serum against diphtheria . This they did by transferring serum produced from animals immunized against diphtheria to animals suffering from it . Transferring the serum thus could cure the infected animals . Behring was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work in 1901 .
At this time though the chemical nature of what exactly in the blood conferred this protection was not known . In a few decades to follow , it was shown that the protective serum could neutralize and precipitate toxins , and clump bacteria . All these functions were attributed to different substances in the serum , and named accordingly as antitoxin , precipitin and agglutinin . That all the three substances were one entity ( gamma globulins ) was demonstrated by Elvin A. Kabat in 1939 . In the preceding year Kabat had demonstrated the heterogeneity of antibodies through ultracentrifugation studies of horses ' sera .
Until this time , cell @-@ mediated immunity and humoral immunity were considered to be contending theories to explain effective immune response , but the former lagged behind owing to lack of advanced techniques . Cell @-@ mediated immunity got an impetus in its recognition and study when in 1942 , Merrill Chase successfully transferred immunity against tuberculosis between pigs by transferring white blood cells .
It was later shown in 1948 by Astrid Fagraeus in her doctoral thesis that the plasma B cells are specifically involved in antibody production . The role of lymphocytes in mediating both cell @-@ mediated and humoral responses was demonstrated by James Gowans in 1959 .
In order to account for the wide range of antigens the immune system can recognize , Paul Ehrlich in 1900 had hypothesized that preexisting " side chain receptors " bind a given pathogen , and that this interaction induces the cell exhibiting the receptor to multiply and produce more copies of the same receptor . This theory , called the selective theory was not proven for next five decades , and had been challenged by several instructional theories which were based on the notion that an antibody would assume its effective structure by folding around the antigen . In the late 1950s however , the works of three scientists — Jerne , Talmage and Burnet ( who largely modified the theory ) — gave rise to the clonal selection theory , which proved all the elements of Ehrlich 's hypothesis except that the specific receptors that could neutralize the agent were soluble and not membrane @-@ bound .
The clonal selection theory was proved correct when Sir Gustav Nossal showed that each B cell always produces only one antibody .
In 1974 , the role of MHC in antigen presentation was demonstrated by Rolf Zinkernagel and Peter C. Doherty .
= Railroad Gazette =
Railroad Gazette was a trade journal first published in April 1856 that focused on railroad , transportation and engineering topics . Master mechanics read and used the publication to share information about railway matters with one @-@ another . An article in the publication documented what was purported to be the first locomotive run in the United States on a railroad , which was stated as performed by the author of the article . It also reported about the Erie Railroad 's Rochester Division 's electrification and about the opening of the Thebes Bridge . Railroad Gazette editors included Arthur Mellen Wellington and Matthias Nace Forney , and Horace Cleveland was an article contributor .
Another publication of the same name Railroad Gazette was established in 1843 in Rogersville , Tennessee . It focused exclusively upon " internal improvement " .
= = Overview = =
Railroad Gazette was a trade journal published in the United States that focused on railroad news , transportation and engineering . The journal also published editorial content . It was established and first published in April 1856 . Master train mechanics were among the journal 's readership , who used it to share in technological information about railway matters . The publication served as a forum for readers to discuss railroad management and technology .
= = Content = =
In February – June 1872 , Railroad Gazette published a series of articles written by a person using the pen name " Hindoo " , and reader comments in response to the articles . Hindoo was a British colonial official who was visiting the United States , who stated that the Indian railway system very rarely had problems with head @-@ on and rear @-@ end collisions , which were more frequent in the United States . Hindoo proposed that this was due to the manner in which Indian train stations dispatched trains using telegraphs , in which a system was used whereby each train station acted as a " blocking point . " This blocking point system was originally devised by the British railroad industry , and forbade trains from leaving a station until a telegraph was received from the next station stating that the line was clear , upon which a clearance card was issued to the train operator . Hindoo felt that the U.S. system placed too much responsibility upon a single dispatcher , who would " oversee all freight and passenger train movements on a division . "
Hindoo 's articles provided a comparison of safety matters between Indian and American railway systems , comparisons of management systems and styles and comparisons in train dispatching methods . A main contributor to the ongoing discussion was a reader using the pen name " X " , and several other readers also responded . In a response , X stated that the U.S. system was less expensive and more efficient compared to British and Indian methods , and posited whether another system could be used that is both cost effective and safe . Additional reader responses generally concurred with X 's opinion , but did not provide solid suggestions about how to remedy such problems . One respondent stated that some of the comparisons were faulty as being based upon U.S. railway lines that did not use telegraphic dispatching . This discourse in Railroad Gazette during this time also covered various aspects of problems and flaws in the American railroad system , and potential reforms to remedy these problems .
An article published on April 18 , 1884 in Railroad Gazette , written by railroad engineer Horatio Allen and titled " The First Railroad in America " , states that the author ( Allen ) was the operator of the first locomotive run in the United States on a railroad . Allen stated that on August 9 , 1829 , he ran a locomotive named Stourbridge Lion in Pennsylvania " three miles and back over rails of wood upon which bar iron 2 ¼ inches wide and 1 ½ inch thick was spiked down " .
Railroad Gazette reported about the electrification of the Erie Railroad 's Rochester Division . It also reported about the Thebes Bridge at the time the bridge was opened in Illinois .
= = Personnel = =
Arthur Mellen Wellington was one of the editors of Railroad Gazette from 1884 to early 1887 . Wellington 's work The Economic Theory of the Location of Railroads was first published in a series of Railroad Gazette articles in 1876 . A book of the same content was published in 1877 by Railroad Gazette . Matthias Nace Forney was editor of the publication in the ( circa ) 1870s . In 1866 , Forney patented a concept for urban elevated railways which " later became the de facto standard for elevated railway service " . Articles written by the noted American landscape architect Horace Cleveland that focused upon tree planting efforts in the western United States were published in Railroad Gazette .
= = Selected works = =
Armstrong , Henry E. ( September 16 , 1904 ) . " Early Transportation in New York " . Railroad Gazette , Volume 37 , No. 14 .
A list of accessible Railroad Gazette issues may be accessed at Railroad gazette , published by the Hathi Trust Digital Library .
= Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 =
Ireland participated at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 after Radio Telefís Éireann ( RTÉ ) , the Irish broadcaster , internally selected the Irish traditional group Dervish to represent them at the 2007 contest , held in Helsinki , Finland .
Although RTÉ internally selected the artist to represent Ireland at the contest , the song that Dervish sung was selected by the Irish public during The Late Late Show on 16 February 2007 . The song selected was " They Can 't Stop the Spring " , which was composed by John Waters and Tommy Moran . Having automatically qualified to the final after coming in 10th in 2006 , Dervish only managed to receive five points , all from Albania , placing last of 24 countries . This was the first time Ireland came last in the contest , after winning a total of seven times in its history , more than any other country in the contest .
After the contest , reactions in Ireland were unsettled , with talks of " vote hijacking " and calls for a new selection for Eurovision . Criticism was also given to Dervish 's performance at the contest .
= = Background = =
Ireland first entered the Eurovision Song Contest in 1965 , making their 41st participation in 2007 . Ireland has won the contest seven times in total and no other country has equaled or beaten that record . The country 's first win came in their sixth entry , in 1970 , when then 18 @-@ year @-@ old Dana won with " All Kinds of Everything " . Ireland holds the record for being the only country to win the country three times in a row ( in 1992 , 1993 and 1994 ) . Ireland also has the only three @-@ time winner ( Johnny Logan , who won in 1980 as a singer , 1987 as a singer @-@ songwriter , and again in 1992 as a songwriter ) . In recent years , however , Ireland 's impressive record at Eurovision has taken a turn , with only two Top 10 results during the 2000s , and Ireland 's first last place finish in 2007 .
The Irish national broadcater , Radio Telefís Éireann ( RTÉ ) broadcasts the event each year and organizes the selection process for the entry . Many methods of selection have been used , with the most common method used by RTÉ being a national final featuring a multi @-@ artist , multi @-@ song selection in which regional juries , and later the public , chooses the winner . In recent years the artist has sometimes been selected internally by RTÉ , with the song being chosen by the public .
= = National final = =
= = = The artist = = =
RTÉ decided to continue internally selecting the singer that would represent them at the contest after coming in 10th in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Athens with Brian Kennedy and " Every Song Is a Cry for Love " . Many names were rumoured to be in contention to represent Ireland in Helsinki , with the front @-@ runner being three @-@ time winner , Johnny Logan , after he said in an interview on Tubridy Tonight that he would represent Ireland in the contest once again if " everything was right , and that everyone was in agreement " , including the song he would sing . However , a deal between RTÉ and Logan was not agreed upon and Logan was not selected to represent Ireland at the contest .
Apart from Logan , many other artists were popular with the book @-@ makers , including You 're A Star winner Lucia Evans , host of the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 Ronan Keating , as well as winner of the 1992 contest Linda Martin . However , RTÉ announced in November 2006 that they had selected Irish traditional group Dervish to sing for Ireland at the contest . Dervish consists of Cathy Jordan ( vocals and bodhrán ) , Bob The 2nd , ( reck the head ) Brian McDonagh ( mandola ) , Tom Morrow ( fiddle ) , Michael Homes ( bouzouki ) , Shane Mitchell ( accordion ) and Liam Kelly ( flute and whistle ) .
= = = The songs = = =
Songwriters were told that they had until 8 January to submit their songs to RTÉ . The songs submitted needed to be suitable to both Dervish and the contest , with all eligible songs having to pass through a judging panel to reduce the number of songs to four that would be performed at the national final . The judging panel included Shay Healy , the songwriter of " What 's Another Year " which was the winning song for Ireland in 1980 . More than 200 songs were submitted to the judging panel at RTÉ , with only 4 of them selected to compete at the national final .
The four selected songs were " The Thought of You " , a traditional Irish ballad which uses Irish traditional instruments throughout the piece , such as a whistle , a fiddle and a bouzouki ; the song was composed by Matti Kallio . The second song " Walk With Me " was composed by Stigg Lindell , and is also a ballad , however more upbeat than " The Thought of You " . The third was " They Can 't Stop The Spring " , composed by John Waters and Tommy Moran , which features a long whistle introduction , and prolific use of the bouzouki and fiddle , as well as use of the bodhrán . It is a ballad , slow at the beginning which speeds up towards the end . The fourth song , " Until We Meet Again " , was composed by Malachi Cush , Pam Sheyne , Martin Sutton and Don Mescall and is an up @-@ tempo song , which still includes Irish traditional themes , especially in the use of instruments like the bouzouki , guitar and fiddle .
= = = The final = = =
The national final was held on 16 February 2007 on the popular chat @-@ show The Late Late Show , hosted by Pat Kenny ( who also hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 1988 ) . The interval act included Dana singing " All Kinds of Everything " ( the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1970 ) , Eimear Quinn singing " The Voice " ( winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1996 ) and the Brotherhood of Man singing " Save Your Kisses for Me " ( winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1976 ) . Also singing was Dmitry Koldun , the Belarusian entry to the 2007 contest , with his song " Work Your Magic " .
The first song to be performed was " The Thought of You " which involved the group playing around Jordan who sang at a microphone stand . The whistle and accordion player were sitting down . The second song " Walk With Me " , involved more movement by the group than the first song , with Jordan at the microphone stand while the whistle and accordion player were again sitting down . The third song was " Until We Meet Again " , and featured lots of movement by the group with arm movements by Jordan . The fiddle and accordion players were seen sitting down . The final song was " They Can 't Stop The Spring " , which began slowly with a long tin whistle introduction , before speeding up towards the chorus . The song also featured Jordan playing the bodhrán behind the microphone .
The winner of the contest was " They Can 't Stop the Spring " , beating the favourite " Until We Meet Again " to second place . Dervish went on to sing the song in Helsinki .
= = Eurovision = =
After coming in 10th in the 2006 contest , Ireland automatically qualified to the final of the 2007 contest in Helsinki . Commentary on RTÉ One for both the final and semi @-@ final , which was broadcast in Ireland even though it was not part of it , was made by Marty Whelan , while Larry Gogan provided commentary on RTÉ Radio 1 . Before the contest , " They Can 't Stop the Spring " received a change in its performance , with the instrumental break in the song being increased in length . The odds of Ireland 's win at the contest varied between bookmakers , ranging from 25 – 1 up to 51 – 1 , however , the writer of the song John Waters believed that Dervish could win the contest .
Three @-@ time winner Johnny Logan criticised the contest when interviewed in the Danish newspaper Ekstra Bladet . He disapproved of the its lack of orchestra , the televoting system as well as the allowance of free language in the contest , calling it a " karaoke contest " .
= = = Final = = =
Dervish performed " They Can 't Stop the Spring " fourth on the night of the final , held on 12 May 2007 . Jordan was dressed in a red and white dress , while the men were dressed in plain black shirts , with jeans . The song was performed quicker than
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Chronicles . Akashic Books . ISBN 978 @-@ 1617 @-@ 7 @-@ 5028 @-@ 1 .
1 , n + ( 2012 ) . n + 1 Issue 13 : Machine Politics. n + 1 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0982 @-@ 5 @-@ 9775 @-@ 0 .
La Force , Thessaly ( 2012 ) . My Ideal Bookshelf . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 @-@ 0316 @-@ 2 @-@ 0090 @-@ 5 .
Franco , James ( 2012 ) . Dangerous Book Four Boys . Rizzoli International Publications . ISBN 978 @-@ 0847 @-@ 8 @-@ 3813 @-@ 4 .
Franco , James ( 2012 ) . 113 Crickets : Volume 2 . Dymaxicon . ISBN 978 @-@ 1937 @-@ 9 @-@ 6506 @-@ 8 .
Factory , The Coffin ( 2012 ) . The Coffin Factory ( Issue 3 ) . The Coffin Factory .
Franco , James ( 2012 ) . Strongest of the Litter : ( The Hollyridge Press Chapbook Series ) . Hollyridge Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0984 @-@ 3 @-@ 1005 @-@ 0 .
Franco , James ( 2013 ) . A California Childhood . Insight Editions . ISBN 978 @-@ 1608 @-@ 8 @-@ 7202 @-@ 2 .
Franco , James ( 2013 ) . Actors Anonymous . Little A / New Harvest . ISBN 978 @-@ 0544 @-@ 1 @-@ 1453 @-@ 1 .
Franco , James ( 2014 ) . Directing Herbert White : Poems . Graywolf Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1555 @-@ 9 @-@ 7673 @-@ 6 .
Franco , James ( 2014 ) . Hollywood Dreaming . Insight Editions . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 60887 @-@ 343 @-@ 2 .
= = Discography = =
= = = Albums = = =
2011 : Turn It Up EP – collaboration with Kalup Linzy
2012 : MotorCity EP – with Tim O 'Keefe , as the duo " Daddy "
= = = Music on other albums = = =
2013 : " Hanging with Da Dopeboys " – featuring DangeRuss from album Spring Breakers : Music from the Motion Picture
2013 : " I Love You " – featuring Kalup Linzy from album Romantic Loner
2015 : " 11 / 22 / 63 "
= Old @-@ fashioned doughnut =
The old @-@ fashioned doughnut is a variety of cake doughnut prepared in the shape of a ring with tapered edges around it . Primary ingredients include flour , sugar , eggs , sour cream or buttermilk and leavener . It is typically deep fried , may have a crunchier or crisper texture compared to other styles of cake doughnuts , and have cracks and pores on its surface . After being fried , it may be glazed , dusted with sugar , or served plain . Commercially prepared old @-@ fashioned doughnuts may be prepared using a batter mix that is made with the addition of water . Such mixes are used by some doughnut shops . Some variations are prepared using unique ingredients , and some are produced as doughnut holes .
= = Preparation = =
Primary ingredients in an old @-@ fashioned doughnut include flour , sugar , eggs , sour cream or buttermilk , and leavening agents such as baking powder or baking soda . Additional ingredients may include milk , butter , vanilla extract and salt . The use of buttermilk or sour cream may impart a rich flavor to the doughnut . It is typically deep @-@ fried , and may be deep fried at a lower temperature compared to other doughnut styles , having a crunchier texture compared to other cake doughnut styles . Frying at a lower temperature contributes to its rough , cracked texture . Being turned several times while cooking in the oil also contributes to its texture . It may be prepared with toppings such as sugar , chocolate or maple glazes , dusted with granulated sugar or cinnamon @-@ sugar , or served plain without any topping . The shape of the doughnut can lend to the retention of a greater amount of glaze or other toppings compared to other doughnut styles . The old @-@ fashioned doughnut may have a similar texture to that of a buttermilk doughnut , and may be crisp in texture , with cracks and pores on its surface .
= = Commercial preparation = =
Commercially prepared old @-@ fashioned doughnut mixes are manufactured in the United States , which may be prepared by simply adding cold water to the mix . Prepared mixes are used by some doughnut shops . Doughnut shops may prepare old @-@ fashioned doughnuts by loading the batter into the hopper of a doughnut maker , which upon turning a hand crank , drops a formed doughnut into a deep fryer . Doughnut makers are also used for other doughnut varieties , such as cake doughnuts , yeast doughnuts , cream filled , and jelly filled doughnuts .
= = Nutrition information = =
One glazed old @-@ fashioned doughnut contains approximately 420 calories , 21 grams of fat , 10 grams of saturated fat , 260 milligrams of sodium , 57 grams of carbohydrate , 34 grams of sugar , 4 grams of protein and less than one gram of dietary fiber .
= = Variations = =
Starbucks purveys an old @-@ fashioned doughnut that is prepared using batter infused with chocolate . The U.S. company Trader Joe 's purveys a product named " Old @-@ Fashioned Doughnut O 's " , which are miniature @-@ sized old @-@ fashioned doughnuts . The restaurant Nopa in San Francisco has prepared a dessert using doughnut holes along with Asian pears , crème anglaise , pear butter and cardamaro liqueur . The doughnuts are prepared using a sour cream base . Do @-@ Rite Donuts in New York has created limited @-@ edition custom doughnuts in collaboration with various celebrities , which included an old @-@ fashioned doughnut with maple glaze garnished with candied Fresno chili peppers . Top Pot Doughnuts in Seattle prepares both vanilla and chocolate based old- fashioned doughnuts . Each flavor can be dipped in glaze , raspberry glaze , chocolate icing , maple icing , or sugared pumpkin ( in season ) . Glazed and Infused in Chicago , Illinois serves customers the traditional glazed old @-@ fashioned as well as a unique twist on the doughnut they like to call the lemon poppy seed old @-@ fashioned doughnut . The doughnut is covered with lemon flavored glaze , and topped with poppy seeds and lemon zest .
= = Gallery = =
= Bart Gets Famous =
" Bart Gets Famous " is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons ' fifth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 3 , 1994 . In the episode , Bart gets a job as Krusty the Clown 's production assistant . However , he soon becomes sick of the job and comes close to quitting . During one of his shows , Krusty says he needs to use Bart in a sketch . Bart becomes an accidental star when he says , " I didn 't do it " during the botched sketch . He becomes famous for his catchphrase but soon becomes tired of being known for one line .
The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and was the first episode of the series to be directed by Susie Dietter . Many characters from the show have catchphrases , and the episode mocks the use of catchphrase @-@ based humor . The writers chose the phrase " I didn 't do it " because they wanted a " lousy " phrase " to point out how really crummy things can become really popular " . Conan O 'Brien , a writer for The Simpsons during the fourth and early part of the fifth season , guest stars as himself . The writers decided to include him in the episode after he received an audition from NBC to replace David Letterman as the host of Late Night . In its original broadcast , " Bart Gets Famous " finished 40th in ratings with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 7 , and was viewed in 10 @.@ 74 million households .
= = Plot = =
Bart goes on a class field trip to a box factory . He gets bored with the tour and escapes from the class to go to the Channel 6 TV studio nearby , where he encounters Krusty the Clown . Krusty is angry that his assistant has failed to get him a Danish , as Bart had eaten it , and fires his assistant on the spot . Bart steals a Danish from Kent Brockman and gives it to Krusty , who becomes grateful and asks him to become his new assistant . Bart soon gets disillusioned with being Krusty 's assistant because the cast members do not treat him well and he does not receive any credit for his work . However , before Bart decides to quit , Krusty offers to let him say one line in a sketch when Sideshow Mel is unavailable thanks to Bart giving him a sandwich with cheese which triggers his lactose intolerance . Bart messes up his lines and stumbles , accidentally destroying all of the props on the stage . With the crowd and cameras focused on him , he exclaims " I didn 't do it " , which causes the audience to erupt with laughter . Seeing Bart 's popularity , Krusty uses him and his " I didn 't do it " catchphrase in later sketches , and eventually creates a franchise out of it .
Bart and his catchphrase continue to be popular , while Krusty creates a wide array of merchandise featuring Bart 's likeness . Bart becomes sick of his fame and begins to fear that the fad will wear off , so he tries to expand his act and personality during an interview on Conan O 'Brien 's late @-@ night talk show , to no avail . Bart decides to stop performing , but Marge convinces him that he should continue because he makes people happy . Bart arrives at Krusty 's show and enthusiastically delivers his line , but the audience is bored with the line and does not react . With fans no longer interested in Bart , Krusty ditches him .
Marge gives Bart a box of items she kept during his stint as a celebrity to help him remember this time of his life . Lisa says that she is glad that " Bart can go back to just being himself , instead of a one @-@ dimensional character with a silly catchphrase . " The Simpson family — along with Barney Gumble , Mr. Burns , Ned Flanders , and Nelson Muntz — then recite their respective catchphrases , prompting an unamused Lisa to go to her room .
= = Production = =
" Bart Gets Famous " was written by John Swartzwelder . The episode mocks the use of catchphrase @-@ based humor . Many characters from The Simpsons have catchphrases , including Homer ( " D 'oh ! " ) , Bart ( " Eat My Shorts " , " ¡ Ay , caramba ! " and " Don 't have a cow , man ! " ) , Marge ( her worried " hmmmm " ) and Maggie ( her pacifier suck ) . The writers chose the phrase " I didn 't do it " because they wanted a " lousy " phrase " to point out how really crummy things can become really popular " . It was also an intentional call back to the first season episode " Krusty Gets Busted " where it was a catchphrase of Krusty the Clown . The episode ends with a self @-@ referential scene in which several characters say their catchphrases , including the Simpsons , Ned Flanders , Nelson Muntz , Mr. Burns and Barney Gumble . All of the characters gather around Lisa and stare at her with an anticipating look , and Lisa , displeased , finishes the episode by muttering " If anyone wants me I 'll be in my room " , to which Homer says " what kind of a catchphrase is that ? "
In the episode , Bart appears on the talk show Late Night with Conan O 'Brien . Conan O 'Brien was a writer for The Simpsons during the fourth and early part of the fifth seasons . During the production of the episode , he received an audition to replace David Letterman as the host of Late Night on NBC , after Letterman defected to CBS . The writers decided that since the episode featured Bart getting famous , it would give them an opportunity to work in O 'Brien 's show . The part was written just after O 'Brien 's audition for Late Night , but before he knew he was going to be the host . O 'Brien recorded his part shortly after Late Night with Conan O 'Brien premiered , but he believed NBC would have fired him before the episode aired . He described being a guest star on the show as " really delightful " , adding that " it 's like being frozen in amber . I know people will be watching The Simpsons long after I 'm dead . "
" Bart Gets Famous " was the first episode of the series to be directed by Susie Dietter . The design of the insides of the box factory featured in this episode was discussed at great length by Dietter and executive creative consultant Brad Bird . Bird wanted the design to be more lively but Dietter wanted it to be more boring to go with the story . Dietter 's design was used in the finished episode . The box factory manager 's voice , performed by Dan Castellaneta , was based on Wally Ballou , a character portrayed by Bob Elliott of the comedy duo Bob and Ray . Mayor Quimby 's wife Martha makes her first appearance in this episode . Her outfit ( a pink dress and a pillbox hat ) is similar to the clothing worn by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on the day of the Kennedy assassination .
= = Cultural references = =
At the beginning of the episode , Bart can be heard whistling The Simpsons ' theme song and Marge tells him " not to whistle that annoying tune " . Bart imagines himself appearing on Match Game in 2034 alongside Billy Crystal , Farrah Fawcett Majors O 'Neal , Loni Anderson , Spike Lee and Kitty Carlisle 's head in a jar . Bart records an " I Didn 't Do It " rap with the backing track from MC Hammer 's " U Can 't Touch This " .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Bart Gets Famous " aired during the week of January 31 @-@ February 6 , 1994 , the first week of February sweeps . It finished 40th in ratings with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 7 , and was viewed in 10 @.@ 74 million households . It was the highest rated show on Fox that week .
The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote , " even without that final sequence , this would still be one of the best episodes , with Bart at his very best . The scenes in the box factory are superb , as is Martin and Skinner 's joyful singing and , once again , Edna and Bart 's enforced team @-@ up . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote " lots of great moments pop up in this excellent program . Bart ’ s rise to fame sparkles via its deft parody of instant — and fleeting — fame , and many wacky bits show up along the way such as Homer ’ s fear that Bart got turned into a box . [ ... ] This might be Season Five ’ s best show . " Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A- and Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave the episode a score of 4 out of 5 .
= Mr.Mr. ( song ) =
" Mr.Mr. " is a Korean song recorded by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation for their fourth Korean titular extended play ( 2014 ) . The song was released on February 25 , 2014 , as a single from the EP . The song was composed by American production team The Underdogs , who had previously worked with Western artists including Britney Spears , Beyoncé , and Justin Timberlake . A music video for the song was initially planned to be released on February 19 but was postponed to February 28 due to the accidental deletion of some of the original files .
" Mr.Mr. " was described as an electropop and pop @-@ R & B song that incorporates a hip hop beat and EDM @-@ influenced buildups . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , who praised its musical styles , which were deemed a departure from the group 's signature bubblegum pop sound . The single ranked number 18 on Billboard magazine 's list of 20 Best K @-@ pop Songs of 2014 and was included on Time 's list of 25 Best Songs of 2014 ( So Far ) in June 2014 .
To promote the song and the EP , Girls ' Generation appeared on several music programs including M Countdown , Music Bank , Show ! Music Core , and Inkigayo around February and March 2014 . The single was a commercial success in the group 's native country South Korea , peaking atop the Gaon Digital Chart and selling over 900 @,@ 000 digital units in 2014 . It also charted at number three on the Korea K @-@ Pop Hot 100 and number four on the Billboard World Digital Songs .
= = Background and composition = =
" Mr.Mr. " was composed by American production team The Underdogs ( Harvey Mason Jr . , Damon Thomas , Andrew Hey , Mike Daley , Britt Burton , and Rodnae " Chikk " Bell ) , with Korean lyrics by Cho Yoon @-@ kyung and Kim Hee @-@ jeong of Jam Factory ) , who have written lyrics for Girls ' Generation for eight years . The Underdogs had previously worked with Western artists including Britney Spears , Beyoncé , and Justin Timberlake . The song was released to South Korean KBS Radio Station on February 25 , 2014 as a single from the EP of the same name ( 2014 ) . A Japanese version of " Mr.Mr. " was included on the group 's 2014 Japanese greatest hits album The Best .
Musically , " Mr.Mr. " was described by Billboard magazine 's Jeff Benjamin as an electropop and pop @-@ R & B song . An editor from Yonhap characterized it as an " electropop dance " song featuring elements of R & B , and Heather Phares , writing for AllMusic , noted that it " mixed a hip hop beat and EDM @-@ inspired buildups " in its composition . Lyrically , " Mr.Mr. " has a more proactive theme with lyrics prompting a reluctant man to be more courageous towards girls , a departure from the group 's familiar themes .
= = Promotion = =
The music video for " Mr.Mr. " was initially planned to be released on February 19 , 2014 , in conjunction with the release of the EP . However , the release date was postponed to February 28 due to the accidental deletion of some of the original shots , which necessitated re @-@ filming the affected scenes . As a result , the group 's comeback performances on South Korean music programs were also delayed for two weeks .
The music video was choreographed by Jillian Meyer ( who had previously collaborated with artists including Janet Jackson and Kylie Minogue ) and two members of BeatBurger – Shim Jae @-@ won and Greg Hwang . It tells the story of a man who is diagnosed with heart disease but can not confess it to the girl he likes . He then decides to undergo a surgery , which is handled by the group 's members who act as doctors . Group member Sooyoung argued that that " Our new music video has the concept of encouraging and boosting the confidence of those men who have lost courage " . The visual received positive reviews from media outlets ; Fuse labelled it " cinematic " and praised its " sophisticated " class , and Popdust 's Jacques Peterson hailed the video as " the hottest episode of Grey 's Anatomy ever " . It was the second most watched K @-@ pop music video of the first half of 2014 , trailing only Psy 's music video for " Hangover " .
To promote " Mr.Mr. " and the EP , Girls ' Generation made several appearances on South Korean music programs around February and March 2014 . They performed the song for the first time on Mnet 's M Countdown on March 6 , 2014 as part of their comeback stage . The following three days , the group appeared on Music Bank , where they also performed " Back Hug " , Show ! Music Core , where they also performed " Wait a Minute " , and Inkigayo .
= = Critical reception = =
" Mr.Mr. " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Jeff Benjamin from Billboard magazine hailed the single as " super @-@ strong , super @-@ sweet " and labelled it a welcome change compared to the group 's previous " stupid @-@ catchy " releases . He named it the 18th best K @-@ pop song on his list of 20 Best K @-@ pop Songs of 2014 .
AllMusic 's reviewer Heather Phares said the track helped " [ expand ] their [ Girls ' Generation 's ] musical reach " . John Walker from MTV News commented that the single 's musical styles were more similar to " The Boys " ( 2011 ) rather than their usual styles as on " Gee " ( 2009 ) , and labelled it a hybrid of " 70 's @-@ throwback " and " Get Me Bodied " . Time magazine 's Lily Rothman included " Mr.Mr. " on the publication 's list of 25 Best Songs of 2014 ( So Far ) in June . She wrote that " Fans [ ... ] won ’ t be disappointed by their latest dance @-@ friendly single " and added that " the addition of a scratchy electronic bass line and a hint of darkness " should attract listeners who were not used to their signature bubblegum pop sound .
= = Commercial performance = =
" Mr.Mr. " peaked atop the South Korean Gaon Digital Chart in the tenth week of 2014 . It was the 46th best @-@ selling song of 2014 in South Korea , selling over 906 @,@ 962 digital units . Overall , it became the 54th best @-@ performing song on the Gaon Digital Chart , based on additional streaming and instrumental track downloads . " Mr.Mr. " also charted at number three on the Korea K @-@ Pop Hot 100 , and number four on the Billboard World Digital Songs .
= = Credits = =
Credits adapted from Mr.Mr. liner notes
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Splitting of the moon =
The splitting of the moon ( Arabic : انشقاق القمر ) was a miracle attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad , derived from the Quranic verses 54 : 1 @-@ 2 , and mentioned by Muslim traditions such as the Asbab al @-@ nuzul ( context of revelation ) . Most Muslim commentators interpret the event as a literal split in the moon , while some others identify it as an event that will happen at judgement day or an optical illusion .
Early traditions supporting a literal interpretation are transmitted on the authority of companions of Muhammad such as Ibn Abbas , Anas bin Malik , Abdullah bin Masud and others . According to the Indian Muslim scholar Abdullah Yusuf Ali , the moon will split again when the day of judgment approaches . He says that the verses may also have an allegorical meaning , i.e. the matter has become clear as the moon . The Qur 'anic verses 54 : 1 @-@ 2 was part of the debate between medieval Muslim theologians and Muslim philosophers over the issue of the inviolability of heavenly bodies . In 2010 a NASA Lunar Science Institute ( NLSI ) staff scientist , named Brad Bailey , said " No current scientific evidence reports that the Moon was split into two ( or more ) parts and then reassembled at any point in the past . "
The narrative was used by some later Muslims to convince others of the prophethood of Muhammad . It has also inspired many Muslim poets , especially in India .
= = The Qur 'an and Islamic tradition = =
Verses 54 : 1 @-@ 2 of the Quran reads :
The Hour ( of Judgment ) is nigh , and the moon is cleft asunder . But if they see a Sign , they turn away , and say , " This is ( but ) transient magic .
Early traditions and stories explain this verse as a miracle performed by Muhammad , following requests of some members of the Quraysh . Most Muslim commentators accept the authenticity of those traditions . The following verse 54 : 2 , " But if they see a Sign , they turn away , and say , ' This is ( but ) transient magic ' " is taken in the support of this view . The classical commentator Ibn Kathir provides a list of the early traditions mentioning the incident : A tradition transmitted on the authority of Anas bin Malik states that Muhammad split the moon after the pagan Meccans asked for a miracle . Another tradition from Malik transmitted through other chains of narrations , mentions that the mount Nur was visible between the two parts of the moon ( Mount Nur is located in Hijaz . Muslims believe that Muhammad received his first revelations from God in a cave on this mountain , Cave Hira ' ) . A tradition narrated on the authority of Jubayr ibn Mut 'im with a single chain of transmission says that the two parts of the moon stood on two mountains . This tradition further states that the Meccan responded by saying " Muhammad has taken us by his magic ... If he was able to take us by magic , he will not be able to do so with all people . " Traditions transmitted on the authority of Ibn Abbas briefly mention the incident and do not provide much details . Traditions transmitted on the authority of Abdullah bin Masud describe the incident as follows :
We were along with God 's Messenger at Mina , that moon was split up into two . One of its parts was behind the mountain and the other one was on this side of the mountain . God 's Messenger said to us : Bear witness to this 039 : 6725
The narrative was used by some later Muslims to convince others of the prophethood of Muhammad . Annemarie Schimmel for example quotes the following from Muslim scholar Qadi Iyad who worked in the 12th century :
It has not been said of any people on the earth that the moon was observed that night such that it could be stated that it was not split . Even if this had been reported from many different places , so that one would have to exclude the possibility that all agreed upon a lie , yet , we would not accept this as proof to the contrary , for the moon is not seen in the same way by different people ... An eclipse is visible in one country but not in the other one ; in one place it is total , in the other one only partial .
= = Other perspectives = =
Al @-@ Zamakhshari , a famous commentator of the Qur 'an , acknowledged the splitting of the moon as one of Muhammad 's miracles . But he also suggested that the splitting might take place only on the day of judgment . The Muslim scholar Yusuf Ali provides three different interpretations of the verse . He holds that perhaps all three are applicable to the verse : Moon once appeared cleft asunder at the time of Muhammad in order to convince the unbelievers . It will split again when the day of judgment approaches ( here the prophetic past tense is taken to indicate the future ) . Yusuf Ali connects this incident with the disruption of the solar system mentioned in 75 : 8 @-@ 9 . Lastly , he says that the verses can be metaphorical , meaning that the matter has become clear as the moon .
Some dissenting commentators who do not accept the miracle narration believe that the verse only refers to the splitting of the moon at the day of judgment . Likewise , M. A. S. Abdel Haleem writes :
The Arabic uses the past tense , as if that Day were already here , to help the reader / listener imagine how it will be . Some traditional commentators hold the view that this describes an actual event at the time of the Prophet , but it clearly refers to the end of the world .
Some Muslim scholars postulate and believe that a ( now known ) Astronomical event must have happened at that time , which made it appear to the observers as if the moon had been split in two , because the phenomenon was seen at least in India as well . One of the possible lunar events could be a large asteroid hitting the moon , and the plume and debris from the strike blocking enough lunar view to make it appear as if the Moon had split in two . A second possibility could be a celestial body passing between Earth and the Moon and blocking some part of lunar surface for short time . Moreover , in the light of the verse that was revealed at that time , the word " Saa 'at " also means spiritual revolution , so the event also symbolized the end of the Pagan Arab culture and religions which used Moon as their symbol or worshipped moon gods .
Western historians such as A.J. Wensinck and Denis Gril , reject the historicity of the miracle arguing that the Qur 'an itself denies miracles , in their traditional sense , in connection with Muhammad .
= = Debate over the inviolability of heavenly bodies = =
Quran 54 : 1 @-@ 2 was part of the debate between medieval Muslim theologians and Muslims philosophers over the issue of the inviolability of heavenly bodies . The philosophers held that nature was composed of four fundamental elements : earth , air , fire , and water . These philosophers however held that the composition of heavenly bodies were different . This belief was based on the observation that the motion of heavenly bodies , unlike that of terrestrial bodies , was circular and without any beginnings or ends . This appearance of eternity in the heavenly bodies , led the philosophers to conclude that the heavens were inviolable . Theologians on the other hand proposed their own conception of the terrestrial matter : the nature was composed of uniform atoms that were re @-@ created at every instant by God ( the latter idea was added to defend God 's omnipotence against the encroachment of the independent secondary causes ) . According to this conception , the heavenly bodies were essentially the same as the terrestrial bodies , and thus could be pierced .
In order to deal with implication of the traditional understanding of the Quranic verse 54 : 1 @-@ 2 , some philosophers argued that the verse should be interpreted metaphorically ( e.g. the verse could have referred to a partial lunar eclipse in which then earth obscured part of the moon ) .
= = Literature = =
This tradition has inspired many Muslim poets , especially in India . In poetical language Muhammad is sometimes equated with the sun or the morning light . As such , part of a poem from Sana 'i , a renowned early twelfth century Persian Sufi poet , reads : " the sun should split the moon in two " . Jalal ad @-@ Din Rumi , a renowned Persian @-@ writing poet and mystic , in one of his poems conveys the idea that to be split by the Muhammad 's finger is the greatest bliss the lowly moon can hope for and a devoted believer splits the moon with Muhammad 's finger . Elaborating on this idea , Abd ar @-@ Rahman Jami , one of the classical poets and mystics of Persia , plays with the shapes and numerical values of Arabic letters in a complicated way : The full moon , Jami says , resembles the Arabic letter for a circular m with the numerical value 40 . When Muhammad split the moon , it became like two crescent @-@ shaped n 's ( the Arabic letter for " n " ) whose numerical value is 50 each . This would mean that , thanks for the miracle , the value of moon had increased .
In another place Rumi , according to Schimmel , alludes to two miracles attributed to Muhammad in tradition , i.e. the splitting of the moon ( which shows the futility of man 's scientific approach to nature ) , and the other that Muhammad was illiterate .
= = NASA photograph = =
Apollo mission photographs of the R
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remains a serious concern as recent analysis detected an increasing presence of coliform bacteria .
= = Awards = =
In 2002 , then French President Jacques Chirac , the United Nations World Tourism Organization and the World Bank accorded the top Sustainable Development in Tourism prize to MAPAS ( the company that manages the site ) at a summit dubbed “ New Ties between Tourism and Culture ” in Geneva .
In December 2003 , on behalf of the Beirut @-@ based private company MAPAS , Jeita received a prestigious award from the fifth Tourism Summits in Chamonix , France . " Les sommets du tourisme " recognized MAPAS ’ efforts in restoring Lebanon ’ s important touristic sites .
The Jeita Grotto was a candidate for the New 7 Wonders of Nature competition . It was selected as one of 28 finalists and is the only cave to be selected among the nominees . The New7Wonders Foundation announced the new wonders of nature in 2011 . Jeita was not on the list .
Other awards and certificates include :
2000 Certificate of Recognition from " Sukleen " -Lebanon for its sorting and recycling campaign .
2000 Appreciation from the Arab Musical Association " .
1998 " Best Tourism Project " from the Lebanese Ministry of Tourism .
1997 International Environmental Award from the German Travel Association ( DRV ) .
= = Other names = =
The name of the cave changed several times since its discovery . Initially referred to as the Grottoes of Nahr al @-@ Kalb , it was subsequently known as Djaita , Jehita , and finally Jeita . Nahr al @-@ Kalb is the name of the river that runs through the grottoes , while Jeita , meaning " roaring water " in Aramaic , is the town in which the cave 's entrance is located . The transition from Grottoes of Nahr al @-@ Kalb to Jeita Grottoes occurred in 1927 as newspapers widely used the latter name .
= = Numismatics and philately = =
In 1961 , Jeita became a national symbol when Lebanese authorities issued a stamp featuring the lower cavern to promote national tourism . Mr. Maroun Hajj , the oarsman shown on the stamp , still leads boat tours forty years after the stamp was issued . The Jeita Grotto is also featured on the 1964 one Lira ( Lebanese pound ) verso .
= Ricky Banderas =
Gilbert Cosme ( born May 25 , 1975 ) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler , better known by his ring names El Mesías and Ricky Banderas . He began his career in the International Wrestling Association based on Puerto Rico . While performing in the company , he won the IWA World Heavyweight Championship on five instances and held minor championships on fifteen separate occasions , before leaving the company in 2006 . On March 12 , 2006 , he debuted in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración , a promotion based in Mexico , as a character named Muerte Cibernetica and was involved in an angle where this character was " killed " . In November 2006 , Cosme was involved in the tapings of the Wrestling Society X television series , where he was the second and last wrestler to win the WSX Championship .
Following a month of performing in the International Wrestling Association , Cosme returned to Asistencia Asesoría y Administración in a special event presented by the company , this time under the ring name of El Mesías . In September 2007 , the company organized a unification tournament where all of the champions and first contenders participated . Over the course of the tournament , he won the GPCW Super @-@ X Monster Championship and IWC World Heavyweight Championship , and on the tournament 's finale , he became the first wrestler to win the AAA Mega Championship . While working in Mexico , Cosme signed a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) where he debuted as Judas Mesias on September 13 , 2007 . In March 2008 his association with TNA came to an end and he focused most of his time on AAA . In 2010 Cosme debuted for Puerto Rican World Wrestling Council , where he won the Universal Heavyweight Championship . He also wrestles in Lucha Underground under the ring name Mil Muertes .
Outside of his work within these promotions , Cosme has represented Puerto Rico as a member of Team Rest of the World in the 2015 Lucha Libre World Cup and as the captain of Team International in the 2013 World Cup of Wrestling .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = International Wrestling Association ( 1999 – 2009 ) = = =
Cosme began wrestling training in 1996 , when he was instructed by a former wrestler . During this time he was enrolled in the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico located in Bayamón , his major concentration was in computer technology , after completing two years of study , he decided to begin wrestling as a profession after meeting Victor Quiñones in the gym . In 1997 , after working in the independent circuit he moved to Mexico and performed there , and became involved in a project to develop Hispanic talent organized by the World Wrestling Federation .
Cosme subsequently debuted in the International Wrestling Association ( IWA ) in 1999 . He was given the gimmick of " El Patriota " Ricky Banderas , a name that , according to Cosme , was created by fusing the artistic names of Latin musician Ricky Martín and actor Antonio Banderas . He debuted in Extreme Championship Wrestling on that year , where he worked in a televised match . Following a period of teaming with Los Boricuas , his character was teamed with Germán Figueroa who wrestled as Gran Apolo , and formed a tag team dubbed La Nueva Generacion , which won the IWA Tag Team Championship three times . On August 21 , 2000 , in a show in Levittown , Puerto Rico , Cosme 's character turned on Gran Apolo . Following this , he joined the company 's dominant heel stable , Los Intocables , along with Miguel Pérez and Jesús Castillo . After the stable 's dissolution , he was involved in another stable named Starr Corporation , where after Cosme 's insistence his character became darker and was renamed " El Mesías " Ricky Banderas . Following this , he was teamed up with Shane Sewell in a stable known as Los Hermanos en Dolor . In 2001 , Cosme performed in a tryout match for the World Wrestling Federation and in a pay per view event on Frontier Martial @-@ Arts Wrestling . He won the IWA heavyweight title for a third time on June 15 , 2002 , and remained champion until Ray González debuted with the company as " Rey Fénix " , in a match that he describes as the best match he had wrestled at the moment .
Cosme 's gimmick underwent another change when it joined then @-@ dominant heel stable " La Compania " led by Savio Vega ( Juan Rivera ) . This was followed by his fourth title run after he defeated Gran Apolo on January 6 , 2003 . He was booked as a heel until October 9 , 2003 , when Vega 's group turned on him . Following this , he feuded with Christopher Kindred under his " Slash Venom " gimmick , which peaked when Vampiro ( Ian Richard Hodgkinson ) was brought by the company to form a stable which feuded with Gran Apolo and Venom . In 2004 , he feuded with Hangman Hughes ( Mike Hughes ) , Kasey James ( Kurt Sellers ) , El Diamante ( Julio César Cruz ) , and Bison . In 2005 , he turned heel again , this time leading a stable known as La Cruz del Diablo which feuded with other groups led by Savio Vega and Ray Gonzalez . Following an angle where he feuded over a number one contender spot , Cosme departed from the company and signed a contract to wrestle in Mexico . Subsequently , he continued making sporadic appearances for the company , including a brief stay in 2007 . On July 19 , 2009 , Cosme was booked to defeat Dennis Rivera in the promotion 's tenth anniversary event .
= = = Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( 2006 – present ) = = =
Following the culmination of his contract with the International Wrestling Association , Cosme signed a contract with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) . He debuted on March 12 , 2006 , as " Muerte Cibernética " a rudo ( villainous ) enforcer supposedly brought to the company by Cibernético to feud with " La Parka " . This gimmick consisted of Cosme wearing a traditional Mexican wrestling mask , often a modified version of the one used by La Parka . This character was placed in a feud with La Parka , which lasted several months . This angle came to a conclusion at Triplemania XIV , where Cosme 's character was booked to lose a Mask vs. Mask match .
Following a legitimate injury suffered by Cibernético , Cosme 's gimmick was slightly changed , launching into an angle where he pursued the leadership of Cibernético 's stable , which then went by the name of La Secta Cibernetica . The character was booked to be the leader of the stable after supposedly convincing several members of the group to join him changing the name of the group to La Secta Diabólica . The events of the angle were used to hype an eventual feud between López and Cosme 's characters that took place in December 2006 . In the angle , Cosme won the first encounter between the two with help of his stable . The angle culminated in a Casket match between the two characters . Cibernético was booked to win the match and subsequently " kill " his opponent by throwing him into an active volcano . This was used to explain Cosme 's absence when he departed from the company to wrestle in the International Wrestling Association . During this time he also wrestled for Panama Wrestling Crew in Panama and in Ecuador .
Following a month of performing in Puerto Rico , Cosme returned to Asistencia Asesoría y Administración in an annual event entitled Rey de Reyes under a new gimmick , changing his name to El Mesías . From then on , he started to get a bigger push as a main event heel , feuding with Cibernético and his stable " Los Hell Brothers " . During the feud , Cosme was both leader of La Secta del Mesías and member of La Legión Extranjera . Later , Cosme took both the IWC heavyweight championship from Cibernético and the GPCW SUPER @-@ X Monster Title from La Parka in the preliminary rounds of the AAA Mega Championship tournament . As Mesías , he became the first wrestler to win the AAA Mega Championship in AAA 's pay @-@ per @-@ view event Verano de Escandalo after defeating Chessman ( Kevin Citlali Zamora ) by disqualification . On November 29 , 2007 , he successfully defended the company 's championship in a triple threat match at a pay @-@ per @-@ view titled Guerra de Titanes . In March 2008 , he returned to AAA after several months of inactivity . On March 16 , 2008 , Cosme dropped the championship to Cibernético . He was subsecuently involved in an angle with Vampiro , leding to a match at Triplemania XVI , which concluded as a time @-@ limit draw . On October 24 , 2008 , Cosme won the Copa Antonio Peña , defeating six other wrestlers in the process . Joaquín Roldán , was responsible for presenting the relevant trophy . On December 6 , 2008 , at Guerra de Titanes , Cosme won the AAA Heavyweight Championship for a second time , defeating El Zorro ( Jesús Martínez ) . He also made a full técnico ( fan favorite ) turn , asking the fans for forgiveness for what he 's done while in AAA . On March 15 , 2009 at the Rey de Reyes ( 2009 ) After successfully defending the AAA Mega Championship against Chessman , Dr. Wagner , Jr. challenged him directly after the match . On June 13 , 2009 , he was booked to lose the title to Wagner at Triplemania XVII .
The feud continued for several months , until he regained the title on December 11 , 2009 , at the main event of Guerra de Titanes . Cosme 's third reign as AAA Mega Champion ended on March 12 , 2010 , at the 2010 Rey de Reyes event . He was not booked to lose , but Electroshock ( Edgar Luna Pozos ) submitted Mr. Anderson ( Ken Anderson ) , the third wrestler in the match , to win the championship . Afterwards , El Mesías began feuding with invaders from Los Perros del Mal , the group 's leader El Hijo del Perro Aguayo in particular . On August 14 at Verano de Escandalo Aguayo , Damián 666 and L.A. Park defeated El Mesías , Cibernético and La Parka in a six @-@ man tag team match , when Aguayo pinned Mesías after hitting him with a chair . On October 1 at Héroes Inmortales IV El Mesías gained a measure of revenge on Aguayo by defeating him in a singles match . On November 1 El Mesías entered the 2010 Lucha Libre Premier tournament . The first two rounds of the tournament were wrestled in a parejas increibles format , with El Mesías teaming with Electroshock . The two would defeat the teams of Extreme Tiger and L.A. Park and Cibérnetico and Hernandez to make it to the semifinal four – way match , where El Mesías and El Zorro , defeated Electroshock and Dr. Wagner , Jr. to advance to the finals . On November 28 El Mesías defeated El Zorro in the finals of the tournament to win the 2010 Lucha Libre Premier . Afterwards Mesías entered a feud with La Sociedad member L.A. Park , who defeated him on December 5 at Guerra de Titanes , after using a chair on him . On March 18 , 2011 , at Rey de Reyes , El Mesías and Park were both eliminated from the finals of the 2011 Rey de Reyes tournament , after brawling to a double countout . On May 18 , El Mesías challenged , and Park accepted , for the two to end their feud at Triplemanía XIX in a Mask vs. Hair match . On June 18 at TripleManía XIX , Park defeated El Mesías , forcing him to have his head shaved . El Mesías returned to AAA a month later at Verano de Escándalo , saving Dr. Wagner , Jr. from La Sociedad . On October 9 at Héroes Inmortales , El Mesías wrestled TNA performer Sting to a no contest in what was billed as a " dream match " by AAA , following interference from La Sociedad . The match had been put together by AAA Mega Champion Jeff Jarrett in an attempt to stop El Mesías from chasing his title . On December 16 at Guerra de Titanes , El Mesías defeated TNA performers A.J. Styles and Rob Terry in back @-@ to @-@ back matches to become the number one contender to Jarrett 's title . On March 18 , 2012 , at Rey de Reyes , El Mesías defeated Jeff Jarrett to win the AAA Mega Championship for the fourth time . On April 23 , El Mesías underwent surgery on his arm ; as a result , he was sidelined from in @-@ ring action for three months . In storyline , El Hijo del Perro Aguayo was credited with causing the injury . El Mesías returned on July 13 , attacking Aguayo and his Perros del Mal stable . On August 5 at Triplemanía XX , El Mesías successfully defended the AAA Mega Championship against Aguayo . He then went on to lose the title to El Texano , Jr. on December 2 at Guerra de Titanes . On March 17 , 2013 , El Mesías defeated Canek and L.A. Park in the finals to win the 2013 Rey de Reyes tournament . In October , El Mesías came together with two former rivals , Cibernético and El Hijo del Perro Aguayo , to battle the Secta stable , after its members had turned on Cibernético . The partnership was ended on December 8 at Guerra de Titanes , when Aguayo turned rudo , leading to the reformation of La Sociedad . On August 17 , 2014 , at Triplemanía XXII , El Mesías won fellow técnico Electroshock 's hair in a six @-@ way steel cage Lucha de Apuestas .
On March 6 , 2015 , El Mesías turned on Blue Demon Jr. and La Parka , completing his return to the rudo side . Shortly afterwards , he joined La Sociedad .
= = = Wrestling Society X ( 2006 ) = = =
Cosme participated as Banderas in the Wrestling Society X television series ( taped in Los Angeles , California ) , with the gimmick of a disgruntled and kayfabe disfigured man pursuing a feud with Vampiro . The booking of the feud commenced after Banderas threw a fireball at Vampiro 's face , which resulted in MTV pulling the episode from its original airdate , with concerns that viewers would try it at home .
The reason behind the pursuit was explained in the following episode in a promo , where he claimed that Vampiro rigged a casket with explosives during a match , with the explosion resulting in the damage done to his face . On the eighth episode ( which was taped on November 15 , 2006 ) of the series , Banderas won the WSX Championship in his debut match for the promotion . Beforehand , he was involved in a series of brawls with Youth Suicide ( Andre Verdun ) , as well as an allusion to a partnership with 6 @-@ Pac ( Sean Waltman ) .
= = = Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( 2007 – 2008 , 2013 ) = = =
As noted on the " TNA Mobile " service , Cosme signed a contract with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . Cosme was billed as James Mitchell 's kayfabe son and thus Abyss ' brother . Beginning on July 1 , 2007 , vignettes began to air for this " monster @-@ like " character . His name was eventually billed as Judas Mesias . At No Surrender , he pulled Abyss under the ring by cutting a hole through it with a knife and pulling him underneath . On the September 13 , 2007 episode of Impact ! , during a submission match between Abyss and Kurt Angle in the Six Sides of Steel , Mesias made his official debut , climbing up from underneath the ring and subsequently attacking Abyss . On the September 20 episode of Impact ! , Mesias defeated Eric Young in his debut match in TNA .
On September 21 , 2007 , it was reported that Cosme was suffering from sciatica and that the condition 's treatment required several weeks of rest , followed by physical therapy to recover . This injury was the result of a fall from a ladder during a championship match at AAA 's Verano de Escandalo pay @-@ per @-@ view , which also knocked him out .
Mesias returned on the December 13 , 2007 , episode of Impact ! where he attacked Abyss by strangling him with a piece of barbed wire , which he also used to cut his forehead open . He then repeatedly hit Abyss in the head with a chair . He finished his assault by delivering his finisher , Straight to Hell to Abyss on the same chair . In his TNA pay @-@ per @-@ view debut , Mesias defeated Abyss at Final Resolution after hitting Abyss with his finisher onto a barbed wire steel chair . This feud continued at Against All Odds , organized on February 10 , 2008 . In this event he competed in a stipulation match called " Barbed Wire Massacre " , where the ring was surrounded by barbed wire , which Abyss won by using his finisher , the Black Hole Slam . In March , Cosme was released from his contract with the company .
On March 18 , 2013 , Cosme made a one night return to TNA to take part in the tapings of the TNA World Cup of Wrestling One Night Only pay @-@ per @-@ view . Working as Messias , he represented Team International in a singles match , where he was defeated by Team United States ' James Storm . At the tapings of the following day 's Hardcore Justice 2 pay @-@ per @-@ view , Mesias , once again managed by James Mitchell , was defeated by Joseph Park in a Monster 's Ball match .
= = = World Wrestling Council ( 2009 – 2012 ) = = =
An agreement between Cosme and the World Wrestling Council was first rumored on November 26 , 2009 . The promotion made the official announcement two days later , including highlights of his career in a compilation video displayed during a special event titled Crossfire . His debut was scheduled for January 16 , 2010 , being booked as Ricky Banderas in a contest against Carly Colón . Ray González was subsequently included , winning a three @-@ way @-@ contest where the WWC 's first winner of the " Wrestler of the Decade Cup " was to be decided . The following week , both were booked in a rematch , with Banderas winning the cup . On July 11 , 2010 , Banderas was booked to act as special referee at Aniversario 2010 , but was subsequently included in a stipulation match against Colón . His character made a heel turn in this event , attacking both Colón and Hugo Savinovich . On January 8 , 2011 , Banderas defeated Colón , with help from an interfering Shane Sewell , to win the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship for the first time . Cosme was stripped of the title upon returning to the IWA , headlining an angle that revisited the promotion 's first decade . His sole match took place on April 2 , 2011 , where he defeated González , who had since returned to his masked " Rey Fénix " persona , in the main event of the evening . Following this match Cosme 's involvement in the IWA concluded , remaining inactive in Puerto Rico until January 7 , 2012 , when he reappeared in WWC programming asking for an opportunity to challenge Carly Colón for the Universal Heavyweight Championship . The challenge was accepted and took place at Euphoria 2012 , but was inconclusive after Savio Vega interrupted by distrating Colón , which drained what was left of the preestablished time .
= = = Lucha Underground ( 2014 – present ) = = =
In September 2014 , Cosme began working for Lucha Underground under a mask and the ring name Mil Muertes . In storyline , Muertes ' real name was Pasqual Mendoza , whose entire family died in an earthquake in Mexico City , when he was seven years old . He debuted on the episode , which aired on November 6 , 2014 , accompanied by Catrina as his valet . He was then involved in a major rivalry with Fénix ( punctuated by Catrina 's turning on him and aligning herself with Fénix ) , which concluded when Fénix defeated him in a " Grave Consequences " casket match that aired on March 18 , 2015 . After being " resurrected " by Catrina , Muertes returned and on April 19 , 2015 , at Ultima Lucha , Lucha Underground 's season one finale , defeated Prince Puma to win the Lucha Underground Championship .
During the season two premiere on January 27 , 2016 , Muertes successfully defended the Lucha Underground Championship against Ivelisse .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Mil Muertes
Flatliner ( Reverse STO )
Dagger in the Heart / The Reaper 's Trident ( Spear )
As Ricky Banderas
Double leg slam
Frog splash
La Patriota ( Sharpshooter )
As El Mesías / Judas Mesias
Jumping reverse STO ( AAA ) / Straight to Hell ( TNA )
Sharpshooter – AAA
Signature moves
Cradle piledriver
Flowing DDT
Powerbomb facebuster
Reverse figure @-@ four leglock
Samoan drop
Superplex
Managers
James Mitchell
Catrina
Entrance themes
" Carmina Burana " by Carl Orff
" Seek & Destroy " by Metallica
" Birth of Venus Illegitima " by Therion
" Ave Vampire " by Dale Oliver ( TNA )
" Lux Æterna " by Kronos Quartet
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración
AAA Mega Championship ( 4 times )
AAA Trident Championship ( 1 time )
GPCW Super @-@ X Monster Championship ( 1 time )
IWC World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Copa Antonio Peña ( 2008 )
Lucha Libre Premier ( 2010 )
Rey de Reyes ( 2013 )
Victoria Cup ( 2016 ) – with Apolo and Rockstar Spud
International Wrestling Association
IWA World Heavyweight Championship ( 6 times )
IWA Intercontinental Championship ( 3 times )
IWA World Tag Team Championship ( 6 times ) – with Gran Apolo ( 3 ) , Miguel Perez , Jr . , Huracan Castillo , Fidel Sierra , Pain ( 1 ) , Glamour Boy Shane ( 1 ) and Cruzz ( 1 )
IWA Hardcore Championship ( 10 times )
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him # 26 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2008 and 2015
Lucha Underground
Lucha Underground Championship ( 1 time )
World Wrestling Council
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time )
Copa Luchador de la Década ( 2010 )
Wrestling Society X
WSX Championship ( 1 time )
= = = Luchas de Apuestas record = = =
= Elmwood ( Cambridge , Massachusetts ) =
Elmwood , also known as the Oliver @-@ Gerry @-@ Lowell House , is a historic house and centerpiece of a National Historic Landmark District in Cambridge , Massachusetts . It is known for several prominent former residents , including : Thomas Oliver ( 1734 – 1815 ) , royal Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts ; Elbridge Gerry ( 1744 – 1814 ) , signer of the US Declaration of Independence , Vice President of the United States and eponym of the term " gerrymandering " ; and James Russell Lowell ( 1819 – 1891 ) , noted American writer , poet , and foreign diplomat .
The house , originally on a 100 @-@ acre estate , was built in the Georgian style about 1767 by Thomas Oliver , scion of a wealthy merchant family in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Abandoned by the Loyalist Oliver at the outset of the American Revolutionary War , the property was confiscated by the state of Massachusetts . It was purchased by Elbridge Gerry , who used it as his family residence until his death in 1814 . The house was sold by his heirs to the Lowell family , and was the birthplace and residence of James Russell Lowell for most of his life . During Lowell 's ownership significant portions of the original estate were sold off , and his heirs sold the house to Arthur Kingsley Porter , a Harvard University professor . He bequeathed the property to the university , which now uses it as the official residence of its President .
Architecturally the house has retained most of its Georgian character , and has had only modest exterior additions and modifications . Although it was decorated in a Victorian style by the Lowells , Harvard restored the interior to a more traditional Georgian style
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Street . The house has been the official residence of Harvard presidents since . It still houses portions of the Lowell library .
The Harvard @-@ owned property and the adjacent state @-@ owned Lowell Park were declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1966 . Lowell Park was established in 1899 as a memorial to James Russell Lowell . It was paid for in part by private subscription and also with some public funds , and donated to the state in 1898 . It was at first administered by the Metropolitan District Commission as part of the Charles River Reservation ; the MDC 's successor , the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation , is now responsible for the park .
= = Architecture = =
Although parts of Elmwood 's interior have been altered , its exterior has not changed greatly over the years . It is a large , square , clapboarded structure in Georgian style with brick @-@ lined walls and two chimneys . The floor plans on each floor are the same : two rooms on either side of a central hall housing a staircase . The windows on the first and second floors have decorative cornices , and a 19th @-@ century balustrade surrounds the roof . The exterior entranceway is flanked by Tuscan pilasters supporting a classic entablature decorated with a frieze . Above the entablature is a large window with Ionic pilasters on either side , topped by a triangular pediment .
The building has had some modifications and additions , made principally during the Lowell ownership period . Additions housing more modern services and a library were added to the west side of the house , and first @-@ floor windows in the front parlor and dining room were replaced with French doors . A one @-@ story porch with balustraded roof deck was added on the north side of the house , and a terrace was installed on the south side . The Lowells decorated the house in a Victorian style ; Harvard restored the building interior to an 18th @-@ century style when it took over the property .
= Worst Episode Ever =
" Worst Episode Ever " is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons ' twelfth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 4 , 2001 . In the episode , Bart and Milhouse are banned from The Android 's Dungeon after stopping Comic Book Guy from buying a box of priceless Star Wars memorabilia for $ 5 . However , when Comic Book Guy suffers a massive heart attack after Tom Savini 's show , he hires Bart and Milhouse as his replacements while he leaves his job to make friends .
" Worst Episode Ever " was written by Larry Doyle and directed by Matthew Nastuk . The series ' staff found it hard to make Comic Book Guy seem likable , since he is usually portrayed as sarcastic and unfriendly . The episode features actor and makeup artist Tom Savini as himself . In its original broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately 10 million viewers , finishing in 27th place in the ratings the week it aired . Since its broadcast , the episode received positive reviews from critics , and Hank Azaria won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance for his performance as Comic Book Guy in the episode .
= = Plot = =
Bart and Milhouse go out to spend $ 50 that Bart won when he bet Homer that he could not eat a spoonful of rotten baking soda that Lisa dug out of the back of the refrigerator . But they get into trouble at the The Android 's Dungeon when , after talking Martin Prince 's mom out of selling Martin 's rare and invaluable Star Wars items to Comic Book Guy for only five dollars , they are banned for life from Comic Book Guy 's store .
When they hear that special effects artist Tom Savini is to appear at The Android 's Dungeon , they plot to sneak in , but are rebuked at the door . During the interview , Savini repeatedly plays tricks on Comic Book Guy , which causes him to get irate , and as he rages at Savini and everyone else in the comic book store , he suffers a heart attack . Dr. Hibbert tells Comic Book Guy that he needs to take a break from running the store and to leave it in the care of friends . Since he actually doesn 't have any friends , Comic Book Guy leaves the store in Bart and Milhouse 's care . The store becomes wildly successful under the management of the two boys , only to lose much of its newfound prosperity after Milhouse goes overboard in ordering a shipment of two thousand comics depicting " Biclops " , a superhero with thick glasses , which flops spectacularly .
After arguing , the boys unintentionally discover a secret stash of illegal video clips . Bart and Milhouse charge admission for viewing such clips as a " good version " of The Godfather Part III , a clip of Mr. Rogers drunkenly yelling at the director of his show , a secret government plan to use Springfield as a testing zone for nuclear missiles , and Ned Flanders ' alerting the police that Homer released a radioactive ape in his house . The scheme works until Chief Wiggum conducts a raid on the store . Despite this , the boys manage to keep the profits from their time managing the store . Meanwhile , Homer has been helping a recovering Comic Book Guy look for a friend , but his attempts fail until he meets Agnes Skinner . Comic Book Guy and Agnes become romantically involved . However one night while they are kissing in bed , Chief Wiggum charges Comic Book Guy for his pirated videotapes . Bart and Milhouse , freed from running the Android 's Dungeon , decide that they had fun , but it was time to go back to school . The episode ends with a radioactive ape ordering Ned around .
= = Production = =
" Worst Episode Ever " was written by Larry Doyle and directed by Matthew Nastuk . It was first broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on February 4 , 2001 . The episode was originally called " The Fiver " , a reference to a scene in the episode that was eventually removed . The episode title was then changed to " Worst Episode Ever " , a title which the staff were amused by . According to Doyle , " Worst Episode Ever " is the first episode in which Comic Book Guy has a major role . Because Comic Book Guy is usually sarcastic and unfriendly , the series ' staff found it hard to make the character seem likable . For example , Hank Azaria , who plays Comic Book Guy among other characters in the series , had a difficult time trying to make the character sound sincere . " Comic Book Guy only ever pronounces things sarcastically " , Azaria said in the DVD commentary for the episode . " It was hard to find a way to sound believable and have him say sincere things . It took a lot of different takes . " Executive producer and former showrunner Mike Scully said , " It 's tough when you take a character like Comic Book Guy or Krusty or Moe , to make them suddenly sympathetic and vulnerable . You have to cheat the character a little bit to open them up emotionally a little more . "
In a scene in the episode , Ralph is seen entering the adult section of The Android 's Dungeon . When he is off screen , Ralph can be heard saying " Everybody 's hugging " . In the DVD commentary for the episode , Azaria stated that the line is one of his favorite jokes in the series . Originally , Ralph 's line would be " She 's hungry " , but it was eventually removed from the episode . The episode features American actor and makeup artist Tom Savini as himself . Savini accepted the role because he is friends with Dana Gould , a former staff writer on The Simpsons . In the DVD commentary for the episode , Doyle said that Savini was " really fun " when he visited to record his lines . In a scene in the episode , a crow is seen tearing apart an issue of " Biclops " . The voice of the crow was recorded from a real crow , even though the staff usually use main cast members Dan Castellaneta and Nancy Cartwright to imitate animal noises . The general officer in the government film called " Secret Nuclear Defense Plan " was voiced by Azaria .
= = Cultural references = =
In order to demonstrate the durability of Radioactive Man # 1000 , Comic Book Guy pours soda on it , which bounces off and instead damages a batch of " lesser " comics . On top of the batch is an issue of Bongo Comics , a comic book written by Matt Groening , creator of The Simpsons . The comedian Gallagher is shown doing his routine with a watermelon during a flashback . While in The Android 's Dungeon , Nelson examines a comic book called The Death of Sad Sack , a reference to both the American comic strip The Sad Sack and the " Death of Superman " story arc . When Homer and Comic Book Guy enter Moe 's Tavern , Moe says " Get out and take your Sacagawea dollars with you " to one of his customers . A Sacagawea dollar is a United States dollar coin which has been minted since 2000 . After he is thrown out of Moe 's Tavern , Comic Book Guy says the word " loneliness " in Klingon , a language used by the fictional Klingons in the Star Trek universe . While arguing with Agnes , Comic Book Guy says " Now I know what ever happened to Baby Jane . " The line is a reference to the 1960 suspense novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane ? . Martin 's mother tries to sell Comic Book Guy several items relating to the Star Wars film series including Carrie Fisher 's " anti @-@ jiggle breast tape " , George Lucas ' handwritten original script of Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope and a film of a supposed alternate ending for the series where it is revealed that " Luke 's father is Chewbacca . "
A representative of " Plan Nine Comics " sells two thousand issues of Biclops to Milhouse . This is a reference to Plan 9 from Outer Space , widely considered one of the worst films ever made .
While fighting Milhouse , Bart picks up a robotic toy which unfolds into an axe . Milhouse picks up a similar toy , but it instead unfolds into a watering can . The toys are based on the franchise Transformers . While fighting , Milhouse and Bart fall through a poster that hides a room in The Android 's Dungeon . While the poster depicts American actress Rita Hayworth as the Marvel Comics superheroine She @-@ Hulk , the scene is a reference to the 1994 drama film The Shawshank Redemption , in which the main character escapes a prison by digging a tunnel in his wall behind a poster . One of the tapes that Bart and Milhouse watch shows Fred Rogers intoxicated . Executive producer and current showrunner Al Jean later met Rogers ' wife at a hall of fame , and said that he was " really embarrassed " when he found out that she had seen the episode .
During Homer 's antacid trip after eating the baking soda , the quotes that play out are Johnnie Cochran 's closing argument of " If it doesn 't fit , then you must acquit " during the O.J. Simpson murder trial , part of Richard Nixon 's 1974 resignation speech from the Oval Office following the Watergate scandal with the quote " Therefore I shall resign the presidency ... " , and Neil Armstrong 's " That 's one small step for man ; one giant leap for mankind " during the 1969 Apollo 11 moon walk .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast on February 4 , 2001 , " Worst Episode Ever " received a 9 @.@ 8 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 10 million viewers . The episode finished in 27th place in the ratings for the week of January 29 @-@ February 4 , 2001 . Later that year , Azaria won the 53rd Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance for his role as Comic Book Guy in the episode . When participating in the ceremony , the actors are only allowed to submit one episode each , and that year , Azaria stated that " Worst Episode Ever " was an " obvious " choice for him . It was not the first time Azaria won the award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance ; in 1998 , he won it for his portrayal of Apu Nahasapeemapetilon in the series . On August 18 , 2009 , the episode was released as part of a DVD set called The Simpsons : The Complete Twelfth Season . Mike Scully , Al Jean , Tom Gammill , Max Pross , Matt Selman , Hank Azaria , Larry Doyle and Chris Kirkpatrick participated in the audio commentary for the episode .
Following its broadcast , " Worst Episode Ever " received mostly positive reviews from critics . Casey Burchby of DVD Talk enjoyed the episode and wrote that it has some " great stuff " in it , including the comic book " Biclops " that Milhouse over @-@ orders . Jason Bailey , another reviewer for DVD talk , applauded the writers for making an episode around a supporting character , and wrote that it is " far from [ the series ' worst episode ] " . Cindy White of IGN described the episode as a " classic " , and in 2006 , Kimberley Potts of AOL put the episode in twelfth place in a list of the series ' 20 best episodes . The episode was also well received by the series ' staff ; in the introduction of The Simpsons Beyond Forever ! : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ... Still Continued , Matt Groening wrote that he particularly enjoyed the episode and that it had a " very special story " . In the DVD commentary for the episode , Doyle said that Milhouse 's line " I 'm a human boy , just like you " is the best line he has ever written . On the other hand , Mac MacEntire of DVD Verdict gave the episode a mixed review . Although he praised the episode 's premise , he argued that the episode was " ill @-@ balanced " and that the subplot took up too much time in the episode . DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson criticized the writers for making an episode based around a supporting character , and argued that Comic Book Guy was not featured enough in the episode . " ' Ever ' spends at least as much time with Bart and Milhouse as it does with CBG and Agnes " , he wrote . He concluded that , aside from having a few " good moments " , the episode is overall " pretty meh " .
= Vida ( Ricky Martin song ) =
" Vida " ( English : " Life " ) is a song recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin for the One Love , One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album ( 2014 ) . It was written by Martin , Salaam Remi , Elijah King , Afo Verde , Roxana Amed and produced by Remi . The song was chosen in a musical contest organized by FIFA and Sony Music which King won , and it was subsequently arranged for Martin to record the track . It was digitally released as the second single from the compilation album on April 22 , 2014 . " Vida " is a Latin pop song that features guitar , ukulele , percussion , horn and " exotic sounds with a Caribbean feel " .
The song received generally positive reviews from music critics who praised the liveliness of the track and noted the consistency with other songs performed by Martin . It peaked at number five on the US Hot Latin Songs and became Martin 's 23rd top @-@ ten single on the chart . An accompanying music video , directed by Kátia Lund and Lívia Gama of Bossa Nova Films , was shot in Rio de Janeiro . It features Martin singing and dancing on the beach accompanied by around 100 other people . Martin performed the song on several occasions including at the 2014 Latin Billboard Music Awards and on season eighteen of the Dancing with the Stars US series .
= = Production and release = =
In December 2013 FIFA and Sony Music Entertainment launched a worldwide music contest inviting aspiring musicians and football fans to submit original song proposals . The organizers received over 1600 compositions from musicians and fans originating from 29 countries . In February 2014 it was announced that Elijah King and his track " Vida " had won the contest ; it was chosen by Martin , a judging panel , and by public vote . The song was co @-@ written by Ricky Martin , King and Salaam Remi with additional writing from Afo Verde and Roxana Amed for the Spanish and Portuguese version of the song . It was produced by Remi under his production name Salaamremi.com. Subsequently , the song was set to be recorded by Martin himself and included on the One Love , One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album ( 2014 ) . The singer previously recorded and sang " La Copa de la Vida ( The Cup of Life ) " , which served as the official song of the 1998 FIFA World Cup .
Following the announcement , King traveled to Miami where he worked with Martin and Remi to finish the track . Gleyder " Gee " Disla recorded the song at the Instrument Zoo and Hit Factory Criteria in Miami and Louder than Life Labs in New York City . Enrique Larreal provided the vocal engineering and editing , while David Cabrera served as an additional vocal producer . Disla mixed " Vida " at Instrument Zoo , while Ari Blitz and Larry Ryckman served as the mastering engineers . Martin , King and Domingo Ramos sang the background vocals . Vincent Henry and Dan Warner played the guitar , the latter also provided the ukulele , Hal Riston played the horn and Robert Villahara was responsible for the percussion .
The Spanglish version of the song was released as the second official single from One Love , One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album . On April 22 , 2014 it was digitally launched in Austria , Germany , Switzerland the United Kingdom , and the United States . An extended play consisting of Spanish , Portuguese , and Spanglish versions together with a remix from David Cabrera Bahía was released on May 6 in France and Italy . Additionally , the EP was released in the United Kingdom and the United States among other countries on the same date . Apart of that material , the Spanish extended play release also contains the Predikator Remix , Brian Cross Extended Club Remix and Brian Cross Remix of " Vida " . On June 10 , a Bubu Borgex Remix of " Vida " was released worldwide including in Austria , Germany , Spain , United Kingdom and the United States . The Afrojack remix of the song was launched on July 1 .
= = Controversy = =
On April 25 , 2014 it was announced that Hundred Proof Club , Think Famous Productions , Akela Family and JDK Entertainment were suing Sony Music and King for fraud in the Sony and FIFA 's SuperSong competition . The lawsuit claimed that the competition was rigged and that King , who co @-@ wrote " Vida " was always going to win , cheating the other entrants out of their chance of winning the competition . Although the contest was open to applicants worldwide , King had a contractual agreement and Sony apparently asked King to enter the song " Vida " : Sony allegedly pressured the plaintiffs to release King from his contract so that he would be eligible to win , in return for compensation .
The lawsuit alleges that Sony induced King ’ s release from his publishing contract and refused to pay compensation . The attorney Alicia Roman told The Huffington Post , " [ We ’ re looking to ] annul the release due to the fraud they committed . When it ’ s annulled , all of the rights to Elijah ’ s songs are returned to my client , particularly the song ' Vida ' that Ricky Martin sang . " Martin has not made any comment on the lawsuit . Additionally , Luis Adrian Cortes Ramos , a finalist from the first season of Idol Puerto Rico filled a $ 10 million lawsuit towards Martin . He sued the singer for releasing " Vida " despite claims that he submitted his version of the track as part of SuperSong contest , a version that was never recognized . Ramos ' lawyer released a statement saying " Ramos was surprised , disillusioned and suffered mental anguish because the song was almost identical to the one he composed . Until that moment , Martin was an idol for Ramos . " However , Martin 's representative never commented on the lawsuit .
= = Composition = =
" Vida " is a Latin pop song that lasts for three minutes and twenty @-@ five seconds . It features guitar , ukulele , percussion , guitar and " exotic sounds , with a Caribbean feel " . Carolina Moreno of The Huffington Post described the song as upbeat and energetic . Lyrically , the single is about the ability of the football tournament to bring people from different parts of the world together to celebrate and enjoy ' the good life ' .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical = = =
Melissa Redman of Renowned for Sound gave the song three and half stars out of five and wrote that " the track is everything you would expect from Ricky Martin and a single for a global sports event . " She also stated that although the song is not " groundbreaking " it is " a lively and exuberant track that people are bound to bop away to " . Redman concluded that it is better than Pitbull 's " We Are One ( Ole Ola ) " , which serves as the official song of the tournament . Mike Wass of website Idolator wrote , " there 's something to be said for consistency and Ricky sure knows how to knock out a summery smash with generic Spanglish lyrics that probably sound pretty inspiring after a couple of Coronas . " " Vida " received nomination for a Start @-@ Party song at the 2014 Premios Tu Mundo held on August 21 , 2014 .
= = = Commercial = = =
Following Martin 's performance of the song at the 2014 Latin Billboard Music Awards " Vida " entered at number four on the US Latin Digital Songs chart after selling 6000 copies in its first week . Subsequently , the single debuted at number 10 on the US Hot Latin Songs ; it became Martin 's 23rd top 10 single on the chart . It peaked at number five on the latter chart . It was more successful on the US Latin Pop Songs chart where it peaked at number four . " Vida " debuted at number 20 on the Spanish Singles Chart . In its fourth week the single reached its peak of number five . Additionally , it peaked at number 12 in the Dominican Republic and number 16 in Mexico , a pop charts part of Monitor Latino . It was less successful in Australia and South Korea where it peaked at number 75 and 146 respectively .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Vida " was filmed in Rio de Janeiro and was directed by Kátia Lund and Lívia Gama of Bossa Nova Films . According to Lund , " The lyrics and the emotion that are reflected in the video for " Vida " inspire a celebration of life , in a way that is pure and simple : the sun , coming together and the energy . " She said that the visual is about life in which differences are celebrated and appreciated easily and with happiness and claimed that was the reason Martin " just wanted it to be natural " and to differ from what he had done before with choreography , big sets and directed scenes . Martin also commented the shooting process , " It 's an incredible feeling to have had the opportunity to participate in a global initiative like SuperSong . I 'm very excited to finally be able to sing ' Vida ' and share this special song with the world . " On April 21 , Martin released a teaser from the video on his official social networks , while the full video premiered on his Vevo channel on YouTube the next day . It features the singer relaxing in shorts and a tank @-@ top while he sings on the beaches of Rio de Janeiro . The video also contains around 100 extras including kids , samba dancers , models and others intended to represent the diversity of the Brazilian nation . Wass of Idolator praised the video , writing that Martin " looks great " in it and mentioned the Brazilian scenery was " pretty awesome " .
= = Live performances = =
Martin performed " Vida " for first time at the 2014 Chinese Music Awards on April 23 , 2014 where he also sang his 2013 single " Come with Me " . He performed the song again on April 24 at the 2014 Billboard Latin Music Awards . A writer from Billboard described it as a " vibrant , colorful performance " . On April 28 , the singer performed " Vida " on a season eighteen episode of the American dance show competition Dancing with the Stars ; he was accompanied by the show 's Pro Dancers . Martin performed the single on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on May 2 while three days later , on May 5 , he performed the song on The Queen Latifah Show . He also performed the song on May 18 , at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards . On November 14 it was part of Martin 's performance at the opening ceremony of the 22nd Central American and Caribbean Games .
= = Formats and track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Recorded at Instrument Zoo , Hit Factory Criteria ( Miami ) ; Louder than Life Labs ( New York City ) ; Sony Music Studios ( Sydney )
Mixed at Instrument Zoo
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of One Love , One Rhythm – The 2014 FIFA World Cup Official Album , RCA Records .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Tom Hawkins ( footballer ) =
Thomas Jack Hawkins ( born 21 July 1988 ) is an Australian rules footballer for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . The eldest son of former Geelong champion Jack Hawkins , he was drafted by Geelong under the father @-@ son draft rule and wears the number 26 jumper . He plays as a center half @-@ forward or a full @-@ forward .
= = Early life = =
Hawkins was born in Finley , New South Wales to Jack and Jenny Hawkins . He grew up in the New South Wales region of Finley as the middle child among three other siblings . He attended Finley High School and played for the Finley Football Club before making the move south of the border to begin boarding at Melbourne Grammar School . Hawkins ' footballing ability was recognised early on when he was selected to play 1st XVIII football for the school whilst still in Year 10 , when many of his teammates were completing their final year of schooling at Year 12 . Hawkins kicked four goals on debut for the school and his performances up forward soon received attention from AFL recruiting teams . By the time he had reached his final school year he was rewarded with joint captaincy of the football team alongside Hawthorn draftee Xavier Ellis . He was also selected in the Associated Public Schools ( APS ) team to play the Associated Grammar School ( AGS ) selected football team in the traditional annual clash of schools , where he won best on ground honours for his performance .
Having gained permission to join local U / 18 club the Sandringham Dragons for numerous games during the season , Hawkins impressed in his limited appearances within the elite TAC Cup competition , highlighted by a 22 disposal , 9 mark , and 5 goal effort in just his third game . In 2006 , he was awarded an AIS / AFL Academy Scholarship as part of the 9th intake . The scholarship , awarded to outstanding young athletes entering the last year of their junior football development , saw Hawkins participate in several training camps , capped off with representation for Australia in the U / 18 International Rules Series , before completing his summer training with the Geelong Football Club .
In the mid @-@ year of 2006 , Hawkins was selected to play in the 2006 Under 18 's National Championships , lining up at full forward for Vic Metro . A best on ground performance which yielded 12 marks and 6 goals in the opening match against South Australia began a wave of unprecedented hype and attention , with Hawkins drawing comparisons to Brisbane Lion Jonathan Brown and leading Vic Metro coach David Dickson to declare the young forward as " the best footballer I 've seen ... since Chris Judd " . Hawkins was awarded the Larke Medal as the MVP within Division 1 and named as the tournament 's All @-@ Australian full @-@ forward , just falling short of the all @-@ time contested marking record held by Justin Koschitzke .
Hawkins has established a reputation as one of the brightest young key forward prospects in the game , where his man @-@ boy physique and unusual combination of size , strength , and footballing ability have impressed many . Former Carlton coach Dennis Pagan was famously moved to compare him to legendary Swans full @-@ forward Tony Lockett after his debut game .
= = AFL career = =
Hawkins was officially selected by Geelong in the 2006 AFL Draft under the father @-@ son rule . Whilst many pundits lauded him as the best key position prospect within the draft , and felt Hawkins ' junior performances warranted possible selection with the top overall pick , the father @-@ son rules at the time only required the Cats to use a middle @-@ tier 3rd round pick to draft him . The subsequent controversy over what was widely acknowledged as a bargain gain for the Cats led to the AFL amending the father @-@ son ruling for future use .
With a reputation as one of the finest young tall forwards in the land , Hawkins was immediately billed as the successor to the legendary Gary Ablett , whose retirement 10 years earlier had left a gaping hole in the Cats ' forward line . A stress reaction injury to his right leg , however , halted Hawkins ' pre @-@ season , forcing his much @-@ awaited debut in Geelong colours to take place in the VFL side .
Hawkins made his highly anticipated debut for the Geelong seniors in Round 2 of the 2007 season against Carlton . Opposed to Carlton Captain Lance Whitnall , Hawkins impressed with 3 goals and several strong marks in the Cats ' 78 @-@ point victory , prompting Carlton coach Denis Pagan to label him the next Tony Lockett . Other revered media figures , such as Gerard Healy and David Parkin , were moved enough to describe the debut as the best first @-@ up performance in recent memory . Uncommonly for AFL debutants , he followed up with an even more impressive performance in his second game , kicking 4 first half goals to help set up a victory against Melbourne at the MCG , earning the AFL Rising Star nomination for Round 3 in the process .
Question marks , however , were raised over his fitness and ability to run out entire games , and after 9 games in his debut season , which saw him boot 12 goals , Hawkins saw out the rest of the year with the clubs
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arch Nicholas Mystikos and Romanos ' co @-@ emperor Constantine VII to propose peace negotiations . However , his intention was to prolong the negotiations until the return of his envoys to the Fatimids . While Simeon I and Nicholas Mystikos exchanged letters the military actions continued . In a few weeks the Bulgarian army captured Adrianople , the most important city in Byzantine Thrace . The fall of Adrianople raised fears in Constantinople that a Bulgarian assault of the city was imminent . The Byzantines tried to intimidate Simeon I by threatening to incite the Magyars , the Pechenegs and Kievan Rus ' to attack Bulgaria from the north @-@ east , as they had done in the war of 894 – 896 . Simeon I knew that these were empty words because the Byzantine Empire was in no position to carry out these threats .
In the meantime , the Bulgarian envoys received a warm welcome by al @-@ Mahdi . The Fatimid caliph accepted the Bulgarian terms and sent his own emissaries to Simeon I. However , on the way back their ship was captured by the Byzantines , who managed to outbid the Bulgarians and distract a Fatimid attack . The Bulgarians remained in control of most of the Balkans , annexing Byzantium 's ally Serbia in 924 , but without naval support were unable to launch a decisive attack on Constantinople . The war continued until the death of Simeon I in 927 , when his son Peter I ( r . 927 – 969 ) concluded a peace treaty with the Byzantines , who recognized the imperial title of the Bulgarian monarchs and the complete independence of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church as an autocephalous Patriarchate in return for most of Simeon I 's conquests in Thrace after 917 .
= Flag of Canada =
The flag of Canada , often referred to as the Canadian flag , or unofficially as the Maple Leaf and l 'Unifolié ( French for " the one @-@ leafed " ) , is a national flag consisting of a red field with a white square at its centre in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 , in the middle of which is featured a stylized , red , 11 @-@ pointed maple leaf charged in the centre . It is the first ever specified by law for use as the country 's national flag .
In 1964 , Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson formed a committee to resolve the ongoing issue of the lack of an official Canadian flag , sparking a serious debate about a flag change to replace the Union Flag . Out of three choices , the maple leaf design by George Stanley , based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada , was selected . The flag made its first official appearance on February 15 , 1965 ; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day .
The Canadian Red Ensign had been unofficially used since the 1890s and was approved by a 1945 Order in Council for use " wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag " . Also , the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada . There is no law dictating how the national flag is to be treated . There are , however , conventions and protocols to guide how it is to be displayed and its place in the order of precedence of flags , which gives it primacy over the aforementioned and most other flags .
Many different flags created for use by Canadian officials , government bodies , and military forces contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion , either by having the Canadian flag charged in the canton , or by including maple leaves in the design .
= = Origins and design = =
The flag is horizontally symmetric and therefore the obverse and reverse sides appear identical . The width of the Maple Leaf flag is twice the height . The white field is a Canadian pale ( a square central band in a vertical triband flag , named after this flag ) ; each bordering red field is exactly half its size and it bears a stylized red maple leaf at its centre . The blazon was registered with the Canadian Heraldic Authority on March 15 , 2005 ; outlining the heraldic design as " Gules on a Canadian pale argent a maple leaf of the first " , as outlined in the original royal proclamation .
The maple leaf has been used as a Canadian emblem since the 18th century . It was first used as a national symbol in 1868 when it appeared on the coat of arms of both Ontario and Quebec . In 1867 , Alexander Muir composed the patriotic song " The Maple Leaf Forever " , which became an unofficial anthem in English @-@ speaking Canada . The maple leaf was later added to the Canadian coat of arms in 1921 . From 1876 until 1901 , the leaf appeared on all Canadian coins and remained on the penny after 1901 . The use of the maple leaf by the Royal Canadian Regiment as a regimental symbol extended back to 1860 . During the First World War and Second World War , badges of the Canadian Forces were often based on a maple leaf design . The maple leaf would eventually adorn the tombstones of Canadian military graves .
By proclaiming the Royal Arms of Canada , King George V in 1921 made red and white the official colours of Canada ; the former came from Saint George 's Cross and the latter from the French royal emblem since King Charles VII . These colours became " entrenched " as the national colours of Canada upon the proclamation of the Royal Standard of Canada ( the Canadian monarch 's personal flag ) in 1962 . The Department of Canadian Heritage has listed the various colour shades for printing ink that should be used when reproducing the Canadian flag ; these include :
FIP red : General Printing Ink , No. 0 @-@ 712 ;
Inmont Canada Ltd . , No. 4T51577 ;
Monarch Inks , No. 62539 / 0
Rieger Inks , No. 25564
Sinclair and Valentine , No . RL163929 / 0 .
The number of points on the leaf has no special significance ; the number and arrangement of the points were chosen after wind tunnel tests showed the current design to be the least blurry of the various designs when tested under high wind conditions . The image of the maple leaf used on the flag was designed by Jacques Saint @-@ Cyr ; however , Jack Cook claims that this stylized eleven @-@ point maple leaf was lifted from a copyrighted design owned by a Canadian craft shop in Ottawa . The colours 0 / 100 / 100 / 0 in the CMYK process , PMS 032 ( flag red 100 % ) , or PMS 485 ( used for screens ) in the Pantone colour specifier can be used when reproducing the flag . For the Federal Identity Program , the red tone of the standard flag has an RGB value of 255 – 0 – 0 ( web hexadecimal # FF0000 ) . In 1984 , the National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act was passed to unify the manufacturing standards for flags used in both indoor and outdoor conditions .
= = History = =
= = = Early flags = = =
The first flag known to have flown in Canada was the St George 's Cross carried by John Cabot when he reached Newfoundland in 1497 . In 1534 , Jacques Cartier planted a cross in Gaspé bearing the French royal coat of arms with the fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis . His ship flew a red flag with a white cross , the French naval flag at the time . New France continued to fly the evolving French military flags of that period . As the de jure national flag of the United Kingdom , the Union Flag ( commonly known as the Union Jack and , by law , called the Royal Union Flag in Canada since 1964 ) was used similarly in Canada since the 1621 British settlement in Nova Scotia . Its use continued after Canada 's independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 until the adoption of the current flag in 1965 .
Shortly after Canadian Confederation in 1867 , the need for distinctive Canadian flags emerged . The first Canadian flag was that then used as the flag of the Governor General of Canada , a Union Flag with a shield in the centre bearing the quartered arms of Ontario , Quebec , Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves . In 1870 the Red Ensign , with the addition of the Canadian composite shield in the fly , began to be used unofficially on land and sea and was known as the Canadian Red Ensign . As new provinces joined the Confederation , their arms were added to the shield . In 1892 , the British admiralty approved the use of the Red Ensign for Canadian use at sea . The composite shield was replaced with the coat of arms of Canada upon its grant in 1921 and , in 1924 , an Order in Council approved its use for Canadian government buildings abroad . In 1925 , Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King established a committee to design a flag to be used at home , but it was dissolved before the final report could be delivered . Despite the failure of the committee to solve the issue , public sentiment in the 1920s was in favour of fixing the flag problem for Canada . New designs were proposed in 1927 , 1931 , and 1939 .
During the Second World War , the Red Ensign was the recognized Canadian national flag . A joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons was appointed on November 8 , 1945 , to recommend a national flag to officially adopt . It received 2 @,@ 409 designs from the public and was addressed by the director of the Historical Section of the Canadian Army , Fortescue Duguid , who pointed out red and white were Canada 's official colours and there was already an emblem representing the country : three joined maple leaves seen on the escutcheon of the Canadian coat of arms . By May 9 the following year , the committee reported back with a recommendation " that the national flag of Canada should be the Canadian red ensign with a maple leaf in autumn golden colours in a bordered background of white " . The Legislative Assembly of Quebec , however , had urged the committee to not include any of what it deemed as " foreign symbols " , including the Union Flag , and Mackenzie King , then still prime minister , declined to act on the report , leaving the order to fly the Canadian Red Ensign in place .
= = = Great Flag Debate = = =
By the 1960s , debate for an official Canadian flag intensified and became a subject of controversy , culminating in the Great Flag Debate of 1964 . In 1963 , the minority Liberal government of Lester B. Pearson gained power and decided to adopt an official Canadian flag through parliamentary debate . The principal political proponent of the change was Pearson . He had been a significant broker during the Suez Crisis of 1956 , for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . During the crisis , Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government objected to Canadian peacekeeping forces on the grounds that the Canadian flag ( the Red Ensign ) contained the same symbol ( the Union Flag ) also used as a flag by the United Kingdom , one of the belligerents . Pearson 's goal was for the Canadian flag to be distinctive and unmistakably Canadian . The main opponent to changing the flag was the leader of the opposition and former prime minister , John Diefenbaker , who eventually made the subject a personal crusade .
In 1961 , Leader of the Opposition Lester Pearson asked John Ross Matheson to begin researching what it would take for Canada to have a new flag . Pearson knew the Red Ensign with the Union Jack was unpopular in Quebec , a base of support for his Liberal Party , but the Red Ensign was strongly favoured by English Canada . By April 1963 , Pearson was prime minister in a minority government and risked losing power over the issue . He formed a 15 @-@ member multi @-@ party parliamentary committee in 1963 to select a new design , despite opposition leader Diefenbaker 's demands for a referendum on the issue . On May 27 , 1964 , Pearson 's cabinet introduced a motion to parliament for adoption of his favourite design , presented to him by artist and heraldic advisor Alan Beddoe , of a " sea to sea " ( Canada 's motto ) flag with blue borders and three conjoined red maple leaves on a white field . This motion led to weeks of acrimonious debate in the House of Commons and the design came to be known as the " Pearson Pennant " , derided by the media and viewed as a " concession to Québec " .
= = = Flag today = = =
A new all @-@ party committee was formed in September 1964 , comprising seven Liberals , five Conservatives , one New Democrat , one Social Crediter , and one Créditiste , with Herman Batten as chairman , while John Matheson acted as Pearson 's right @-@ hand man . Among those who gave their opinions to the group were Duguid , expressing the same views as he had in 1945 , insisting on a design using three maple leaves ; Arthur R. M. Lower , stressing the need for a distinctly Canadian emblem ; Marcel Trudel , arguing for symbols of Canada 's founding nations , which did not include the maple leaf ( a thought shared by Diefenbaker ) ; and A. Y. Jackson , providing his own suggested designs . Also considered by a steering committee were approximately 2 @,@ 000 suggestions from the public , in addition to 3 @,@ 900 others , " including those that had accumulated in the Department of the Secretary of State and those from a parliamentary flag committee of 1945 – 1946 " . Through a six @-@ week period of study with political manoeuvring , the committee took a vote on the two finalists : the Pearson Pennant ( Beddoe 's design ) and the current design . Believing the Liberal members would vote for the Prime Minister 's preference , the Conservatives voted for the single leaf design . The Liberals , though , all voted for the same , giving a unanimous , 14 to 0 vote for the option created by George Stanley and inspired by the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada ( RMC ) in Kingston , Ontario .
There , near the parade square , in March 1964 , while viewing the college flag atop the Mackenzie Building , Stanley , then RMC 's Dean of Arts , first suggested to Matheson , then Member of Parliament for Leeds , that the RMC flag should form the basis of the national flag . The suggestion was followed by Stanley 's memorandum of March 23 , 1964 , on the history of Canada 's emblems , in which he warned that any new flag " must avoid the use of national or racial symbols that are of a divisive nature " and that it would be " clearly inadvisable " to create a flag that carried either the Union Jack or a fleur @-@ de @-@ lis . According to Matheson , Pearson 's one " paramount and desperate objective " in introducing the new flag was to keep Quebec in the Canadian union . It was Dr. Stanley 's idea that the new flag should be red and white and that it should feature the single maple leaf ; his memorandum included the first sketch of what would become the flag of Canada . Stanley and Matheson collaborated on a design that was ultimately , after six months of debate and 308 speeches , passed by a majority vote in the House of Commons on December 15 , 1964 . Just after this , at 2 : 00 am , Matheson wrote to Stanley : " Your proposed flag has just now been approved by the Commons 163 to 78 . Congratulations . I believe it is an excellent flag that will serve Canada well . " The Senate added its approval two days later .
Elizabeth II , Queen of Canada , proclaimed the new flag on January 28 , 1965 , and it was inaugurated on February 15 of the same year at an official ceremony held on Parliament Hill in Ottawa , in the presence of Governor General Major @-@ General Georges Vanier , the Prime Minister , other members of the Cabinet , and Canadian parliamentarians . The Red Ensign was lowered at the stroke of noon and the new maple leaf flag was raised . The crowd sang " O Canada " followed by " God Save the Queen " . Of the flag , Vanier said " [ it ] will symbolize to each of us — and to the world — the unity of purpose and high resolve to which destiny beckons us . " Maurice Bourget , Speaker of the Senate , said : " The flag is the symbol of the nation 's unity , for it , beyond any doubt , represents all the citizens of Canada without distinction of race , language , belief , or opinion . " Yet there was still opposition to the change , and Stanley 's life was even threatened for having " assassinated the flag " . In spite of this , Stanley attended the flag raising ceremony .
At the time of the 50th anniversary of the flag , the government — held by the Conservative Party — was criticized for the lack of official ceremony dedicated to the date ; accusations of partisanship were levelled . Minister of Canadian Heritage Shelly Glover denied the charges and others , including Liberal Members of Parliament , pointed to community events taking place around the country . Governor General David Johnston did , though , preside at an official ceremony at Confederation Park in Ottawa , integrated with Winterlude . He said " [ t ] he National Flag of Canada is so embedded in our national life and so emblematic of our national purpose that we simply cannot imagine our country without it . " Queen Elizabeth II stated : " On this , the 50th anniversary of the National Flag of Canada , I am pleased to join with all Canadians in the celebration of this unique and cherished symbol of our country and identity . " A commemorative stamp and coin were issued by Canada Post and the Royal Canadian Mint , respectively .
= = = Flags used in Canada from 1497 to the present = = =
= = Proclamation = =
After the resolutions proposing a new national flag for Canada were passed by the two houses of parliament , a proclamation was drawn up for signature by the Canadian queen . This was created in the form of an illuminated document on vellum , with calligraphy by Yvonne Diceman and heraldic illustrations . The text was rendered in black ink , using a quill , while the heraldic elements were painted in gouache with gilt highlights . The Great Seal of Canada was applied in wax over a silk ribbon .
This parchment was signed discreetly by the calligrapher , but was made official by the autographs of Queen Elizabeth II , Prime Minister Lester Pearson , and Attorney General Guy Favreau . In order to obtain these signatures , the document was flown to the United Kingdom ( for the Queen 's royal sign @-@ manual ) and to the Caribbean ( for the signature of Favreau , who was on vacation ) . This transport to different climates , combined with the quality of the materials with which the proclamation was created , and the subsequent storage and repair methods ( including the use of Scotch Tape ) contributed to the deterioration of the document : The gouache was flaking off , leaving gaps in the heraldic designs , most conspicuously on the red maple leaf of the flag design in the centre of the sheet , and the adhesive from the tape had left stains . A desire to have the proclamation as part of a display at the Canadian Museum of Civilization marking the flag 's 25th anniversary led to its restoration in 1989 . The proclamation is today stored in a temperature and humidity controlled , plexiglass case , so as to prevent the velum from changing dimensionally .
= = Alternative flags = =
As a symbol of the nation 's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations , the Royal Union Flag is an official Canadian flag and is flown on certain occasions . Regulations require federal installations to fly the Royal Union Flag beside the national flag when physically possible , using a second flagpole , on the following days : Commonwealth Day ( the second Monday in March ) , Victoria Day ( the same date as the Canadian sovereign 's official birthday ) , and the anniversary of the Statute of Westminster ( December 11 ) . The Royal Union Flag can also be flown at the National War Memorial or at other locations during ceremonies that honour Canadian involvement with forces of other Commonwealth nations during times of war . The national flag always precedes the Royal Union Flag , with the former occupying the place of honour . The Royal Union Flag is also part of the provincial flags of Ontario and Manitoba , forming the canton of these flags ; a stylized version is used on the flag of British Columbia and the flag of Newfoundland and Labrador . Several of the provincial lieutenant governors formerly used a modified union flag as their personal standard , but the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia is the only one who retains this design . The Royal Union Flag and Red Ensign are still flown in Canada by veterans ' groups and others who continue to stress the importance of Canada 's British heritage and the Commonwealth connection .
The Red Ensign is occasionally still used as well , including official use at some ceremonies . It was flown at the commemorations of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 2007 . This decision elicited criticism from those who believe it should not be given equal status to the Canadian flag and received praise from people who believe that it is important to retain the ties to Canada 's past .
In Quebec , the provincial flag ( a white cross on a field of blue with four fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis ) can be considered a national flag along with the Maple Leaf flag , as is the Acadian flag in the Acadian regions of the Maritime provinces , and the flags of the Iroquois Nation , the Metis Nation and other groups .
= = Protocol = =
No law dictates the proper use of the Canadian flag . However , Canadian Heritage has released guidelines on how to correctly display the flag alone and with other flags . The guidelines deal with the order of precedence in which the Canadian flag is placed , where the flag can be used , how it is used , and what people should do to honour the flag . The suggestions , titled Flag Etiquette in Canada , were published by Canadian Heritage in book and online formats and last updated in August 2011 . The flag itself can be displayed on any day at buildings operated by the Government of Canada , airports , military bases , and diplomatic offices , as well as by citizens , during any time of the day . When flying the flag , it must be flown using its own pole and must not be inferior to other flags , save for , in descending order , the Queen 's standard , the governor general 's standard , any of the personal standards of members of the Canadian Royal Family , or flags of the lieutenant governors . The Canadian flag is flown at half @-@ mast in Canada to indicate a period of mourning . Canadian Forces does have a special protocol for folding the Canadian flag for presentations , such as during a funeral ceremony ; however , CF does not recommend this method for everyday use .
= = Promoting the flag = =
Since the adoption of the Canadian flag in 1965 , the Canadian government has sponsored programs to promote it . Examples include the Canadian Parliamentary Flag Program of the Department of Canadian Heritage and the flag program run by the Department of Public Works . These programs increased the exposure of the flag and the concept that it was part of the national identity . To increase awareness of the new flag , the Parliamentary Flag Program was set up in December , 1972 , by the Cabinet and , beginning in 1973 , allowed members of the House of Commons to distribute flags and lapel pins in the shape of the Canadian flag to their constituents . Flags that have been flown on the Peace Tower and the East and West Blocks of Parliament Hill are packaged by the Department of Public Works and offered to the public free of charge . However , the program has a 34 @-@ year waiting list for East and West Block flags , and a 48 @-@ year waiting list for Peace Tower flags .
Since 1996 , February 15 has been commemorated as National Flag of Canada Day . In 1996 , Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps instituted the One in a Million National Flag Challenge . This program was intended to provide Canadians with a million new national flags in time for Flag Day , 1997 . The program was controversial because it cost some $ 45 million , and provided no means to hoist or fly the flags . The official numbers from Canadian Heritage put the expenses at $ 15 @.@ 5 million , with approximately a seventh of the cost offset by donations .
= Borderline ( Madonna song ) =
" Borderline " is a song by American singer Madonna from her eponymous debut studio album Madonna ( 1983 ) . It
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and Sadducees ) supported only by Codex Corbeiensis I and Curetonian Gospels .
Luke 1 : 26 – " Nazareth " is called " a city of Judea " .
Luke 2 : 37 – εβδομηκοντα ( seventy ) , all manuscripts have ογδοηκοντα ( eighty ) ;
John 1 : 28 – The second corrector made unique textual variant Βηθαραβα . This textual variant has only codex 892 , syrh and several other manuscripts .
John 1 : 34 – It reads ὁ ἐκλεκτός ( chosen one ) together with the manuscripts <formula> 5 , <formula> 106 , b , e , ff2 , syrc , and syrs instead of ordinary word υἱος ( son ) .
John 2 : 3 – Where ordinarily reading " And when they wanted wine " , or " And when wine failed " , Codex Sinaiticus has " And they had no wine , because the wine of the marriage feast was finished " ( supported by a and j ) ;
John 6 : 10 – It reads τρισχιλιοι ( three thousands ) for πεντακισχιλιοι ( five thousands ) ; the second corrector changed into πεντακισχιλιοι .
Acts 11 : 20 – It reads εὐαγγελιστας ( Evangelists ) instead of ἑλληνιστάς ( Hellenists ) ;
In Acts 14 : 9 , the word " not " inserted before " heard " ; in Hebr . 2 : 4 " harvests " instead of " distributions " ; in 1 Peter 5 : 13 word " Babylon " replaced into " Church " .
2 Timothy 4 : 10 – it reads Γαλλιαν for Γαλατιαν , the reading of the codex is supported by along with Ephraemi Rescriptus , 81 , 104 , 326 , 436 .
= = = Witness of some readings of " majority " = = =
It is the oldest witness for the phrase μη αποστερησης ( do not defraud ) in Mark 10 : 19 . This phrase was not included by the manuscripts : Codex Vaticanus ( added by second corrector ) , Codex Cyprius , Codex Washingtonianus , Codex Athous Lavrensis , f1 , f13 , 28 , 700 , 1010 , 1079 , 1242 , 1546 , 2148 , ℓ 10 , ℓ 950 , ℓ 1642 , ℓ 1761 , syrs , arm , geo . This is variant of the majority manuscripts .
In Mark 13 : 33 it is the oldest witness of the variant και προσευχεσθε ( and pray ) . Codex B and D do not include this passage .
In Luke 8 : 48 it has θυγατερ ( daughter ) as in the Byzantine manuscripts , instead of the Alexandrian θυγατηρ ( daughter ) , supported by the manuscripts : B K L W Θ .
= = = Orthodox reading = = =
In 1 John 5 : 6 it has textual variant δι ' ὕδατος καὶ αἵματος καὶ πνεύματος ( through water and blood and spirit ) together with the manuscripts : Codex Alexandrinus , 104 , 424c , 614 , 1739c , 2412 , 2495 , ℓ 598m , syrh , copsa , copbo , Origen . Bart D. Ehrman says this was a corrupt reading from the orthodox party , although this is widely disputed .
= = = Text @-@ type and relationship to other manuscripts = = =
For most of the New Testament , Codex Sinaiticus is in general agreement with Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus , attesting the Alexandrian text @-@ type . A notable example of an agreement between the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus texts is that they both omit the word εικη ( ' without cause ' , ' without reason ' , ' in vain ' ) from Matthew 5 : 22 " But I say unto you , That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgement " .
In John 1 : 1 – 8 : 38 Codex Sinaiticus differs from Vaticanus and all other Alexandrian manuscripts . It is in closer agreement with Codex Bezae in support of the Western text @-@ type . For example , in John 1 : 4 Sinaiticus and Codex Bezae are the only Greek manuscripts with textual variant ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν ( in him is life ) instead of ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν ( in him was life ) . This variant is supported by Vetus Latina and some Sahidic manuscripts . This portion has a large number of corrections . There are a number of differences between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus ; Hoskier enumerated 3036 differences :
Matt – 656
Mark – 567
Luke – 791
John – 1022
Total — 3036 .
A large number of these differences are due to iotacisms and variants in transcribing Hebrew names . These two manuscripts were not written in the same scriptorium . According to Hort Sinaiticus and Vaticanus were derived from a common original much older source , " the date of which cannot be later than the early part of the second century , and may well be yet earlier " .
Example of differences between Sinaiticus and Vaticanus in Matt 1 : 18 – 19 :
B. H. Streeter remarked a great agreement between the codex and Vulgate of Jerome . According to him Origen brought to Caesarea the Alexandrian text @-@ type which was used in this codex , and used by Jerome .
Between the 4th and 12th centuries , seven or more correctors worked on this codex , making it one of the most corrected manuscripts in existence . Tischendorf during his investigation in Petersburg enumerated 14 @,@ 800 corrections only in the portion which was held in Petersburg ( 2 / 3 of the codex ) . According to David C. Parker the full codex has about 23 @,@ 000 corrections . In addition to these corrections some letters were marked by dots as doubtful ( e.g. ṪḢ ) . Corrections represent the Byzantine text @-@ type , just like corrections in codices : Bodmer II , Regius ( L ) , Ephraemi ( C ) , and Sangallensis ( Δ ) . They were discovered by E. A. Button .
= = History of the codex = =
= = = Early history of codex = = =
= = = = Provenance = = = =
Little is known of the manuscript 's early history . According to Hort , it was written in the West , probably in Rome , as suggested by the fact that the chapter division in the Acts common to Sinaiticus and Vaticanus occurs in no other Greek manuscript , but is found in several manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate . Robinson countered this argument , suggesting that this system of chapter divisions was introduced into the Vulgate by Jerome himself , as a result of his studies at Caesarea . According to Kenyon the forms of the letters are Egyptian and they were found in Egyptian papyri of earlier date . Gardthausen Ropes and Jellicoe thought it was written in Egypt . Harris believed that the manuscript came from the library of Pamphilus at Caesarea , Palestine . Streeter , Skeat , and Milne also believed that it was produced in Caesarea .
= = = = Date of the codex = = = =
The codex was written in the 4th century . It could not have been written before 325 because it contains the Eusebian Canons , which is a terminus post quem . " The terminus ante quem is less certain , but , according to Milne and Skeat , is not likely to be much later than about 360 . "
According to Tischendorf , Codex Sinaiticus was one of the fifty copies of the Bible commissioned from Eusebius by Roman Emperor Constantine after his conversion to Christianity ( De vita Constantini , IV , 37 ) . This hypothesis was supported by Pierre Batiffol , Gregory , and T. C. Skeat believed that it was already in production when Constantine placed his order , but had to be suspended in order to accommodate different page dimensions .
Frederic G. Kenyon argued : " There is not the least sign of either of them ever having been at Constantinople . The fact that Sinaiticus was collated with the manuscript of Pamphilus so late as the sixth century seems to show that it was not originally written at Caesarea " .
= = = = Scribes and correctors = = = =
Tischendorf believed that four separate scribes ( whom he named A , B , C and D ) copied the work and that five correctors ( whom he designated a , b , c , d and e ) amended portions . He posited that one of the correctors was contemporaneous with the original scribes , and that the others worked in the 6th and 7th centuries . It is now agreed , after Milne and Skeat 's reinvestigation , that Tischendorf was wrong — scribe C never existed . According to Tischendorf , scribe C wrote the poetic books of the Old Testament . These are written in a different format from the rest of the manuscript – they appear in two columns ( the rest of books is in four columns ) , written stichometrically . Tischendorf probably interpreted the different formatting as indicating the existence of another scribe . The three remaining scribes are still identified by the letters that Tischendorf gave them : A , B , and D. Correctors were more , at least seven ( a , b , c , ca , cb , cc , e ) .
Modern analysis identifies at least three scribes :
Scribe A wrote most of the historical and poetical books of the Old Testament , almost the whole of the New Testament , and the Epistle of Barnabas
Scribe B was responsible for the Prophets and for the Shepherd of Hermas
Scribe D wrote the whole of Tobit and Judith , the first half of 4 Maccabees , the first two @-@ thirds of the Psalms , and the first five verses of Revelation
Scribe B was a poor speller , and scribe A was not very much better ; the best scribe was D. Metzger states : " scribe A had made some unusually serious mistakes " . Scribes A and B more often used nomina sacra in contracted forms ( ΠΝΕΥΜΑ contracted in all occurrences , ΚΥΡΙΟΣ contracted except in 2 occurrences ) , scribe D more often used forms uncontracted . D distinguished between sacral and nonsacral using of ΚΥΡΙΟΣ . His errors are the substitution of ΕΙ for Ι , and Ι for ΕΙ in medial positions , both equally common . Otherwise substitution of Ι for initial ΕΙ is unknown , and final ΕΙ is only replaced in word ΙΣΧΥΕΙ , confusing of Ε and ΑΙ is very rare . In the Book of Psalms this scribe has 35 times ΔΑΥΕΙΔ instead of ΔΑΥΙΔ , while scribe A normally uses an abbreviated form ΔΑΔ . Scribe A 's was a " worse type of phonetic error " . Confusion of Ε and ΑΙ occurs in all contexts . Milne and Skeat characterised scribe B as " careless and illiterate " . The work of the original scribe is designated by the siglum א * .
A paleographical study at the British Museum in 1938 found that the text had undergone several corrections . The first corrections were done by several scribes before the manuscript left the scriptorium . Readings which they introduced are designated by the siglum אa . Milne and Skeat have observed that the superscription to 1 Maccabees was made by scribe D , while the text was written by scribe A. Scribe D corrects his own work and that of scribe A , but scribe A limits himself to correcting his own work . In the 6th or 7th century , many alterations were made ( אb ) - according to a colophon at the end of the book of Esdras and Esther the source of these alterations was " a very ancient manuscript that had been corrected by the hand of the holy martyr Pamphylus " ( martyred in 309 ) . If this is so , material beginning with 1 Samuel to the end of Esther is Origen 's copy of the Hexapla . From this colophon , the correction is concluded to have been made in Caesarea Maritima in the 6th or 7th centuries . The pervasive iotacism , especially of the ει diphthong , remains uncorrected .
= = = Discovery = = =
The Codex may have been seen in 1761 by the Italian traveller , Vitaliano Donati , when he visited the Saint Catherine 's Monastery at Sinai in Egypt . His diary was published in 1879 , in which was written :
" In questo monastero ritrovai una quantità grandissima di codici membranacei ... ve ne sono alcuni che mi sembravano anteriori al settimo secolo , ed in ispecie una Bibbia in membrane bellissime , assai grandi , sottili , e quadre , scritta in carattere rotondo e belissimo ; conservano poi in chiesa un Evangelistario greco in caractere d 'oro rotondo , che dovrebbe pur essere assai antico " .
In this monastery I found a great number of parchment codices ... there are some which seemed to be written before the seventh century , and especially a Bible ( made ) of beautiful vellum , very large , thin and square parchments , written in round and very beautiful letters ; moreover there are also in the church a Greek Evangelistarium in gold and round letters , it should be very old .
The " Bible on beautiful vellum " may be the Codex Sinaiticus , and the gold evangelistarium is likely Lectionary 300 on the Gregory @-@ Aland list .
German Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf wrote about his visit to the monastery in Reise in den Orient in 1846 ( translated as Travels in the East in 1847 ) , without mentioning the manuscript . Later , in 1860 , in his writings about the Sinaiticus discovery , Tischendorf wrote a narrative about the monastery and the manuscript that spanned from 1844 to 1859 . He wrote that in 1844 , during his first visit to the Saint Catherine 's Monastery , he saw some leaves of parchment in a waste @-@ basket . They were " rubbish which was to be destroyed by burning it in the ovens of the monastery " , although this is firmly denied by the Monastery . After examination he realized that they were part of the Septuagint , written in an early Greek uncial script . He retrieved from the basket 129 leaves in Greek which he identified as coming from a manuscript of the Septuagint . He asked if he might keep them , but at this point the attitude of the monks changed . They realized how valuable these old leaves were , and Tischendorf was permitted to take only one @-@ third of the whole , i.e. 43 leaves . These leaves contained portions of 1 Chronicles , Jeremiah , Nehemiah , and Esther . After his return they were deposited in the Leipzig University Library , where they still remain . In 1846 Tischendorf published their contents , naming them the ' Codex Friderico @-@ Augustanus ' ( in honor of Frederick Augustus and keeping secret the source of the leaves ) . Other portions of the same codex remained in the monastery , containing all of Isaiah and 1 and 4 Maccabees .
In 1845 , Archimandrite Porphyrius Uspensky ( 1804 – 1885 ) , at that time head of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem and subsequently Bishop of Chigirin , visited the monastery and the codex was shown to him , together with leaves which Tischendorf had not seen . In 1846 , Captain C. K. MacDonald visited Mount Sinai , saw the codex , and bought two codices ( 495 and 496 ) from the monastery .
In 1853 , Tischendorf revisited the Saint Catherine 's Monastery to get the remaining 86 folios , but without success . Returning in 1859 , this time under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia , he was shown the Codex Sinaiticus . He would later claim to have found it discarded in a rubbish bin . ( This story may have been a fabrication , or the manuscripts in question may have been unrelated to Codex Sinaiticus : Rev. J. Silvester Davies in 1863 quoted " a monk of Sinai who ... stated that according to the librarian of the monastery the whole of Codex Sinaiticus had been in the library for many years and was marked in the ancient catalogues ... Is it likely ... that a manuscript known in the library catalogue would have been jettisoned in the rubbish basket . " Indeed , it has been noted that the leaves were in " suspiciously good condition " for something found in the trash . ) Tischendorf had been sent to search for manuscripts by Russia 's Tsar Alexander II , who was convinced there were still manuscripts to be found at the Sinai monastery . The text of this part of the codex was published by Tischendorf in 1862 :
Konstantin von Tischendorf : Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus . Giesecke & Devrient , Leipzig 1862 .
It was reprinted in four volumes in 1869 :
Konstantin von Tischendorf , G. Olms ( Hrsg . ) : Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus . 1 . Prolegomena . G. Olms , Hildesheim 1869 ( Repr . ) .
Konstantin von Tischendorf , G. Olms ( Hrsg . ) : Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus . 2 . Veteris Testamenti pars prior . G. Olms , Hildesheim 1869 ( Repr . ) .
Konstantin von Tischendorf , G. Olms ( Hrsg . ) : Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus . 3 . Veteris Testamenti pars posterior . G. Olms , Hildesheim 1869 ( Repr . ) .
Konstantin von Tischendorf , G. Olms ( Hrsg . ) : Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus . 4 . Novum Testamentum cum Barnaba et Pastore . G. Olms , Hildesheim 1869 ( Repr . ) .
The complete publication of the codex was made by Kirsopp Lake in 1911 ( New Testament ) , and in 1922 ( Old Testament ) . It was the full @-@ sized black and white facsimile of the manuscript , " made from negatives taken from St. Petersburg by my wife and myself in the summer of 1908 " .
The story of how Tischendorf found the manuscript , which contained most of the Old Testament and all of the New Testament , has all the interest of a romance . Tischendorf reached the monastery on 31 January ; but his inquiries appeared to be fruitless . On 4 February , he had resolved to return home without having gained his object :
On the afternoon of this day I was taking a walk with the steward of the convent in the neighbourhood , and as we returned , towards sunset , he begged me to take some refreshment with him in his cell . Scarcely had he entered the room , when , resuming our former subject of conversation , he said : " And I , too , have read a Septuagint " – i.e. a copy of the Greek translation made by the Seventy . And so saying , he took down from the corner of the room a bulky kind of volume , wrapped up in a red cloth , and laid it before me . I unrolled the cover , and discovered , to my great surprise , not only those very fragments which , fifteen years before , I had taken out of the basket , but also other parts of the Old Testament , the New Testament complete , and , in addition , the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Shepherd of Hermas .
After some negotiations , he obtained possession of this precious fragment . James Bentley gives an account of how this came about , prefacing it with the comment , " Tischendorf therefore now embarked on the remarkable piece of duplicity which was to occupy him for the next decade , which involved the careful suppression of facts and the systematic denigration of the monks of Mount Sinai . " He conveyed it to Tsar Alexander II , who appreciated its importance and had it published as nearly as possible in facsimile , so as to exhibit correctly the ancient handwriting . In 1869 the Tsar sent the monastery 7 @,@ 000 rubles and the monastery of Mount Tabor 2 @,@ 000 rubles by way of compensation . The document in Russian formalising this was published in 2007 in Russia and has since been translated .
Regarding Tischendorf 's role in the transfer to Saint Petersburg , there are several views . The codex is currently regarded by the monastery as having been stolen . This view is hotly contested by several scholars in Europe . Kirsopp Lake wrote :
Those who have had much to do with Oriental monks will understand how improbable it is that the terms of the arrangement , whatever it was , were ever known to any except of the leaders .
In a more neutral spirit , New Testament scholar Bruce Metzger writes :
Certain aspects of the negotiations leading to the transfer of the codex to the Tsar 's possession are open to an interpretation that reflects adversely on Tischendorf 's candour and good faith with the monks at Saint Catherine 's Monastery . For a recent account intended to exculpate him of blame , see Erhard Lauch 's article ' Nichts gegen Tischendorf ' in Bekenntnis zur Kirche : Festgabe für Ernst Sommerlath zum 70 . Geburtstag ( Berlin , c . 1961 ) ; for an account that includes a hitherto unknown receipt given by Tischendorf to the authorities at the monastery promising to return the manuscript from Saint Petersburg ' to the Holy Confraternity of Sinai at its earliest request ' .
= = = Simonides = = =
On 13 September 1862 Constantine Simonides , skilled in calligraphy and with a controversial background with manuscripts , made the claim in print in The Guardian that he had written the codex himself as a young man in 1839 in the Panteleimonos monastery at Athos . Constantin von Tischendorf , who worked with numerous Bible manuscripts , was known as somewhat flamboyant , and had ambitiously sought money from several royal families for his ventures , who had indeed funded his trips . Simonides , whose name may be a synonym mocking Tischendorf , had a somewhat obscure history , as he claimed he was at Mt . Athos in the years preceding Tischendorf 's contact , making the claim at least plausible . Simonides also claimed his father had died and the invitation to Mt . Athos came from his uncle , a monk there , but subsequent letters to his father were found among his possessions at his death . While the word ' forgery ' has been bandied about among scholars regarding the claims on the Sinaiticus by Tischendorf , perhaps a more accurate rendering would be recollation and ' adjusted ' restoration as Simonides , an expert on hieroglyphics which are represented throughout the Sinaiticus . Simonides claimed the false nature of the document in the Guardian in an exchange of letters among scholars and others , at the time . Henry Bradshaw , a British librarian known to both men , defended the Tischendorf find of the Sinaiticus , casting aside the accusations of Simonides . Since Bradshaw was a social ' hub ' among many diverse scholars of the day , his aiding of Tischendorf was given much weight . Simonides died shortly after , and the issue lay dormant for many years .
Tischendorf answered in Allgemeine Zeitung ( December ) , that only in the New Testament there are many differences between it and all other manuscripts . Henry Bradshaw , a scholar , contributed to exposing the frauds of Constantine Simonides , and exposed the absurdity of his claims in a letter to the Guardian ( 26 January 1863 ) . Bradshaw showed that the Codex Sinaiticus brought by Tischendorf from the Greek monastery of Mount Sinai was not a modern forgery or written by Simonides . Simonides ' " claim was flawed from the beginning " . The controversy seems to regard the misplaced use of the word ' fraud ' or ' forgery ' since it may have been a repaired text , a copy of the Septuagint based upon Origen 's Hexapla , a text which has been rejected for centuries because of its lineage from Eusebius who introduced Arian doctrine into the courts of Constantine I and II .
Not every scholar and Church minister was delighted about the codex . Burgon , a supporter of the Textus Receptus , suggested that Codex Sinaiticus , as well as codices Vaticanus and Codex Bezae , were the most corrupt documents extant . Each of these three codices " clearly exhibits a fabricated text – is the result of arbitrary and reckless recension . " The two most weighty of these three codices , א and B , he likens to the " two false witnesses " of Matthew 26 : 60 .
= = = Later story of the codex = = =
In the early 20th century Vladimir N. Beneshevich ( 1874 – 1938 ) discovered parts of three more leaves of the codex in the bindings of other manuscripts in the library of Mount Sinai . Beneshevich went on three occasions to the monastery ( 1907 , 1908 , 1911 ) but does not tell when or from which book he recovered . These leaves were also acquired for St. Petersburg , where they remain to the present day .
For many decades , the Codex was preserved in the Russian National Library . In 1933 , the Soviet Union sold the codex to the British Museum ( after 1973 British Library ) for £ 100 @,@ 000 raised by public subscription ( worth £ 6 @.@ 4 million in 2016 ) . After coming to Britain it was examined by T. C. Skeat and H.J.M. Milne using an ultra @-@ violet lamp .
In May 1975 , during restoration work , the monks of Saint Catherine 's Monastery discovered a room beneath the St. George Chapel which contained many parchment fragments . Kurt Aland and his team from the Institute for New Testament Textual Research were the first scholars who exclusively were invited to analyse , examine and photograph these new fragments of the New Testament in 1982 . Among these fragments were twelve complete leaves from the Sinaiticus , 11 leaves of the Pentateuch and 1 leaf of the Shepherd of Hermas . Together with these leaves 67 Greek Manuscripts of New Testament have been found ( uncials 0278 – 0296 and some minuscules ) .
In June 2005 , a team of experts from the UK , Europe , Egypt , Russia and USA undertook a joint project to produce a new digital edition of the manuscript ( involving all four holding libraries ) , and a series of other studies was announced . This will include the use of hyperspectral imaging to photograph the manuscripts to look for hidden information such as erased or faded text . This is to be done in cooperation with the British Library .
More than one quarter of the manuscript was made publicly available at The Codex Sinaiticus Website on 24 July 2008 . On 6 July 2009 , 800 more pages of the manuscript were made available , showing over half of the entire text , although the entire text was intended to be shown by that date .
The complete document is now available online in digital form and available for scholarly study . The online version has a fully transcribed set of digital pages , including amendments to the text , and two images of each page , with both standard lighting and raked lighting to highlight the texture of the parchment .
Prior to 1 September 2009 , the University of the Arts London PhD student , Nikolas Sarris , discovered the previously unseen fragment of the Codex in the library of Saint Catherine 's Monastery . It contains the text of Book of Joshua 1 : 10 .
= = Present location = =
The codex is now split into four unequal portions : 347 leaves in the British Library in London ( 199 of the Old Testament , 148 of the New Testament ) , 12 leaves and 14 fragments in the Saint Catherine 's Monastery , 43 leaves in the Leipzig University Library , and fragments of 3 leaves in the Russian National Library in Saint Petersburg .
Saint Catherine 's Monastery still maintains the importance of a letter , handwritten in 1844 with an original signature of Tischendorf confirming that he borrowed those leaves . However , recently published documents , including a deed of gift dated 11 September 1868 and signed by Archbishop Kallistratos and the monks of the monastery , indicate that the manuscript was acquired entirely legitimately . This deed , which agrees with a report by Kurt Aland on the matter , has now been published . Unfortunately this development is not widely known in the English @-@ speaking world , as only German- and Russian @-@ language media reported on it in 2009 . Doubts as to the legality of the gift arose because when Tischendorf originally removed the manuscript from Saint Catherine 's Monastery in September 1859 , the monastery was without an archbishop , so that even though the intention to present the manuscript to the Tsar had been expressed , no legal gift could be made at the time . Resolution of the matter was delayed through the turbulent reign of Archbishop Cyril ( consecrated 7 December 1859 , deposed 24 August 1866 ) , and the situation only formalised after the restoration of peace .
Skeat in his article " The Last Chapter in the History of the Codex Sinaiticus " concluded in this way :
This is not the place to pass judgements , but perhaps I may say that , as it seems to me , both the monks and Tischendorf deserve our deepest gratitude , Tischendorf for having alerted the monks to the importance of the manuscript , and the monks for having undertaken the daunting task of searching through the vast mass of material with such spectacular results , and then doing everything in their power to safeguard the manuscript against further loss . If we accept the statement of Uspensky , that he saw the codex in 1845 , the monks must have worked very hard to complete their search and bind up the results in so short a period .
= = Impact on biblical scholarship = =
Along with Codex Vaticanus , the Codex Sinaiticus is considered one of the most valuable manuscripts for establishing the original text ( textual criticism ) of the Greek New Testament , as well as the Septuagint . It is the only uncial manuscript with the complete text of the New Testament , and the only ancient manuscript of the New Testament written in four columns per page which has survived to the present day . With only 300 years separating the Codex Sinaiticus and the proposed lifetime of Jesus , it is considered to be more accurate than most later New Testament copies in preserving superior readings where many later manuscripts are in error .
For the Gospels , Sinaiticus is generally considered among scholars as the second most reliable witness of the text ( after Vaticanus ) ; in the Acts of the Apostles , its text is equal to that of Vaticanus ; in the Epistles , Sinaiticus is the most reliable witness of the text . In the Book of Revelation , however , its text is corrupted and is considered of poor quality , and inferior to the texts of Codex Alexandrinus , Papyrus 47 , and even some minuscule manuscripts in this place ( for example , Minuscule 2053 , 2062 ) .
= = = Text of the codex = = =
Constantin von Tischendorf , Fragmentum Codicis Friderico @-@ Augustani , in : Monumenta sacra inedita ( Leipzig 1855 ) , vol . I , pp. 211 ff .
Constantin von Tischendorf : Bibliorum codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus . Giesecke & Devrient , Leipzig 1862 .
Lake , Kirsopp ( 1911 ) . Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus : The New Testament , the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ( 1867 ) [ 1864 ] . A Full Collation of the Codex Sinaiticus with the Received Text of the New Testament ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Deighton Bell .
Anderson , H. T. ( 1918 ) . CODEX SINAITICUS : The New Testament translated from the Sinaitic Manuscript . Cincinnati : The Standard Publishing Company .
= = = Introductions to the textual criticism of NT = = =
Gregory , C. R. ( 1900 ) . Textkritik des Neuen Testaments ( in German ) 1 . Leipzig : J.C. Hinrichs ’ sche Buchhandlung . Retrieved 18
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Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1991 ) . Manuscripts of the Greek Bible : An Introduction to Palaeography . Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 76 – 79 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 502924 @-@ 6 .
Metzger , Bruce M. ; Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . The Text of the New Testament : Its Transmission , Corruption , and Restoration ( 4th ed . ) . New York – Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 62 – 67 .
Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ; Edward Miller ( 1894 ) . A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament 1 ( 4 ed . ) . London : George Bell & Sons. p . 342 .
Streeter , Burnett Hillman ( 1924 ) . The Four Gospels . A Study of Origins the Manuscripts Tradition , Sources , Authorship , & Dates . Oxford : MacMillan and Co Limited .
= = = Other works = = =
Anderson , H. T. ( 1910 ) . The New Testament Translated from the Sinaitic Manuscript Discovered by Constantine Tischendorf at Mt . Sinai . The Standard Publishing Company .
Böttrich , Christfried ( 2011 ) . Der Jahrhundertfund . Entdeckung und Geschichte des Codex Sinaiticus ( The Discovery of the Century . Discovery and history of Codex Sinaiticus ) . Leipzig : Evangelische Verlagsanstalt . ISBN 978 @-@ 3 @-@ 374 @-@ 02586 @-@ 2 .
Gardthausen , Victor ( 1913 ) . Griechische paleographie 2 . Leipzig. pp. 119 – 134 .
Jongkind , Dirk ( 2007 ) . Scribal Habits of Codex Sinaiticus . Gorgias Press LLC .
Kenyon , Frederic G. ( 1939 ) . Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts ( 4th ed . ) . London. pp. 121 – 128 .
Peter M. Head ( 2008 ) . " The Gospel of Mark in Codex Sinaiticus : Textual and Reception @-@ Historical Considerations " ( PDF ) . Journal of Biblical Textual Criticism .
Magerson , P. ( 1983 ) . " Codex Sinaiticus : An Historical Observation " . Bib Arch 46 : 54 – 56 .
Milne , H. J. M. ; Skeat , T. C. ( 1963 ) [ 1951 ] . The Codex Sinaiticus and the Codex Alexandrinus . London .
Milne , H. J. M. ; Skeat , T. C. ( 1938 ) . Scribes and Correctors of the Codex Sinaiticus . London : British Museum .
Parker , D. C. ( 2010 ) . Codex Sinaiticus . The Story of the World ’ s Oldest Bible . London : The British Library . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7123 @-@ 5803 @-@ 3 .
Porter , Stanley E. ( 2015 ) . Constantine Tischendorf . The Life and Work of a 19th Century Bible Hunter . London : Bloomsbury T & T Clark . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 5676 @-@ 5803 @-@ 6 .
Schick , Alexander ( 2015 ) . Tischendorf und die älteste Bibel der Welt - Die Entdeckung des CODEX SINAITICUS im Katharinenkloster ( Tischendorf and the oldest Bible in the world - The discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus in St. Catherine 's Monastery - Biography cause of the anniversary of the 200th birthday of Tischendorf with many unpublished documents from his estate . These provide insight into previously unknown details of the discoveries and the reasons behind the donation of the manuscript . Recent research on Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus and its significance for New Testament Textual Research ) . Muldenhammer : Jota . ISBN 978 @-@ 3 @-@ 935707 @-@ 83 @-@ 1 .
T. C. Skeat , A four years work on the Codex Sinaiticus : Significant discoveries in reconditioned ms . , in : T. C. Skeat and J. K. Elliott , The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat , Brill 2004 , pp. 109 – 118 .
Schneider , Ulrich Johannes ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . Codex Sinaiticus . Geschichte und Erschließung der " Sinai @-@ Bibel " . Leipzig : Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig . ISBN 978 @-@ 3 @-@ 934178 @-@ 72 @-@ 4 .
Tischendorf , Constantin von ( 1870 ) . Responsa ad Calumnias Romanas . Leipzig : F. A. Brockhaus .
Tischendorf , Constantin von ( 1871 ) . Die Sinaibibel ihre Entdeckung , Herausgabe , und Erwerbung . Leipzig : Giesecke & Devrient .
Tischendorf , Constantin von ( 1865 ) . Wann wurden unsere Evangelien verfasst ? . Leipzig : J. C. Hinrichssche Buchhandlung .
Tischendorf , Constantin von ( 1866 ) . When Were Our Gospels Written ? , An Argument by Constantine Tischendorf . With a Narrative of the Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript . New York : American Tract Society .
= = = Facsimiles of Codex Sinaiticus = = =
Codex Sinaiticus at the Center for the Study of NT Manuscripts ( JPG )
Turn the pages of the Codex Sinaiticus online ( British Library interactive )
Codex Sinaiticus : A Facsimile ( ISBN 9780712349987 ) , due to be published by the British Library in conjunction with Hendrickson Publishers on 6 January 2011
= = = Articles = = =
Differences between the Sinaiticus and the KJV
Codex Sinaiticus at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
Codex Sinaiticus page at bible @-@ researcher.com
Earlham College facsimile of Codex Sinaiticus
Codex Sinaiticus page at the British Library website
A real @-@ life Bible Code : the amazing story of the Codex Sinaiticus
Joint project managed by ITSEE for digitizing the codex
E. Henschke , The Codex Sinaiticus , its History and Modern Presentation
Who Owns the Codex Sinaiticus Biblical Archaeology Review Library
Bibliorum Codex Sinaiticus Petropolitanus 1862 ( one from 120 facsimile @-@ examples )
The Codex Sinaiticus and the Manuscripts of Mt Sinai in the Collections of the National Library of Russia The National Library of Russia , 2009
Codex Sinaiticus , the world 's oldest Bible , goes online The Telegraph
= Pauline Fowler =
Pauline Fowler is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , a long @-@ running serial drama about working class life in the fictional London borough of Walford . She was played by actress Wendy Richard between the first episode on 19 February 1985 and 25 December 2006 . Pauline was created by scriptwriter Tony Holland and producer Julia Smith as one of EastEnders ' original characters . She made her debut in the soap 's first episode on 19 February 1985 , and remained for twenty @-@ one years and ten months , making her the second longest @-@ running original character , surpassed only by her nephew , Ian Beale .
Pauline is a member of the Beale family . Her storylines focus on drudgery , money worries and family troubles . The matriarchal stalwart of the fictional London community of Albert Square , she was portrayed as a loving , doting mother who was very family @-@ oriented . In later years however , she became a more stoic , opinionated battle @-@ axe who alienated her relatives through overbearing interference . Pauline 's marriage to the downtrodden Arthur was central to the character for the first eleven years of the programme , culminating with his screen death in 1996 . She was used for comedic purposes in scenes with her launderette colleague , Dot Cotton , and scriptwriters included many feuds in her narrative , most notably with her daughter @-@ in @-@ law , Sonia , and Den Watts , a family friend who got her daughter Michelle pregnant at just 16 . A famous episode in 1986 , which included Pauline discovering that Den was the father of Michelle 's baby , drew over 30 million viewers , and was listed at Number 36 in The Times ' 1998 list of " Top 100 cult moments in Film " . Wendy Richard announced Pauline 's retirement from the serial in July 2006 , and the character was killed off in a " whodunnit ? " murder storyline , with Richard making her final appearance on 25 December 2006 .
Pauline was a staple in the UK press during her time in EastEnders , representative of the symbiosis between Britain 's soaps and tabloid newspapers . Widely read tabloids , such as The Sun and Daily Mirror , would routinely publish articles about forthcoming developments in Pauline 's storylines . Critical opinion on the character differs . She has been described as a " legend " and a television icon , but was also voted the 35th " most annoying person of 2006 " ( being the only fictional character to appear on the list ) . The character is well @-@ known even outside of the show 's viewer @-@ base , and away from the on @-@ screen serial , Pauline has been the subject of television documentaries , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes books , tie @-@ in novels and comedy sketch shows .
= = Character creation = =
= = = Background = = =
Pauline Fowler is one of the original twenty @-@ three characters invented by the creators of EastEnders , Tony Holland ( 1940 – 2007 ) and Julia Smith ( 1927 – 1997 ) . Holland had drawn on his own London background for inspiration , naming three of the original characters after his own relatives , specifically his aunt Lou and her children , Holland 's cousins , the fraternal twins Pete and Pauline . This family setup of a woman named Lou Beale , with twin children Pete and Pauline , was recreated on @-@ screen as the first family of EastEnders , the Beales and Fowlers .
Pauline 's original character outline as written by Smith and Holland appears in an abridged form in their book , EastEnders : The Inside Story .
Pete 's twin sister . Forty , and a chip off the Lou Beale block . Plucky , and determined to battle through whatever the odds . A warm , practical , unsophisticated woman : you stand by your man , do your duty , fight for your kids and have a roast for Sunday dinner ... She 's also pregnant ... She actually remembers her dad [ Albert ] saying " Two things we don 't discuss in this house are religion and politics " . She also remembers her dad smoked a pipe , and wishes her husband did too . She loved her dad very much ... Maybe she didn 't go into her marriage with quite the right spirit ? She was due to be chief bridesmaid at her sister 's wedding but she 'd got the flu and was confined to bed . Arthur , someone she 'd known from school , was given permission to visit the invalid upstairs . He found himself proposing to her . Years later he said " It was to cheer her up really . " And Pauline found herself accepting too ... She 's very fond of her twin brother , Pete ( and knows that he 's mum 's favourite ) . She 's very conventional , and the salt of the earth . Jolly , rounded , someone you can get your arms round . She doesn 't trust skinny people .
= = = Casting = = =
From the beginning , Smith considered the role ideal for Wendy Richard , with whom she had worked on the 1960s BBC soap , The Newcomers ; Holland and Smith decided to approach her about the role , even though their casting policy was not to use " stars " — Richard was already well known in the UK for playing glamorous roles , such as Shirley Brahms in the successful sitcom Are You Being Served ? At their first meeting , Tony Holland informed Richard that they were planning a programme that would not " duck social issues but would be a hard @-@ hitting drama including teenage pregnancy , drugs , racial conflict , prostitution , rape , mental illness , homosexuality , alcoholism , and muggings among its subjects . " In order to carry such controversial storylines , Richard was told that " powerful characters to whom things just naturally happened " had been invented , and two families , the Fowlers and the Beales , were to form the core of the soap 's narrative . In her autobiography , Richard states , " If I accepted , my character was to be Pauline Fowler . A middle @-@ aged mother of two teenagers , with a late baby on the way , Pauline worked part @-@ time at the launderette , voted Labour and supported Arsenal . She was married to Arthur , who was out of work and was really a bit of a failure , not much good at anything in life . " Richard thought it sounded like a challenging role .
There were initial fears that Richard 's glamorous image would not work for the character and Smith also feared that Richard would be apprehensive about playing Pauline , who would be anything but glamorous , but these fears were swept aside when Richard announced that she was sick of glamour and wanted to play her own age . Richard has commented , " although it would be such a huge transformation of my screen image , it was after all my twenty @-@ fifth year in showbusiness , and I 'd realised that I couldn 't go on playing dolly birds forever ... I knew right away I would be mad to turn down the part of Pauline . "
After she accepted the role , Richard was told by Julia Smith that she would have to change her appearance , to make it more in keeping with Pauline 's unglamorous lifestyle . This included having her hair cut . Richard has commented , " I was very proud of my long hair , which had taken me years to grow . I hadn 't had it cut short for nineteen years but reluctantly , I agreed ... I cried my eyes out for the rest of the day after that traumatic hair cut . " From September 1984 , Richard was involved in pre @-@ production of the series , covering every angle , from hair , costume design and make @-@ up to organising the set interior of her character 's screen house . Richard has said that Pauline had been given extensive biographical detail , including minute specifics , such as her fictional time of her birth : " It was vital that we should get to know our own characters intimately and so the cast initially sat together in family groups to learn our lines and bond with our ' relations ' ... it was essential to develop the rapport that families , who 'd been together for years , would naturally have . " Richard 's casting was considered to be " a giant leap of faith " by co @-@ creators Holland and Smith , but one that ultimately " landed on its feet " , because Pauline went on to be one of the longest running characters in EastEnders ' history , remaining with the show for nearly twenty @-@ two years .
= = Character development and impact = =
= = = Lineage and personality = = =
The character of Pauline was a cornerstone of EastEnders ; the lynchpin of the Fowler / Beale family around whom the soap was originally structured . At the beginning of the serial in 1985 , Pauline was a 40 @-@ year @-@ old married mother with two teenage children , Mark and Michelle , and another child on the way . The fictional history of her younger years has been told via behind @-@ the @-@ scenes books such as EastEnders : The Inside Story , and the second tie @-@ in novel by Hugh Miller , Swings and Roundabouts , which explains that Pauline was born and raised at 45 Albert Square , where she lived for her entire life . She married Arthur Fowler in 1965 , raising her own children in the same house where she grew up .
Whereas most of the other female characters in EastEnders were portrayed in a somewhat more glamorous working class way , Pauline Fowler was the exception to the rule , being the sole character to represent the " homely and domestic " side of the Beale family . As the serial progressed , the character altered from her original outline . Instead of being the jolly , warm character she was during the show 's early years , she became a sombre battle @-@ axe , hardened by a life of misery in Albert Square . Other characters refer to her as " Fowler the growler " , and in the Evening Gazette she was described as " the Boadicea of battle @-@ axes . " The initial change in her demeanour is traced back to the death of her mother , Lou Beale ( Anna Wing ) , a fierce dowager , who ruled over her family with a " rod of iron " . Following Lou 's screen funeral in July 1988 , Pauline retorts , " Shut up Arthur Fowler , no one interrupts Pauline Beale when she 's in full flow , " a line that was used similarly by Lou in the episode that preceded her own death . This parallel symbolised the transference of the family 's matriarchal role from Lou to Pauline . Wendy Richard has indicated that both she and show creator , Julia Smith , had always intended for Pauline to become like her mother , and former EastEnders executive producer John Yorke has commented on the importance of the lineage between the two characters : " [ Pauline ] endures , stoically and heroically , whatever life may throw at her , just as her mother did before her . This sense of lineage is vitally important , too . Pauline has been in the show since its start and was handed the role of matriarch on Lou Beale 's death . "
= = = Early storylines = = =
In the first episode , it is revealed that Pauline , aged 40 , is pregnant with her third child . The character 's pregnancy quickly became a prominent storyline within the series . Pauline , against her mother 's opposition , is determined to keep the baby . The storyline was used to spread a public message on the increased risk of genetic defects in late pregnancies , with Pauline undergoing amniocentesis tests . The storyline culminates with the birth of the serial 's first baby , Martin , in July 1985 .
Pauline 's early storylines concentrate on family and money troubles : coping with her husband Arthur 's redundancy , mental breakdown and imprisonment ; eldest son Mark 's delinquency ; and daughter Michelle 's teenage pregnancy .
In 1989 , the character was used to highlight another important gynaecological health issue , fibroids . The storyline sees Pauline ignoring health problems , such as chronic fatigue , and using homoeopathic preparations rather than seeking medical assistance . Her fibroids are discovered by chance , when the character Ricky Butcher ( Sid Owen ) knocks her down in his Austin Mini . In the 1989 Boxing Day episode , Pauline spends time in hospital , recovering from a necessary hysterectomy . Wendy Richard has since revealed that the storyline had originally been scripted differently . Before the outcome of Pauline 's illness was screened , producers had decided that the character was to be killed off with cancer . This was a decision that had been made by the show 's boss , Mike Gibbon , to refresh the format by replacing some of the serial 's older characters . The scriptwriters went as far as giving Pauline a mystery illness . The newly appointed executive producer , Michael Ferguson , decided to scrap the original storyline , believing that Pauline , as one of the soap 's original characters , was too valuable an asset to lose . The storyline was rewritten and the character was given a different gynaecological ailment that was treatable .
= = = Marriage to Arthur = = =
Pauline 's marriage to the luckless Arthur is central to her character , remaining one of her defining traits even after his death in 1996 . The dynamics of the relationship were clear from the beginning of the programme , with Pauline depicted as the matriarchal force that holds the Fowler family together , while Arthur is depicted as weak , emotionally unstable and easily dominated by the stronger females of his family . Writer Jacquetta May , who once played Rachel Kominski in the programme , has commented that " [ Pauline and Arthur ] represented the matriarchal relationship of strong woman / weak man ... Arthur , only sporadically employed and disabled by a breakdown , often behaved like a little boy , while Pauline had to make the decisions and keep the family functioning in the face of poverty and unemployment , teenage pregnancy and depression . " Pauline and Arthur were generally seen as the most stable couple in the show , so Arthur 's affair with Christine Hewitt ( Lizzie Power ) came as a shock to viewers . The storyline was long @-@ running , beginning early in 1992 with the introduction of lonely divorcee Christine , who employs Arthur to tend to her garden . A romance between Arthur and Christine steadily develops throughout the year , facilitated by Pauline 's lengthy absence — she is called abroad to tend to her crippled brother Kenny in early June , and she does not return until late September — in reality , Wendy Richard had to be temporarily written out of EastEnders to allow her to act in Grace and Favour . The build @-@ up to the affair contains many twists and turns , starting with Arthur 's rebuff of Christine 's advances , then a confrontation between Pauline and Christine , which convinces Pauline of Arthur 's innocence and leaves her feeling " strangely sorry for the pathetic , lonely figure , who obviously drank too much " . The episode in which Arthur finally gives into temptation and sleeps with Christine aired on Christmas Eve 1992 ; it was labelled " The Bonk of the Year " by the British press , and was watched by 24 @.@ 3 million viewers . In 2005 , it was reported as the eleventh most highly viewed UK television programme of all time .
The storyline continued throughout 1993 as Christine makes greater demands on Arthur , threatening to tell Pauline about their affair unless he does so himself . In September 1993 , the situation finally reaches a climax on @-@ screen . The scriptwriters had many conferences about ways in which Pauline would find out about the affair ; " should she work it out herself or should some third party tell her the truth ? " In the end it was felt that Arthur should tell her himself , and when he does , Pauline becomes violent and hits him in the face with a frying pan . Although the audience had witnessed Pauline and Arthur rowing many times , this was something different , " an act of betrayal on a massive scale . " Series production manager , Rona McKendrick , has commented on this " iconic " scene : " It was one of the few times when you saw Pauline really , really let rip ... you really felt the anger , understood the anger and realised why she went as far as she did . " This episode ( written by Tony McHale and directed by Keith Boak ) was chosen by writer Colin Brake as the episode of the year in EastEnders : The First Ten Years and is described by Wendy Richard as " Pauline 's crowning moment . "
For a while it seems that EastEnders ' " most solid " marriage is over , but Arthur spends the rest of 1993 trying to convince Pauline that it is worth saving and they eventually reconcile . However , more tragedy follows , when Arthur is framed by a conman , Willy Roper ( dubbed " Wicked Willy " by the British press ) , and wrongfully imprisoned for embezzlement in 1995 . The storyline captured the public 's imagination and a nationwide " Free Arthur Fowler " campaign was launched . " Arthur Fowler Is Innocent " T @-@ shirts were produced and a single was even released in the UK singles chart promoting the campaign .
Arthur 's imprisonment was a precursor to the final exit of actor Bill Treacher , who decided to leave EastEnders after 11 years playing Arthur . While Arthur goes to pieces in prison , Pauline is heavily embroiled in the storyline pertaining to his eventual release . For several months viewers witnessed Willy attempt to woo Pauline , but she eventually uncovers his deception and then resorts to uncharacteristic seduction to gain his confession . A critic for the Sunday Mirror commented , " Pauline Fowler deserves a Golden Cardie Award for her performance in EastEnders . The way which she extracted a confession from Willy Roper over the money he stole was nothing short of brilliant . " Arthur is exonerated , but his joyful reunion with Pauline is brief , as an injury he sustained in prison leads to a brain haemorrhage and he dies shortly after his release . His death ends an 11 @-@ year screen marriage , the longest run of any marriage in the serial .
= = = Importance of family = = =
Pauline remains a family @-@ oriented character throughout the course of the show . A " fiercely loyal , but overbearing mother " ; sheltering and taking on the major responsibilities of her children and frequently stressing the importance of family . She is portrayed as a traditionalist , with strict rules and beliefs — the first to criticise , but also the first to defend her children , often interfering in their issues and causing rifts in their relationships . The quintessential matriarch , she has also been compared with Queen Elizabeth , with the storylines in the fictional Albert Square , mirroring the troubles of England as a whole . In Monarchies : What Are Kings and Queens For , the author points out similarities between the matriarchal nature of Pauline 's character , and that of the Queen . " Both exhibit a rich mix of suffering and duty . Pauline has tried to bring up her family as best she can , even though it hasn 't always been easy . Her offspring have caused her nothing but trials and tribulations ; her husband has been wayward at times and caused her several eyebrow @-@ raising moments . But Pauline has steadfastly carried on ... "
Early storylines between Pauline and her two teenage children , Mark and Michelle , show her to be a doting mother , forgiving of Mark 's wayward behaviour , and supportive when Michelle decides to become a teenage mum . Pauline is devoted to her twin brother Pete , dutiful to her mother Lou , allegiant to her husband Arthur , and a shoulder for her nephew , Ian , to cry on . Wendy Richard commented in 1990 , " It 's important for her to keep the family together . That 's why when her problem son Mark suddenly came home [ in 1990 ] , it was like her winning the pools ... She had to take a lot of shocks from Michelle and I think she coped remarkably well . "
As the serial progressed , Pauline contends with a plethora of family upsets , which include many deaths — her mother Lou in 1988 , brother Pete in 1993 and husband Arthur in 1996 — as well as her elder son Mark 's fatal battle with HIV . After a year long build @-@ up , Mark is shown to reveal his HIV status to his stunned and devastated parents in an episode that aired on Boxing Day 1991 , attracting 19 million viewers . Wendy Richard has given her interpretation of Pauline 's reaction to Mark 's news : " To say she was shell @-@ shocked was an understatement and , not knowing enough about HIV , she and Arthur were worrying that their eldest son might die from Aids at any moment . " The HIV plot had many ramifications for the character of Pauline , as she struggles to come to terms with her son 's condition . It was also instrumental in raising public awareness about the illness , which was still the subject of much ignorance when EastEnders tackled it in 1991 . When the storyline initially aired , more people went for a HIV test in Britain than at any other time . Wendy Richard commented : " The storyline with Mark Fowler , when he announced he was HIV positive , was really well done . People have to be aware that HIV and Aids are not exactly the same thing . The Minister of Health who was in power at that time wrote a letter complimenting us for the way that we had put the information across . "
The HIV storyline came to an end on @-@ screen in 2003 , when executive producer Louise Berridge decided to axe Mark Fowler . In the serial , Mark discovers his HIV medication is failing , but instead of allowing Pauline to witness his deterioration , he leaves to spend the remainder of his life travelling . Richard has classed Mark 's exit as her most difficult storyline , commenting : " I was so genuinely upset that Todd Carty , who played Mark , was going I could barely get my lines out for want of crying — but everybody said I acted it well . It was , I think , ten per cent acting and 90 per cent me crying my eyes out because I was being selfish and didn 't want Todd to go . " Mark , who had appeared intermittently for 18 years , was eventually killed off @-@ screen in 2004 , dying of an AIDS @-@ related illness .
In the latter years of her time in the soap , Pauline changes from a caring mother into a more inflexible battle @-@ axe . Pauline 's relationship with Martin is often shown to be strained by Pauline 's refusal to release control over his life . Though initially a teenage delinquent , following Mark 's death in 2004 , Martin becomes Pauline 's " dutiful son " , forced to put his mother 's wishes above those of his wife — a recurring theme within the serial . Eventually , this causes a rift between the two characters . When Martin goes against his mother 's wishes in 2006 and rekindles a romance with his adulterous ex @-@ wife Sonia , Pauline cuts him out of her life . Television personality Paul O 'Grady addressed Pauline 's refusal to " share her son like a normal mother " , commenting , " she 's suspicious of anybody that comes into the family who wants to take her son away from her . She has already lost one son ; she has lost her husband , so she 's hanging onto the last [ son ] like a mother tiger with her cub . "
= = = Friends and enemies = = =
The character 's narrative also included various feuds , most notably with the soap 's lothario Den Watts , a family @-@ friend who gets Pauline 's daughter Michelle pregnant at the age of 16 . EastEnders pulled in the biggest television audience of the 1980s when over 30 million people watched the 1986 Christmas Day episode in which Pauline discovers that Den is the father of her granddaughter , Vicki . Wendy Richard has commented on the hostility between the characters " once Pauline realised that Dennis was Vicki 's father , she was out to get him one way or another " and actor Leslie Grantham , who played Den , added " from then on it was out and out war , which was great ! " An array of confrontations between Den and Pauline occur , as she tries to force him to leave Walford and keep him away from her family . The feud appears to end in 1989 when the character Den is shot and presumed dead , but it is ignited once again in 2003 when Den is re @-@ introduced , 14 years after he supposedly died . 2005 saw Den killed off for the final time , and although Pauline is not directly responsible for killing him , the item used to bludgeon him to death turns out to be her dog @-@ shaped iron doorstop , which has been described as " a nice touch of pathos " .
A large proportion of the character 's scenes take place on the set of Walford 's launderette , where Pauline works as an assistant for almost the entire duration of her time in EastEnders . Here , Pauline is frequently featured with another long @-@ running protagonist , fellow launderette colleague , Dot Cotton . The two characters share one of the soap 's most enduring screen friendships and their scenes together are often used to provide humour . Particular emphasis is placed on their differences , which lead to numerous petty squabbles and in 2004 sees them " buried alive " underneath a collapsed fairground ride , in the midst of a cake @-@ selling war . However , Pauline and Dot are most frequently shown gossiping , reminiscing
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about the past , or sharing their woes in the launderette . The duo has been described by television personality Paul O 'Grady as a " fabulous double @-@ act " : " Dot 's probably Pauline 's one and only confidant . Pauline eventually will break down and tell Dot things that she 'd never tell anybody else . "
Pauline is shown to be particularly hostile to the various female characters that feature in her sons ' lives , and she epitomises the archetypal " mother @-@ in @-@ law from hell " . One of Pauline 's most notable feuds is with her youngest son Martin 's wife , Sonia . Animosity between the characters begins in 2000 , when Sonia gives birth to Pauline 's grandchild and decides to give the baby Chloe ( later renamed Rebecca ) up for adoption . In the storyline , Pauline tries unsuccessfully to fight for custody , leading Sonia to retort " YOU want to bring up Chloe ? You couldn 't bring up phlegm ! " The feuding over Chloe is revisited in storylines throughout 2005 and 2006 , when first Pauline is shown to visit her adopted granddaughter against Sonia and Martin 's wishes , and then , following Sonia 's affair with Naomi Julien , Pauline refuses to give Sonia access to the child after Martin regains custody . Critic for The Guardian , Grace Dent , commented " At one point , you couldn 't move around Walford for hitmen and gangsters , but now they 've all been written out ... leaving Pauline Fowler to reign the square like sodding Pablo Escobar in a sky @-@ blue tabard and ski @-@ pants , decreeing who can see their own kids , who can drink where and what everyone 's eating in the cafe so as they won 't spoil their teas . If I was Sonia , I 'd have ransacked the hospital 's dangerous drugs box by now and given that old crone a renal meltdown . " Various rows , slaps and insults were featured between the characters , caused by Pauline 's continuous interference in Sonia 's relationships with Martin and Rebecca . As Martin began to cede , allowing Sonia access to their daughter , Pauline was shown to concoct ever more elaborate ways to obstruct Sonia 's involvement .
During her latter years in EastEnders , Pauline is rarely without her Cairn Terrier , Betty . The dog is a stray taken in by the Fowler family in 2004 , who quickly becomes Pauline 's inseparable sidekick . Wendy Richard has since revealed that it was her decision for Pauline to own a Cairn : " When EastEnders asked if Pauline should have a dog I said it had to be a Cairn Terrier — and Betty joined us ! She 's wonderful , she loves me and I love her . " In the on @-@ screen story , the dog is named after Pauline 's aunt Betty , but in reality , Wendy Richard named her after Mollie Sugden 's fictional character Betty Slocombe , who appeared along with Richard 's Shirley Brahms in the sitcom , Are You Being Served ?
= = = Second marriage = = =
Several eligible bachelors are shown to express their interest in Pauline over the years , including the characters Derek Taylor in 1987 , Danny Taurus in 1993 , Jeff Healy ( who proposes ) in 1999 , Eddie Skinner in 2000 , and Terry Raymond , with whom she goes on a blind date in 2001 . However , the character remains staunchly faithful to her late husband 's memory , refusing to let the relationships progress beyond companionship . In 2001 Derek Harkinson ( Ian Lavender ) is introduced , an old school friend of Pauline 's . Initial scripts indicated that Derek was being groomed as a romantic interest for Pauline , which she is shown to welcome . However , the storyline takes a twist when he reveals , to her shock , that he is gay . 2002 sees Derek move in with the Fowler family , unconventionally settling into the show as a replacement father figure for Mark and Martin and as Pauline 's best friend .
In 2005 , Pauline embarks on a romance with a new character , Joe Macer ( Ray Brooks ) , whom she meets at salsa classes . A relationship develops , and despite her initial trepidation , Pauline remarries in 2006 , after almost a decade alone . Pauline 's marriage to Joe was an attempt to give the character a " new lease of life " , and her wedding day was screened to coincide with EastEnders ' 21st anniversary . Richard was openly opposed to her character remarrying , but she was eventually convinced by the executive producer and battled , successfully , for Pauline to keep the " Fowler " surname . However , in July 2006 , Wendy Richard announced that she was leaving EastEnders ; she quit due to " creative differences " with the show 's producers regarding Pauline 's remarriage , which she felt was " disloyal " to her character 's beloved first husband , Arthur . According to an interview in The Sun , Richard commented , " I think it 's the most terrible shame , I really do . I thought in my heart of hearts it was wrong ... I just couldn 't believe that Pauline would remarry — anybody ... I would have stayed a bit longer if Pauline hadn 't got married . " Richard felt that she did not have the same chemistry with Ray Brooks , who played Joe , as she did with Bill Treacher , who played Arthur . She refuted producers ' opinions that Pauline and Joe " looked good together " and felt that she and Brooks had to work very hard to turn them into a " realistic @-@ looking couple . "
Within the storyline , just two months after the wedding , Pauline 's marriage is shown to sour after she discovers Joe 's criminal past . Their relationship steadily deteriorates throughout the year , and in December 2006 Pauline ends the marriage — removing her wedding ring and informing Joe that he " was half the man that Arthur had been , that she had never really loved him and that their sex life was a sham . " The resulting row sees Joe insult Pauline 's family — suggesting that her " perfect marriage " with Arthur was " nothing but a fantasy " and branding Mark " diseased " , Michelle a " scrubber " and Arthur a " con " — to which Pauline responds by smashing a plate over his head . Wendy Richard commented , " It was not just the memory of Arthur that stopped the marriage to Joe being a success . He was proven to be a weak and untruthful man . That is what caused the marriage to be a non @-@ starter . Pauline was not mean to Joe , he used her ... and lied to her . "
= = = Deception , reclusiveness and death = = =
Viewers saw the slow build @-@ up to Pauline 's climactic exit throughout the latter part of 2006 . The character 's bitter decline involves depression , pretending to have a brain tumour to scupper the revived relationship between her son Martin and his ex @-@ wife Sonia , marital breakdown , and finally ostracism after Martin and the rest of Albert Square discover her lie . Having successfully alienated everyone around her , Pauline plans to go to America to join her daughter . Wendy Richard commented on the reasons behind Pauline 's actions : " she cannot forgive . For anyone to hurt a member of her family so badly is incomprehensible to Pauline . She is a good , but unforgiving woman . Sonia is more than just a thorn in Pauline 's side . She is angry because she feels Martin has let her down in returning to Sonia . She feels he could have discussed it with her more and talked her round for the sake of Rebecca . Pauline will blame her decision to leave on Sonia — another way of punishing Martin . Even though she is really hurting over leaving Rebecca , Pauline is determined to go . She realised she never really loved Joe , he has lied to her too many times ... Although I know Pauline better than anyone , even I cannot fathom out why she made up the brain tumour story . "
The character was killed off in a dramatic storyline , which aired on Christmas Day 2006 and was watched by an estimated 10 @.@ 7 million viewers . It was the second most highly watched programme of the day . The episode sees Sonia denouncing Pauline as " sick " for not wanting to share her son with the woman he loved , to which Pauline retorts , " I 'll tell you what 's sick . You . Daughter of a scrubber , lesbian , under @-@ age mother who gave away her own baby . " The row culminates with Sonia slapping Pauline , causing her to fall to the floor and break the Fowler fruit bowl — " the enduring symbol of her family , which smashed , significantly , into smithereens . " Though Pauline resolves to stay and reunite with her family in the end , she does not get the chance , as she collapses and dies in the middle of Albert Square , leaving both characters and viewers in uncertainty about the cause of her demise .
The Christmas Day episodes , written by Simon Ashdown , drew on the show 's early history to mark the occasion of Pauline 's exit , which was particularly emphasised by the use of flashback vocal snippets of several members of Pauline 's deceased family . The critic for The Times , Tim Teeman , commented that " Wendy Richard as Pauline had the air of the departing diva , queen of all she had loved , lost and laid waste to , her face set in a silent snarl . " In addition , her parting scene with the other EastEnders long @-@ serving " grand dame " Dot Cotton ( played by June Brown ) has also been praised , with Teeman commenting : " The really choking scene came in the launderette between Pauline and Dot ... Here the two grand dames had worked , bitched and consoled for years . Richard and the wonderful June Brown played their final encounter as intensely as the characters deserved . "
Richard herself has been less complimentary about her alter ego 's departure . She has spoken of her disappointment regarding Pauline 's " changing character " and " depressing final storyline " . In an interview with the Biography Channel she explained : " I did say , promise me you won 't make Pauline nasty before she goes , and unfortunately they did ... I wasn 't too happy with the way it was done . They were changing Pauline 's character ... Pauline would never have remarried . She would have remained a widow , sitting in that chair in the corner . That 's what [ show creator ] Julia Smith wanted , and that 's what I felt was right , so I resigned ... I think it 's a shame because the Fowlers have gone completely now ... There was so much history with that family . "
The storyline — dubbed " who killed Pauline ? " by the British press — continued into 2007 , as first Pauline 's funeral is interrupted by the police in order to perform an autopsy on her body , and then Pauline 's nemesis Sonia is arrested for the murder . It is later revealed that the killing blow had actually come from Pauline 's husband Joe , who breaks down and confesses to Dot that he had rowed with Pauline on Christmas Day ( off @-@ screen ) and , in a fury , struck her across the head with a frying pan , causing a brain haemorrhage that claimed her life . The plot 's eventual climax in February 2007 led to the exits of several established characters connected with Pauline . This included Martin , Sonia , and Joe , who is dramatically killed off after confessing to Pauline 's murder , by falling out of the Fowlers ' first floor window while trying to apprehend a hysterical Dot . Pauline is cremated , and her ashes buried at Arthur 's graveside , by Dot , in an episode that aired in June 2007 .
As a final tribute to Pauline and Wendy Richard , the BBC aired a special television programme , EastEnders Revealed : Goodbye Pauline , which provided an emotional look back at Pauline 's pivotal storylines during her time in Walford . It also reunited Wendy Richard with prior cast @-@ mates Todd Carty and James Alexandrou ( Mark and Martin respectively ) , and featured character commentary and tributes from television critics and EastEnders actors such as Anna Wing and Pam St. Clement ( Lou and Pat ) . During the programme — which aired on New Year 's Day , 2007 — Wendy Richard reflected upon how " proud " she was of her character , commenting : " Pauline had everything in life thrown at her and I think she coped with it very well . It showed how people deal with their problems ... She wasn 't always grumpy ... she did have lots of laughs , but sadly people don 't seem to remember that , which is a shame ... they still harp on about her wearing her cardigans and Pauline stopped wearing cardigans three years after EastEnders started . She is a good woman , she 's a kind woman , a loving woman and all she ever thought about was her family . That was the most important thing in her life . "
= = Reception = =
At the time of her departure from the serial , Pauline was the second @-@ longest running character to feature in EastEnders and one of only two original characters to remain in the show for almost 22 years . Her baggy woolly cardigan and long @-@ suffering nature have led to her being labelled as a soap institution , a " soap legend " and a " television icon " . Actress Wendy Richard was awarded an Order of the British Empire MBE medal in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace , and when the Queen visited the set of EastEnders in 2001 , Wendy Richard was the first actress introduced , who then accompanied her and Prince Philip on their tour of the set .
Despite being popular with many , the character of Pauline has also garnered much criticism over the years . Persistent criticism has been given to the character 's dowdy attire , particularly the perception that she rarely wears anything but a baggy cardigan ; a claim that Wendy Richard herself categorically disputes . In addition , Pauline has also received much criticism for her miserable demeanour — " a face like a month of wet weekends " and " a voice that could curdle milk . " She has been described as the " Wicked Witch of Walford " and " a character who became a byword for downtrodden haggery . "
Lucy Mangan , the culture critic from The Guardian newspaper , summed up the character : " Pauline Fowler is surely one of the oddest soap creations ever . She is a character without humour , charisma or indeed any redeeming features who became progressively , unrelentingly miserable ... She was presumably intended to be the anchoring force for EastEnders , but because of the writers ' unprecedented decision to break with traditional narrative rules and give her not a single redeeming feature , she became more of a sucking chest wound than the heart of the show . " This opinion is perhaps shared by a proportion of viewers , as Pauline was voted the 35th most annoying person of 2006 in a BBC Three poll , being the only fictional character to appear on the list . In a Radio Times poll of over 5 @,@ 000 people in 2004 , 13 % chose Pauline Fowler as the soap character they would most like to see retired . She came third in the poll , behind EastEnders ' Den Watts ( 17 % ) and Coronation Street 's Ken Barlow ( 15 % ) .
Although it had been suggested that Pauline 's presence in EastEnders was largely peripheral for some time , the news of her departure in 2006 was met with dismay by fans and soap journalists alike . In a report for BBC News , one viewer commented " it 's so sad , because I 've watched her for 20 years . She 's such a large character " , and another said " If she goes then I think EastEnders is finished . " BBC controller of continuing drama , John Yorke , commented Richard " occupies a huge place in people 's hearts " , and executive producer Kate Harwood said , " For many years Wendy simply was EastEnders for the audience and Pauline 's indomitable nature typified the grit and fight that embodies the EastEnders ' spirit ... We thank her for everything she has done for the show . "
Inside Soap editor , Steven Murphy , said that the fact Pauline has been such an " enduring staple " will make it hard for fans to cope with her departure . " It 's huge in soap terms ... She 's a character people love to hate — you just assumed she would be there forever . " When addressing the repercussions that Pauline 's exit would have on the soap , Murphy had this to say : " characters like Pauline are like glue , because they 're connected to so many other characters and they can help hold stories together . In terms of that [ EastEnders ] has very few of those now . " Jonathan Hughes , editor of All About Soap magazine , added " [ Pauline 's ] an absolute legend ... You can 't imagine the show without her ... People will miss her because she 's been such an important part of EastEnders for so many years . " However , not all viewers were sorry to hear of the character 's retirement , with one commenting " How can you have someone like Pauline Fowler on the television for 21 years ? It 's the best thing that 's ever happened to television [ getting rid of her ] . Kill her off ? I would have blown her up years ago " .
Pauline 's exit in December 2006 was described by The Times critic , Tim Teeman , as a landmark episode and a " significant sayonara " . He described scenes between Pauline and Dot as " the most moving in a soap this year " and added that " it was a delight to finally alight on an episode ... that was so satisfying . " Conversely , Pauline 's exit was described as a " mess " by Kevin O 'Sullivan , critic of the Sunday Mirror newspaper . He branded the character 's final scene unconvincing and badly acted , commenting : " the appropriately feeble scene brought down the curtain on 20 terrible years of Wendy Richard 's low @-@ quality performances . We shall not see her like again . If we 're lucky ! ... I 'm certain millions didn 't tune in to say farewell to sour- faced Pauline . No , they were just checking to make sure she was really dead . "
To mark Pauline 's 22 @-@ year reign in EastEnders , Wendy Richard was awarded with a ' Lifetime Achievement ' award at the British Soap Awards in May 2007 . The award was presented by Todd Carty , who played her on @-@ screen son Mark . Carty described Richard as the " heart and soul of EastEnders " and hailed her as an inspiration to everyone in the EastEnders cast . Richard was moved to tears when she collected the award .
= = In popular culture and other media = =
When the series was launching in 1985 , since Wendy Richard was the most recognisable actor from the original cast , she and her character Pauline were used heavily to promote EastEnders in the media . Wendy Richard , in character as Pauline , was chosen to narrate a special " dial @-@ a @-@ soap " service for EastEnders . Run by British Telecom , the facility allowed people who had missed an episode to ring a number and get an instant update , up to 88 seconds long . It was the first television show to provide such a service . Between 1985 and 2006 , Pauline was featured in much EastEnders @-@ related merchandise and promotional material , including calendars , cast @-@ cards , annuals , novels , a knitting pattern book and a greeting card .
The well @-@ known character of Pauline Fowler has also been referenced in various television programmes , unrelated to the EastEnders universe . In 1997 she was mentioned in an episode of the successful BBC drama This Life . Two key characters , Anna and Ferdy , watch an episode of EastEnders on television and mock Pauline 's hysterics and her well @-@ documented tendency to wear cardigans . The character was also regularly spoofed in the BBC comedy sketch show , The Real McCoy ( 1991 – 1995 ) . One of the show 's recurring sketches featured a spoof version of EastEnders , with black comedians taking over roles of well known EastEnders characters , who frequent a pub called Rub @-@ a @-@ Dub . The comedian Llewella Gideon played the role of Pauline . The sketches placed considerable emphasis on the character 's high @-@ pitched voice and her tendency to whine . The character 's fashion sense has also been referred to in BBC Two sitcom Beautiful People ( 2008 ) .
= Precious ( film ) =
Precious : Base on Nol by Saf ( Based on the Novel " Push " by Sapphire ) , commonly referred to as simply Precious , is a 2009 American drama film , directed and co @-@ produced by Lee Daniels . Precious is an adaptation by Geoffrey S. Fletcher of the 1996 novel Push by Sapphire . The film stars Gabourey Sidibe , Mo 'Nique , Paula Patton , and Mariah Carey . This film marked the acting debut of Sidibe .
The film , then without a distributor , premiered to acclaim at both the 2009 Sundance Film Festival and the 2009 Cannes Film Festival , under its original title of Push : Based on the Novel by Sapphire . At Sundance , it won the Audience Award and the Grand Jury Prize for best drama , as well as a Special Jury Prize for supporting actress Mo 'Nique . After Precious ' screening at Sundance in February 2009 , Tyler Perry announced that he and Oprah Winfrey would be providing promotional assistance to the film , which was released through Lionsgate Entertainment . Precious won the People 's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival in September . The film 's title was changed from Push to Precious : Based on the Novel " Push " by Sapphire , to avoid confusion with the 2009 action film Push . Precious was also an official selection at the 62nd Cannes Film Festival ( particularly the un certain regard section ) .
Lionsgate gave the film a limited release in North America on November 6 , 2009 ( the release was expanded on November 20 ) . Precious received largely positive reviews from critics ; the acting , the story , and its message were generally praised . In the film 's opening weekend in limited release , it grossed $ 1 @.@ 8 million , putting it in 12th place at the box office . As of February 2010 , the film had grossed over $ 47 million domestically , ranking no . 65 for 2009 , recouping its $ 10 million budget , and making it a box office success .
Precious received six nominations , including one for Best Picture , at the 82nd Academy Awards . Geoffrey Fletcher won for Best Adapted Screenplay . Mo 'Nique won the award for Best Supporting Actress , for which she received a standing ovation at the ceremony , along with numerous other accolades .
= = Plot = =
In 1987 , 16 @-@ year @-@ old Claireece Precious Jones ( Gabourey Sidibe ) lives in the New York City ghetto of Harlem with her dysfunctional , abusive , unemployed mother , Mary ( Mo 'Nique ) , who has long subjected her to physical , mental and sex abuse . Precious has been raped by her father , Carl ( Rodney " Bear " Jackson ) , resulting in two pregnancies . The family resides in a Section 8 tenement and survives on welfare . Her first child , " Mongo " ( short for Mongoloid ) , has Down syndrome and is being cared for by Precious ' grandmother , though Mary forces the family to pretend that Mongo lives with her and Precious so she can receive extra money from the government . When Precious ' second pregnancy is discovered , her high school principal arranges for her to attend an alternative school , where she hopes Precious can change her life 's direction . Precious finds a way out of her traumatic daily life by escaping into daydreams . In her mind , she has created an alternate world where she is loved and appreciated .
Inspired by her new teacher , Blu Rain ( Paula Patton ) , Precious finally learns to read and write . She meets sporadically with social worker Ms. Weiss ( Mariah Carey ) , who learns about incest in the household when Precious reveals who fathered her children . While Precious is in the hospital giving birth to her second child , Abdul , she meets John McFadden ( Lenny Kravitz ) , a nursing assistant who shows her kindness . Upon returning home , her mother hits her and deliberately drops 3 @-@ day @-@ old Abdul , angrily revealing that Precious ' revelation about the incest and sexual abuse in the family has resulted in them being cut off from welfare . Precious fights back and flees her home with Abdul . As they set out , she stops at a church window and watches the choir singing a Christmas hymn inside , imagining that she and her fantasy boyfriend are together and singing a more upbeat version of the song . Precious breaks into her school classroom because it is cold and she has nowhere to go . After Blu discovers her the next morning , she frantically calls local shelters looking for a safe place for Precious to stay . Later that night , Precious stays with Blu and her live @-@ in partner ( leading Precious to speculate that Blu is a lesbian ) . The next morning , Ms. Rain takes her and Abdul to find assistance for them . She tells Precious that she will be able to continue her schooling while she raises Abdul in a halfway house .
Precious 's mother soon returns to inform her of her father 's death from AIDS . Precious later learns that she is HIV @-@ positive , though Abdul is not . Feeling dejected , she steals her case file from Ms. Weiss 's office . As she shares the details of her file with her fellow students , she develops a new outlook on life . Later , Precious meets with her mother at the social worker 's office . Ms. Weiss confronts Mary about her abuse of Precious , pointing to specific incidents going back to when Precious was 3 years old .
Mary tearfully says that it was Precious 's fault that her father raped her because she let him and that she stole ' her man ' from her . She let the abuse happen because she was jealous of her and she had no one . Precious remains distant . Before she leaves , she tells her mother that she didn 't know who she really was until today even after all the horrible things she did to her and allowed to happen to her ; she didn 't see Mary 's true nature because she didn 't want to accept that her mother is a monster . Then Precious tells her she 'll never see her or her children again . Mary begs Ms. Weiss to help her get Precious back , but a shaken Ms. Weiss silently brushes past Mary , refusing to help her because of the extent to which Precious was abused .
Precious , with a changed frame of mind , focuses on improving life for herself and her children , severs ties with her mother , takes custody of Mongo , and plans to complete a GED test to receive a high school diploma equivalency . She walks out into the city with both children in tow , ready to start a new life .
= = Cast = =
Gabourey Sidibe as Claireece " Precious " Jones . The film 's casting director , Billy Hopkins , found her at an open @-@ call audition held at New York City 's Lehman College . Sidibe was chosen over 300 others who auditioned in nationwide casting calls and had no prior acting experience .
Mo 'Nique as Mary Lee Johnston , Precious 's verbally and physically abusive mother . Mo 'Nique and Daniels had previously worked together in Shadowboxer ( in which her character was named Precious ) .
Paula Patton as Ms. Blu Rain , Precious 's alternative @-@ school teacher . Patton said that her character teaches Precious to " learn and read and write from the very beginnings , and pushes her to believe in herself , and pushes her to realize that anything is possible . "
Mariah Carey as Ms. Weiss , Precious 's social worker who supports her during her struggles . In September 2008 , Carey described her character as " not really a likable person , but she does bring this to the surface . " Carey and Daniels had previously worked together on Tennessee . Daniels said that he cast Carey because he was " so impressed " by her performance in Tennessee . According to director Daniels , Helen Mirren , who starred in his previous film Shadowboxer , was originally set to play the part of Ms. Weiss , but obtained a role in a " bigger project . "
Lenny Kravitz as Nurse John McFadden , a nurse who shows kindness to Precious . This film is Kravitz ' feature film acting debut .
Sherri Shepherd as Cornrows
Barret Helms ( as Barret Isaiah Mindell ) as Tom Cruise , Precious 's imaginary boyfriend .
Nealla Gordon as Mrs. Sondra Lichtenstein
Stephanie Andujar as Rita Romero , a 16 @-@ year @-@ old former heroin addict and prostitute , who attends the same alternative school in Harlem as Precious and later befriends her . During Andujar 's audition , Daniels was so impressed that he interrupted her dialogue and stated , " I want you in my movie . "
Chyna Layne as Rhonda Patrice Johnson
Amina Robinson as Jermaine Hicks
Xosha Roquemore as Jo Ann
Aunt Dot as Tootsie , Mary 's mother and Precious 's grandmother . Aunt Dot is the real @-@ life aunt of director Lee Daniels .
Angelic Zambrana as Consuelo
Quishay Powell as Mongo
Grace Hightower as Social Worker
Kimberly Russell as Katherine
Bill Sage as Mr. Wicher ; Sage had co @-@ starred with Carey in Glitter , as well as previously working with Daniels on Tennessee .
Sapphire ( the author of the novel ) makes a cameo appearance as a woman at a daycare center near the film 's end .
= = Production = =
Precious was directed by Lee Daniels and co @-@ produced by Daniels 's company , Lee Daniels Entertainment , and the Sarah Siegel @-@ Magness and Gary Magness @-@ owned Smokewood Entertainment Group . The two production companies had previously collaborated with Daniels on Tennessee ( 2008 ) . Precious had , in total , thirteen producers : Daniels , Oprah Winfrey , Tom Heller , Tyler Perry , Lisa Cortes , Gary Magness , Valerie Hoffman , Asger Hussain , Mark G. Mathis , Andrew Sforzini , Bergen Swason , Simone Sheffield and Sarah Siegel @-@ Magness . Principal photography ( filming ) for the film took place on location in various parts of New York City . The production budget was $ 10 million .
After Precious was screened at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival in January , it was picked up for distribution by Lions Gate Entertainment and received promotional assistance from Oprah Winfrey 's Harpo Productions and Tyler Perry 's 34th Street Films . Precious was the first theatrical film to be affiliated with Perry 's company . In February 2009 , Lionsgate and The Weinstein Company filed lawsuits contesting ownership of the rights to release Precious . Both companies claim that they had purchased distribution rights to Precious : The Weinstein Company claimed that they had " secured " their rights while Lionsgate stated that they owned the rights to the film 's distribution in North America . Precious ' sales agent Cinetic Media denied Weinstein 's claims , stating that they failed to finalize the deal .
= = Music = =
Composer Robin Thicke wrote and produced " Push " , the film 's original main theme music . Later announcements confirmed that the song would be replaced by Mary J. Blige 's " I Can See In Color " . Leona Lewis ' song , " Happy " ( from her album Echo ) is featured in the film 's trailer . Daniels stated that the artists featured on the film 's soundtrack were selected because they " resonate not only in Precious 's world , but speak to your soul no matter who you are . " Two other songs , performed decades earlier by Queen Latifah and Mahalia Jackson , were also chosen for the film 's soundtrack . The soundtrack features LaBelle ( Nona Hendryx , Sarah Dash , and Patti LaBelle ) , Donna Allen , Jean Carn , Sunny Gale , and MFSB .
Lionsgate , in association with Matriarch / Geffen Records released the soundtrack online as a digital download on November 3 , 2009 , and in stores on November 23 . Daniels confirmed that there are plans to release Blige 's " I Can See in Color " as a single from the soundtrack . The song was written by Blige , Raphael Saadiq and LaNeah Menzies and is produced by Raphael Saadiq . People Magazine Daily noted that the film " mainly had a music supervised soundtrack , but not much of a score , so there were popular songs placed in the movie . " Peter Travers , of Rolling Stone , described " I Can See In Color " as being " a knockout song ... expressing the goal of Precious to see the world in color . "
= = Release = =
= = = Marketing = = =
Precious was screened during the 2009 Sundance Film Festival from January 15 , 2009 , until January 25 in Park City , Utah . At Sundance , Precious was listed under its original title of Push : Based On The Novel By Sapphire ; however , the title was later altered to avoid confusion with another
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: 13 pm the aircraft 's tail section sustained a sudden upward movement , significant enough to require trimming to bring the plane back to level flight . At approximately 10 : 15 pm Scott and Rataczak landed the 727 , with the aft airstair still deployed , at Reno Airport . FBI agents , state troopers , sheriff 's deputies , and Reno police surrounded the jet , as it had not yet been determined with certainty that Cooper was no longer aboard ; but an armed search quickly confirmed that he was gone .
= = Investigation = =
Aboard the airliner FBI agents recovered 66 unidentified latent fingerprints , Cooper 's black clip @-@ on tie and mother of pearl tie clip , and two of the four parachutes , one of which had been opened and two shroud lines cut from its canopy . Eyewitnesses in Portland , Seattle , and Reno , and all those who personally interacted with Cooper were interviewed . A series of composite sketches was developed .
Local police and FBI agents immediately began questioning possible suspects . One of the first was an Oregon man with a minor police record named D. B. Cooper , contacted by Portland police on the off @-@ chance that the hijacker had used his real name , or the same alias in a previous crime . His involvement was quickly ruled out ; but a wire service reporter ( Clyde Jabin of United Press International by most accounts , Joe Frazier of the Associated Press by others ) , rushing to meet an imminent deadline , confused the eliminated suspect 's name with the pseudonym used by the hijacker . The mistake was picked up and repeated by numerous other media sources , and the moniker " D. B. Cooper " became lodged in the public 's collective memory .
A precise search area was difficult to define , as even small differences in estimates of the aircraft 's speed , or the environmental conditions along the flight path ( which varied significantly by location and altitude ) , changed Cooper 's projected landing point considerably . An important variable was the length of time he remained in free fall before pulling his rip cord — if indeed he succeeded in opening a parachute at all . Neither of the Air Force fighter pilots saw anything exit the airliner , either visually or on radar , nor did they see a parachute open ; but at night , with extremely limited visibility and cloud cover obscuring any ground lighting below , an airborne human figure clad entirely in black clothing could easily have gone undetected . The T @-@ 33 pilots never made visual contact with the 727 at all .
An experimental re @-@ creation was conducted using the same aircraft hijacked by Cooper in the same flight configuration , piloted by Scott . FBI agents , pushing a 200 @-@ pound ( 91 kg ) sled out of the open airstair , were able to reproduce the upward motion of the tail section described by the flight crew at 8 : 13 pm . Based on this experiment , it was concluded that 8 : 13 pm was the most likely jump time . At that moment the aircraft was flying through a heavy rainstorm over the Lewis River in southwestern Washington .
Initial extrapolations placed Cooper 's landing zone within an area on the southernmost outreach of Mount St. Helens , a few miles southeast of Ariel , Washington , near Lake Merwin , an artificial lake formed by a dam on the Lewis River . Search efforts focused on Clark and Cowlitz Counties , encompassing the terrain immediately south and north , respectively , of the Lewis River in southwest Washington . FBI agents and Sheriff 's deputies from those counties searched large areas of the mountainous wilderness on foot and by helicopter . Door @-@ to @-@ door searches of local farmhouses were also carried out . Other search parties ran patrol boats along Lake Merwin and Yale Lake , the reservoir immediately to its east . No trace of Cooper , nor any of the equipment presumed to have left the aircraft with him , was found .
The FBI also coordinated an aerial search , using fixed @-@ wing aircraft and helicopters from the Oregon Army National Guard , along the entire flight path ( known as Victor 23 in standard aviation terminology but " Vector 23 " in most Cooper literature ) from Seattle to Reno . While numerous broken treetops and several pieces of plastic and other objects resembling parachute canopies were sighted and investigated , nothing relevant to the hijacking was found .
In early 1972 , shortly after the spring thaw , teams of FBI agents aided by some 200 Army soldiers from Fort Lewis , along with Air Force personnel , National Guard troops , and civilian volunteers , conducted another thorough ground search of Clark and Cowlitz Counties for eighteen days in March , and then an additional eighteen days in April . Electronic Explorations Company , a marine salvage firm , used a submarine to search the 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) depths of Lake Merwin . Two local women stumbled upon a skeleton in an abandoned structure in Clark County ; it was later identified as the remains of a female teenager who had been abducted and murdered several weeks before . Ultimately , the search operation — arguably the most extensive , and intensive , in U.S. history — uncovered no significant material evidence related to the hijacking .
= = = Later developments = = =
Subsequent analyses called the original landing zone estimate into question : Scott , who was flying the aircraft manually because of Cooper 's speed and altitude demands , later determined that his flight path was significantly farther east than initially assumed . Additional data from a variety of sources — in particular Continental Airlines pilot Tom Bohan , who was flying four minutes behind Flight 305 — indicated that the wind direction factored into drop zone calculations had been wrong , possibly by as much as 80 degrees . This and other supplemental data suggested that the actual drop zone was probably south @-@ southeast of the original estimate , in the drainage area of the Washougal River .
" I have to confess , " wrote retired FBI chief investigator Ralph Himmelsbach in his 1986 book , " if I [ were ] going to look for Cooper , I would head for the Washougal . " The Washougal Valley and its surroundings have been searched repeatedly by private individuals and groups in subsequent years ; to date , no discoveries directly traceable to the hijacking have been reported .
= = = Search for ransom money = = =
In late 1971 the FBI distributed lists of the ransom serial numbers to financial institutions , casinos , race tracks , and other businesses routinely conducting significant cash transactions , and to law enforcement agencies around the world . Northwest Orient offered a reward of 15 percent of the recovered money , to a maximum of $ 25 @,@ 000 . In early 1972 U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell released the serial numbers to the general public . In 1972 two men used counterfeit 20 @-@ dollar bills printed with Cooper serial numbers to swindle $ 30 @,@ 000 from a Newsweek reporter named Karl Fleming in exchange for an interview with a man they falsely claimed was the hijacker .
In early 1973 , with the ransom money still missing , The Oregon Journal republished the serial numbers and offered $ 1 @,@ 000 to the first person to turn in a ransom bill to the newspaper or any FBI field office . In Seattle , the Post @-@ Intelligencer made a similar offer with a $ 5 @,@ 000 reward . The offers remained in effect until Thanksgiving 1974 , and though there were several near @-@ matches , no genuine bills were found . In 1975 Northwest Orient 's insurer , Global Indemnity Co . , complied with an order from the Minnesota Supreme Court and paid the airline 's $ 180 @,@ 000 claim on the ransom money .
= = = Statute of limitations = = =
In 1976 discussion arose over impending expiration of the statute of limitations on the hijacking . Most published legal analysis agreed that it would make little difference , as interpretation of the statute varies considerably from case to case and court to court , and a prosecutor could argue that Cooper had forfeited immunity on any of several valid technical grounds . The question was rendered moot in November when a Portland grand jury returned an indictment in absentia against " John Doe , aka Dan Cooper " for air piracy and violation of the Hobbs Act . The indictment formally initiated prosecution that can be continued , should the hijacker be apprehended , at any time in the future .
= = = Physical evidence = = =
In 1978 a placard containing instructions for lowering the aft stairs of a 727 was found by a deer hunter near a logging road about 13 miles ( 21 km ) east of Castle Rock , Washington , well north of Lake Merwin , but within the basic path of Flight 305 .
In February 1980 an eight @-@ year @-@ old boy named Brian Ingram , vacationing with his family on the Columbia River about 9 miles ( 14 km ) downstream from Vancouver , Washington , and 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of Ariel , uncovered three packets of the ransom cash , significantly disintegrated but still bundled in rubber bands , as he raked the sandy riverbank to build a campfire . FBI technicians confirmed that the money was indeed a portion of the ransom — two packets of 100 twenty @-@ dollar bills each , and a third packet of 90 , all arranged in the same order as when given to Cooper .
The discovery launched several new rounds of conjecture , and ultimately raised many more questions than it answered . Initial statements by investigators and scientific consultants were founded on the assumption that the bundled bills washed freely into the Columbia River from one of its many connecting tributaries . An Army Corps of Engineers hydrologist noted that the bills had disintegrated in a " rounded " fashion , and were matted together , indicating that they had been deposited by river action , as opposed to having been deliberately buried . If so , it confirmed that Cooper had not landed near Lake Merwin , nor in any other part of the Lewis River , which feeds into the Columbia well downstream from the discovery site ; and it lent credence to supplemental speculation ( see Later developments above ) placing the drop zone near the Washougal River , which merges with the Columbia upstream from the discovery site .
But the " free floating " hypothesis presented its own difficulties ; it did not explain the ten bills missing from one packet , nor was there a logical reason that the three packets would have remained together after separating from the rest of the money . Physical evidence was incompatible with geologic evidence : Himmelsbach observed that free @-@ floating bundles would have had to wash up on the bank " within a couple of years " of the hijacking ; otherwise the rubber bands would have long since deteriorated , an observation confirmed experimentally by the Cooper Research Team ( see Ongoing investigation below ) . Geologic evidence suggested , however , that the bills arrived at the area of their discovery — a beach front known as Tina ( or Tena ) Bar — well after 1974 , the year of a Corps of Engineers dredging operation on that stretch of the river . Geologist Leonard Palmer of Portland State University found two distinct layers of sand and sediment between the clay deposited on the river bank by the dredge and the sand layer in which the bills were buried , indicating that the bills arrived long after dredging had been completed . The Cooper Research Team later challenged Palmer 's conclusion , citing evidence that the clay layers were natural deposits . That finding , if true , favors an arrival time of less than one year after the event ( based on the rubber band experiment ) , but does not help to explain how the bundles got to Tina Bar , or from where they came .
Multiple alternative theories were advanced . Some surmised that the money had been found at a distant location by someone ( or possibly even a wild animal ) , carried to the river bank , and reburied there . There was also the possibility that the money had been found on the riverbank earlier , perhaps before the dredging , and buried in a superficial sand layer at a later time . The sheriff of Cowlitz County proposed that Cooper accidentally dropped a few bundles on the airstair , which then blew off the aircraft and fell into the Columbia River . One local newspaper editor theorized that Cooper , knowing he could never spend the money , dumped it in the river or buried it there ( and possibly elsewhere ) himself . No hypothesis offered to date satisfactorily explains all of the existing evidence .
In 1981 a human skull was unearthed along the same riverbank during excavations in search of additional evidence . Forensic pathologists eventually determined that it belonged to a woman , possibly of Native American ancestry .
In 1986 , after protracted negotiations , the recovered bills were divided equally between Ingram and Northwest Orient 's insurer ; the FBI retained 14 examples as evidence . Ingram sold fifteen of his bills at auction in 2008 for about $ 37 @,@ 000 . To date , none of the 9 @,@ 710 remaining bills have turned up anywhere in the world . Their serial numbers remain available online for public search .
In 1988 a portion of a parachute was raised from the bottom of the same stretch of the Columbia River , but FBI experts determined that it could not have been Cooper 's . In 2008 children unearthed another parachute near Amboy , Washington , about 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) due south of Lake Merwin , which proved to be of World War II @-@ era military origin . The Columbia River ransom money and the airstair instruction placard remain the only bona fide physical evidence from the hijacking ever found outside the aircraft . Some investigators have speculated that the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens may have obliterated any remaining physical clues .
= = = Subsequent FBI disclosures = = =
In late 2007 , the FBI announced that a partial DNA profile had been obtained from three organic samples found on the hijacker 's clip @-@ on tie in 2001 , though they later acknowledged that there is no evidence that the hijacker was the source of the sample material . " The tie had two small DNA samples , and one large sample , " said Special Agent Fred Gutt . " It 's difficult to draw firm conclusions from these samples . " The Bureau also made public a file of previously unreleased evidence , including Cooper 's 1971 plane ticket from Portland to Seattle ( price : $ 18 @.@ 52 plus tax , total $ 20 @.@ 00 , paid in cash ) , and posted previously unreleased composite sketches and fact sheets , along with a request to the general public for information which might lead to Cooper 's positive identification .
They also disclosed that Cooper chose the older of the two primary parachutes supplied to him , rather than the technically superior professional sport parachute ; and that from the two reserve parachutes , he selected a " dummy " — an unusable unit with an inoperative ripcord intended for classroom demonstrations , although it had clear markings identifying it to any experienced skydiver as non @-@ functional . ( He cannibalized the other , functional reserve parachute , possibly using its shrouds to tie the money bag shut , and to secure the bag to his body as witnessed by Mucklow ) The FBI stressed that inclusion of the dummy reserve parachute , one of four obtained in haste from a Seattle skydiving school , was accidental .
In March 2009 , the FBI disclosed that Tom Kaye , a paleontologist from the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture in Seattle , had assembled a team of " citizen sleuths " , including scientific illustrator Carol Abraczinskas and metallurgist Alan Stone . The group , eventually known as the Cooper Research Team , reinvestigated important components of the case using GPS , satellite imagery , and other technologies unavailable in 1971 . While little new information was gained regarding the buried ransom money or Cooper 's landing zone , they were able to find and analyze hundreds of minute particles on Cooper 's tie using electron microscopy . Lycopodium spores ( likely from a pharmaceutical product ) were identified , as well as fragments of bismuth and aluminum .
In November 2011 , Kaye announced that particles of pure ( unalloyed ) titanium had also been found on the tie . He explained that titanium , which was much rarer in the 1970s than it is today , was at that time found only in metal fabrication or production facilities , or at chemical companies using it ( combined with aluminum ) to store extremely corrosive substances . The findings suggested that Cooper may have been a chemist or a metallurgist , or possibly an engineer or manager ( the only employees who wore ties in such facilities at that time ) in a metal or chemical manufacturing plant , or at a company that recovered scrap metal from those types of factories , he said .
In July 2016 , the FBI ended active investigation of the Cooper case , citing the need to focus on " more pressing priorities " , but stressed that their case file remains officially open . The bureau continues to solicit credible physical evidence related to the parachutes and the ransom money .
= = Theories and conjectures = =
In the years since the hijacking the FBI has periodically made public some of its working hypotheses and tentative conclusions about the case , drawn from witness testimony and the scarce physical evidence .
The official physical description remains unchanged and is considered reliable . Flight attendants Schaffner and Mucklow , who spent the most time with Cooper , were interviewed on the same night in separate cities , and gave nearly identical descriptions : 5 feet 10 inches ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) to 6 feet 0 inches ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) tall , 170 to 180 pounds ( 77 to 82 kg ) , mid @-@ 40s , with close @-@ set piercing brown eyes . Passengers and other eyewitnesses gave very similar descriptions .
Agents believe that Cooper was familiar with the Seattle area and may have been an Air Force veteran , based on testimony that he recognized the city of Tacoma from the air as the jet circled Puget Sound , and his accurate comment to Mucklow that McChord Air Force Base was approximately 20 minutes ' driving time from the Seattle @-@ Tacoma Airport — a detail most civilians would not know , or comment upon . His financial situation was very likely desperate , as extortionists and other criminals who steal large amounts of money nearly always do so , according to experts , because they need it urgently ; otherwise , the crime is not worth the considerable risk . ( A minority opinion is that Cooper was " a thrill seeker " who made the jump " just to prove it could be done . " )
Agents theorize that he took his alias from a popular Belgian comic book series of the 1970s featuring the fictional hero Dan Cooper , a Royal Canadian Air Force test pilot who took part in numerous heroic adventures , including parachuting . ( One cover from the series , reproduced on the FBI web site , depicts test pilot Cooper skydiving in full paratrooper regalia . ) Because the Dan Cooper comics were never translated into English nor imported to the US , they speculate that he may have encountered them during a tour of duty in Europe . Tom Kaye 's Cooper Research Team ( see Ongoing investigation ) has suggested the alternative possibility that Cooper was Canadian , and found the comics in Canada , where they were also sold . They note his specific demand for " negotiable American currency " , a phrase seldom if ever used by American citizens ; since witnesses stated that Cooper had no distinguishable accent , Canada would be his most likely country of origin if he were not a US citizen .
The FBI task force believes that Cooper was a careful and shrewd planner . He demanded four parachutes to force the assumption that he might compel one or more hostages to jump with him , thus ensuring he would not be deliberately supplied with sabotaged equipment . He chose a 727 @-@ 100 aircraft because it was ideal for a bail @-@ out escape , due not only to its aft airstair , but also the high , aftward placement of all three engines , which allowed a reasonably safe jump without risk of immediate incineration by jet exhaust . It had " single @-@ point fueling " capability , a recent innovation that allowed all tanks to be refueled rapidly through a single fuel port . It also had the ability ( unusual for a commercial jet airliner ) to remain in slow , low @-@ altitude flight without stalling ; and Cooper knew how to control its air speed and altitude without entering the cockpit , where he could have been overpowered by the three pilots . In addition , Cooper was familiar with important details , such as the appropriate flap setting of 15 degrees ( which was unique to that aircraft )
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s apparent success inspired a flurry of imitators , mostly during 1972 . Some notable examples :
Garrett Brock Trapnell hijacked a TWA airliner en route from Los Angeles to New York City in January . He demanded $ 306 @,@ 800 in cash , the release of Angela Davis , and an audience with President Richard Nixon . After the aircraft landed at Kennedy Airport he was shot and wounded by FBI agents , then arrested .
Richard Charles LaPoint , an Army veteran and " New England beach bum " , boarded Hughes Airwest Flight 800 at McCarran airport in Las Vegas on January 20 . Brandishing what he claimed was a bomb while the DC @-@ 9 was on the taxiway , he demanded $ 50 @,@ 000 , two parachutes , and a helmet . After releasing the passengers and two flight attendants he ordered the plane on an eastward trajectory toward Denver , then bailed out over the treeless plains of northeastern Colorado . Authorities , tracking the locator @-@ equipped parachute and his footprints in the snow and mud , apprehended him a few hours later .
Richard McCoy , Jr . , a former Army Green Beret , hijacked a United Airlines 727 @-@ 100 in April after it left Denver , Colorado , diverted it to San Francisco , then bailed out over Utah with $ 500 @,@ 000 in ransom money . He landed safely , but was arrested two days later .
Frederick Hahneman used a handgun to hijack an Eastern Airlines 727 in Allentown , Pennsylvania , in May , demanded $ 303 @,@ 000 , and eventually parachuted into Honduras , his country of birth . A month later , with the FBI in pursuit and a $ 25 @,@ 000 bounty on his head , he surrendered to the American Embassy in Tegucigalpa .
Robb Dolin Heady , a paratrooper and Vietnam veteran , stormed a United Airlines 727 in Reno in early June , extorted $ 200 @,@ 000 and two parachutes , and jumped into darkness near Washoe Lake , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of Reno . Police found Heady 's car ( sporting a United States Parachute Association bumper sticker ) parked near the lake and arrested him as he returned to it the next morning .
Martin McNally , an unemployed service station attendant , used a submachine gun in late June to commandeer an American Airlines 727 en route from St. Louis to Tulsa , then diverted it eastward to Indiana and bailed out with $ 500 @,@ 000 in ransom . McNally lost the ransom money as he exited the aircraft , but landed safely near Peru , Indiana , and was apprehended a few days later in a Detroit suburb .
In all , 15 hijackings similar to Cooper 's — all unsuccessful — were attempted in 1972 . With the advent of universal luggage searches in 1973 ( see Airport security ) the general incidence of hijackings dropped precipitously . There were no further notable Cooper imitators until July 11 , 1980 , when Glenn K. Tripp seized Northwest flight 608 at Seattle @-@ Tacoma Airport , demanding $ 600 @,@ 000 ( $ 100 @,@ 000 by an independent account ) , two parachutes , and the assassination of his boss . After a ten @-@ hour standoff he was apprehended , but on January 21 , 1983 — while still on probation — he hijacked the same Northwest flight , this time en route , and demanded to be flown to Afghanistan . When the plane landed in Portland he was shot and killed by FBI agents .
= = Suspects = =
Since 1971 the FBI has processed over a thousand " serious suspects " along with assorted publicity seekers and deathbed confessors , most of whom have been definitively ruled out . Some notable examples :
= = = Kenneth Christiansen = = =
In 2003 a Minnesota resident named Lyle Christiansen , after watching a television documentary about the Cooper hijacking , became convinced that his late brother Kenneth was D. B. Cooper . After repeated futile attempts to convince first the FBI , and then the author and film director Nora Ephron ( who he hoped would make a movie about the case ) , he contacted a private investigator in New York City . In 2010 the detective , Skipp Porteous , published a book postulating that Christiansen was indeed the hijacker . In early 2011 an episode of the History series Brad Meltzer 's Decoded also summarized the circumstantial evidence linking Christiansen to the Cooper case .
Christiansen enlisted in the Army in 1944 and was trained as a paratrooper . The war had ended by the time he was deployed in 1945 , but he made occasional training jumps while stationed in Japan with occupation forces in the late 1940s . After leaving the Army he joined Northwest Orient in 1954 as a mechanic in the South Pacific , and subsequently became a flight attendant , and then a purser , based in Seattle . Christiansen was 45 years old at the time of the hijacking , but he was shorter ( 5 ft . 8 in . ) , thinner ( 150 pounds ) , and lighter complected than eyewitness descriptions . Christiansen smoked ( as did the hijacker ) , and displayed a particular fondness for bourbon ( Cooper 's preferred beverage ) . He was also left @-@ handed . ( Evidence photos of Cooper 's black tie show the tie clip applied from the left side , suggesting a left @-@ handed wearer . ) Flight attendant Florence Schaffner told a reporter that photos of Christiansen fit her memory of the hijacker 's appearance more closely than those of other suspects she had been shown . ( Tina Mucklow , who had the most contact with Cooper , has never granted a press interview . )
Christiansen reportedly purchased a house with cash a few months after the hijacking . While dying of cancer in 1994 he told Lyle , " There is something you should know , but I cannot tell you . " Lyle said he never pressed his brother to explain . After Christiansen 's death family members discovered gold coins and a valuable stamp collection , along with over $ 200 @,@ 000 in bank accounts . They also found a folder of Northwest Orient news clippings which began about the time he was hired in the 1950s , and stopped just prior to the date of the hijacking , despite the fact that the hijacking was by far the most momentous news event in the airline 's history . Christiansen continued to work part @-@ time for the airline for many years after 1971 , but apparently never clipped another Northwest news story .
Despite the publicity generated by Porteous 's book and the 2011 television documentary , the FBI is standing by its position that Christiansen cannot be considered a prime suspect . They cite a poor match to eyewitness physical descriptions , a level of skydiving expertise above that predicted by their suspect profile , and an absence of direct incriminating evidence .
= = = William Gossett = = =
William Pratt Gossett was a Marine Corps , Army , and Army Air Force veteran who saw action in Korea and Vietnam . His military experience included advanced jump training and wilderness survival . After retiring from military service in 1973 he worked as an ROTC instructor , taught military law at Weber State University in Ogden , Utah , and hosted a radio talk show in Salt Lake City which featured discussions about the paranormal . He died in 2003 .
Gossett was widely known to be obsessed with the Cooper hijacking . He amassed a voluminous collection of Cooper @-@ related news articles , and told one of his wives that he knew enough about the case to " write the epitaph for D.B. Cooper " . Late in his life he reportedly told three of his sons , a retired Utah judge , and a friend in the Salt Lake City public defender 's office that he had committed the hijacking . Photos of Gossett taken circa 1971 bear a close resemblance to the most widely circulated Cooper composite drawing .
According to Galen Cook , a lawyer who has collected information related to Gossett for years , Gossett once showed his sons a key to a Vancouver , British Columbia safe deposit box which , he claimed , contained the long @-@ missing ransom money . Gossett 's eldest son , Greg , said that his father , a compulsive gambler who was always " strapped for cash " , showed him " wads of cash " just before Christmas 1971 , weeks after the Cooper hijacking . He speculated that Gossett gambled the money away in Las Vegas .
In 1988 Gossett changed his name to " Wolfgang " and became a Catholic priest , which Cook and others interpreted as an effort to disguise his identity . Other circumstantial evidence includes testimony that Cook claims to have obtained from William Mitchell , a passenger on the hijacked aircraft , regarding a mysterious " physical detail " ( which he will not divulge ) common to the hijacker and Gossett . Cook also claims to have found " possible links " to Gossett in each of four letters signed by " D.B. Cooper " and mailed to three newspapers within days after the hijacking , although there is no evidence that the actual hijacker created or mailed any of the letters .
The FBI has no direct evidence implicating Gossett , and cannot even reliably place him in the Pacific Northwest at the time of the hijacking . " There is not one link to the D.B. Cooper case , " said Special Agent Carr , " other than the statements [ Gossett ] made to someone . "
= = = Richard Floyd McCoy , Jr . = = =
McCoy was an Army veteran who served two tours of duty in Vietnam , first as a demolition expert , and later , with the Green Berets , as a helicopter pilot . After his military service he became a warrant officer in the Utah National Guard and an avid recreational skydiver , with aspirations , he said , of becoming a Utah State Trooper .
On April 7 , 1972 McCoy staged the best @-@ known of the so @-@ called " copycat " hijackings ( see above ) . He boarded United Airlines ' Flight 855 ( a Boeing 727 with aft stairs ) in Denver , and brandishing what later proved to be a paperweight resembling a hand grenade and an unloaded handgun , he demanded four parachutes and $ 500 @,@ 000 . After delivery of the money and parachutes at San Francisco International Airport , McCoy ordered the aircraft back into the sky and bailed out over Provo , Utah , leaving behind his handwritten hijacking instructions and his fingerprints on a magazine he had been reading . He was arrested on April 9 with the ransom cash in his possession , and after trial and conviction , received a 45 @-@ year sentence . Two years later he escaped from Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary with several accomplices by crashing a garbage truck through the main gate . Tracked down three months later in Virginia Beach , McCoy was killed in a shootout with FBI agents .
In their 1991 book , D.B. Cooper : The Real McCoy , parole officer Bernie Rhodes and former FBI agent Russell Calame asserted that they had identified McCoy as D.B. Cooper . They cited obvious similarities in the two hijackings , claims by McCoy 's family that the tie and mother @-@ of @-@ pearl tie clip left on the plane belonged to McCoy , and McCoy 's own refusal to admit or deny that he was Cooper . A principal proponent of their theory was the FBI agent who killed McCoy . " When I shot Richard McCoy , " he said , " I shot D. B. Cooper at the same time . "
While there is no reasonable doubt that McCoy committed the Denver hijacking , the FBI does not consider him a suspect in the Cooper case because of significant mismatches in his age ( 29 ) and description ; a level of skydiving skill well above that thought to be possessed by the hijacker ; and credible evidence that McCoy was in Las Vegas on the day of the Portland hijacking , and at home in Utah the day after , having Thanksgiving dinner with his family .
= = = Duane Weber = = =
Duane L. Weber was a World War II Army veteran who served time in at least six prisons from 1945 to 1968 for burglary and forgery . He was proposed as a suspect by his widow , based primarily on a deathbed confession : Three days before he died in 1995 , Weber told his wife , " I am Dan Cooper . " The name meant nothing to her , she said ; but months later , a friend told her of its significance in the hijacking . She went to her local library to research D.B. Cooper , found Max Gunther 's book , and discovered notations in the margins in her husband 's handwriting .
She then recalled , in retrospect ,
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and dozens of monasteries , often called Schottenklöster , were founded by Gaelic monks on the continent . The introduction of the continental type of monasticism to Scotland is associated with Queen Margaret , the wife of Máel Coluim III , although her exact role is unclear . She was in communication with Lanfranc , Archbishop of Canterbury , and he provided a few monks for a new Benedictine abbey at Dunfermline ( c . 1070 ) . Subsequent foundations under Margaret 's sons , the kings Edgar , Alexander I and particularly David I , tended to be of the reformed type that followed the lead set by Cluny . These stressed the original Benedictine virtues of poverty , chastity and obedience , but also contemplation and service of the Mass and were followed in various forms by large numbers of reformed Benedictine , Augustinian and Cistercian houses .
Before the twelfth century most Scottish churches had collegiate bodies of clergy who served over a wide area , often tied together by devotion to a particular missionary saint . From this period local lay landholders , perhaps following the example of David I , began to adopt the continental practice of building churches on their land for the local population and endowing them with land and a priest , beginning in the south , spreading to the north @-@ east and then the west , being almost universal by the first survey of the Scottish Church for papal taxation in 1274 . The administration of these parishes was often given over to local monastic institutions in a process known as appropriation . Scotland had little clear diocesan structure before the Norman period . There were bishoprics based on various ancient churches , but some are very obscure in the records and there appear to be long vacancies . From around 1070 , in the reign of Malcolm III , there was a " Bishop of Alba " resident at St. Andrews , but it is not clear what authority he had over the other bishops . After the Norman Conquest of England , the Archbishops of both Canterbury and York each claimed superiority over the Scottish church . The church in Scotland attained independent status after the Papal Bull of Celestine III ( Cum universi , 1192 ) by which all Scottish bishoprics except Galloway were formally independent of York and Canterbury . However , unlike Ireland , which had been granted four Archbishoprics in the same century , Scotland received no Archbishop and the whole Ecclesia Scoticana , with individual Scottish bishoprics ( except Whithorn / Galloway ) , became the " special daughter of the see of Rome " . It was in practice run by special councils made up of all its bishops , with the bishop of St Andrews emerging as the most important player .
= = Culture = =
As a predominantly Gaelic society , most Scottish cultural practices throughout this period mirrored closely those of Ireland , or at least those of Ireland with some Pictish borrowings . After David I , the French @-@ speaking kings introduced cultural practices popular in Anglo @-@ Norman England , France and elsewhere . As in all pre @-@ modern societies , storytelling was popular . The English scholar D. D. R. Owen , who specialises in the literature of this era , writes that " Professional storytellers would ply their trade from court to court . Some of them would have been native Scots , no doubt offering legends from the ancient Celtic past performed ... in Gaelic when appropriate , but in French for most of the new nobility " . Almost all of these stories are lost , although some have come down in the Gaelic or Scots oral tradition . One form of oral culture extremely well accounted for in this period is genealogy . There are dozens of Scottish genealogies surviving from this era , covering everyone from the Mormaers of Lennox and Moray to the Scottish king himself . Scotland 's kings maintained an ollamh righe , a royal high poet who had a permanent place in all medieval Gaelic lordships , and whose purpose was to recite genealogies when needed , for occasions such as coronations .
Before the reign of David I , the Scots possessed a flourishing literary elite who regularly produced texts in both Gaelic and Latin that were frequently transmitted to Ireland and elsewhere . Dauvit Broun has shown that a Gaelic literary elite survived in the eastern Scottish lowlands , in places such as Loch Leven and Brechin into the thirteenth century , However , surviving records are predominantly written in Latin , and their authors would usually translate vernacular terms into Latin , so that historians are faced with researching a Gaelic society clothed in Latin terminology . Even names were translated into more common continental forms ; for instance , Gilla Brigte became Gilbert , Áed became Hugh , etc . As far as written literature is concerned , there may be more medieval Scottish Gaelic literature than is often thought . Almost all medieval Gaelic literature has survived because it was sustained in Ireland , not in Scotland . Thomas Owen Clancy has recently all but proven that the Lebor Bretnach , the so @-@ called " Irish Nennius " , was written in Scotland , and probably at the monastery in Abernethy . Yet this text survives only from manuscripts preserved in Ireland . Other literary work that has survived include that of the prolific poet Gille Brighde Albanach . About 1218 , Gille Brighde wrote a poem — Heading for Damietta — on his experiences of the Fifth Crusade . In the thirteenth century , French flourished as a literary language , and produced the Roman de Fergus , one of the earliest pieces of non @-@ Celtic vernacular literature to survive from Scotland .
There is no extant literature in the English language in this era . There is some Norse literature from Scandinavian parts such as Darraðarljóð , which is located in Caithness , the story being a " powerful mixture of Celtic and Old Norse imagery " . The famous Orkneyinga Saga , which pertains to the early history of the Earldom of Orkney , was written down in Iceland .
In the Middle Ages , Scotland was renowned for its musical skill . Gerald of Wales , a medieval clergyman and chronicler , explains the relation between Scottish and Irish music :
Playing the harp ( clarsach ) was especially popular with medieval Scots – half a century after Gerald 's writing , King Alexander III kept a royal harpist at his court . Of the three medieval harps that survive , two come from Scotland ( Perthshire ) , and one from Ireland . Singers also had a royal function . For instance , when the king of Scotland passed through the territory of Strathearn , it was the custom that he be greeted by seven female singers , who would sing to him . When Edward I approached the borders of Strathearn in the summer of 1296 , he was met by these seven women , " who accompanied the King on the road between Gask and Ogilvie , singing to him , as was the custom in the time of the late Alexander kings of Scots " .
= = Outsiders ' views = =
The Irish thought of Scotland as a provincial place . Others thought of it as an outlandish or barbaric place . " Who would deny that the Scots are barbarians ? " was a rhetorical question posed by the author of the De expugnatione Lyxbonensi ( i.e. " On the Conquest of Lisbon " ) . A century later Louis IX of France was reported to have said to his son " I would prefer that a Scot should come from Scotland and govern the people well and faithfully , than that you , my son , should be seen to govern badly . "
This characterisation of the Scots was often politically motivated , and many of the most hostile writers were based in areas frequently subjected to Scottish raids . English and French accounts of the Battle of the Standard contain many accounts of Scottish atrocities . For instance , Henry of Huntingdon notes that the Scots : " cleft open pregnant women , and took out the unborn babes ; they tossed children upon the spear @-@ points , and beheaded priests on altars : they cut the head of crucifixes , and placed them on the trunks of the slain ; and placed the heads of the dead upon the crucifixes . Thus wherever the Scots arrived , all was full of horror and full of savagery . " A less hostile view was given by Guibert of Nogent in the First Crusade , who encountered Scots and wrote that : " You might have seen a crowd of Scots , a people savage at home but unwarlike elsewhere , descend from their marshy lands , with bare legs , shaggy cloaks , their purse hanging from their shoulders ; their copious arms seemed ridiculous to us , but they offered their faith and devotion as aid . "
There was also a general belief that Scotland @-@ proper was an island , or at least a peninsula , known as Scotia , Alba or Albania . Matthew Paris , a Benedictine monk and cartographer , drew a map in this manner in the mid @-@ thirteenth century and called the " island " Scotia ultra marina . A later medieval Italian map applies this geographical conceptualization to all of Scotland . The Arab geographer al @-@ Idrisi , shared this view : " Scotland adjoins the island of England and is a long peninsula to the north of the larger island . It is uninhabited and has neither town nor village . Its length is 150 miles . "
= = National identity = =
In this period , the word " Scot " was not the word used by vast majority of Scots to describe themselves , except to foreigners , among whom it was the most common word . The Scots called themselves Albanach or simply Gaidel . Both " Scot " and Gaidel were ethnic terms that connected them to the majority of the inhabitants of Ireland . As the author of De Situ Albanie notes at the beginning of the thirteenth century : " The name Arregathel [ Argyll ] means margin of the Scots or Irish , because all Scots and Irish are generally called ' Gattheli ' . "
Likewise , the inhabitants of English and Norse @-@ speaking parts were ethnically linked with other regions of Europe . At Melrose , people could recite religious literature in the English language . In the later part of the twelfth century , the Lothian writer Adam of Dryburgh describes Lothian as " the Land of the English in the Kingdom of the Scots " . In the Northern Isles the Norse language evolved into the local Norn , which lingered until the end of the eighteenth century , when it finally died out and Norse may also have survived as a spoken language until the sixteenth century in the Outer Hebrides .
Scotland came to possess a unity that transcended Gaelic , English , Norman and Norse ethnic differences and by the end of the period , the Latin , Norman @-@ French and English word " Scot " could be used for any subject of the Scottish king . Scotland 's multilingual Scoto @-@ Norman monarchs and mixed Gaelic and Scoto @-@ Norman aristocracy all became part of the " Community of the Realm " , in which ethnic differences were less divisive than in Ireland and Wales .
= Dagr =
In Norse mythology , Dagr ( Old Norse " day " ) is day personified . This personification appears in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , Dagr is stated to be the son of the god Dellingr and is associated with the bright @-@ maned horse Skinfaxi , who " draw [ s ] day to mankind " . Depending on manuscript variation , the Prose Edda adds that Dagr is either Dellingr 's son by Nótt , the personified night , or Jörð , the personified Earth . Otherwise , Dagr appears as a common noun simply meaning " day " throughout Old Norse works . Connections have been proposed between Dagr and other similarly named figures in Germanic mythology .
= = Attestations = =
= = = Poetic Edda = = =
Dagr is mentioned in stanzas 12 and 25 of the poem Vafþrúðnismál . In stanza 24 , the god Odin ( disguised as " Gagnráðr " ) asks the jötunn Vafþrúðnir from where the day comes , and the night and its tides . In stanza 25 , Vafþrúðnir responds :
Delling hight he who the day 's father is ,
but night was of Nörvi born ;
the new and waning moons the beneficent powers created ,
to count the years for men .
In stanza 12 , the horse Skinfaxi , his mane gleaming , is stated by Vafþrúðnir as " drawing day to mankind " .
In Sigrdrífumál , after the valkyrie Sigrdrífa is woken from her sleep curse by the hero Sigurd , Sigurd asks her name , and she gives him a " memory @-@ drink " of a drinking horn full of mead , and then Sigrdrifa says a prayer . The first verse of this prayer features a reference to the " sons of Dagr " and the " daughter of Nótt " :
Hail to the Day ! Hail to the sons of Day !
To Night and her daughter hail !
With placid eyes behold us here ,
and here sitting give us victory .
Hail to the Æsir ! Hail to the Asyniur !
Hail to the bounteous earth !
Words and wisdom give to us noble twain ,
and healing hands while we live !
In the poem Hrafnagaldr Óðins , the appearance of Dagr and his horse and chariot are described :
The son of Delling
urged on his horse
adorned with
precious jewels .
Over Mannheim shines
the horse 's mane ,
the steed Dvalin 's deluder
dew in his chariot .
= = = Prose Edda = = =
In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , Dagr is again personified . In chapter 10 , the enthroned figure of High states that Dagr is the son of the couple of Dellingr of the Æsir and his wife Nótt ( " night " ) . Dagr is described as " as bright and beautiful as his father 's people " . Odin took Dagr and his mother Nótt , gave them each a chariot and a horse — Dagr receiving the horse Skinfaxi , whose mane illuminates all the sky and the earth — and placed them in the sky to ride around the earth every 24 hours .
Dagr is again personified in chapter 24 of the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál , where he is stated as a brother of Jörð . As a common noun , Dagr appears in chapter 58 , where " Skinfaxi or Glad " is stated as pulling forth the day , and chapter 64 , where Dagr is stated as one of various words for time .
However , scholar Haukur Thorgeirsson points out that the four manuscripts of Gylfaginning vary in their descriptions of the family relations between Nótt , Jörð , Dagr , and Dellingr . In other words , depending on the manuscript , either Jörð or Nótt is the mother of Dagr and partner of Dellingr . Haukur details that " the oldest manuscript , U , offers a version where Jǫrð is the wife of Dellingr and the mother of Dagr while the other manuscripts , R , W and T , cast Nótt in the role of Dellingr 's wife and Dagr 's mother " , and argues that " the version in U came about accidentally when the writer of U or its antecedent shortened a text similar to that in RWT . The results of this accident made their way into the Icelandic poetic tradition " .
= = Theories = =
Otto Höfler theorized that Dagr may be related to ( or may be the same figure as ) the hero Svipdagr ( whose name means " the suddenly dawning day " ) who is attested in various texts . Among other sources , this figure is found in two poems compiled together and known as Svipdagsmál in the Poetic Edda , the Prologue to the Prose Edda , and by the name Swæfdæg in the mythical genealogies of the Anglian houses of Anglo @-@ Saxon England . Otto Höfler also proposed that Svipdagr may have been a " Dagr of the Suebi " , and because of the names of his family members , Sólbjartr ( " the sun @-@ light " , indicating a potential god of the skies ) and Gróa ( " growth " , indicating a possible goddess of growth ) , and his wooing of Menglöð ( often identified with the goddess Freyja ) , he further suggested that Svipdagr may have been a fertility god .
= Louis J. Sebille =
Louis Joseph " Lou " Sebille ( November 21 , 1915 – August 5 , 1950 ) was a fighter pilot in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and later the United States Air Force during the Korean War . He rose to the rank of major and posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions on August 5 , 1950 in South Korea during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter .
Born in Michigan , Sebille worked as an MC in Chicago , Illinois before joining the U.S. Army Air Corps shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . Sebille flew B @-@ 26 Marauder bombers over Europe from 1943 to 1945 . He flew 68 combat missions and accrued more than 3 @,@ 000 hours of flying time . Sebille briefly became a commercial airline pilot after the war before he was offered a commission as a first lieutenant and reentered the service in July 1946 .
Sebille commanded the 67th Fighter @-@ Bomber Squadron at the outbreak of the Korean War , flying F @-@ 51 Mustangs in close air support and air strike missions . On August 5 , 1950 , he attacked a North Korean armored column advancing on United Nations military units . Though his aircraft was heavily damaged and he was wounded during the first pass on the column , he turned his plane around and deliberately crashed into the convoy at the cost of his life .
= = Biography = =
Louis J. Sebille was born on November 21 , 1915 in Harbor Beach , Michigan . He attended Wayne State University in Detroit , Michigan . After his graduation from the university in the 1930s he moved to Chicago , Illinois where he worked as a Master of Ceremonies in several Chicago nightclubs under the nickname " Lou Reynolds . " He was described as " a handsome glib master of ceremonies who used to wow the customers with his own parody of My Blue Heaven " . Sebille married and his wife gave birth to a son in December 1949 .
= = = World War II = = =
Sebille enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps two weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan . He began flight training in January 1942 , in spite of being two months older than the cutoff age of 26 , as the desperate need for pilots combined with Sebille 's skills as a pilot allowed him to waive the age restriction . During that time he was described as an outstanding pilot and leader , and his maturity was helpful for the younger flight trainees . After completing flight training , Sebille was commissioned as a second lieutenant and assigned to the 450th Bombardment Squadron , 322nd Bombardment Group 3rd Bombardment Wing at MacDill Field , Florida . Sebille flew B @-@ 26 Marauder aircraft .
Deployed to England in January 1943 , Sebille flew bombing missions in the European theatre . The 322nd Bombardment Group , the first unit to fly the B @-@ 26 Marauder , was sent on its first mission on May 14 , a low @-@ altitude attack on an electrical power plant in the Netherlands under the control of Nazi Germany . The mission was Sebille 's first sortie , and the group suffered one plane lost and 10 damaged . Three days later a second attack was assigned on the same target , however , Sebille was not on the mission list . Of the planes that flew the mission , one aborted and the rest did not return . Sebille advanced to flight leader and then was promoted to squadron operations officer with a temporary rank of major . By the end of the war , Sebille had flown 68 combat missions with 245 combat hours . In the war he had been awarded two Distinguished Flying Crosses and twelve Air Medals . His unit returned to the United States in March , 1945 .
After the end of the war , Sebille left active duty with the Air Force and began work as a commercial airline pilot . However he returned to the Air Force in July 1946 after he was offered a commission as a First Lieutenant . He held several positions , first as a staff officer with the Ninth United States Air Force headquarters at Biggs Army Airfield at Fort Bliss , Texas . Shortly thereafter , Sebille was assigned as an F @-@ 51 Mustang and F @-@ 80 Shooting Star instructor pilot , teaching other pilots how to transition from conventional fighter aircraft to newer jet engine powered models . Sebille then attended Air Tactical School at Tyndall Field , Florida . He was then assigned to Clark Air Base in the Philippines in 1948 . During this time , he flew an F @-@ 51D named Nancy III ( tail number 44 @-@ 74112 ) . In November 1948 , Sebille was once again promoted to major and made the commanding officer of the 67th Fighter @-@ Bomber Squadron , 18th Fighter @-@ Bomber Wing , a component of the Fifth United States Air Force stationed in Japan for post @-@ World War II occupation duties . In November 1949 , the squadron began receiving new F @-@ 80 's but continued to fly a mix of F @-@ 80 and F @-@ 51 aircraft . Eventually , the squadron transitioned entirely to F @-@ 80s , then back to F @-@ 51s . During this time , Sebille was known to spend time in his squadron 's Quonset hut . He frequently discussed fighting and death , including sentiments supporting suicide attack , at one point saying " If you have to die , then take some of the enemy with you . " During this time Sebille worked mostly administrative duty as the squadron absorbed new aircraft and pilots in Japan .
= = = Korean War = = =
With the outbreak of the Korean War on June 25 , 1950 , the United Nations voted to send troops into South Korea to aid it against the North Korean Army to prevent the country from collapsing . Sebille 's unit was among those send to assist the UN ground forces operating in Korea . By the end of July , the US had shipped a large number of aircraft of all types to Korea . On July 30 , the Far East Air Forces had 890 planes ; 626 F @-@ 80 's and 264 F @-@ 51 's , but only 525 of them were in units and available and ready for combat .
Early in the war , these aircraft were used primarily to conduct raids and gather intelligence on North Korean ground targets , focused on disrupting North Korean supply to the front lines . However , as soon as UN forces retreated to Pusan Perimeter following the Battle of Taejon , the Naval aircraft were immediately re purposed for close @-@ air support and airstrikes against North Korean ground troops on the front . These missions were significantly more risky and the aircraft suffered much higher losses due to North Korean ground fire . On August 1 , Sebille and his squadron moved to Ashiya Air Field and began conducting missions in support of the ground forces in Korea . By August 5 , Sebille had accrued over 3 @,@ 000 hours of flying time over the course of his career . During this time , the 67th Fighter @-@ Bomber Squadron operated primarily out of Ashiya but also used airfields at Taegu and Pusan .
= = = = Medal of Honor action and death = = = =
At the beginning of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter , the night of September 4 , North Korean troops established a beachhead across the Naktong River and were using it to advance across the river and attack Taegu , South Korea , where the UN 's Eighth United States Army was headquartered in defense of the perimeter . On September 5 , a T @-@ 6 Mosquito forward air controller spotted a North Korea column advancing through the village of Hamchang . Sebille was ordered to lead a flight of three F @-@ 51 's on an airstrike against the North Korean troops advancing there . Sebille flew a P @-@ 51 ( tail number 44 @-@ 74394 ) loaded with two 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) bombs , six rockets , and six M2 Browning .50 caliber machine guns . He and his wingmen , Captain Martin Johnson and Lieutenant Charles Morehouse , approached the village at an altitude of 5 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) and spotted a North Korean armored column crossing the river in a shallow area . Sebille positioned himself for a medium @-@ angle dive bomb run , planning to drop both of his bombs on his first attack . Diving , he held steady until about 2 @,@ 500 feet ( 760 m ) . When he spotted a target column of trucks , artillery guns and armored cars , led by a North Korean Armored Personnel Carrier , he hit the bomb release button on his control stick , and then made a sharp pull @-@ up to the left to stay away from his bomb blast . However , only one of his bombs had released , and the 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) of unbalanced weight under his left wing may have contributed to his near miss on the first run .
North Korean anti aircraft fire struck Sebille 's F @-@ 51 as he turned to make a second run , heavily damaging the aircraft and it began trailing smoke and glycol coolant . Sebille had intended to release his second bomb , but he radioed Johnson that he had been hit and injured , probably fatally . Johnson radioed back Sebille should try to head for a US emergency landing strip in Taegu a short distance away , but Sebille responded with his last known words , " No , I 'll never make it . I 'm going back and get that bastard ( sic ) " . He dove straight toward the APC that was his target . He fired his six rockets in salvo , but instead of pulling up to the regular 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) , he deliberately continued to dive his airplane and the remaining bomb straight into the target , firing his six machine guns . His plane sustained even heavier damage , and he crashed into the North Korean convoy destroying a large contingent of North Korean ground troops and vehicles though being killed instantly himself .
He was buried at Forest Home Cemetery in Forest Park , Chicago . Upon hearing reports of Sebille 's death , commanders in Korea did not think highly of Sebille 's act , likening it to a kamikaze action . In spite of reluctance , Lieutenant Donald Bolt , the squadron 's assistant awards officer , forwarded a citation of the event to Washington D.C. where Sebille would be evaluated for the Medal of Honor . Shortly after the incident , both Bolt and Sebille 's second @-@ in @-@ command , Captain Robert Howell , were killed in separate combat engagements . A short obituary for Sebille appeared in Time Magazine after his death . The United States Air Force Academy also created a memorial to Sebille in Harmon Hall , the academy 's administration building .
= = Military awards = =
Sebille 's military decorations and awards include :
= = = Medal of Honor citation = = =
Sebille was posthumously presented the Medal of Honor in a ceremony at March Air Force Base in Riverside County , California , on August 24 , 1951 . Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt Vandenberg presented the medal for him to his widowed wife and their son , who was 19 months old at the time . The ceremony was also attended by his former wingman in Korea , Martin Johnson , who made a speech calling Sebille " a remarkable friend , a fine commander and a very brave man . "
Sebille was the first person in the U.S. Air Force to be awarded the Medal of Honor since the branch 's beginning in 1947 , and the 31st MOH recipient of the Korea War . The Four U.S. Air Force members including Sebrille who received the medal in that war were pilots who were killed in action . They were the only USAF members to receive the Army version of the medal ( the Air Force version was first awarded during the Vietnam War ) . His Medal of honor citation reads :
Rank and organization : Major , U.S. Air Force , 67th Fighter @-@ Bomber Squadron , 18th Fighter @-@ Bomber Group , 5th Air Force .
Place and date : Near Hanchang , Korea , August 5 , 1950 .
Entered service at : Chicago , Ill . Born : November 21 , 1915 , Harbor Beach . Mich.Citation :
Maj. Sebille , distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty . During an attack on a camouflaged area containing a concentration of enemy troops , artillery , and armored vehicles , Maj. Sebille 's F @-@ 51 aircraft was severely damaged by antiaircraft fire . Although fully cognizant of the short period he could remain airborne , he deliberately ignored the possibility of survival by abandoning the aircraft or by crash landing , and continued his attack against the enemy forces threatening the security of friendly ground troops . In his determination to inflict maximum damage upon the enemy , Maj. Sebille again exposed himself to the intense fire of enemy gun batteries and dived on the target to his death . The superior leadership , daring , and selfless devotion to duty which he displayed in the execution of an extremely dangerous mission were an inspiration to both his subordinates and superiors and reflect the highest credit upon himself , the U.S. Air Force , and the armed forces of the United Nations .
= Exosome complex =
The exosome complex ( or PM / Scl complex , often just called the exosome ) is a multi @-@ protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of RNA ( ribonucleic acid ) molecules . Exosome complexes are found in both eukaryotic cells and archaea , while in bacteria a simpler complex called the degradosome carries out similar functions .
The core of the exosome contains a six @-@ membered ring structure to which other proteins are attached . In eukaryotic cells , the exosome complex is present in the cytoplasm , nucleus and especially the nucleolus , although different proteins interact with the exosome complex in these compartments regulating the RNA degradation activity of the complex to substrates specific to these cell compartments . Substrates of the exosome include messenger RNA , ribosomal RNA , and many species of small RNAs . The exosome has an exoribonucleolytic function , meaning it degrades RNA starting at one end ( the 3 ′ end in this case ) , and in eukaryotes also an endoribonucleolytic function , meaning it cleaves RNA at sites within the molecule .
Several proteins in the exosome are the target of autoantibodies in patients with specific autoimmune diseases ( especially the PM / Scl overlap syndrome ) and some antimetabolic chemotherapies for cancer function by blocking the activity of the exosome . In addition , mutations in exosome component 3 cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia and spinal motor neuron disease .
= = Discovery = =
The ex
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on Sky One on April 19 , 1998 . However , because the title " Chinga " is a Mexican Spanish swear word " equivalent to ' fuck ' and in very common usage " , the episode was retitled " Bunghoney " when it aired in the UK .
" Chinga " received mixed reviews from critics . Anna Redman of HELLO ! Canada was positive toward the episode , and referred to it as " one of the series ' best episodes " . Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club gave a mixed review , awarded it a C – , and called it an episode that " seems like one of those ideas that sounds really , really great until someone thinks about for more than a minute . " Handlen argued that King was a wrong fit for The X @-@ Files and that the resultant script was King " being asked to marry his voice to Carter 's " . He derided the plot and wrote that it was written " like someone ( Darin Morgan , only not funny at all ) doing a parody for the most familiar King tropes . " Handlen , however , did praise the violence in the episode , noting that he is " a sucker for gore " , but ultimately called the episode " lousy " . John Keegan from Critical Myth heavily criticized the episode 's writing and gave it a 4 out of 10 @.@ he wrote , " Overall , this episode is quite a disappointment , considering that Stephen King would appear to be an obvious match for a series like this . Unfortunately , the final script doesn ’ t seem to be a true horror story or the whimsical character study that it clearly wants to be , and so it fails to satisfy on either account . There are some great character moments , but it ’ s not enough to save the episode . "
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five and called it " clumsy " . The two argued that the premise of " Chinga " would have been better suited to a book or short story , as is King 's forte . However , its translation to television resulted in an episode " so on the nose , it makes you wince . " Despite this , Shearman and Pearson complimented Carter 's rewrites as well as the various jokes thrown throughout the episode . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a largely negative review and awarded it one star out of four . She called the entry " a major disappointment " and wrote that it " isn 't scary in the least " . Vitaris even argued that " it 's unintentionally funny " and that the scenes with Mulder that are supposed to play as humor do not . Vitaris wrote that the episode was like the third season entry " Pusher " , except with less focus ; ultimately , the episode degenerates into " watching people get killed in various gruesome ways while Scully and Vonsant finally collect enough information [ … ] in the nick of time . "
Erin McCann of The Guardian listed " Chinga " as one of the " 13 best X @-@ Files episodes ever " .
Despite the lackluster reception the episode garnered , several critics considered the entry scary . Katie Anderson from Cinefantastique named the scene wherein Dave the Butcher kills himself as the eighth " Scariest Moment " in The X @-@ Files . Television Without Pity named the episode the ninth " Most Nightmare @-@ Inducing " episode of the series , noting that " [ t ] his Stephen King @-@ penned episode is your classic demonic doll story . "
= HMS Mars ( 1896 ) =
HMS Mars was a Royal Navy pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the Majestic class , the seventh member of a class of nine ships . The ship was laid down in the Laird Brothers shipyard in June 1894 , she was launched in March 1896 , and she was commissioned into the fleet in June 1897 . She was armed with a main battery of four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns and a secondary battery of twelve 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) guns . The ship had a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) .
Mars served in the Channel Fleet after her commissioning , and in 1902 an accident with her forward main battery killed eleven men and badly damaged the turret . She was present at the Coronation Fleet Review for Edward VII later that year . She was reduced temporarily to the Reserve in March 1906 before returning to service with the Channel Fleet in October . The following March she was reassigned to the Home Fleet . As tensions in Europe rose dramatically in late July 1914 , Mars was mobilized with her sister ships into the 9th Battle Squadron , based as a guard ship in the Humber . In December , she was transferred to the Dover Patrol , though in February 1915 , she was decommissioned in Belfast and disarmed . Mars served as a troop ship during the Dardanelles Campaign before being converted into a depot ship . She remained in service until July 1920 ; the old ship was sold for scrap in May 1921 and broken up in November .
= = Design = =
Mars was 421 feet ( 128 m ) long overall and had a beam of 75 ft ( 23 m ) and a draft of 27 ft ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . She displaced up to 16 @,@ 060 t ( 15 @,@ 810 long tons ; 17 @,@ 700 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two 3 @-@ cylinder vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines powered by eight coal @-@ fired cylindrical boilers . By 1907 – 1908 , she was re @-@ boilered with oil @-@ fired models . Her engines provided a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) at 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) . The Majestics were considered good seaboats with an easy roll and good steamers , although they suffered from high fuel consumption . She had a crew of 672 officers and enlisted men .
The ship was armed with four BL 12 @-@ inch Mk VIII guns in twin turrets , one forward and one aft . The turrets were placed on pear @-@ shaped barbettes ; six of her sisters had the same arrangement , but her sisters Caesar and Illustrious and all future British battleship classes had circular barbettes . Mars also carried twelve QF 6 @-@ inch / 40 guns . They were mounted in casemates in two gun decks amidships . She also carried sixteen QF 12 @-@ pounder guns and twelve QF 2 @-@ pounder guns . She was also equipped with five 18 @-@ inch ( 450 @-@ mm ) torpedo tubes , four of which were submerged in the ship 's hull , with the last in a deck @-@ mounted launcher . Mars and the other ships of her class had 9 inches ( 229 mm ) of Harvey armour , which allowed equal protection with less cost in weight compared to previous types of armour . This allowed Mars and her sisters to have a deeper and lighter belt than previous battleships without any loss in protection . The barbettes for the main battery were protected with 14 in ( 360 mm ) of armour , and the conning tower had the same thickness of steel on the sides . The ship 's armoured deck was 2 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 in ( 64 to 114 mm ) thick .
= = Service history = =
HMS Mars was laid down at the Laird Brothers shipyard in Birkenhead on 2 June 1894 . She was launched on 30 March 1896 . She commissioned on 8 June 1897 for service with the Channel Fleet , where she served in the Portsmouth division . She was present at the Fleet Review at Spithead for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria on 26 June 1897 . Captain Henry John May was appointed in command on 5 January 1899 , and succeeded by Captain Henry Deacon Barry who was appointed in command in September 1900 . She suffered a serious accident in April 1902 when one of her forward 12 @-@ inch ( 305 @-@ mm ) guns was fired before the breech was closed , killing two officers and nine enlisted men , injuring seven , and wrecking the forward main battery turret . She was at the Coronation Fleet Review for King Edward VII on 16 August 1902 . On 16 August 1904 , Mars began a refit at Portsmouth . During her refit , the Channel Fleet became the Atlantic Fleet in a reorganization on 1 January 1905 , and she remained in the renamed unit . Her refit was completed in March 1905 . Her Atlantic Fleet service ended on 31 March 1906 , when she commissioned into the Reserve at Portsmouth .
Mars recommissioned at Portsmouth for service in the new Channel Fleet on 31 October 1906 . This service ended when she paid off at Portsmouth on 4 March 1907 . Mars recommissioned on 5 March 1907 for service in the Devonport Division of the new Home Fleet which had been organized in January 1907 , and was based at Devonport . During this service , she underwent refits in 1908 – 1909 and 1911 – 1912 . By July 1914 , she was in the 4th Division , Home Fleet . With war appearing to be imminent , the Royal Navy undertook a precautionary mobilization on 27 July 1914 . As part of this , Mars and her sister ships Hannibal , Magnificent , and Victorious formed the 9th Battle Squadron , which was based in the Humber under the Admiral of Patrols . Mars was serving as a guard ship at the Humber when World War I began in August 1914 , and continued in that duty after the 9th Battle Squadron was dissolved on 7 August 1914 .
Mars was transferred to the Dover Patrol on 9 December 1914 , and was based at Dover briefly before moving to Portland on 11 December 1914 . She was based at Portland until February 1915 . The Majestic @-@ class ships were by then the oldest and least effective battleships in service in the Royal Navy . In February 1915 , Mars transferred to Belfast , where she paid off on 15 February 1915 . In March and April 1915 she was disarmed there by Harland and Wolff , retaining only four of her 6 @-@ inch ( 152 @-@ mm ) guns and some lighter guns ; her 12 @-@ inch ( 305 @-@ mm ) guns were taken to arm the new Lord Clive @-@ class monitors Earl of Peterborough and Sir Thomas Picton . After that , she was laid up in Loch Goil in April 1915 .
In September 1915 , Mars recommissioned to serve as a troopship in the Dardanelles campaign . Mars and her similarly disarmed sister ships Hannibal and Magnificent , also acting as troopships , arrived at Mudros on 5 October 1915 . At the Dardanelles , Mars took part in the evacuation of Allied troops from Anzac Cove on 8 and 9 December 1915 and from West Beach at Cape Helles on 8 and 9 January 1916 . During the West Beach evacuation , Mars was covered by what had once been her 12 @-@ inch ( 305 @-@ mm ) guns , now mounted on Sir Thomas Picton . Mars returned to Devonport in February 1916 , then paid off at Chatham , where she underwent a refit for conversion to a harbor depot ship . She recommissioned as a harbor depot ship on 1 September 1916 , and served in this capacity at Invergordon until July 1920 . Mars was placed on the sale list at Invergordon on 7 July 1920 . She was sold for scrapping on 9 May 1921 and left Invergordon for scrapping at Briton Ferry in November 1921 .
= = Endnotes = =
= I Love You ( Miss Robot ) =
" I Love You ( Miss Robot ) " is a song written , performed and produced by the Buggles , a duo of Trevor Horn and Geoff Downes , for their 1980 debut studio album The Age of Plastic . It was not released as a single . The song is , according to Downes , about " being on the road and making love to someone you don 't really like " , although music critics consider the song 's subject having to do with a robot . The song was performed live in 2010 , as part of the first performance of all the tracks from The Age of Plastic .
= = Production = =
" I Love You " is the fourth track of The Buggles ' debut studio album The Age of Plastic , although it was not released as a single . Plastic was recorded in 1979 , and was made on a budget of £ 60 @,@ 000 . The backing track of " I Love You " was recorded at Virgin 's Town House in West London , with mixing and recording of vocals held at Sarm East Studios . Gary Langan mixed the song on a Sunday in 1979 , between 11 : 00 pm / 12 : 00 am and 3 : 00 / 4 : 00 am . Langan has said that the song was " one of the best mixes I 've ever done " , and considered the song to be a " pukka mix " .
= = Composition and critical response = =
When performing " I Love You " at the Ladbroke Grove 's Supperclub , a live performance known as " The Lost Gig " , Horn said that he conceived the idea of the song after playing Moon River on a bass guitar every Tuesday night .
" I Love You " is an electropop new wave song . Downes is also a vocalist on the track , which he sings through a vocoder . He said that " I Love You " was really about " being on the road and making love to someone you don 't really like , while all the time you 're wanting to phone someone who 's a long way off . "
Despite this , AllMusic , in their review of The Age of Plastic , considered the song to be about " a metaphorical love affair with a robot " that " explores modern man 's relationship to , and dependence on , technology " , and Craven Lovelace of the Grand Junction Free Press noted the song as an example of the increased popularity of robots as a musical subject in the early 1980s . Theo Cateforis wrote in his book , Are We Not New Wave ? : Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s , that the title of The Age of Plastic and the songs " I Love You " and " Astroboy " " picture the arrival of the 1980s as a novelty era of playful futurism " . Chuck Eddy from Spin viewed the song title as a proof The Age of Plastic was " firmly in Kraftwerk 's future @-@ tech tradition " .
= = Live performances = =
In September 2010 , the song was performed live at Ladbroke Grove 's Supperclub in Notting Hill , London , billed as the " The Lost Gig " . This saw the first live performances of all songs from The Age of Plastic .
= = Personnel = =
Geoff Downes – writer , producer , keyboards , drums , percussion , additional vocals
Trevor Horn – writer , producer , vocals , bass guitar , guitar
= Tropical Storm Gilda ( 1973 ) =
Tropical Storm Gilda in 1973 was the first documented tropical cyclone on record to transition into a subtropical cyclone . It formed on October 16 in the western Caribbean Sea from a tropical wave , and strengthened to reach peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) before striking Cuba . It later moved slowly through the Bahamas before weakening to tropical depression status . On October 24 , with the assistance of a cold front off the coast of the eastern United States , Gilda transformed into a subtropical storm , becoming very large and strong . The storm later accelerated northeastward and became extratropical , ultimately dissipating near Greenland .
The storm first brought heavy rainfall to Jamaica , causing six deaths and some damage from mudslides . While crossing Cuba and later the Bahamas , the storm caused little impact , limited to some crop damage . As a subtropical storm , Gilda brought gusty winds and high waves to much of the east coast of the United States , causing minor beach erosion and coastal property damage .
= = Storm history = =
A tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on October 3 . It tracked westward , reaching the Caribbean Sea on October 10 . By October 13 , a large area of convection persisted from Hispaniola southwestward through Panama , and over the next few days the convection organized and concentrated in the northwestern Caribbean Sea . An anticyclone became established near Jamaica on October 15 , which created a favorable upper @-@ level environment for the system by reducing wind shear . Around the same time , a low @-@ level trough emerged from the Intertropical Convergence Zone , heading north off the coast of Nicaragua . Early on October 16 , the system developed into a broad tropical depression about halfway between Central America and Jamaica .
The initial motion of the depression was uncertain , as steering currents could have resulted in a motion either to the west or to the north @-@ northeast . With the possibility of the western track , the storm was remarked as being the first serious hurricane threat for southern Florida since Hurricane Gladys in 1968 . However , after formation the depression moved slowly north @-@ northeastward . The thunderstorm activity gradually became better organized while rainbands increased around the circulation . By 0000 UTC on October 18 , the depression attained tropical storm status about 100 mi ( 160 km ) northwest of the Cayman Islands , after which it was named Gilda by the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) . The storm quickly strengthened as it moved toward southern Cuba , reaching peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) about 18 hours after reaching tropical storm status . Shortly thereafter , Gilda made landfall near the border of the present day Cuban provinces of Sancti Spíritus and Ciego de Ávila .
Tropical Storm Gilda weakened slightly over Cuba , crossing the island in less than twelve hours before emerging into the Atlantic Ocean early on October 19 . At the time , the anticyclone over Jamaica which previously assisted the cyclone instead remained over the Caribbean , which increased shear over the storm . This caused the convection to gradually separate from the low @-@ level circulation . Early on October 20 , Gilda passed just southeast of Andros Island in the Bahamas , around the same time that the Hurricane Hunters recorded an atmospheric pressure of 994 mbar ; this was the lowest recorded pressure in association with Gilda while it was a tropical cyclone . It gradually weakened due to the wind shear , resulting in the low @-@ level steering currents becoming dominant . After moving through the Exuma island chain , the storm passed near or over Eleuthera , and late on October 21 Gilda became nearly stationary about 60 mi ( 95 km / h ) east of Harbour Island . Late on October 22 , after moving only about 6 mi ( 10 km ) in a 24 ‑ hour period , Gilda weakened to a tropical depression .
Now a tropical depression , Gilda remained nearly stationary for another 24 hours before accelerating northeastward , under the influence of an upper @-@ level trough exiting the east coast of the United States . Cold air from the trough interacted with Gilda , providing a baroclinic environment for intensifying , and on October 24 the storm transitioned into a subtropical storm about halfway between Hispaniola and North Carolina . This made Gilda the first tropical storm on record to transition into a subtropical cyclone . Operationally , tropical storm advisories were still issued on Gilda while it was subtropical , due to the need to maintain consistency and the possibility it could again become tropical . The circulation of the storm became very large , at one point stretching from New England to the Bahamas , and eastward beyond Bermuda , or a diameter of more than 1300 mi ( 2100 km ) . On October 25 , Gilda passed about halfway between Bermuda and Cape Hatteras , when it reached peak winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Subsequently it turned northeastward , and on October 27 attained a minimum pressure of 984 mbar , the lowest of its duration while tropical or subtropical . Later that day , Gilda became an extratropical cyclone southeast of the Canadian Maritimes as it moved over colder waters . After passing just southeast of Newfoundland , the storm continued northeastward , becoming nearly stationary off the coast of Greenland before dissipating on October 30 .
= = Preparations , impact , and records = =
Tropical Storm Gilda first affected Jamaica , bringing heavy rainfall in a three @-@ day period . The highest amount measured in a 24 ‑ hour period within Jamaica was 411 millimetres ( 16 @.@ 2 in ) , which triggered many landslides across eastern sections of the island . The rains produced landslides , particularly in Saint Andrew Parish where six houses were destroyed . Elsewhere on the island , the mudslides caused further property damage and left some roads unpassable . Six people were killed throughout the country . The storm did not have significant impact in Cuba . A station in the mountains of what was then known as Oriente Province recorded winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The city of Morón , located along the northern coast of Cuba , recorded 6 @.@ 13 inches ( 155 mm ) of rainfall in the 6 hour period prior to the storm passing the area . Damage was minor , limited to some crop damage in the eastern portion of the island , as well as power outages . The threat of the storm forced several thousand people to leave their homes .
In the Bahamas , officials closed schools , and many businesses closed early on the day the storm moved through the country . The storm 's stationary motion caused several days of high tides and heavy rains . Tropical storm force wind gusts were reported on Andros Island , and gusts peaked at 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) on Golden Cay . Gilda 's passage left crop damage on several islands , although monetary losses in the country were minor .
When Gilda was forecast to move near southeastern Florida , gale warnings were issued from North Key Largo to Fort Lauderdale . Rough seas affected the Florida coastline for about 72 hours , causing moderate coastal property damage and beach erosion . After becoming a large subtropical cyclone , gale warnings were issued at various times from Cape Hatteras , North Carolina to the mouth of the Merrimack River in Massachusetts . High surf and minor beach erosion were reported along the coastline , and gale force winds were observed from North Carolina to New Jersey . Over the western Atlantic Ocean , the storm produced strong winds and rough seas . One ship reported a wave height of 28 ft ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) , though no significant marine losses were reported . Around the time of it becoming extratropical , Sable Island off the coast of Nova Scotia recorded a wind gust of 74 mph ( 119 km / h ) .
Tropical Storm Gilda was notable as being the first observed tropical cyclone to transition into a subtropical cyclone ; several subtropical cyclones have undergone tropical cyclogenesis , but never the opposite . Since Gilda , a few other storms accomplished the feat . In 1980 , a tropical depression dissipated , reformed as a subtropical depression , and later became Hurricane Georges over the open Atlantic Ocean . The next year , Tropical Storm Jose became subtropical near the end of its duration , and in 1984 , Hurricane Klaus became a subtropical storm over the western Atlantic Ocean . In 2001 , Tropical Storm Allison , after causing devastating flooding in Texas , became a subtropical storm over the Gulf of Mexico and moved across much of the southeastern United States . In 2011 , Tropical Storm Lee transitioned into a subtropical storm while approaching Louisiana .
= S. O. Davies =
Stephen Owen Davies ( birth date uncertain , died 25 February 1972 ) , generally known as S. O. Davies , was a Welsh miner , trade union official and Labour Party politician , who served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Merthyr Tydfil from 1934 to 1972 . In 1970 , when well past 80 , he was deselected as parliamentary candidate by his local party association on account of his age . He fought the constituency in the 1970 general election as an Independent and won comfortably , a rare example in British politics of an independent candidate defeating a major party 's organisation .
Most official records show Davies 's birth date as November 1886 , but he is widely thought to have been born at least four years earlier . After leaving school aged 12 and working for some years in local pits , Davies studied mining engineering and later took an Arts degree at University College , Cardiff . He returned to the coalfields in 1913 , and established a reputation for militancy . In 1918 he was elected miners ' agent for the Dowlais district of the South Wales Miners ' Federation ( SWMF ) , and in 1924 was appointed SWMF 's chief organiser , legal adviser , and vice @-@ president . After a visit to Moscow in 1922 he became a firm defender of the Soviet Union , a position he maintained for the rest of his life .
After his election to parliament in 1934 , Davies was a consistent advocate for the interests of Merthyr Tydfil and the Welsh mining community . Largely indifferent to party discipline and official policy , among wider causes he championed were disarmament and Welsh nationalism , with a persistence that brought him several suspensions from the party and helped to ensure that he was never offered ministerial office . An immensely popular figure locally , he was regularly returned at general elections with large majorities . In 1966 , after an unstable colliery spoil tip collapsed on the village of Aberfan with the loss of 144 lives , Davies controversially stated that he had long thought that the tip was unsafe . He had not reported his suspicions , for fear that an enquiry would cause the closures of local pits . Not long after his unexpected 1970 electoral triumph , Davies died early in 1972 aged at least 85 and possibly 90 or more .
= = Early life = =
= = = Birth , childhood and early career = = =
There is uncertainty about Davies 's date of birth . Most records say November 1886 , though usually with the caveat that he might have been born several years earlier . His birthplace was 39 John Street , Abercwmboi ( then known as Cap Coch ) in the South Wales coalfields , the fourth child of Thomas Davies and his wife Esther . Thomas was a miner and trade union activist , who under the pseudonym Y Llwynog ( " the Fox " ) wrote a column for the Welsh language newspaper Tarian y Gweithiwr ( " The Worker 's Shield " ) , in which he berated pit management and safety practices . His general militancy led to his blacklisting by pit owners , and after spells of unemployment he eventually found work as an insurance agent .
Davies attended the local Cap Coch school , leaving at the age of 12 , as was usual at that time , to begin work in the Cwmpennar coal mine . He remained there until the mine was exhausted in 1905 , when he moved to Mountain Ash to work at Nixon 's Navigation Colliery . His ambition and intelligence were quickly recognised by his superiors , and he was encouraged to study mining engineering , at first locally in Aberdare and , in 1907 , at the Royal College of Science in London . In 1908 , with sponsorship from the Brecon Memorial College , he passed his matriculation and began studying for a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree at University College , Cardiff , with a view thereafter to entering the nonconformist ministry . However , Davies 's religious beliefs were influenced by R.J. Campbell , a noted preacher who rejected much traditional Christian teaching and asserted that socialism was the practical expression of Christianity . Davies 's association with such supposed heresies was unacceptable to the Brecon college , which withdrew its financial support .
Despite this loss of sponsorship , Davies completed his studies and graduated in 1913 . His plans to enter the ministry were abandoned ; he was an active member of the Independent Labour Party ( ILP ) , and his religious vocation had been replaced by a commitment to working @-@ class politics . In 1913 , while still a student , he stood for election to Cardiff 's Board of Guardians , as the ILP candidate in the Grangetown ward . This first foray into electoral politics ended in a narrow defeat , by 47 votes .
= = = Mineworker and union official = = =
After graduation , Davies returned to work in the mines , initially at Tumble in the Gwendraeth Valley . In December 1913 he unsuccessfully sought election as miners ' sub @-@ agent for the Anthracite Miners ' district of the SWMF . When the First World War began in August 1914 he opposed it as capitalist militarism : " History teaches that war invariably brings in its wake a lower standard of morality , a restriction of the liberty of the masses , and a degradation of their social conditions " . In 1917 Davies founded and was first chairman of the Burry Port and Gwendraeth Valley Trades and Labour Council . He was initially selected as the Labour candidate for the Llanelli constituency in the 1918 general election , but stood down when the SWMF backed his rival , J.H. Williams .
In 1918 Davies sought the position of miners ' agent for the Dowlais district of the SWMF . Against strong competition — his main opponent was William Mainwaring , later a long @-@ serving Labour MP for Rhondda East — Davies was victorious by 100 votes . The main role of the agent was to represent miners in disputes with their employers ; typically these would involve issues of pay , redundancy , working hours , and compensation for injuries . Davies 's surviving day books reveal the extent to which he was concerned with cases where the mining companies denied liability for underground injuries .
In 1919 Davies married Margaret ( " Madge " ) Eley from Cardiff ; three daughters were subsequently born . The years following the First World War saw economic decline and hardship in the South Wales coalfields , conditions which deepened Davies 's radical instincts , and he began to acquire a reputation for militancy . Contrary to mainstream Labour Party policy , Davies advocated workers ' control rather than the nationalisation of the mining industry . In 1921 he unsuccessfully advocated affiliation of the Miners ' Federation of Great Britain ( MFGB , precursor of the National Union of Mineworkers or NUM ) with the Red International of Labour Unions ( RILU ) . The following year he was a delegate from the SWMF to the Second World Congress of the RILU in Moscow , and acquired a warm sympathy towards the Soviet system . He did not , however , join the recently formed Communist Party of Great Britain , and remained within the Labour Party .
In 1924 Davies was appointed SWMF 's chief organiser and legal adviser , and was elected its vice @-@ president . He also served
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