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refined in its ride as should be expected of it " and that " the car also has a good deal more road @-@ holding and cornering than might be expected " . However , in December 1981 Car magazine judged the car ( 2 @.@ 2 GLS model ) to be prone to " untidy " handling , tending to under @-@ steer first followed by excessive over @-@ steer . The magazine made a particular note of the advantage in handling and grip enjoyed by the older live @-@ axled Volvo 244 , underlining the point about the Tagora 's lack of advantage in terms of road manners .
Regarding the interior , the seats drew praise for their comfort and detail design . However , again , Car provided a counterpoint to the effect that the Volvo was as roomy , despite its shorter wheelbase . The steering wheel was criticized in the same review for being too close to the driver ´ s legs . The ventilation temperature control was " not satisfactory " due to an unprogressive response at the cool end of the dial . There was no fan @-@ blown cold air ( cold air was by ram @-@ effect ) nor an option for cool air to be directed to the face at the same time as warmth being directed into the footwells . According to Car the ventilation " fell down badly " on account of its awkward controls . Oddment accommodation was " disappointment " . Lacking a self @-@ setting stay , opening the bonnet was " heavy work " and the boot , while large , had the demerit of an " unusual " locking method : " [ the boot ] is locked before being shut by pushing in a red handle set in the inside of the lid " .
In summary , the main competencies of the Tagora were its spacious cabin ( though it was not class @-@ leading ) , its comfortable seating , its fuel economy ( in 2 @.@ 2 GLS form ) and the size of its luggage compartment ( 572 litres ) . But the fact that a car launched in 1974 , the Volvo 244 GLE , could offer better seats , disc brakes all round , better headlights , better ventilation and better handling for only slightly more than Talbot was charging for their car indicated that the Tagora had come to market with a vehicle that was uncompetitive in too many major respects .
Nearly a decade after the Tagora had ceased production , the view of the car in the automotive press was that it was merely average though there was little actively wrong with the car . The view was that the Tagora had the advantage of refinement , good manners and , in V6 form , good performance . Rust was identified as the single biggest problem for the surviving cars , usually around the rear suspension mountings . Buckley suggested that the car might attain collectible status by 2003 .
= = Reasons for commercial failure = =
= = = Market situation and image = = =
In terms of engineering , the Tagora had no major flaws ( except perhaps for the poor cabin ventilation ) . The 1979 energy crisis , however , dealt a blow to the European automotive market : the large car segment contracted significantly , making Chrysler 's initial sales projections unrealistic . The Tagora was ultimately launched under the Talbot brand , which was not established in the marketplace and had a questionable pedigree , which was an unfavourable trait in the executive car market ruled by established names like the Ford Granada . In the view of Martin Buckley Talbot did not advertise the car effectively so " people did not know about the car " .
= = = Design = = =
As the British magazine What Car ? opined , the Tagora " has such a complete blandness of style as to disqualify it instantly in a market where character and status count for so much . " The design of the Tagora was focused on practicality , providing exceptional cabin space at the expense of style . The steep windscreen formed a quite strange angle with the relatively short , wedge @-@ shaped bonnet . The car was wider and taller than most of its competitors , and buyers were unaccustomed to such proportions . The PSA @-@ sourced axles had very narrow tracks relative to the width of the body , which provided an awkward look , especially at the rear . Nor did the plain , plastic dashboard stir enthusiasm among reviewers and prospective customers .
= Trish Stratus =
Patricia Anne " Trish " Stratigeas ( / ˈstrætᵻdʒiːəs / ; born December 18 , 1975 ) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler , former fitness model , fitness master , actress , and television personality , better known by her former ring name Trish Stratus . She is best known for her tenure with WWE .
After beginning her career as a fitness model , Stratus began working for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , which was later renamed World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . Early in her career , she was mostly involved in sexually themed storylines , such as managing the team T & A and an affair with Vince McMahon 's Mr. McMahon character . As Stratus spent more time in the ring , her perceived wrestling skills strengthened and her popularity increased . Because of this , she was made a one @-@ time WWE Hardcore Champion , three @-@ time " WWE Babe of the Year " and was proclaimed " Diva of the Decade " . After nearly seven years in the business , Stratus retired from professional wrestling at WWE Unforgiven on September 17 , 2006 after winning her seventh WWE Women 's Championship , the most titles in WWE history . In 2011 , Stratus was a trainer for WWE Tough Enough and she was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013 .
Aside from professional wrestling , Stratus appeared on a number of magazine covers and has been involved in charity work . She has also hosted several award and television shows , and owns a yoga studio .
= = Early life and fitness modelling = =
Stratigeas grew up in Richmond Hill , Ontario , Canada where she attended Bayview Secondary School . She enrolled at York University , where she studied biology and kinesiology and played soccer and field hockey . Due to a faculty strike in 1997 , she was forced to change her plans . She was working as a receptionist at a local gym when she was approached by the publisher of MuscleMag International to do a test shoot for the magazine . She later appeared on the cover of the May 1998 issue and was signed to a two @-@ year contract . For the next six months , she worked on her body and appeared on numerous magazine covers . During this time , she joined Big Daddy Donnie & Jeff Marek as the third host of Live Audio Wrestling on Toronto Sports Radio , The FAN 590 .
Stratigeas had been a fan of wrestling since childhood and her modelling work caught the attention of the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . In November 1999 , she was signed to a multi @-@ year contract with the company , who sent her to Sully 's Gym where she was trained by Ron Hutchinson .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE = = =
= = = = Managing and T & A ( 2000 – 2001 ) = = = =
Stratigeas made her debut as a villainous character on the March 19 , 2000 episode of Sunday Night Heat , under the ring name Trish Stratus . She appeared on stage to scout Test and Prince Albert . The next night on Raw , Stratus began her first role in the company , managing Test and Albert in the tag team T & A. It was during her stint managing T & A that Stratus took her first major bump in the ring , by being driven through a table by the Dudley Boyz at Backlash , after she had been taunting Bubba Ray Dudley for several weeks . In June , she was on the receiving end of a stink face from Rikishi on Raw .
She also began managing then @-@ heel , Val Venis to win the WWE Intercontinental Championship , but their partnership ended at SummerSlam after Venis lost the title . Stratus made her in @-@ ring debut at the June 22 taping of SmackDown ! , winning a tag team match with T & A against the Hardy Boyz and Lita . A storyline feud between Stratus and Lita developed after the match with Stratus attacking Lita on episodes of Raw and SmackDown ! . This led to an Indian Strap match between the two women on the July 24 episode of Raw , which Stratus won with help from Stephanie McMahon . She finished the year competing unsuccessfully for the WWF Women 's Championship numerous times , and separating from Test and Albert when the team disbanded .
In early 2001 , Stratus became involved in an angle with WWF Chairman Vince McMahon , during a time when Vince 's wife Linda was kayfabe institutionalized following a demand Vince had made for a divorce during an episode of SmackDown ! on December 7 , 2000 . Vince and Stratus ' relationship increasingly angered the boss ' daughter , then @-@ heel , Stephanie McMahon . At No Way Out on February 25 , Stratus and Stephanie squared off , with Stephanie scoring the victory after a run @-@ in by William Regal . In the midst of a tag team match that pitted Vince and Stratus against Regal and Stephanie the next night on Raw , Stratus was the victim of a set @-@ up by Vince , Stephanie and Regal . Regal executed his finisher , the Regal Cutter , on Stratus and Stephanie then dumped sewage over Stratus ' body . Vince stood over Stratus , and he told her she was a " toy " with which he had " grown tired of playing with " . The angle continued the next week on Raw , with Vince forcing Stratus to strip down to her black bra and panties in the ring and bark like a dog . The storyline came to an end at WrestleMania X @-@ Seven , when Stratus slapped Vince during his match against his son Shane , becoming a fan favorite in the process .
= = = = Women 's Champion ( 2001 – 2003 ) = = = =
Following her first face turn , Stratus began wrestling part @-@ time . She teamed up with Lita against then @-@ heels , Stacy Keibler and Torrie Wilson at InVasion . After suffering an ankle injury in the summer , however , she was sidelined for the following three months . This interrupted not only her recent venture into wrestling , but also an on @-@ screen romance with Jeff Hardy and budding storyline with Team Xtreme . As she rehabilitated , she kept herself visible by co @-@ hosting Excess on TNN . After returning in autumn , Stratus appeared at Survivor Series where she won the WWF Women 's Championship for the first time in a six @-@ pack challenge . Stratus was next involved in a feud with Jazz over the Women 's Championship , where she retained the championship at the Royal Rumble , but dropped the championship to Jazz two weeks later on the February 4 , 2002 episode of Raw . Stratus then attempted to regain the title for several months , including competing in a triple threat match at WrestleMania X8 against Lita and Jazz in her hometown of Toronto , Ontario , Canada , but failed to win the match . While chasing after the Women 's Championship , Stratus won the WWE Hardcore Championship on May 6 , pinning Crash Holly after Bubba Ray Dudley hit him over the head with a trash can . She lost the title to Steven Richards soon afterward however , due to the stipulation that the belt was to be defended 24 / 7 as long as there was a referee present . One week later , she regained the Women 's Championship in a tag team match with Bubba Ray Dudley . During this time , Stratus began wrestling solely on the Raw brand after being drafted in the WWF Brand Extension .
Stratus ' second reign as champion came to an end on June 23 , when she was defeated at King of the Ring by Molly Holly . The two Divas continued their storyline feud for the next three months . After a failed attempt to win the title in July , Stratus won the championship back at Unforgiven . While feuding with Holly , Stratus was also involved in an angle with new Diva Victoria , who held a storyline grudge against Stratus , claiming she was betrayed by Stratus when they both worked as fitness models . The two competed in several title matches , with Stratus retaining until Survivor Series , where Victoria won the title in a Hardcore match . On March 17 , 2003 , Victoria and Steven Richards defeated Jazz and Stratus in a tag team match when Jazz walked out on Stratus . After the match , Jeff Hardy saved Stratus from an attack by Victoria and Richards and then kissed her , resulting in Stratus becoming Hardy 's on @-@ screen girlfriend once more . The two would talk and kiss backstage , compete as an intergender tag team , and come to each other 's aid when in danger during singles competition . At no point was their previous relationship acknowledged . The storyline was suddenly dropped when WWE released Hardy in April . This marked the second time in two years that a romance between Stratus and Hardy was abruptly scrapped due to a setback in one of their personal lives . In neither instance did the angle fully play out or reach a conclusion .
At WrestleMania XIX , Stratus ended her feud with Victoria by defeating her and Jazz to capture her fourth Women 's Championship , only to lose the title to Jazz at the following pay @-@ per @-@ view , Backlash . The Raw after Backlash , Eric Bischoff ordered a No Disqualification match between him and Stratus . If Stratus won , she would get a championship rematch the next week ; if Bischoff won , he would get to spend a night with her . Bischoff would go on to win the match , though the stipulation was nulified when Linda McMahon confronted him after the match . In the following months , Stratus was placed into an alliance with Gail Kim . It was short @-@ lived , however , as Kim turned on Stratus and teamed with Molly Holly , putting the women in a storyline feud . The duo defeated Stratus and several tag team partners until Stratus allied herself with a returning Lita . The team defeated Kim and Holly in several matches , including a match at Unforgiven .
= = = = Teaming and feuding with Lita ( 2003 – 2005 ) = = = =
Stratus began an on @-@ screen romance with Chris Jericho during the November 10 episode of Raw when she agreed to go on a date with him . Subsequently , they participated in an intergender tag team match as partners on December 1 . After the match , Stratus overheard Jericho talking to then @-@ heel , Christian , who was involved in an on @-@ screen romance with Lita at the time , about who could sleep with their respective woman first . One week later , Stratus and Lita confronted the men about their actions , leading to a feud between the two men and women which resulted in a " Battle of the Sexes " tag team match at Armageddon , which the women lost . A rematch the next night ended in a no contest . Her relationship with Jericho continued into the next year with a new angle of Stratus developing feelings for Jericho . Christian would also briefly turn face once again , but only revealed to be a hoax as he would attack and defeat her in a match ordered by Eric Bischoff . This would start a feud between Christian and Jericho , who was defending Stratus . During their match at WrestleMania XX , however , Stratus became a villainess for the first time since her debut by betraying Jericho and siding with Christian . Stratus claimed her reasons for siding with Christian were that he was a " real man " , and Jericho was a " love sick puppy " . The duo feuded with Jericho for several months and competed in a 2 @-@ on @-@ 1 Handicap match at Backlash . The team of Stratus and Christian were joined by " problem solver " Tyson Tomko the next night on Raw .
Stratus won the WWE Women 's Championship for a fifth time at Bad Blood on June 13 . She defended the title until she suffered a legitimate broken hand in July that caused her to be out of action for approximately a month . Upon her return , she continued to defend the title against numerous challengers before losing the championship to Lita on December 6 , when both women wrestled in the main event of Raw for the championship . Stratus recaptured the title a month later at New Year 's Revolution , after Lita suffered a legitimate knee injury during the match . Stratus was originally booked to lose the championship back to Lita at WrestleMania 21 , but due to Lita 's injury , she wasn 't cleared to wrestle . A new angle was then developed between Stratus and 2004 Raw Diva Search winner Christy Hemme over jealousy of Hemme 's Playboy magazine exposure , with Stratus attacking Hemme and spray painting the word " slut " across her back . Stratus was challenged by Hemme , who later revealed she was being trained by Lita , for a championship match at WrestleMania 21 , where Stratus successfully retained her championship . Stratus would then demand a rematch against Hemme the next night on Raw ; before the match started , Stratus hit Hemme with the Chick Kick , and re @-@ injured Lita 's knee . The next week , after losing a tag team match , Stratus was chased around the arena by Lita 's storyline husband , Kane , narrowly escaping . The week after , Stratus almost got chokeslammed onto the stage , but Viscera saved her . Stratus would then form a short @-@ lived alliance with Viscera , who was ordered to protect her .
= = = = Storyline with Mickie James and retirement ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = = =
In May 2005 , Stratus was sidelined with the Women 's Championship after suffering a herniated disc , with the storyline explanation that Viscera had injured her at Backlash after she insulted him for losing to Kane . She returned to Raw on September 12 , 2005 as a face by siding with Ashley Massaro against Vince 's Devils ( Candice Michelle , Victoria and Torrie Wilson ) . The feud also involved the debuting Mickie James , who introduced herself as Stratus ' biggest fan . In November , during the Eddie Guerrero Tribute Show , Stratus took part in an inter @-@ promotional Divas battle royal that was won by SmackDown ! Diva Melina . The next week , MNM ( Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro ) kidnapped Stratus for Melina , who challenged a tied up and gagged Stratus to a match for the Women 's Championship . The two fought at Survivor Series , with Stratus defeating Melina . Stratus and Mickie James continued teaming together in late 2005 , while James became increasingly obsessed with Stratus . On the December 26 episode of Raw , the storyline between Stratus and James developed into a lesbian one , when James initiated an intimate kiss with Stratus under a sprig of mistletoe , causing a surprised Stratus to flee the locker room .
The odd relationship between Stratus and James continued into 2006 , with the two Divas competing against each other in a title match at New Year 's Revolution , where Stratus emerged victorious . Despite the defeat , James continued to be enamored of Stratus which made her feel uncomfortable , and on March 6 , Stratus confronted James , telling her that she needed space . The duo briefly reconciled on the March 18 episode of Saturday Night 's Main Event , teaming together to defeat Candice Michelle and Victoria ; however , after the match , James turned on Stratus and attacked her . A match at WrestleMania 22 saw Stratus lose the Women 's Championship to James , ending her 448 @-@ day reign . The match is widely recognized as one of the best women 's matches in the company . During a rematch at Backlash , Stratus suffered a legitimate dislocated shoulder after taking a bump to the outside of the ring . While she was rehabilitating for six weeks , she continued to appear on @-@ screen .
Stratus returned to the ring on June 26 , where she had a Women 's Championship match with Mickie James . Stratus would go on to lose the match , thus finally ending their nine @-@ month long storyline . On the same night , she started a romantic angle with Carlito after he saved her from a double team attack by Melina and Johnny Nitro . They competed as a team , and won a mixed tag team match against Melina and Nitro at Saturday Night 's Main Event on July 15 . As a couple , Stratus and Carlito briefly feuded with WWE Champion Edge and Lita after the pair interrupted Stratus ' title match with Mickie James . The two couples competed in several tag team matches , including a six @-@ person tag team match where Edge , Lita and Randy Orton defeated Stratus , Carlito and John Cena after Orton RKO 'd Stratus and Lita followed up with the pin . Stratus ' last match on Raw occurred on September 11 , 2006 where she defeated former rival Mickie James . In late August , Lita stated that Stratus would retire following the Unforgiven pay @-@ per @-@ view , which was later confirmed by Stratus . At Unforgiven on September 17 , in her hometown of Toronto , Stratus won against Lita with fellow Canadian Bret Hart 's signature submission maneuver , the Sharpshooter . Her victory earned her a seventh Women 's Championship , the most in WWE history , and she retired as the champion .
= = = = Post @-@ retirement appearances and WWE Hall of Famer ( 2007 – 2014 ) = = = =
Stratus and Lita made a special appearance on December 10 , 2007 during Raw 's 15th Anniversary special , attacking Jillian Hall . The following year , Stratus appeared on Raw in Toronto on May 5 , in a backstage segment involving Ron Simmons and Trevor Murdoch .
Stratus wrestled her first match in over two years on the December 22 , 2008 episode of Raw , when she and John Cena defeated Santino Marella and her former on @-@ screen protégé Beth Phoenix in a mixed tag team match .
On September 14 , 2009 , Stratus served as the guest hostess of Raw , and participated in a six @-@ person tag team match , teaming with Montel Vontavious Porter and Mark Henry to defeat Phoenix , Chris Jericho , and Big Show .
Stratus made a surprise appearance at the 2011 Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view to announce that she would be a trainer on the revival of WWE Tough Enough , and stopped LayCool from attacking Kelly Kelly . The following month , on March 14 , she lost a match to Vickie Guerrero due to interference from LayCool and Dolph Ziggler . After the match , John Morrison and Raw guest star Nicole " Snooki " Polizzi came to her aid . At WrestleMania XXVII , Stratus , Snooki , and Morrison defeated the team of Ziggler and LayCool . The night after WrestleMania , on Raw , Stratus and Morrison defeated Guerrero and Ziggler . She also appeared on Raw on June 6 and SmackDown on September 16 .
The following year , on July 23 , 2012 , she made a guest appearance on Raw 's 1000th episode .
On the January 28 , 2013 , episode of Raw , Stratus was announced as a WWE Hall of Fame inductee as part of the 2013 class , making her the youngest inductee in WWE history . Stratus chose Stephanie McMahon to induct her into the Hall of Fame in April .
The following year , Stratus inducted Lita into the WWE Hall of Fame .
= = Other media = =
On June 3 , 2006 , she hosted the Canada 's Walk of Fame induction ceremony and performed a song and dance number inspired by the soundtrack from the film Chicago at the event . During the show , Stratus ad libbed a kiss with fellow Canadian actress Pamela Anderson .
From late November 2006 to mid @-@ January 2007 , Stratus temporarily moved to Muncie , Indiana for the CBS reality show Armed & Famous . She was given a spot in the series after Paul Heyman had mentioned her name to CBS . The concept was that she was one of five celebrities who trained as volunteer officers with the Muncie Police Department . After finishing her training , Stratus and her real life officer partner were followed around by a camera crew while going on legitimate police calls . Although the show was scheduled to broadcast seven episodes starting on January 10 , 2007 , CBS canceled the series after just four of the episodes were aired . After the cancellation of Armed & Famous , Stratus hosted The Second City 's Next Comedy Legend . The contest was similar to the style of America 's Next Top Model , with Stratus portraying the " Tyra Banks " role as contact between the contestants and judges .
Stratus is the host and subject of the show Stratusphere , which debuted in 2008 on the Travel + Escape television channel . The show follows Stratus as she visits different locations around the world to participate in local sports and adventure . Bill Harris wrote that , " Every week , Stratus embarks on a trip in search of exotic locations and daring physical challenges . In the first episode , for example , Stratus is in Kochi , India , where she learns the ancient martial art of kalarippayattu , progressing from fighting with sticks to fighting with metal swords . Through the 10 @-@ episode run of Stratusphere , Stratus does everything from reindeer racing in Norway to bungee jumping in Bali . Her athleticism obviously sets Stratusphere apart from most travel shows . " Stratus also guest @-@ starred in the Canadian show Da Kink in My Hair new season , which started on February 12 , 2009 . In 2009 , Stratus became a spokesperson for sports betting website , Sports Interaction .
Stratus starred in the Canadian independent movie , Bail Enforcers , which marked her acting debut . She played a bounty hunter named Jules Taylor , which released on April 19 , 2011 , premiering at ActionFest 2011 . The movie was then released on DVD as " Bounty Hunters " .
Stratus co @-@ starred in the 2015 film , Gridlocked , as the villainous Gina .
= = = Video games = = =
Stratus has appeared in nineteen WWE video games . She made her in @-@ game debut at WWF SmackDown ! 2 : Know Your Role and appears in WWF No Mercy , WWF SmackDown ! Just Bring It , WWE Raw , WWE WrestleMania X8 , WWE SmackDown ! Shut Your Mouth , WWE WrestleMania XIX , WWE Raw 2 , WWE SmackDown Here Comes the Pain , WWE Day of Reckoning , WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw , WWE WrestleMania 21 , WWE Day of Reckoning 2 , WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw 2006 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 , WWE 12 ( DLC ) , WWE 13 and WWE 2K16 ( DLC ) .
= = Yoga studio = =
In 2008 , Stratus opened a yoga studio named Stratusphere in the suburbs of Toronto , Ontario . The studio is billed as " Canada 's largest eco @-@ friendly yoga studio " . In 2009 , Stratusphere was awarded Top Choice Awards ' Best New Business award , and the following year , Stratus won the award for Business Woman of the Year . The studio won Top Choice Awards ' Best Yoga Studio award in 2013 .
= = Personal life = =
Stratigeas is of Greek and Polish descent and is the eldest daughter of John and Alice Stratigeas . Her sisters are named Christie and Melissa . Stratigeas married her high school sweetheart and boyfriend of fourteen years , Ron Fisico , on September 30 , 2006 . Several WWE Divas were in attendance at the wedding , and her bridal gown was featured on a cover of Today 's Bride magazine . Shortly after the wedding , Stratus got the call to be a part of Armed & Famous , so she filmed the show instead of going on her honeymoon . In 2013 , Stratigeas announced her pregnancy at the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony , and her first child , a son named Maximus , was born on September 30 , 2013 . Stratigeas is best friends with former wrestler Amy Dumas , a.k.a. " Lita " , even naming Dumas as the godmother to her son .
Stratigeas has also been involved with numerous charities such as Ronald McDonald House , Dreams Take Flight and the Special Olympics . From 2001 , she was a spokesperson for the World Natural Sports Association . On March 29 , 2008 , she participated in the Island Triathlon Series as part of a celebrity relay team to help raise money for Dignitas International .
= = Filmography = =
Bail Enforcers ( 2011 )
Gridlocked ( 2015 )
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Chick Kick ( Roundhouse kick , sometimes to an oncoming opponent ) 2003 – 2006
Multiple bulldog variations
Diving - 2005
Running - 2000 @-@ 2002
Stratusfaction ( Springboard , with theatrics ) 2001 – 2006
Wheelbarrow - 2002
Sharpshooter – 2006 ; adopted from Bret Hart
Signature moves
Air Canada ( Thesz press followed by multiple punches , sometimes to an oncoming opponent )
Backhand chop , with theatrics
Diving clothesline
Diving crossbody
Hangman 's choke
Headscissors takedown
MaTrish ( Matrix evasion )
MaTrish Revolutions ( Handstand tilt @-@ a @-@ whirl headscissors takedown )
Multiple pin variations
Backslide
Jumping roll @-@ up , sometimes while bridging
Springboard sunset flip
Victory roll
One @-@ armed neckbreaker slam , to an oncoming opponent
Spear
Spinebuster
Stratusphere ( Turnbuckle handstand transitioned into a frankensteiner )
Stratus Splash ( Stinger splash )
Super frankensteiner
Wrestlers managed
Albert
Kurt Angle
Carlito
Christian
Bubba Ray Dudley
Chris Jericho
Test
Tyson Tomko
Viscera
Val Venis
Jeff Hardy
Triple H
Nicknames
" The Quintessential WWE Diva "
" The Queen of Queens "
" Canada 's Greatest Export "
Entrance themes
" Time To Rock ' N Roll " by Lil ' Kim
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Cauliflower Alley Club
Iron Mike Mazurki Award ( 2016 )
Fighting Spirit Magazine
Double X Award ( 2006 )
Three Degrees Award ( 2006 )
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Woman of the Year ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 )
Woman of the Decade ( 2000 – 2009 )
World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
WWE Hardcore Championship ( 1 time )
WWF / E Women 's Championship ( 7 times )
WWE Hall of Fame ( Class of 2013 )
Babe of the Year ( 2001 – 2003 )
Diva of the Decade ( 2000s )
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Worked Match of the Year ( 2002 ) with Bradshaw vs. Christopher Nowinski and Jackie Gayda on Raw , July 7
= Ray Farquharson =
Ray Fletcher Farquharson MBE ( 4 August 1897 – 1 June 1965 ) was a Canadian doctor , university professor , and medical researcher . Born in Claude , Ontario , he attended and taught at the University of Toronto for most of his life , and was trained and employed at Toronto General Hospital . With co @-@ researcher Arthur Squires , Farquharson was responsible for the discovery of the Farquharson phenomenon , an important principle of endocrinology , which is that administering external hormones suppresses the natural production of that hormone .
He served in the First and Second World Wars , earning appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his medical work during the latter . He chaired the Penicillin Committee of Canada and served as a medical consultant for the Royal Canadian Air Force . He was awarded the Queen 's Coronation Medal in 1953 for his work for the Defence Review Board . Farquharson was also a charter member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada .
Farquharson was heavily involved in Canadian medical research and education . As a member of the National Research Council of Canada , his " Farquharson Report " led to the establishment of the Medical Research Council of Canada , of which he was the first president . He received numerous honorary degrees from Canadian universities , and served on the first Board of Governors of York University . He died in 1965 , leaving a wife and two daughters . Farquharson was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 1998 .
= = Early life and education = =
Farquharson was born in Claude , Ontario ( a small town northwest of Toronto ) , on 4 August 1897 to Reverend William Farquharson , a Presbyterian minister , and Annie McDonald Coutts . His brother Charles also became a doctor , while another brother , Robert , became the managing editor for The Globe and Mail and was later an advisor at the Canadian Embassy to the United States . " Farquy " , as he was nicknamed by friends , received his early education at Durham and graduated from Harbord Collegiate Institute in Toronto . He briefly attended the University of Toronto 's medical school before being drafted into the Canadian Army on 15 May 1918 , serving in the Canadian Field Artillery ( 67th Battery ) as a gunner . He did not serve overseas , and was recalled from the military to complete his schooling , graduating in 1922 . He underwent post @-@ graduate study in various fields from 1922 until 1927 while serving as an intern and resident at Toronto General Hospital under Duncan Archibald Graham .
Farquharson was awarded research fellowships at Massachusetts General Hospital , where he worked with Joseph Charles Aub and William Salter , and at Harvard University before becoming an assistant professor at the University of Toronto . He published papers on the excretion of calcium in response to excessive acid in the body and " liver therapy " ( the consumption of liver ) as a treatment for spinal cord degeneration . In 1931 he married Christina Jane Fraser , with whom he had two daughters : Helen , who became a hematologist , and Catherine Jane .
= = Career = =
In addition to teaching at the University of Toronto , Farquharson established a private practice as a medical consultant , gaining a reputation as a " doctor 's doctor " for his treatment of other physicians . In 1934 he became the head of the therapeutics department at Toronto . He continued to publish research findings on various topics , including anorexia nervosa . Farquharson was a charter member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada , which oversaw all Canadian postgraduate medical education ; he served on its council from 1939 to 1943 , and was the council 's president from 1945 to 1947 . Prior to enlisting in the Second World War , he gave testimony as an expert medical witness in court martial trials .
On 25 August 1943 , Farquharson enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) and was assigned to No. 1 Air Command , based in Trenton , Ontario . He was posted to the United Kingdom in 1944 and briefly returned to No. 1 Air Command before being released from service on 22 November 1945 with the rank of wing commander . During the war , he chaired the Penicillin Committee of Canada , which regulated the distribution of penicillin ( an antibiotic that largely replaced the sulfonamide used earlier in the war ) to the armed forces , and was a consultant to the RCAF 's Director of Medical Services . He was also consulted on medical matters by both the other branches of the Canadian armed forces and by various Allied medical groups . He supervised medical experiments involving penicillin therapy conducted in Ontario hospitals in 1943 – 44 , and was temporarily appointed Director of Medicine at Christie St. Veteran 's Hospital in Toronto . After V @-@ E Day , he travelled to Belgium to supervise the administration of penicillin therapy , and later became involved in the care and treatment of war veterans . For his service in the war , Farquharson was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in January 1946 . His brother Charles also served in both world wars .
Farquharson was the director of medicine for Toronto veterans ' hospitals from 1945 to 1947 , and at the same time served as president of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada . In 1947 he was appointed to the Sir John and Lady Eaton Professor of Medicine chair at the University of Toronto . From 1947 until his retirement in 1960 , he was the Physician @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Toronto General Hospital . His well @-@ known patients included Canadian politician George A. Drew , who he advised to resign as head of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Opposition following a near @-@ fatal attack of meningitis ; Drew did so , and was succeeded as party leader by John Diefenbaker , who later became Prime Minister of Canada . Farquharson established clinical teaching programs at Women 's College Hospital and Sunnybrook Hospital , and expanded those already in place at St. Michael 's and Toronto Western . He also appointed the first full @-@ time clinical investigators to the Toronto medical school faculty and increased total faculty numbers from 40 to over 100 . He became a Fellow of the American College of Physicians in 1947 and of the Royal College of Physicians in 1950 . He was appointed a member of the Bacteriological Warfare Review Committee , established in 1950 by the Defence Research Board ( of which he was a member from 1949 to 1952 ) and chaired by Dr. Charles Best . For his service to the nation , he was awarded the Queen 's Coronation Medal in 1953 .
Through his research in endocrinology with colleague Arthur Squires , Farquharson discovered what became known as the " Farquharson Phenomenon " : that the introduction of continuous exogenous hormone doses suppresses the natural production of that hormone in the patient and causes temporary atrophy in the producing organ . This phenomenon became one of the basic principles of endocrinology and a key factor in the etiology of hormonal abnormalities . Farquharson also made significant contributions related to anemia and pigment metabolism . He was the first Canadian doctor to publicize Sheehan 's syndrome , and the first North American to report on Simmond 's disease . As an educator and researcher , he was an early promoter of laboratory testing in the evaluation of illness ; he was known for advocating both this and awareness of potential psychological issues in patients .
Farquharson became a member of the National Research Council of Canada in 1951 , and in 1957 was named the director of the Division of Medical Research . In 1958 , he chaired a Privy Council Committee tasked with producing a report on the state of medical research in Canada ; this charge was in response to a 1957 report by the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges to the Prime Minister , which suggested that medical research in Canada was underfunded . While researching his report , he visited the Soviet Union in 1959 as part of a contingent representing the Research Council ; he remarked on the country 's apparent emphasis on scientific research , and invited Soviet scientists to visit Canada . Farquharson concluded that existing government support for research in Canada failed to specifically address medical research as an independent discipline and was financially insufficient . His " Farquharson Report " led to the formation of the Medical Research Council of Canada in 1960 , over which he presided until his death . As president , Farquharson advocated for progressive medical education taught by practicing physicians and for continuing education via research for doctors . He was also able to increase the organization 's budget for awards and grants from C $ 4 million in 1963 to $ 9 million by 1965 .
Farquharson became the Regent of the American College of Physicians in 1958 after having spent three years as the organization 's Ontario representative . He joined the first Board of Governors of York University in 1959 , and was a member of the University of Toronto Senate in the same year . He was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1960 . He was also a member of a number of medical organizations in both Canada and the US , and chairman or board member for some 20 medical research groups .
= = Retirement and legacy = =
In 1960 , having reached the University of Toronto 's compulsory retirement age , Farquharson left the university and the hospital . In recognition of his work for Toronto General Hospital , the twelve @-@ bed Clinical Investigation Unit was named after him in 1961 , and the Farquharson Foundation was established to support research conducted by the university 's teaching hospitals . Also in 1961 , Farquharson visited India , later remarking on the societal respect for doctors there . He also continued to advocate for support for universities .
Farquharson won the National Heart Foundation 's Award of Merit in 1960 , followed by the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ' Association of Canada Health Research Foundation 's Medal of Honour in 1964 " for his clinical assessment of antibiotics [ and ] service as a leading medical educator " , becoming one of only 18 people to ever receive this award . He was featured on the cover of Modern Medicine in November 1963 . Farquharson was granted honorary degrees by a number of Canadian universities : the University of British Columbia in 1949 , the University of Saskatchewan in 1957 , Laval University in 1959 , Queen 's University in 1960 , the University of Alberta in 1960 , the University of Toronto in 1962 , and the University of Montreal in 1965 . He was named an honorary member of the Ontario Medical Association . He was also appointed a Knight of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine in London .
Farquharson died on 1 June 1965 at Ottawa Civic Hospital at age 68 after suffering a heart attack . He had been in Ottawa to attend a meeting of the Medical Research Council . The University of Toronto held a memorial service commemorating his contributions to the school and the medical community .
The Farquharson Life Sciences Building , the first science building at York University , was renamed in honour of Farquharson . A biography of Farquharson was planned , but was never completed . The Ray F. Farquharson Memorial Lecture was established in his memory ; the first such lecture was delivered by John Eager Howard of Johns Hopkins University in 1968 on the topic of calcium metabolism . He was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 1998 alongside such notable figures as Tommy Douglas , Norman Bethune and Roberta Bondar .
Farquharson was credited by Professor William Goldberg of McMaster University with " attack [ ing ] racism as part of [ his ] clinical teaching " because he suggested patient race should only be mentioned if relevant to their diagnosis ; he is also credited with combating anti @-@ Semitism . He is considered one of the " Fathers of Canadian Medicine " in both medical research and education . According to one memorial , " no Canadian since Sir William Osler has left as great an imprint upon the practice of Medicine " .
= Early mainframe games =
Mainframe computers are computers used primarily by businesses and academic institutions for large @-@ scale processes . Before personal computers , first termed microcomputers , became widely available to the general public in the 1970s , the computing industry was composed of mainframe computers and the relatively smaller and cheaper minicomputer variant . During the mid to late 1960s , many early video games were programmed on these computers . Developed prior to the rise of the commercial video game industry in the early 1970s , these early mainframe games were generally written by students or employees at large corporations in a machine or assembly language that could only be understood by the specific machine or computer type they were developed on . While many of these games were lost as older computers were discontinued , some of them were ported to high @-@ level computer languages like BASIC , had expanded versions later released for personal computers , or were recreated for bulletin board systems years later , thus influencing future games and developers .
Early computer games began to be created in the 1950s , and the steady increase in the number and abilities of computers over time led to the gradual loosening of restrictions on access to mainframe computers at academic and corporate institutions beginning in the 1960s . This in turn led to a modest proliferation of generally small , text @-@ based games on mainframe computers , with increasing complexity towards the end of the decade . While games continued to be developed on mainframes and minicomputers through the 1970s , the rise of personal computers and the spread of high @-@ level programming languages meant that later games were generally intended to or were capable of being run on personal computers , even when developed on a mainframe . These early games include Hamurabi , an antecedent of the strategy and city @-@ building genres ; Lunar Lander , which inspired numerous recreations in the 1970s and 1980s ; Civil War , an early war simulation game ; Star Trek , which was widely ported , expanded , and spread for decades after ; Space Travel , which played a role in the creation of the Unix operating system ; and Baseball , an early sports game and the first baseball game to allow player control during a game .
= = Background = =
Mainframe computers are powerful computers used primarily by large organizations for computational work , especially large @-@ scale , multi @-@ user processes . The term originally referred to the large cabinets called " main frames " that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers . Prior to the rise of personal computers , first termed microcomputers , in the 1970s , they were the primary type of computer in use , and at the beginning of the 1960s they were the only type of computer available for public purchase . Minicomputers were relatively smaller and cheaper mainframe computers prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s , though they were still not intended for personal use . One definition from 1970 required a minicomputer to cost less than US $ 25 @,@ 000 . In contrast , regular mainframes could cost more than US $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 .
By the end of the 1960s , mainframe computers and minicomputers were present in many academic research institutions and large companies such as Bell Labs . While the commercial video game industry did not yet exist at that point in the early history of video games and would not until the early 1970s , programmers at these companies created several small games to be played on their mainframe computers . Most of these spread only to other users of the same type of computer and therefore did not persist as older computer models were discontinued ; several , however , inspired future games , or were later released in modified versions on more modern systems or languages . These early mainframe games were largely created between 1968 and 1971 ; while earlier games were created they were limited to small , academic audiences . Mainframe games also continued to be developed through the 1970s , but the rise of the commercial video game industry , focused on arcade video games and home video game consoles , followed by the rise of personal computers later in the decade , meant that beginning in the 1970s the audience and developers of video games began to shift away from mainframe computers or minicomputers , and the spread of general @-@ purpose programming languages such as the BASIC programming language meant that later mainframe games could generally be run on personal computers with minimal changes , even if initially developed on a mainframe .
= = Early games = =
The very first computer games began to appear in the 1950s , starting with Bertie the Brain , a computer @-@ based game of tic @-@ tac @-@ toe built by Dr. Josef Kates for the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition . While the status of these games as video games depends on the definition used , the games developed during this time period ran on the large antecedents of mainframe computers and were primarily developed for the purposes of academic research or to showcase the technological development of the computers on which they ran . Access to these computers , located almost exclusively in universities and research institutions , was restricted to academics and researchers , preventing any development of entertainment programs . Over the course of the decade , computer technology improved to include smaller , transistor @-@ based computers on which programs could be created and run in real time , rather than operations run in batches , and computers themselves spread to more locations .
By the 1960s , improvements in computing technology and the early development of relatively cheaper mainframe computers , which would later be termed minicomputers , led to the loosening of restrictions regarding programming access to the computers . At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , access to the TX @-@ 0 experimental computer was opened to students and employees of the university . This in turn led to the development of programs that in addition to highlighting the power of the computer also contained an entertainment aspect . The games created for the TX @-@ 0 by the small programming community at MIT included Tic @-@ Tac @-@ Toe , which used a light pen to play a simple game of noughts and crosses against the computer , and Mouse in the Maze , which let players set up a maze for a mouse to run through . When the Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) PDP @-@ 1 computer was installed at MIT in 1961 , the community built a video game to showcase it 's abilities , Spacewar , which then became the first known video game to spread beyond a single computer installation as it was copied and recreated on other PDP @-@ 1 systems and later on other mainframe computers .
Over the course of the decade , computers spread to more and more companies and institutions , even as they became more powerful — by 1971 , it is estimated that there were over 1000 computers with monitors , rather than the few dozen at the beginning of the 1960s . While different computers could generally not run the same programs without significant changes to the programs code , due to differences in the physical hardware or machine languages , the expansion of the computing industry led to the creation of catalogs and user groups to share programs between different installations of the same series of computers , such as DEC 's PDP line . These catalogs and groups , such as the IBM program catalog and the Digital Equipment Computer Users ' Society ( DECUS ) , shared small games as well as programs , including , for example , " BBC Vik The Baseball Demonstrator " and " Three Dimensional Tic @-@ Tack @-@ Toe " in the April 1962 IBM catalog , and dice games and question and answer games in the DECUS newsletter .
By the latter half of the 1960s , higher @-@ level programming languages such as BASIC which were able to be run on multiple types of computers further increased the reach of games developed at any given location . While most games were limited to text @-@ based designs , rather than visual graphics like Spacewar , these games became more complicated as they reached more players , such as baseball and basketball simulation games . Access to the computers themselves was also extended to more people by systems such as the Dartmouth Time Sharing System ( DTSS ) , which connected several thousand users through many remote terminals around the campus to a central mainframe computer . By the 1967 – 68 school year the DTSS library of 500 programs for the system included , John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz wrote , " many games " . Over a quarter of the system 's usage was for casual or entertainment purposes , and Kemeny and Kurtz noted that " we have lost many a distinguished visitor for several hours while he quarterbacked the Dartmouth football team in a highly realistic simulated game " .
= = 101 BASIC Computer Games = =
In 1971 , DEC employee David H. Ahl converted two minicomputer games , Hamurabi and Lunar Lander , from the FOCAL language to BASIC , partially as a demonstration of the language on the DEC PDP @-@ 8 minicomputer . Their popularity led him to start printing BASIC games in the DEC newsletter he edited , both ones he wrote and reader submissions . In 1973 , he released the book 101 BASIC Computer Games , containing descriptions and the source code for video games written in BASIC . The games included were written by both Ahl and others , and included both games original to the language and ported from other languages such as FOCAL . Many of these ports were originally mainframe computer games . 101 BASIC Computer Games was a landmark title in computer games programming , and was a best @-@ selling title with more than 10 @,@ 000 copies sold — more sales than computers in existence at the time . Its second edition in 1978 , titled BASIC Computer Games , was the first million @-@ selling computer book . As such , the BASIC ports of mainframe computer games included in the book were often more long @-@ lived than their original versions or other mainframe computer games .
Hamurabi in particular is mostly known for its appearance in Ahl 's book . The original game , a text @-@ based strategy video game of land and resource management , was developed by Doug Dyment at DEC in 1968 as The Sumer Game . Dyment created it as a computer game for fellow employee Richard Merrill 's newly invented FOCAL programming language . The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player , as the ancient Babylonian king Hammurabi , manages how much of their grain to spend on crops for the next round , feeding their people , and purchasing additional land , while dealing with random variations in crop yields and plagues . Multiple versions of the game were created for the FOCAL and FOCAL @-@ 69 languages , but an expanded , uncredited version of the game was included in 101 BASIC Computer Games as Hamurabi , and later versions of the game , even in FOCAL , referenced the new title over the old . Hamurabi influenced many later strategy and simulation games and is an antecedent to the city @-@ building genre .
The other game Ahl originally ported to BASIC , Lunar Lander , appeared in the book in three different forms . The original version of the game was called Lunar , and was originally written in FOCAL for the PDP @-@ 8 by Jim Storer while a high school student in the fall of 1969 . A different version called Rocket was written in BASIC by Eric Peters at DEC , and a third version , LEM , was written by William Labaree II in BASIC . Ahl converted Jim Storer 's FOCAL version to BASIC , changed some of the text , and published it in his newsletter . A year or so later , all three BASIC versions of the game appeared in 101 BASIC Computer Games , under the names ROCKET ( Storer version ) , ROCKT1 ( Peters version ) , and ROCKT2 ( Labaree version ) . All three text @-@ based games required the player to control a rocket attempting to land on the moon by entering instructions to the rocket in response to the textual summary of its current position and heading relative to the ground . Ahl and Steve North converted all three versions to Microsoft BASIC , changed the name to Lunar Lander , and published them in Creative Computing magazine in 1976 ; that name was used the 1978 edition of BASIC Computer Games .
Another game from the book is Civil War , a text @-@ based computer game that puts the player against the computer in a simulation of the American Civil War . Civil War originated on multi @-@ user mainframe computers in 1968 , and simulates fourteen major battles of the conflict , with the human player as the South and the computer as the North . The player can control four direct variables which interact to determine a battle 's outcome : how much of their money to spend on food , salaries , and ammunition , and which of four offensive or four defensive strategies to use . The side with the fewest casualties wins a battle , and if the player wins eight or more battles they win the game . After appearing in 101 BASIC Computer Games , Civil War was later one of a number of text @-@ based games available on early 1980s pay @-@ to @-@ play systems .
Possibly the most popular of the mainframe games that appeared in Ahl 's book was Star Trek . The game is a text @-@ based computer game that puts the player in command of the Starship Enterprise on a mission to hunt down and destroy an invading fleet of Klingon warships . Unlike the other text @-@ based games , however , it did not use written responses to player input , but instead had character @-@ based graphics , with different characters used as graphical symbols to represent objects . It was initially developed by Mike Mayfield in 1971 on an SDS Sigma 7 mainframe . The game was also unlike many of the other mainframe games in the book in that it was originally written in BASIC ; by the time the book was published , it had been widely copied among minicomputer and mainframe systems and modified into several versions . It was one of these , renamed by Ahl as Space War , that appeared in 101 BASIC Computer Games . The 1978 version of the book contained a Microsoft BASIC port of Super Star Trek , an expanded version of the game first written in 1972 , and this version was ported to numerous personal computer systems of the era ; Ahl stated in the book that it was difficult to find a computer installation that did not contain a version of Star Trek . Multiple updated versions in a wide variety of languages have been made since . By 1980 , Star Trek was described by The Dragon magazine as " one of the most popular ( if not the most popular ) computer games around " , with " literally scores of different versions of this game floating around " .
= = Other games = =
Some mainframe games that did not appear in 101 BASIC Computer Games have still had a lasting impact . One such game was Space Travel , developed by Ken Thompson in 1969 , which simulates travel in the Solar System . The player flies their ship around a two @-@ dimensional scale model of the solar system with no objectives other than to attempt to land on various planets and moons . The player can move and turn the ship , and adjust the overall speed by adjusting the scale of the simulation . The ship is affected by the single strongest gravitational pull of the astronomical bodies . The game was developed at Bell Labs , and was ported during 1969 from the Multics operating system to the GECOS operating system on the GE 635 computer , and then to the PDP @-@ 7 minicomputer . While porting the game to the PDP @-@ 7 , Thompson developed ideas for his own operating system , which later formed the core of the Unix operating system . Space Travel never spread beyond Bell Labs or had an effect on future games , leaving its primary legacy as part of the original push for the development of Unix .
Another influential early mainframe game was Baseball , a sports game that was created on a PDP @-@ 10 minicomputer at Pomona College in 1971 by English major Don Daglow . Baseball was the first baseball video game that allowed players to manage the game as it unfolded , rather than just picking players at the beginning of a game . The program is documented at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York . Baseball was continually updated through 1974 , and distributed to other PDP @-@ 10 installations . The text @-@ based game had each player control the pitcher or the batter ; they would enter their intention to , for example , pitch to or walk the batter , or switch hitters . The batting player could direct on @-@ base players to steal , and
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many stems rise from a woody lignotuber . Young stems have a coating of woolly hairs , while older stems are covered in flaky pale brown bark . Borne on 3 to 5 mm long petioles , the somewhat fleshy leaves are needle @-@ like . Although they are between 4 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 in ) long , and only 2 to 3 mm wide , they are still thicker than those of other members of the series Abietinae . The margins of the leaves are straight with no teeth and rolled over , and the upper surfaces are sparsely hairy when young , but later hairless . New growth occurs over spring and early summer .
Flowers occur in a typical Banksia flower spike : an inflorescence made up of hundreds of small individual flowers , or florets , densely packed around ( and completely obscuring ) a woody cylindrical axis . In B. grossa , this axis is 5 to 7 cm ( 2 to 3 in ) high with a diameter of 0 @.@ 7 – 0 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 28 – 0 @.@ 35 in ) . From this , the florets radiate out laterally , giving the inflorescence a diameter of 8 or 9 cm ( 3 or 3 @.@ 5 in ) . Flowers are rusty brown to golden brown , and consist of a hairy 3 @.@ 4 – 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 8 in ) long tubular perianth which opens at maturity ( anthesis ) to release the dark red to purple style . 3 @.@ 8 – 4 @.@ 8 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 9 in ) long , the style extends past the perianth and is curved at the tip . The flower spikes arise from short thick branchlets running off larger stems , though some flower spikes are terminal ( located at the ends of branches and more prominently displayed in the foliage ) .
Flowering occurs between March and September , though early flowering in December has been recorded . It takes five to eight weeks for a flower to develop from bud to the end of flowering . About three weeks before the flowers open , they develop a strong musky smell . The opening of flowers occurs sequentially , starting at the bottom of the inflorescence and sweeping through to the top over a period of around two weeks . At anthesis the flowers produce copious quantities of nectar ; indeed , some flowers produce so much that it drips to the ground . After flowering , the old florets wither and curl against the spike , giving it a hairy appearance . Now known as an infructescence , it is roughly ellipsoidal , 6 to 10 cm high ( 2 @.@ 2 – 4 in ) and 4 to 8 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 to 3 in ) wide . Up to 25 smooth , elliptical follicles develop on the spike , each containing up to two wide wedge @-@ shaped winged seeds . One field study revealed , on average , eight follicles for each fertile cone . Initially covered in fine fur , these are 2 to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 to 1 @.@ 77 in ) long , 1 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 71 in ) high and jut out by 1 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 71 in ) . The fur rubs off and they become smooth with wear , and generally remain closed until opened by fire .
The seeds of Banksia grossa are the largest of all the species of the series Abietinae . Measuring 2 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 5 in ) long , they are made up of a cuneate ( wedge @-@ shaped ) seed body , 1 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 55 – 0 @.@ 71 in ) long by 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 35 in ) wide , and a 2 @.@ 7 – 3 @.@ 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 3 in ) wide wing . The woody separator is the same shape as the seed , with an impression where the seed body lies next to it . The bright green cotyledons are obovate and can be either convex or concave , measuring 1 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 2 cm long by 0 @.@ 9 to 1 @.@ 2 cm wide . These arise from a stocky seedling stem , known as the hypocotyl , which is reddish and covered in short hairs . The auricles of the cotyledons are 2 mm long . Seedling leaves arise 0 @.@ 6 to 0 @.@ 8 cm beyond the cotyledons and are oppositely arranged . Linear , they are 1 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 6 cm long with recurved margins and are covered in white hair . The stem remains reddish . Subsequent leaf pairs are successively longer .
= = Taxonomy = =
The first known specimen collection of B. grossa was made by botanist Fred W. Humphreys in 1965 . Alex George has expressed surprise that it was not collected by earlier visitors to the area , speculating that " perhaps they were diverted by its similarity to B. leptophylla and B. sphaerocarpa . " George formally described the species in his 1981 monograph " The genus Banksia L.f. ( Proteaceae ) " , based on a specimen collected by him on the Brand Highway , 76 km north of Regans Ford , on 14 May 1969 . He placed it in subgenus Banksia because of its flower spike ; section Oncostylis because its styles are hooked ; and the resurrected series Abietinae , which he constrained to contain only round @-@ fruited species . It was placed in phyletic order between B. micrantha and B. leptophylla . The specific epithet is from the Latin grossus ( " coarse " ) and refers to the leaves , flowers and fruit , all of which George observed were more coarse than other members of B. ser . Abietinae .
George 's arrangement remained current until 1996 , when Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published an arrangement informed by a cladistic analysis of morphological characteristics . They retained George 's subgenera and many of his series , but discarded his sections . Banksia ser . Abietinae was found to be very nearly monophyletic , and so was retained . It further resolved into four subclades , so Thiele and Ladiges split it into four subseries . Banksia grossa appeared as the most basal member of the second of these :
This clade became the basis for the new subseries Sphaerocarpae , which Thiele defined as containing those species with lignotubers , styles loosely curling around the infructescence ( although this trait was reversed in B. micrantha ) , and " transversely aligned cells of the seed wing inner face " . The species other than B. grossa also have shouldered follicles .
Questioning the emphasis on cladistics in Thiele and Ladiges ' arrangement , George published a slightly modified version of his 1981 arrangement in his 1999 treatment of Banksia for the Flora of Australia series of monographs . The placement of B. grossa was the same as in 1981 , except that B. telmatiaea was moved to set between it and B. leptophylla . The placement of B. grossa in George 's 1999 arrangement may be summarised as follows :
Banksia
B. subg . Banksia
B. sect . Banksia ( 9 series , 50 species , 9 subspecies , 3 varieties )
B. sect . Coccinea ( 1 species )
B. sect . Oncostylis
B. ser . Spicigerae ( 7 species , 2 subspecies , 4 varieties )
B. ser . Tricuspidae ( 1 species )
B. ser . Dryandroideae ( 1 species )
B. ser . Abietinae
B. sphaerocarpa ( 5 varieties )
B. micrantha
B. grossa
B. telmatiaea
B. leptophylla ( 2 varieties )
B. lanata
B. scabrella
B. violacea
B. incana
B. laricina
B. pulchella
B. meisneri ( 2 subspecies )
B. nutans ( 2 varieties )
B. subg . Isostylis ( 3 species )
Since 1998 , Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae . His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very different from George 's arrangement . Banksia grossa was inferred to be sister to a polytomous clade consisting of B. leptophylla , B. telmatiaea , B. scabrella and B. lanata :
Early in 2007 , Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by merging Dryandra into it , and publishing B. subg . Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. grossa is placed in B. subg . Spathulatae .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Banksia grossa mainly occurs from west of Yandanooka in the north , south to Badgingarra National Park , and east almost to Coorow . It grows in shallow sand over laterite , in deep sand , and occasionally atop lateritic rises , on flat or gently undulating land , among kwongan shrubland . Around 40 % of plants occur on road verges .
= = Ecology = =
Banksia grossa resprouts from its woody lignotuber after bushfire . Shrubs carry relatively low numbers of seeds compared with plant species that regenerate by seed after bushfire . A field study in Eneabba showed shrubs bore anywhere from 30 to 90 seeds per plant . Seeds borne on plants , however , are less likely to be eaten by animals than seed lying dormant in the soil , and hence survive to produce future seedlings . Populations of resprouting plants , like B. grossa , benefit more from longer intervals between fires as their stored seedbank takes longer to accumulate than reseeding species . The follicles generally open after bushfire , releasing seeds which germinate after disturbance . Species with persistent flowers on old spikes often require higher temperatures for follicles to open after burning ; laboratory testing resulted in 50 % opening after exposure to 270 ° C and 90 % after 400 ° C.
The leaves of B. grossa are adapted to a dry climate . The lower surfaces are protected by the strongly revolute shape of the leaf , the leaf margins curling around underneath almost to the mid @-@ vein . The trichomes ( leaf hairs ) run along the mid @-@ vein and the margins , further protecting the surface where the stomates are located , thus minimising water loss . Cladistic analysis suggests this species and its relatives in the series Abietinae developed long narrow leaves with inrolled margins as they invaded drier climates in Australia 's southwest , having evolved from ancestors with broad leaves .
The inflorescences are highly attractive to insects . The rare bee species Hylaeus globuliferus is a recorded visitor . Large numbers of ladybirds have been reported drinking the nectar of this species , while ignoring nearby Banksia attenuata inflorescences . The white @-@ tailed dunnart ( Sminthopsis granulipes ) has been observed visiting flower spikes . Pollen has been found on the snouts and in the scat of several species of dasyurid marsupials , which suggests these animals are likely pollinators of Banksia species in general . No pollinators of this species were recorded in The Banksia Atlas survey .
Banksia grossa is one of five closely related Banksia species that have highly unusual flower nectar . Whereas other Banksia species produce nectar that is clear and watery , the nectar of these species is pale yellow initially , but gradually becomes darker and thicker , changing to a thick , olive @-@ green mucilage within one to two days of secretion , and eventually becoming " an almost black , gelatinous lump adhering to the base of the flowers " . It was first noted by Byron Lamont in 1980 ; he attributed it to cyanobacteria that feed off the nectar sugars . Noting that many of these cyanobacteria had heterocysts , he speculated that they aid the plant by fixing atmospheric nitrogen , which is then washed off the flower heads by rain , and absorbed by the proteoid root mat . This purported symbiosis was investigated by Barrett and Lamont in 1985 , but no evidence of nitrogen fixing was found . Further investigation by Markey and Lamont in 1996 suggested that the discolouration is not caused by cyanobacteria or other microorganisms in the nectar , but is rather " a chemical phenomenon of plant origin " . Their analyses indicated that the nectar had unusually high levels of sugar and free amino acids , but three of these species , including B. sphaerocarpa , have since been shown to have normal nectar sugar compositions . The purpose of coloured nectar is unclear , especially as pollinators such as nocturnal mammals are not thought to forage by sight . However , nectar that becomes more obvious by appearance or smell as it ages might encourage pollinators to prioritise it over newer nectar . It is possible the colour change is unrelated to pollination .
= = Cultivation = =
Banksia grossa is cultivated for its attractive needle @-@ like leaves and rusty @-@ brown flower spikes , both of which can be quite variable in colour . This species favours well @-@ drained sandy or loamy acidic soils with a pH of 5 @.@ 5 to 7 , and a sunny aspect . Once established , it tolerates dry spells . It can be pruned heavily as it resprouts from its lignotuber .
Propagation is by seed . The seeds do not require any treatment before sowing , and take around 14 days to germinate . This is a slow @-@ growing plant , taking 5 to 7 years to reach maturity and begin flowering .
= LG G2 =
The LG G2 is an Android smartphone developed by LG Electronics . Serving as a successor to 2012 's Optimus G and the 2013 Optimus G Pro phablet , the G2 was unveiled at a press event in New York City on 7 August 2013 , and first released in September 2013 . The G2 is primarily distinguished by software features that LG billed would " learn " from users , a high fidelity sound system designed to produce higher quality audio , a 5 @.@ 2 in ( 130 mm ) 1080p screen with technology that the company claimed would improve energy efficiency and reduce the size of the bezel around it , along with the unique placement of its power and volume keys — eschewing their typical location on the edge of a smartphone by placing them on the rear below the camera lens .
The device was released to mostly positive reception ; the G2 was universally praised for LG 's efforts to produce a more seamless and compact design , its high performance , the quality of its display and camera , along with its long @-@ lasting battery . Critics were divided on certain aspects of its design , such as its rear button layout , and its plastic chassis — which was panned for closely resembling recent Samsung Galaxy products and being a regression from the glass @-@ based chassis of the Optimus G. Similarly , while its software and user interface was praised for its usability and large number of customization options , some reviewers felt that the software suffered from feature creep and contained notable usability regressions in comparison to " stock " Android .
Sales of the G2 exceeded LG 's estimates ; in late @-@ December 2013 , a Korean news agency reported that at least 3 million units of the G2 had been sold worldwide .
= = Release = =
The G2 was first unveiled during a press event at New York City 's Jazz at Lincoln Center on 7 August 2013 . LG announced that it would begin to release the G2 globally on over 130 carriers within the next two months , in markets such as South Korea and the United States .
To promote the G2 , LG attempted to hold a city @-@ wide scavenger hunt in Seoul , South Korea ; during a press event at a local park on 9 August 2013 , helium balloons ( tying in with its " G in the Cloud " advertising campaign ) were released that contained 100 vouchers . After the vouchers were scattered through the city by the deflating balloons , LG planned to give away G2s to those who found the vouchers . While only members of the media were formally invited , the event was disrupted by members of the public who learned about the promotion on the internet . As the balloons were released , attendees attempted to use BB guns and other makeshift tools to retrieve them . The resulting quarrel which broke out over the balloons resulted in 20 injuries ; following the incident , LG apologized and stated that it would pay for the medical treatment of those injured in the event . LG also called off plans to hold similar events in other South Korean cities .
The G2 was first released in the United States by Verizon on 12 September 2013 , and released by AT & T the following day . T @-@ Mobile released the G2 on 25 September , while Sprint released theirs on 8 November 2013 . The G2 was released in Canada on 27 September 2013 , across six national and regional carriers , including Bell , Rogers , SaskTel , Telus , Vidéotron , and Wind Mobile .
= = Specifications = =
= = = Hardware = = =
The G2 's exterior consists of a polycarbonate shell — unlike its predecessor , which used a glass @-@ based construction . The rear cover is adorned with a subtle pattern resembling carbon fiber . The G2 's volume and power keys are located directly below the camera on the rear of the device . The power button contains an LED lamp , which can be used as a notification light . The positioning of the buttons on the rear deviates from the majority of smartphones , where they are located on the bezel ( side edge ) of the phone . LG argued that buttons located on the bezel were harder to reach on larger smartphones , and made it more likely for users to drop their phone when adjusting the volume during a call . As such , the G2 's buttons are instead located where the index finger would normally lie when the phone is held . Alongside the power button , the G2 is also powered on by double @-@ tapping on the screen , and turned off by double @-@ tapping on the status bar or a blank area on the home screen , a feature branded as " KnockOn " . When the phone is off , the volume keys can also be used to launch directly into the camera or QuickMemo applications by holding them down .
The G2 is powered by a 2 @.@ 26 & GHz quad @-@ core Snapdragon 800 processor with 2 GB of RAM and support for LTE or LTE Advanced networks where available . The G2 is equipped with a 5 @.@ 2 @-@ inch 1080p IPS display ; to reduce the size of its screen bezel , wiring for touchscreen components is routed both above and below the screen itself . To help conserve battery life , the G2 also implements a panel self @-@ refresh system ; if the display is showing static content , it is refreshed solely from framebuffer memory ( referred to as " graphics RAM " ) , allowing other display components ( such as the GPU ) to become idle . LG claimed that this system would allow the screen to use 26 % less power than comparable displays on other smartphones .
The G2 's audio hardware and software is optimized to support 24 @-@ bit / 192 kHz audio ; during LG 's press event , ringtones recorded by the Vienna Boys ' Choir ( which are also bundled with the device ) were used to demonstrate the high quality audio from its internal speaker . The G2 also includes a 13 @-@ megapixel rear @-@ facing camera with optical image stabilization , and an infrared emitter which allows it to serve as a universal remote with the accompanying QuickRemote app .
The G2 comes with either 16 or 32 GB of non @-@ expandable storage , and includes a non @-@ removable 3000 mAh battery . The Verizon Wireless model of the G2 offers support for Qi wireless charging . Unlike the models released in other countries , South Korean models of the G2 have a removable back cover , a MicroSD card slot for expanded storage , and a removable 2610 mAh battery .
= = = Software = = =
The G2 ships with Android 4 @.@ 2 @.@ 2 " Jelly Bean " with a custom interface and software . It contains a number of features that are designed to " learn " from users by predicting future actions , and allow for flexibility and customization . The G2 retains features from previous LG models such as the Optimus G and G Pro , including QuickMemo ( which allows users to write notes on top of a screenshot ) , QuickRemote ( a feature which allows the device to serve as a universal remote ) , QSlide pop @-@ up apps , and Voice Mate . New features introduced by the G2 include TextLink , which analyzes text messages to detect content such as addresses and times that can be passed to other apps ( such as the calendar , a note , or Google Maps ) , a pop @-@ up menu of relevant apps triggered when plugging in headphones or a USB cable ( Plug & Pop ) , the ability to answer a phone call by holding the phone to the user 's head ( AnswerMe ) , Slide Aside , a multitasking feature which allows users to " slide " away apps onto cards with a three @-@ finger gesture , the Clip Tray ( which collects content that had been copied to the clipboard ) , and Guest Mode . The G2 uses on @-@ screen buttons ; users can change their background color ( which includes black and white options , either solid colored or with a gradient ) , customize the order of the buttons , or add additional buttons for opening QuickMemo or the notification shade . The G2 's default music player supports the playback of WAV and FLAC files with 24 @-@ bit / 192 kHz audio .
An update to Android 4 @.@ 4 @.@ 2 " KitKat " was released in South Korea in November 2013 , and for international models in March 2014 . LG touted a " noticeable speed boost " over Jelly Bean , along with battery life improvements , user interface tweaks , and other improvements brought by KitKat . A further update added a new security feature known as " Knock Code " ( as introduced by the LG G Pro 2 ) , which allows users to unlock their device by tapping quadrants of the screen in a sequence .
An update to Android 5 @.@ 0 @.@ 1 " Lollipop " was first released in South Korea in January 2015 . Alongside other internal improvements , it introduces the refreshed " G UI " first introduced by the LG G3 , which itself received improvements to match the new visual style and features of Lollipop , The update was also released for the international model and the U.S. carrier versions , but will not be released in Canada .
= = = Model variants = = =
Several different model variants of the G2 are sold , with most variants differing only in support for regional network types and bands . However , the South Korean version features a removable ( but smaller ) battery and a MicroSD slot , while the U.S. Verizon Wireless version includes Qi wireless charging , but has a noticeably different rear cover design with different designs for the buttons and camera , and replaces the solid black option for the button background with a pink pattern option . In January 2014 , in honor of the Chinese New Year , LG released two " limited edition " models of the G2 in selected Asian markets ; available in red or gold colors , the limited edition models featured textured casings instead of the glossier plastic used normally by the G2 .
= = = Accessories = = =
The QuickWindow case accessory for the G2 was unveiled on 30 July 2013 — prior to the unveiling of the phone itself . The QuickWindow case consists of a plastic shell with a polyurethane flip cover . The cover contains a rounded rectangular window that exposes a portion of the display , allowing a number of functions to be accessed without opening the cover , including notifications , a customizable clock , and a music player .
= = Reception = =
= = = Pre @-@ release = = =
While complimenting its performance and other unique features , The Verge believed that LG was trying too hard to compete with the Samsung Galaxy S4 by closely imitating its design , specifications , and emphasis on features instead of differentiating itself through further innovations . TechRadar also praised its performance and display quality , but considered the design of the G2 itself to be " dull " , and believed that while offering many options for advanced users , LG 's skinned version of Android 4 @.@ 2 was too complex for " casual " users ( especially noting its notification pull @-@ down , where roughly half the screen is taken up by options ) .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The LG G2 was released to mostly positive reception . In December 2013 , the British magazine Stuff named the G2 its 2013 Phone of the Year and Gadget of the Year , reporting that " LG has previously struggled to make an impact on the smartphone market , but the LG G2 is as good as smartphones get in 2013 , and shows the established names how it should be done . "
The G2 was considered by critics to be well @-@ built , but was criticized for replacing the glass @-@ based construction of the Optimus G with a plainer , plastic @-@ based design , drawing comparisons to recent Samsung products . Ars Technica further criticized the Verizon Wireless version for having a cheaper appearance than the international versions , with a plainer rear cover , modified buttons , and a different speaker layout . The G2 's rear buttons were met with equally mixed reception , with most reviewers believing that users would be able to adjust themselves to operate them . Accordingly , the ability to wake the phone by tapping on the screen was considered a more convenient method . The G2 was praised for its high @-@ end hardware , with Engadget describing the device as a " beast " with specifications that " seem familiar to anyone who 's read a flagship Android phone review in the last 12 months " , recognizing that it had become harder for manufacturers to differentiate their flagship products beyond displays and processors . The G2 's display was praised for its high resolution and color accuracy , along with LG 's efforts to reduce the screen bezel size . The G2 was also praised for having unexpectedly longer battery life than any of its competitors ( along with Motorola 's Droid Razr Maxx ) . After lasting about 20 hours of " standard " use in its testing , the G2 's battery was considered by Engadget to be " a sign that we 're finally crossing into a world of sensible smartphone batteries . "
LG 's Android interface design received mixed reviews ; TechRadar gave it a positive review , describing it as being " easy enough for novice and expert smartphone users alike " , and noting its dynamic elements and customization features . Its increased customization abilities ( including different lock screen and home screen animations , and the ability to change the background and layout of the on @-@ screen navigation buttons ) was noted by reviewers . The usefulness of the " Slide Aside " feature was questioned due to the availability of other , more efficient means to switch apps . LG 's software was generally panned for being unpolished in places , suffering from feature creep , and containing too many unneeded visual effects and skeuomorphic elements ( the latter having generally fallen out of favor ) . The G2 's software was also panned for containing usability digressions in comparison to stock Android , such as the notification tray being taken up by options , not using Android 4 @.@ 2 's updated " Complete action using " menu and behavior , and , despite using on @-@ screen buttons , continued use of the " Menu " key which was officially deprecated by Google in its Android human interface guidelines for Android 4.x ( on apps which comply with the HIG , overflow menus are intended to be displayed within the apps themselves . The device 's Menu key is replaced by a " Recent apps " key , and a small " Menu " key appears to the side when needed ) .
The G2 's camera was considered good for its class , with its processor contributing to quicker HDR photo processing than its competitors . The Verge remarked that despite LG having " practically stole [ n ] " Samsung 's camera design and modes , the G2 's camera interface were among the better implementations of Android camera software due to its available options . However , its low @-@ light photos and some of its other modes were panned for not being as good as those of other devices such as the Nokia Lumia 920 and HTC One . In a photography @-@ focused review by Digital Photography Review , the optical image stabilization system was praised for helping maintain good levels of exposure , and well @-@ lit photos were found to have a decent level of detail , noting that its lens was " sharp pretty much all across the frame and free of chromatic aberrations . " However , it was noted that " as the light gets dimmer and in [ sic ] the ISO starts to increase " , the device began to suffer from " very heavy @-@ handed noise reduction which results in visible softness " , and further noted that " [ its ] detail starts to suffer as soon as you go higher than base ISO and by ISO 400 most low @-@ contrast detail is gone . " However , in a December 2013 comparison against other recent phones such as the One , Galaxy S4 Zoom , Xperia Z1 , iPhone 5S , and Lumia 1020 by TechRadar , the G2 was named the best cameraphone of the six for " [ performing ] very well in terms of picture quality , ease of use and functionality , as well as post processing " , although it was panned for not having as many options as its competitors , and for the probability of fingers accidentally getting into landscape shots due to the positioning of the lens .
= = = Sales = = =
In December 2013 , Asia Today reported that 2 @.@ 3 million units of the G2 had been sold since its release in September 2013 , with at least 600 @,@ 000 sold in South Korea alone . These numbers were below LG 's original estimates of 3 million units . However , later in the month , news agency Yonhap reported more positive numbers from analysts , with at least 3 million units sold and 900 @,@ 000 sold in South Korea .
= Tales of Symphonia =
Tales of Symphonia ( Japanese : テイルズ オブ シンフォニア , Hepburn : Teiruzu Obu Shinfonia ) is a Japanese role @-@ playing game released for the Nintendo GameCube on August 29 , 2003 in Japan . It was published by Namco and is the fifth core product of the Tales series . The game was localized and released in North America on July 13 , 2004 and in Europe on November 19 , 2004 . In Japan , the game was ported for the PlayStation 2 with additional content and was released on September 22 , 2004 .
The game takes place in a fictional world called Sylvarant and follows Lloyd Irving . Lloyd accompanies his childhood friend , Colette Brunel , who is destined to go on a journey to save their world . As their journey progresses , they learn that saving Sylvarant endangers Tethe 'alla , a world parallel to their own . The game 's central theme is Kimi to Hibiki au RPG ( 君と響きあうRPG ? , lit . " RPG that resonates with you " ) .
The game 's reception was generally positive with critics praising the gameplay but criticizing the plot . It received a Japan Game Awards in 2003 and had received re @-@ releases under the Player 's Choice and PlayStation 2 the Best labels . In the United States , over 100 thousand copies were sold during the first two weeks and has sold over a million copies worldwide .
Since its release , Tales of Symphonia spawned a substantial media franchise in Japan . The game has been adapted into seven manga collections , two novel series , seven drama CDs , and an OVA anime series . A sequel entitled Tales of Symphonia : Dawn of the New World was released for the Wii in 2008 . Tales of Symphonia and its sequel was collected as a PlayStation 3 high definition release in Tales of Symphonia Chronicles in 2013 . A Steam version was released on February 2 , 2016 .
= = Gameplay = =
Like previous installments in the Tales series , Tales of Symphonia consists primarily of three major areas : an overworld field map , town and dungeon maps , and a battle screen . The overworld map is a 3D model , featuring a scaled @-@ down version of the game 's fictional world which the player travels through to reach the game 's locations . As with preceding games in the series , the world map can be traversed by foot , on the party 's quadrupedal pet Noishe , and on flying vehicles known as Rheairds . On field maps , characters are directed across realistically scaled environments . The battle screen is a 3D representation of an area , in which the player commands the characters in battles against CPU @-@ controlled enemies .
On the overworld and field maps , various skits between the characters can be viewed . They involve animated character portraits , subtitles , and , in the Japanese version , full voice acting . Skits concern anything from character development to side details . Overworld map skits affect Lloyd 's relationships with other party members . The player will be able to make certain decisions that imperceptibly affect how the other characters think of Lloyd . Some of these choices have minor ramifications for the game 's storyline .
Battle system
During battle sequences , the game uses the Multi @-@ Line Linear Motion Battle System . Four characters from the party are chosen to battle ; those not controlled by a player are guided by artificial intelligence with instructions set by the player beforehand . Damage dealt to the opponent fills a " Unison Gauge " . When this is full , a " Unison Attack " can be triggered , allowing the party to use techniques simultaneously on a single enemy . When certain techniques are combined , a special attack results in additional damage .
After battle , a currency called Grade is awarded or subtracted based on specific criteria that are fulfilled in battle . It is used to purchase bonuses during New Game Plus . Players are also prompted to cook food after battles if they have the materials . Cooking recipes determine the benefits received such as health recovery . The degree of the benefit is determined by which character is chosen to cook .
Tales of Symphonia 's skill system is built around the use of " EX Gems " , which come in four ranks . Each character can equip up to four EX Gems and set abilities to those gems . The abilities determine if the characters will learn Strike or Technical techniques and spells . Combinations of EX Gem abilities can also grant additional abilities called " EX @-@ Skills " . The development of a character 's attributes is determined by their equipped " Title " . Titles are earned through story progression , side quests , or completion of miscellaneous criteria .
= = Plot = =
Lloyd Irving and his friend , Genis Sage accompany the chosen , Colette Brunel and her guardians , Raine Sage and Kratos Aurion on her journey of world regeneration . The purpose of the journey is to replenish Sylvarant with mana , a necessary energy to their survival . The path of the journey consists of five temples which must be unsealed by Colette . On their journey , they meet Sheena Fujibayashi who comes from Tethe 'alla , a world parallel to Sylvarant . She tells them about how the two worlds vie for each other 's mana through the journey of regeneration . Hoping to save both worlds , the party is told by the angel Remiel both worlds can be saved by Colette 's journey . At the final seal , they are betrayed by Remiel and Kratos ; both are revealed to be part of Cruxis , an evil organization led by Mithos Yggdrasill .
The party leaves for Tethe 'alla to search for a way to save both worlds and are joined by Zelos Wilder , Presea Combatir , and Regal Bryant . The party learns that awakening the Summon Spirits in both worlds will sever the mana tie between them . Believing that to be the answer , they successfully sever all mana ties between the two worlds . Their actions instead destabilize the Great Seed , the supplier of mana to both worlds , causing it to grow and engulf Sylvarant at an exponential rate . After the party re @-@ stabilizes the seed , they learn from Yuan Ka @-@ Fai about the origins of Sylvarant and Tethe 'alla and how they used to be one world but was split by Mithos with the Eternal Sword ; the party realizes they can save the world if they wield the Eternal Sword , merge the worlds , and germinate the Great Seed . They decide to confront and defeat Mithos before seeking the Eternal Sword .
Kratos is revealed to have been gathering materials to have Lloyd use the Eternal Sword . He succeeds but Mithos survives his apparent death and possess a member from the party before fleeing to the comet Derris @-@ Kharlan . Mithos attempts to take the Great Seed with him but is foiled and killed by Lloyd . Using the Eternal Sword , Lloyd merges Sylvarant and Tethe 'alla together and germinates the Great Seed into a Giant Kharlan Tree to supply the world with mana .
= = Development and release = =
The game was first announced on May 8 , 2002 by Namco to be one of the many titles it would be releasing on the Nintendo GameCube . Namco stated it would be a part of the Tales of Phantasia series and expected comics , animation , drama CDs and novels to be spun off from the game . Its name was revealed to be Tales of Symphonia in February 2003 . An April 2003 edition of Famitsu revealed the game has been in development for two years , its developers are the same from Tales of Eternia , the game will have the most main characters in the Tales series , and will be the first 3D game in the series . During Electronic Entertainment Expo 2003 , a North American localization was confirmed . A conference by Namco on June 9 , 2003 revealed the game will be on two disks and its theme song will be " Starry Heavens " by Day After Tomorrow . To celebrate its release in Japan , the game was bundled with a symphonic green Nintendo GameCube . For the North American version , the localization producer replaced Starry Heavens with an orchestral anthem and focused on hiring professional voice actors to dub the game in order to appeal to the Western audience . The game was released in Japan on August 29 , 2003 and was localized in North America and Europe on July 13 , 2004 and November 19 , 2004 respectively . The game was re @-@ released in North America under the Player 's Choice label on July 19 , 2004 .
During the second week of April 2004 , Weekly Shōnen Jump announced a PlayStation 2 port of Tales of Symphonia . It received new in @-@ game additions and its theme song is " Soshite Boku ni Dekiru Koto " ( そして僕にできるコト ? , lit . " And Thus , I Can Do It " ) by Day After Tomorrow . It was released exclusively in Japan on September 22 , 2004 and re @-@ released under the PlayStation 2 the Best label on July 7 , 2005 .
= = = Scenario = = =
Takumi Miyajima , the game 's writer , explained Tales of Symphonia was planned to create a " unique symphonia " , dependent on the player 's choices and the affection system . Miyajima wrote many scenarios , with the most significant events centered on Zelos Wilder . Originally , Zelos ' death was supposed to be canon . His survival would have been dependent on the affection system : He would die early on if he was ranked the lowest in the affection system , would die at the end if he ranked in the middle , and would only survive if he ranked the top . However , the development staff suggested to have Kratos Aurion return to the party and the team discussed how it would work . The change in scenario had Miyajima rework Zelos ' death into a non @-@ canon path of the story . While generally a self @-@ contained story , Symphonia apparently takes place within either the same or a similar timeline to the first Tales game , Tales of Phantasia .
= = = Sequel and Chronicles release = = =
The sequel Tales of Symphonia : Knight of Ratatosk ( テイルズ オブ シンフォニア ラタトスクの騎士 , Teiruzu Obu Shinfonia Ratatosuku no Kishi ) , localized in English as Tales of Symphonia : Dawn of the New World , was announced on July 20 , 2007 for the Wii . It was released in Japan and North America in 2008 and in Europe a year after .
Tales of Symphonia Chronicles was announced on June 1 , 2013 for the PlayStation 3 . It contains Tales of Symphonia and Tales of Symphonia : Dawn of the New World with remastered graphics and additional content . It was released in Japan on October 10 , 2013 , and it was released in North America and Europe on February 2014 as both a retail version and download release , with the option to purchase Tales of Symphonia as a standalone release .
= = Adaptations = =
= = = Manga = = =
Tales of Symphonia spawned seven manga adaptations after its release : six anthology collections and a traditional manga series .
The first anthology collection , Tales of Symphonia Comic Anthology , consists of five volumes which were released between November 25 , 2003 and February 25 , 2006 by Ichijinsha . The second anthology collection , Tales of Symphonia Yonkoma Kings , is a yonkoma . It consists of five volumes released between November 25 , 2003 and December 25 , 2006 by Ichijinsha . A third anthology collection entitled BC Anthology Collection Tales of Symphonia had two volumes published by Mag Garden on February 2005 and 2007 . The fourth anthology collection is BC Anthology Collection Tales of Symphonia Yonkoma Short Comic Collection and consisted of a single volume which was released by Mag Garden on October 10 , 2007 . The fifth anthology collection is Super Comic Theater : Tales of Symphonia . It consisted of two volumes which were released by Square Enix on May 27 , 2005 and September 16 , 2005 . The sixth anthology collection is Tales of Symphonia Comic Anthology : The Best is a single volume released on June 5 , 2010 by Ichijinsha .
The manga series by Hitoshi Ichimura was titled Tales of Symphonia and was an adaptation of the game 's storyline . The first four chapters were serialized between the April and July 2005 editions of Monthly Comic Blade . Future chapters were released in tankōbon volumes by Mag Garden thereafter . Six volumes were released : the first was released on August 10 , 2005 and the last two were released on July 10 , 2007 .
= = = Books = = =
Tales of Symphonia has spun off two novel series adaptions , four strategy guides , a character book , an official scenario book , and an art book . The first novel series is titled Tales of Symphonia and is written by Kiyoshi Yuki . It consisted of three novels released between November 21 and December 20 , 2003 by
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area teams that Stanford does not include in official results . Camp returned to the East Coast following the season , then returned to coach Stanford in 1894 and 1895 .
USC first fielded an American football team in 1888 . Playing its first game on November 14 of that year against the Alliance Athletic Club , in which USC gained a 16 – 0 victory . Frank Suffel and Henry H. Goddard were playing coaches for the first team which was put together by quarterback Arthur Carroll ; who in turn volunteered to make the pants for the team and later became a tailor . USC faced its first collegiate opponent the following year in fall 1889 , playing St. Vincent 's College to a 40 – 0 victory . In 1893 , USC joined the Intercollegiate Football Association of Southern California ( the forerunner of the SCIAC ) , which was composed of USC , Occidental College , Throop Polytechnic Institute ( Cal Tech ) , and Chaffey College . Pomona College was invited to enter , but declined to do so . An invitation was also extended to Los Angeles High School .
The Big Game between Stanford and California is the oldest college football rivalry in the West . The first game was played on San Francisco 's Haight Street Grounds on March 19 , 1892 with Stanford winning 14 – 10 . The term " Big Game " was first used in 1900 , when it was played on Thanksgiving Day in San Francisco . During that game , a large group of men and boys , who were observing from the roof of the nearby S.F. and Pacific Glass Works , fell into the fiery interior of the building when the roof collapsed , resulting in 13 dead and 78 injured . On December 4 , 1900 , the last victim of the disaster ( Fred Lilly ) died , bringing the death toll to 22 ; and , to this day , the " Thanksgiving Day Disaster " remains the deadliest accident to kill spectators at a U.S. sporting event .
In May 1900 , Yost was hired as the football coach at Stanford University , and , after traveling home to West Virginia , he arrived in Palo Alto , California , on August 21 , 1900 . Yost led the 1900 Stanford team to a 7 – 2 – 1 , outscoring opponents 154 to 20 . The next year in 1901 , Yost was hired by Charles A. Baird as the head football coach for the Michigan Wolverines football team . On 1 January 1902 , Yost 's dominating 1901 Michigan Wolverines football team agreed to play a 3 – 1 – 2 team from Stanford University in the inaugural " Tournament East @-@ West football game what is now known as the Rose Bowl Game by a score of 49 – 0 after Stanford captain Ralph Fisher requested to quit with eight minutes remaining .
Led by coach Fielding H. Yost , Michigan became the first " western " national power . From 1901 to 1905 , Michigan had a 56 @-@ game undefeated streak that included a 1902 trip to play in the first college football bowl game , which later became the Rose Bowl Game . During this streak , Michigan scored 2 @,@ 831 points while allowing only 40 .
In 1906 , citing concerns about the violence in American Football , universities on the West Coast , led by California and Stanford , replaced the sport with rugby union . At the time , the future of American football was very much in doubt and these schools believed that rugby union would eventually be adopted nationwide . Other schools fllowed suit and also made the switch included Nevada , St. Mary 's , Santa Clara , and USC ( in 1911 ) . However , due to the perception that West Coast football was inferior to the game played on the East Coast anyway , East Coast and Midwest teams shrugged off the loss of the teams and continued playing American football . With no nationwide movement , the available pool of rugby teams to play remained small . The schools scheduled games against local club teams and reached out to rugby union powers in Australia , New Zealand , and especially , due to its proximity , Canada . The annual Big Game between Stanford and California continued as rugby , with the winner invited by the British Columbia Rugby Union to a tournament in Vancouver over the Christmas holidays , with the winner of that tournament receiving the Cooper Keith Trophy .
The University of Colorado Boulder began playing American football in 1890 . Colorado found much success in its early years , winning eight Colorado Football Association Championships ( 1894 – 97 , 1901 – 08 ) .
= = = = Violence and controversy ( 1905 ) = = = =
From its earliest days as a mob game , football was a violent sport . The 1894 Harvard @-@ Yale game , known as the " Hampden Park Blood Bath " , resulted in crippling injuries for four players ; the contest was suspended until 1897 . The annual Army @-@ Navy game was suspended from 1894 to 1898 for similar reasons . One of the major problems was the popularity of mass @-@ formations like the flying wedge , in which a large number of offensive players charged as a unit against a similarly arranged defense . The resultant collisions often led to serious injuries and sometimes even death . Georgia fullback Richard Von Albade Gammon notably died on the field from concussions received against Virginia in 1897 , causing Georgia , Georgia Tech , and Mercer to temporarily stop its football programs .
The situation came to a head in 1905 when there were 19 fatalities nationwide . President Theodore Roosevelt reportedly threatened to shut down the game if drastic changes were not made . However , the threat by Roosevelt to eliminate football is disputed by sports historians . What is absolutely certain is that on October 9 , 1905 , Roosevelt held a meeting of football representatives from Harvard , Yale , and Princeton . Though he lectured on eliminating and reducing injuries , he never threatened to ban football . He also lacked the authority to abolish football and was , in fact , actually a fan of the sport and wanted to preserve it . The President 's sons were also playing football at the college and secondary levels at the time .
Meanwhile , John H. Outland held an experimental game in Wichita , Kansas that reduced the number of scrimmage plays to earn a first down from four to three in an attempt to reduce injuries . The Los Angeles Times reported an increase in punts and considered the game much safer than regular play but that the new rule was not " conducive to the sport . " Finally , on December 28 , 1905 , 62 schools met in New York City to discuss rule changes to make the game safer . As a result of this meeting , the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States , later named the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , was formed . One rule change introduced in 1906 , devised to open up the game and reduce injury , was the introduction of the legal forward pass . Though it was underutilized for years , this proved to be one of the most important rule changes in the establishment of the modern game .
As a result of the 1905 – 1906 reforms , mass formation plays became illegal and forward passes legal . Bradbury Robinson , playing for visionary coach Eddie Cochems at St. Louis University , threw the first legal pass in a September 5 , 1906 , game against Carroll College at Waukesha . Other important changes , formally adopted in 1910 , were the requirements that at least seven offensive players be on the line of scrimmage at the time of the snap , that there be no pushing or pulling , and that interlocking interference ( arms linked or hands on belts and uniforms ) was not allowed . These changes greatly reduced the potential for collision injuries . Several coaches emerged who took advantage of these sweeping changes . Amos Alonzo Stagg introduced such innovations as the huddle , the tackling dummy , and the pre @-@ snap shift . Other coaches , such as Pop Warner and Knute Rockne , introduced new strategies that still remain part of the game .
Besides these coaching innovations , several rules changes during the first third of the 20th century had a profound impact on the game , mostly in opening up the passing game . In 1914 , the first roughing @-@ the @-@ passer penalty was implemented . In 1918 , the rules on eligible receivers were loosened to allow eligible players to catch the ball anywhere on the field — previously strict rules were in place only allowing passes to certain areas of the field . Scoring rules also changed during this time : field goals were lowered to three points in 1909 and touchdowns raised to six points in 1912 .
Star players that emerged in the early 20th century include Jim Thorpe , Red Grange , and Bronko Nagurski ; these three made the transition to the fledgling NFL and helped turn it into a successful league . Sportswriter Grantland Rice helped popularize the sport with his poetic descriptions of games and colorful nicknames for the game 's biggest players , including Notre Dame 's " Four Horsemen " backfield and Fordham University 's linemen , known as the " Seven Blocks of Granite " .
In 1907 at Champaign , Illinois Chicago and Illinois played in the first game to have a halftime show featuring a marching band . Chicago won 42 – 6 . On November 25 , 1911 Kansas and Missouri played the first homecoming football game . The game was " broadcast " play @-@ by @-@ play over telegraph to at least 1 @,@ 000 fans in Lawrence , Kansas . It ended in a 3 – 3 tie . The game between West Virginia and Pittsburgh on October 8 , 1921 , saw the first live radio broadcast of a college football game when Harold W. Arlin announced that year 's Backyard Brawl played at Forbes Field on KDKA . Pitt won 21 – 13 . On October 28 , 1922 , Princeton and Chicago played the first game to be nationally broadcast on radio . Princeton won 21 – 18 in a hotly contested game which had Princeton dubbed the " Team of Destiny . "
= = = = Notable intersectional games = = = =
In 1906 Vanderbilt defeated Carlisle 4 to 0 , the result of a Bob Blake field goal . In 1907 Vanderbilt fought Navy to a 6 to 6 tie . In 1910 Vanderbilt held defending national champion Yale to a scoreless tie .
Helping Georgia Tech 's claim to a title in 1917 , the Auburn Tigers held undefeated , Chic Harley led Big Ten champion Ohio State to a scoreless tie the week before Georgia Tech beat the Tigers 68 to 7 . The next season , with many players gone due to World War I , a game was finally scheduled at Forbes Field with Pittsburgh . The Panthers , led by freshman Tom Davies , defeated Georgia Tech 32 to 0 . Tech center Bum Day was the first player on a Southern team ever selected first @-@ team All @-@ American by Walter Camp .
1917 saw the rise of another Southern team in Centre of Danville , Kentucky . In 1921 Bo McMillin led Centre upset defending national champion Harvard 6 to 0 in what is widely considered one of the greatest upsets in college football history . The next year Vanderbilt fought Michigan to a scoreless tie at the inaugural game on Dudley Field , the first stadium in the South made exclusively for college football . Michigan coach Fielding Yost and Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin were brothers @-@ in @-@ law , and the latter the protege of the former . The game featured the season 's two best defenses and included a goal line stand by Vanderbilt to preserve the tie . Its result was " a great surprise to the sporting world . " Commodore fans celebrated by throwing some 3 @,@ 000 seat cushions onto the field . The game features prominently in Vanderbilt 's history . That same year , Alabama upset Penn 9 to 7 .
Vanderbilt 's line coach then was Wallace Wade , who in 1925 coached Alabama to the south 's first Rose Bowl victory . This game is commonly referred to as " the game that changed the south . " Wade followed up the next season with an undefeated record and Rose Bowl tie . Georgia 's 1927 " dream and wonder team " defeated Yale for the first time . Georgia Tech , led by Heisman protege William Alexander , gave the dream and wonder team its only loss , and the next year were national and Rose Bowl champions . The Rose Bowl included Roy Riegels ' wrong @-@ way run . On October 12 , 1929 , Yale lost to Georgia in Sanford Stadium in its first trip to the south . Wade 's Alabama again won a national championship and Rose Bowl in 1930 .
= = = Modernization of intercollegiate American football ( 1933 – 1969 ) = = =
In the early 1930s , the college game continued to grow , particularly in the South , bolstered by fierce rivalries such as the " South 's Oldest Rivalry " , between Virginia and North Carolina and the " Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry " , between Georgia and Auburn . Although before the mid @-@ 1920s most national powers came from the Northeast or the Midwest , the trend changed when several teams from the South and the West Coast achieved national success . Wallace William Wade 's 1925 Alabama team won the 1926 Rose Bowl after receiving its first national title and William Alexander 's 1928 Georgia Tech team defeated California in the 1929 Rose Bowl . College football quickly became the most popular spectator sport in the South .
Several major modern college football conferences rose to prominence during this time period . The Southwest Athletic Conference had been founded in 1915 . Consisting mostly of schools from Texas , the conference saw back @-@ to @-@ back national champions with Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in 1938 and Texas A & M in 1939 . The Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , a precursor to the Pac @-@ 12 Conference ( Pac @-@ 12 ) , had its own back @-@ to @-@ back champion in the University of Southern California which was awarded the title in 1931 and 1932 . The Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) formed in 1932 and consisted mostly of schools in the Deep South . As in previous decades , the Big Ten continued to dominate in the 1930s and 1940s , with Minnesota winning 5 titles between 1934 and 1941 , and Michigan ( 1933 , 1947 , and 1948 ) and Ohio State ( 1942 ) also winning titles .
As it grew beyond its regional affiliations in the 1930s , college football garnered increased national attention . Four new bowl games were created : the Orange Bowl , Sugar Bowl , the Sun Bowl in 1935 , and the Cotton Bowl in 1937 . In lieu of an actual national championship , these bowl games , along with the earlier Rose Bowl , provided a way to match up teams from distant regions of the country that did not otherwise play . In 1936 , the Associated Press began its weekly poll of prominent sports writers , ranking all of the nation 's college football teams . Since there was no national championship game , the final version of the AP poll was used to determine who was crowned the National Champion of college football .
The 1930s saw growth in the passing game . Though some coaches , such as General Robert Neyland at Tennessee , continued to eschew its use , several rules changes to the game had a profound effect on teams ' ability to throw the ball . In 1934 , the rules committee removed two major penalties — a loss of five yards for a second incomplete pass in any series of downs and a loss of possession for an incomplete pass in the end zone — and shrunk the circumference of the ball , making it easier to grip and throw . Players who became famous for taking advantage of the easier passing game included Alabama end Don Hutson and TCU passer " Slingin " Sammy Baugh .
In 1935 , New York City 's Downtown Athletic Club awarded the first Heisman Trophy to University of Chicago halfback Jay Berwanger , who was also the first ever NFL Draft pick in 1936 . The trophy was designed by sculptor Frank Eliscu and modeled after New York University player Ed Smith . The trophy recognizes the nation 's " most outstanding " college football player and has become one of the most coveted awards in all of American sports .
During World War II , college football players enlisted in the armed forces , some playing in Europe during the war . As most of these players had eligibility left on their college careers , some of them returned to college at West Point , bringing Army back @-@ to @-@ back national titles in 1944 and 1945 under coach Red Blaik . Doc Blanchard ( known as " Mr. Inside " ) and Glenn Davis ( known as " Mr. Outside " ) both won the Heisman Trophy , in 1945 and 1946 respectively . On the coaching staff of those 1944 – 1946 Army teams was future Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Vince Lombardi .
The 1950s saw the rise of yet more dynasties and power programs . Oklahoma , under coach Bud Wilkinson , won three national titles ( 1950 , 1955 , 1956 ) and all ten Big Eight Conference championships in the decade while building a record 47 @-@ game winning streak . Woody Hayes led Ohio State to two national titles , in 1954 and 1957 , and dominated the Big Ten conference , winning three Big Ten titles — more than any other school . Wilkinson and Hayes , along with Robert Neyland of Tennessee , oversaw a revival of the running game in the 1950s . Passing numbers dropped from an average of 18 @.@ 9 attempts in 1951 to 13 @.@ 6 attempts in 1955 , while teams averaged just shy of 50 running plays per game . Nine out of ten Heisman trophy winners in the 1950s were runners . Notre Dame , one of the biggest passing teams of the decade , saw a substantial decline in success ; the 1950s were the only decade between 1920 and 1990 when the team did not win at least a share of the national title . Paul Hornung , Notre Dame quarterback , did , however , win the Heisman in 1956 , becoming the only player from a losing team ever to do so .
= = = Modern intercollegiate football ( 1970 – present ) = = =
Following the enormous success of the National Football League 's 1958 championship game , college football no longer enjoyed the same popularity as the NFL , at least on a national level . While both games benefited from the advent of television , since the late 1950s , the NFL has become a nationally popular sport while college football has maintained strong regional ties .
As professional football became a national television phenomenon , college football did as well . In the 1950s , Notre Dame , which had a large national following , formed its own network to broadcast its games , but by and large the sport still retained a mostly regional following . In 1952 , the NCAA claimed all television broadcasting rights for the games of its member institutions , and it alone negotiated television rights . This situation continued until 1984 , when several schools brought a suit under the Sherman Antitrust Act ; the Supreme Court ruled against the NCAA and schools are now free to negotiate their own television deals . ABC Sports began broadcasting a national Game of the Week in 1966 , bringing key matchups and rivalries to a national audience for the first time .
New formations and play sets continued to be developed . Emory Bellard , an assistant coach under Darrell Royal at the University of Texas , developed a three @-@ back option style offense known as the wishbone . The wishbone is a run @-@ heavy offense that depends on the quarterback making last second decisions on when and to whom to hand or pitch the ball to . Royal went on to teach the offense to other coaches , including Bear Bryant at Alabama , Chuck Fairbanks at Oklahoma and Pepper Rodgers at UCLA ; who all adapted and developed it to their own tastes . The strategic opposite of the wishbone is the spread offense , developed by professional and college coaches throughout the 1960s and 1970s . Though some schools play a run @-@ based version of the spread , its most common use is as a passing offense designed to " spread " the field both horizontally and vertically . Some teams have managed to adapt with the times to keep winning consistently . In the rankings of the most victorious programs , Michigan , Texas , and Notre Dame are ranked first , second , and third in total wins .
= = = = Growth of bowl games = = = =
In 1940 , for the highest level of college football , there were only five bowl games ( Rose , Orange , Sugar , Sun , and Cotton ) . By 1950 , three more had joined that number and in 1970 , there were still only eight major college bowl games . The number grew to eleven in 1976 . At the birth of cable television and cable sports networks like ESPN , there were fifteen bowls in 1980 . With more national venues and increased available revenue , the bowls saw an explosive growth throughout the 1980s and 1990s . In the thirty years from 1950 to 1980 , seven bowl games were added to the schedule . From 1980 to 2008 , an additional 20 bowl games were added to the schedule . Some have criticized this growth , claiming that the increased number of games has diluted the significance of playing in a bowl game . Yet others have countered that the increased number of games has increased exposure and revenue for a greater number of schools , and see it as a positive development .
With the growth of bowl games , it became difficult to determine a national champion in a fair and equitable manner . As conferences became contractually bound to certain bowl games ( a situation known as a tie @-@ in ) , match @-@ ups that guaranteed a consensus national champion became increasingly rare . In 1992 , seven conferences and independent Notre Dame formed the Bowl Coalition , which attempted to arrange an annual No.1 versus No.2 matchup based on the final AP poll standings . The Coalition lasted for three years ; however , several scheduling issues prevented much success ; tie @-@ ins still took precedence in several cases . For example , the Big Eight and SEC champions could never meet , since they were contractually bound to different bowl games . The coalition also excluded the Rose Bowl , arguably the most prestigious game in the nation , and two major conferences — the Pac @-@ 10 and Big Ten — meaning that it had limited success . In 1995 , the Coalition was replaced by the Bowl Alliance , which reduced the number of bowl games to host a national championship game to three — the Fiesta , Sugar , and Orange Bowls — and the participating conferences to five — the ACC , SEC , Southwest , Big Eight , and Big East . It was agreed that the No.1 and No.2 ranked teams gave up their prior bowl tie @-@ ins and were guaranteed to meet in the national championship game , which rotated between the three participating bowls . The system still did not include the Big Ten , Pac @-@ 10 , or the Rose Bowl , and thus still lacked the legitimacy of a true national championship .
= = = = Bowl Championship Series = = = =
In 1998 , a new system was put into place called the Bowl Championship Series . For the first time , it included all major conferences ( ACC , Big East , Big 12 , Big Ten , Pac @-@ 10 , and SEC ) and all four major bowl games ( Rose , Orange , Sugar and Fiesta ) . The champions of these six conferences , along with two " at @-@ large " selections , were invited to play in the four bowl games . Each year , one of the four bowl games served as a national championship game . Also , a complex system of human polls , computer rankings , and strength of schedule calculations was instituted to rank schools . Based on this ranking system , the No.1 and No.2 teams met each year in the national championship game . Traditional tie @-@ ins were maintained for schools and bowls not part of the national championship . For example , in years when not a part of the national championship , the Rose Bowl still hosted the Big Ten and Pac @-@ 10 champions .
The system continued to change , as the formula for ranking teams was tweaked from year to year . At @-@ large teams could be chosen from any of the Division I conferences , though only one selection — Utah in 2005 — came from a non @-@ BCS affiliated conference . Starting with the 2006 season , a fifth game — simply called the BCS National Championship Game — was added to the schedule , to be played at the site of one of the four BCS bowl games on a rotating basis , one week after the regular bowl game . This opened up the BCS to two additional at @-@ large teams . Also , rules were changed to add the champions of five additional conferences ( Conference USA , the Mid @-@ American Conference , the Mountain West Conference , the Sun Belt Conference and the Western Athletic Conference ) , provided that said champion ranked in the top twelve in the final BCS rankings , or was within the top 16 of the BCS rankings and ranked higher than the champion of at least one of the " BCS conferences " ( also known as " AQ " conferences , for Automatic Qualifying ) . Several times since this rule change was implemented , schools from non @-@ AQ conferences have played in BCS bowl games . In 2009 , Boise State played TCU in the Fiesta Bowl , the first time two schools from non @-@ BCS conferences played each other in a BCS bowl game . The most recent team from the non @-@ AQ ranks to reach a BCS bowl game was Northern Illinois in 2012 , which played in ( and lost ) the 2013 Orange Bowl .
= = = = College Football Playoff = = = =
Due to the intesification of the College football playoff debate after nearly a decade of the sometimes disputable results of the BCS , the conference commissioners and Notre Dame 's president voted to implement a Plus @-@ One system which was to be called the ' College Football Playoff ' . The College Football Playoff is the annual postseason tournament for the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and just as its predecessors , has failed to receive sanctioning from the NCAA . The playoff began with the 2014 NCAA Division I FBS football season . Four teams play in two semifinal games , and the winners advance to the College Football Playoff National Championship game . The first season of the new system was not without controversy , however , after TCU and Baylor ( both with only one loss ) both failed to receive the support of the College Football Playoff selection committee .
= = Professional football ( 1892 – present ) = =
= = = Early players , teams , and leagues ( 1892 – 1919 ) = = =
In the early 20th century , football began to catch on in the general population of the United States and was the subject of intense competition and rivalry , albeit of a localized nature . Although payments to players were considered unsporting and dishonorable at the time , a Pittsburgh area club , the Allegheny Athletic Association , of the unofficial western Pennsylvania football circuit , surreptitiously hired former Yale All @-@ American guard William " Pudge " Heffelfinger . On November 12 , 1892 , Heffelfinger became the first known professional football player . He was paid $ 500 to play in a game against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club . Heffelfinger picked up a Pittsburgh fumble and ran 35 yards for a touchdown , winning the game 4 – 0 for Allegheny . Although observers held suspicions , the payment remained a secret for years .
On September 3 , 1895 the first wholly professional game was played , in Latrobe , Pennsylvania , between the Latrobe Athletic Association and the Jeannette Athletic Club . Latrobe won the contest 12 – 0 . During this game , Latrobe 's quarterback , John Brallier became the first player to openly admit to being paid to play football . He was paid $ 10 plus expenses to play . In 1897 , the Latrobe Athletic Association paid all of its players for the whole season , becoming the first fully professional football team . In 1898 , William Chase Temple took over the team payments for the Duquesne Country and Athletic Club , a professional football team based in Pittsburgh from 1895 until 1900 , becoming the first known individual football club owner . Later that year , the Morgan Athletic Club , on the South Side of Chicago , was founded . This team later became the Chicago Cardinals , then the St. Louis Cardinals and now is known as the Arizona Cardinals , making them the oldest continuously operating professional football team .
The first known professional football league , known as the National Football League ( not the same as the modern league ) began play in 1902 when several baseball clubs formed football teams to play in the league , including the Philadelphia Athletics , Pittsburgh Pirates and the Philadelphia Phillies . The Pirates ' team the Pittsburgh Stars were awarded the league championship . However , the Philadelphia Football Athletics and Philadelphia Football Phillies also claimed the title . A five @-@ team tournament , known as the World Series of Football was organized by Tom O 'Rouke , the manager of Madison Square Garden . The event featured the first @-@ ever indoor pro football games . The first professional indoor game came on December 29 , 1902 , when the Syracuse Athletic Club defeated the " New York team " 5 – 0 . Syracuse would go on to win the 1902 Series , while the Franklin Athletic Club won the Series in 1903 . The World Series only lasted two seasons .
Charles Follis is believed to be the first black professional football player , having played for the Shelby Steamfitters from 1902 to 1906 . Follis , a two sport athlete , was paid for his work beginning in 1904 .
The game moved west into Ohio , which became the center of professional football during the early decades of the 20th century . Small towns such as Massillon , Akron , Portsmouth , and Canton all supported professional teams in a loose coalition known as the " Ohio League " , the direct predecessor to today 's National Football League . In 1906 the Canton Bulldogs – Massillon Tigers betting scandal became the first major scandal in professional football in the United States . It was the first known case of professional gamblers attempting to fix a professional sport . Although the Massillon Tigers could not prove that the Canton Bulldogs had thrown the second game , the scandal tarnished the Bulldogs ' name and helped ruin professional football in Ohio until the mid @-@ 1910s .
In 1915 , the reformed Canton Bulldogs signed former Olympian and Carlisle Indian School standout Jim Thorpe to a contract . Thorpe became the face of professional football for the next several years and was present at the founding of the National Football League five years later . A disruption in play in 1918 ( due to World War I and flu pandemic ) allowed the New York Pro Football League to pick up some of the Ohio League 's talent ; the NYPFL had coalesced around 1916 , but efforts to challenge the Ohio teams were largely unsuccessful until after the suspension . By 1919 , the Ohio League and the New York league were on relatively equal footing with both each other and with teams clustered around major cities such as Philadelphia , Chicago and Detroit .
= = = Early years of the NFL ( 1920 – 1932 ) = = =
= = = = Formation = = = =
The 1919 expansion of top @-@ level professional football threatened to drastically increase the cost of the game by sparking bidding wars . The various regional circuits determined that forming a league , with enforceable rules , would mitigate these problems .
In 1920 , the American Professional Football Association , was founded , in a meeting at a Hupmobile car dealership in Canton , Ohio . Jim Thorpe was elected the league 's first president . After several more meetings , the league 's membership was formalized . The original teams were :
In its early years the league was little more than a formal agreement between teams to play each other and to declare a champion at season 's end . Teams were still permitted to play non @-@ league members . The 1920 season saw several teams drop out and fail to play through their schedule . Only four teams : Akron , Buffalo , Canton , and Decatur , finished the schedule . Akron claimed the first league champion , with the only undefeated record among the remaining teams .
From its inception in 1920 as a loose coalition of various regional teams , the American Professional Football Association had comparatively few African @-@ American players ; a total of nine black people suited up for NFL teams between 1920 and 1926 , including future attorney , black activist , and internationally acclaimed artist Paul Robeson . Fritz Pollard and Bobby Marshall were the first black players in what is now the NFL in 1920 . Pollard became the first black coach in 1921 .
= = = = Expansion = = = =
In 1921 , several more teams joined the league , increasing the membership to 22 teams . Among the new additions were the Green Bay Packers , which now has the record for longest use of an unchanged team name . Also in 1921 , A. E. Staley , the owner of the Decatur Staleys , sold the team to player @-@ coach George Halas , who went on to become one of the most important figures in the first half century of the NFL . In 1921 , Halas moved the team to Chicago , but retained the Staleys nickname . In 1922 the team was renamed the Chicago Bears . The Staleys won the 1921 AFPA Championship , over the Buffalo All @-@ Americans in an event later referred to as the " Staley Swindle " .
By the mid @-@ 1920s , NFL membership had grown to 25 teams , and a rival league known as the American Football League was formed . The rival AFL folded after a single season , but it symbolized a growing interest in the professional game . Several college stars joined the NFL , most notably Red Grange from the University of Illinois , who was taken on a famous barnstorming tour in 1925 by the Chicago Bears . Another scandal that season centered on a 1925 game between the Chicago Cardinals and the Milwaukee Badgers . The scandal involved a Chicago player , Art Folz , hiring a group of high school football players to play for the Milwaukee Badgers , against the Cardinals . This would ensure an inferior opponent for Chicago . The game was used to help prop up their win @-@ loss percentage and as a chance of wrestling away the 1925 Championship away from the first place Pottsville Maroons . All parties were severely punished initially ; however , a few months later the punishments were rescinded . Also that year a controversial dispute stripped the NFL title from the Maroons and awarded it to the Cardinals .
= = = = 1932 NFL playoff game = = = =
At the end of the 1932 season , the Chicago Bears and the Portsmouth Spartans were tied with the best regular @-@ season records . To determine the champion , the league voted to hold its first playoff game . Because of cold weather , the game was held indoors at Chicago Stadium , which forced some temporary rule changes . Chicago won , 9 – 0 . The playoff proved so popular that the league reorganized into two divisions for the 1933 season , with the winners advancing to a scheduled championship game . A number of new rule changes were also instituted : the goal posts were moved forward to the goal line , every play started from between the hash marks , and forward passes could originate from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage ( instead of the previous five yards behind ) . In 1936 , the NFL instituted the first draft of college players . With the first ever draft selection , the Philadelphia Eagles picked Heisman Trophy winner Jay Berwanger , but he declined to play professionally . Also in that year , another AFL formed , but it also lasted only two seasons .
= = = Stability and growth of the NFL ( 1933 – 1969 ) = = =
The 1930s represented an important time of transition for the NFL . League membership was fluid prior to the mid @-@ 1930s . 1936 was the first year where there were no franchise moves , prior to that year 51 teams had gone defunct . In 1941 , the NFL named its first Commissioner , Elmer Layden . The new office replaced that of President . Layden held the job for five years , before being replaced by Pittsburgh Steelers co @-@ owner Bert Bell in 1946 .
During World War II , a player shortage led to a shrinking of the league as several teams folded and others merged . Among the short @-@ lived merged teams were the Steagles ( Pittsburgh and Philadelphia ) in 1943 , the Card @-@ Pitts ( Chicago Cardinals and Pittsburgh ) in 1944 , and a team formed from the merger of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the Boston Yanks in 1945 .
1946 was an important year in the history of professional football , as that was the year when the league reintegrated . The Los Angeles Rams signed two African American players , Kenny Washington and Woody Strode . Also that year , a competing league , the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , began operation .
During the 1950s , additional teams entered the league . In 1950 , the AAFC folded , and three teams from that league were absorbed into the NFL : the Cleveland Browns ( who had won the AAFC Championship every year of the league 's existence ) , the San Francisco 49ers , and the Baltimore Colts ( not the same as the modern franchise , this version folded after one year ) . The remaining players were chosen by the now 13 NFL teams in a dispersal draft . Also in 1950 , the Los Angeles Rams became the first team to televise its entire schedule , marking the beginning of an important relationship between television and professional football . In 1952 , the Dallas Texans went defunct , becoming the last NFL franchise to do so . The following year a new Baltimore Colts franchise formed to take over the assets of the Texans . The players ' union , known as the NFL Players Association , formed in 1956 .
= = = = The Greatest Game Ever Played = = = =
At the conclusion of the 1958 NFL season , the Baltimore Colts and the New York Giants met at Yankee Stadium to determine the league champion . Tied after 60 minutes of play , it became the first NFL game to go into sudden death overtime . The final score was Baltimore Colts 23 , New York Giants 17 . The game has since become widely known as " the Greatest Game Ever Played " . It was carried live on the NBC television network , and the national exposure it provided the league has been cited as a watershed moment in professional football history , helping propel the NFL to become one of the most popular sports leagues in the United States . Journalist Tex Maule said of the contest , " This , for the first time , was a truly epic game which inflamed the imagination of a national audience . "
= = = = American Football League and merger = = = =
In 1959 , longtime NFL commissioner Bert Bell died of a heart attack while attending an Eagles / Steelers game at Franklin Field . That same year , Dallas , Texas businessman Lamar Hunt led the formation of the rival American Football League , the fourth such league to bear that name , with war hero and former South Dakota Governor Joe Foss as its Commissioner . Unlike the earlier rival leagues , and bolstered by television exposure , the AFL posed a significant threat to NFL dominance of the professional football world . With the exception of Los Angeles and New York , the AFL avoided placing teams in markets where they directly competed with established NFL franchises . In 1960 , the AFL began play with eight teams and a double round @-@ robin schedule of fourteen games . New NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle took office the same year .
The AFL became a viable alternative to the NFL as it made a concerted effort to attract established talent away from the NFL , signing half of the NFL 's first @-@ round draft choices in 1960 . The AFL worked hard to secure top college players , many from sources virtually untapped by the established league : small colleges and predominantly black colleges . Two of the eight coaches of the Original Eight AFL franchises , Hank Stram ( Texans / Chiefs ) and Sid Gillman ( Chargers ) eventually were inducted to the Hall of Fame . Led by Oakland Raiders owner and AFL commissioner Al Davis , the AFL established a " war chest " to entice top talent with higher pay than they got from the NFL . Former Green Bay Packers quarterback Babe Parilli became a star for the Boston Patriots during the early years of the AFL , and University of Alabama passer Joe Namath rejected the NFL to play for the New York Jets . Namath became the face of the league as it reached its height of popularity in the mid @-@ 1960s . Davis 's methods worked , and in 1966 , the junior league forced a partial merger with the NFL . The two leagues agreed to have a common draft and play in a common season @-@ ending championship game , known as the AFL @-@ NFL World Championship . Two years later , the game 's name was changed to the Super Bowl . AFL teams won the next two Super Bowls , and in 1970 , the two leagues merged to form a new 26 @-@ team league . The resulting newly expanded NFL eventually incorporated some of the innovations that led to the AFL 's success , such as including names on player 's jerseys , official scoreboard clocks , national television contracts ( the addition of Monday Night Football gave the NFL broadcast rights on all of the Big Three television networks ) , and sharing of gate and broadcasting revenues between home and visiting teams .
= = = Post @-@ merger NFL ( 1970 – present ) = = =
The NFL continued to grow , eventually adopting some innovations of the AFL , including the two @-@ point conversion . It has expanded several times to its current 32 @-@ team membership , and the Super Bowl has become a cultural phenomena across the United States . One of the most popular televised events annually in the United States , it has become a major source of advertising revenue for the television networks that have carried it and it serves as a means for advertisers to debut elaborate and expensive commercials for their products . The NFL has grown to become the most popular spectator sports league in the United States .
One of the things that have marked the modern NFL as different from other major professional sports leagues is the apparent parity between its 32 teams . While from time to time , dominant teams have arisen , the league has been cited as one of the few where every team has a realistic chance of winning the championship from year to year . The league 's complex labor agreement with its players ' union , which mandates a hard salary cap and revenue sharing between its clubs , prevents the richest teams from stockpiling the best players and gives even teams in smaller cities such as Green Bay and New Orleans the opportunity to compete for the Super Bowl . One of the chief architects of this labor agreement was former NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue , who presided over the league from 1989 to 2006 . In addition to providing parity between the clubs , the current labor contract , established in 1993 and renewed in 1998 and 2006 , has kept player salaries low — the lowest among the four major league sports in the United States — and has helped make the NFL the only major American professional sports league since 1993 not to suffer any player strike or work stoppage .
Since taking over as commissioner before the 2006 season , Roger Goodell has made player conduct a priority of his office . Since taking office , several high @-@ profile players have experienced trouble with the law , from Adam " Pacman " Jones to Michael Vick . In these and other cases , Commissioner Goodell has mandated lengthy suspensions for players who fall outside of acceptable conduct limits . Goodell , however , has remained a largely unpopular figure to many of the league 's fans , who perceive him attempting to change the NFL 's identity and haphazardly damage the sport .
= = = = Other professional leagues = = = =
Minor professional leagues such as the original United Football League , Atlantic Coast Football League , Seaboard Football League and Continental Football League existed in abundance in the 1960s and early 1970s , to varying degrees of success .
Several other professional football leagues have been formed since the AFL @-@ NFL merger , though none have had the success of the AFL . In 1974 , the World Football League formed and was able to attract such stars as Larry Csonka away from the NFL with lucrative contracts . However , most of the WFL franchises were insolvent and the league folded in 1975 ; the Memphis Southmen , the team that had signed Csonka and the most financially stable of the teams , unsuccessfully sued to join the NFL .
In 1970 , Patricia Barzi Palinkas became the first woman to ever play on a men 's semipro football team when she joined the Orlando Panthers of the Atlantic Coast league . In 1974 , the National Women 's Football League was founded , starting play with 7 teams .
In 1982 , the United States Football League formed as a spring league , and enjoyed moderate success during its first two seasons behind such stars as Jim Kelly and Herschel Walker . After its spring 1985 season , the league , which lost a considerable amount of money due to overspending on players , opted to gamble on moving its schedule to fall in 1986 and filing a billion @-@ dollar antitrust lawsuit against the NFL and its television partners in an effort to stay afloat . When the lawsuit only drew a three @-@ dollar judgment days before the fall 1986 season was to begin , the USFL folded .
The NFL founded a developmental league known as the World League of American Football with teams based in the United States , Canada , and Europe . The WLAF ran for two years , from 1991 to 1992 . Its successor , the all @-@ European NFL Europe League , ran from 1995 to 2007 .
In 2001 , the XFL was formed as a joint venture between the World Wrestling Federation and the NBC television network . It folded after one season in the face of rapidly declining fan interest and a poor reputation . However , XFL stars such as Tommy Maddox and Rod " He Hate Me " Smart later saw success in the NFL .
The United Football League was a four @-@ team fully professional league which played its first season in October – November 2009 . The UFL was beset with numerous financial problems , some of which stemmed from the inability to sell television rights , insufficient ticket revenue and insurmountable expenses . Midway through its fourth season , the league abruptly shut down , after which several dozen former players and coaches sued to recover unpaid salaries ; all remaining teams had folded and shut down their offices by March , 2013 . The Fall Experimental Football League , which played two abbreviated seasons as an explicitly minor professional league in 2014 and 2015 .
= = Youth and high school football ( 1863 – present ) = =
Football is a popular participatory sport among youth . One of the earliest youth football organizations was founded in Philadelphia , in 1929 , as the Junior Football Conference . Organizer Joe Tomlin started the league to provide activities and guidance for teenage boys who were vandalizing the factory he owned . The original four @-@ team league expanded to sixteen teams in 1933 when Pop Warner , who had just been hired as the new coach of the Temple University football team , agreed to give a lecture to the boys in the league . In his honor , the league was renamed the Pop Warner Conference .
Today , Pop Warner Little Scholars — as the program is now known — enrolls over 300 @,@ 000 young boys and girls ages 5 – 16 in over 5000 football and cheerleading squads , and has affiliate programs in Mexico and Japan . Other organizations , such as the Police Athletic League , Upward , and the National Football League 's NFL Youth Football Program also manage various youth football leagues .
Football is a popular sport for high schools in the United States . The National Federation of State High School Associations ( NFHS ) was founded in 1920 as an umbrella organization for state @-@ level organizations that manage high school sports , including high school football . The NFHS publishes the rules followed by most local high school football associations . More than 13 @,@ 000 high schools participate in football , and in some places high school teams play in stadiums that rival college @-@ level facilities . In Denton , Texas , for example , a 12 @,@ 000 seat , $ 21 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 stadium hosts two local high school football teams . The growth of high school football and its impact on small town communities has been documented by landmark non @-@ fiction works such as the 1990 book Friday Night Lights and the subsequent fictionalized film and television series .
= = American football outside the United States ( 1874 – present ) = =
American football has been played outside the US since the 1920s and accelerated in popularity after World War II , especially in countries with large numbers of U.S. military personnel , who often formed a substantial proportion of the players and spectators .
In 1998 , the International Federation of American Football , was formed to coordinate international amateur competition . At present , 45 associations from the Americas , Europe , Asia and Oceania are organized within the IFAF , which claims to represent 23 million amateur athletes . The IFAF , which is based in Paris , France , organizes the quadrennial American Football World Cup .
A long @-@ term goal of the IFAF is for American football to be accepted by the International Olympic Committee as an Olympic sport . The only time that the sport was played was at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , but as a demonstration sport . Among the various problems the IFAF has to solve in order to be accepted by the IOC are building a competitive women 's division , expanding the sport into Africa , and overcoming the current worldwide competitive imbalance that is in favor of American teams .
= = Similar codes of football = =
Other codes of football share a common history with American football . Canadian football is a form of the game that evolved parallel to American football . While both games share a common history , there are some important differences between the two . A more modern sport that derives from American football is Arena football , designed to be played indoors inside of hockey or basketball arenas . The game was invented in 1981 by Jim Foster and the Arena Football League was founded in 1987 as the first major professional league to play the sport . Several other indoor football leagues have since been founded and continue to play today .
American football 's parent sport of rugby continued to evolve . Today , two distinct codes known as rugby union and rugby league are played throughout the world . Since the two codes split following a schism on how the sport should be managed in 1895 , the history of rugby league and the history of rugby union have evolved separately . Both codes have adopted innovations parallel to the American game ; the rugby union scoring system is almost identical to the American game , while rugby league uses a gridiron @-@ style field and a six @-@ tackle rule similar to the system of downs in American Football .
= Thomas de Buittle =
Thomas de Buittle [ Butil , Butill , Butyll , Butyl , Bucyl ] ( died c . 1420 – 1422 ) was a Scottish prelate , clerk and papal auditor active in the late 14th and early 15th centuries . Probably originating in Galloway , Scotland , Thomas took a university career in canon law in England and France , before taking up service at the court of Avignon Pope Benedict XIII . He obtained a number of benefices in the meantime , including the position of Archdeacon of Galloway , and is the earliest known and probably first provost of the collegiate church of Maybole . The height of his career came however when the Pope provided him to the bishopric of Galloway , a position he held from 1415 until his death sometime between 1420 and 1422 .
= = Background and education = =
Thomas ' name suggests a strong likelihood that he came from Buittle in Kirkcudbrightshire , Galloway , lands in the control of the Douglas family . In 1388 , it was claimed that he had been a scholar of Decrees ( i.e. Canon law ) at the University of Oxford for five years , a claim to some extent confirmed by the grant of safe @-@ conduct from the English crown on 18 February 1380 , to travel and study at Oxford for a year .
By 18 April 1390 , he had obtained a Bachelor 's degree ( in Decrees ) from the University of Avignon ; he appears in the Avignon university student rolls on 9 August 1393 and again on 21 October 1394 . Thomas had obtained a doctorate ( in Decrees ) sometime between 15 July 1401 and 9 June 1410 . He witnessed Bishop Henry de Wardlaw 's foundation charter of the University of St Andrews on 28 February 1412 and was named in the grant of privileges made to the new university by Pope Benedict XIII on 28 August 1413 .
= = First provost of Maybole = =
On 1 February 1388 , a letter from Avignon Pope Clement VII to the official of the diocese of Glasgow says that Thomas " holds the provostship of the chapel of St Mary de Mayboyl , Glasgow diocese , which is a simple benefice without cure " . The collegiate church of Maybole was founded under the patronage of John Kennedy , Lord of Dunure , a short time before 2 February 1382 , when a mandate was issued by the papacy confirming its erection . A year previously the Lord of Dunure had founded a chapel to St Mary beside the parish church of Maybole , and the erection established a provost , two chaplains and a clerk . Thomas de Buittle held the vicarage there . It is possible that Thomas was the senior priest there when it was erected into a collegiate church ; Thomas is certainly the earliest known provost , and neither the appointment nor the death of any predecessor are noted anywhere .
He held the vicarage of Lochrutton in Kirkcudbrightshire in 1388 , when a papal letter indicated that he was expected to resign Lochrutton after obtaining the benefice of Maybole in the gift of the Prioress of the nunnery of North Berwick . He still held Lochrutton on 18 April 1390 , when the letter was repeated . Thomas remained provost of Maybole until at least 1401 , and perhaps until his consecration as Bishop of Galloway in 1415 . No @-@ one else is known to have held the position of provost there until 1439 , although this proves nothing as the evidence for such things in the south @-@ west of Scotland in this period is always scarce .
= = Archdeacon of Galloway = =
On 2 March 1391 , Thomas was provided by the papacy to be Archdeacon of Galloway . On 23 May a mandate was sent to the senior clergy of the bishopric of Glasgow authorising them to collate Thomas to the archdeaconry of Galloway , at that point occupied " unlawfully " by Patrick Smerles ; the mandate gave dispensation for Thomas to retain control of both the provostship of Maybole and the vicarage of Lochrutton . He was still litigating with Smerles on 9 August 1393 , by which point in time he had resigned Lochrutton ; he was in firm possession of the archdeaconry by 21 October 1394 . During his time as Archdeacon of Galloway , the church of Penninghame was annexed as a prebend of the office .
= = Papal career and other benefices = =
He resigned the vicarage of Maybole through a proxy ( Patrick de Houston ) at the papal court on 16 February 1398 , in exchange with Gilbert Adounane for the church of Kirkcolm in Wigtownshire . Sweetheart Abbey , overlords of Kirkholm parish , dispossessed him briefly of this benefice , but Thomas obtained papal restitution in a papal mandate dated 13 October 1410 . He got papal provision on 5 December 1412 , to the politically important vicarage of Dundonald in Kyle , but this was unfruitful as the previous vicar turned out still to be alive . Presumably in its place he obtained the vicarage of Abernyte in the diocese of Dunkeld on 30 January 1413 , but despite promising annates , failed to obtain possession .
He did however successfully obtain provision to the church of Kinkell in the diocese of Aberdeen , and the prebend of Inverkeithny in the diocese of Moray with its associated canonry in Elgin Cathedral . As Thomas seems to have spent most of the early 15th century outside Scotland in the employment of the papacy , these positions were probably given to supplement Thomas ' income . When he was in Scotland in February 1412 witnessing the foundation charter of St Andrews University , he was said to hold to elevated post of " auditor of the sacred apostolic palace " . He had returned to Pope Benedict 's court in Spain later in the same year , and can be found conducting various business there over the next few years , both for the papacy and as a proctor for people in Scotland .
= = Bishop of Galloway = =
As a reward for his service to the " Avignon Pope " , now only recognised in Scotland , Sicily , Aragon and Castile , Thomas was provided to the bishopric of Galloway following the death of Elisaeus Adougan , the previous bishop . This occurred on 14 June 1415 . Although the local chapter had elected one Gilbert Cavan , a clerk of the Earl of Douglas , to fill this position , Benedict overturned this election and put Thomas there instead . This probably occurred against the will of the Douglas family , to whom Cavan was a senior clerk . Thomas resigned the archdeaconry of Galloway , with Gilbert Cavan succeeding him there . Presumably in compensation , Gilbert also received Thomas ' previous holdings in the dioceses of Moray and Aberdeen . It had been supposed by some authorities that Thomas supported the capitulation of Narbonne , renounced his allegiance to Pope Benedict and supported the adherence to the Council of Constance in December 1415 , but this is based on a misreading of the evidence .
It is not clear that , with possible Douglas opposition , Thomas obtained possession of the bishopric smoothly . There is a mandate , dated 5 September 1415 , to the subdean of Glasgow Cathedral , ordering the latter to protect " Thomas and his successors in possession of the lands and heredities of Innermasan , Dyrmor , Innysmocrinyl , Kykkenot , Mirtum and Nicoltum in Candida Casa [ i.e. Whithorn ] diocese ... which are being molested " . No more of such problems are heard . Thomas is next found testifying to an inspeximus at Perth on 17 March 1416 . This was made by Bishop Henry de Wardlaw of St Andrews on the request of the Council of Constance , a sign of the waning loyalty in Scotland and perhaps in Thomas to the Avignon papacy . Bishop Thomas appears to have been suffering ailing health by 1420 . In this year he failed to attend a provincial council of the Scottish church at Perth , although he did sent a proctor . He died at some point between 16 July 1420 ( date of the council ) and 4 December 1422 , when Alexander Vaus , Bishop of Caithness , was translated to be Thomas ' successor as Bishop of Galloway . Professor Donald Watt believes that his death probably occurred sometime in 1422 .
= Anna Maria Rückerschöld =
Anna Maria Rückerschöld ( 5 February 1725 – 25 May 1805 ) , born Rücker , was a Swedish author who wrote several popular books on housekeeping and cooking in the late 18th and early 19th century . She was an advocate of women 's right to a good education in household matters and propagated this view in public debate through an anonymous letter in 1770 . Along with Cajsa Warg and other female cookbook authors , she was an influential figure in culinary matters in early modern Sweden .
= = Biography = =
Rückerschöld was born in 1725 . She was the daughter of Emerentia Polhem and Reinhold Rücker , a judge of the local hundred who was employed at the high court in Stockholm . She grew up in Stjärnsund and Hedemora , being one of ten children in the family , seven girls and three boys . The family was not part of the nobility , but belonged to the upper echelons of society and the father was eventually knighted in 1751 , the same year as he died . Reinhold Rücker spent much time away from the home while working in Stockholm , leaving his wife to run the household . Rückerschöld was the granddaughter of inventor and industrialist Christopher Polhem and spent part of her childhood with her grandfather at his estate at Stjernsund . When Rückerschöld was twelve , her three brothers were sent to be educated at the prestigious Uppsala University . The seven sisters remained in Hedemora without receiving any formal education , which was the customary upbringing of girls at the time .
In 1750 Rückerschöld married Jonas Jakobsson Dahl , an accountant employed by the high court in Stockholm . Dahl was educated at Uppsala University and was the son of a factory owner . Rückerschöld kept her maiden name throughout her life , changing it only after her father was knighted in 1751 and -schöld ( " shield " ) was added to his last name . Rückerschöld was 25 years old when she married and Dahl 33 , eight years her senior . The couple had their first child , Emerentia , in 1751 , and moved to Sätra gård in modern @-@ day Upplands Väsby , north of Stockholm in 1760 . Rückerschöld gave birth to three more children between 1759 and 1765 , Maria , Fredrica and Christopher . A fourth child , Chierstin , died only seven hours after her birth . The other three children reached adulthood . Emerentia married a lawspeaker in Småland while her sister Maria Fredrica remained a spinster . Christopher went to sea , but was never heard from after that . The family moved from Sätra gård to Stockholm . The earliest record of their residence in Stockholm is from 1775 , and the couple remained there the rest of their lives . Both parents survived their children ; Dahl died in 1796 and Rückerschöld nine years later , in 1805 , at the age of 80 .
= = Public debate = =
Rückerschöld is best known for her books on cooking and household work , but it has also been established that she wrote an article advocating household education for women . In February 1770 a letter with the title " Det Olyckliga Swenska Fruentimrets Böneskrift till Allmänheten " ( " The unhappy Swedish woman 's entreaty to the general public " ) appeared in the periodical Almänna Magazinet written by Fru D * * , " Mrs D * * " ( likely " Mrs Dahl " ) . The letter has been attributed to Rückerschiöld since it is known that she wrote a letter to Carl Christopher Gjörwell , publisher of Almänna Magazinet and other papers , only a few weeks later . In the letter she is grateful to Gjörwell for having one of her writings published , and expresses her wish that she would " live to see even the smallest amendment to the suggestions that I have ventured to adhort for the benefit of my sex " .
The article was published during a period of intense public debate . Freedom of press had been established in 1766 and encouraged people to give their suggestions on how to improve Swedish society . Economy , emigration , agriculture and education were hotly debated issues , as well as the problematic situation for unmarried middle class women . Without a spouse a woman in 18th century Sweden could have great difficulty supporting herself , especially as lower ranking servants were often promoted to maids and thereby lowering the number of employment opportunities for unmarried women .
Rückerschöld defended the " natural " division between male and female spheres of work , but also advocated schools for women where they could be taught household duties , such as cooking , sowing and basic household economics . She believed the need for practical household knowledge should have priority over social skills intended to please , such as knowledge of music , embroidery and art . Through allegories , the letter expressed Rückerschöld 's view on the relationship between the sexes , and her passionate concern for the well @-@ being of her fellow women . She attempted to illustrate the gravity of the situation by comparing the plight of women with that of Philomela , a character in Greek mythology who was raped by her sister 's husband and then had her tongue cut out to prevent her from speaking about the deed . She eventually managed to expose the husband by painstakingly explaining her story through embroidery .
Her passionate advocacy for the right of contemporary middle @-@ class women to a solid education in housekeeping has led journalist and writer Ingrid Ärlemalm to describe Rückerschöld as a " cautious feminist " . In the letter in Allmänna Magazinet , she also shows signs of being well @-@ read and familiar with contemporary literature on pedagogy with quotes from François Fénelon 's Traité de l 'education des filles ( " Treatise on the Education of
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the park in 1991 and renamed it Australia Zoo in 1992 .
= = Career = =
= = = Marriage and family = = =
In 1991 , Irwin met Terri Raines , an American naturalist from Eugene , Oregon , who was visiting wildlife rehabilitation facilities in Australia and had decided to visit the zoo . According to the couple , it was love at first sight . Terri said at the time , " I thought there was no one like this anywhere in the world . He sounded like an environmental Tarzan , a larger @-@ than @-@ life superhero guy . " They were engaged four months later and were married in Eugene on 4 June 1992 . Together they had two children : a daughter , Bindi Sue Irwin ( born 24 July 1998 ) , and a son , Robert Clarence " Bob " ( named after Irwin 's father ) Irwin ( born 1 December 2003 ) . Bindi Sue is jointly named after two of Steve Irwin 's favourite animals : Bindi , a saltwater crocodile , and Sui , a Staffordshire Bull Terrier who died on 23 June 2004 . Irwin was as enthusiastic about his family as he was about his work . He once described his daughter Bindi as " the reason [ he ] was put on the Earth . " His wife once said , " The only thing that could ever keep him away from the animals he loves are the people he loves even more . " Although the Irwins were happily married , they did not wear wedding rings ; they believed that in their line of work , wearing jewellery could pose a hazard to them and / or the animals .
= = = The Crocodile Hunter and related work = = =
Steve and Terri spent their honeymoon trapping crocodiles together . Film footage of their honeymoon , taken by John Stainton , became the first episode of The Crocodile Hunter . The series debuted on Australian TV screens in 1996 , and made its way onto North American television the following year . The Crocodile Hunter became successful in the United States , the UK , and over 130 other countries , reaching 500 million people . Irwin 's exuberant and enthusiastic presenting style , broad Australian accent , signature khaki shorts , and catchphrase " Crikey ! " became known worldwide . Sir David Attenborough praised Irwin for introducing many to the natural world , saying " He taught them how wonderful and exciting it was , he was a born communicator . "
American satellite and cable television channel Animal Planet ended The Crocodile Hunter with a series finale titled " Steve 's Last Adventure . " The last Crocodile Hunter documentary spanned three hours with footage of Irwin 's across @-@ the @-@ world adventure in locations including the Himalayas , the Yangtze River , Borneo , and the Kruger National Park . Irwin went on to star in other Animal Planet documentaries , including Croc Files , The Crocodile Hunter Diaries , and New Breed Vets . During a January 2006 interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , Irwin announced that Discovery Kids would be developing a show for his daughter , Bindi Sue Irwin – a plan realised after his death as the series Bindi the Jungle Girl .
= = = Other television and film work = = =
In 1998 , Irwin continued , working with director Mark Strickson , to present The Ten Deadliest Snakes in the World . He appeared on several episodes of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . A 2000 FedEx commercial with Irwin lightheartedly dealt with the possibility of occupational death from snakebite and the fanciful notion that FedEx would have saved him , if only FedEx were used .
Under Irwin 's leadership , the operations grew to include the zoo , the television series , the Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation ( later renamed Wildlife Warriors ) , and the International Crocodile Rescue . Improvements to the Australia Zoo include the Animal Planet Crocoseum , the rainforest aviary and Tiger Temple . Irwin mentioned that he was considering opening an Australia Zoo in Las Vegas , Nevada , and possibly at other sites around the world .
In 2001 , Irwin appeared in a cameo role in the Eddie Murphy film Dr. Dolittle 2 , in which an alligator warns Dolittle that he knows Irwin is going to grab him and is prepared to attack when he does , but Dolittle fails to warn Irwin in time . Irwin 's only starring feature film role was in 2002 's The Crocodile Hunter : Collision Course , which was released to mixed reviews . In the film Irwin ( who portrayed himself and performed numerous stunts ) mistakes some CIA agents for poachers . He sets out to stop them from capturing a crocodile , which , unknown to him , has actually swallowed a tracking transmitter . The film won the Best Family Feature Film award for a comedy film at the Young Artist Awards . The film was produced on a budget of about US $ 12 million , and has grossed $ 33 million . To promote the film , Irwin was featured in an animated short produced by Animax Entertainment for Intermix .
In 2002 , Irwin and his family appeared in the Wiggles video / DVD release Wiggly Safari , which was set in Australia Zoo and featured singing and dancing inspired by Australian wildlife .
In 2003 , Irwin fronted an advertising campaign for The Ghan , a passenger train operating between Adelaide , Alice Springs , and Darwin . A Pacific National NR class locomotive was named Steve Irwin as part of the campaign .
In 2005 , Irwin provided his voice for the 2006 animated film Happy Feet , as an elephant seal named Trev . The film was dedicated to Irwin , as he died during post @-@ production . Another , previously incomplete scene , featuring Irwin providing the voice of an albatross and essentially playing himself , was restored to the DVD release .
= = = Media campaigns = = =
Irwin was also involved in several media campaigns . He enthusiastically joined with the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service to promote Australia 's strict quarantine / customs requirements , with advertisements and posters featuring slogans such as , " Quarantine Matters ! Don 't muck with it " . His payments for these advertising campaigns were directed into his wildlife fund .
In 2004 , Irwin was appointed ambassador for The Ghan , the passenger train running from Adelaide to Alice Springs in the central Australian outback , when the line was extended all the way to Darwin on the northern coast that year . For some time he was sponsored by Toyota .
Irwin was a keen promoter for Australian tourism in general and Queensland tourism in particular . In 2002 , the Australia Zoo was voted Queensland 's top tourist attraction . His immense popularity in the United States meant he often promoted Australia as a tourist destination there . As a part of the United States ' " Australia Week " celebrations in January 2006 , Irwin appeared at UCLA 's Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles , California .
= = = Search and rescue in Mexico = = =
In November 2003 , Irwin was filming a documentary on sea lions off the coast of Baja California Peninsula in Mexico when he heard via his boat 's radio that two scuba divers were reported missing in the area . Irwin and his entire crew suspended operations to aid in the search . His team 's divers searched with the rescue divers , and Irwin used his vessel to patrol the waters around the island where the incident occurred , as well as using his satellite communications system to call in a rescue plane . On the second day of the search , kayakers found one of the divers , Scott Jones , perched on a narrow rock ledge jutting out from the side of a cliff . Irwin and a crew member escorted him to Irwin 's boat . Jones did not recognise Irwin . The other lost diver , Katie Vrooman , was found dead by a search plane later the same day not far from Jones ' location .
= = Honours = =
In 1997 , while on a fishing trip on the coast of Queensland with his father , Irwin discovered a new species of turtle . Later given the honour of naming the newly discovered species , he named it Irwin 's turtle ( Elseya irwini ) after his family . Another newly discovered Australian animal – a species of air @-@ breathing land snail , Crikey steveirwini , was named after Irwin in 2009 .
In 2001 , Irwin was awarded the Centenary Medal by the Australian government for his " service to global conservation and to Australian tourism " . In 2004 , he was recognised as Tourism Export of the Year . He was also nominated in 2004 for Australian of the Year – an honour which was won that year by Australian cricket captain Steve Waugh . Shortly before his death , Irwin was to be named an adjunct professor at the University of Queensland 's School of Integrative Biology . On 14 November 2007 , Irwin was awarded the adjunct professorship posthumously .
In May 2007 , the government of Rwanda announced that it would name a baby gorilla after Irwin as a tribute to his work in wildlife conservation . Also in 2007 , the state government of Kerala , India named the Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre at Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary in his honour ; however , Terri objected that this action had been taken without her permission and asked the Kerala government in 2009 to stop using Irwin 's name and images – a request which the state government complied with in mid @-@ 2009 .
= = Environmentalism = =
Irwin was a passionate conservationist and believed in promoting environmentalism by sharing his excitement about the natural world rather than preaching to people . He was concerned with conservation of endangered animals and land clearing leading to loss of habitat . He considered conservation to be the most important part of his work : " I consider myself a wildlife warrior . My mission is to save the world 's endangered species . " Irwin bought " large tracts of land " in Australia , Vanuatu , Fiji and the United States , which he described as " like national parks " and stressed the importance of people realising that they could each make a difference .
Irwin founded the Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation , which became an independent charity and was later renamed " Wildlife Warriors Worldwide " . He also helped found International Crocodile Rescue , the Lyn Irwin Memorial Fund ( named in memory of his mother , who died in an automobile crash in 2000 ) , and the Iron Bark Station Wildlife Rehabilitation Facility .
Irwin urged people to take part in considerate tourism and not support illegal poaching through the purchase of items such as turtle shells or shark @-@ fin soup .
Sir David Attenborough was an inspiration to Irwin , according to his widow . When presenting a Lifetime Achievement Award to Attenborough after Irwin 's death at the British National Television Awards on 31 October 2006 , Terri Irwin said , " If there 's one person who directly inspired my husband it 's the person being honoured tonight .... [ Steve 's ] real , true love was conservation – and the influence of tonight 's recipient in preserving the natural world has been immense . " Attenborough reciprocated by praising Irwin for introducing many to the natural world , saying , " He taught them how wonderful and exciting it was , he was a born communicator . "
Irwin , after his death , was described by Mark Townend , CEO of RSPCA Queensland , as a " modern @-@ day Noah . " British naturalist David Bellamy lauded his skills as a natural historian and media performer . Canadian environmentalist David Suzuki paid tribute to Irwin , noting that " [ h ] umanity will not protect that which we fear or do not understand . Steve Irwin helped us understand those things that many people thought were a nuisance at best , a horror at worst . That made him a great educator and conservationist . "
After his death , the vessel MV Robert Hunter owned by the environmental action group Sea Shepherd Conservation Society was renamed MY Steve Irwin . Shortly before his death , Irwin had been investigating joining Sea Shepherd 's 2007 – 2008 voyage to Antarctica to disrupt Japanese whaling activity . Following his death , the organisation suggested renaming their vessel , and this idea was endorsed by Terri Irwin . Regarding the ship and its new name , Terri said , " If Steve were alive , he 'd be aboard with them ! "
= = Sporting activities = =
Irwin loved mixed martial arts competitions and trained with Greg Jackson in the fighting / grappling system of Gaidojutsu .
Like many Australians , he was an avid cricket fan . This was seen during his visit to Sri Lanka where he played cricket with some local children and said " I love cricket " and " It 's a shame we have to go catch some snakes now " . This was seen during the Crocodile Hunter episode " Island of the Snakes " .
Having grown up in Essendon , Irwin was a fan of the Essendon Bombers , an Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League . Irwin took part in an Australian Rules football promotion in Los Angeles as part of " Australia Week " in early 2006 . After his death , a picture of Irwin wearing a Bombers Guernsey was shown by ESPN.com in their Bottom 10 ranking of the worst Division I FBS college football teams after Week 1 of the season in tribute to him .
Having lived in Queensland most of his life , Irwin was also a fan of rugby league . As a teenager , he played for the Caloundra Sharks as a second @-@ rower , and as an adult he was known to be a passionate Brisbane Broncos fan and was involved with the club on several occasions . On one occasion after turning up to training he asked if he could tackle the largest player , Shane Webcke . Despite being thrown to the ground and looking like he 'd been crushed he was jovial about the experience . Irwin laughingly shared the experience with the Queensland State of Origin squad before the 2006 series . Irwin also supported rugby union , being a fan of the national team , the Wallabies . He once wore a Wallaby jersey during a demonstration at the zoo . A behind @-@ the @-@ scenes episode of The Crocodile Hunter showed Irwin and the crew finding a petrol station in a remote part of Namibia to watch the Wallabies defeat France in the 1999 Rugby World Cup Final . Irwin was also a talented surfer .
= = Controversies = =
A controversial incident occurred during a public show on 2 January 2004 , when Irwin carried his one @-@ month @-@ old son , Bob , in his arm while hand @-@ feeding a chicken carcass to Murray , a 3 @.@ 8 @-@ metre ( 12 ft 6 in ) saltwater crocodile . The infant was close to the crocodile , and comparisons were made in the press to Michael Jackson 's dangling his son outside a German hotel window . In addition , some child welfare groups , animal rights groups , and some of Irwin 's television viewers criticised his actions as irresponsible and tantamount to child abuse . Irwin apologised on the US NBC show Today . Both he and his wife publicly stated that Irwin was in complete control of the situation , as he had dealt with crocodiles since he was a small child , and based on his lifetime of experience neither he nor his son was in any danger . He also showed footage of the event shot from a different angle , demonstrating that they were much farther from the crocodile than they had appeared in the publicised clip . Terri Irwin said their child was in no more danger than one being taught to swim . No charges were filed ; according to one journalist , Irwin told officials he would not repeat the action . The incident prompted the Queensland government to change its crocodile @-@ handling laws , banning children and untrained adults from entering crocodile enclosures .
In June 2004 , allegations were made that he disturbed wildlife ( namely whales , seals and penguins ) while filming a documentary , Ice Breaker , in Antarctica . The matter was subsequently closed without charges being laid .
After questions arose in 2003 about Irwin being paid $ 175 @,@ 000 worth of taxpayers ' money to appear in a television advertisement and his possible political ties , Irwin told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) that he was a conservationist and did not choose sides in politics . His comments describing Australian Prime Minister John Howard as the " greatest leader in the world " earned him scorn in the media .
Irwin was criticised for having an unsophisticated view of conservation in Australia that seemed more linked to tourism than to the problems Australia faces as a continent . In response to questions of Australia 's problems with overgrazing , salinity , and erosion , Irwin responded , " Cows have been on our land for so long that Australia has evolved to handle those big animals . " The Sydney Morning Herald concluded with the opinion that his message was confusing and amounted to " eating roos and crocs is bad for tourism , and therefore more cruel than eating other animals " .
Criticism of Irwin 's career following his death came from Dan Mathews , vice @-@ president of the animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals . Comparing Irwin to a " cheap reality TV star " , Mathews accused him of " antagonising frightened wild animals ... a very dangerous message to send to children " , contrasted his methods with the behaviour of " a responsible conservationist like Jacques Cousteau " , and said it was " no shock at all that Steve Irwin should die provoking a dangerous animal . " The son of Jacques Cousteau , Jean @-@ Michel Cousteau — also a producer of wildlife documentaries — took issue with Irwin 's " very , very spectacular , dramatic way of presenting things " and suggested instead that " You don 't touch nature , you just look at it . " Jacques Cousteau 's grandson and Jean @-@ Michel 's nephew , Philippe Cousteau , Jr . , on the other hand , called Irwin " a remarkable individual " ; describing the Ocean 's Deadliest project ( on which he worked along with Irwin ) , Philippe said , " I think why Steve was so excited about it that we were looking at these animals that people think of as , you know , dangerous and deadly monsters , and they 're not . They all have an important place in the environment and in the world . And that was what his whole message was about . "
= = Death = =
On 4 September 2006 Irwin was on location at Batt Reef , near Port Douglas , Queensland , taking part in the production of the documentary series Ocean 's Deadliest . During a lull in filming caused by inclement weather , Irwin decided to snorkel in shallow waters while being filmed in an effort to provide footage for his daughter 's television programme .
While swimming in chest @-@ deep water , Irwin approached a stingray with an approximate span of two metres ( 6 @.@ 5 ft ) from the rear , in order to film it swimming away .
According to the incident 's only witness , “ All of a sudden [ the stingray ] propped on its front and started stabbing wildly with its tail . Hundreds of strikes in a few seconds ” . Irwin initially believed he only had a punctured lung ; the stingray 's barb pierced his heart , causing him to bleed to death . The stingray 's behaviour appeared to have been a defensive response to being boxed in . Crew members aboard Irwin 's boat administered CPR and rushed him to shore . Medical staff pronounced him dead at the scene .
Irwin 's death is believed to be the only fatality from a stingray ever captured on video .
Footage of the incident was viewed by Queensland state police as part their mandatory investigations . All copies of the footage were then destroyed at the behest of Irwin 's family . Production was completed on Ocean 's Deadliest , which was broadcast in the US on the Discovery Channel on 21 January 2007 . The documentary was completed with footage shot in the weeks following the accident , but without including any mention of Irwin 's accidental death .
= = = Reactions = = =
News of Irwin 's death prompted reactions around the world . Then @-@ Prime Minister John Howard expressed " shock and distress " at the death , saying that " Australia has lost a wonderful and colourful son . " Queensland 's then @-@ Premier Peter Beattie remarked that Irwin would " be remembered as not just a great Queenslander , but a great Australian " . The Australian federal parliament opened on 5 September 2006 with condolence speeches by both Howard and the Leader of the Opposition , Kim Beazley . Flags at the Sydney Harbour Bridge were lowered to half mast in honour of Irwin . In the days following Irwin 's death , reactions dominated Australian online news sources , talk @-@ back radio programmes , and television networks . In the United States , where Irwin had appeared in over 200 Discovery Network television programmes , special tributes appeared on the Animal Planet channel , as well as on CNN and major TV talk shows . Thousands of Irwin 's fans visited Australia Zoo after his death , paying their respects and bringing flowers , candles , stuffed animals and messages of support .
In the weeks following Irwin 's death , at least ten stingrays were found dead and mutilated on the beaches of Queensland , with their tails cut off , prompting speculation as to whether they might have been killed by fans of Irwin as an act of revenge , although , according to the chairman of the Queensland fishing information service , anglers regularly cut the tails off accidentally caught stingrays to avoid being stung . Michael Hornby , a friend of Irwin and executive director of his Wildlife Warrior fund , condemned any revenge killings , saying that " We just want to make it very clear that we will not accept and not stand for anyone who 's taken a form of retribution . That 's the last thing Steve would want . "
= = = Funeral and memorial services = = =
Family and friends of Irwin held a private funeral service in Caloundra on 9 September 2006 . Irwin was buried in a private ceremony at Australia Zoo later that same day ; the grave site is inaccessible to the zoo 's visitors . Prime Minister Howard and Queensland Premier Beattie had offered to hold a state funeral , but Irwin 's family decided this would not be appropriate and — in the words of his father — he would have preferred to be remembered as an " ordinary bloke " .
On 20 September , a public memorial service , introduced by Russell Crowe , was held in Australia Zoo 's 5 @,@ 500 @-@ seat Crocoseum ; this service was broadcast live throughout Australia , the United States , the UK , Germany , and Asia , and it is estimated to have been seen by over 300 million viewers worldwide . The memorial included remarks by Prime Minister Howard ; Irwin 's father Bob and daughter Bindi ; his associates Wes Mannion and John Stainton ; and celebrities from Australia and around the world . Anthony Field of The Wiggles partly hosted the service , often sharing the screen with various animals , from koalas to elephants . Australian music star John Williamson sang " True Blue " , which was Irwin 's favourite song . In a symbolic finish to the service , Irwin 's truck was loaded up with gear and driven out of the arena for the last time as Williamson sang . As a final tribute , Australia Zoo staff spelled out Irwin 's catchphrase " Crikey " in yellow flowers as Irwin 's truck was driven from the Crocoseum for the last time to end the service .
= = Related events = =
On 1 January 2007 , Glass House Mountains Road , the road that runs by the Australia Zoo , was officially renamed Steve Irwin Way .
The Australian government announced in July 2007 that a 135 @,@ 000 @-@ hectare ( 334 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ) national park was being created in northern Queensland and would be named the Steve Irwin Wildlife Reserve .
An asteroid discovered in 2001 has been named 57567 Crikey in honour of Irwin and his " signature phrase " .
= = Filmography = =
= See You Again ( Miley Cyrus song ) =
" See You Again " is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus . It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) , the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus . It was written by Cyrus ( credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus ) with the song 's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James . It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records . Later , it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25 , 2008 by Hollywood Records , as the second single from Cyrus ' second studio album , Breakout ( 2008 ) . Musically , the track is a dance @-@ pop number that contains influences from various musical genres , including electronic music . Lyrically , the track speaks of teenage romance .
" See You Again " was a critical success , with contemporary critics praising its musical composition and vocal delivery . To follow , it also became Cyrus ' first commercially successful single . The song introduced her to new audiences and new countries , paving the way for future hits . " See You Again " became Cyrus ' best @-@ charting single at the time by peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . Its highest peak internationally was at number four on the Canadian Hot 100 . Although an official music video for the song was never filmed , it was given a promotional music video , taken from a performance at the 2007 Disney Channel Games . The song was promoted through a multitude of live television performances . It was included on the set list of Cyrus ' headlining tours , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 – 08 ) , the Wonder World Tour ( 2009 ) and the Gypsy Heart Tour ( 2011 ) . " See You Again " has been covered by various notable artists , including Little Boots and Breathe Carolina . Even without a music video , the song managed to peak at 10 in the US and sold 2 @.@ 5 million copies .
= = Background = =
When Cyrus starred as Miley Stewart , a girl with a secret double life as the popstar Hannah Montana , on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana , she developed fame as a teen idol and released the series ' first soundtrack while being credited to Hannah Montana . In late 2006 , Cyrus began execution for her debut album . Cyrus ' debut studio album Meet Miley Cyrus was attached to the series ' second soundtrack , Hannah Montana 2 , and released as the second disc of the Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus ( 2007 ) double @-@ disc album . " See You Again " was written by Cyrus , who was credited to her birth name Destiny Hope Cyrus , Antonina Armato , and Tim James . The writing group has executed numerous songs recorded by Cyrus , contributing to a large part of three of her five studio albums .
When composing tracks for Meet Miley Cyrus , Cyrus was originally very apprehensive in regards to adding " See You Again " to the album . " I 'm not sure about this song . I don 't think I want to put it on the album . I don 't really like it that much . It 's just O.K. " , she said . However , she was convinced to record it and , once she listened to the finished product , she changed her mind . She thought it was odd , but in a positive light , and decided to include it on her debut album . Cyrus says " See You Again " is a dance song with a special meaning to her . The song was remixed by Rock Mafia for the release of Cyrus ' second studio album Breakout ( 2008 ) .
= = Composition = =
" See You Again " is a pop rock song with a length of three minutes and ten seconds . The songs contains numerous influences from electronic , new wave , and techno music . The song is set in the time signature of common time and has a fast tempo of 138 beats per minute . It is written in the key of A minor and Cyrus ' vocals span one octave , from G3 to A4 . Throughout the song , Cyrus ' edgy and sultry vocal performance maintains in the contralto range . The lyrics of " See You Again " are about a teenage romance . In verses , Cyrus discusses her sentiments and perceptions about her love interest , such as believing the couple had previously encountered in a previous incarnation . " See You Again " ' s refrains detail previous scenes of an encounter between the couple : " The last time I freaked out / I just kept looking down / I st @-@ st @-@ stuttered when you asked me what I ’ m thinking ‘ bout . " Towards the conclusion of the refrains , Cyrus vows to redeem herself .
= = Critical reception = =
Chuck Taylor of Billboard felt that , by offering meaningful airplay to " See You Again " , mainstream radio stations were getting with the program . Taylor described the song " a sassy , uptempo stinger that adds appealing youthful buzz to the airwaves " and complimented Cyrus ' vocals with comparisons with Hilary Duff and Avril Lavigne . " Cyrus [ ... ] at last adds the missing link to TV and movie acclaim . Alas , FM , better late than never " , he concluded . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said , " The Hannah Montana star 's 2007 single ' See You Again ' managed to click with non @-@ tween listeners thanks [ to being ] gustier than anything her fellow Disney Channel superstar Hilary Duff has ever put to digital .
Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times believed the song was " no shortage of crafty tween @-@ rock gems " . Ash Dosanjh of Yahoo ! Music believed the Rock Mafia remix of the song was a so " glorious " that it signaled Breakout would do exactly that . Josh Timmermann of PopMatters referred to the remix as the best song on Breakout , describing it as a " marvelous slice of teenaged life set to club rock beats . " Timmermann continued to praise the track , saying it felt " infinitely more genuine and thoughtful than " any other track on Breakout and that the small @-@ time teen drama fit Cyrus ' voice . " It sounds far less ludicrously melodramatic than it might have delivered by less forceful pipes " , he concluded . George Lang of The Oklahoman thought the inclusion of the song 's remix on Breakout was used to cover more musical genres in order to appeal to a wider fanbase . In 2008 , the track was listed as a " Winning Song " by Broadcast Music Incorporated ( BMI ) .
= = Commercial performance = =
On the week ending December 22 , 2007 , " See You Again " debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In the succeeding week , the song ascended to number 78 and , on the week ending February 16 , 2008 , it charted at its newfound peak of number 17 , therefore becoming Cyrus ' best @-@ charting effort on the Billboard Hot 100 , surpassing the Hannah Montana @-@ credited " Life 's What You Make It " , which peaked at number 25 in August 2007 . On the week ending May 3 , 2008 , " See You Again " became Cyrus ' first top ten single by reaching its peak at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . " See You Again " spent a total of 27 weeks upon the chart . It also peaked at number four on Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) and number twenty @-@ one on Adult Pop Songs in the United States . The song entered at number 86 and peaked at number four on the Canadian Hot 100 , its highest peak internationally . As of August 2013 , " See You Again " has sold 2 @,@ 456 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
In Australia , " See You Again " debuted at number 25 on the week ending June 22 , 2008 . The following week , it ascended to number ten and , after five weeks of ascending the top ten , reached its peak at number six , where it remained for three consecutive weeks . The single was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for the sale of over 70 @,@ 000 copies . On the week ending August 4 , 2008 , " See You Again " debuted at number 32 on the New Zealand Singles Chart . It eventually peaked at number 11 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for the shipment of 7 @,@ 500 copies . In the United Kingdom , the track peaked at number 11 . The song is tied with " The Climb " and " Party in the U.S.A. " , which charted in March and November 2009 , respectively , for Cyrus ' best @-@ charting effort in the United Kingdom . Elsewhere in Europe , " See You Again " peaked at number 38 on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles , number 14 on the Irish Singles Chart and number seven on the Hungarian Singles Chart .
= = Live performances = =
Cyrus performed " See You Again " live on the 2007 Disney Channel Games held on April 27 at Walt Disney World in Orlando , Florida , as part of Disney Channel 's summer @-@ season activities . She wore a yellow and black @-@ striped tank top , black and white @-@ plaid skirt , high knee socks , and black sneakers in the performance . Cyrus also performed the song on Idol Gives Back , as she continued to promote the single in the United States . " See You Again " was also a part of the set list for Cyrus ' first headlining concert tour , the Best of Both Worlds Tour ( 2007 – 08 ) . Cyrus was costumed in a white tank top , studded jeans , and metallic accessories . Cyrus and several backup dancers began the performance on the upper level of the stage , where they proceeded down a ramp as they perform dance routines . Cyrus and the backup dancers roamed throughout the stage for the remainder of the performance . Jane Stevenson of the Canadian Online Explorer listed " See You Again " as one of the highlights at the concert at Air Canada Centre on December 15 , 2007 , in Toronto , Canada . She said that Cyrus ' wardrobe indicated that " Miley , it turns out , is the marginally tougher cookie of the two singers . "
Cyrus performed " See You Again " at the opening of the 2008 Disney Channel Games , held on May 4 , 2008 . During the performance , which a recording of was used as a promotional music video for the Rock Mafia release , Cyrus was dressed in a white vest and white pants . In 2008 , Cyrus performed the song at the 2008 Zootopia , Good Morning America , The Today Show , and BBC Switch in the United Kingdom . Cyrus performed " See You Again " , dressed in casual clothing , on the Kids ' Inaugural : " We Are the Future " event . The event was held on January 19 , 2009 , in Washington D.C. at the Verizon Center to celebrate the inauguration of Barack Obama as President of the United States . Cyrus performed the song along with several other songs on April 24 , 2009 in a London Apple Store . These performances were recorded and sold exclusively by the United Kingdom iTunes Store as a live extended play titled iTunes Live from London . The song has been performed at the twentieth annual A Time for Heroes Celebrity Carnival , Rock in Rio concerts in Lisbon , Portugal , and Madrid , Spain , the 1515 Club in Paris , France , Heaven and G @-@ A @-@ Y in London , England .
The song was also used as the penultimate number of Cyrus ' Wonder World Tour ( 2009 ) , her first world tour . The performances began with backup dancers in bodysuits marching as they emerged from the bottom of the stage . The banging of a gong announced Cyrus ' arrival . She dressed in a white tank top and shorts , boots , and a metallic vest . Cyrus and the multiple backup dancers performed elaborate dance routines as images on overhead screens depicted geometric patterns . The dancers exited the stage by throwing themselves inside the stage as Cyrus prepared for the next performance . Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times , who attended the September 22 , 2009 , concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California , referred to the performance of " See You Again " as an uptempo highlight that was , however , unable " to give her fans a deeper idea of who she is and what her music means " .
= = Cover versions = =
English electropop singer Little Boots recorded a cover version of " See You Again " that surfaced the Internet in December 2008 . In an interview with Digital Spy , Little Boots said , " That 's a wicked song ! The line ' My best friend Lesley said , " Oh she 's just being Miley " ' is awesome . Me and my friend have been obsessing over that lyrics for ages now , it 's getting ridiculous ! " Breathe Carolina 's act consisted of a balance of pop punk and rock music , which stood out to their record label , Fearless Records . Because of it , Fearless Records decided to reserve a spot for them on their upcoming compilation Punk Goes Pop 2 ( 2009 ) , where they performed a cover version of " See You Again " , produced by Mike Green . Breathe Carolina included their version of " See You Again " in their set list for the Warped Tour 2009 . The cover later appeared on the deluxe edition of the band 's second studio album Hello Fascination ( 2010 ) .
= = Release history = =
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= 2 / 31st Battalion ( Australia ) =
The 2 / 31st Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served during World War II . It was raised in June 1940 and was assigned to the 25th Brigade , 7th Division . It initially served in the United Kingdom where it undertook defensive duties before being moved to the Middle East in 1941 . After taking part in the fighting in Syria and Lebanon , the battalion undertook garrison duties around Tripoli before being transferred back to Australia in 1942 . In late 1942 the battalion was sent to New Guinea to fight against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track . They subsequently fought a number of battles throughout 1942 , 1943 and early 1944 . Their last campaign came in mid @-@ 1945 when they landed on Borneo . After the war the battalion was disbanded in March 1946 .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
The battalion was formed in the United Kingdom on 27 June 1940 from Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) personnel that had originally been designated for service in non @-@ infantry roles who were grouped together to form an infantry battalion . Initially designated as the " 70th Battalion " , due to manpower shortages at first it was composed of only three rifle companies instead of the normal establishment of four . Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Horace Strutt the battalion was initially based at Tidworth . In August 1940 , Strutt was replaced with Lieutenant Colonel Ragnar Garrett as commanding officer . In October 1940 , the battalion 's designation was changed to the " 2 / 31st Battalion " in order to bring it in line with the designations of the rest of the 2nd AIF , and it moved to Colchester . In November , the battalion was assigned to the 25th Brigade . It was during this time the battalion suffered its first casualty , when one of its members was killed in a German air raid . While in England the battalion undertook training and was employed on defensive duties , guarding against a possible invasion by German forces .
The circumstances of the battalion 's establishment overseas resulted in the situation of the battalion 's personnel being issued two different Unit Colour Patches ( UCP ) . Personnel who were in the United Kingdom at the end of 1940 were issued with a circular UCP consisting of black over red , with a border of grey . However , this UCP was issued without reference to Army Headquarters in Australia , who issued battalion reinforcements in Australia with a UCP consisting of an upright brown and yellow rectangle inside a grey circle : this was intended to link the battalion to the 31st Battalion , which had served during World War I. Upon arrival in the Middle East , though , these patches were replaced with the black and red patches .
= = = Middle East = = =
In January 1941 , with the threat of invasion of England reduced , it was decided to send the 2nd AIF units there to the Middle East and the battalion arrived in Egypt in March 1941 . Following this the battalion moved to Palestine where it undertook further training and received a draft of reinforcements which enabled it to raise a fourth company in order to bring it up to establishment . Having been transferred to the 7th Division , the battalion took up defensive positions around Mersa Matruh before taking part in the Syria @-@ Lebanon campaign , during which it took part in several battles .
The first of these came in early June , when the battalion captured the town of Khirbe in Lebanon , before advancing towards Jezzine . On 13 June , the 2 / 31st , supported by a troop from the 7th Division Cavalry Regiment , crossed the Litani River bridge and led the advance . Coming under fire from Vichy French troops on the hills overlooking the town , the battalion suffered a number of casualties , including its commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Selwyn Porter . After clearing the French from the main position around Green Hill , Jezzine was finally secured . Between 15 and 29 June , the French brought up reinforcements and subsequently launched a series of counterattacks against the Australians . On 17 June , a French attack at Jezzine was repulsed . The 2 / 31st then launched an unsuccessful attack on " Hill 1332 " , a key feature in the area , during which they lost seven killed and 22 wounded . The following day a further 17 men were killed when French aircraft attacked the battalion 's positions around the Hotel Egypt . Throughout the rest of the month , fighting continued around Jezzine until on 29 June the Vichy French began to withdraw .
In early July the 2 / 31st commenced operations to the north of Jezzine with the aim of securing the high ground around Amatour and Badarane . On the night of 9 / 10 July they advanced up steep terrain under the cover of a heavy artillery barrage . During the fighting that followed , one of the battalion 's members , Private James Gordon , performed the deeds for which he subsequently received the Victoria Cross , crawling forward and single @-@ handedly attacking a French post that was holding up his company 's advance .
On 12 July an armistice was signed between the Allies and the Vichy French . Following this , the battalion established itself at Amchite where they undertook occupation duties until mid @-@ September when the 25th Brigade received orders to move to Tripoli . The 2 / 31st Battalion was assigned the task of fortifying Jebel Tourbel , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Tripoli . Upon completion of this task , the battalion undertook defensive duties there until February 1942 .
= = = New Guinea campaigns 1942 – 44 = = =
Due to concerns about the entry of Japan into the war in the Pacific , the battalion was brought back to Australia in early 1942 . Departing Port Tewfik on 9 February on the MV Vernon , the battalion arrived at Port Adelaide , South Australia , on 9 March and moved to Camp Woodside . In early April they conducted a road and rail move to Casino , New South Wales , where a weeks ' leave was granted before moving on to Caboolture , Queensland . During this time the battalion undertook defensive duties securing the northern approach to Brisbane during the Battle of the Coral Sea . From June they began jungle training in preparation for deployment to New Guinea in September where the units of the Militia had been fighting a delaying campaign against the Japanese along the Kokoda Track .
On 31 August , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Colin Dunbar , the battalion was moved to Brisbane where they embarked upon the Cremer bound for Port Moresby . Arriving there on 9 September , the battalion received orders to proceed towards the Owen Stanley Range . They arrived at Ioribaiwa on 15 September , however , almost as soon as they arrived they were forced to pull back to Imita Ridge . The Japanese , however , had exhausted their supply lines and were unable to follow and thus the Australian force was able to begin its own advance . On 1 November , the 2 / 31st was in the vanguard as it entered the village of Kokoda . Following this , Dunbar handed over command of the battalion to Lieutenant Colonel James Miller , and under his command the battalion took part in significant battles at Gorari and Gona . In December , however , Miller died from scrub typhus , and has the casualties from combat and disease mounted the battalion was eventually withdrawn from the fighting to Port Moresby from where it embarked to return to Australia in January 1943 . By the end of the battalion 's involvement in the campaign , only 55 men were fit for duty .
Following six months of training and re @-@ organisation in Australia , the 2 / 31st returned to New Guinea in July 1943 where , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Murray Robson who had previously served as second in command , they took part in the Salamaua @-@ Lae campaign , before carrying out patrolling operations through the Markham Valley and into the Finisterre Range as part of the Finisterre Range campaign . After having been relieved by the 24th Battalion in January 1944 , the 2 / 31st was once again withdrawn to Australia , arriving there in February to reconstitute and train for the next phase of the war .
= = = Borneo 1945 = = =
After this the battalion spent over a year training on the Atherton Tablelands in Queensland before moving to Morotai and then later taking part in the landing at Balikpapan along with the rest of the 7th Division in one of the last Australian campaigns of the war . Landing at Green Beach on 2 July 1945 , the second day of the operation , the 2 / 31st went ashore unopposed and moved inland , taking up positions in the centre of the Australian line around a location called " Ration " . After establishing themselves on the hill , later in the day they were struck by airburst artillery before commencing clearing patrols and occupying a smaller feature known as " Resort " . The following day the battalion commenced operations along the Milford Highway , as the Japanese began to withdraw towards Batuchampar . Attacking Japanese positions around the " Nobody " and " Nurse " features , the 2 / 31st encountered heavy opposition from the Japanese defenders . Having lost 50 men killed or wounded , the battalion occupied the positions on 4 July , after the Japanese withdrew , having lost 63 killed .
Following this , the Australians advanced along the open country along the Milford Highway . Relying heavily upon direct and indirect fire support to suppress the Japanese positions along the numerous ridges that lay astride the axis of advance , the going was slow . By 9 July the open country of the coast turned to thick bush and the Australians began to encounter improvised explosive devices and booby traps in the scrub . Early on 10 July , a company from the 2 / 31st Battalion launched a successful attack which saw them capture 12 3 @-@ inch naval guns that were being used as part of the Japanese defensive system for the loss of five wounded . Late in the afternoon , while fighting around the " Coke " feature , the battalion suffered a serious setback when a company was ambushed , resulting in 18 killed and 23 wounded .
A brief period of inactivity followed before the advance continued . On 26 July , as a result of the casualties that they had suffered earlier in the month , the battalion was withdrawn from the fighting and moved to the rear . Although they undertook security duties , they did not see action again before the war ended on 15 August 1945 . During the fighting around Balikpapan the 2 / 31st Battalion suffered the highest number of casualties of any Allied unit deployed in the Borneo campaign , losing 44 men killed and 134 wounded .
= = = Disbandment = = =
Following the end of the war , the battalion remained in Borneo . Initially they were stationed around Bandjermasin where they undertook garrison duties , but in October 1945 they were moved to Balikpapan . At this time , the demobilisation process began and some of the battalion 's long serving personnel were offered the opportunity to return to Australia . Others were transferred to the 65th Battalion , which was being raised as part of the Australian contribution to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force . On 31 January 1946 , the remaining personnel embarked upon HMAS Kanimbla , for the return to Australia . They landed in Brisbane in February 1946 , where the battalion was disbanded early the following month .
During the course of the war a total of 2 @,@ 660 men served in the 2 / 31st Battalion of whom 251 were killed or died and 479 wounded . Members of the battalion received the following decorations : one Victoria Cross , three Distinguished Service Orders , four Military Crosses , one Distinguished Conduct Medal , 20 Military Medals and 25 Mentions in Despatches .
= = Battle honours = =
The 2 / 31st Battalion received 22 battle honours for its service during World War II . These honours are :
Syria 1941 , Syrian Frontier , Merjayun , Jezzine , Damour , Hill 1069 , Baradene , South @-@ West Pacific 1942 – 1945 , Kokoda Trail , Ioribaiwa , Eora Creek – Templeton 's Crossing II , Oivi – Gorari , Buna – Gona , Gona , Lae – Nadzab , Lae Road , Liberation of Australian New Guinea , Ramu Valley , Shaggy Ridge , Borneo 1945 , Balikpapan , Milford Highway .
= = Commanding officers = =
The following officers served as commanding officer of the 2 / 31st Battalion :
Lieutenant Colonel Horace Strutt ( 1940 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel Ragnar Garrett ( 1940 – 41 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel Selwyn Porter ( 1941 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel Reg Pollard ( 1941 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel Selwyn Porter ( 1941 – 42 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel Colin Dunbar ( 1942 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel James Miller ( 1942 ) ;
Lieutenant Colonel Murray Robson ( 1942 – 46 ) .
= Fritz the Cat ( film ) =
Fritz the Cat is a 1972 American animated comedy film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi . It was Bakshi 's feature film debut and is loosely based on the Fritz the Cat comic strips by Robert Crumb . It was the first animated feature film to receive an X rating in the United States .
The film stars Fritz ( voiced by Skip Hinnant ) , an anthropomorphic cat in mid @-@ 1960s New York City who explores the ideals of hedonism and sociopolitical consciousness . The film is a satire focusing on American college life of the era , race relations , the free love movement , and left- and right @-@ wing politics .
The film had a troubled production history and controversial release . Crumb had disagreements with the filmmakers over the film 's political content . Fritz the Cat was controversial for its rating and content , which many viewers at the time found to be offensive . It was produced on a budget of $ 850 @,@ 000 and grossed over $ 90 million worldwide . Its success led to a slew of other X @-@ rated animated films and a sequel , The Nine Lives of Fritz the Cat ( 1974 ) , made without Crumb 's or Bakshi 's involvement .
= = Plot
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118 northwest of Durand , where the highway designation terminates . No part of M @-@ 71 has been listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) . The NHS is a system of roads important to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility .
= = History = =
M @-@ 71 was formed by July 1 , 1919 as a spur route from M @-@ 21 , which ran along Lytle Road , southerly to Durand . Around 1925 , a realignment of M @-@ 21 produced changes in M @-@ 71 . M @-@ 21 was rerouted to its current alignment between Owosso and Lennon , and M @-@ 71 took over the roadway between Owosso and Corunna . At the same time , M @-@ 71 was shifted to run through Vernon . The section of M @-@ 71 between Durand and M @-@ 78 was transferred to M @-@ 78 and M @-@ 71 was shortened by 1934 . This transfer was reversed in 1935 when M @-@ 78 construction was completed . A new section of M @-@ 71 was built parallel to the Ann Arbor Railroad between Durand and Corunna in 1938 . This construction paved the last remaining unpaved segment of M @-@ 71 . The section of M @-@ 71 south of M @-@ 78 into Durand was turned back to local control in early 1939 , and M @-@ 71 was shortened one final time with the completion of the M @-@ 78 freeway ( now I @-@ 69 ) in the area in late 1960 or early 1961 . At that time , the eastern terminus was shifted to the freeway interchange instead of the old route of M @-@ 78 along Lansing Road .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Shiawassee County .
= Typhoon Forrest ( 1983 ) =
Super Typhoon Forrest was a powerful typhoon that affected Japan in September 1983 . Typhoon Forrest formed from a tropical disturbance far from land in the western Pacific Ocean . On September 20 , the system was classified as a tropical storm , and thereafter began to intensify . The next day , Forrest reached typhoon status , and the intensification process accelerated . The storm prudently strengthened on September 22 , and the following morning , attained peak intensity following a pressure drop of 100 mbar ( 3 @.@ 0 inHg ) in slightly less than 24 hours . Thereafter , Forrest began to weaken slowly as it moved northwest . Approaching Japan , Super Typhoon Forrest first hit Okinawa on September 27 . Nearby , a tornado hit Inza Island , destroying 26 homes and injuring 26 people . Forrest then moved north , impaling the elongated Japanese archipelago before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on September 28 . The torrential rainfall caused by the typhoon triggered deadly landslides and flooding across Japan . In all , the cyclone killed at least 21 people , left 17 listed as missing , and injured 86 . Forrest flooded 46 @,@ 000 homes in muddy water , over 100 dwellings were destroyed , and 2 @,@ 560 people were rendered as homeless . Seven flights were called off and 27 @,@ 000 people were stranded . In addition , 67 bridges and 818 roads were damaged .
= = Meteorological history = =
Typhoon Forrest originated from an area of disturbed weather that was first noted by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) around 555 km ( 345 mi ) west of Pohnpei in mid @-@ September . Initially , the system was not well @-@ organized ; however , it had a sufficient amount of convection . Hurricane Hunters investigated the system four times from September 17 – 20 , though none of them were able to identify a closed atmospheric circulation . Despite this , a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) was issued on September 18 . This alert was issued again on September 19 ; meanwhile , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) started to monitor the system . By early on September 20 , the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm as it moved west @-@ northwest . During the evening hours of September 20 , the JTWC started issuing warnings on the system after the low developed a central dense overcast . At this time , the storm was located about 330 km ( 205 mi ) south of Guam . Initially , only gradually strengthening was expected by the JTWC , but this did not occur and by the morning hours of September 21 , Hurricane Hunters measured winds of 95 to 115 km / h ( 60 to 70 mph ) . Based on this , the JTWC classified the system as a tropical storm and named it Forrest . Around this time , JMA upgraded Forrest into a severe tropical storm .
By 1800 UTC that day , both the JTWC and the JMA upgraded Forrest to typhoon status as the storm developed an eye . After moving away from Guam , Forrest continued deepening , by the evening hours of September 21 , Hurricane Hunters estimated a minimum barometric pressure of 976 mbar ( 28 @.@ 8 inHg ) . Eleven hours later , however , the aircraft reported a pressure of 883 mbar ( 26 @.@ 1 inHg ) , according to the JTWC , this marked a pressure drop of 92 mbar ( 2 @.@ 7 inHg ) in a little under a day . Midday on September 22 , the JTWC assessed the intensity of the storm at 280 km / h ( 175 mph ) , equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale , and placed the storm 's barometric pressure at 876 mbar ( 25 @.@ 9 inHg ) , which marked the fastest pressure drop ever recorded by a tropical cyclone — 100 mb ( 3 @.@ 0 inHg ) in just under 24 hours . By this time , the temperature within the eye had reached 27 ° C ( 80 ° F ) . Despite this , the JMA estimated that Forrest had winds of only 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) . Several hours later , the agency still estimated winds of 135 km / h ( 85 mph ) . After a brief turn towards the west @-@ northwest , the JMA reported that Forest attained peak intensity at 0000 UTC on September 23 , with winds of 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 885 mbar ( 26 @.@ 1 inHg ) .
After attaining peak intensity , the storm weakened slightly on September 24 according to the JMA , though the storm briefly restrengthened to its peak wind speed at noon on September 25 . By this time , Forrest was moving northwest , and the JTWC expected the storm to recurve due to a weak spot in the subtropical ridge . However , the re @-@ curvature took longer than expected . The JMA suggested that the storm maintained its intensity of 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) for several days . On September 27 , however , the JMA estimated that Forrest finally began to weaken . The storm quickly weakened thereafter , and by midday , the JMA downgraded the system into a severe tropical storm . During September 28 , the system completed its extratropical transition with the JTWC issuing their final advisory on the system early the next day . After becoming an extratropical cyclone the system recurved and started to accelerate towards the east @-@ northeast , before the JMA stopped monitoring the system during September 30 , as it moved into the East Pacific basin . Thereafter , several ships reported storm and gale force winds while the system moved towards the east @-@ northeast and along south @-@ west Alaska . The system was subsequently last noted on October 4 , as it stalled and gradually dissipated within the Gulf of Alaska , about 1 @,@ 415 km ( 880 mi ) to the northwest of Vancouver , Canada .
= = Preparations and impact = =
During its formative stages , the storm passed near Guam , resulting in winds of 32 km / h ( 20 mph ) . Rainfall was light , totaling 51 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) , but was enough to result in slight flooding .
While weakening and passing 200 km ( 125 mi ) southwest of Okinawa , gusty winds and heavy rains were recorded . At the Kadena Air Base , winds of 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) and gusts of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) were measured . Rainfall of 296 mm ( 11 @.@ 7 in ) was recorded , resulting in minor flooding . A few people were hurt due to high winds , but according to the JTWC , the residents of Okinwana weathered the storm " well " . Numerous funnel clouds were spotted , but no tornadoes were recorded . Northwest of Okinwana , on Inaka Island , a tornado was reported , which cleared a 91 m ( 299 ft ) wide swath . Throughout the island of Okinawa , 30 sustained minor injuries and 20 homes would either damaged , including seven homes that were destroyed . About 160 @,@ 000 customers lost power .
When the storm posed a threat to Kyushu , five ships were evacuated to an air force base that was considered " safe typhoon haven " by the JTWC . In Motoyama , 540 mm ( 21 in ) of rain fell , including 415 mm ( 16 @.@ 3 in ) in 24 hours and 102 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) in one hour . In Nagoya , five children were washed away by rising floodwaters while they were walking home from school . Four of the children were confirmed dead , and one 5 @-@ year @-@ old child was reported missing . In Nishinomiya , near the western city of Kyoto , twelve construction workers were swept away by a downpour @-@ triggered mudslide . Four of the construction workers were rescued , but the remaining eight of the construction workers were missing . Elsewhere in the city , a landslide destroyed two homes , resulting in the deaths of a 71 @-@ year @-@ old and a 77 @-@ year @-@ old farmer . Around 60 mi ( 95 km ) south of Tokyo , in Shizuoka , three construction workers were swept along the Nishi River . In Hyogo , on Honshu , 12 people were buried alive when a hut collapsed due to a mudslide .
In all , Forest killed at least 21 people , left 17 missing , and injured 86 . Due to overflowing rivers and dikes , 46 @,@ 000 homes were flooded , including 141 " seriously " . Around 7 @,@ 700 homes were under water , and over 100 were destroyed . In addition , 67 bridges and 818 roads were damaged . A total of 2 @,@ 560 people were homeless . Seven flights were called off and 27 @,@ 000 air travelers were stranded . Train service was halted for hours and track lines were damaged in eight places .
= Ico =
Ico ( イコ , Iko , / ˈiːkoʊ / ) is a puzzle @-@ platformer and action @-@ adventure video game developed by Team Ico and published by Sony Computer Entertainment , released for the PlayStation 2 video game console in 2001 and 2002 in various regions . It was designed and directed by Fumito Ueda , who wanted to create a minimalist game around a " boy meets girl " concept . Originally planned for the PlayStation , Ico took approximately four years to develop . The team employed a " subtracting design " approach to reduce elements of gameplay that interfered with the game 's setting and story in order to create a high level of immersion .
The protagonist is a young boy named Ico who was born with horns , which his village considers a bad omen . Warriors lock him away in an abandoned fortress . During his explorations of the fortress , Ico encounters Yorda , the daughter of the castle 's Queen . The Queen plans to use Yorda 's body to extend her own lifespan . Learning this , Ico seeks to escape the castle with Yorda , keeping her safe from the shadow @-@ like creatures that attempt to draw her back . Throughout the game , the player controls Ico as he explores the castle , solves puzzles and assists Yorda across obstacles .
Ico introduced several design and technical elements , including a story told with minimal dialogue , bloom lighting , and key frame animation , that have influenced subsequent games . Although not a commercial success , it was critically acclaimed for its art and story elements and received several awards , including " Game of the Year " nominations and three Game Developers Choice Awards . Ico is listed on several overall top game lists , and is often considered a work of art . It was re @-@ released in Europe in 2006 , in conjunction with the release of Shadow of the Colossus , the spiritual successor to Ico .
= = Gameplay = =
Ico is primarily a three @-@ dimensional platform game . The player controls Ico from a third @-@ person perspective as he explores the castle and attempts to escape it with Yorda . The camera is fixed in each room or area but swivels to follow Ico or Yorda as they move ; the player can also pan the view a small degree in other directions to observe more of the surroundings . The game includes many elements of platform games ; for example , the player must have Ico jump , climb , push and pull objects , and perform other tasks such as solving puzzles in order to progress within the castle . These actions are complicated by the fact that only Ico can carry out these actions ; Yorda can only jump short distances and cannot climb over tall barriers . The player must use Ico so that he helps Yorda cross obstacles , such as by lifting her to a higher ledge , or by arranging the environment to allow Yorda to cross a larger gap herself . The player can tell Yorda to follow Ico , or to wait at a spot . The player can also have Ico take Yorda 's hand and pull her along at a faster pace across the environment . Players are unable to progress in the game until they move Yorda to certain doors that only she can open .
Escaping the castle is made difficult by shadow creatures sent by the Queen . These creatures attempt to drag Yorda into black vortexes if Ico leaves her for any length of time , or if she is in certain areas of the castle . Ico can dispel these shadows using a stick or sword and pull Yorda free if she is drawn into a vortex . While the shadow creatures cannot harm Ico , the game is over if Yorda becomes fully engulfed in a vortex ; the player restarts from a save point . The player will also restart from a save point if Ico falls from a large height . Save points in the game are represented by stone benches that Ico and Yorda rest on as the player saves the game . In European and Japanese releases of the game , upon completion of the game , the player has the opportunity to restart the game in a local co @-@ operative two @-@ player mode , where the second player plays as Yorda , still under the same limitations as the computer @-@ controlled version of the character .
= = Plot = =
Ico ( イコ , pronounced " Ee @-@ ko " ) , a horned boy , is taken by a group of warriors to an abandoned castle and locked inside a stone coffin to be sacrificed . A tremor topples the coffin and Ico escapes . As he searches the castle , he comes across Yorda ( ヨルダ , Yoruda ) , a captive girl who speaks a different language . Ico helps Yorda escape and defends her from shadow @-@ like creatures . The pair makes their way through the castle and arrive at the bridge leading to land . As they cross , the Queen , ruler of the castle , appears and tells Yorda that as her daughter she cannot leave the castle . The Queen destroys part of the bridge ; although Yorda tries to save him , Ico falls off the bridge and loses consciousness .
Ico awakens below the castle and makes his way back to the upper levels , finding a magic sword that dispels the shadow creatures . After discovering that Yorda has been turned to stone by the Queen , he confronts the Queen in her throne room , who reveals that she plans to restart her life anew by taking possession of Yorda 's body . Ico slays the Queen with the magic sword , but with her death the castle begins to collapse around him ; he is hit by falling debris , breaking his horns , and he falls unconscious . The Queen 's spell on Yorda is broken , and a shadowy Yorda carries Ico safely out of the castle to a boat , sending him to drift to the shore alone . Ico awakens to find the distant castle in ruins , and Yorda , in her human form , washed up nearby . She stirs .
= = Development = =
Lead designer Fumito Ueda came up with the concept for Ico in 1997 , envisioning a " boy meets girl " story where the two main characters would hold hands during their adventure , forming a bond between them without communication . Ueda 's main inspiration for Ico was Eric Chahi 's game Another World ( Outer World in Japan ) , which used cinematic cutscenes and lacked any head @-@ up display elements as to play like a movie . It also featured an emotional connection between two characters , despite the use of minimal dialog . Ueda also cited Lemmings , Flashback and the original Prince of Persia games as influences , specifically regarding animation and gameplay style . With the help of an assistant , Ueda created an animation in Lightwave to get a feel for the final game and to better convey his vision . In the three @-@ minute demonstration reel , Yorda had the horns instead of Ico , and flying robotic creatures were seen firing weapons to destroy the castle . Ueda stated that having this movie that represented his vision helped to keep the team on track for the long development process , and he reused this technique for the development of Shadow of the Colossus , the team 's next effort .
Ueda began working with producer Kenji Kaido in 1998 to develop the idea and bring the game to the PlayStation . Ico 's design aesthetics were guided by three key notions : to make a game that would be different from others in the genre , feature an aesthetic style that would be consistently artistic , and play out in an imaginary yet realistic setting . This was achieved through the use of " subtracting design " ; they removed elements from the game which interfered with the game 's reality . This included removing any form of interface elements , keeping the gameplay focused only on the escape from the castle , and reducing the number of types of enemies in the game to a single foe . An interim design of the game shows Ico and Yorda facing horned warriors similar to those that take Ico to the castle . The game originally focused on Ico 's attempt to return Yorda to her room in the castle after she was kidnapped by these warriors . Ueda believed this version had too much detail for the graphics engine they had developed , and as part of the " subtracting design " , replaced the warriors with the shadow creatures . Ueda also brought in a number of people outside the video game industry to help with development . These consisted of two programmers , four artists , and one designer in addition to Ueda and Kaido , forming the base of what is now known as Team Ico . On reflection , Ueda noted that the subtracting design may have taken too much out of the game , and did not go to as great an extreme with Shadow of the Colossus .
After two years of development , the team ran into limitations on the PlayStation hardware and faced a critical choice : either terminate the project altogether , alter their vision to fit the constraints of the hardware , or continue to explore more options . The team decided to remain true to Ueda 's vision , and began to use the Emotion Engine of the PlayStation 2 , taking advantage of the improved abilities of the platform . Character animation was accomplished through key frame animation instead of the more common motion capture technique . Ico is recognized as one of the first games to incorporate bloom lighting into video games , a feature that is common in later seventh generation console video games . The game took about four years to create . Ueda purposely left the ending vague , not stating whether Yorda was alive , whether she would travel with Ico , or if it was simply the protagonist 's dream .
The cover used for releases in Japan and PAL regions was drawn by Ueda himself , and was inspired by the surrealist artist Giorgio de Chirico and his work , The Nostalgia of the Infinite . Ueda believed that " the surrealistic world of de Chirico matched the allegoric world of Ico " . The North American version lacks this cover as well as additional features that become available after the player completes the game once . The development team was unable to provide Ueda 's cover or the additional features such as the two @-@ player mode in time for Sony 's planned North American release date , but included them for the later releases in Japan and PAL regions . On reflection , Yasuhide Kobayashi , vice @-@ president of Sony 's Japan Studio , believed the North American box art and lack of an identifiable English title led to the game 's poor sales in the United States , and stated plans to correct that for the release of The Last Guardian . For its original release , a limited edition of the game was available in PAL regions that included a cardboard wrapping displaying artwork from the game and four art cards inside the box . The game was re @-@ released as a standard edition in 2006 across all PAL regions except France after the 2005 release of Shadow of the Colossus , Ico 's spiritual sequel , to allow players to " fill the gap in their collection " .
Ico uses minimal dialog in a fictional language to provide the story throughout the game . Voice actors included Kazuhiro Shindō as Ico , Rieko Takahashi as Yorda , and Misa Watanabe as the Queen . Ico and the Queen 's words are presented in either English or Japanese subtitles depending on the release region , but Yorda 's speech is presented in a symbolic language . Ueda opted not to provide the translation for Yorda 's words as it would have overcome the language barrier between Ico and Yorda , and detracted from the " holding hands " concept of the game . In the non @-@ North American releases , playing through the game again after completing the game replaces the symbolic text with appropriate language subtitles .
= = Other media = =
= = = Novelization = = =
A novelization of the game titled Ico : Kiri no Shiro ( ICO @-@ 霧の城- , Iko : Kiri no Shiro , lit . " Ico : Castle of Mist " ) was released in Japan in 2004 . Author Miyuki Miyabe wrote the novel because of her appreciation of the game . A Korean translation of the novel , entitled 이코 - 안개의 성 ( I @-@ ko : An @-@ gae @-@ eui Seong ) came out the following year , by Hwangmae Publishers , while an English translation was published by Viz Media on August 16 of 2011 .
= = = Cross title content = = =
Costumes ( including Ico and Yorda ) , stickers , and sound effects from Ico are part of an add @-@ on pack for the game LittleBigPlanet , alongside similar materials from Shadow of the Colossus , after being teased by the game 's developers Media Molecule about two weeks prior .
= = = Film = = =
A film adaption of Ico may come about based on the success of the adaptation of Shadow of the Colossus being created by Misher Films in conjunction with Sony and Fumito Ueda .
= = = Soundtrack = = =
Ico 's audio featured a limited amount of music and sound effects . The soundtrack , Ico : Kiri no Naka no Senritsu ( ICO ～ 霧の中の旋律 ～ , Iko Kiri no Naka no Senritsu , lit . " Ico : Melody in the mist " ) , was composed by Michiru Oshima and sound unit " pentagon " ( Koichi Yamazaki & Mitsukuni Murayama ) and released in Japan by Sony Music Entertainment on February 20 , 2002 . The album was distributed by Sony Music Entertainment Visual Works . The last song of the CD , " ICO -You Were There- " , includes vocals sung by former Libera member Steven Geraghty .
= = Reception = =
Ico received strong reviews , becoming a cult hit among gamers . The game has an aggregated review score of 90 out of 100 at Metacritic . In Japan , Famitsu magazine scored the PlayStation 2 version of the game a 30 out of 40 . The game is considered by some to be one of the greatest games of all time ; Edge ranked Ico as the 13th top game in a 2007 listing , while IGN ranked the game at number 18 in 2005 , and at number 57 in 2007 . Ico has been used as an example of a game that is a work of art . Ueda commented that he purposely tried to distance Ico from conventional video games due to the negative image that video games were receiving at that time , in order to draw more people to the title .
Some reviewers have likened Ico to older , simpler adventure games such as Prince of Persia or Tomb Raider , that seek to evoke an emotional experience from the player ; IGN 's David Smith commented that while simple , as an experience the game was " near indescribable . " The game 's graphics and sound contributed strongly to the positive reactions from critics ; Smith continues that " The visuals , sound , and original puzzle design come together to make something that is almost , if not quite , completely unlike anything else on the market , and feels wonderful because of it . " Many reviewers were impressed with the expansiveness and the details given to the environments , the animation used for the main characters despite their low polygon count , as well as the use of lighting effects . Ico 's ambiance , created by the simple music and the small attention to detail in the voice work of the main characters , were also called out as strong points for the game . Charles Herold of The New York Times summed up his review stating that " Ico is not a perfect game , but it is a game of perfect moments . " Herold later commented that Ico breaks the mold of games that usually involve companions . In most games these companions are invulnerable and players will generally not concern with the non @-@ playable characters ' fate , but Ico creates the sense of " trust and childish fragility " around Yorda , and that these leads to the character being " the game 's entire focus " .
The game is noted for its simple combat system that would " disappoint those craving sheer mechanical depth " , as stated by GameSpot 's Miguel Lopez . The game 's puzzle design has been praised for creating a rewarding experience for players who work through challenges on their own ; Kristen Reed of Eurogamer , for example , said that " you quietly , logically , willingly proceed , and the illusion is perfect : the game never tells you what to do , even though the game is always telling you what to do " . Ico is also considered a short game , taking between seven and ten hours for a single play through , which Game Revolution calls " painfully short " with " no replay outside of self @-@ imposed challenges " . G4TV 's Matthew Keil , however , felt that " the game is so strong , many will finish ' Ico ' in one or two sittings " . The lack of features in the North American release , which would become unlocked on subsequent playthroughs after completing the game , was said to reduce the replay value of the title . Electronic Gaming Monthly notes that " Yorda would probably be the worst companion -she 's scatterbrained and helpless ; if not for the fact that the player develops a bond with her , making the game 's ending all the more heartrending . "
Despite the positive praise , the original title did not sell well . By 2009 , only 700 @,@ 000 copies were sold worldwide , with 270 @,@ 000 in the United States. and the bulk in PAL regions , Ueda considered his design by subtraction approach may have hurt the marketing of the game , as at the time of the game 's release , promotion of video games were primarily done through screenshots , and as Ico lacked any heads @-@ up display , it appeared uninteresting to potential buyers .
= = = Awards = = =
Ico received several gaming acclamations from the video gaming press , and was considered to be one of the Games of the Year by many publications , despite competing with releases such as Halo , Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty , and Grand Theft Auto III . The game received three Game Developers Choice Awards in 2002 , including " Excellence in Level Design " , " Excellence in Visual Arts " , and " Game Innovation Spotlight " . The game won two Interactive Achievement Awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences in 2002 for " Art Direction " and " Character or Story Development " , and was nominated for awards of " Game of the Year " , " Game Design " , " Level Design " and " Sound Design " .
= = Legacy = =
Ico is stated by Chris Kohler of Wired to have influenced numerous other video games , borrowing from its simple and visual design ideals . Several game designers , such as Eiji Aonuma , Hideo Kojima , and Jordan Mechner , have cited Ico as having influenced the visual appearance of their games , including The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess , Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater , and Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , respectively . Marc Laidlaw , scriptwriter for the Half @-@ Life series , commented that , among several other more memorable moments in the game , the point where Yorda attempts to save Ico from falling off the damaged bridge was " a significant event not only for that game , but for the art of game design " . The Naughty Dog team used Ico as part of the inspiration for developing Uncharted 3 . Vander Caballero credits Ico for inspiring the gameplay of Papo & Yo . Phil Fish used the design by subtraction approach in developing the title Fez . The developers of both Brothers : A Tale of Two Sons and Rime have Ico as a core influence on their design . Hidetaka Miyazaki , creator and director of the Souls series and Bloodborne , cited Ico as a key influence to him becoming involved in developing video games , stating that Ico " awoke me to the possibilities of the medium " .
Film director Guillermo del Toro cited both Ico and Shadow of the Colossus as " masterpieces " and part of his directorial influence . Jonny Greenwood of Radiohead considers , of his top ten video games , " Ico might be the best one " .
= = = Other Team Ico games = = =
Shadow of the Colossus ( ワンダと巨像 , Wanda to Kyozō , Wander and the Colossus ) , released for the PlayStation 2 in October 2005 in Japan and North America , was developed by the same team that developed Ico . The game features similar graphics , gameplay , and storytelling elements as Ico . The game was referred by its working title " Nico " ( " Ni " being Japanese for the number 2 " ) until the final title was revealed . Ueda , when asked about the connection between the two games , stated that Shadow of the Colossus is a prequel to Ico , specifically citing the ending of Shadow where a child is born with two horns .
Team Ico 's third game , The Last Guardian was originally announced as a PlayStation 3 title at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009 ; the game centers on the connection between a young boy and a large griffon @-@ like creature that he befriends , requiring the player to get the creature to cooperate as to help complete the game 's puzzles . The game fell into several complications from both hardware limitations and the departure of Ueda and other Team Ico members from Sony around 2012 , though Ueda and other members continued to work on the game via consulting contracts . The game was subsequently switched to the PlayStation 4 in 2012 , and was formally reintroduced in 2015 , with plans for release in 2016 . Ueda has stated that " the essence of the game is rather close to Ico " .
= = = HD remaster = = =
Ico , along with Shadow of the Colossus , received a high @-@ definition remaster for the PlayStation 3 that was released worldwide in September 2011 . In addition to improved graphics , the games were updated to include support for stereoscopic 3D and PlayStation Trophies . The Ico port was also based on the European version , and includes features such as Yorda 's translation and the two @-@ player mode . In North America and Europe / PAL regions , the two games were released as a single retail collection , while in Japan , they were released as separate titles . Both games have since been released separately as downloadable titles on the PlayStation Network store . Patch 1 @.@ 01 for the digital high @-@ definition Ico version added the Remote Play feature , allowing the game to be played on the PlayStation Vita .
= The Livestock Conservancy =
The Livestock Conservancy , formerly known as the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy ( ALBC ) and prior to that , the American Minor Breeds Conservancy , is a nonprofit organization focused on preserving and promoting rare breeds , also known as " heritage breeds " of livestock . Founded in 1977 , through the efforts of livestock breed enthusiasts concerned about the disappearance of many of the US 's heritage livestock breeds , the Conservancy was the pioneer livestock preservation organization in the United States , and remains a leading organization in that field . It has initiated programs that have saved multiple breeds from extinction , and works closely with similar organizations in other countries , including Rare Breeds Canada . With 3 @,@ 000 members , a staff of nine and a 19 @-@ member board of directors , the organization has an operating budget of almost half a million dollars .
The Livestock Conservancy maintains a conservation priority list that divides endangered breeds of horses , asses , sheep , goats , cattle , rabbits , pigs and poultry into five categories based on population numbers and historical interest . The organization has published several books , and works with breed registries and other groups on several aspects of breed preservation , including genetic testing , historical documentation , animal rescue and marketing . Preservation of genetic material is of special interest to the Conservancy , and for a period of time it maintained a gene bank that was later transferred to the United States Department of Agriculture . It has also developed and published several heritage definitions , including parameters for heritage breeds of cattle and poultry .
In large part due to the efforts of the organization , heritage turkey populations have increased more than tenfold in little over a decade , and several breeds that once stood on the brink of extinction now maintain healthy populations . The organization also sustains programs that deal with preserving and promoting endangered cattle and pig breeds , as well as breed @-@ specific programs relating to many of its livestock categories . Breeds that the Conservancy has assisted in saving include the Carolina Marsh Tacky horse , Randall cattle , Red Wattle hogs and the American rabbit .
= = History and organization = =
In the 1960s and 1970s , American livestock breed enthusiasts , including scientists , farmers , and historians , became increasingly aware of the disappearance of many traditional livestock breeds in the US . This awareness was partially due to difficulties encountered in obtaining heritage breeds for living history sites . This was particularly evident when historians were searching for historically authentic breeds to display at the Old Sturbridge Village in Massachusetts and were unable to find sheep of the Vermont strain of Merino , as they had gone extinct . As a result , these historians and others decided to attempt preservation of other rare breeds facing extinction . On March 16 , 1977 , the American Minor Breeds Conservancy was incorporated in Vermont . It was the first United States organization focused on preserving rare breeds of livestock and promoting genetic diversity among livestock breeds , and remains the preeminent organization in this field in the United States . A similar organization in Great Britain , the Rare Breeds Survival Trust , had been formed in 1973 . The organization conducted its first comprehensive survey of American livestock breeds in 1985 . Since then , the survey has been repeated every five years , with the status of endangered breeds being monitored in between . The initial survey was called " the most comprehensive assessment of livestock genetic resources ever conducted in the United States " . In 1986 , a fellow organization , Rare Breeds Canada , was formed , and the two bodies have worked together closely to preserve and promote breeds that have populations in the US and Canada . In 1993 , the organization changed its name to the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy ( ALBC ) . In 2013 , the organization again shortened its name to " The Livestock Conservancy " .
The Livestock Conservancy is headquartered in Pittsboro , North Carolina . Its mission is to protect " genetic diversity in livestock and poultry species through the conservation and promotion of endangered breeds . " It organizes and participates in programs to rescue threatened populations , educate the public about rare breeds and genetic diversity , support breeders and breed associations , perform research on endangered breeds and assist gene banks in preserving genetic material . The Conservancy includes among its partners and members the Oklahoma City Zoo , which maintains the Children 's Zoo , a petting zoo and children 's museum that holds members of eight rare livestock breeds ; and Colonial Williamsburg , a living @-@ history museum that maintains populations of ten rare breeds .
According to its literature , the Livestock Conservancy is funded by grants , sales of publications and promotional materials , membership dues and public donations . Publications sold include books on conservation and genetics , livestock husbandry , farming operations and breed guides . In the 1998 fiscal year , the organization claimed slightly over US $ 308 @,@ 000 in income , coming mainly from public donations and membership dues , but also including service revenue , investment income and sales of goods . By 2009 , this amount had jumped to slightly more than US $ 440 @,@ 000 , mainly from donations , grants and service revenue , but also including investment income . In 1998 , the organization claimed slightly over US $ 288 @,@ 000 in expenses , allocated mainly to program services , but with just under US $ 30 @,@ 000 stemming from management , fundraising and general expenses . By 2009 , expenses stood at almost US $ 490 @,@ 000 , spent mostly on employee salaries , benefits and other compensation ( which includes program service expenses ) , but with almost US $ 150 @,@ 000 stemming from management , fundraising and general expenses . The organization claims around 3 @,@ 000 members as of 2009 , a number up from 2 @,@ 300 in 1989 . It operates with a staff of nine , headed by an executive director , and a nineteen @-@ member board of directors .
= = General programs = =
The preservation of various pure breeds and strains , including some that are rare today , was once undertaken in North America in large part by large agriculture @-@ focused colleges and universities . However , many of these institutions have changed their focus to commercial or crossbred strains , with many herds being sent to slaughter . The Livestock Conservancy and Rare Breeds Canada intervened in some of these cases , leading to the survival and preservation of some gene stocks . The United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) participates in livestock preservation mainly through technology @-@ based approaches such as gene mapping and germplasm ( genetic material ) storage . However , although the storage of genetic material is a useful technique in the preservation of rare breeds , it cannot preserve the entire range of genetic diversity within even an individual breed , and stored material cannot react and adapt to environmental or biological changes as live animal populations can . The US federal government rarely supports rare breed live animal population conservation , and while agricultural subsidies were once seen more than they are in present times , they were never focused on individual breeds . The Livestock Conservancy has been instrumental in preserving live populations of many rare livestock breeds in the US .
In the 1980s , the Conservancy began a gene bank designed to preserve the genetic material of rare breeds . After collecting genetic material from over a dozen rare breeds , the bank was transferred to the USDA National Animal Germplasm Program ( NAGP ) . It maintains a close relationship with the NAGP , including assisting in the collection of genetic material from additional rare breeds . The conservation list published by the Conservancy is also used by the SVF Foundation , an organization that uses cryopreservation to preserve germplasm from rare breeds . In the early 1990s , the organization mounted displays of historic rare breed livestock illustrations at the National Agricultural Library and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History , designed to raise public awareness of the declining populations of rare livestock breeds .
In 2004 , the Livestock Conservancy entered a partnership with Slow Food USA , Chefs Collaborative , and four other organizations to found the Renewing America 's Food Traditions collaboration . The effort resulted in a book , Renewing America 's Food Traditions , describing more than 1000 varieties and species of food that are disappearing from the United States . The organization has written or published over a dozen books on heritage livestock breeds , including several on heritage poultry and waterfowl and more on general livestock conservation . Its conservation criteria and literature on livestock biodiversity are also widely used in independent publications on breeds . The Conservancy organizes an annual conference that focuses on the preservation and promotion of rare livestock breeds . For this conference , it partners with other organizations to teach members and other attendees about various aspects of rare breed livestock . For instance , in 2005 , the organization partnered with the NAGP and the American Grassfed Association for a discussion on the cryogenic preservation of rare breed genetic material , which included a tour of the USDA Livestock and Poultry Gene Bank . In 2009 , the Conservancy set up an online classified advertisement system to help users find and purchase rare breeds .
= = = Heritage breeds = = =
The Livestock Conservancy has released three definitions of heritage breeds , pertaining to turkeys , chickens and cattle . Heritage turkeys are defined by the organization as breeds that live longer , grow slower and can mate naturally , with the latter requirement being one of the most important as it is not met by many industrially grown , mass @-@ produced breeds . In 2009 , a definition for heritage chickens was released that is similar to the one for turkeys – breeds are required to be considered " standard " by the American Poultry Association , be long @-@ lived and slow @-@ growing , and able to mate naturally . The latter is less of a concern in chickens than in turkeys , as artificial insemination has not progressed as far in the development of industrial chicken farming . In late 2010 , the Conservancy released a definition of " heritage cattle " , to follow their earlier heritage turkey description . Requirements for heritage cattle breeds include having a long history in the US , being purebred , and being a true genetic breed . Specifications for heritage milk and beef , as well as products made from them , were also released with the definition .
As of 2010 , the Conservancy was undertaking several programs to help breeders and the public understand the need for and the way to preserve heritage breeds . As the number of expert livestock breeders continues to dwindle , the Master Breeders ' Apprentice Program aims to supplement their number by educating competent and interested members of the public . Through the Breed Rescue and Conservation Acquisition Program , the organization works with breeders and breed registries to begin and sustain conservation programs for rare livestock breeds . The Southeastern Livestock Breed Initiative aims to expand and reintroduce rare breeds from the American southeast , combining traditional breeds with low @-@ impact farming ( agriculture that has a lesser impact on the environment than high @-@ intensity commercial farming ) to assist in restarting the small , niche market farming that once existed in the area . In 2014 , the Conservancy published the book An Introduction to Heritage Breeds describing conserving and care of animals under the purview of the organization , detailing each breed 's specific needs and characteristics .
= = Conservation Priority List = =
The Conservation Priority List ( CPL ) is the Conservancy 's list of breeds for which conservation is a priority . Published annually , the list is used as the foundation for all conservation work done by the organization . Each year , it gathers population data on all breeds of livestock , including registration data and , for poultry , census numbers gathered from members , hatcheries and breeders . This data is then used to divide breeds into five categories : critical , threatened , watch , recovering and study . Breeds are placed in the first three categories based on annual registrations with breed registries in the United States and estimated global populations . Recovering breeds are those that have exceeded the numbers needed for the watch category but that the organization still wishes to monitor . Breeds in the study category lack genetic or historical documentation but are still considered to be of genetic interest . Population numbers may be lacking on these breeds , or proof that they are a true breed , instead of a type or non @-@ true @-@ breeding cross .
As of 2011 , there are 33 horse breeds on the equine CPL , comprising seventeen in the critical category , seven in the threatened , five in the watch , three in the recovering and one in study . There are also three breeds of asses , one in each of the critical , threatened and recovering categories . On the CPL for all other livestock species there are 10 pig breeds : seven in the critical category , one threatened , one watched , and one in the study . The 19 cattle breeds listed include eight in the critical category , two in the threatened , three in the watch , five recovering and one in the study . The list contains 23 sheep breeds : five in the critical category , six in the threatened , three in the watch , eight in the recovering and one in the study . Of seven goat breeds listed , two are in the critical category , two in the watch , two recovering and one in the study . Finally , there are 11 rabbit breeds listed on the CPL : three in the critical category , three threatened , and five in the watch .
The organization 's poultry conservation list includes chickens , ducks , geese and turkeys . As of 2011 there are 54 chicken breeds on the CPL : 12 in the critical category , 12 in the threatened , 18 in the watch , 7 in the recovering and 5 in the study . For ducks there were fourteen breeds , of which six were considered critical , two threatened , four watch and two study . There were 12 breeds of geese : six in the critical category , one in threatened , three in watch and two study . For turkeys there were 13 breeds , including five considered critical , two threatened , five watch and one study . Any naturally mating , non @-@ standard turkey breed is also of interest to the organization .
= = Breed programs = =
Equine breeds , such as the American Cream Draft , were among the reasons that the organization was formed , and were on the earliest conservation priority lists . The Conservancy has assisted in extensive genetic studies of rare horse breeds , focusing particularly on strains of the Colonial Spanish Horse . Rabbits , having only been added to the CPL in 2005 , have been among the least studied , although in 2010 , the organization named the American Rabbit as the most endangered breed of rabbit in the US . Work with cattle has also been limited , although in one case , a member rescued the last of the Randall Cattle herd from slaughter ; the breed has since been built up to more than 300 members . One major initiative with cattle is the Heritage Dairy Cattle Breed Recovery program , which assists heritage cattle breeders and breed organizations with funding , marketing and communications , with a focus on selling their product to other small operations , including cheese and dairy operations .
= = = Horses = = =
In 2006 , the Livestock Conservancy began investigating the Carolina Marsh Tacky to see if it was truly a descendant of colonial Spanish stock , and during the organization 's initial field investigations it was found that many surviving members of the breed fit the physical type for Spanish horses . In 2007 , the organization partnered with the Equus Survival Trust in a project to preserve the breed that included DNA sampling , the creation of a new studbook and mapping the genetics of the breed . The Conservancy participated in the rescue of the Wilbur Cruce strain of Colonial Spanish horse when the area in which it lived was to be turned over to a land conservation program that required domestic animals to be removed . After the rescue , a conservation plan was developed for the animals and small breeding groups of horses were placed with responsible parties . It also assisted in formulating a conservation and breeding strategy for a strain of Colonial Spanish horses from Santa Cruz Island in California . This support helped the horses to become recognized and registrable with the Colonial Spanish registry .
= = = Sheep and goats = = =
In December 1987 , the Conservancy performed one of its first breed rescues when it removed a viable population of Santa Cruz sheep from Santa Cruz Island . The sheep were in danger of being eradicated by The Nature Conservancy , which was working to save indigenous vegetation that the breed used as food . The first twelve lambs were removed from the island in 1988 , with further animals brought to the mainland in 1991 . The population now stands at 125 animals and is considered an important genetic resource due to its island heritage , which kept it isolated from other breeds and forced it to adapt to adverse conditions .
Beginning in the early 1990s , the Conservancy worked to preserve the San Clemente Island goat , a rare Spanish @-@ descended breed from California . In 1991 , it added genetic material from the San Clemente to their genetic database , later transferred to the National Animal Germplasm Program . As of June 2010 , the organization was working on the rescue of a group of feral Spanish goats from an island in South Carolina . There are less than 2 @,@ 500 members of the breed in the United States , and the island group is one of only two bloodlines known to exist in the southeastern US . Conservancy members first made trips to the island to document and photograph the herd of around 30 goats , then undertook action to remove some goats from the island to preserve the bloodlines from threatened extinction . A small flock was established in a nature preserve just south of Murrells Inlet , South Carolina , and as of June 2010 plans were in place for satellite herds to be established .
= = = Pigs = = =
In the course of its breed surveys and monitoring , the Conservancy has found significant changes in the populations of several swine breeds . The Berkshire breed has increased significantly in number , partially due to international demand for its meat , while other breeds have shown significant decreases , most likely due to increasing consolidation of the pork industry to large producers who use only a few specialized pork strains . Breeds such as the Chester White and Poland China have seen population numbers reduced by over 25 percent between 1998 and 2003 , while the Hampshire and Yorkshire breeds have decreased by more than 30 percent in the same time .
The Conservancy has been involved with the Red Wattle hog since the 1980s . At that time , the breed had a thriving population , stock was registered by three different breed registries , and breeders resisted suggestions from the organization to create a unified breed registry . However , between 1990 and 1999 , purebred stock diminished from 272 animals to just 42 pigs held by six breeders , and in 2000 , it was asked to create a unified breed registry for the Red Wattle Hog . Three hogs were registered in the first year , but the next year 90 hogs and three breeders were represented and a breed association was created . By 2008 , 111 breeding stock hogs had been registered and 56 breeders were part of the Red Wattle Hog Association .
In November 2008 , the Conservancy started the Rare Breed Swine Initiative , which , in cooperation with other organizations , assists in training breeders and cultivating the rare breed pig market . The three main foci of the initiative are marketing breeding stock and products , conserving bloodlines and supporting breed associations . As of 2010 , proposals were in place for the funding of a study of porcine genetics , including variability and relationships among breeds , with the aims of maintaining genetic variability among rare pig breeds and releasing a definition of heritage pork .
= = = Poultry = = =
A breeding program for Buckeye chickens was developed in 2005 by staff members , focusing on using selective breeding to improve the breed and expand its numbers . In 2011 , the Buckeye was able to be moved from " critical " status to " threatened " , based on a 2010 census that found almost 2 @,@ 500 birds . The program has since become the template for similar programs focusing on the preservation of other rare chicken breeds .
Heritage turkey breeds have been a focus for the organization since 1997 , when a survey showed only 1 @,@ 335 breeding stock birds of all breeds . A study conducted by the Conservancy and Virginia Tech concluded that heritage turkey breeds had stronger immune systems than those breeds typically used by industrial growers , and as such were more likely to survive disease epidemics . This study and other programs increased awareness of heritage turkey breeds and by 2003 the breeding population stood at 4 @,@ 275 turkeys of all breeds . By 2007 this had grown to more than 10 @,@ 000 birds and 17 breeds were no longer considered to be almost extinct . As of 2010 , the number is estimated to be close to 15 @,@ 000 .
In 2008 the Conservancy partnered with Slow Food USA and other organizations to conduct a blind taste test of nine breeds of turkeys – eight heritage breeds and one standard industrially grown breed . When the final scores were read , first place went to the Midget White Turkey , second to the Bourbon Red and last place to the Butterball – the single non @-@ heritage breed . This was the largest taste test among turkey breeds to date , and several of the heritage breeds were later added to the Slow Food USA Ark of Taste .
= Nevada State Route 28 =
State Route 28 ( SR 28 ) is a 16 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 26 @.@ 1 km ) road that runs along the northeastern shore of Lake Tahoe . SR 28 starts at US 50 and ends at the California state line at Crystal Bay , continuing across the border as SR 28 . SR 28 is part of the National Scenic Byway system since September 1996 , and the state scenic byway system since June 1994 .
The highway serves Douglas County and Washoe County as well as a rural part of Carson City . SR 28 was designated in 1948 , and has not significantly changed since it was first paved .
= = Route description = =
SR 28 begins at U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) in Douglas County , Nevada . It heads north from there , forming part of the boundary of Lake Tahoe – Nevada State Park until crossing into Carson City . The highway then enters Washoe County , where the highway enters Humboldt @-@ Toiyabe National Forest . It then turns northwest , running through Incline Village . In western Incline Village , SR 28 junctions with SR 431 , which is a direct link to Reno to the northeast . Just short of the California state line , it turns south to run parallel to the line and finally crosses into California at Crystal Bay . The road continues west of the California border as California State Route 28 .
The route has been designated as the north piece of the Lake Tahoe – Eastshore Drive Scenic Byway , as part of the National Scenic Byway program . SR 28 was also designated as a state scenic byway . SR 28 is not part of the National Highway System . Around 11 @,@ 300 cars use SR 28 on average each day .
= = History = =
The road that became SR 28 was paved around 1932 , and has been used for flumes in the timber industry since 1880 . The route first appeared in 1948 , with the same general alignment as it has today . The highway gained fame for many years as the location of the Ponderosa Ranch , filming location of the television series Bonanza . On June 7 , 1994 , the Nevada Department of Transportation ( NDOT ) designated SR 28 as a scenic byway , named North Shore Road . Later in September 1996 , SR 28 and part of US 50 was designated as Lake Tahoe - Eastshore Drive , a National Scenic Byway .
= = Major intersections = =
Note : Mileposts in Nevada reset at county lines ; the start and end mileposts for each county are given in the county column .
= Tower of London =
The Tower of London , officially Her Majesty 's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London , is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London . It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets , separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill . It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England . The White Tower , which gives the entire castle its name , was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 , and was a resented symbol of oppression , inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite . The castle was used as a prison from 1100 ( Ranulf Flambard ) until 1952 ( Kray twins ) , although that was not its primary purpose . A grand palace early in its history , it served as
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a royal residence . As a whole , the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat . There were several phases of expansion , mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart , Henry III , and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries . The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site .
The Tower of London has played a prominent role in English history . It was besieged several times , and controlling it has been important to controlling the country . The Tower has served variously as an armoury , a treasury , a menagerie , the home of the Royal Mint , a public records office , and the home of the Crown Jewels of England . From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II , a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch . In the absence of the monarch , the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle . This was a powerful and trusted position in the medieval period . In the late 15th century the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower . Under the Tudors , the Tower became used less as a royal residence , and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery .
The peak period of the castle 's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries , when many figures who had fallen into disgrace , such as Elizabeth I before she became queen , Sir Walter Raleigh , and Elizabeth Throckmorton were held within its walls . This use has led to the phrase " sent to the Tower " . Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death , popularised by 16th @-@ century religious propagandists and 19th @-@ century writers , only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century . Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle , with 112 occurring there over a 400 @-@ year period . In the latter half of the 19th century , institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations , leaving many buildings empty . Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance , clearing out many of the vacant post @-@ medieval structures . In the First and Second World Wars , the Tower was again used as a prison , and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage . After the Second World War , damage caused during the Blitz was repaired , and the castle reopened to the public . Today the Tower of London is one of the country 's most popular tourist attractions . Under the ceremonial charge of the Constable of the Tower , it is cared for by the charity Historic Royal Palaces and is protected as a World Heritage Site .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Layout = = =
The Tower was oriented with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London , which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate . It would have visually dominated the surrounding area and stood out to traffic on the River Thames . The castle is made up of three " wards " , or enclosures . The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle . Encircling it to the north , east , and west is the inner ward , built during the reign of Richard the Lionheart ( 1189 – 1199 ) . Finally , there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I. Although there were several phases of expansion after William the Conqueror founded the Tower of London , the general layout has remained the same since Edward I completed his rebuild in 1285 . The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres ( 4 @.@ 9 hectares ) with a further 6 acres ( 2 @.@ 4 ha ) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties – land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons . The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear . Despite popular fiction , the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber , although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods . Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II ( 1377 – 1399 ) .
= = = White Tower = = =
The White Tower is a keep ( also known as a donjon ) , which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle , and contained lodgings suitable for the lord – in this case the king or his representative . According to military historian Allen Brown , " The great tower [ White Tower ] was also , by virtue of its strength , majesty and lordly accommodation , the donjon par excellence " . As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world , the White Tower has been described as " the most complete eleventh @-@ century palace in Europe " .
The White Tower , not including its projecting corner towers , measures 36 by 32 metres ( 118 by 105 ft ) at the base , and is 27 m ( 90 ft ) high at the southern battlements . The structure was originally three storeys high , comprising a basement floor , an entrance level , and an upper floor . The entrance , as is usual in Norman keeps , was above ground , in this case on the south face , and accessed via a wooden staircase which could be removed in the event of an attack . It was probably during Henry II 's reign ( 1154 – 1189 ) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance , but it has not survived . Each floor was divided into three chambers , the largest in the west , a smaller room in the north @-@ east , and the chapel taking up the entrance and upper floors of the south @-@ east . At the western corners of the building are square towers , while to the north @-@ east a round tower houses a spiral staircase . At the south @-@ east corner there is a larger semi @-@ circular projection which accommodates the apse of the chapel . As the building was intended to be a comfortable residence as well as a stronghold , latrines were built into the walls , and four fireplaces provided warmth .
The main building material is Kentish rag @-@ stone , although some local mudstone was also used . Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower 's facing , although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries . As most of the Tower 's windows were enlarged in the 18th century , only two original – albeit restored – examples remain , in the south wall at the gallery level .
The tower was terraced into the side of a mound , so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level . As was typical of most keeps , the bottom floor was an undercroft used for storage . One of the rooms contained a well . Although the layout has remained the same since the tower 's construction , the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre @-@ existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts . The basement is lit through small slits .
The entrance floor was probably intended for the use of the Constable of the Tower , Lieutenant of the Tower of London and other important officials . The south entrance was blocked during the 17th century , and not reopened until 1973 . Those heading to the upper floor had to pass through a smaller chamber to the east , also connected to the entrance floor . The crypt of St John 's Chapel occupied the south @-@ east corner and was accessible only from the eastern chamber . There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt ; according to Geoffrey Parnell , Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries , " the windowless form and restricted access , suggest that it was designed as a strong @-@ room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents " .
The upper floor contained a grand hall in the west and residential chamber in the east – both originally open to the roof and surrounded by a gallery built into the wall – and St John 's Chapel in the south @-@ east . The top floor was added in the 15th century , along with the present roof . St John 's Chapel was not part of the White Tower 's original design , as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls . Due to changes in function and design since the tower 's construction , except for the chapel little is left of the original interior . The chapel 's current bare and unadorned appearance is reminiscent of how it would have been in the Norman period . In the 13th century , during Henry III 's reign , the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold @-@ painted cross , and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity .
= = = Innermost ward = = =
The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower , stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames . As was the case at other castles , such as the 11th @-@ century Hen Domen , the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower 's foundation . Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain , although it had happened by the 1170s . The lodgings were renovated and elaborated during the 1220s and 1230s , becoming comparable with other palatial residences such as Windsor Castle . Construction of Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers – located at the corners of the innermost ward 's wall along the river – began around 1220 . They probably served as private residences for the queen and king respectively . The earliest evidence for how the royal chambers were decorated comes from Henry III 's reign : the queen 's chamber was whitewashed , and painted with flowers and imitation stonework . A great hall existed in the south of the ward , between the two towers . It was similar to , although slightly smaller than , that also built by Henry III at Winchester Castle . Near Wakefield Tower was a postern gate which allowed private access to the king 's apartments . The innermost ward was originally surrounded by a protective ditch , which had been filled in by the 1220s . Around this time , a kitchen was built in the ward . Between 1666 and 1676 , the innermost ward was transformed and the palace buildings removed . The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground . The Jewel House was demolished , and the Crown Jewels moved to Martin Tower .
= = = Inner ward = = =
The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart 's reign , when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward , effectively doubling the castle 's size . Henry III created the ward 's east and north walls , and the ward 's dimensions remain to this day . Most of Henry 's work survives , and only two of the nine towers he constructed have been completely rebuilt . Between the Wakefield and Lanthorn Towers , the innermost ward 's wall also serves as a curtain wall for the inner ward . The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse , most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower . The inner ward 's western curtain wall was rebuilt by Edward I. The 13th @-@ century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large @-@ scale use of brick as a building material in Britain , since the 5th @-@ century departure of the Romans . The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall . Anti @-@ clockwise from the south @-@ west corner they are : Bell , Beauchamp , Devereux , Flint , Bowyer , Brick , Martin , Constable , Broad Arrow , Salt , Lanthorn , Wakefield , and the Bloody Tower . While these towers provided positions from which flanking fire could be deployed against a potential enemy , they also contained accommodation . As its name suggests , Bell Tower housed a belfry , its purpose to raise the alarm in the event of an attack . The royal bow @-@ maker , responsible for making longbows , crossbows , catapults , and other siege and hand weapons , had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower . A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night .
As a result of Henry 's expansion , St Peter ad Vincula , a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower , was incorporated into the castle . Henry decorated the chapel by adding glazed windows , and stalls for himself and his queen . It was rebuilt by Edward I at a cost of over £ 300 and again by Henry VIII in 1519 ; the current building dates from this period , although the chapel was refurbished in the 19th century . Immediately west of Wakefield Tower , the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward 's curtain wall , and as a water @-@ gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames . It was a simple structure , protected by a portcullis and gate . The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century , as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower . Between 1339 and 1341 , a gatehouse was built into the curtain wall between Bell and Salt Towers . During the Tudor period , a range of buildings for the storage of munitions was built along the inside of the north inner ward . The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . In 1663 just over £ 4 @,@ 000 was spent building a new storehouse ( now known as the New Armouries ) in the inner ward . Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688 , on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses ; it was destroyed by fire in 1841 . The Waterloo Block , a former barracks in the castellated Gothic Revival style with Domestic Tudor details , was built on the site and remains to this day , housing the Crown Jewels on the ground floor .
= = = Outer ward = = =
A third ward was created during Edward I 's extension to the Tower , as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle . At the same time a bastion known as Legge 's Mount was built at the castle 's north @-@ west corner . Brass Mount , the bastion in the north @-@ east corner , was a later addition . The three rectangular towers along the east wall 15 metres ( 49 ft ) apart were dismantled in 1843 . Although the bastions have often been ascribed to the Tudor period , there is no evidence to support this ; archaeological investigations suggest that Legge 's Mount dates from the reign of Edward I. Blocked battlements ( also known as crenellations ) in the south side of Legge 's Mount are the only surviving medieval battlements at the Tower of London ( the rest are Victorian replacements ) . A new 50 @-@ metre ( 160 ft ) moat was dug beyond the castle 's new limits ; it was originally 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) deeper in the middle than it is today . With the addition of a new curtain wall , the old main entrance to the Tower of London was obscured and made redundant ; a new entrance was created in the south @-@ west corner of the external wall circuit . The complex consisted of an inner and an outer gatehouse and a barbican , which became known as the Lion Tower as it was associated with the animals as part of the Royal Menagerie since at least the 1330s . The Lion Tower itself no longer survives . Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames . In this wall , he built St Thomas 's Tower between 1275 and 1279 ; later known as Traitors ' Gate , it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle 's water @-@ gate . The building is unique in England , and the closest parallel is the now demolished water @-@ gate at the Louvre in Paris . The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River ; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered . There were luxurious lodgings on the first floor . Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower ; its exact location early on is unknown , although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower . By 1560 , the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower . Between 1348 and 1355 , a second water @-@ gate , Cradle Tower , was added east of St Thomas 's Tower for the king 's private use .
= = Foundation and early history = =
Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 , the invading Duke of Normandy , William the Conqueror , spent the rest of the year securing his holdings , by fortifying key positions . He founded several castles along the way , but took a circuitous route toward London ; only when he reached Canterbury did he turn towards England 's largest city . As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops , he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England . A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city 's supply lines and in December 1066 , isolated and intimidated , its leaders yielded London without a fight . Between 1066 and 1087 , William established 36 castles , although references in the Domesday Book indicate that many more were founded by his subordinates . The new ruling elite undertook what has been described as " the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle @-@ building in the whole history of feudal Europe " . They were multi @-@ purpose buildings , serving as fortifications ( used as a base of operations in enemy territory ) , centres of administration , and residences .
William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance , to celebrate his victory and found a castle ; in the words of William 's biographer , William of Poitiers , " certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace . For he [ William ] realised that it was of the first importance to overawe the Londoners " . At the time , London was the largest town in England ; the foundation of Westminster Abbey and the old Palace of Westminster under Edward the Confessor had marked it as a centre of governance , and with a prosperous port it was important for the Normans to establish control over the settlement . The other two castles in London – Baynard 's Castle and Montfichet 's Castle – were established at the same time . The fortification that would later become known as the Tower of London was built onto the south @-@ east corner of the Roman town walls , using them as prefabricated defences , with the River Thames providing additional protection from the south . This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade , and probably had accommodation suitable for William .
Most of the early Norman castles were built from timber , but by the end of the 11th century a few , including the Tower of London , had been renovated or replaced with stone . Work on the White Tower – which gives the whole castle its name – is usually considered to have begun in 1078 , however the exact date is uncertain . William made Gundulf , Bishop of Rochester , responsible for its construction , although it may not have been completed until after William 's death in 1087 . The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England , and was the strongest point of the early castle . It also contained grand accommodation for the king . At the latest , it was probably finished by 1100 when Bishop Ranulf Flambard was imprisoned there . Flambard was loathed by the English for exacting harsh taxes . Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower , he was also the first person to escape from it , using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine . He was held in luxury and permitted servants , but on 2 February 1101 he hosted a banquet for his captors . After plying them with drink , when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber , and out of the Tower . The escape came as such a surprise that one contemporary chronicler accused the bishop of witchcraft .
The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London ; it was probably built from stone and likely replaced the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle , between the Roman wall and the Thames . The Norman Conquest of London manifested itself not only with a new ruling class , but in the way the city was structured . Land was confiscated and redistributed amongst the Normans , who also brought over hundreds of Jews , for financial reasons . The Jews arrived under the direct protection of the Crown , as a result of which Jewish communities were often found close to castles . The Jews used the Tower as a retreat , when threatened by anti @-@ Jewish violence .
The death in 1135 of Henry I left England with a disputed succession ; although the king had persuaded his most powerful barons to swear support for the Empress Matilda , just a few days after Henry 's death Stephen of Blois arrived from France to lay claim to the throne . The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London . The castle , which had not been used as a royal residence for some time , was usually left in the charge of a Constable , a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville . As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position , possession was highly valued . Mandeville exploited this , selling his allegiance to Matilda after Stephen was captured in 1141 at the Battle of Lincoln . Once her support waned , the following year he resold his loyalty to Stephen . Through his role as Constable of the Tower , Mandeville became " the richest and most powerful man in England " . When he tried the same ploy again , this time holding secret talks with Matilda , Stephen had him arrested , forced him to cede control of his castles , and replaced him with one of his most loyal supporters . Until then the position had been hereditary , originally held by Geoffrey de Mandeville ( a friend of William the Conqueror 's and ancestor of the Geoffrey that Stephen and Matilda dealt with ) , but the position 's authority was such that from then on it remained in the hands of an appointee of the monarch . The position was usually given to someone of great importance , who might not always be at the castle due to other duties . Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison , from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty : the Lieutenant of the Tower . Constables also had civic duties relating to the city . Usually they were given control of the city and were responsible for levying taxes , enforcing the law and maintaining order . The creation in 1191 of the position of Lord Mayor of London removed many of the Constable 's civic powers , and at times led to friction between the two .
= = Expansion = =
The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard the Lionheart ( 1189 – 1199 ) . The castle was extended under William Longchamp , Richard 's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade . The Pipe Rolls record £ 2 @,@ 881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190 , from an estimated £ 7 @,@ 000 spent by Richard on castle building in England . According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden , Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames . Longchamp was also Constable of the Tower , and undertook its expansion while preparing for war with Richard 's younger brother , Prince John , who in Richard 's absence arrived in England to try to seize power . As Longchamp 's main fortress , he made the Tower as strong as possible . The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191 , when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history . Longchamp capitulated to John after just three days , deciding he had more to gain from surrender than prolonging the siege .
John succeeded Richard as king in 1199 , but his rule proved unpopular with many of his barons , who in response moved against him . In 1214 , while the king was at Windsor Castle , Robert Fitzwalter led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower . Although under @-@ garrisoned , the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta . The king reneged on his promises of reform , leading to the outbreak of the First Barons ' War . Even after the Magna Carta was signed , Fitzwalter maintained his control of London . During the war , the Tower 's garrison joined forces with the barons . John was deposed in 1216 and the barons offered the English throne to Prince Louis , the eldest son of the French king . However , after John 's death in October 1216 , many began to support the claim of his eldest son , Prince Henry . War continued between the factions supporting Louis and Henry , with Fitzwalter supporting Louis . Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower , both of which held out until it was clear that Henry 's supporters would prevail .
In the 13th century , Kings Henry III ( 1216 – 1272 ) and Edward I ( 1272 – 1307 ) extended the castle , essentially creating it as it stands today . Henry was disconnected from his barons , and a mutual lack of understanding led to unrest and resentment towards his rule . As a result , he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification ; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live . From 1216 to 1227 nearly £ 10 @,@ 000 was spent on the Tower of London ; in this period , only the work at Windsor Castle cost more ( £ 15 @,@ 000 ) . Most of the work was focused on the palatial buildings of the innermost ward . The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower ( from which it derives its name ) began in 1240 .
Beginning around 1238 , the castle was expanded to the east , north , and north @-@ west . The work lasted through the reign of Henry III and into that of Edward I , interrupted occasionally by civil unrest . New creations included a new defensive perimeter , studded with towers , while on the west , north , and east sides , where the wall was not defended by the river , a defensive ditch was dug . The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement , marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle 's defences . The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression , despised by Londoners , and Henry 's building programme was unpopular . So when the gatehouse collapsed in 1240 , the locals celebrated the setback . The expansion caused disruption locally and £ 166 was paid to St Katherine 's Hospital and the prior of Holy Trinity in compensation .
Henry III often held court at the Tower of London , and held parliament there on at least two occasions ( 1236 and 1261 ) when he felt that the barons were becoming dangerously unruly . In 1258 , the discontented barons , led by Simon de Montfort , forced the King to agree to reforms including the holding of regular parliaments . Relinquishing the Tower of London was among the conditions . Henry III resented losing power and sought permission from the pope to break his oath . With the backing of mercenaries , Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261 . While negotiations continued with the barons , the King ensconced himself in the castle , although no army moved to take it . A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again . Henry won a significant victory at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 , allowing him to regain control of the country and the Tower of London . Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious ; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower . Gilbert de Clare , 6th Earl of Hertford , marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle , declaring that custody of the Tower was " not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner , much less of an ecclesiastic " . Despite a large army and siege engines , Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle . The Earl retreated , allowing the King control of the capital , and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry 's reign .
Although he was rarely in London , Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower , costing £ 21 @,@ 000 between 1275 and 1285 , over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III 's reign . Edward I was a seasoned castle builder , and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building . His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe , drawing on Eastern influences . At the Tower of London , Edward filled in the moat dug by Henry III and built a new curtain wall along its line , creating a new enclosure . A new moat was created in front of the new curtain wall . The western part of Henry III 's curtain wall was rebuilt , with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle 's old gatehouse . A new entrance was created , with elaborate defences including two gatehouses and a barbican . In an effort to make the castle self @-@ sufficient , Edward I also added two watermills . Six hundred Jews were imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1278 , charged with coin clipping . Persecution of the country 's Jewish population under Edward began in 1276 and culminated in 1290 when he issued the Edict of Expulsion , forcing the Jews out of the country .
= = Later medieval period = =
During Edward II 's reign ( 1307 – 1327 ) there was relatively little activity at the Tower of London . However , it was during this period that the Privy Wardrobe was founded . The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state 's arms . In 1321 , Margaret de Clare , Baroness Badlesmere became the first woman imprisoned in the Tower of London after she refused Queen Isabella admittance to Leeds Castle and ordered her archers to fire upon Isabella , killing six of the royal escort . Generally reserved for high @-@ ranking inmates , the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country . However it was not necessarily very secure , and throughout its history people bribed the guards to help them escape . In 1322 Roger Mortimer , 1st Earl of March , was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub @-@ Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer 's men inside . They hacked a hole in his cell wall and Mortimer escaped to a waiting boat . He fled to France where he encountered Edward 's Queen . They began an affair and plotted to overthrow the King . One of Mortimer 's first acts on entering England was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there . For three years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself ; in 1330 , Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him in the Tower . Under Edward III 's rule ( 1312 – 1377 ) England experienced renewed success in warfare after his father 's reign had put the realm on the backfoot against the Scots and French . Amongst Edward 's successes were the battles of Crécy and Poitiers where King John II of France was taken prisoner , and the capture of the King David II of Scotland at Neville 's Cross . During this period , the Tower of London held many noble prisoners of war . Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair , and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place . The nobility held captive within its walls were unable to engage in activities such as hunting which were permissible at other royal castles used as prisons , for instance Windsor . Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated .
When Richard II was crowned in 1377 , he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abbey . This tradition began in at least the early 14th century and lasted until 1660 . During the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 the Tower of London was besieged with the King inside . When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler , the rebel leader , a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House . The Archbishop of Canterbury , Simon Sudbury , took refuge in St John 's Chapel , hoping the mob would respect the sanctuary . However , he was taken away and beheaded on Tower Hill . Six years later there was again civil unrest , and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual . When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399 , Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower . He abdicated and was replaced on the throne by Bolingbroke , who became King Henry IV . In the 15th century , there was little building work at the Tower of London , yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge . When supporters of the late Richard II attempted a coup , Henry IV found safety in the Tower of London . During this period , the castle also held many distinguished prisoners . The heir to the Scottish throne , later King James I of Scotland , was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower . The reign of Henry V ( 1413 – 1422 ) renewed England 's fortune in the Hundred Years ' War against France . As a result of Henry 's victories , such as the Battle of Agincourt , many high @-@ status prisoners were held in the Tower of London until they were ransomed .
Much of the latter half of the 15th century was occupied by the Wars of the Roses between the claimants to the throne , the houses of Lancaster and York . The castle was once again besieged in 1460 , this time by a Yorkist force . The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton . With the help of Richard Neville , 16th Earl of Warwick ( nicknamed " the Kingmaker " ) Henry recaptured the throne for a short time in 1470 . However , Edward IV soon regained control and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was probably murdered . During the wars , the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire , and provided with loopholes for cannons and handguns : an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill , although it no longer survives .
Shortly after the death of Edward IV in 1483 , the notorious murder of the Princes in the Tower is traditionally believed to have taken place . The incident is one of the most infamous events associated with the Tower of London . Edward V 's uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester was declared Lord Protector while the prince was too young to rule . Traditional accounts have held that the 12 @-@ year @-@ old Edward was confined to the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard . The Duke of Gloucester was proclaimed King Richard III in July . The princes were last seen in public in June 1483 ; it has traditionally been thought that the most likely reason for their disappearance is that they were murdered late in the summer of 1483 . Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th @-@ century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished ; however , the reputed level at which the bones were found ( 10 ft or 3 m ) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the recently discovered Roman graveyard found 12 ft ( 4 m ) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north . Opposition to Richard escalated until he was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor , who ascended to the throne as Henry VII .
= = Changing use = =
The beginning of the Tudor period marked the start of the decline of the Tower of London 's use as a royal residence . As 16th @-@ century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as " an armouries and house of munition , and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in " . The Yeoman Warders have been the Royal Bodyguard since at least 1509 . During the reign of Henry VIII , the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences . In 1532 , Thomas Cromwell spent £ 3 @,@ 593 on repairs and imported nearly 3 @,@ 000 tons of Caen stone for the work . Even so , this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery . Although the defences were repaired , the palace buildings were left in a state of neglect after Henry 's death . Their condition was so poor that they were virtually uninhabitable . From 1547 onwards , the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful , for instance each of Edward VI , Mary I , and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations .
In the 16th century , the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim , forbidding prison . This had not always been the case . As a royal castle , it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons , however these were usually high @-@ status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people . Contrary to the popular image of the Tower , prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower . As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower – as would have been the case for any castle – there was no purpose @-@ built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed , a " Prison for Soldiers " , was built to the north @-@ west of the White Tower . The Tower 's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th @-@ century religious propagandists and 19th @-@ century romanticists . Although much of the Tower 's reputation is exaggerated , the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle 's zenith as a prison , with many religious and political undesirables locked away . The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture , so it was not often used ; between 1540 and 1640 , the peak of imprisonment at the Tower , there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture . The three most common forms used were the infamous rack , the Scavenger 's daughter , and manacles . The rack was introduced to England in 1447 by the Duke of Exeter , the Constable of the Tower ; consequentially it was also known as the Duke of Exeter 's daughter . One of those tortured at the Tower was Guy Fawkes , who was brought there on 6 November 1605 ; after torture he signed a full confession to the Gunpowder Plot .
Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn . Although the Yeoman Warders were once the Royal Bodyguard , by the 16th and 17th centuries their main duty had become to look after the prisoners . The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the Fleet , where disease was rife . High @-@ status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside ; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family , including his son who was born there in 1605 . Executions were usually carried out on Tower Hill rather than in the Tower of London itself , and 112 people were executed on the hill over 400 years . Before the 20th century , there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green ; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey , this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous . After Lady Jane Grey 's execution on 12 February 1554 , Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth , later Queen Elizabeth I , in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth 's name .
The Office of Ordnance and Armoury Office were founded in the 15th century , taking over the Privy Wardrobe 's duties of looking after the monarch 's arsenal and valuables . As there was no standing army before 1661 , the importance of the royal armoury at the Tower of London was that it provided a professional basis for procuring supplies and equipment in times of war . The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454 , and by 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward . Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents , including money and munitions . London 's Trained Bands , a militia force , were moved into the castle in 1640 . Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built , readying the Tower for war . The preparations were never put to the test . In 1642 , Charles I attempted to arrest five members of parliament . When this failed he fled the city , and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron , the Lieutenant of the Tower . The Trained Bands had switched sides , and now supported Parliament ; together with the London citizenry , they blockaded the Tower . With permission from the King , Byron relinquished control of the Tower . Parliament replaced Byron with a man of their own choosing , Sir John Conyers . By the time the English Civil War broke out in November 1642 , the Tower of London was already in Parliament 's control .
The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was Charles II in 1660 . At the time , the castle 's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation . Under the Stuart kings the Tower 's buildings were remodelled , mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance . Just over £ 4 @,@ 000 was spent in 1663 on building a new storehouse , now known as the New Armouries in the inner ward . In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower 's defences in the style of the trace italienne , however they were never acted on . Although the facilities for the garrison were improved with the addition of the first purpose @-@ built quarters for soldiers ( the " Irish Barracks " ) in 1670 , the general accommodations were still in poor condition .
When the Hanoverian dynasty ascended the throne , their situation was uncertain and with a possible Scottish rebellion in mind , the Tower of London was repaired . Gun platforms added under the Stuarts had decayed . The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45 , and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle " would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege " . For the most part , the 18th @-@ century work on the defences was spasmodic and piecemeal , although a new gateway in the southern curtain wall permitting access from the wharf to the outer ward was added in 1774 . The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it . It was still an integral part of the castle 's defences , so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower , the Duke of Wellington , ordered a large @-@ scale clearance of several feet of silt . However this did not prevent an outbreak of disease in the garrison in 1841 caused by poor water supply , resulting in several deaths . To prevent the festering ditch posing further health problems , it was ordered that the moat should be drained and filled with earth . The work began in 1843 and was mostly complete two years later . The construction of the Waterloo Barracks in the inner ward began in 1845 , when the Duke of Wellington laid the foundation stone . The building could accommodate 1 @,@ 000 men ; at the same time , separate quarters for the officers were built to the north @-@ east of the White Tower . The building is now the headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers . The popularity of the Chartist movement between 1828 and 1858 led to a desire to refortify the Tower of London in the event of civil unrest . It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle . Most of the surviving installations for the use of artillery and firearms date from this period .
During the First World War , eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage . During the Second World War , the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war . One such person was Rudolf Hess , Adolf Hitler 's deputy , albeit just for four days in 1941 . He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle . The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941 . The executions for espionage during the wars took place in a prefabricated miniature rifle range which stood in the outer ward and was demolished in 1969 . The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification . In the event of a German invasion , the Tower , together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses , was to have formed one of three " keeps " or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last @-@ ditch defences of the capital .
= = Restoration and tourism = =
The Tower of London has become established as one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country . It has been a tourist attraction since at least the Elizabethan period , when it was one of the sights of London that foreign visitors wrote about . Its most popular attractions were the Royal Menagerie and displays of armour . The Crown Jewels also garner much interest , and have been on public display since 1669 . The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century , despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors . Numbers became so high that by 1851 a purpose @-@ built ticket office was erected . By the end of the century , over 500 @,@ 000 were visiting the castle every year .
Over the 18th and 19th centuries , the palatial buildings were slowly adapted for other uses and demolished . Only the Wakefield and St Thomas 's Towers survived . The 18th century marked an increasing interest in England 's medieval past . One of the effects was the emergence of Gothic Revival architecture . In the Tower 's architecture , this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower . It featured elements of Gothic Revival architecture such as battlements . Other buildings were remodelled to match the style and the Waterloo Barracks were described as " castellated Gothic of the 15th century " . Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites ; many of the post @-@ medieval structures left vacant were demolished . In 1855 , the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office , which was gradually phased out of the castle . At the same time , there was greater interest in the history of the Tower of London .
Public interest was partly fuelled by contemporary writers , of whom the work of William Harrison Ainsworth was particularly influential . In The Tower of London : A Historical Romance he created a vivid image of underground torture chambers and devices for extracting confessions that stuck in the public imagination . Harrison also played another role in the Tower 's history , as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th- and 17th @-@ century prisoners . Working on the suggestion , Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert . Salvin was succeeded in the work by John Taylor . When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it ; as a result , several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post @-@ medieval internal decoration removed .
Although only one bomb fell on the Tower of London in the First World War ( it landed harmlessly in the moat ) , the Second World War left a greater mark . On 23 September 1940 , during the Blitz , high @-@ explosive bombs damaged the castle , destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower . After the war , the damage was repaired and the Tower of London was reopened to the public .
In 1974 , there was a bomb explosion in the Mortar Room in the White Tower , leaving one person dead and 35 injured . No one claimed responsibility for the blast , but the police investigated suspicions that the IRA was behind it .
In the 21st century , tourism is the Tower 's primary role , the remaining routine military activities , under the Royal Logistic Corps , having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle . However , the Tower is still home to the ceremonial regimental headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers , and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor , the Royal Fusiliers . Also , a detachment of the unit providing the Queen 's Guard at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower , and with the Yeomen Warders , takes part in the Ceremony of the Keys each day . On several occasions through the year gun salutes are fired from the Tower by the Honourable Artillery Company , these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions , and 41 on other occasions .
Since 1990 , the Tower of London has been cared for by an independent charity , Historic Royal Palaces , which receives no funding from the Government or the Crown . In 1988 , the Tower of London was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites , in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site . However , recent developments , such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby , have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations ' Heritage in Danger List . The remains of the medieval palace have been open to the public since 2006 . Visitors can explore the chambers restored to their former glory , once used by past kings and queens . Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower , the responsibility of day @-@ to @-@ day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor . At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times , in accordance with the belief that if they are absent , the kingdom will fall . They are under the care of the Yeomen Warders . The earliest known reference to a Tower raven is a picture from 1883 . As well as having ceremonial duties , the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower . Just over 2 @.@ 7 million people visited the Tower of London in 2015 .
= = Crown Jewels = =
The tradition of housing the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London probably dates from the reign of Henry III ( 1216 – 1272 ) . The Jewel House was built specifically to house the royal regalia , including jewels , plate , and symbols of royalty such as the crown , sceptre , and sword . When money needed to be raised , the treasure could be pawned by the monarch . The treasure allowed the monarch independence from the aristocracy , and consequently was closely guarded . A new position for " keeper of the jewels , armouries and other things " was created , which was well rewarded ; in the reign of Edward III ( 1312 – 1377 ) the holder was paid 12d a day . The position grew to include other duties including purchasing royal jewels , gold , and silver , and appointing royal goldsmiths and jewellers . In 1649 , during the English Civil War , the contents of the Jewel House were disposed of along with other royal properties . Metal items were sent to the Mint to be melted down and re @-@ used , and the crowns were " totallie broken and defaced " . When the monarchy was restored in 1660 , the only surviving items of the coronation regalia were a 12th @-@ century spoon and three ceremonial swords . The rest of the Crown Jewels had to be recreated . In 1669 , the Jewel House was demolished and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower where they could be viewed by the paying public . This was exploited two years later when Colonel Thomas Blood attempted to steal them . Blood and his accomplices bound and gagged the Jewel House keeper . Although they laid their hands on the Imperial State Crown , Sceptre and Orb , they were foiled when the keeper 's son turned up unexpectedly and raised the alarm . The Crown Jewels are on display in the Jewel House in the Waterloo Block .
= = Menagerie = =
The Royal Menagerie is first referenced during the reign of Henry III . In 1251 , the sheriffs were ordered to pay fourpence a day towards the upkeep for the King 's polar bear , probably a gift from Haakon IV of Norway ; the bear attracted a great deal of attention from Londoners when it went fishing in the Thames . In 1254 , the sheriffs were ordered to subsidise the construction of an elephant house at the Tower . The exact location of the medieval menagerie is unknown , although the lions were kept in the barbican known as Lion Tower . The royal collection was swelled by diplomatic gifts including three leopards from Frederick III , the Holy Roman Emperor . By the 18th century , the menagerie was open to the public ; admission cost three half @-@ pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lions . In 1828 there were over 280 animals representing at least 60 species The last of the animals left in 1835 , relocated to Regent 's Park , after one of the lions was accused of biting a soldier . The Keeper of the Royal Menagerie was entitled to use the Lion Tower as a house for life . Consequently , even though the animals had long since left the building , the Lion Tower was not demolished until the last keeper 's death in 1853 .
During 2011 an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by Kendra Haste .
= = Ghosts = =
Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII ; her ghost supposedly haunts the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula , where she is buried , and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm . This haunting is commemorated in the 1934 comic song " With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm " . Other reported ghosts include Henry VI , Lady Jane Grey , Margaret Pole , and the Princes in the Tower . In January 1816 , a sentry on guard outside the Jewel House claimed to have witnessed an apparition of a bear advancing towards him , and reportedly died of fright a few days later . In October 1817 , a tubular , glowing apparition was claimed to have been seen in the Jewel House by the Keeper of the Crown Jewels , Edmund Lenthal Swifte . He said that the apparition hovered over the shoulder of his wife , leading her to exclaim : " Oh , Christ ! It has seized me ! " Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported , more recently , by night staff at the Tower .
= Melville Island ( Nova Scotia ) =
Melville Island is a small peninsula in Nova Scotia , Canada , located in the Northwest Arm of Halifax Harbour , west of Deadman 's Island . It is part of the Halifax Regional Municipality . The land is rocky , with thin , acidic soil , but supports a limited woodland habitat .
The site was discovered by Europeans in the 17th century , though it was likely earlier explored by aboriginals . It was initially used for storehouses before being purchased by the British , who built a prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camp to hold captives from the Napoleonic Wars and later the War of 1812 . The burial ground for prisoners was on the adjacent Deadman 's Island .
Later , Melville Island was used as a receiving depot for black refugees escaping slavery in the United States , then as a quarantine hospital for immigrants arriving from Europe ( particularly Ireland ) . It briefly served as a recruitment centre for the British Foreign Legion during the Crimean War , and was then sold to the British for use as a military prison . In 1907 the land was granted to the Canadian government , which used it to detain German and Austro @-@ Hungarian nationals during the First World War . During the Second World War , prisoners were sent to McNabs Island instead , and ammunition depots were kept on Melville Island .
The peninsula now houses the clubhouse and marina of the Armdale Yacht Club . Melville Island has been the subject of a number of cultural works , most of which concern its use as a prison .
= = Geography = =
Melville Island is part of the Halifax Regional Municipality , on the southeast coast of Nova Scotia . The peninsula lies on the eastern boundary of Melville Cove in the Northwest Arm , an inlet between the Halifax Peninsula and Mainland Halifax . It has a total area of approximately 2 @,@ 000 square metres ( 22 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . Melville Island is 200 metres ( 660 ft ) west of Deadman 's Island , and southeast of Regatta Point . The peninsula lies on a fracture zone trending northwest – southeast , and is located at the border between the Halifax Slate Formation and a granite @-@ based formation . There is evidence of glacial scouring in the area . The surrounding seabed ranges from gravel to muddy gravel , and the shore is rocky .
The water surrounding Melville Island is salty and ranges from 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in summer to partially or completely frozen in winter . The water is polluted by sewage discharges from Halifax and is considered heavily contaminated . Water colour ranges from olive brown to greenish black , with little current . The water depth around Melville Island is 4 @.@ 5 to 10 @.@ 5 metres ( 15
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NME 's " Best Song of 2005 " award .
However , on the last Oasis albums , his increasing role as lead singer , apparently to compensate for his diminished role as songwriter , caused some tension with Liam .
Zak Starkey , son of former Beatles drummer Ringo Starr and previous drummer for Gallagher 's heroes The Who and Johnny Marr , replaced long @-@ time drummer Alan White during the recording sessions for Don 't Believe the Truth . The loss of White prompted Gallagher to comment in a 2005 interview , that he puts Oasis ' trouble with drummers , in part , to the fact that he is himself a talented drummer , saying " I get a lot of stick for it , but I 'm the best drummer in the group . "
= = Controversy = =
Gallagher is well known for his controversial , outspoken statements in the press ; he acknowledged his tendency for faux pas in the song " My Big Mouth " on the album Be Here Now . Yet Gallagher has defended himself , saying " people think [ I 'm ] controversial for the answers [ I ] give to silly questions in interviews , but ... I 'm not thinking about insulting ... people ; I say what I genuinely feel is in my heart . My conscience is clean , d 'you know what I mean ? Y 'know , I 'm true to myself — fuck everybody else . "
= = = Damon Albarn and Blur = = =
The most infamous of Gallagher 's controversial statements was in a 1995 interview with The Observer , where he expressed a wish for Damon Albarn and Alex James of rivals Blur to " catch AIDS and die " , a comment which he quickly apologised publicly for , and stated that " AIDS is no laughing matter " . This statement was preceded by the success of ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? , which led to a well @-@ documented feud with fellow Britpop band Blur . The differing styles of the bands , coupled with their prominence within the Britpop movement , led the British media to seize upon the rivalry between the bands . Both factions played along , with the Gallaghers taunting Blur at the 1996 BRIT Awards by singing a rendition of " Parklife " when they collected their " Best British Band " award ( with Liam changing the lyrics to " Shite @-@ life " ) .
Gallagher maintains that the rivalry was conceived by the magazine NME and members of Blur 's entourage as a ploy to raise their respective profiles , and that since this point he has had no respect for either party . However , Albarn has suggested the roots of the feud were much more personal . By 2007 , the tension between the two had cooled , and in an NME interview , Gallagher said " I 've got a lot of respect for Damon , I really do mean it . Because I 'm indifferent to Damon he thinks that I think he 's a cunt . Our Liam will talk to him , I won 't because he 's just another singer in a band to me , but I don 't think he 's a cunt . Good luck to him ! " On 23 March 2013 , Gallagher , Damon , Graham Coxon and Paul Weller performed the Blur hit " Tender " at the Teenage Cancer Trust .
= = = Liam Gallagher = = =
The Gallagher brothers famously share a turbulent relationship ; one of their arguments was even released on a 1995 bootleg single entitled Wibbling Rivalry . Although in recent years their relationship had stabilised , during the band 's early career there were a handful of incidents where the two have actually come to blows . In an L.A. show during their first American tour in 1994 , Liam took to changing the words of the songs so that they were offensive to both Americans and Gallagher . A confrontation after the show which led to a chair being thrown and a brawl caused him to leave the tour and head for Las Vegas ; Gallagher later claimed he had " visions of Fear and Loathing flashing in [ his ] eyes " . During recording sessions for the second Oasis album , ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? , the brothers had a violent fight involving a cricket bat , when Liam invited everyone from a local pub back into the studio while he was trying to work . In 1995 , Noel was obliged to sing " Wonderwall " on Later ... with Jools Holland when Liam failed to turn up .
In 1996 , he provided lead vocals at a performance for MTV Unplugged when Liam backed out minutes before the set was due to start . Liam claimed to have been struck down with a " sore throat " ; the band later found out that Liam did not like performing acoustically . Gallagher was further angered when Liam proceeded to heckle him from the balcony and nurse his " sore throat " with beer and cigarettes while the band performed . Just before the band were about to board a plane to the United States for their important make @-@ or @-@ break US tour , Liam left the airport , claiming he had to find a house for his then @-@ wife Patsy Kensit . He later joined the band for their last few gigs and the infamous MTV Awards performance ; the remaining dates were scrapped . The band 's future was daily tabloid news .
While on tour in Barcelona in 2000 , Oasis were forced to cancel a gig when Alan White 's arm seized up , and the band spent the night drinking instead . Liam made a derogatory comment about Gallagher 's then @-@ wife Meg Mathews , and attempted to cast doubt over the legitimacy of his daughter Anais , causing Gallagher to head @-@ butt Liam . Following this , he declared he was quitting overseas touring , but returned for an Oasis gig in Dublin on 8 July 2000 . During the performance , the two brothers shook hands at the end of " Acquiesce " .
However , the relationship between the two brothers had become strained throughout 2009 , leading eventually to a last @-@ minute cancellation of an Oasis concert scheduled to take place on 28 August 2009 in Paris , due to an " altercation within the group . " Later that evening , Gallagher confirmed he had left Oasis as he " simply could not go on working with Liam a day longer . " Through the Oasis website , he said " It 's with some sadness and great relief to tell you that I quit Oasis tonight " . On 29 August , Gallagher expanded further on his blog , stating " the level of verbal and violent intimidation towards me , my family , friends and comrades has become intolerable . And the lack of support and understanding from my management and band mates has left me with no other option than to get me cape and seek pastures new . "
When asked in 2012 about his brother and an Oasis reunion Gallagher said " I last texted Liam at Christmas after the City match . I don 't think it 's gonna happen . It would be great for everyone else except me . It 'd be mega for the millions and millions and everybody else it would be brilliant but I wouldn 't be very happy about it . I guess you don 't know what you 're gonna feel like in 20 @-@ odd years but right now , I mean I was in Oasis for nearly 20 years . I 've been doing this what I 'm doing now for one year and I 'd like to see what it 's like to do it for longer . I don 't think anyone is pushing for a reunion either . Nobody ever brings it up in any seriousness – I mean Liam does publicly but he says a lot of things publicly . I wouldn 't take anything he says seriously " . After their performance of Wonderwall at the London Olympics Closing Ceremony ( which Gallagher had originally turned down ) , he referred to Liam 's band Beady Eye as ' Stratford 's finest Oasis tribute band ' .
= = = Jay @-@ Z and Glastonbury = = =
Gallagher reportedly blasted the organisers of the 2008 Glastonbury Festival for scheduling US hip @-@ hop artist Jay @-@ Z as a headliner for the traditionally guitar @-@ driven festival : " If it ain 't broke don 't fix it . If you start to break it then people aren 't going to go . I 'm sorry , but Jay @-@ Z ? No chance . Glastonbury has a tradition of guitar music and even when they throw the odd curve ball in on a Sunday night you go ' Kylie Minogue ? ' I don 't know about it . But I 'm not having hip @-@ hop at Glastonbury . It 's wrong . "
Emily Eavis , the organiser of the festival , said she was honoured Jay @-@ Z was headlining the event saying : " He is absolutely the right act for our festival , " she said . " There is no reason why we should not have the greatest living hip @-@ hop artist on at Glastonbury . " Eavis also cited that Jay @-@ Z was far from the first hip @-@ hop artist to appear at Glastonbury. the Roots , Cypress Hill , and De La Soul had all previously performed at the Glastonbury Festival .
In response , Jay @-@ Z said , " We don 't play guitars , Noel , but hip @-@ hop has put in its work like any other form of music . This headline show is just a natural progression . Rap music is still evolving . From Afrika Bambaataa DJ @-@ ing in the Bronx and Run DMC going platinum , to Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince winning the first rap Grammy , I 'm just next in the line . We have to respect each other 's genre of music and move forward . "
Jay @-@ Z opened his set at Glastonbury 2008 with a cover of Oasis ' song " Wonderwall " . When Gallagher was asked about the incident he replied , " The way it 's played itself out is that I said Jay @-@ Z had no right to play Glastonbury , which is a crock of horseshit . I got off a plane and someone asked me about the fact that Glastonbury hadn 't sold out for the first time in years , and if it was because of Jay @-@ Z. From there it grew into this crap that I was standing on an orange crate at Speakers ' Corner saying , ' Gather round , brothers and sisters . Have you heard what 's happening at Glastonbury this year ? ' I have a certain turn of phrase . So if I say , " Chicken sandwiches in McDonald 's are just plain fucking wrong , " it doesn 't mean I 'm attacking all chickens or all sandwiches . I 've hung out with Jay @-@ Z in Tokyo . I 've seen his show . It 's not my bag , but it 's all right . We have a mutual friend in Chris Martin . So I am a guy who doesn 't like hip @-@ hop — shock , horror . I don 't dislike rappers or hip @-@ hop or people who like it . I went to the Def Jam tour in Manchester in the ' 80s when rap was inspirational . Public Enemy were awesome . But it 's all about status and bling now , and it doesn 't say anything to me . " When Jay @-@ Z was asked about Gallagher 's comments he said " I haven 't spoken to him [ Gallagher ] , I heard he was reaching out . I don 't bear any grudge , it 's all good . I just believe in good music and bad music , I 've always said that . You look at any interview from the beginning of time , I 've always stated that I don 't believe in the lines and classifications that people put music in so they can easily define it " . When asked who he would be interested in collaborating with in the future , the rapper said , " Anyone . Oasis as well – it doesn 't matter to me . "
= = = Political views = = =
Gallagher has spoken about his political views on several occasions , most notably when he visited Tony Blair at No. 10 Downing Street in 1997 . In an interview in 1997 when he was asked about why he visited Blair he replied , " I 've taken a lot of flack for going to No. 10 Downing Street but the thing about that is , I never considered myself a rebel anyway . I wasn 't going there representing the ' Indie community ' . I wasn 't representing anyone . I was going there for me . You have to understand that from when I went to school and from when I was born all we ever knew was conservative , Tory , right @-@ wing government . What people don 't mention is , they say ' He went to meet Tony Blair . ' No . I went to meet the Labour prime minister . Our parents always drummed into us that the Labour Party was for the people and the Tory Party was not . I went to meet the Labour prime minister . "
Gallagher has been quoted : " Politics is like football for me . Labour is my team and even if you don ’ t like a striker you don ’ t give up supporting the team . " Prior to the 2005 general election , Gallagher stated that he was still supporting the Labour government partly because of his concern that " Phil Collins is threatening to come back and live here . And let 's face it , none of us want that " .
In an interview in 2007 when asked about politics he said , " I 'd been unemployed all my life . It was a big deal for me when they ( Labour ) got in . Now David Cameron is no different from Tony Blair and Gordon Brown is no different from David Cameron . They 're all cut from the same cloth and it annoys me that the biggest political icon in the last 30 years has been Margaret Thatcher . Someone who tried to destroy the working class . It freaks me out . So I don 't really think there 's anything left to vote for . I believe that I , as a person , can only change things once every 5 years and that 's by voting , and my point is that even casting that vote means that the same guy gets in , the only difference is one has a red tie and the other has a blue one . "
Gallagher was passionate in his support for Barack Obama 's successful bid for US President , calling his acceptance speech to the 2008 Democratic National Convention " spellbinding " .
In 1997 , he played a 5 song set at the Tibetan Freedom Concert in New York City . As a result , Oasis were deemed " unsuitable " by the Chinese government , forcing a planned tour of the country in 2009 to be cancelled .
Gallagher has also been very vocal about knife crime . In 2008 he was quoted : " The scumbags are taking over the streets . I don 't know what David Cameron and Gordon Brown are going to do about it . It all goes back to the Thatcher years . It sounds like a cliché but that 's when the rot set in . " When the interviewer suggested it was for status he replied , " In my day status was about trying to be somebody , not trying to kill somebody , so how 's that all changed ? "
In October 2011 , Gallagher told Newsnight he believed the then Labour leader Ed Miliband was " utterly uninspiring and dull " , and said he had no idea what he stood for .
Speaking out about the August 2011 riots that took place in England , Gallagher stated , " Last August I was on tour in Europe and people were asking me about the riots . All over the world , Syria and Egypt , people were rioting for freedom . And these kids in England are rioting for tracksuits . It 's embarrassing . " Gallagher claimed that violent video games and violent television shows which children were being exposed to were partially to blame for social problems .
In February 2012 , he implied that the UK under the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher was a more fertile ground for dissent in the arts : " Under Thatcher , who ruled us with an iron rod , great art was made . Amazing designers and musicians . Acid house was born . Very colourful and progressive . Now , no one 's got anything to say . ' Write a song ? No thanks , I 'll say it on Twitter ' . It 's a sad state when more people retweet than buy records . "
In a February 2015 interview with The Quietus , Gallagher elaborated on his disillusion with current politicians and how they 'll do anything to say they 're just regular people :
And now the Conservatives are just ... I mean [ ... ] David Cameron , he 's trying to be your mate . " Oh , I really like The Jam . "
Gallagher then went on to say that Thatcher was brutal but more direct , and " You can kind of respect that "
In 2016 , Gallagher stated that while he remained left @-@ wing , he opposed Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn , deeming him to be a communist . He said that " The Tories don 't care about the vulnerable , and the communists don 't care about the aspirational " .
= = Musical equipment = =
Throughout his career , Gallagher has used a wide range of different guitars , effect pedals and amplifiers from his large collection . Most of it emerged from the Standing on the Shoulder of Giants sessions , where he decided to drop the equipment used in the three previous albums and instead buy " loads of really weird pedals , old guitars , and small amps " , as the lack of deadline to deliver the album allowed Gallagher to " take quite a few days just messing around . "
= = = Guitars = = =
Electric guitars
Epiphone Les Paul – Gallagher played a cherry sunburst model in the early years of Oasis .
Gibson Les Paul
Fender Telecaster – Gallagher uses several , one of which , a ' 60s model , was given to Noel by Johnny Depp as a birthday present .
Epiphone Casino
Gibson ES @-@ 355 Vintage Model – Since 2001 , this has become Gallagher 's main stage guitar .
= = = Effect pedals = = =
In the early days of Oasis , Gallagher did not use pedals : " I used to just turn up the amps as full as I could get them " . Since then , he has begun using a large number of effects , but singled out the Ibanez Tube Screamer .
= = = Amplification = = =
Gallagher has said that he used only 100 @-@ watt Marshalls early in his career . After Definitely Maybe , he began using smaller amps , singling out Fenders ( Princeton and Bandmaster ) , and also a combo made by Clark Amplification , which builds amplifiers based on vintage Fender and Marshall amps .
= = Discography = =
= = = Albums = = =
2009 : The Dreams We Have as Children – Live at the Royal Albert Hall
2011 : Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds
2015 : Chasing Yesterday
Also featured on :
1995 : Stanley Road by Paul Weller , acoustic guitar on " I Walk on Gilded Splinters "
1997 : Dig Your Own Hole by the Chemical Brothers , vocals on " Setting Sun "
1998 : Saturnz Return by Goldie , guitar on " Temper Temper "
1998 : The X @-@ Files : The Album , the track " Teotihuacan "
1998 : More Than Us E.P. by Travis , the track " All I Want To Do Is Rock ( Live Version ) "
1999 : Surrender by the Chemical Brothers , vocals on " Let Forever Be "
2000 : Tailgunner by Tailgunner , drums
2000 : The Same Old Blues by Proud Mary , production , plus additional vocals , guitars , bass and percussion
2002 : Illumination by Paul Weller , drums , percussion & bass on " One X One "
2003 : Live at the Royal Albert Hall by the Who , guitar , backing vocals on " Won 't Get Fooled Again "
2004 : Solarized by Ian Brown : collaboration on the song " Keep What Ya Got " .
2004 : All Years Leaving by the Stands , guitar on " Some Weekend Night "
2008 : 22 Dreams by Paul Weller , bass , piano , mellotron and wurlitzer on " Echoes Round The Sun "
2011 : Colour of the Trap by Miles Kane , backing vocals on " My Fantasy "
2015 : A Head Full Of Dreams by Coldplay , guitar on " Up & Up "
= = = High Flying Birds = = =
= = = Other charted songs = = =
= = = As featured artist = = =
= = = Other = = =
2004 : " Free Love , Freeway " – Ricky Gervais ft . Noel Gallagher ; credited as ' a special guest ' on backing vocals for the ' Office Christmas Special DVD ' , on which the video of the recording session featuring Noel & Ricky is available
2011 : Well ... All Right ! – compilation album compiled by Gallagher , released covermount into Mojo magazine
= Michael Novogratz =
Michael Edward " Mike " Novogratz ( sometimes Novo , born November 26 , 1964 ) is an ex @-@ hedge fund manager , formerly of the investment firm Fortress Investment Group . He was ranked a billionaire by Forbes in 2007 and 2008 .
Prior to joining Fortress , he was a partner at Goldman Sachs where he spent lots of time working abroad including leadership roles in Asia and Latin America . Novogratz is a 1987 graduate of Princeton University , where he was a member of the wrestling team . He was a Virginia state runner @-@ up in high school wrestling . He served in the U.S. Army National Guard after college . His siblings include Jacqueline Novogratz and Robert Novogratz .
= = Early life and family = =
Raised in Alexandria , Virginia , Novogratz is the son of West Point football lineman and 1958 Knute Rockne Award ( best lineman ) winner Robert , Sr. He attended Fort Hunt High School . Novogratz was state of Virginia high school wrestling runner @-@ up before serving as Princeton Wrestling captain . Novogratz was first team All @-@ Ivy League in both 1986 ( 150 @-@ pound ( 68 @.@ 0 kg ) ) and 1987 ( 158 @-@ pound ( 71 @.@ 7 kg ) ) . He qualified for the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) wrestling championships in both 1986 and 1987 ( both at 150 @-@ pound ( 68 @.@ 0 kg ) ) . Novogratz earned his A.B. in economics . At the NCAA wrestling championships , he made it to the round of 12 .
His sister Jacqueline Novogratz is founder and CEO of Acumen Fund , while his brother Robert Novogratz is a designer who has been profiled in the Bravo television series 9 by Design . Another brother John Novogratz is a senior managing partner at Millenium Partners .
= = Career = =
After a stint in the New Jersey National Guard that included service as a helicopter pilot , Novogratz began his career with Goldman Sachs in 1989 . On April 1 , 1989 , he joined the firm as a short @-@ term bond ( money market ) salesman . Novogratz lived in Asia from 1992 to 1999 . He took a salesman position for Goldman in Tokyo in 1992 , and eventually Jon Corzine sent him to Hong Kong to run a trading desk for the firm . He was elected partner at Goldman in 1998 . Among the positions that he held at Goldman were president of Goldman Sachs Latin America and the head of fixed income , currencies and commodities risk in Asia .
In March 2002 , Novogratz joined Fortress Investments in time to join Wesley Edens , Robert Kauffman , Randal Nardone and Peter Briger , Jr. in taking the company public through its February 9 , 2007 , initial public offering . During the IPO , the company sold an 8 % share to the public for $ 600 million . Before assuming his current roles at Fortress as principal and director of Fortress Credit Corporation in 2006 , he served as Co @-@ Chief Information Officer of Macro Funds at Fortress Investment Group LLC . Although Fortress ' domain includes both hedge funds and makes private @-@ equity investments , Novogratz and his fellow Princetonian Briger run the hedge funds . Although the stock price had escalated to $ 35 at its IPO , by December 3 , 2008 , it dipped to as low as $ 1 @.@ 87 after withdrawals from Novogratz ' Drawbridge Global Macro fund were shut off .
New York Governor David Paterson appointed Novogratz to sit on the Hudson River Park Trust 's board of directors in 2010 . He serves as a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 's Investment Advisory Committee on Financial Markets . Novogratz is the chairman and founder of Beat the Streets , a non @-@ profit organization which fosters the sport of wrestling in New York City public schools . He also serves on the board of the Acumen Fund , NYU Langone Medical Center , Princeton Varsity Club , Boards of Creative Alternatives of New York , PAX , the School for Strings , and The Jazz Foundation of America . He founded and serves as the chairman of the board of the School for Strings . He is also the honorary chairman of USA Wrestling Foundation and the chairman of The Friends of the Hudson River Park . In October 2015 , Novogratz retired from Fortress Investments .
= = Personal = =
In 2006 , he bought Robert De Niro 's $ 12 @.@ 25 million duplex in Manhattan 's Tribeca neighborhood . When he moved into De Niro 's former residence , Mickey Rourke moved into Novogratz ' former Meatpacking district residence . He was college roommates with Richard Tavoso , head of global arbitrage and trading at RBC Capital Markets . He and his wife Dora " Sukey " Caceres have four children . They also own a home in Amagansett .
He has been a booster for the U.S. National Wrestling Team and an official spokesman for USA Wrestling . He was named the 2010 USA Wrestling Man of the Year and an Outstanding American by the National Wrestling Hall of Fame in 2007 . When the International Olympic Committee cut Olympic Wrestling from the 2020 Summer Games , he campaigned for the sport 's return .
Following the February IPO , which also brought Edens , Kauffman , Nardone and Briger billionaire status , Novogratz ranked # 407 in the March 2007 Forbes list of world billionaires with a net worth of $ 2 @.@ 3 billion , including his 66 @.@ 6 million shares of Fortress Investments . In September 2007 , Novogratz was listed at # 317 on the Forbes 400 with a net worth of 1 @.@ 5 billion dollars . He was ranked 962 on the March 2008 Forbes list of world billionaires with a net worth of $ 1 @.@ 2 billion . The same year , he became a member of Kappa Beta Phi . By 2012 , after the decline of Fortress ' stock price , his net worth had shrunk to $ 500 million . He supports Democratic political interests .
= Louis Nolan =
Louis Edward Nolan ( 4 January 1818 – 25 October 1854 ) was a British Army officer and cavalry tactician best known for his role and death in the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War . Born to a minor diplomatic official and his wife , Nolan was educated at the Austrian Inhaber Pioneer School at Tulln , where he was noted as an enthusiastic horseman and military theorist . After early graduation he was commissioned as a subaltern in the 10th Austrian Hussar regiment , serving in Austria , Hungary and on the Polish frontier , where he again became known for his horsemanship and was promoted to senior lieutenant . Due to the nepotism inherent in the Austro @-@ Hungarian armed forces , Nolan succeeded in transferring to the British Army as a Cornet in the 15th Light Dragoons .
Deployed in India , Nolan was eventually made the regimental riding master and an aide @-@ de @-@ camp to General George Berkeley , commander @-@ in @-@ chief in Madras , accompanying him on horse trials to evaluate the use of geldings as cavalry mounts rather than stallions , and was made a Captain in 1850 . Returning to Great Britain in 1851 , he toured continental Europe and wrote two books on horsemanship and cavalry theory , the second of which , Cavalry : Its History and Tactics , was universally acclaimed and led to the adoption of a Nolan @-@ designed saddle by the British Army . A trusted voice on cavalry matters , Nolan was dispatched to the Middle East in the early days of the Crimean War to hunt for appropriate mounts . After returning he was attached to the staff of General Richard Airey , and in this role delivered the order that led to the Charge of the Light Brigade .
40 percent of the Light Brigade 's soldiers were killed , wounded , captured or rendered unfit for service , including Nolan , who was the first casualty of the Charge . Contemporary accounts blamed Nolan for failing to properly communicate the order , either accidentally or deliberately , while some modern historians apportion the blame to not only Nolan but also Lord Raglan , commander of the British forces in the Crimea , and the cavalry commander Lord Lucan .
= = Early life and education = =
Nolan was born on 4 January 1818 to Babington and Elizabeth Nolan , in York County , Upper Canada . Following his father 's dismissal from his minor diplomatic post at the British consulate in Milan , Nolan was accepted into the Austrian Inhaber Pioneer School at Tulln , where he was known as Ludwig by his fellow cadets . His father 's desire to see him given a chance to enter a prestigious branch of the armed forces meant that Nolan was regularly transferred to other cadet schools to learn more about the military . Enthusiastic about the cavalry , he was noted as an excellent horseman and student of military theory , as well as history . With the multi @-@ lingual nature of Austro @-@ Hungary , he also studied languages , including Hungarian . Other subjects studied there included fortification , water engineering , mathematics , fencing , swimming and bridge @-@ building . Nolan graduated from the Pioneer School a year early in May 1835 , probably following a recommendation from Prince Liechtenstein , and was made a subaltern in the 10th Austrian Hussar regiment .
Nolan served in Austria , Hungary and on the Polish frontier , and was again noted for his horsemanship and language skills . His confidential report from 1838 commended his " great zeal and application " , and he was highly popular within the regiment , rising to become the senior lieutenant . Despite this , his status as a foreigner and a commoner limited his opportunities for promotion . Although promotions in the Austrian Army theoretically were merit @-@ based , in practise the gentry exchanged favours and money unofficially to secure them . Nolan 's father attempted to get him a commission with the British Army , with little success until Nolan 's return to the United Kingdom for the coronation of Queen Victoria in July 1838 . While there , he secured an interview with Lord Fitzroy Somerset while his father negotiated with the Austrian General Clam @-@ Gallas to permit Nolan to leave the Austrian armed forces . Eventually , following the payment of £ 450 , Nolan was granted a commission as a Cornet in the 15th Light Dragoons of the British Army on 23 April 1839 . His resignation from the Austrian army was never formally accepted , and he was struck off the rolls on 31 October 1899 , 45 years after his death .
= = 15th Light Dragoons = =
= = = India = = =
Despite the negative associations with service there , Nolan had deliberately transferred to a regiment operating in India . He initially travelled to Maidstone , where the 15th maintained a troop to train new recruits , under the command of Captain George Key . He then caught a troopship to Bombay , the Malabar , which arrived on 9 November . Soon after arrival he fell ill and was granted two years of sick leave , starting from 26 March 1840 , and returned to Britain . He returned to active service in June 1841 , again to the Maidstone depot , and became a Lieutenant on the 19th . He went on leave again in August to take the riding master 's course and exam , and returned on 8 March 1842 , newly qualified .
His attachment to the Maidstone depot gave Nolan the opportunity to further study and practice cavalry theory ; he met several other officers with a similar interest , including Captain Key , with whom he became close friends . By 1842 his time at Maidstone had ended , and he departed for India in October , arriving at Madras on 9 May 1843 . The 15th Light Dragoons were stationed in Bangalore , a relatively peaceful area , and Nolan did not see action during his time there . He was appointed regimental riding master on 13 August 1844 , in recognition of his expertise at horsemanship . In his spare time , Nolan raced his horse Arab Beauty . At the Bangalore Cantonment Races in October 1846 , he placed second in two races , and won both the Galloway Stakes and Ladies ' Purse . A year later he entered Sahagun , without success .
As regimental riding master he introduced substantial changes to the cavalry training programme , reintroducing the use of leaping bars , training individual soldiers before teaching formation riding to entire squads , and appointing a dedicated soldier in each troop who was trained to break in new horses . Over the next few years the regiment 's standard of horsemanship rose , increasing Nolan 's reputation . When the regiment was inspected by Major General John Aitchison , a man known for his high standards , he wrote that :
Nolan 's system of training horses and teaching riding is worthy of being more generally known . The seat of the men is more uniform and the hand light and firm , and as the hand and heel work together the horses in the ranks are steady to a degree I did not expect to see on a regiment mounted on entire horses .
Nolan then became a staff officer , joining the staff of General George Berkeley , commander @-@ in @-@ chief in Madras , as an aide @-@ de @-@ camp in January 1849 . He quickly became close friends with Berkeley 's two sons , Charles and George , who were also enthusiastic about horse @-@ racing . In 1850 Nolan accompanied Berkeley on a tour of the region , conducting horse trials to evaluate the use of geldings as cavalry mounts rather than stallions , and was also promoted , purchasing a Captaincy on 8 March . Despite these successes , Nolan recognised that his prospects were far more limited in India than in England , and he could not afford the increased costs of serving in the colonies . At the same time , service in India was not taken seriously by many of the officers in high command , and would not be sufficient on its own to advance him . Accordingly , he obtained two years sick leave on 16 January 1851 and returned to England , intending to tour Europe and write a book on cavalry theory .
= = = Grand tour and cavalry theory = = =
After a brief period in England , Nolan and Colonel George Key toured the continent , visiting countries including France , Russia , Sweden and the German states . The Swedish Horse Guards under Curt von Stedingk left a particular impression , with Nolan later writing that they were " one of the best regiments of foreign cavalry I have ever seen " , and he was also impressed by François Baucher , initially considering simply translating Baucher 's Méthode d 'équitation into English . In Russia , he attended a military review of Cossack and Circassian cavalry , and passing through Germany , observed the Saxon dragoons . Eventually , following his return to Maidstone in October 1852 ( and promotion to commander of the regiment 's troop there ) , he published his first book , The Training of Cavalry Remount Horses : A New System , through Parker , Furnivall & Parker . Dedicated to Berkeley , the book was highly specialised and intended for practical use , aimed specifically at cavalry officers rather than equestrians generally .
The reaction to the book was limited , at least in part due to the specialised nature of the work . His second book , Cavalry : Its History and Tactics , covered cavalry theory more widely and made a series of recommendations , including the use of carbines on foot rather than from the saddle , and substantial improvements to the cavalry saddle itself . The existing saddle , in use since 1796 , was considered too high , restricting the use of a rider 's lower legs , leading to instability . Accordingly , he designed a new saddle , with the assistance of the saddler sergeant at Maidstone depot , which focused on reducing rubbing against the horse , improved comfort and weighed less than the existing design . The resulting saddle was tested in April 1853 , with attendance by the Duke of Cambridge , inspector general of cavalry . The reaction was positive , and the army commissioned it as a new model for the cavalry , known as the Universal Wood Arch Pattern design , but informally referred to as " Nolan 's saddle " .
Cavalry : Its History and Tactics received a much warmer reception than Training , with the Illustrated London News praising his knowledge and enthusiasm while recommending it for civilians as well as the military . Another review in The Times was also approving . Over the next few decades it continued to be well received , and was seen as " an important , even ground @-@ breaking , work " . The book gave him substantial prominence , both in Britain and the United States . It was also discussed in India , where it was praised as " the manual for a cavalry officer who would understand his profession and reflect honour upon it " . A copy was sent to Bonneau du Martray of the French Imperial Staff by Major @-@ General Wetherall of the British staff ; Du Martray , having read the book , translated the entire work as Histoire et Tactique de la Cavalerie .
= = Crimean War = =
= = = Remount mission = = =
With the Crimean War fast approaching , the British Army needed some way of obtaining cavalry horses in Turkey . One method was simply to ship horses from Britain , but this was time @-@ consuming and expensive , and would result in a large number dying . Alternately , horses could be bought in the Middle East , if suitable ones could be identified . The Duke of Newcastle , Secretary of State for War , needed an experienced cavalry officer to undertake such a search . With Nolan 's new @-@ found reputation he was a logical choice , and Newcastle had him struck off from the 15th Hussars and made aide @-@ de @-@ camp to General Richard Airey , backdated to 17 March 1854 . Issued with a " special service " passport , he departed to Constantinople , meeting the steamship Thabor at Marseilles .
After arriving in Turkey he met with Skene , the British Vice @-@ Consul , who had him introduced to Omar Pasha and invited to view the Turkish regiments . Nolan was not particularly impressed by them , judging the irregulars incapable of withstanding a Russian cavalry charge and finding the horses too small . He ordered 250 of them anyway , finding them appropriate for the British artillery if not for the cavalry . His report to Somerset ( now Baron Raglan , and commander of the British forces in Turkey ) included a proposal for a trip to Syria , where he claimed the horses were more appropriate . This proposal was eventually agreed to , and he went to İskenderun on 9 May . When they arrived they discovered that Turkish officials had already bought most of the army horses in northern Syria , and so they continued on to Beirut and then Damascus . Even there , they failed to find horses of sufficient quality , and so they left the city on 21 May in hopes of making contact with the Bedouin . They left with a train of 292 horses , mostly bought from the ' Anizzah , and were met at Beirut by the steamship Trent and transported back to Turkey .
= = = Staff officer = = =
Nolan returned to the British forces to join the Light Division at Devna as aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Airey . The Royal Navy had control over the Black Sea , and with a Russian treaty with Turkey and Austria , the enemy forces were withdrawing from Eastern Europe . Despite this favourable outcome , the British government wished to negotiate with the Russians from a strong position . The decision was taken to invade the Crimea itself , with the objective of destroying or capturing the Russian naval base at Sevastopol . Raglan personally considered this unrealistic - British forces knew little about the region , the port 's defences , or the strength of the Russian military , with estimates of troop numbers varying between 45 @,@ 000 and 140 @,@ 000 . It was also quite a distance away , causing logistical difficulties .
With the Crimea identified as the target , Nolan and his fellow staff officers had to plan the assault , which eventually included 30 @,@ 000 infantry , 1 @,@ 240 cavalry and 54 guns , along with 24 @,@ 000 French soldiers and 70 of their guns . The cavalry alone required 3 @,@ 379 horses , and with such a small number of ships available the Heavy Brigade would be part of a second wave - until it arrived , the Light Brigade would be relied on as the sole unit of cavalry . The force departed for the Crimea on 2 September 1854 , and began landing at Kalamita Bay , 35 miles north of Sevastopol itself . Airey had the light cavalry engage in reconnaissance and screening while the rest of the force moved off the transports , and they were fully ashore by the 18th . On the 19th , they began marching to Sevastopol - still without the Heavy Brigade .
The force reached the Bulganak River that day , where skirmishers found a force of Cossacks and Russian infantry , with a light battery of artillery . The infantry and artillery had been hidden in a dip in the terrain while the British formed up , and their placement put the British cavalry in heavy danger . Raglan decided to withdraw , and sent a troop forward to cover the retreat ; this body 's confidence deceived the Russians into thinking that there was a larger British force than there was , and they failed to pursue the retreating cavalry . A day later , the British force , together with the French under General St Arnaud , defeated the Russians at the Battle of Alma . Nolan spent the battle as a liaison due to his fluent French , and was often galloping between the two allied armies . They resumed marching on 26 September and entered the plains of Balaclava , near Sevastopol .
= = = Balaclava = = =
The British camp in Balaclava was on a plateau , with two approaches - the South and North valleys - and a small hill , known as the Causeway Heights , between them . At Balaclava , the force waited for supplies while the allied ships bombarded the forts surrounding Sevastopol , starting on 17 October . The forts proved to be particularly strong , but some damage was caused and Admiral Kornilov killed . From then on , time and time again , the allied navy would bombard the forts , causing damage , which the Russians would then repair each night . While the allied armies waited to strengthen their positions and increase their resources , Prince Menshikov , commander of the Russian forces , had a desire to provide a victory to the Tsar following his
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strong winds ; similar impacts were seen in Missouri and Illinois .
In Mississippi , rainfall totals between 1 – 4 in ( 25 – 102 mm ) were widespread . The highest precipitation total was 5 @.@ 58 in ( 142 mm ) south of Grace , Mississippi . In Scott County , residents were forced to evacuate out of Forest and Morton due to flash floods that caused $ 470 @,@ 000 in damage . Similarly , the inundation washed out roads and flooded cars in Winona . Overall , flood damage in Mississippi amounted to US $ 1 @.@ 135 million .
= Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds =
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds ( Japanese : マーヴル VS . カプコン 3 フェイト オブ トゥー ワールド , Hepburn : Māvuru bāsasu Kapukon Surī : Feito obu Tū Wārudo ) is a crossover fighting game developed by Capcom in collaboration with Eighting . The game features characters from both Capcom 's video game franchises and comic book series published by Marvel Comics . It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles in February 2011 . It is the fifth installment of the Marvel vs. Capcom franchise and the first to use three @-@ dimensional character models instead of sprites .
In Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , players select a team of three characters to engage in combat and attempt to knock out their opponents . It features similar tag team game mechanics to earlier games in the series , along with new methods of play designed to make the game more accessible to new players . The game was produced by Ryota Niitsuma , who had previously worked on Tatsunoko vs. Capcom : Ultimate All @-@ Stars , which utilizes the same simplified three @-@ button attack system .
The game received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised its gameplay and character roster , while criticizing its online component and lack of features and game modes . More than 2 million units were shipped worldwide a month after its debut , rendering it a commercial success . Less than a year after its release , Capcom announced an updated version of the game , titled Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . The standalone update was released in November 2011 , and featured additional characters , stages , and gameplay tweaks .
= = Gameplay = =
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds is a fighting game in which players compete in battle using characters with different fighting styles and special attacks . The game features tag team @-@ based gameplay similar to previous installments of the series . Players select teams of three characters to engage in one @-@ on @-@ one combat , and can choose to switch between them at any point during the match . During combat , players can call in one of their off @-@ screen characters to perform a single special move , known as an " assist " . As characters deal or receive damage , their team 's " Hyper Combo Gauge " will gradually fill with energy , which can be expended by players to execute certain techniques , such as hyper combos , which are stronger versions of special moves ; " snapbacks " , which force the current opponent off the screen and replaces them with one of their other teammates ; and " crossover combinations " , which summon the player 's entire team to use their hyper combos all at once . Players must use the various attacks in their arsenal to exhaust their opponent 's life gauge and defeat the entire enemy team , or have the most cumulative health when time runs out . Marvel vs. Capcom 3 is the first entry in the franchise to feature three @-@ dimensional character models as opposed to two @-@ dimensional sprites . However , gameplay remains restricted to two dimensions , resulting in a 2.5D graphical design .
Unlike Marvel vs. Capcom 2 : New Age of Heroes , which featured four attack buttons separated as two pairs of low and high @-@ strength punches and kicks , Marvel vs. Capcom 3 uses a simplified , three @-@ button control scheme of undefined light , medium , and hard attacks modeled after Tatsunoko vs. Capcom : Ultimate All @-@ Stars , which aims to " knock down the wall of complicated controls and open up the field of strategic fighting to all comers " . The game includes a new " exchange button " , which is used to launch opponents into the air , swap characters while performing combos , and slam the opponent into the ground . Players can use each button to string together attacks and form combos , as well as perform special moves using a combination of button presses and joystick movements . Marvel vs. Capcom 3 also features an alternate control scheme designed for players unfamiliar to fighting games called " Simple Mode " . Simple Mode allows players to perform special moves and hyper combos with single button presses at the expense of limiting a character 's available moveset .
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 introduces a new game mechanic known as " X @-@ Factor " , which offers increased damage , speed , and health regeneration for a short period of time . It can be activated by players once per match , and can also be used to extend combos . The duration and intensity of X @-@ Factor is dependent on the number of active characters in the player 's team ; as a player loses fighters , X @-@ Factor lasts longer and grants higher damage boosts .
= = = Modes = = =
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 features various offline game modes , such as Arcade Mode , where the player fights against AI @-@ controlled opponents to reach the final boss character , Galactus , a supervillain from Marvel Comics ' Fantastic Four series . Each character has their own unique ending sequence , which is earned upon completion of Arcade Mode . Other offline modes include Versus Mode , where two players can fight against each other locally ; Training Mode , which features several customization options for training purposes , such as the ability to adjust the Hyper Combo gauge , set AI difficulty , record and playback moves , and even simulate input lag ; and Mission Mode , which features character @-@ specific challenges designed to test players on their ability to execute complex combos .
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 includes online play using Microsoft 's Xbox Live and Sony 's PlayStation Network services . Online multiplayer includes ranked matches , where players battle to increase their rank and ascend the game 's leaderboards ; player matches , which do not bestow rank and offer options for quick rematches ; and player lobbies , which allow up to eight players in a single room to compete in a king of the hill @-@ style format . When an online match begins , both players can view their opponent 's License Card . License Cards keep track of players ' tendencies based on fighting style , record player points and total number of wins and losses , and allow players to see the positive and negative points of their play styles . Included among the online features is Shadow Battle , a series of downloadable content packs that allow the player to fight against a team of AI @-@ controlled opponents programmed after the techniques and preferences of Capcom 's development staff and famous players from the fighting game community .
= = = Playable characters = = =
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds contains a base roster of 36 characters , featuring both new and returning characters to the Marvel vs. Capcom franchise . Two additional characters , Jill Valentine and Shuma @-@ Gorath , are also available as downloadable content . According to producer Niitsuma , character selection was a collaborative process between Capcom and Marvel Comics . Marvel gave Niitsuma and his team precise directions regarding the Marvel characters ' designs , but was willing to leave game balancing to Capcom . In regards to characters who did not originate from fighting games , such as Deadpool and Arthur , Niitsuma 's team tried to " preserve their essence " from their source material and see how they could siphon it into an interesting fighting game character .
Marvel worked closely with Capcom to include dialogue quips and mid @-@ match events between the companies ' characters . Comic book writer Frank Tieri was assigned to write the character dialogue and endings for the game . Marvel also gave Tieri full use of their library of characters for storyline purposes . As a result , several unplayable characters from the Marvel and Capcom universes , such as the Fantastic Four , Ghost Rider , Daredevil , MegaMan Volnutt , Nemesis , and Phoenix Wright , make cameo appearances in the campaign stages and Arcade Mode endings .
^ § : Available as downloadable content .
= = Development = =
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds is the fifth installment in the Marvel vs. Capcom series . The game was first publicly announced at Capcom 's Captivate press show in Hawaii on April 20 , 2010 . It was revealed to have been in development since 2008 , when Capcom reacquired the Marvel license after a period of legal issues placed the series on hiatus for nearly a decade . Ryota Niitsuma , who had previously headed production on Tatsunoko vs. Capcom : Ultimate All @-@ Stars , signed on as the producer for the new project , which was green @-@ lit after " years and years of unrelenting fan demand " . Niitsuma stated that the game was built using the same MT Framework game engine seen in Resident Evil 5 and Lost Planet 2 .
Capcom 's design philosophy for Marvel vs. Capcom 3 was to maximize gameplay depth and minimize complexity . According to Niitsuma , the development team sought to create a game that would reach out to longtime fans of the series , while simultaneously expanding their user base to those familiar with the characters , but perhaps not with fighting games in general . The urge to reach out to new players also stemmed from Marvel 's recent success in the Hollywood film industry . Capcom 's global head of production , Keiji Inafune , expressed interest in appealing to a worldwide audience . These ideas drove the decision to retool the fighting system , which was criticized in past iterations for being too complicated for casual players . These changes include the implementation of the three @-@ button attack system from Tatsunoko vs. Capcom and the addition of Simple Mode . Unlike previous titles in the series , Capcom had no plans for an arcade release , and focused only on console versions for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . When asked if Capcom was planning to release the game on other consoles , Niitsuma did not dismiss the possibility for a Nintendo Wii version ; however , this ultimately did not come to fruition .
Employees from Marvel Comics worked closely with Capcom 's art design team to ensure that each character from their company was properly represented . As a result , several Marvel characters were modeled after their more recent comic book appearances . For example , Iron Man sports his Extremis Armor , while Wolverine wears his costume from Astonishing X @-@ Men . The development team originally planned to have English and Japanese voice actors for all characters . Niitsuma eventually decided against it , stating that having the Marvel roster speaking Japanese did not mesh well with the characters ' image .
= = Release = =
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds was released on February 15 , 2011 in North America , February 17 in Japan , and February 18 in Europe for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . A special edition of the game included a steelbook case , a twelve @-@ page prologue comic written by Frank Tieri , a one @-@ month subscription to Marvel Digital Comics , and codes redeemable for free downloads of the Jill Valentine and Shuma @-@ Gorath downloadable content .
DLC costumes for characters were later announced by Capcom and Marvel , which were released on the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Marketplace on March 1 , 2011 . The costume pack contained new outfits for Ryu , Thor , Dante , Iron Man , Chris Redfield , and Captain America . The release of the pack coincided with the release of the Shadow Battle DLC .
Following the game 's launch , a Marvel vs. Capcom merchandise program was launched in April 2011 . Apparel wholesalers Mad Engine and Philcos sold T @-@ shirts and sweatshirts bearing Marvel vs. Capcom 3 promotional artwork . Diamond Select Toys created a line of Minimates based on various characters from the game . Hollywood Collectibles debuted collectible statue sets featuring Akuma , Dante , Deadpool , Doctor Doom , Ryu , and Wolverine . In 2012 , after the release of Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , UDON Entertainment unveiled a 200 @-@ page artbook , titled Marvel vs. Capcom : Official Complete Works , containing compilations of existing Marvel vs. Capcom imagery alongside new commissioned pieces by comic book artists .
= = Reception = =
Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds received positive reviews from critics , garnering aggregate scores of 85 / 100 and 84 / 100 from Metacritic for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions , respectively , and 86 % from GameRankings for both systems .
Reviewers praised Marvel vs. Capcom 3 for its simplified , yet deep gameplay and diverse cast of characters . According to GameSpot 's Maxwell McGee , the game 's simplified core combat mechanics worked harmoniously to drive the action forward . McGee also praised the addition of Simple Mode , saying that its simplicity was ideal for series newcomers . Richard George of IGN stated that the alterations to the control scheme helped to mature the franchise by removing needless complexities . Neidel Crisan of 1UP.com complimented the uniqueness of the characters ' play styles , stating that he enjoyed exploring the roster and possible team combinations . Brian Leahy of G4 also praised the variety and balance of characters , claiming that , unlike Marvel vs. Capcom 2 , in which a large majority of the cast was " severely underpowered " compared to its top fighters , almost every character in Marvel vs. Capcom 3 seemed to be a viable option .
In contrast to its character roster , the game was criticized for its lack of diversity in game modes and online features . George expressed his disappointment that the development team did not supplement Marvel vs. Capcom 3 's core experience with extras to add variety to the total package and extend its lifespan . GameTrailers criticized the Arcade Mode , stating that its " underwhelming Powerpoint @-@ style " endings left much to be desired , especially in comparison to the intro , outro , and rival battle sequences seen in Street Fighter IV . Tim Turi of Game Informer stated that fans expecting to see extensive online functionality similar to Street Fighter IV should " regulate their excitement " . Eurogamer 's Simon Parkin pointed specifically to the absence of a spectator mode , noting that the exclusion of viewable matches also presented a serious shortcoming .
At the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 , Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds received the award for " Best Fighting Game " from the Game Critics Awards . It also earned " Best Fighting Game of E3 " awards from IGN , 1UP.com , and X @-@ Play / G4 . Prior to its release , Capcom expected to sell 2 millions units of Marvel vs. Capcom 3 worldwide across both platforms . On March 30 , 2011 , the company announced that it had shipped more than 2 million copies of the game a month and a half after its debut . In response to reaching the milestone , Capcom dubbed Marvel vs. Capcom 3 a commercial success .
= = Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 = =
Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 is a standalone updated version of Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds , released in November 2011 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . The game was later ported to the PlayStation Vita . While the update features largely identical gameplay mechanics to the original , changes were made to both the aerial combat and X @-@ Factor systems . It features the entire roster from Fate of Two Worlds , including the two DLC characters , and introduces 12 new playable fighters . Among the added fighters , only one is a returning character from previous games in the Marvel vs. Capcom series : Strider Hiryu . The other eleven characters , all new to the franchise , are Doctor Strange , Firebrand , Frank West , Ghost Rider , Hawkeye , Iron Fist , Nemesis T @-@ Type , Nova , Phoenix Wright , Rocket Raccoon , and Vergil .
= 2012 Critérium du Dauphiné =
The 2012 Critérium du Dauphiné was the sixty @-@ fourth running of the Critérium du Dauphiné cycling stage race ; a race rated as a World Tour event on the UCI calendar , the highest classification such an event can have . The race consisted of eight stages , beginning with a prologue in Grenoble on 3 June , and concluded in Châtel on 10 June . The race was organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation , the same group that organises the Tour de France . It was viewed as a great preparation for July 's Tour de France , hence why a majority of the contenders for the general classification of the major tour participated in the Dauphiné . It featured mountainous stages as well as an individual time trial quite similar in length to those that awaited the riders in the Tour .
The race was won for the second successive year by Team Sky rider Bradley Wiggins , who claimed the leader 's yellow and blue jersey after the first stage , extending his race @-@ leading advantage after winning the fourth stage individual time trial , and ultimately maintained that advantage . Wiggins became only the third rider to win the Dauphiné and Paris – Nice – a race that Wiggins had won in March – in the same year after Jacques Anquetil ( 1963 and 1965 ) and Eddy Merckx ( 1971 ) had previously done so .
Wiggins ' winning margin over his team @-@ mate and runner @-@ up Michael Rogers was one minute and seventeen seconds , and BMC Racing Team 's Cadel Evans completed the podium , nine seconds down on Rogers . In the race 's other classifications , Liquigas – Cannondale rider Cayetano Sarmiento won the King of the Mountains classification , Evans won the green jersey for the points classification , Rabobank 's Wilco Kelderman won the young rider classification , with Team Sky finishing at the head of the teams classification by over thirteen minutes , after placing four riders inside the final overall top ten placings .
= = Participating teams = =
As the Critérium du Dauphiné was a UCI World Tour event , all eighteen UCI ProTeams were invited automatically and obligated to send a squad . Four other squads were given wildcard places into the race , and as such , formed the event 's 22 @-@ team peloton . All twenty @-@ two squads that competed in the Dauphiné contested the Tour de France later in the year .
The twenty @-@ two teams that competed in the race were :
= = Schedule = =
The route for the race was announced on 27 March 2012 .
= = Stages = =
= = = Prologue = = =
3 June 2012 — Grenoble , 5 @.@ 7 km ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) , individual time trial ( ITT )
The Dauphiné began with its traditional short individual time trial stage , with a near @-@ flat course around the streets of Grenoble ; the city was hosting the prologue of the race for the fourth time in fifteen years following prior starts in 1997 , 2000 and 2007 , the last of which was won by the 2011 race winner Bradley Wiggins , then riding for the Cofidis team . With rain expected to disrupt the stage , as it had done so in the 2011 prologue , teams decided to spread their time trial specialists across the field in order to maximise their potential of winning the stage . For the first rider to depart the start in Grenoble , Vacansoleil – DCM 's Lieuwe Westra , weather conditions were dry . Westra ultimately recorded a time of 6 ' 46 " for the stage , which was good enough for a top @-@ 12 stage placing after all 175 riders had taken to the course . Westra 's time was beaten shortly afterwards by Rabobank rider Carlos Barredo , who went four seconds quicker around the course , 5 @.@ 7 km ( 3 @.@ 5 mi ) in length .
Barredo held the top spot for around quarter of an hour , as his time was marginally beaten by Andriy Hryvko , a four @-@ time Ukrainian champion in the discipline , riding for the Astana team . Soon after , the eventual stage @-@ winning performance was recorded by the Australian national champion Luke Durbridge , for Orica – GreenEDGE . Durbridge set a time of 6 ' 38 " , in the favourable conditions ; he held on to his spot throughout the expected changeable weather that was a factor in the remainder of the running order . Following a rain shower that effected the racing during the middle portion of the stage , the later riders to take to the course did have dry roads to contend with but the wind had picked up and made conditions more difficult than what the earlier riders had for their passages through the parcours . Durbridge 's time remained untroubled to the end , despite the best attempts of defending champion Wiggins , who finished just 1 @.@ 35 seconds in arrears in second place , having started last of the 175 competitors . Thus , Durbridge took his first stage victory at World Tour level , which gave him a clean sweep of the jerseys post @-@ stage , for holding the lead of the overall , points and young rider classifications . Other overall contenders Tejay van Garderen ( BMC Racing Team ) , Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step 's Tony Martin , Jérôme Coppel ( Saur – Sojasun ) , as well as van Garderen 's team @-@ mate Cadel Evans and 2010 winner Janez Brajkovič ( Astana ) all lost time in comparison to Wiggins ; Martin placed best in fifth position , although Evans also made the top ten , in ninth place .
= = = Stage 1 = = =
4 June 2012 — Seyssins to Saint @-@ Vallier , 187 km ( 116 @.@ 2 mi )
With no fewer than six categorised climbs during the 187 km ( 116 @.@ 2 mi ) parcours , the first mass @-@ start stage was not ideally suited towards the sprinters , but was favourable towards puncheurs , as the final of the six climbs – the third @-@ category Côte de la Sizeranne – came just 9 km ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) from the stage 's finish in Saint @-@ Vallier . Six riders – Giovanni Bernaudeau ( Team Europcar ) , RadioShack – Nissan rider Markel Irizar , Rabobank 's Maarten Tjallingii , Nicolas Edet of Cofidis , Sep Vanmarcke ( Garmin – Barracuda ) and Argos – Shimano rider Yukihiro Doi – advanced clear of the main field in the early running of the stage ; the sextet managed to extend their advantage to a maximum of over thirteen minutes around a quarter of the way through the stage . Around the same point , a crash involving Pierrick Fédrigo ( FDJ – BigMat ) and Samuel Sánchez ( Euskaltel – Euskadi ) brought both riders down . Neither rider returned to the main group , as Fédrigo lost over six minutes and Sánchez almost four times that ; losing almost 24 minutes , after reports that he had been suffering with broken ribs . He was taken to hospital after the stage , where he was diagnosed with bruised ribs .
The teams of several of the general classification contenders were prevalent on the front of the peloton as they set about reducing the advantage that the breakaway group of six riders were holding over them . The gap had been reduced to around the three @-@ minute mark with 50 km ( 31 @.@ 1 mi ) left of the stage to cover . Another big crash happened some 20 km ( 12 @.@ 4 mi ) later with Orica – GreenEDGE 's Simon Gerrans , Vacansoleil – DCM rider Pim Ligthart and Dan Martin of Garmin – Barracuda among those to hit the tarmac . Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step moved forward , and pulled the gap under two minutes and caused the breakaway to splinter through pressure . Bernaudeau – who had figured at each of the mountain passes to the point – and Doi failed to stay with their companions as they approached the day 's final climb , the Côte de la Sizeranne . Tjallingii was also dropped by the remaining members of the breakaway , while in the main field , Alexander Vinokourov ( Astana ) and Andy Schleck of RadioShack – Nissan – who had been criticised by team manager Johan Bruyneel for his poor opening half to the season – were both struggling off the back of the group . Both riders lost over three minutes by the stage end .
As the lead group approached the top of the Côte de la Sizeranne , Irizar attacked from the group of the remaining three breakaway riders , while Vanmarcke and Edet were joined by Team Europcar rider Pierre Rolland , who had escaped the confines of the main group itself . Another three @-@ rider move went forwards from the peloton as Rolland 's team @-@ mate Cyril Gautier , Rabobank 's Luis León Sánchez and BMC Racing Team rider Philippe Gilbert got clear by several seconds . Irizar held a slim advantage , but overshot a corner and was eventually caught with around 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) to go . As Irizar was caught , Jérôme Coppel of Saur – Sojasun counter @-@ attacked , and was eventually joined by Cadel Evans – a team @-@ mate of Gilbert at BMC Racing Team – and Astana 's Andrey Kashechkin , who finished third in the race in 2007 . The trio managed to hold off the closing peloton into the finish , where Evans managed to fend off the advances of Coppel and Kashechkin to take the stage win . FDJ – BigMat rider Nacer Bouhanni led home the peloton just four seconds in arrears , and with race leader Luke Durbridge ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) not featuring in the split peloton , Bradley Wiggins assumed the race lead for Team Sky ; Evans moved up to second , one second behind Wiggins .
= = = Stage 2 = = =
5 June 2012 — Lamastre to Saint @-@ Félicien , 160 km ( 99 @.@ 4 mi )
Just like the previous day 's stage , the second stage of the race also comprised six categorised climbs , packed into the 160 km ( 99 @.@ 4 mi ) route through the Ardèche region , with the highest point coming at the summit of the second @-@ category Col de Montivernoux . The finish in Saint @-@ Félicien came at the end of a 2 @.@ 5 km ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) climb , which would more or less rule out the sprinters more obviously than the first stage parcours . FDJ – BigMat rider Rémi Pauriol and Saur – Sojasun 's Maxime Méderel broke clear of the peloton in the opening stages , and they were subsequently joined by a group which contained a number of overall race contenders including maillot jaune et bleu wearer Bradley Wiggins ( Team Sky ) , Vincenzo Nibali of Liquigas – Cannondale and Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step rider Sylvain Chavanel . The group was eventually reabsorbed back into the main group after around 20 km ( 12 @.@ 4 mi ) of racing .
After a period of stability within the main group , a four @-@ rider move consisting of three French riders – David Moncoutié representing Cofidis , Blel Kadri of Ag2r – La Mondiale and Team Europcar 's Christophe Kern , who won a stage during the 2011 race – as well as Colombia 's Cayetano Sarmiento , riding for the Liquigas – Cannondale team , advanced clear of the field and quickly established an advantage over them ; of those , Kadri was best @-@ placed at just eleven seconds behind Wiggins prior to the stage . Team Sky marshalled the front of the peloton as a result , not letting the gap over four minutes at any point . Behind , there were several moves in order for riders to bridge a gap between the main field and the leaders ; at the Col de Lalouvesc with 40 km ( 24 @.@ 9 mi ) to go , the leaders only held a gap of around half a minute over their chasers . Five riders tried to do so , but only one was able to stay in between the breakaway and the peloton .
FDJ – BigMat 's Anthony Roux was the rider in question , and he set off after the quartet up front , and was able to reach them with around 7 km ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) remaining of the stage . However , the peloton was not far behind , and the breakaway did not last much longer after that . With the field back together , several riders attempted solo moves off the front of the peloton , including Kadri 's team @-@ mate Mickaël Cherel , but all were unsuccessful . The group remained together into the climb towards the finish ; Liquigas – Cannondale and BMC Racing Team headed the group , protecting their main riders Nibali and Cadel Evans from any potential trouble . World time trial champion Tony Martin tried to get clear within the final kilometre for Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step but could not sustain a gap over everyone else , and Team Katusha rider Daniel Moreno timed his sprint perfectly , to take his third win of the season , ahead of French pair Julien Simon ( Saur – Sojasun ) and RadioShack – Nissan 's Tony Gallopin . Wiggins finished ninth to maintain his one @-@ second overall lead over Evans , who was seventh .
= = = Stage 3 = = =
6 June 2012 — Givors to La Clayette , 167 km ( 103 @.@ 8 mi )
With a lengthy individual time trial and three mountainous stages left during the itinerary , the third stage was billed as the sprinters ' one remaining chance at a stage victory at the Dauphiné . As such , the parcours of the stage suited them ; although there were three categorised climbs during the stage – a third @-@ category climb and two fourth @-@ category passes – they were all within the first half of the stage . Two riders – Spanish pairing Luis Ángel Maté of Cofidis and Euskaltel – Euskadi rider Egoi Martínez – went clear almost immediately after the start of the stage , making the early breakaway from the field , and the duo managed to extend their advantage over the main field to around five @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes , within the first 20 km ( 12 @.@ 4 mi ) of the stage . Behind the lead pair , Team Europcar 's Giovanni Bernaudeau was the first rider from the peloton to cross the fourth @-@ category climbs , and regained the lead of the mountains classification from Ag2r – La Mondiale rider Blel Kadri .
Argos – Shimano and FDJ – BigMat looked to set the tempo on the front of the peloton , in the hopes of getting their respective sprinters John Degenkolb and Nacer Bouhanni towards the front if a sprint finish materialised . It was those two teams who gradually brought back Maté and Martínez for the majority of the parcours , but as the race drew nearer La Clayette , more teams put men into the relay and the breakaway was ended inside the final 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) . Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step held their riders on the front of the peloton in the closing stages , with Sylvain Chavanel , seventh overall , being protected by his team @-@ mates before setting the pace at times . Degenkolb 's chances for the stage ended with around 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) remaining due to a puncture . Philippe Gilbert attacked for BMC Racing Team with 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 9 mi ) to go , gaining an advantage of a few seconds but was caught with around 300 m ( 980 ft ) left .
RadioShack – Nissan looked to get Tony Gallopin in position for the sprint , while behind , Ricardo Garcia ( Euskaltel – Euskadi ) clipped the barriers , and fell back into the path of the sprint causing the majority of the field to be hampered ; all riders that were impacted by the crash were eventually given the same time . Up front , Edvald Boasson Hagen ( Team Sky ) launched his sprint off the wheel of Gerald Ciolek ( Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step ) , and won the stage by a bike length from Ciolek with Astana 's Borut Božič completing the podium . Due to the crash in the closing metres and the resultant nullification of any time gaps , Boasson Hagen 's team @-@ mate Bradley Wiggins maintained his one @-@ second lead in the general classification over Cadel Evans ( BMC Racing Team ) , despite his earlier reservations of holding the lead into the time trial due to the skinsuit type provided by the race organisation compared to that of his team . Evans also lost the lead of the points classification to Gallopin , who achieved his third consecutive top @-@ ten finish at the line ; adding the points jersey to the young rider jersey that he had already achieved , after Boasson Hagen was dropped the previous day .
= = = Stage 4 = = =
7 June 2012 — Villié @-@ Morgon to Bourg @-@ en @-@ Bresse , 53 @.@ 5 km ( 33 @.@ 2 mi ) , individual time trial ( ITT )
Unlike the third stage time trial in 2011 , in which the course used in Grenoble largely set the route for the penultimate @-@ day time trial in the Tour de France a month later , the time trial in the 2012 event was held on an independent course , running from west @-@ to @-@ east between Villié @-@ Morgon and Bourg @-@ en @-@ Bresse , with an undulating parcours that only amounted to a 61 m ( 200 ft ) difference in altitude from start to finish . As was customary of time trial stages , the riders set off in reverse order from where they were ranked in the general classification at the end of the previous stage . Thus , Arnaud Gérard of FDJ – BigMat , who , in 172nd place – of the 175 starters – trailed overall leader Bradley Wiggins ( Team Sky ) by thirty minutes and forty @-@ nine seconds , was the first rider to set off on the stage . However , he was not the first to finish as he was passed by the two riders directly behind him on the start order , that started at one @-@ minute intervals , Dan Martin of Garmin – Barracuda and Orica – GreenEDGE 's Travis Meyer .
Meyer recorded a time of one hour , seven minutes and fifty seconds as he was first to reach the line ; his time held for around a quarter of an hour , as no rider could get within twenty seconds of his time , until his team @-@ mate Luke Durbridge , the prologue winner and incumbent under @-@ 23 world time trial champion crossed the finish line in a time of one hour , four minutes and forty @-@ nine seconds , just over three minutes quicker than Meyer . Durbridge 's time held top spot for over two hours , as the majority of the field failed to match his time for the 53 @.@ 5 km ( 33 @.@ 2 mi ) course . It was not until Wilco Kelderman of the Rabobank team – starting 143rd as opposed to Durbridge starting 19th – had set quicker times at each of the intermediate timing points that Durbridge 's time came under threat from another rider , and Kelderman ultimately beat Durbridge 's time by twelve seconds , despite almost overshooting the final corner , narrowly avoiding the barriers on the outside of the corner . At the end of the stage , Kelderman stated that his performance came as " a surprise " , taking the lead of the young rider classification from Tony Gallopin ( RadioShack – Nissan ) in the process .
The first of four Team Sky riders to start within the final twenty @-@ five riders , Chris Froome got within eight seconds of Kelderman 's time , but it was not until another of the team 's riders , Michael Rogers , that the lead changed hands . Although he trailed at the first intermediate point , Rogers overhauled the time of Kelderman at the finish by fourteen seconds ; he held the lead into the final five starters , where it was then taken by the world time trial champion Tony Martin , riding for the Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step team . Martin bettered the time of Rogers by 37 seconds , but it was not to last as Wiggins was cementing his overall lead . Wiggins made up a deficit of seven seconds to Martin at the first intermediate point , and turned it into a 36 @-@ second lead in the space of 22 km ( 13 @.@ 7 mi ) , eventually taking the stage victory by 34 seconds over Martin . Such was Wiggins ' performance , which he later deemed " satisfying " , that he was almost catching Cadel Evans ( BMC Racing Team ) on the road , despite Evans starting two minutes before Wiggins ; Evans ultimately finished the stage in eighth position , 1 ' 43 " down on Wiggins ' time . RadioShack – Nissan rider Andy Schleck , another of the overall contenders for the Tour de France along with Evans and Wiggins , lost over ten minutes to Wiggins on the stage after a crash and a puncture .
= = = Stage 5 = = =
8 June 2012 — Saint @-@ Trivier @-@ sur @-@ Moignans to Rumilly , 186 @.@ 5 km ( 115 @.@ 9 mi )
The first of three mountainous stages to conclude the Dauphiné , the fifth stage of the race was seen as a precursor to the tenth stage of July 's Tour de France , with the majority of the day 's route making up the parcours of that stage to be held on 11 July . Three categorised climbs were part of the 186 @.@ 5 km ( 115 @.@ 9 mi ) parcours of the day , notably the hors catégorie Le Grand Colombier – making its début in the race – with an average gradient of 6 @.@ 9 % , reaching up to an altitude of 1 @,@ 501 m ( 4 @,@ 925 ft ) , but the summit of the final climb – the Col de Richemond – came with 45 @.@ 5 km ( 28 @.@ 3 mi ) remaining of the stage . Mini @-@ attacks set the course of the early running of the stage , which was carried out a quick pace , with the peloton covering 48 @.@ 3 km ( 30 @.@ 0 mi ) in the first hour of racing . After Ag2r – La Mondiale rider Blel Kadri escaped out of the peloton to take the honours at the first summit of the day , the Côte de Corlier , it was not until the uncategorised Col de la Berche several kilometres later that a group of riders managed to get clear .
A total of ten riders went clear , and quickly gathered a five @-@ minute lead over the rest of the field . At the foot of Le Grand Colombier , another seven riders formed a chase group on the road ahead of the peloton , which was later reduced to just Christophe Kern ( Team Europcar ) and Brice Feillu ( Saur – Sojasun ) , after Kern had upped the pace in the group . At this point , Kern 's team @-@ mate Kévin Reza was dropped from the lead group , and the peloton itself had been slimmed to around fifty riders , with Sylvain Chavanel ( Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step ) and David Millar ( Garmin – Barracuda ) – both in the top ten of the general classification overnight – along with Astana 's Alexander Vinokourov among those that did not feature within the peloton . On the descent from the climb , a group of BMC Racing Team riders including Cadel Evans , George Hincapie and Tejay van Garderen broke out from the peloton , in the hope of pulling Evans nearer the overall lead of Team Sky 's Bradley Wiggins , following his time loss the previous day in the individual time trial .
Having caught Kern and Feillu on the road , the group lost ground to the peloton and with Wiggins later joining up with the group , Evans ' efforts were in vain ; with the group now back together as a whole , their efforts went back to the original break . Kern was part of another six @-@ rider wave that went clear on the descent from the Col de Richemond , with the highest @-@ placed rider being ninth @-@ placed Luis León Sánchez of Rabobank . Team Sky took up station on the front of the main field , not allowing Sánchez to gain too much ground . The gap peaked out at around the 30 @-@ second mark and with nobody looking to help Sánchez with the pace @-@ making in the group , they sat up and allowed to be reabsorbed into the peloton . FDJ – BigMat 's Arthur Vichot attacked out of the lead group with around 7 km ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) to go , and soloed away from his breakaway companions to take the victory by 26 seconds from the rest of the group . The peloton crossed the line around one minute down on Vichot , with Wiggins maintaining his 38 @-@ second overall lead as he was part of that group .
= = = Stage 6 = = =
9 June 2012 — Saint @-@ Alban @-@ Leysse to Morzine , 167 @.@ 5 km ( 104 @.@ 1 mi )
The queen stage of the 2012 Dauphiné , the penultimate stage consisted of six categorised climbs during its 167 @.@ 5 km ( 104 @.@ 1 mi ) parcours , the first of which coming after only 11 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) with the first @-@ category Col de Plainpalais . After a pair of third @-@ category passes , the field tackled another first @-@ category climb , the Col de la Colombière coming with 65 km ( 40 @.@ 4 mi ) remaining of the stage . Inside the final 40 km ( 24 @.@ 9 mi ) , the day 's two remaining climbs were ascented ; the third @-@ category Côte de Châtillon , and the race 's second and final hors catégorie climb , with the Col de Joux Plane – reaching an altitude of 1 @,@ 691 m ( 5 @,@ 548 ft ) – being the start of the run @-@ in towards Morzine , with the summit of the climb coming with 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) to go of the stage .
Nineteen riders went clear of the peloton almost immediately after the start of the stage ; among those riders were the two combatants for the mountains classification , Blel Kadri of Ag2r – La Mondiale and Liquigas – Cannondale 's Cayetano Sarmiento . Sarmiento took out maximum points at each of the first two climbs , and thus extended his points advantage that he held over Kadri . With RadioShack – Nissan 's Tiago Machado being the best @-@ placed rider of the group at almost six minutes down on overall leader Bradley Wiggins ( Team Sky ) , Wiggins ' team @-@ mates were leading the peloton around four minutes down on the lead group . Astana rider Andriy Hryvko , who had been in the top three earlier in the race , then joined the group after attacking out the front of the peloton . Saur – Sojasun 's Brice Feillu accelerated out of the lead group on the Côte de Châtillon , and soon picked up a gap of over a minute ahead of his former breakaway companions , while the peloton had fallen a little further away from Feillu , as they were almost four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes behind on the climb .
FDJ – BigMat rider Anthony Roux attacked out of the peloton , holding station off the front for a period of time but was soon brought back by the peloton , still led by Team Sky with assistance from Jurgen Van den Broeck 's Lotto – Belisol outfit . The group was brought back on the Col de Joux Plane , with only Feillu remaining off the front , almost 90 seconds clear . Nairo Quintana of the Movistar Team then attacked out of a diminishing favourites group , later followed by BMC Racing Team 's Cadel Evans . Quintana was too far ahead for Evans to catch him back , and eventually achieved his first World Tour victory by sixteen seconds ahead of Evans , with Team Katusha 's Daniel Moreno leading a group of eight riders , including Wiggins – and team @-@ mates Michael Rogers and Chris Froome – as well as Van Den Broeck , across the line eight seconds later . With Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step 's Tony Martin being dropped on the stage , Wiggins opened up his lead to 1 ' 20 " over Rogers , with Evans moving into third – taking the points classification lead in the process – ahead of Froome . RadioShack – Nissan 's Andy Schleck , one of the favourites for July 's Tour de France , abandoned during the stage citing a knee injury from his time trial crash .
= = = Stage 7 = = =
10 June 2012 — Morzine to Châtel , 124 @.@ 5 km ( 77 @.@ 4 mi )
Although the stage was relatively short at 124 @.@ 5 km ( 77 @.@ 4 mi ) in length , the parcours still featured five categorised climbs – of which one was to the finish in Châtel – reaching its highest point with the first @-@ category Col du Corbier . Mini @-@ attacks set the course of the early running of the stage , with the field remaining as a whole for the first hour of racing after the attacks were closed down within minutes . It was not until a third of the way through the stage – some 40 km ( 24 @.@ 9 mi ) in – that a move was allowed to be established on the road , as Team Europcar rider Pierre Rolland , Saur – Sojasun 's Jérôme Coppel and Lieuwe Westra of Vacansoleil – DCM accelerated out of the peloton . They were later joined by five more riders as Omega Pharma – Quick @-@ Step pairing Sylvain Chavanel and Stijn Vandenbergh , Astana 's Dmitry Fofonov , Yaroslav Popovych of RadioShack – Nissan and Christophe Le Mével representing the Garmin – Barracuda team provided some assistance to the breakaway move .
Coppel was the best @-@ placed rider of the octet , as he was in fifteenth place overall overnight around four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes down on race leader Bradley Wiggins ( Team Sky ) ; as such , the breakaway 's advantage was not allowed to gather momentum and the gap remained between two and two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes for the majority of the stage . Team Sky allowed BMC Racing Team to carry out most of the work in the peloton , with Wiggins keeping an eye on their rider Cadel Evans , who had made a late @-@ race attack the previous day and gained time back to Wiggins . Coppel , Westra and Rolland , the break initiators , then went clear again on the second @-@ category Côte de la Vernaz , but the peloton were still closing in on them , after chasing down a group that had got clear on the climb . Vincenzo Nibali ( Liquigas – Cannondale ) remained off the front , and tried to close down the leaders . Rolland and Coppel dropped Westra on the descent from the following Col du Corbier climb , where he was eventually joined by Nibali , but the solo move that he had put in was starting to show as he could not stay with Westra , and was eventually caught by the BMC Racing Team @-@ led peloton with around 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) remaining .
Westra was caught not long after that as the lead duo 's advantage was diminishing by the kilometre , as they held a half @-@ minute lead into the final 8 km ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) . Argos – Shimano 's Alexandre Geniez attacked out of the main group , and caught his two countrymen up the road but the breakaway was not to succeed as they were caught with 2 @.@ 3 km ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) to go . Team Katusha took the front in the hope of a second stage win for Daniel Moreno , but Fabrice Jeandesboz attacked in the final kilometre for Saur – Sojasun but was closed down by Richie Porte , protecting his team leader Wiggins . Moreno and Rabobank 's Luis León Sánchez battled it out for the stage honours , with Moreno edging out his compatriot for the victory . Wiggins crossed the line ten seconds behind the nine @-@ man lead group , but was sufficient enough for a second consecutive Dauphiné title by 1 ' 17 " over team @-@ mate Michael Rogers . Evans later stated that he was beaten by " the better rider " , but remained pleased with his performance of third place , a stage victory and the points classification title .
= = Classification leadership = =
In the 2012 Critérium du Dauphiné , four different jerseys were awarded . For the general classification , calculated by adding each cyclist 's finishing times on each stage , the leader received a yellow jersey with a blue bar . This classification was considered the most important of the 2012 Critérium du Dauphiné , and the winner of the classification was considered the winner of the race .
Additionally , there was a points classification , which awarded a green jersey . In the points classification , cyclists got points for finishing highly in a stage . For the first three mass @-@ start stages – stages 1 , 2 and 3 – the win earned 25 points , second place earned 22 points , third 20 , fourth 18 , fifth 16 , and one point fewer per place down to a single point for 20th . For the prologue , individual time trial and final three stages , the win earned 15 points , second place earned 12 points , third 10 , fourth 8 , fifth 6 , and one point fewer per place down to a single point for 10th .
There was also a mountains classification , the leadership of which was marked by a red and white polka @-@ dot jersey . In the mountains classification , points were won by reaching the top of a climb before other cyclists . Each climb was categorised as either hors , first , second , third , or fourth @-@ category , with more points available for the higher @-@ categorised climbs . Hors catégorie climbs awarded the most points , with 20 points on offer for the first rider across the summit ; the first ten riders were able to accrue points towards the mountains classification , compared with the first eight on first @-@ category passes and the first six riders on second @-@ category climbs . Fewer points were on offer for the smaller hills , marked as third @-@ category or fourth @-@ category .
The fourth jersey represented the young rider classification , marked by a white jersey . This was decided the same way as the general classification , but only riders born after 1 January 1987 were eligible to be ranked in the classification . There was also a classification for teams , in which the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added together ; the leading team at the end of the race was the team with the lowest total time .
= McKinsey & Company =
McKinsey & Company is a worldwide management consulting firm . It conducts qualitative and quantitative analysis in order to evaluate management decisions across the public and private sectors . Widely considered the most prestigious management consultancy , McKinsey 's clientele includes 80 % of the world 's largest corporations , and an extensive list of governments and non @-@ profit organisations . More current and former Fortune 500 C.E.O.s are alumni of McKinsey than of any other company , a list including Google C.E.O. Sundar Pichai , Facebook C.O.O. Sheryl Sandberg , Morgan Stanley C.E.O. James P. Gorman , and many more . McKinsey publishes the McKinsey Quarterly , funds the McKinsey Global Institute research organization , publishes reports on management topics , and has authored many influential books on management . Its practices of confidentiality , influence on business practices , and corporate culture have experienced a polarizing reception .
McKinsey was founded in 1926 by James McKinsey in order to apply accounting principles to management . McKinsey died in 1937 , and the firm was restructured several times , with the modern @-@ day McKinsey & Company emerging in 1939 . Marvin Bower is credited with establishing McKinsey 's culture and practices in the 1930s based on the principles he experienced as a lawyer . The firm developed an " up or out " policy , where consultants who are not promoted are asked to leave . McKinsey was the first management consultancy to hire recent college graduates , rather than experienced managers .
In the 1980s and 1990s , the firm expanded internationally and established new practice areas . It had 88 staff in 1951 and 7 @,@ 700 by the early 2000s . McKinsey 's consulting has helped to establish many of the norms in business and contributed to many of the major successes and failures in business in the modern era .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
McKinsey & Company was founded under the name James O. McKinsey & Company in 1926 by James McKinsey , a professor of accounting at the University of Chicago . He conceived the idea after witnessing inefficiencies in military suppliers while working for the U.S. Army Ordnance Department . The firm called itself an " accounting and management firm " and started out giving consulting on using accounting principles as a management tool . Mr. McKinsey 's first partners were Tom Kearney , hired in 1929 , and Marvin Bower , hired in 1933 . In its first few years , the firm grew quickly and began developing rapport among corporations ; its second office was opened in New York City in 1932 . In 1935 , Mr. McKinsey left the firm temporarily to serve as the Chairman and CEO of client Marshall Field 's as it implemented the restructuring plan created by his firm .
McKinsey was merged with accounting firm Scovell , Wellington & Company that same year , creating the New York @
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When William Herschel began his comprehensive survey of the sky using large telescopes in 1782 there were 34 known globular clusters . Herschel discovered another 36 himself and was the first to resolve virtually all of them into stars . He coined the term " globular cluster " in his Catalogue of a Second Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars published in 1789 .
The number of globular clusters discovered continued to increase , reaching 83 in 1915 , 93 in 1930 and 97 by 1947 . A total of 152 globular clusters have now been discovered in the Milky Way galaxy , out of an estimated total of 180 ± 20 . These additional , undiscovered globular clusters are believed to be hidden behind the gas and dust of the Milky Way .
Beginning in 1914 , Harlow Shapley began a series of studies of globular clusters , published in about 40 scientific papers . He examined the RR Lyrae variables in the clusters ( which he assumed were cepheid variables ) and would use their period – luminosity relationship for distance estimates . Later , it was found that RR Lyrae variables are fainter than cepheid variables , which caused Shapley to overestimate the distance to the clusters .
Of the globular clusters within the Milky Way , the majority are found in the vicinity of the galactic core , and the large majority lie on the side of the celestial sky centered on the core . In 1918 , this strongly asymmetrical distribution was used by Harlow Shapley to make a determination of the overall dimensions of the galaxy . By assuming a roughly spherical distribution of globular clusters around the galaxy 's center , he used the positions of the clusters to estimate the position of the sun relative to the galactic center . While his distance estimate was in significant error , it did demonstrate that the dimensions of the galaxy were much greater than had been previously thought . His error was because dust in the Milky Way diminished the amount of light from a globular cluster that reached the earth , thus making it appear farther away . Shapley 's estimate was , however , within the same order of magnitude as the currently accepted value .
Shapley 's measurements also indicated that the Sun was relatively far from the center of the galaxy , contrary to what had previously been inferred from the apparently nearly even distribution of ordinary stars . In reality , ordinary stars lie within the galaxy 's disk and are thus often obscured by gas and dust , whereas globular clusters lie outside the disk and can be seen at much further distances .
= = = Classification of globulars = = =
Shapley was subsequently assisted in his studies of clusters by Henrietta Swope and Helen Battles Sawyer ( later Hogg ) . In 1927 – 29 , Harlow Shapley and Helen Sawyer began categorizing clusters according to the degree of concentration the system has toward the core . The most concentrated clusters were identified as Class I , with successively diminishing concentrations ranging to Class XII . This became known as the Shapley – Sawyer Concentration Class ( it is sometimes given with numbers [ Class 1 – 12 ] rather than Roman numerals . ) In 2015 , a new type of globular cluster was proposed on the basis of observational data , the dark globular clusters .
= = Formation = =
The formation of globular clusters remains a poorly understood phenomenon and it remains uncertain whether the stars in a globular cluster form in a single generation or are spawned across multiple generations over a period of several hundred million years . In many globular clusters , most of the stars are at approximately the same stage in stellar evolution , suggesting that they formed at about the same time . However , the star formation history varies from cluster to cluster , with some clusters showing distinct populations of stars . An example of this is the globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud ( LMC ) that exhibit a bimodal population . During their youth , these LMC clusters may have encountered giant molecular clouds that triggered a second round of star formation . This star @-@ forming period is relatively brief , compared to the age of many globular clusters . It has also been proposed that the reason for this multiplicity in stellar populations could have a dynamical origin . In the Antennae galaxy , for example , the Hubble Space Telescope has observed clusters of clusters , regions in the galaxy that span hundreds of parsecs , where many of the clusters will eventually collide and merge . Many of them present a significant range in ages , hence possibly metallicities , and their merger could plausibly lead to clusters with a bimodal or even multiple distribution of populations .
Observations of globular clusters show that these stellar formations arise primarily in regions of efficient star formation , and where the interstellar medium is at a higher density than in normal star @-@ forming regions . Globular cluster formation is prevalent in starburst regions and in interacting galaxies . Research indicates a correlation between the mass of a central supermassive black holes ( SMBH ) and the extent of the globular cluster systems of elliptical and lenticular galaxies . The mass of the SMBH in such a galaxy is often close to the combined mass of the galaxy 's globular clusters .
No known globular clusters display active star formation , which is consistent with the view that globular clusters are typically the oldest objects in the Galaxy , and were among the first collections of stars to form . Very large regions of star formation known as super star clusters , such as Westerlund 1 in the Milky Way , may be the precursors of globular clusters .
= = Composition = =
Globular clusters are generally composed of hundreds of thousands of low @-@ metal , old stars . The type of stars found in a globular cluster are similar to those in the bulge of a spiral galaxy but confined to a volume of only a few million cubic parsecs . They are free of gas and dust and it is presumed that all of the gas and dust was long ago turned into stars .
Globular clusters can contain a high density of stars ; on average about 0 @.@ 4 stars per cubic parsec , increasing to 100 or 1000 stars per cubic parsec in the core of the cluster . The typical distance between stars in a globular cluster is about 1 light year , but at its core , the separation is comparable to the size of the Solar System ( 100 to 1000 times closer than stars near the Solar System ) .
However , they are not thought to be favorable locations for the survival of planetary systems . Planetary orbits are dynamically unstable within the cores of dense clusters because of the perturbations of passing stars . A planet orbiting at 1 astronomical unit around a star that is within the core of a dense cluster such as 47 Tucanae would only survive on the order of 108 years . There is a planetary system orbiting a pulsar ( PSR B1620 − 26 ) that belongs to the globular cluster M4 , but these planets likely formed after the event that created the pulsar .
Some globular clusters , like Omega Centauri in the Milky Way and G1 in M31 , are extraordinarily massive , with several million solar masses ( M ☉ ) and multiple stellar populations . Both can be regarded as evidence that supermassive globular clusters are in fact the cores of dwarf galaxies that are consumed by the larger galaxies . About a quarter of the globular cluster population in the Milky Way may have been accreted along with their host dwarf galaxy .
Several globular clusters ( like M15 ) have extremely massive cores which may harbor black holes , although simulations suggest that a less massive black hole or central concentration of neutron stars or massive white dwarfs explain observations equally well .
= = = Metallic content = = =
Globular clusters normally consist of Population II stars , which have a low proportion of elements other than hydrogen and helium when compared to Population I stars such as the Sun . Astronomers refer to these heavier elements as metals and to the proportions of these elements as the metallicity . These elements are produced by stellar nucleosynthesis and then are recycled into the interstellar medium , where they enter the next generation of stars . Hence the proportion of metals can be an indication of the age of a star , with older stars typically having a lower metallicity .
The Dutch astronomer Pieter Oosterhoff noticed that there appear to be two populations of globular clusters , which became known as Oosterhoff groups . The second group has a slightly longer period of RR Lyrae variable stars . Both groups have weak lines of metallic elements . But the lines in the stars of Oosterhoff type I ( OoI ) cluster are not quite as weak as those in type II ( OoII ) . Hence type I are referred to as " metal @-@ rich " ( e.g. Terzan 7 ) while type II are " metal @-@ poor " ( e.g. ESO 280 @-@ SC06 ) .
These two populations have been observed in many galaxies , especially massive elliptical galaxies . Both groups are nearly as old as the universe itself and are of similar ages , but differ in their metal abundances . Many scenarios have been suggested to explain these subpopulations , including violent gas @-@ rich galaxy mergers , the accretion of dwarf galaxies , and multiple phases of star formation in a single galaxy . In the Milky Way , the metal @-@ poor clusters are associated with the halo and the metal @-@ rich clusters with the bulge .
In the Milky Way it has been discovered that the large majority of the low metallicity clusters are aligned along a plane in the outer part of the galaxy 's halo . This result argues in favor of the view that type II clusters in the galaxy were captured from a satellite galaxy , rather than being the oldest members of the Milky Way 's globular cluster system as had been previously thought . The difference between the two cluster types would then be explained by a time delay between when the two galaxies formed their cluster systems .
= = = Exotic components = = =
Globular clusters have a very high star density , and therefore close interactions and near @-@ collisions of stars occur relatively often . Due to these chance encounters , some exotic classes of stars , such as blue stragglers , millisecond pulsars and low @-@ mass X @-@ ray binaries , are much more common in globular clusters . A blue straggler is formed from the merger of two stars , possibly as a result of an encounter with a binary system . The resulting star has a higher temperature than comparable stars in the cluster with the same luminosity , and thus differs from the main sequence stars formed at the beginning of the cluster .
Astronomers have searched for black holes within globular clusters since the 1970s . The resolution requirements for this task , however , are exacting , and it is only with the Hubble space telescope that the first confirmed discoveries have been made . In independent programs , a 4 @,@ 000 M ☉ intermediate @-@ mass black hole has been suggested to exist based on HST observations in the globular cluster M15 and a 20 @,@ 000 M ☉ black hole in the Mayall II cluster in the Andromeda Galaxy . Both x @-@ ray and radio emissions from Mayall II appear to be consistent with an intermediate @-@ mass black hole .
These are of particular interest because they are the first black holes discovered that were intermediate in mass between the conventional stellar @-@ mass black hole and the supermassive black holes discovered at the cores of galaxies . The mass of these intermediate mass black holes is proportional to the mass of the clusters , following a pattern previously discovered between supermassive black holes and their surrounding galaxies .
Claims of intermediate mass black holes have been met with some skepticism . The heaviest objects in globular clusters are expected to migrate to the cluster center due to mass segregation . As pointed out in two papers by Holger Baumgardt and collaborators , the mass @-@ to @-@ light ratio should rise sharply towards the center of the cluster , even without a black hole , in both M15 and Mayall II .
= = Color @-@ magnitude diagram = =
The Hertzsprung @-@ Russell diagram ( HR @-@ diagram ) is a graph of a large sample of stars that plots their visual absolute magnitude against their color index . The color index , B − V , is the difference between the magnitude of the star in blue light , or B , and the magnitude in visual light ( green @-@ yellow ) , or V. Large positive values indicate a red star with a cool surface temperature , while negative values imply a blue star with a hotter surface .
When the stars near the Sun are plotted on an HR diagram , it displays a distribution of stars of various masses , ages , and compositions . Many of the stars lie relatively close to a sloping curve with increasing absolute magnitude as the stars are hotter , known as main @-@ sequence stars . However the diagram also typically includes stars that are in later stages of their evolution and have wandered away from this main @-@ sequence curve .
As all the stars of a globular cluster are at approximately the same distance from us , their absolute magnitudes differ from their visual magnitude by about the same amount . The main @-@ sequence stars in the globular cluster will fall along a line that is believed to be comparable to similar stars in the solar neighborhood . The accuracy of this assumption is confirmed by comparable results obtained by comparing the magnitudes of nearby short @-@ period variables , such as RR Lyrae stars and cepheid variables , with those in the cluster .
By matching up these curves on the HR diagram the absolute magnitude of main @-@ sequence stars in the cluster can also be determined . This in turn provides a distance estimate to the cluster , based on the visual magnitude of the stars . The difference between the relative and absolute magnitude , the distance modulus , yields this estimate of the distance .
When the stars of a particular globular cluster are plotted on an HR diagram , in many cases nearly all of the stars fall upon a relatively well defined curve . This differs from the HR diagram of stars near the Sun , which lumps together stars of differing ages and origins . The shape of the curve for a globular cluster is characteristic of a grouping of stars that were formed at approximately the same time and from the same materials , differing only in their initial mass . As the position of each star in the HR diagram varies with age , the shape of the curve for a globular cluster can be used to measure the overall age of the star population .
However , the above @-@ mentioned historic process of determining the age and distance to globular clusters is not as robust as first thought , since the morphology and luminosity of globular cluster stars in color @-@ magnitude diagrams are influenced by numerous parameters , many of which are still being actively researched . Certain clusters even display populations that are absent from other globular clusters ( e.g. , blue hook stars ) , or feature multiple populations . The historical paradigm that all globular clusters consist of stars born at exactly the same time , or sharing exactly the same chemical abundance , has likewise been overturned ( e.g. , NGC 2808 ) . Further , the morphology of the cluster stars in a color @-@ magnitude diagram , and that includes the brightnesses of distance indicators such as RR Lyrae variable members , can be influenced by observational biases . One such effect is called blending , and it arises because the cores of globular clusters are so dense that in low @-@ resolution observations multiple ( unresolved ) stars may appear as a single target . Thus the brightness measured for that seemingly single star ( e.g. , an RR Lyrae variable ) is erroneously too bright , given those unresolved stars contributed to the brightness determined . Consequently , the computed distance is wrong , and more importantly , certain researchers have argued that the blending effect can introduce a systematic uncertainty into the cosmic distance ladder , and may bias the estimated age of the Universe and the Hubble constant .
The most massive main @-@ sequence stars will also have the highest absolute magnitude , and these will be the first to evolve into the giant star stage . As the cluster ages , stars of successively lower masses will also enter the giant star stage . Thus the age of a single population cluster can be measured by looking for the stars that are just beginning to enter the giant star stage . This forms a " knee " in the HR diagram , bending to the upper right from the main @-@ sequence line . The absolute magnitude at this bend is directly a function of the age of globular cluster , so an age scale can be plotted on an axis parallel to the magnitude .
In addition , globular clusters can be dated by looking at the temperatures of the coolest white dwarfs . Typical results for globular clusters are that they may be as old as 12 @.@ 7 billion years . This is in contrast to open clusters which are only tens of millions of years old .
The ages of globular clusters place a bound on the age limit of the entire universe . This lower limit has been a significant constraint in cosmology . Historically , astronomers were faced with age estimates of globular clusters that appeared older than cosmological models would allow . However , better measurements of cosmological parameters through deep sky surveys and satellites such as the Hubble Space Telescope appear to have resolved this issue .
Evolutionary studies of globular clusters can also be used to determine changes due to the starting composition of the gas and dust that formed the cluster . That is , the evolutionary tracks change with changes in the abundance of heavy elements . The data obtained from studies of globular clusters are then used to study the evolution of the Milky Way as a whole .
In globular clusters a few stars known as blue stragglers are observed , apparently continuing the main sequence in the direction of brighter , bluer stars . The origins of these stars is still unclear , but most models suggest that these stars are the result of mass transfer in multiple star systems .
= = Morphology = =
In contrast to open clusters , most globular clusters remain gravitationally bound for time periods comparable to the life spans of the majority of their stars . However , a possible exception is when strong tidal interactions with other large masses result in the dispersal of the stars .
After they are formed , the stars in the globular cluster begin to interact gravitationally with each other . As a result , the velocity vectors of the stars are steadily modified , and the stars lose any history of their original velocity . The characteristic interval for this to occur is the relaxation time . This is related to the characteristic length of time a star needs to cross the cluster as well as the number of stellar masses in the system . The value of the relaxation time varies by cluster , but the mean value is on the order of 109 years .
Although globular clusters generally appear spherical in form , ellipticities can occur due to tidal interactions . Clusters within the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are typically oblate spheroids in shape , while those in the Large Magellanic Cloud are more elliptical .
= = = Radii = = =
Astronomers characterize the morphology of a globular cluster by means of standard radii . These are the core radius ( rc ) , the half @-@ light radius ( rh ) , and the tidal ( or Jacobi ) radius ( rt ) . The overall luminosity of the cluster steadily decreases with distance from the core , and the core radius is the distance at which the apparent surface luminosity has dropped by half . A comparable quantity is the half @-@ light radius , or the distance from the core within which half the total luminosity from the cluster is received . This is typically larger than the core radius .
Note that the half @-@ light radius includes stars in the outer part of the cluster that happen to lie along the line of sight , so theorists will also use the half @-@ mass radius ( rm ) — the radius from the core that contains half the total mass of the cluster . When the half @-@ mass radius of a cluster is small relative to the overall size , it has a dense core . An example of this is Messier 3 ( M3 ) , which has an overall visible dimension of about 18 arc minutes , but a half @-@ mass radius of only 1 @.@ 12 arc minutes .
Almost all globular clusters have a half @-@ light radius of less than 10 pc , although there are well @-@ established globular clusters with very large radii ( i.e. NGC 2419 ( Rh
= 18 pc ) and Palomar 14 ( Rh =
25 pc ) ) .
Finally the tidal radius , or Hill sphere , is the distance from the center of the globular cluster at which the external gravitation of the galaxy has more influence over the stars in the cluster than does the cluster itself . This is the distance at which the individual stars belonging to a cluster can be separated away by the galaxy . The tidal radius of M3 is about 40 arc minutes , or about 113 pc at the distance of 10 @.@ 4 kpc .
= = = Mass segregation , luminosity and core collapse = = =
In measuring the luminosity curve of a given globular cluster as a function of distance from the core , most clusters in the Milky Way increase steadily in luminosity as this distance decreases , up to a certain distance from the core , then the luminosity levels off . Typically this distance is about 1 – 2 parsecs from the core . However about 20 % of the globular clusters have undergone a process termed " core collapse " . In this type of cluster , the luminosity continues to increase steadily all the way to the core region . An example of a core @-@ collapsed globular is M15 .
Core @-@ collapse is thought to occur when the more massive stars in a globular cluster encounter their less massive companions . Over time , dynamic processes cause individual stars to migrate from the center of the cluster to the outside . This results in a net loss of kinetic energy from the core region , leading the remaining stars grouped in the core region to occupy a more compact volume . When this gravothermal instability occurs , the central region of the cluster becomes densely crowded with stars and the surface brightness of the cluster forms a power @-@ law cusp . ( Note that a core collapse is not the only mechanism that can cause such a luminosity distribution ; a massive black hole at the core can also result in a luminosity cusp . ) Over a lengthy period of time this leads to a concentration of massive stars near the core , a phenomenon called mass segregation .
The dynamical heating effect of binary star systems works to prevent an initial core collapse of the cluster . When a star passes near a binary system , the orbit of the latter pair tends to contract , releasing energy . Only after the primordial supply of binaries is exhausted due to interactions can a deeper core collapse proceed . In contrast , the effect of tidal shocks as a globular cluster repeatedly passes through the plane of a spiral galaxy tends to significantly accelerate core collapse .
The different stages of core @-@ collapse may be divided into three phases . During a globular cluster 's adolescence , the process of core @-@ collapse begins with stars near the core . However , the interactions between binary star systems prevents further collapse as the cluster approaches middle age . Finally , the central binaries are either disrupted or ejected , resulting in a tighter concentration at the core .
The interaction of stars in the collapsed core region causes tight binary systems to form . As other stars interact with these tight binaries , they increase the energy at the core , which causes the cluster to re @-@ expand . As the mean time for a core collapse is typically less than the age of the galaxy , many of a galaxy 's globular clusters may have passed through a core collapse stage , then re @-@ expanded .
The Hubble Space Telescope has been used to provide convincing observational evidence of this stellar mass @-@ sorting process in globular clusters . Heavier stars slow down and crowd at the cluster 's core , while lighter stars pick up speed and tend to spend more time at the cluster 's periphery . The globular star cluster 47 Tucanae , which is made up of about 1 million stars , is one of the densest globular clusters in the Southern Hemisphere . This cluster was subjected to an intensive photographic survey , which allowed astronomers to track the motion of its stars . Precise velocities were obtained for nearly 15 @,@ 000 stars in this cluster .
A 2008 study by John Fregeau of 13 globular clusters in the Milky Way shows that three of them have an unusually large number of X @-@ ray sources , or X @-@ ray binaries , suggesting the clusters are middle @-@ aged . Previously , these globular clusters had been classified as being in old age because they had very tight concentrations of stars in their centers , another test of age used by astronomers . The implication is that most globular clusters , including the other ten studied by Fregeau , are not in middle age as previously thought , but are actually in ' adolescence ' .
The overall luminosities of the globular clusters within the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy can be modeled by means of a gaussian curve . This gaussian can be represented by means of an average magnitude Mv and a variance σ2 . This distribution of globular cluster luminosities is called the Globular Cluster Luminosity Function ( GCLF ) . ( For the Milky Way , Mv
= − 7 @.@ 20 ± 0 @.@ 13 , σ =
1 @.@ 1 ± 0 @.@ 1 magnitudes . ) The GCLF has also been used as a " standard candle " for measuring the distance to other galaxies , under the assumption that the globular clusters in remote galaxies follow the same principles as they do in the Milky Way .
= = = N @-@ body simulations = = =
Computing the interactions between the stars within a globular cluster requires solving what is termed the N @-@ body problem . That is , each of the stars within the cluster continually interacts with the other N − 1 stars , where N is the total number of stars in the cluster . The naive CPU computational " cost " for a dynamic simulation increases in proportion to N 2 ( each of N objects must interact pairwise with each of the other N objects ) , so the potential computing requirements to accurately simulate such a cluster can be enormous . An efficient method of mathematically simulating the N @-@ body dynamics of a globular cluster is done by subdividing into small volumes and velocity ranges , and using probabilities to describe the locations of the stars . The motions are then described by means of a formula called the Fokker – Planck equation . This can be solved by a simplified form of the equation , or by running Monte Carlo simulations and using random values . However the simulation becomes more difficult when the effects of binaries and the interaction with external gravitation forces ( such as from the Milky Way galaxy ) must also be included .
The results of N @-@ body simulations have shown that the stars can follow unusual paths through the cluster , often forming loops and often falling more directly toward the core than would a single star orbiting a central mass . In addition , due to interactions with other stars that result in an increase in velocity , some of the stars gain sufficient energy to escape the cluster . Over long periods of time this will result in a dissipation of the cluster , a process termed evaporation . The typical time scale for the evaporation of a globular cluster is 1010 years . In 2010 it became possible to directly compute , star by star , N @-@ body simulations of a globular cluster over the course of its lifetime .
Binary stars form a significant portion of the total population of stellar systems , with up to half of all stars occurring in binary systems . Numerical simulations of globular clusters have demonstrated that binaries can hinder and even reverse the process of core collapse in globular clusters . When a star in a cluster has a gravitational encounter with a binary system , a possible result is that the binary becomes more tightly bound and kinetic energy is added to the solitary star . When the massive stars in the cluster are sped up by this process , it reduces the contraction at the core and limits core collapse .
The ultimate fate of a globular cluster must be either to accrete stars at its core , causing its steady contraction , or gradual shedding of stars from its outer layers .
= = = Intermediate forms = = =
The distinction between cluster types is not always clear @-@ cut , and objects have been found that blur the lines between the categories . For example , BH 176 in the southern part of the Milky Way has properties of both an open and a globular cluster .
In 2005 , astronomers discovered a completely new type of star cluster in the Andromeda Galaxy , which is , in several ways , very similar to globular clusters . The new @-@ found clusters contain hundreds of thousands of stars , a similar number to that found in globular clusters . The clusters share other characteristics with globular clusters such as stellar populations and metallicity . What distinguishes them from the globular clusters is that they are much larger – several hundred light @-@ years across – and hundreds of times less dense . The distances between the stars are , therefore , much greater within the newly discovered extended clusters . Parametrically , these clusters lie somewhere between a globular cluster and a dwarf spheroidal galaxy .
How these clusters are formed is not yet known , but their formation might well be related to that of globular clusters . Why M31 has such clusters , while the Milky Way does not , is not yet known . It is also unknown if any other galaxy contains these types of clusters , but it would be very unlikely that M31 is the sole galaxy with extended clusters .
= = Tidal encounters = =
When a globular cluster has a close encounter with a large mass , such as the core region of a galaxy , it undergoes a tidal interaction . The difference in the pull of gravity between the part of the cluster nearest the mass and the pull on the furthest part of the cluster results in a tidal force . A " tidal shock " occurs whenever the orbit of a cluster takes it through the plane of a galaxy .
As a result of a tidal shock , streams of stars can be pulled away from the cluster halo , leaving only the core part of the cluster . These tidal interaction effects create tails of stars that can extend up to several degrees of arc away from the cluster . These tails typically both precede and follow the cluster along its orbit . The tails can accumulate significant portions of the original mass of the cluster , and can form clumplike features .
The globular cluster Palomar 5 , for example , is near the apogalactic point of its orbit after passing through the Milky Way . Streams of stars extend outward toward the front and rear of the orbital path of this cluster , stretching out to distances of 13 @,@ 000 light @-@ years . Tidal interactions have stripped away much of the mass from Palomar 5 , and further interactions as it passes through the galactic core are expected to transform it into a long stream of stars orbiting the Milky Way halo .
Tidal interactions add kinetic energy into a globular cluster , dramatically increasing the evaporation rate and shrinking the size of the cluster . Not only does tidal shock strip off the outer stars from a globular cluster , but the increased evaporation accelerates the process of core collapse . The same physical mechanism may be at work in dwarf spheroidal galaxies such as the Sagittarius Dwarf , which appears to be undergoing tidal disruption due to its proximity to the Milky Way .
= = Orbits = =
There are many globular clusters with a retrograde orbit round the Milky Way Galaxy . A hypervelocity globular cluster was discovered around Messier 87 in 2014 , having a velocity in excess of the escape velocity of M87 .
= = Planets = =
Astronomers are searching for exoplanets of stars in globular star clusters .
In 2000 , the results of a search for giant planets in the globular cluster 47 Tucanae were announced . The lack of any successful discoveries suggests that the abundance of elements ( other than hydrogen or helium ) necessary to build these planets may need to be at least 40 % of the abundance in the Sun . Terrestrial planets are built from heavier elements such as silicon , iron and magnesium . The very low abundance of these elements in globular clusters means that the member stars have a far lower likelihood of hosting Earth @-@ mass planets , when compared to stars in the neighborhood of the Sun . Hence the halo region of the Milky Way galaxy , including globular cluster members , are unlikely to host habitable terrestrial planets .
In spite of the lower likelihood of giant planet formation , just such an object has been found in the globular cluster Messier 4 . This planet was detected orbiting a pulsar in the binary star system PSR B1620 @-@ 26 . The eccentric and highly inclined orbit of the planet suggests it may have been formed around another star in the cluster , then was later " exchanged " into its current arrangement . The likelihood of close encounters between stars in a globular cluster can disrupt planetary systems , some of which break loose to become free floating planets . Even close orbiting planets can become disrupted , potentially leading to orbital decay and an increase in orbital eccentricity and tidal effects .
= = = General resources = = =
NASA Astrophysics Data System has a collection of past articles , from all major astrophysics journals and many conference proceedings .
SCYON is a newsletter dedicated to star clusters .
MODEST is a loose collaboration of scientists working on star clusters .
= = = Books = = =
Binney , James ; Tremaine , Scott ( 1987 ) . Galactic Dynamics ( First ed . ) . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 08444 @-@ 0 .
Heggie , Douglas ; Hut , Piet ( 2003 ) . The Gravitational Million @-@ Body Problem : A Multidisciplinary Approach to Star Cluster Dynamics . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 77486 @-@ 1 .
Spitzer , Lyman ( 1987 ) . Dynamical Evolution of Globular Clusters . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 08460 @-@ 2 .
= = = Review articles = = =
Elson , Rebecca ; Hut , Piet ; Inagaki , Shogo ( 1987 ) . Dynamical evolution of globular clusters . Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics 25 565 . Bibcode : 1987ARA & A .. 25 .. 565E
Meylan , G. ; Heggie , D. C. ( 1997 ) . Internal dynamics of globular clusters . The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review 8 1 . Bibcode : 1997A & ARv ... 8 .... 1M
= Hapalopilus nidulans =
Hapalopilus nidulans ( also known as Hapalopilus rutilans ) is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae . Officially described in 1821 , it was transferred to its current genus Hapalopilus six decades later . It is commonly known as the tender nesting polypore , purple dye polypore , or the cinnamon bracket . This widely distributed species is found on five continents . It grows on the fallen or standing dead wood of deciduous trees , in which it fruits singly , in groups , fused , or in overlapping clusters . Fruit bodies are in the form of kidney @-@ shaped to semicircular , cinnamon @-@ orange @-@ brown brackets . The underside of the fruit body features a yellowish to brownish pore surface with tiny angular pores , from which spores are released .
The poisonous fruit bodies cause neurotoxic symptoms if ingested , an effect attributable to the compound polyporic acid , which is present in high concentrations . When an alkaline solution is placed on the fungus , the flesh turns violet . The fungus is used in mushroom dyeing to produce purple colors .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was first described in 1791 by French mycologist Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard , who called it Boletus suberosus . However , this name had been used previously by Carl Linnaeus ( for a species now known as Polyporus suberosus ) , and so Bulliard 's name was an illegitimate homonym . In 1821 , Elias Magnus Fries published the species as Polyporus nidulans . In 1881 , Petter Karsten transferred it to its current genus , Hapalopilus , as the type species . The fungus has been shuffled to several genera throughout its taxonomic history , including Boletus ( Kurt Sprengel , 1827 ) , Inonotus ( Petter Karsten , 1881 ) , Phaeolus ( Narcisse Théophile Patouillard , 1900 ) , Polystictus ( François @-@ Xavier Gillot and Jean Louis Lucand , 1890 ) , and Agaricus ( Ernst Hans Ludwig Krause , 1933 ) .
The name Boletus rutilans , published by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1798 , and later transferred to Hapalopilus by William Alphonso Murrill in 1904 , is a synonym that is still used in several recent sources . Murrill noted , " When Fries studied the plant he gave it the name P. nidulans , following it with Persoon 's P. rutilans , which , he naively remarked , was perhaps a variety of P. nidulans . The two species were kept distinct by Berkeley , but he had little and poor material and evidently did not know them intimately . " According to MycoBank , although the name Boletus rutilans was sanctioned by Fries in his 1818 book Observationes mycologicae , his remarks in the text suggest that he recognized the species were the same , and subsequently the name was not sanctioned against P. nidulans . According to Field Museum mycologist Patrick Leacock , however , Fries ( 1818 ) was not a sanctioning work , although both names were sanctioned later by Fries in his 1821 work Systema Mycologicum . Since both names are sanctioned , and the basionym for H. rutilans was published earlier ( in 1798 ) , Leacock suggests this name should take priority . As of November 2015 , both MycoBank and Species Fungorum give H. rutilans and H. nidulans as synonymous , with the latter being the preferred name .
The polypore is commonly known as the " purple dye polypore " , " cinnamon bracket " , or the " tender nesting polypore " . The specific epithet nidulans is Latin for " nesting " ; the epithet rutilans means " orange @-@ red " .
= = Description = =
The cap is fan @-@ shaped to semicircular and convex , reaching a diameter of 2 @.@ 5 – 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 0 – 4 @.@ 7 in ) . It lacks a stalk , and is instead attached broadly to the substrate . The fruit bodies are initially soft and spongy , but become hard and brittle once they have lost their moisture . The cap surface is covered with matted hairs , has shallow concentric furrows , and a dull brownish @-@ orange color . The flesh is up to 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick at the thickest part , and is a pale cinnamon color . The pore surface is yellowish to brownish , and the pores are angular , numbering about 2 – 4 per millimeter . In young fruit bodies , the pore surface bruises reddish brown . The mushroom 's odor and taste ranges from sweetish to indistinct .
Fruit bodies produce a white spore print . Spores are elliptical to cylindrical , smooth , hyaline ( translucent ) , and measure 3 @.@ 5 – 5 by 2 – 3 μm . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are club shaped and four @-@ spored , with dimensions of 18 – 22 by 5 – 5 @.@ 6 μm . H. nidulans has a monomitic hyphal system , containing only generative hyphae with clamp connections . In the flesh , these hyphae are thick @-@ walled and highly branched , measuring up to 10 μm in diameter ; hyphae comprising the pores and the subhymenium are thinner ( up to 6 μm wide ) and less branched . A chemical test can be used to help identify H. nidulans : all parts of the fruit body will instantly stain bright violet if a drop of an alkaline solution is applied . Dilute ( 3 – 10 % ) potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) , is often used for this purpose .
= = = Similar species = = =
Some other polypores are roughly similar in appearance to H. nidulans and might be confused with it . Phellinus gilvus has a yellowish to rusty @-@ yellow fibrous cap , yellowish @-@ brown flesh that stains black in KOH , and a grayish @-@ brown to dark brown pore surface . Hapalopilus croceus produces large fruit bodies with caps up to 20 @.@ 5 cm ( 8 @.@ 1 in ) in diameter . Its pore surface is bright reddish orange when fresh , and its flesh stains red with KOH . Pycnoporus cinnabarinus has a tougher fruit body and is a brighter red color . The edible " beefsteak fungus " Fistulina hepatica may readily be confused with H. nidulans . It has soft , blood @-@ red fruit bodies that ooze red juice . Also edible , the " chicken of the woods " , Laetiporus sulphureus , has bright yellow fruit bodies whose color fades in age .
= = Habitat , distribution , and ecology = =
A saprobic species , Hapalopilus nidulans causes a white rot in its host . Fruit bodies of the fungus grow singly , in groups , or in fused and overlapping clusters on the wood of dead and decaying deciduous trees . Preferred hosts include Quercus ( oak ) , Fagus ( beech ) , and Betula ( birch ) , although on rare occasions it has been recorded on conifer wood as well . In central Europe , its preferred host is oak , while in northern Europe it is found most commonly on Corylus and Sorbus . Fruiting typically occurs from early summer to autumn , but the tough fruit bodies are persistent and may be encountered out of the usual growing season .
Hapalopilus nidulans has a mostly circumboreal distribution in the north temperate zone , and has been found in North Africa , Asia , Europe , and North America . Outside of this region , it has been recorded from Australia , and Oceania . In North America , where it can be found as far north as the Northwest Territories in Canada , it is more common in the eastern and southwestern part of the continent . In Europe , its northern distribution extends to Porsanger in Norway . Reported for the first time from India in 2011 , it was found in forests depots of Chhattisgarh , growing on the stored logs of several native trees : Anogeissus latifolia , Chloroxylon swietenia , Desmodium oojeinense , Shorea robusta , and Terminalia elliptica .
Fungus beetle species known to inhabit and rear their young in the fruit bodies of Hapalopilus nidulans include Sulcacis affinis , Hallomenus axillaris , H. binotatus , and Orchesia fasciata .
= = Uses = =
The fruit bodies of H. nidulans are inedible . They have been reported to have neurotoxic effects attributable to polyporic acid , a terphenyl compound first identified from a mycelial culture of the fungus in 1877 . This chemical , present at 20 – 40 % of the dry weight of the fruit bodies , inhibits the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase . It is found in other mushrooms , but in much lower amounts . In a poisoning case reported in 1992 , one German family who consumed H. nidulans experienced nausea , impaired movement , visual impairment , liver and kidney failure ; symptoms began about 12 hours after consuming the mushroom . Additionally , the urine of all three poisoning victims temporarily turned violet . They recovered fully a week later . Similar symptoms and recovery were reported in a 2013 poisoning case , in which the fungus was confused with the edible Fistulina hepatica . The set of symptoms arising from consumption of H. nidulans has been called the neurotoxic delayed syndrome .
Hapalopilus nidulans is highly appreciated by those who make mushroom dyes . When used in combination with alkaline fixatives , the fruit bodies can produce striking violet colors .
= Alexander Cameron Rutherford =
Alexander Cameron Rutherford , KC ( February 2 , 1857 – June 11 , 1941 ) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the first Premier of Alberta from 1905 to 1910 . Born in Ormond , Ontario , he studied and practised law in Ottawa before moving with his family to the Northwest Territories in 1895 . Here he began his political career , winning in his third attempt a seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories . In keeping with the territorial custom Rutherford ran as an independent , though he generally supported the territorial administration of Premier Frederick W. A. G. Haultain . At the federal level , however , Rutherford was a Liberal .
In 1905 , Alberta Lieutenant Governor George Bulyea asked Rutherford to form the new province 's first government . As Premier , his first task was to win a workable majority in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta , which he did in the 1905 provincial election . His second was to provide the apparatus of provincial government : his government established everything from speed limits to a provincial court system . The legislature also controversially , and with Rutherford 's support , selected Edmonton over rival Calgary as the provincial capital . Calgarians ' bruised feelings were not salved when the government located the University of Alberta , a project dear to the Premier 's heart , in his hometown of Strathcona , just across the North Saskatchewan River from Edmonton .
The government was faced with labour unrest in the coal mining industry , which it resolved by establishing a commission to examine the problem . It also set up a provincial government telephone network — Alberta Government Telephones — at great expense , and tried to encourage the development of new railways . It was in pursuit of this last objective that the Rutherford government found itself embroiled in scandal . Early in 1910 , William Henry Cushing 's resignation as Minister of Public Works precipitated the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal , which turned many of Rutherford 's Liberals against his government . Eventually , pressure from many party figures forced Rutherford to resign . He kept his seat in the legislature after resigning as premier , but was defeated in the 1913 election by Conservative Herbert Crawford .
After leaving politics , Rutherford continued his law practice and his involvement with a wide range of community groups . Most importantly , he became chancellor of the University of Alberta , whose earlier founding had been a personal project . He died of a heart attack June 11 , 1941 . A University of Alberta library , an Edmonton elementary school , and Jasper National Park 's Mount Rutherford are named in his honour . Additionally , his home , Rutherford House , was opened as a museum in 1973 .
= = Early life = =
Alexander Rutherford was born February 2 , 1857 , near Ormond , Ontario on his family 's dairy farm . His parents , James ( 1817 – 1891 ) and Elspet " Elizabeth " ( 1818 – 1901 ) Cameron Rutherford , had immigrated from Scotland two years previous . They joined the Baptist Church , and his father joined the Liberal Party of Canada and served for a time on the Osgoode village council . Rutherford attended public school locally and , after rejecting dairy farming as a vocation , enrolled in a Metcalfe high school . After graduating in 1874 , he attended the Canadian Literary Institute , a Baptist college in Woodstock . He graduated from there in 1876 , and taught for a year in Osgoode .
Next he moved to Montreal to study arts and law at McGill University . He was awarded degrees in both in 1881 , and joined the Ottawa law firm of Scott , McTavish and McCracken where he was articled for four years under the tutelage of Richard William Scott . Called to the Ontario bar in 1885 , he became a junior partner in the firm of Hodgins , Kidd and Rutherford with responsibility for its Kemptville office for ten years . He also established a moneylending business there .
During this time , his social circle grew to include William Cameron Edwards . Through Edwards , Rutherford was introduced to the Birkett family , which included former Member of Parliament Thomas Birkett . Rutherford married Birkett 's niece , Mattie Birkett , in December 1888 . The couple had three children : Cecil ( born in 1890 ) , Hazel ( born in 1893 ) , and Marjorie ( born in 1903 , but died sixteen months later ) . Rutherford had a traditional view of gender roles , and was happy to leave most child @-@ rearing responsibilities to his wife .
= = = Move west = = =
In November 1886 Rutherford visited the Canadian West for the first time when he travelled to British Columbia to investigate the disappearance of his cousin . The Rocky Mountains left a great impression on him , as did the coastal climate which he found " very agreeable " . He visited again in the summer of 1894 , when he took the Canadian Pacific Railway across the prairies . Upon arriving in South Edmonton , he was excited by its growth potential and pleased to find that the dry air relieved his bronchitis . He resolved to settle there , and did so one year later , bringing his reluctant wife and his children , who arrived by train June 10 , 1895 . Within ten days of their arrival , Rutherford had opened a law office , purchased four lots of land , and contracted local builder Hugh McCurdy to build him a house . In July the family moved into their new four @-@ room house , built on a single storey . In 1896 Rutherford became the town 's only lawyer , as his competition , Mervyn Mackenzie , had moved to Toronto .
Rutherford quickly became deeply involved in the community . Among the roles he acquired during his first three years in the District of Alberta were President of the newly formed South Edmonton Football Club , secretary @-@ treasurer of the South Edmonton School Board , president of the South Edmonton Athletic Association , vice president of the South Edmonton Literary Institute , auditor of the South Edmonton Agricultural Society , and worthy master of the Acacia Lodge , Ancient Free and Accepted Masons . He later added to this the title of secretary of the Edmonton District Butter and Cheese Manufacturing Association . He was an early advocate for the incorporation of South Edmonton , hitherto an unincorporated community . When incorporation came in 1899 — as the Town of Strathcona — Rutherford became the new town 's secretary @-@ treasurer ( after acting as returning officer in its first election ) .
Throughout this period , he practised law , from 1899 with Frederick C. Jamieson as his partner , who later was elected as a Conservative member of the MLA . He employed single women as secretaries in an era when clerical workers were predominantly male , and defended a First Nations person accused of murder , at a time when most lawyers refused such cases . As their practice grew , he and Jamieson also engaged in moneylending . Besides his law practice , Rutherford was a successful real estate investor , and also owned an interest in gold mining equipment situated on the North Saskatchewan River .
= = = Early political career = = =
In 1896 , Frank Oliver , who had represented Edmonton in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories since 1888 , resigned to pursue a career in federal politics . Several Strathcona residents urged Rutherford to run for Oliver 's old seat in the ensuing by @-@ election . Though he was originally reluctant , he agreed to stand after a 300 @-@ signature petition urging his candidacy was presented to him . His only opponent was former Edmonton mayor Matthew McCauley who , like Rutherford , ran as an independent . Rutherford campaigned on a platform of improved roads , resource development , simplification of territorial ordinances , and — in what would become a theme of his political career — increased educational funding . McCauley won the election , but Rutherford received more than forty percent of the vote .
During the 1898 territorial election , Rutherford again challenged the now @-@ incumbent McCauley . His defeat of two years previous still fresh in his mind , his platform this time included a call for a redrawing of the territory 's electoral boundaries ; he believed that the current Edmonton riding was gerrymandered in McCauley 's favour . He also repeated his past calls for improved roads and advocated increased taxation on the railroads . He pledged " independent support " for the non @-@ partisan administration of Premier Frederick Haultain , and supported that administration 's call for the creation of a single province from the territories following the 1901 census . Rutherford criticized McCauley 's past record , accusing him of silence on issues that were of concern to his constituents . Despite this , McCauley won again , albeit by a reduced margin .
Rutherford was at last successful in the 1902 election , when he ran in the newly created riding of Strathcona . His 1902 platform was similar to his 1898 platform and supported Haultain , though this time he supported a two @-@ province integration of the Northwest Territories into Confederation , rather than Haultain 's preferred one @-@ province approach , on the grounds that a single province would be so large as to be ungovernable . It at first looked as though he would run unopposed ; however , at the last minute local lawyer Nelson D. Mills publicly accused Rutherford of being not a true independent , but a dyed @-@ in @-@ the @-@ wool Haultain supporter , and announced that he would run against him . Rutherford was supported by most of Strathcona 's most prominent residents , including his law partner Jamieson and his future rival John R. Boyle , and won an easy victory .
Rutherford served in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories until Alberta became a province in 1905 . During his tenure , he was elected deputy speaker and sat on standing committees for libraries , municipal law , and education . His legislative efforts included successful attempts to extend the boundaries of the Town of Strathcona and to empower it to borrow for construction of public works . He was considered a possible member of Haultain 's executive council , likely in the post of Commissioner of Public Works , but the post instead went to George Bulyea . He joined many of his fellow MLAs in continuing to advocate for provincial status , finding that the limitations on a territory 's means to raise revenue prevented the Northwest Territories from meeting its obligations .
Though Rutherford supported Haultain 's vision of non @-@ partisan territorial administration , federally he was an avowed Liberal . In 1900 , he was elected president of the Strathcona Liberal association , and was a delegate to the convention that nominated Oliver as the party 's candidate in Alberta for the 1900 federal election . He subsequently campaigned for Oliver in his successful re @-@ election attempt . When the new federal constituency of Strathcona was formed in advance of the 1904 election , Rutherford was urged to accept the Liberal nomination , but demurred . Peter Talbot was selected instead and , supported by Rutherford , was elected .
= = = Selection as Premier = = =
In February 1905 , the federal government of Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier introduced legislation to create two new provinces — Alberta and Saskatchewan — from the Northwest Territories . Though Haultain wanted the new provinces to be governed on the same non @-@ partisan basis as the Territories had been , it was expected that the Liberal Laurier would recommend a Liberal to serve as Lieutenant @-@ Governor , and it was further assumed that the Lieutenant @-@ Governor would call on a Liberal to form the new province 's first government . Oliver was the province 's most prominent Liberal , but had just been named federal Minister of the Interior , and was not interested in leaving Ottawa . Talbot was Laurier 's preferred candidate , but he expected to be appointed to the Senate and found the prospect more congenial than serving as Premier of Alberta . Both men supported Rutherford , though neither was enthusiastic about doing so . In August , Bulyea was appointed Alberta 's first Lieutenant @-@ Governor and later that month the Alberta Liberals selected Rutherford as their first leader . A final barrier was removed a few days later when Haultain , who was a Conservative federally but who was thought to be a potential leader of a coalition government , announced that he would stay in Regina to lead the Saskatchewan Conservatives . On September 2 , Bulyea asked Rutherford to form the first government of Alberta .
After accepting the position of premier , Rutherford selected a geographically diverse cabinet on September 6 : Edmonton 's Charles Wilson Cross as Attorney @-@ General , Calgary 's William Henry Cushing as Minister of Public Works , Medicine Hat 's William Finlay as Minister of Agriculture and Provincial Secretary , and Lethbridge 's George DeVeber as Minister without Portfolio . Rutherford kept for himself the positions of Provincial Treasurer and Minister of Education .
= = Premier = =
= = = 1905 election = = =
Rutherford was Premier , but had not yet faced the people in an election and did not yet have a legislature to which he could propose legislation . Elections for the first Legislative Assembly of Alberta were accordingly fixed for November 9 . The Conservatives , the young province 's only other political party , had already selected R. B. Bennett as their leader . Bennett attacked the terms under which Alberta had been made a province , especially the clauses that left control of its lands and natural resources in the hands of the federal government and required the continued provincial funding of separate schools . He pointed out that Canada 's older provinces had control of their own natural resources and that education was a provincial responsibility under the British North America Act . The Liberals responded to these criticisms by highlighting the financial compensation the province received from the federal government in exchange for control of its natural resources , which amounted to $ 375 @,@ 000 per year . They further suggested that Conservative concern for control of lands was due to their desire to make favourable land concessions to the unpopular Canadian Pacific Railway , which had historically been friendly with the Conservatives , and for whom Bennett had acted as solicitor .
Besides the Conservatives ' ties to the CPR , Rutherford 's Liberals enjoyed the incumbent 's advantage of controlling the levers of patronage , and the election 's result was never really in doubt . Before the election , Talbot predicted that the government would win 18 of the province 's 25 seats . Immediately after the election it appeared that the Liberals had won 21 ; when all the votes had been counted they had won 23 seats to the Conservatives ' two . Bennett himself was defeated in his Calgary riding . When the outcome was clear , the people of Strathcona feted Rutherford with a torchlight procession and bonfire .
= = = First legislature and regional tensions = = =
One of the most contentious issues facing the newly elected government was the decision of the province 's capital city . The federal legislation creating the province had fixed Edmonton as the provisional capital , much to the chagrin of Calgary . Neither party had taken a position on the divisive question during the campaign , but selecting a permanent capital was high on the list of the new legislature 's orders of business . Calgary 's case was made most enthusiastically by Minister of Public Works Cushing , Edmonton 's by Attorney @-@ General Cross . Banff and Red Deer were also possibilities , but motions to select each failed to find seconders . In the end , Edmonton was designated by a vote of sixteen members — including Rutherford — to eight .
A personal priority of Rutherford had been the establishment of a university . Though the Edmonton Bulletin opined that it would be unfair " that the people of the Province should be taxed for the special benefit of four per cent that they may be able to attach the cognomen of B.A. or M.A. to their names and flaunt the vanity of such over the taxpayer , who has to pay for it " , Rutherford proceeded quickly . He was concerned that delay might result in the creation of denominational colleges , striking a blow to his dream of a high quality non @-@ sectarian system of post @-@ secondary education . A bill establishing the University was passed by the legislature , but left the government to decide the location . Calgary felt that , having lost the fight to be provincial capital , it could expect the university to be established there , and was not pleased a year later when the government announced the founding of the University of Alberta in Rutherford 's hometown of Strathcona .
While these regionally charged issues attracted much attention , they were far from the government 's only initiatives during the legislature 's first session . In 1906 it passed a series of acts dealing with the organization and administration of the new provincial government and incorporated the cities of Lethbridge , Medicine Hat , and Wetaskiwin . It also established a speed limit of 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) for motorized vehicles and set up a regime for mine inspection . Perhaps most significantly , it set up a court system , with Arthur Lewis Sifton as the province 's first Chief Justice .
Though the founding of the University of Alberta was the centrepiece of Rutherford 's educational policy , his activity as Minister of Education extended well beyond it . In the first year of Alberta 's existence , 140 new schools were established , and a normal school was set up in Calgary to train teachers . Rutherford put great emphasis on the creation of English @-@ language schools in the large portions of the province occupied primarily by central- and eastern @-@ European immigrants . The immigrants themselves were often unable to speak English , and the provision of these schools for their children was a major factor in their rapid assimilation into Albertan society . They were also in lieu of separate religious schools for groups such as Mennonites ; while the continued existence of Roman Catholic separate schools was mandated by the terms of Alberta 's admission into Confederation , the government 's policy was otherwise to encourage a unified and secular public school system . Rutherford also introduced free school texts in the province , though he was criticized for commissioning the texts from a Toronto publisher ( which printed them in New York ) rather than locally .
= = = Labour unrest = = =
The winter of 1906 – 07 was the coldest in Alberta history ; this was exacerbated by a shortage of coal . One cause of this shortage was the strained relationship between coal miners and mine operators in the province . At the beginning of April 1907 the Canada West Coal and Coke
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At the time they were writing the episode , Parker and Stone had seen a large number of news reports about government buildings refusing to allow the display of models of the nativity scene and other Christian holiday symbols , in an effort not to offend other religions . Parker and Stone , as two agnostics who still appreciated the Christmas holiday , said they felt the idea was " ridiculous " and , according to Stone , " We just wanted Mr. Hankey to say Christmas was about good and about presents , and it doesn 't have to be this religious [ controversy ] . " The two sought to write an episode in the tradition of old classic Christmas specials with their own irreverent South Park twist , and so they watched the famous 1965 Peanuts special , A Charlie Brown Christmas , repeatedly during the production process . Parker said , " At this point , we just sort of wanted to do a Charlie Brown Christmas South Park version . That [ special ] was definitely a huge part of my life growing up . "
The episode was considered the first South Park musical episode , and included such songs as " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , " A Lonely Jew on Christmas " and " Kyle 's Mom is a Big Fat Bitch " . Parker and Stone were initially concerned about making a musical because , Parker said , " The general rule was people hated musicals " . For the Mr. Hankey character , Parker and Stone adapted most of the elements from the Mr. Hankey short film they planned in college , except that Mr. Hankey would prove to be real , not a figment of Kyle 's imagination . Parker said this was decided because of his frustration with the character Mr. Snuffleupagus in the children 's show Sesame Street ; for his first 14 years on the show , Mr. Snuffleupagus was an imaginary character seen only by Big Bird , which Parker said " really bummed me out " . Parker and Stone felt Mr. Hankey should embody the wholesomeness and morals of cartoons from the 1930s , so they designed him to resemble the version of Mickey Mouse in the 1928 cartoon Steamboat Willie , particularly in his eyes . For the scenes in which Mr. Hankey smears feces wherever he walks , the animators scanned images of spread out chocolate and fudge and inserted it into the episode . Parker and Stone had trouble deciding on a voice for Mr. Hankey , but Stone said it came to him while eating a Sausage McMuffin at a McDonald 's in New York City , while taking a break from promoting South Park to the press .
Although Comedy Central did not object to most aspects of the episode , they did require some edits to material they deemed potentially offensive . During rehearsal for a Nativity play , a baby Jesus resembling a fetus pops out of Wendy , who is playing the Virgin Mary , and is caught by Kyle , who is portraying Joseph of Nazareth . Although the scene was ultimately kept in the episode , Comedy Central executives had problems with it and Parker said they had to handle its animation " very carefully " . Additionally , during filming of the live @-@ action Mr. Hankey commercial , the baby originally held the Mr. Hankey stool and took a bite out of it . Comedy Central officials would not allow the scene in the episode and it was changed to portray the idea that the baby had already eaten the stool off @-@ camera , which Parker said he felt was actually funnier .
" Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " is the first episode in which Kenny was not killed . Parker and Stone deliberately included several scenes that looked like they might lead to Kenny 's death , but they decided because it was Christmas that they would not kill him . The episode was also the first time Mr. Garrison was portrayed as an anti @-@ semite and racist , particularly when he asks Mayor McDaniels if she can get rid of all the Mexicans in South Park . Parker said this decision was made because , " Garrison at that point had already shown himself to be the most messed up person in the entire town , and there 's obviously so much wrong with him mentally . A person that disturbed being a racist is funny to us . "
= = = Home video and soundtrack release = = =
" Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " was released , along with 11 other episodes , in a three @-@ DVD set in November 1998 . It was included in the third volume , which also included the episodes " Starvin ' Marvin " , " Mecha @-@ Streisand " and " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " . " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " was also one of six episodes included on a 1998 VHS called " South Park Festival Special " , which included " Starvin ' Marvin " , " Merry Christmas , Charlie Manson ! " , " Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics " , " Korn 's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery " and " Pinkeye " . It was later released in the November 2007 DVD release " Christmas Time in South Park " , which also included the episodes , " Merry Christmas , Charlie Manson ! " , " Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics " , " A Very Crappy Christmas " , " Red Sleigh Down " , " It 's Christmas in Canada " and " Woodland Critter Christmas " . The episode , along with the other 12 from the first season , was also included in the DVD release " South Park : The Complete First Season " , which was released on November 12 , 2002 . Parker and Stone recorded commentary track for each episode , but they were not included with the DVDs due to " standards " issues with some of the statements ; Parker and Stone refused to allow the tracks to be edited and censored , so they were released in a CD completely separately from the DVDs .
Songs from " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " were featured in the October 2007 CD soundtrack release called " Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics " . The Birmingham News said the album " gleefully tramples on one of America 's most cherished holidays [ and ] will likely make even cynical listeners gasp " .
= = Themes = =
" Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " is a satire on political correctness and religious sensitivity , particularly in its portrayal of the characters organizing " The Happy , Non @-@ Offensive , Non @-@ Denominational Christmas Play " to avoid offending anyone of any religious backgrounds . While many Christmas specials focus on the religious , spiritual and moral values of the Christmas holiday rather than the commercial aspects , " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " actually embraces commercialism in Christmas , suggesting viewers should enjoy those elements of the holiday without taking religion too seriously . York University Professor Alison Halsall said of this aspect of the episode , " Again , Parker and Stone blur the sacred and the profane , in this instance , to gut holidays of their traditional meanings . "
The episode has also been described as simultaneously embracing and parodying animated Christmas specials like A Charlie Brown Christmas , Frosty the Snowman and It 's the Great Pumpkin , Charlie Brown . It has also been described as a commentary on the way Jewish children are overlooked during the Christmas holiday ; this theme is overtly stated by Stan , who says at the end of the episode that Jews and Hanukkah " can be cool " as well as Christmas . M. Keith Booker , author of Drawn to Television : Prime @-@ Time Animation from The Flintstones to Family Guy , said although the episode is irreverent in its treatment of Christmas , " even if spearheaded by a singing turd , [ it ] is about as close as South Park ever comes to being sentimental and nostalgic " . Literary critic Mark Caldwell said the fact that Kenny survived the episode demonstrates the episode 's " strong , albeit dutifully ironic , undercurrent of conventional holiday decency . "
Alison Halsall said " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " is the strongest example of a history of scatology , the study of excrement , throughout the South Park series . Halsall said the use of fecal matter as a character , and especially its tendency to smear parts of itself around as it moved , directly confronts the viewer with " the inherent dirtiness of the human body , no matter how much we try to aestheticize it , Mr. Hankey 's stains systematically mess up the cleanliness of the social order . [ ... ] South Park refuses sanitization through the gross @-@ out factor . "
= = Cultural impact and references = =
Some writers consider Mr. Hankey one of the most easily recognizable and popular of the non @-@ regular South Park characters . His high @-@ pitched greeting , " Howdy @-@ ho " , was equally recognizable and became one of the most quoted lines from the show 's first season . Several fan websites were made about the character within months of the episode 's broadcast . In January 1998 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Comedy Central executives had plans to produce a Mr. Hankey chocolate bar . Larry Lieberman , the channel 's vice president of strategic planning and new business development , said a sketch of a Mr. Hankey candy bar was drawn and circulated , but mainly as a joke ; he said no serious discussions were held about producing such an item . A stuffed Mr. Hankey became one of the most popular South Park tie @-@ in products of the 1998 Christmas season .
In addition to the title character , " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " included the first appearances of characters Father Maxi and Mr. Mackey . Both characters appeared in " Damien " , which was produced before " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , but the Christmas episode aired first . Mr. Mackey was inspired by Parker 's real @-@ life school guidance counselor ; Parker , who provides the voice for Mackey , said the real @-@ life counselor was similarly thin and wiry and that Parker 's voice for Mr. Mackey is an exact , unexaggerated version of how his counselor spoke .
" Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " includes several references to the Peanuts holiday special , A Charlie Brown Christmas . A Christmas pageant features the same biblical quote spoken by Linus in that special ; additionally , the music featured in the pageant is very similar to the Peanuts special 's musical score by Vince Guaraldi , and the South Park kids go outside to catch falling snowflakes on their tongues in the same way as in the special .
A doctor prescribes Prozac , a real life antidepressant , to Kyle for his apparent love for feces , which he describes as " fecalphilia " , a condition perhaps better known by the medical term coprophilia . Composer Philip Glass composes the avant @-@ garde musical score for the non @-@ denominational Christmas play . Stone and Parker both strongly dislike Glass ; Parker , who was a music major in college , said , " I really thought you could basically tell a third grader to sit down at a keyboard and mess around and sell it as a Philip Glass album , and no one would know the difference . " The do @-@ it @-@ yourself kit in the live action commercial , in which families can make their own Mr. Hankey , is similar to the Mr. Potato Head toy set .
= = Reception = =
= = = Reviews and ratings = = =
Although Parker and Stone credit " Big Gay Al 's Big Gay Boat Ride " as helping elevate the series , they felt " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " elevated South Park to a new level of popularity and relevance . Parker said of it , " This was the episode that just vaulted everything . " Following the success of " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " , a large number of celebrities started contacting Comedy Central with the hopes of making guest appearances in South Park episodes . This allowed Parker and Stone to practically take their pick of guest stars , and led to appearances by Natasha Henstridge in " Tom 's Rhinoplasty " and Robert Smith in " Mecha @-@ Streisand " . Stone said although " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " has become less shocking with time , viewers at the time of the episode 's original broadcast were shocked , and some were horrified , at the idea of a living and speaking Christmas stool . " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " was the fourth @-@ highest overall basic cable entertainment program of 1997 . In its original American broadcast , the episode received a Nielsen Rating of 5 @.@ 4 , meaning the episode was seen by about 4 @.@ 5 million households . The rating was the highest yet for South Park , and was more than seven times the Comedy Central prime @-@ time average . The episode also earned a 51 share of the male demographic aged between 18 and 24 ; a share represents the percentage of households using a television at the time the program is airing .
" Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " has been described as one of the classic episodes of South Park . Chris Vognar of The Dallas Morning News described Mr. Hankey himself as " the most outrageous character yet on TV 's most outrageous show " . Charlie Patton of The Florida Times @-@ Union said the episode was " crude , nasty , irreverent and generally offensive — also extremely funny " . He also said of the Mr. Hankey character , " If you 're the sort of person who didn 't care for that scene in Trainspotting where the Ewan McGregor character dove down the toilet and into the sewer in pursuit of his lost suppository , the whole Mr. Hankey subplot is going to be deeply disturbing . " Doug Pratt , a DVD reviewer and Rolling Stone contributor , said , " Technically , the Christmas episode might well be the show 's best effort , artistically , because it tackles the PC @-@ ification of Christmas head @-@ on , and also has an interesting psychological subtext : does the hero actually see Mr. Hankey , or does he have some serious psychological problems ? " Diane Werts of Newsday said of the episode , " It 's gross . It 's yucky . It 's probably offensive . It 's also possibly the funniest holiday episode anybody 's airing this year . " Werts particularly praised the song " A Lonely Jew on Christmas " . Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock , author of Taking South Park Seriously , said , " This episode arguably pushes the boundaries of what is acceptable , both for Christmas specials and television in general , farther than any previous one . " Weinstock said this was particularly true of the episode 's fake live @-@ action commercial .
Before the episode was released , Debbie Liebling , then @-@ Comedy Central vice president of development and production , herself described the episode as " adorably offensive " . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger called the episode " a brilliant skewering " of political correctness and over @-@ sensitivity , and called it " at once hilariously satiric and extraordinarily foul . " Sepinwall also added Mr. Hankey to his 1997 list of most memorable TV moments , describing the character as the year 's " most disturbing cartoon image " and as " a mythical holiday creature so bizarre and offensive it literally cannot be described in a family newspaper " . Matt Roush of USA Today praised the episode , which he described as " ribald , raunchy and riotous " . A.J. Jacobs of Entertainment Weekly said in January 1998 that the episode was " already infamous " . Jacobs also said Mr. Hankey was so popular , he half @-@ jokingly suggested Matt Parker and Trey Stone pursue a spin @-@ off revolving around the character .
The music in " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " was also praised . " A Lonely Jew on Christmas " has been described as a " classic song " , and " Kyle 's Mom is a Big Fat Bitch " , which reviewers described as one of Cartman 's trademarks , was included in the 1999 South Park film , South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut . Not all reviews of " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " were positive . Rick Marin of Newsweek described the episode as " simply one long potty joke " . Virginia Rohan of The Record said he liked Kyle 's song and some of Kenny 's antics , but said the episode was not as funny as The Spirit of Christmas shorts . Rohan said South Park " can be brilliantly over the edge , but often tonight , it sorely needs a comic bungee cord " .
In 2003 , the Chicago @-@ based RedEye ranked " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " the greatest South Park episode . In October 2004 , the Comedy Central website held a poll to determine the top 27 South Park episodes for a television marathon ; " Mr Hankey , the Christmas Poo " came third , just behind " Good Times with Weapons " at # 2 and " Fat Butt and Pancake Head " at # 1 . South Park Studios , the official South Park website , listed " Mr. Hankey , the Christmas Poo " at number four on its list of the Five Most Notorious Episodes .
= = = Ren & Stimpy controversy = = =
John Kricfalusi , the creator of The Ren & Stimpy Show , claimed the Mr. Hankey concept was stolen from his cartoon short , " Nutty the Friendly Dump " , which was part of a cartoon book series viewable online . Kricfalusi said after the show aired , " I got nine or 10 messages from friends screaming , ' I can 't believe this ! They totally stole your story ! ' ... This idea of [ feces ] singing or dancing and being friends , well , that is my idea . " Kricfalusi said he felt other elements of South Park were lifted from his work , and he told media outlets his company Spümcø was contemplating taking legal action against Parker and Stone . Comedy Central spokesman Tony Fox said Stone and Parker were not familiar with " Nutty the Friendly Dump " and that the claim was " ludicrous " . Parker said he had never seen more than half an episode of Ren & Stimpy , which he said he did not enjoy because the characters were too over @-@ the @-@ top and the voice acting was too annoying . Parker said Kricfalusi eventually contacted the South Park creators : " He wrote a letter back saying , ' Oh , OK , I see how it could just be a coincidence , but you should just admit to the press that you 're a big Ren and Stimpy fan . ' — I 'm not a Ren and Stimpy fan . "
= Ghost of a Chance ( Homicide : Life on the Street ) =
" Ghost of a Chance " is the second episode of the first season of the American police drama television series Homicide : Life on the Street . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 3 , 1993 . The teleplay was written Noel Behn based on a story by executive producer Tom Fontana , and the episode was directed by Martin Campbell . In it Bayliss begins his investigation into the murder of 11 @-@ year @-@ old Adena Watson , Munch and Bolander investigate the unusual death of an elderly man , and Howard insists she is receiving advice about her murder case from a ghost .
The episode marked the first major developments in the Watson case , a major season one story arc based on the real @-@ life slaying of Latonya Kim Wallace . The Wallace case was featured in David Simon 's non @-@ fiction book Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets , from which the series was adapted . Baltimore Detective Tom Pellegrini , who handled the Wallace case , appears on @-@ screen as a detective in " Ghost of a Chance " . The episode introduced several important supporting characters , including prosecuting attorney Ed Danvers ( Željko Ivanek ) , Colonel Burt Granger ( Gerald F. Gough ) , Captain George Barnfather ( Clayton LeBouef ) and Officer Chris Thormann ( Lee Tergesen ) .
The episode introduces the concept of a " red ball " , a high @-@ profile case that draws close media and political attention . The term would be used frequently in future episodes . It was also the first episode to feature a murder in a wealthy rural setting . At the time , most American television police shows focused on crimes in poorer neighborhoods , so " Ghost of a Chance " was noted for demonstrating that murders can take place in various socioeconomic circumstances .
The episode , seen by 9 @.@ 5 million households in its original broadcast , was considered a disappointment due to the drop in viewership from the post @-@ Super Bowl series debut , which had more than 18 million viewers . It received generally positive reviews , and was later featured in a Court TV marathon of the top 15 Homicide episodes . Gwen Verdon was nominated for an Emmy Award for her guest performance as Jessie Doohen , the woman accused of killing her husband of 60 years . The episode , along with the rest of the first and second seasons of Homicide : Life on the Street was released on DVD in the United States on May 27 , 2003 .
= = Plot summary = =
Bayliss ( Kyle Secor ) is the primary detective on the murder investigation of an 11 @-@ year @-@ old girl named Adena Watson . A rookie detective on his first homicide case , Bayliss has difficulty informing the family , while the veteran Pembleton ( Andre Braugher ) remains detached from his emotional response . Much of the homicide department is dedicated to the case , and Bayliss works without the benefit of his own desk . When Bayliss acts weak and indecisive during a department meeting , Gee ( Yaphet Kotto ) angrily orders him to show more confidence . But when a news report by journalist Griselda Battel ( Taylor Young ) discusses Bayliss ' lack of prior experience , Gee resists pressure from his superiors to replace Bayliss , insisting , " That rookie will surprise us all " .
Munch ( Richard Belzer ) and Bolander ( Ned Beatty ) arrive at the scene of a dead man named Thomas Doohen ( John Habberton ) , only to find that the man had only fainted and was still alive . When he wakes up , the man immediately starts arguing with his elderly wife Jessie ( Gwen Verdon ) , who is unhappy with their 60 @-@ year marriage and wishes the man were dead . Later that same day , they respond to the same house to find the same elderly man dead from a heart attack . Medical examiner Blythe ( Wendy Hughes ) classifies the death as a murder because the widow dragged him into the basement and " prayed he 'd stay dead " , but Bolander , himself having recently left an unhappy marriage , defends the widow . Despite the disagreement , Bolander becomes smitten with Blythe , and seeks romantic advice from Munch .
Prosecuting attorney Ed Danvers ( Željko Ivanek ) tells Howard ( Melissa Leo ) that if she cannot find more evidence against Ralph Fenwick ( Michael Sheldon ) , who is a suspect in a brutal murder , Danvers will have to plead to manslaughter . The next day , Howard tells her partner Felton ( Daniel Baldwin ) she was visited by the ghost of Fenwick 's murder victim and told where the murder weapon was , but Howard cannot find it . Felton does not believe her , and Howard grows angry when he tells Lewis ( Clark Johnson ) and Crosetti ( Jon Polito ) about the ghost experience . The next day , however , Howard and Felton arrest Fenwick after finding the murder weapon based on advice Felton got from a tarot card reader .
The department continues investigating leads into the Adena Watson case , including an interrogation of a man who lived within walking distance of the scene and was previously charged with murdering a 14 @-@ year @-@ old girl . All of the leads turn into dead ends . While investigating the Adena Watson scene , police find coagulated blood and hair on a piece of metal . Battel witnesses the find , but agrees to hold the information until police authorize it , as long as she gets the story first . She also tells Bayliss about a carry @-@ out store owner who claims to know who the murderer is . The episode ends with an emotional Bayliss attending Watson 's funeral .
= = Production = =
" Ghost of a Chance " was written by Noel Behn based on a story by executive producer Tom Fontana , and was directed by Martin Campbell . It marked the first major developments the story arc of the Adena Watson murder case , which was introduced in the final scene of series premiere " Gone for Goode " and dominates much of the Homicide : Life on the Street first season . The Watson case was based on the real @-@ life 1988 Baltimore slaying of Latonya Kim Wallace , which is chronicled in Homicide : A Year on the Killing Streets , the 1991 David Simon non @-@ fiction book about a Baltimore Police Department , which was adapted into the Homicide series . " Ghost of a Chance " introduced the concept of a " red ball " , which is a police jargon phrase used in the episode to describe the Adena Watson murder . A red ball is a high @-@ profile case that draws such close media and political attention , that it diverts time and attention away from other cases in the homicide department . The phrase , which came directly from Simon 's book , would be used frequently in future Homicide : Life on the Street episodes .
" Ghost of a Chance " introduced several important characters that would be regularly featured throughout the series . Among them were prosecuting attorney Ed Danvers , played by Željko Ivanek , and police department bosses Colonel Burt Granger and Captain George Barnfather , played by Gerald F. Gough and Clayton LeBouef , respectively . Ivanek was cast by his long @-@ time friend Fontana , who thought Danvers was written in a dull and simple way , but felt confident Ivanek could " make it a real character " . The episode also introduced Officer Chris Thormann ( Lee Tergesen ) , who would become the center of a significant season one subplot in the next episode , " Son of a Gun " , when he would be shot in the head during a failed arrest . Detective Tom Pellegrini , who handled the real @-@ life Latonya Kim Wallace case and served as the basis for the Tim Bayliss character , appeared on @-@ screen as the police officer who first discovered Adena Watson 's body . Pellegrini , who was still haunted by his failure to solve the Wallace case , specifically asked to be in that scene . During filming , he stayed close to the actress who played Watson , which Secor interpreted as an attempt to make amends to the real Wallace child . Although Pellegrini personally advised Secor on his performance , the actor later said he learned more about how to play Bayliss by watching Pellegrini during that scene than anything else the detective could have told him .
In its portrayal of the possible murder of Thomas Doohen , " Ghost of a Chance " is the first Homicide episode to demonstrate a murder in a wealthy rural setting , rather than an urban or predominantly poorer location ; the episode was noted for demonstrating better than most American television police shows that murders can take place in various socioeconomic circumstances . This is particularly illustrated by Munch 's comment to Bolander , " Ah , green lawns , fresh air , nice houses , this is the place for a murder . " The episode also maintains a common Homicide trait of combining tragedy , like the devastated response by Adena Watson 's family to her murder , with scenes of dark comedy , like Jessie Doohen 's claim that she endured a miserable 60 @-@ year marriage because , " We made a promise we wouldn 't get a divorce until all the children were dead . "
" Ghost of a Chance " marked a development of Beau Felton 's character by identifying not only his trademark bullying nature , but a kinder and sweeter side of his personality . After mocking Howard publicly for her belief in ghosts , he puts in extra effort to find the killer by embracing Howard 's beliefs , much to her appreciation . Howard 's superstitious beliefs reappear in future episodes , particularly the fourth season episode " Heartbeat " , which featured a black cat inspired by Edgar Allan Poe 's short story , " The Black Cat " . A scene in which a busload of rookie police officers straight out of the academy are brought in to investigate the Adena Watson crime scene was inspired by strategies used by real police departments ; the New York Police Department employed exactly the same tactic while searching for the remains of a missing girl in upstate New York in 1987 .
= = Cultural references = =
" Ghost of a Chance " continues a common motif repeated throughout the first season of Crosetti discussing various conspiracy theories about the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States . Crosetti said he believes the killing was arranged by the highest ranks of the Confederate States of America . Crosetti 's fascination with the Lincoln assassination was based on Tom Fontana 's real @-@ life obsession with it . Throughout the episode , Lewis mournfully discussed the then @-@ recent closing of Baltimore 's Memorial Stadium . Fearing it will go to waste , Lewis wants to flood the stadium and turn it into an aquatic theme park .
The song " Hazy Shade of Blue " , by songwriter Tor Hyams , plays while the police raid several neighborhood homes in search of clues and leads in the Adena Watson murder case . The hymn " The Sweet By and By " , written by S. Fillmore Bennett and Joseph P. Webster , plays during Watson 's funeral in the final scene of the movie . Crosetti and Lewis sing the theme song to the children 's show Casper the Friendly Ghost while making fun of Howard about dreaming of ghosts .
= = Reception = =
" Ghost of a Chance " originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 3 , 1993 , marking the show 's debut in the Wednesday 9 p.m. time slot . In its original broadcast , the episode was watched by 9 @.@ 5 million households , according to Nielsen Media Research . The episode received a 10 @.@ 6 rating / 15 share . The rating was considered a disappointment by NBC and the press , coming off of 18 @.@ 8 million viewers in the series debut " Gone for Goode " , which aired immediately after Super Bowl XXVII on January 31 and received generally positive reviews . " Ghost of a Chance " ranked third in its time slot for the night , The time slot winner was ABC 's comedy Home Improvement , which was seen by 19 @.@ 92 million viewers , the highest ever rating for the series. and ranked 60th in prime time shows for the week . " Ghost of a Chance " lost viewers from the first half hour to the second , and the episode dropped 19 % in viewership among the 18 @-@ 49 age group compared to " Gone for Goode " . ABC 's Coach earned 17 @.@ 13 million viewers , while CBS 's In the Heat of the Night earned 10 @.@ 88 viewers . " Ghost of a Chance " also underperformed compared its predecessors in the NBC timeslot , the comedies Seinfeld and Mad About You , which averaged a combined 9 @.@ 87 million viewers .
The episode received generally positive reviews . Danny Duncan of the National Catholic Reporter particularly praised the performances of Belzer , Beatty and Kotto , as well as the police relationship between Pembleton and Bayliss , which he said serves as the source of dramatic tension driving the series narrative forward in the early episodes of the first season . Eric Kohanik of The Hamilton Spectator said the episode continues to demonstrate why Homicide is " the best new series of the midseason " , and praised it for not resorting to " silly car chases ( and ) blazing guns " . Chris Kaltenbach of The Baltimore Sun complimented the episode , particularly the performances of Beatty and Verdon . Ed Siegel of The Boston Globe said he enjoyed both the humor of the episode , such as the Gwen Verdon subplot , as well as dramatic touches , like Bayliss cleaning up the spilled corn flakes of Adena Watson 's despairing mother .
Not all reviews were positive . Liam Lacey said the episode was " not quite as taut " as the debut episode , particularly criticizing the ghost subplot . Lacey said , " There already appear a few cracks in the show 's engaging facade , including a drift toward the Northern Exposure @-@ style indulgent quirkiness . " Time magazine reviewer Richard Zoglin said the second episode " already seems to be marking time with goofy character diversions " , including Crosetti 's Lincoln conspiracies and Bolander 's requests for a date from Blythe . In 1999 , " Ghost of a Chance " was among a Court TV marathon of the top 15 Homicide episodes , as voted on by 20 @,@ 000 visitors to the channel 's website .
= = Emmy nomination = =
Gwen Verdon was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series her guest performance in " Ghost of a Chance " . It was her second Emmy nomination in the 45th Annual Primetime Emmy Award season alone ; she was also nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series that year for her performance in the series Dream On .
= = DVD release = =
" Ghost of a Chance " and the rest of the first and second season episodes were included in the four @-@ DVD box @-@ set " Homicide : Life on the Street : The Complete Seasons 1 & 2 " , which was released by A & E Home Video on May 27 , 2003 for $ 69 @.@ 95 .
= El Greco =
Doménikos Theotokópoulos ( Greek : Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος [ ðoˈminikos θeotoˈkopulos ] ; 1541 – 7 April 1614 ) , most widely known as El Greco ( pronounced : [ el ˈgɾeko ] ; Spanish for " The Greek " ) , was a painter , sculptor and architect of the Spanish Renaissance . The nickname " El Greco " refers both to his Greek origin and Spanish citizenship . The artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters , Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος ( Doménikos Theotokópoulos ) , often adding the word Κρής ( Krēs , " Cretan " ) .
El Greco was born in Crete , which was at that time part of the Republic of Venice , and the center of Post @-@ Byzantine art . He trained and became a master within that tradition before traveling at age 26 to Venice , as other Greek artists had done . In 1570 he moved to Rome , where he opened a workshop and executed a series of works . During his stay in Italy , El Greco enriched his style with elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance . In 1577 , he moved to Toledo , Spain , where he lived and worked until his death . In Toledo , El Greco received several major commissions and produced his best @-@ known paintings .
El Greco 's dramatic and expressionistic style was met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but found appreciation in the 20th century . El Greco is regarded as a precursor of both Expressionism and Cubism , while his personality and works were a source of inspiration for poets and writers such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis . El Greco has been characterized by modern scholars as an artist so individual that he belongs to no conventional school . He is best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation , marrying Byzantine traditions with those of Western painting .
= = Life = =
= = = Early years and family = = =
Born in 1541 , in either the village of Fodele or Candia ( the Venetian name of Chandax , present day Heraklion ) on Crete , El Greco was descended from a prosperous urban family , which had probably been driven out of Chania to Candia after an uprising against the Venetians between 1526 and 1528 . El Greco 's father , Geórgios Theotokópoulos ( d . 1556 ) , was a merchant and tax collector . Nothing is known about his mother or his first wife , also Greek . El Greco 's older brother , Manoússos Theotokópoulos ( 1531 – 13 December 1604 ) , was a wealthy merchant and spent the last years of his life ( 1603 – 1604 ) in El Greco 's Toledo home .
El Greco received his initial training as an icon painter of the Cretan school , a leading center of post @-@ Byzantine art . In addition to painting , he probably studied the classics of ancient Greece , and perhaps the Latin classics also ; he left a " working library " of 130 books at his death , including the Bible in Greek and an annotated Vasari . Candia was a center for artistic activity where Eastern and Western cultures co @-@ existed harmoniously , where around two hundred painters were active during the 16th century , and had organized a painters ' guild , based on the Italian model . In 1563 , at the age of twenty @-@ two , El Greco was described in a document as a " master " ( " maestro Domenigo " ) , meaning he was already a master of the guild and presumably operating his own workshop . Three years later , in June 1566 , as a witness to a contract , he signed his name as μαΐστρος Μένεγος Θεοτοκόπουλος σγουράφος ( " Master Ménegos Theotokópoulos , painter " ) .
Most scholars believe that the Theotokópoulos " family was almost certainly Greek Orthodox " , although some Catholic sources still claim him from birth . Like many Orthodox emigrants to Catholic areas of Europe , some assert that he may have transferred to Catholicism after his arrival , and possibly practiced as a Catholic in Spain , where he described himself as a " devout Catholic " in his will . The extensive archival research conducted since the early 1960s by scholars , such as Nikolaos Panayotakis , Pandelis Prevelakis and Maria Constantoudaki , indicates strongly that El Greco 's family and ancestors were Greek Orthodox . One of his uncles was an Orthodox priest , and his name is not mentioned in the Catholic archival baptismal records on Crete . Prevelakis goes even further , expressing his doubt that El Greco was ever a practicing Roman Catholic .
Important for his early biography , El Greco , still in Crete , painted his Dormition of the Virgin near the end of his Cretan period , probably before 1567 . Three other signed works of " Doménicos " are attributed to El Greco ( Modena Triptych , St. Luke Painting the Virgin and Child , and The Adoration of the Magi ) . In 1563 , at the age of twenty @-@ two , El Greco was already an enrolled master of the local guild , presumably in charge of his own workshop . He left for Venice a few years later , and never returned to Crete . His Dormition of the Virgin , of before 1567 in tempera and gold on panel ( 61 @,@ 4 x 45 cm , Holy Cathedral of the Dormition of the Virgin , Hermoupolis , Syros ) was probably created near the end of El Greco 's Cretan period . The painting combines post @-@ Byzantine and Italian Mannerist stylistic and iconographic elements , and incorporates stylistic elements of the Cretan School .
= = = Italy = = =
It was natural for the young El Greco to pursue his career in Venice , Crete having been a possession of the Republic of Venice since 1211 .
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the 1980s and the fourth greatest of all time — it is also a retreat , telling a story of a boxer 's moral self @-@ destruction that recalls in both theme and visual ambience noir dramas such as Body and Soul ( 1947 ) and Champion ( 1949 ) . From 1981 , the popular Body Heat , written and directed by Lawrence Kasdan , invokes a different set of classic noir elements , this time in a humid , erotically charged Florida setting ; its success confirmed the commercial viability of neo @-@ noir , at a time when the major Hollywood studios were becoming increasingly risk averse . The mainstreaming of neo @-@ noir is evident in such films as Black Widow ( 1987 ) , Shattered ( 1991 ) , and Final Analysis ( 1992 ) . Few neo @-@ noirs have made more money or more wittily updated the tradition of the noir double @-@ entendre than Basic Instinct ( 1992 ) , directed by Paul Verhoeven and written by Joe Eszterhas . The film also demonstrates how neo @-@ noir 's polychrome palette can reproduce many of the expressionistic effects of classic black @-@ and @-@ white noir . Poison Ivy ( 1992 ) makes use of similar devices executed in Basic Instinct , including a shady , seductive femme @-@ fatale with ulterior motives .
Among big @-@ budget auteurs , Michael Mann has worked frequently in a neo @-@ noir mode , with such films as Thief ( 1981 ) and Heat ( 1995 ) and the TV series Miami Vice ( 1984 – 89 ) and Crime Story ( 1986 – 88 ) . Mann 's output exemplifies a primary strain of neo @-@ noir , in which classic themes and tropes are revisited in a contemporary setting with an up @-@ to @-@ date visual style and rock- or hip hop – based musical soundtrack . Like Chinatown , its more complex predecessor , Curtis Hanson 's Oscar @-@ winning L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) , based on the James Ellroy novel , demonstrates an opposite tendency — the deliberately retro film noir ; its tale of corrupt cops and femmes fatales is seemingly lifted straight from a film of 1953 , the year in which it is set . Director David Fincher followed the immensely successful neo @-@ noir Seven ( 1995 ) with a film that developed into a cult favorite after its original , disappointing release : Fight Club ( 1999 ) is a sui generis mix of noir aesthetic , perverse comedy , speculative content , and satiric intent .
Working generally with much smaller budgets , brothers Joel and Ethan Coen have created one of the most extensive film oeuvres influenced by classic noir , with films such as Blood Simple ( 1984 ) and Fargo ( 1996 ) , considered by some a supreme work in the neo @-@ noir mode . The Coens cross noir with other generic lines in the gangster drama Miller 's Crossing ( 1990 ) — loosely based on the Dashiell Hammett novels Red Harvest and The Glass Key — and the comedy The Big Lebowski ( 1998 ) , a tribute to Chandler and an homage to Altman 's version of The Long Goodbye . The characteristic work of David Lynch combines film noir tropes with scenarios driven by disturbed characters such as the sociopathic criminal played by Dennis Hopper in Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) and the delusionary protagonist of Lost Highway ( 1997 ) . The Twin Peaks cycle , both TV series ( 1990 – 91 ) and film , Fire Walk with Me ( 1992 ) , puts a detective plot through a succession of bizarre spasms . David Cronenberg also mixes surrealism and noir in Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) , inspired by the William S. Burroughs novel .
Perhaps no American neo @-@ noirs better reflect the classic noir A @-@ movie @-@ with @-@ a @-@ B @-@ movie @-@ soul than those of director @-@ writer Quentin Tarantino ; neo @-@ noirs of his such as Reservoir Dogs ( 1992 ) and Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) display a relentlessly self @-@ reflexive , sometimes tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek sensibility , similar to the work of the New Wave directors and the Coens . Other films from the era readily identifiable as neo @-@ noir ( some retro , some more au courant ) include director John Dahl 's Kill Me Again ( 1989 ) , Red Rock West ( 1992 ) , The Last Seduction ( 1993 ) , To Die For ( 1995 ) , and A Perfect Murder ( 1998 ) ; four adaptations of novels by Jim Thompson — The Kill @-@ Off ( 1989 ) , After Dark , My Sweet ( 1990 ) , The Grifters ( 1990 ) , and the remake of The Getaway ( 1994 ) ; and many more , including adaptations of the work of other major noir fiction writers : The Hot Spot ( 1990 ) , from Hell Hath No Fury , by Charles Williams ; Miami Blues ( 1990 ) , from the novel by Charles Willeford ; and Out of Sight ( 1998 ) , from the novel by Elmore Leonard . Several films by director @-@ writer David Mamet involve noir elements : House of Games ( 1987 ) , Homicide ( 1991 ) , The Spanish Prisoner ( 1997 ) , and Heist ( 2001 ) . On television , Remington Steele ( 1982 – 87 ) and Moonlighting ( 1985 – 89 ) paid homage to classic noir while demonstrating an unusual appreciation of the sense of humor often found in the original cycle . Between 1983 and 1989 , Mickey Spillane 's hardboiled private eye Mike Hammer was played with wry gusto by Stacy Keach in a series and several stand @-@ alone television films ( an unsuccessful revival followed in 1997 – 98 ) . The British miniseries The Singing Detective ( 1986 ) , written by Dennis Potter , tells the story of a mystery writer named Philip Marlow ; widely considered one of the finest neo @-@ noirs in any medium , some critics rank it among the greatest television productions of all time .
= = = 2000s and 2010s = = =
The Coens referenced the noir tradition again with The Man Who Wasn 't There ( 2001 ) ; a black @-@ and @-@ white crime melodrama set in 1949 , it features a scene apparently staged to mirror the one from Out of the Past pictured above . Lynch 's Mulholland Drive ( 2001 ) continued in his characteristic vein , making the classic noir setting of Los Angeles the venue for a noir @-@ inflected psychological jigsaw puzzle . British @-@ born director Christopher Nolan 's black @-@ and @-@ white debut , Following ( 1998 ) , was an overt homage to classic noir . During the new century 's first decade , he was one of the leading Hollywood directors of neo @-@ noir with the acclaimed Memento ( 2000 ) and the remake of Insomnia ( 2002 ) .
Director Sean Penn 's The Pledge ( 2001 ) , though adapted from a very self @-@ reflexive novel by Friedrich Dürrenmatt , plays noir comparatively straight , to devastating effect . Screenwriter David Ayer updated the classic noir bad @-@ cop tale , typified by Shield for Murder ( 1954 ) and Rogue Cop ( 1954 ) , with his scripts for Training Day ( 2001 ) and , adapting a story by James Ellroy , Dark Blue ( 2002 ) ; he later wrote and directed the even darker Harsh Times ( 2006 ) . Michael Mann 's Collateral ( 2004 ) features a performance by Tom Cruise as an assassin in the lineage of Le Samouraï . The torments of The Machinist ( 2004 ) , directed by Brad Anderson , evoke both Fight Club and Memento . In 2005 , Shane Black directed Kiss Kiss Bang Bang , basing his screenplay in part on a crime novel by Brett Halliday , who published his first stories back in the 1920s . The film plays with an awareness not only of classic noir but also of neo @-@ noir reflexivity itself .
With ultra @-@ violent films such as Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance ( 2002 ) and Thirst ( 2009 ) , Park Chan @-@ wook of South Korea has been the most prominent director outside of the United States to work regularly in a noir mode in the new millennium . The most commercially successful neo @-@ noir of this period has been Sin City ( 2005 ) , directed by Robert Rodriguez in extravagantly stylized black and white with the odd bit of color . The film is based on a series of comic books created by Frank Miller ( credited as the film 's codirector ) , which are in turn openly indebted to the works of Spillane and other pulp mystery authors . Another comic book adaptation with similar style and elements is The Spirit ( 2008 ) . This film is adapted from the comic book of the same name originally created by cartoonist Will Eisner . Similarly , graphic novels provide the basis for Road to Perdition ( 2002 ) , directed by Sam Mendes , and A History of Violence ( 2005 ) , directed by David Cronenberg ; the latter was voted best film of the year in the annual Village Voice poll . Writer @-@ director Rian Johnson 's Brick ( 2005 ) , featuring present @-@ day high schoolers speaking a version of 1930s hardboiled argot , won the Special Jury Prize for Originality of Vision at the Sundance Film Festival . The television series Veronica Mars ( 2004 – 7 ) also brought a youth @-@ oriented twist to film noir . Examples of this sort of generic crossover have been dubbed teen noir .
Classical neo @-@ noir examples in the 2010s include Kim Jee @-@ woon ’ s I Saw the Devil ( 2010 ) , Fred Cavaye ’ s Point Blank ( 2010 ) , Na Hong @-@ jin ’ s The Yellow Sea ( 2010 ) and Nicolas Winding Refn ’ s Drive ( 2011 ) .
= = = Science fiction noir = = =
In the post @-@ classic era , a significant trend in noir crossovers has involved science fiction . In Jean @-@ Luc Godard 's Alphaville ( 1965 ) , Lemmy Caution is the name of the old @-@ school private eye in the city of tomorrow . The Groundstar Conspiracy ( 1972 ) centers on another implacable investigator and an amnesiac named Welles . Soylent Green ( 1973 ) , the first major American example , portrays a dystopian , near @-@ future world via a self @-@ evidently noir detection plot ; starring Charlton Heston ( the lead in Touch of Evil ) , it also features classic noir standbys Joseph Cotten , Edward G. Robinson , and Whit Bissell . The film was directed by Richard Fleischer , who two decades before had directed several strong B noirs , including Armored Car Robbery ( 1950 ) and The Narrow Margin ( 1952 ) .
The cynical and stylish perspective of classic film noir had a formative effect on the cyberpunk genre of science fiction that emerged in the early 1980s ; the film most directly influential on cyberpunk was Blade Runner ( 1982 ) , directed by Ridley Scott , which pays evocative homage to the classic noir mode ( Scott would subsequently direct the poignant noir crime melodrama Someone to Watch Over Me [ 1987 ] ) . Scholar Jamaluddin Bin Aziz has observed how " the shadow of Philip Marlowe lingers on " in such other " future noir " films as 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) , Dark City ( 1998 ) and Minority Report ( 2002 ) . Fincher 's feature debut was Alien 3 ( 1992 ) , which evoked the classic noir jail film Brute Force .
David Cronenberg 's Crash ( 1996 ) , an adaptation of the speculative novel by J. G. Ballard , has been described as a " film noir in bruise tones " . The hero is the target of investigation in Gattaca ( 1997 ) , which fuses film noir motifs with a scenario indebted to Brave New World . The Thirteenth Floor ( 1999 ) , like Blade Runner , is an explicit homage to classic noir , in this case involving speculations about virtual reality . The Animatrix ( 2003 ) , based on the The Matrix trilogy , contains an anime short film in classic noir style titled " A Detective Story " which takes place within the story of the trilogy . Anime television series with science fiction noir themes include Ghost in the Shell , Cowboy Bebop ( 1998 ) , The Big O ( 1999 ) , and Noir ( 2001 ) .
The 2015 film Ex Machina puts a film noir spin on the Frankenstein mythos , with the femme fatale sentient android Ava manipulating outsider Caleb to perform a crime against her creator Nathan .
= = Parodies = =
Film noir has been parodied many times , in many manners . In 1945 , Danny Kaye starred in what appears to be the first intentional film noir parody , Wonder Man . That same year , Deanna Durbin was the singing lead in the comedic noir Lady on a Train , which makes fun of Woolrich @-@ brand wistful miserablism . Bob Hope inaugurated the private @-@ eye noir parody with My Favorite Brunette ( 1947 ) , playing a baby @-@ photographer who is mistaken for an ironfisted detective . In 1947 as well , The Bowery Boys appeared in Hard Boiled Mahoney , which had a similar mistaken @-@ identity plot ; they spoofed the genre once more in Private Eyes ( 1953 ) . Two RKO productions starring Robert Mitchum take film noir over the border into self @-@ parody : The Big Steal ( 1949 ) , directed by Don Siegel , and His Kind of Woman ( 1951 ) . The " Girl Hunt " ballet in Vincente Minnelli 's The Band Wagon ( 1953 ) is a ten @-@ minute distillation of — and play on — noir in dance . The Cheap Detective ( 1978 ) , starring Peter Falk , is a broad spoof of several films , including the Bogart classics The Maltese Falcon and Casablanca . Carl Reiner 's black @-@ and @-@ white Dead Men Don 't Wear Plaid ( 1982 ) appropriates clips of classic noirs for a farcical pastiche , while his Fatal Instinct ( 1993 ) sends up noirs both classic ( Double Indemnity ) and neo ( Basic Instinct ) . Robert Zemeckis 's Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) develops a noir plot set in 1940s L.A. around a host of cartoon characters .
Noir parodies come in darker tones as well . Murder by Contract ( 1958 ) , directed by Irving Lerner , is a deadpan joke on noir , with a denouement as bleak as any of the films it kids . An ultra @-@ low @-@ budget Columbia Pictures production , it may qualify as the first intentional example of what is now called a neo @-@ noir film ; it was likely a source of inspiration for both Melville 's Le Samouraï and Scorsese 's Taxi Driver . Belying its parodic strain , The Long Goodbye 's final act is seriously grave . Taxi Driver caustically deconstructs the " dark " crime film , taking it to an absurd extreme and then offering a conclusion that manages to mock every possible anticipated ending — triumphant , tragic , artfully ambivalent — while being each , all at once . Flirting with splatter status even more brazenly , the Coens ' Blood Simple is both an exacting pastiche and a gross exaggeration of classic noir . Adapted by director Robinson Devor from a novel by Charles Willeford , The Woman Chaser ( 1999 ) sends up not just the noir mode but the entire Hollywood filmmaking process , with seemingly each shot staged as the visual equivalent of an acerbic Marlowe wisecrack .
In other media , the television series Sledge Hammer ! ( 1986 – 88 ) lampoons noir , along with such topics as capital punishment , gun fetishism , and Dirty Harry . Sesame Street ( 1969 – curr . ) occasionally casts Kermit the Frog as a private eye ; the sketches refer to some of the typical motifs of noir films , in particular the voiceover . Garrison Keillor 's radio program A Prairie Home Companion features the recurring character Guy Noir , a hardboiled detective whose adventures always wander into farce ( Guy also appears in the Altman @-@ directed film based on Keillor 's show ) . Firesign Theatre 's Nick Danger has trod the same not @-@ so @-@ mean streets , both on radio and in comedy albums . Cartoons such as Garfield 's Babes and Bullets ( 1989 ) and comic strip characters such as Tracer Bullet of Calvin and Hobbes have parodied both film noir and the kindred hardboiled tradition — one of the sources from which film noir sprang and which it now overshadows .
= = Identifying characteristics = =
In their original 1955 canon of film noir , Raymond Borde and Etienne Chaumeton identified twenty @-@ two Hollywood films released between 1941 and 1952 as core examples ; they listed another fifty @-@ nine American films from the period as significantly related to the field of noir . A half @-@ century later , film historians and critics had come to agree on a canon of approximately three hundred films from 1940 – 58 . There remain , however , many differences of opinion over whether other films of the era , among them a number of well @-@ known ones , qualify as film noirs or not . For instance , The Night of the Hunter ( 1955 ) , starring Robert Mitchum in an acclaimed performance , is treated as a film noir by some critics , but not by others . Some critics include Suspicion ( 1941 ) , directed by Alfred Hitchcock , in their catalogues of noir ; others ignore it . Concerning films made either before or after the classic period , or outside of the United States at any time , consensus is even rarer .
To support their categorization of certain films as noirs and their rejection of others , many critics refer to a set of elements they see as marking examples of the mode . The question of what constitutes the set of noir 's identifying characteristics is a fundamental source of controversy . For instance , critics tend to define the model film noir as having a tragic or bleak conclusion , but many acknowledged classics of the genre have clearly happy endings ( e.g. , Stranger on the Third Floor , The Big Sleep , Dark Passage , and The Dark Corner ) , while the tone of many other noir denouements is ambivalent . Some critics perceive classic noir 's hallmark as a distinctive visual style . Others , observing that there is actually considerable stylistic variety among noirs , instead emphasize plot and character type . Still others focus on mood and attitude . No survey of classic noir 's identifying characteristics can therefore be considered definitive . In the 1990s and 2000s , critics have increasingly turned their attention to that diverse field of films called neo @-@ noir ; once again , there is even less consensus about the defining attributes of such films made outside the classic period .
= = = Visual style = = =
The low @-@ key lighting schemes of many classic film noirs are associated with stark light / dark contrasts and dramatic shadow patterning — a style known as chiaroscuro ( a term adopted from Renaissance painting ) . The shadows of Venetian blinds or banister rods , cast upon an actor , a wall , or an entire set , are an iconic visual in noir and had already become a cliché well before the neo @-@ noir era . Characters ' faces may be partially or wholly obscured by darkness — a relative rarity in conventional Hollywood filmmaking . While black @-@ and @-@ white cinematography is considered by many to be one of the essential attributes of classic noir , the color films Leave Her to Heaven ( 1945 ) and Niagara ( 1953 ) are routinely included in noir filmographies , while Slightly Scarlet ( 1956 ) , Party Girl ( 1958 ) , and Vertigo ( 1958 ) are classified as noir by varying numbers of critics .
Film noir is also known for its use of low @-@ angle , wide @-@ angle , and skewed , or Dutch angle shots . Other devices of disorientation relatively common in film noir include shots of people reflected in one or more mirrors , shots through curved or frosted glass or other distorting objects ( such as during the strangulation scene in Strangers on a Train ) , and special effects sequences of a sometimes bizarre nature . Night @-@ for @-@ night shooting , as opposed to the Hollywood norm of day @-@ for @-@ night , was often employed . From the mid @-@ 1940s forward , location shooting became increasingly frequent in noir .
In an analysis of the visual approach of Kiss Me Deadly , a late and self @-@ consciously stylized example of classic noir , critic Alain Silver describes how cinematographic choices emphasize the story 's themes and mood . In one scene , the characters , seen through a " confusion of angular shapes " , thus appear " caught in a tangible vortex or enclosed in a trap . " Silver makes a case for how " side light is used ... to reflect character ambivalence " , while shots of characters in which they are lit from below " conform to a convention of visual expression which associates shadows cast upward of the face with the unnatural and ominous " .
= = = Structure and narrational devices = = =
Film noirs tend to have unusually convoluted story lines , frequently involving flashbacks and other editing techniques that disrupt and sometimes obscure the narrative sequence . Framing the entire primary narrative as a flashback is also a standard device . Voiceover narration , sometimes used as a structuring device , came to be seen as a noir hallmark ; while classic noir is generally associated with first @-@ person narration ( i.e. , by the protagonist ) , Stephen Neale notes that third @-@ person narration is common among noirs of the semidocumentary style . Neo @-@ noirs as varied as The Element of Crime ( surrealist ) , After Dark , My Sweet ( retro ) , and Kiss Kiss Bang Bang ( meta ) have employed the flashback / voiceover combination .
Bold experiments in cinematic storytelling were sometimes attempted during the classic era : Lady in the Lake , for example , is shot entirely from the point of view of protagonist Philip Marlowe ; the face of star ( and director ) Robert Montgomery is seen only in mirrors . The Chase ( 1946 ) takes oneirism and fatalism as the basis for its fantastical narrative system , redolent of certain horror stories , but with little precedent in the context of a putatively realistic genre . In their different ways , both Sunset Boulevard and D.O.A. are tales told by dead men . Latter @-@ day noir has been in the forefront of structural experimentation in popular cinema , as exemplified by such films as Pulp Fiction , Fight Club , and Memento .
= = = Plots , characters , and settings = = =
Crime , usually murder , is an element of almost all films noir ; in addition to standard @-@ issue greed , jealousy is frequently the criminal motivation . A crime investigation — by a private eye , a police detective ( sometimes acting alone ) , or a concerned amateur — is the most prevalent , but far from dominant , basic plot . In other common plots the protagonists are implicated in heists or con games , or in murderous conspiracies often involving adulterous affairs . False suspicions and accusations of crime are frequent plot elements , as are betrayals and double @-@ crosses . According to J. David Slocum , " protagonists assume the literal identities of dead men in nearly fifteen percent of all noir . " Amnesia is fairly epidemic — " noir 's version of the common cold " , in the words of film historian Lee Server .
Films noir tend to revolve around heroes who are more flawed and morally questionable than the norm , often fall guys of one sort or another . The characteristic protagonists of noir are described by many critics as " alienated " ; in the words of Silver and Ward , " filled with existential bitterness " . Certain archetypal characters appear in many films noir — hardboiled detectives , femme fatales , corrupt policemen , jealous husbands , intrepid claims adjusters , and down @-@ and @-@ out writers . Among characters of every stripe , cigarette smoking is rampant . From historical commentators to neo @-@ noir pictures to pop culture ephemera , the private eye and the femme fatale have been adopted as the quintessential film noir figures , though they do not appear in most films now regarded as classic noir . Of the twenty @-@ six National Film Registry noirs , in only four does the star play a private eye : The Maltese Falcon , The Big Sleep , Out of the Past , and Kiss Me Deadly . Just four others readily qualify as detective stories : Laura , The Killers , The Naked City , and Touch of Evil .
Film noir is often associated with an urban setting , and a few cities — Los Angeles , San Francisco , New York , and Chicago , in particular — are the location of many of the classic films . In the eyes of many critics , the city is presented in noir as a " labyrinth " or " maze " . Bars , lounges , nightclubs , and gambling dens are frequently the scene of action . The climaxes of a substantial number of films noir take place in visually complex , often industrial settings , such as refineries , factories , trainyards , power plants — most famously the explosive conclusion of White Heat , set at a chemical plant . In the popular ( and , frequently enough , critical ) imagination , in noir it is always night and it always rains .
A substantial trend within latter @-@ day noir — dubbed " film soleil " by critic D. K. Holm — heads in precisely the opposite direction , with tales of deception , seduction , and corruption exploiting bright , sun @-@ baked settings , stereotypically the desert or open water , to searing effect . Significant predecessors from the classic and early post @-@ classic eras include The Lady from Shanghai ; the Robert Ryan vehicle Inferno ( 1953 ) ; the French adaptation of Patricia Highsmith 's The Talented Mr. Ripley , Plein soleil ( Purple Noon in the U.S. , more accurately rendered elsewhere as Blazing Sun or Full Sun ; 1960 ) ; and director Don Siegel 's version of The Killers ( 1964 ) . The tendency was at its peak during the late 1980s and 1990s , with films such as Dead Calm ( 1989 ) , After Dark , My Sweet ( 1990 ) , The Hot Spot ( 1990 ) , Delusion ( 1991 ) , Red Rock West ( 1993 ) and the television series Miami Vice .
= = = Worldview , morality , and tone = = =
Film noir is often described as essentially pessimistic . The noir stories that are regarded as most characteristic tell of people trapped in unwanted situations ( which , in general , they did not cause but are responsible for exacerbating ) , striving against random , uncaring fate , and frequently doomed . The films are seen as depicting a world that is inherently corrupt . Classic film noir has been associated by many critics with the American social landscape of the era — in particular , with a sense of heightened anxiety and alienation that is said to have followed World War II . In author Nicholas Christopher 's opinion , " it is as if the war , and the social eruptions in its aftermath , unleashed demons that had been bottled up in the national psyche . " Film noirs , especially those of the 1950s and the height of the Red Scare , are often said to reflect cultural paranoia ; Kiss Me Deadly is the noir most frequently marshaled as evidence for this claim .
Film noir is often said to be defined by " moral ambiguity " , yet the Production Code obliged almost all classic noirs to see that steadfast virtue was ultimately rewarded and vice , in the absence of shame and redemption , severely punished ( however dramatically incredible the final rendering of mandatory justice might be ) . A substantial number of latter @-@ day noirs flout such conventions : vice emerges triumphant in films as varied as the grim Chinatown and the ribald Hot Spot .
The tone of film noir is generally regarded as downbeat ; some critics experience it as darker still — " overwhelmingly black " , according to Robert Ottoson . Influential critic ( and filmmaker ) Paul Schrader wrote in a seminal 1972 essay that " film noir is defined by tone " , a tone he seems to perceive as " hopeless " . In describing the adaptation of Double Indemnity , noir analyst Foster Hirsch describes the " requisite hopeless tone " achieved by the filmmakers , which appears to characterize his view of noir as a whole . On the other hand , definitive film noirs such as The Big Sleep , The Lady from Shanghai , Scarlet Street and Double Indemnity itself are famed for their hardboiled repartee , often imbued with sexual innuendo and self @-@ reflexive humor .
= John Gielgud =
Sir Arthur John Gielgud OM CH ( / ˈɡiːlɡʊd / ; 14 April 1904 – 21 May 2000 ) was an English actor and theatre director whose career spanned eight decades . With Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier , he was one of the trinity of actors who dominated the British stage for much of the 20th century . A member of the Terry family theatrical dynasty , he gained his first paid acting work as a junior member of his cousin Phyllis Neilson @-@ Terry 's company in 1922 . After studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art he worked in repertory theatre and in the West End before establishing himself at the Old Vic as an exponent of Shakespeare in 1929 – 31 .
During the 1930s Gielgud was a stage star in the West End and on Broadway , appearing in new works and classics . He began a parallel career as a director , and set up his own company at the Queen 's Theatre , London . He was regarded by many as the finest Hamlet of his era , and was also known for high comedy roles such as John Worthing in The Importance of Being Earnest . In the 1950s Gielgud feared that his career was threatened when he was convicted and fined for a homosexual offence , but his colleagues and the public supported him loyally . When avant @-@ garde plays began to supersede traditional West End productions in the later 1950s he found no new suitable stage roles , and for several years he was best known in the theatre for his one @-@ man Shakespeare show , The Ages of Man . From the late 1960s he found new plays that suited him , by authors including Alan Bennett , David Storey and Harold Pinter .
During the first half of his career Gielgud did not take the cinema seriously . Though he made his first film in 1924 , and had successes with The Good Companions ( 1933 ) and Julius Caesar ( 1953 ) , he did not begin a regular film career until his sixties . Between Becket in 1964 , for which he received his first Oscar nomination , and Elizabeth in 1998 he appeared in more than sixty films . As the acid @-@ tongued Hobson in Arthur ( 1981 ) he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor .
Although largely indifferent to awards , Gielgud had the rare distinction of winning an Oscar , an Emmy , a Grammy , and a Tony . He was famous from the start of his career for his voice and his mastery of Shakespearean verse . He broadcast more than a hundred radio and television dramas , between 1929 and 1994 , and made commercial recordings of many plays , including ten of Shakespeare 's . Among his honours , he was knighted in 1953 and the Gielgud Theatre was named after him . From 1977 to 1989 , he was president of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art .
= = Life and career = =
= = = Background and early years = = =
Gielgud was born in South Kensington , London , the third of the four children and youngest of three sons of Frank Henry Gielgud ( 1860 – 1949 ) and his second wife , Kate Terry @-@ Gielgud , née Terry @-@ Lewis ( 1868 – 1958 ) . The two elder boys were Lewis , who became a senior official of the Red Cross and UNESCO , and Val , later head of BBC radio drama ; their sister Eleanor became John 's secretary for many years . On his father 's side , Gielgud was of Lithuanian and Polish descent . The surname derives from Gelgaudiškis , a village in Lithuania . The Counts Gielgud had owned the Gielgudziszki Castle on the River Niemen , but their estates were confiscated after they took part in a failed uprising against Russian rule in 1830 – 31 . Jan Gielgud took refuge in England with his family ; one of his grandchildren was Frank Gielgud , whose maternal grandmother was a famous Polish actress , Aniela Aszpergerowa .
Frank married into a family with wide theatrical connections . His wife , who was on the stage until she married , was the daughter of the actress Kate Terry , and a member of the stage dynasty that included Ellen , Fred and Marion Terry , Mabel Terry @-@ Lewis and Edith and Edward Gordon Craig . Frank had no theatrical ambitions and worked all his life as a stockbroker in the City of London .
In 1912 , aged eight , Gielgud went to Hillside preparatory school in Surrey as his elder brothers had done . For a child with no interest in sport he acquitted himself reasonably well in cricket and rugby for the school . In class , he hated mathematics , was fair at classics , and excelled at English and divinity . Hillside encouraged his interest in drama , and he played several leading roles in school productions , including Mark Antony in Julius Caesar and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice .
After Hillside , Lewis and Val had won scholarships to Eton and Rugby , respectively ; lacking their academic achievement , John failed to secure such a scholarship . He was sent as a day boy to Westminster School , where , as he later said , he had access to the West End " in time to touch the fringe of the great century of the theatre . " He saw Sarah Bernhardt act , Adeline Genée dance and Albert Chevalier , Vesta Tilley and Marie Lloyd perform in the music halls . The school choir sang in services at Westminster Abbey , which appealed to his fondness for ritual . He showed talent at sketching , and for a while thought of scenic design as a possible career .
The young Gielgud 's father took him to concerts , which he liked , and galleries and museums , " which bored me rigid . " Both parents were keen theatregoers , but did not encourage their children to follow an acting career . Val Gielgud recalled , " Our parents looked distinctly sideways at the Stage as a means of livelihood , and when John showed some talent for drawing his father spoke crisply of the advantages of an architect 's office . " On leaving Westminster in 1921 , Gielgud persuaded his reluctant parents to let him take drama lessons on the understanding that if he was not self @-@ supporting by the age of twenty @-@ five he would seek an office post .
= = = First acting experience = = =
Gielgud , aged seventeen , joined a private drama school run by Constance Benson , wife of the actor @-@ manager Sir Frank Benson . On the new boy 's first day Lady Benson remarked on his physical awkwardness : " she said I walked like a cat with rickets . It dealt a severe blow to my conceit , which was a good thing . " Before and after joining the school he played in several amateur productions , and in November 1921 made his debut with a professional company , though he himself was not paid . He played the Herald in Henry V at the Old Vic ; he had one line to speak and , he recalled , spoke it badly . He was kept on for the rest of the season in walk @-@ on parts in King Lear , Wat Tyler and Peer Gynt , with no lines .
Gielgud 's first substantial engagement came through his family . In 1922 his cousin Phyllis Neilson @-@ Terry invited him to tour in J. B. Fagan 's The Wheel , as understudy , bit @-@ part player and assistant stage manager , an invitation he accepted . A colleague , recognising that the young man had talent but lacked technique , recommended him to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( RADA ) . Gielgud was awarded a scholarship to the academy and trained there throughout 1923 under Kenneth Barnes , Helen Haye and Claude Rains .
The actor @-@ manager Nigel Playfair , a friend of Gielgud 's family , saw him in a student presentation of J. M. Barrie 's The Admirable Crichton . Playfair was impressed and cast him as Felix , the poet @-@ butterfly , in the British premiere of the Čapek brothers ' The Insect Play . Gielgud later said that he made a poor impression in the part : " I am surprised that the audience did not throw things at me . " The critics were cautious but not hostile to the play ; it did not attract the public and closed after a month . While still continuing his studies at RADA , Gielgud appeared again for Playfair in Robert E Lee by John Drinkwater . After leaving the academy at the end of 1923 Gielgud played a Christmas season as Charley in Charley 's Aunt in the West End , and then joined Fagan 's repertory company at the Oxford Playhouse .
Gielgud was in the Oxford company in January and February 1924 , from October 1924 to the end of January 1925 , and in August 1925 . He played a wide range of parts in classics and modern plays , greatly increasing his technical abilities in the process . The role he most enjoyed was Trofimov in The Cherry Orchard , his first experience of Chekhov : " It was the first time I ever went out on stage feeling that perhaps , after all , I could really be an actor . "
= = = Early West End roles = = =
Between Gielgud 's first two Oxford seasons , the producer Barry Jackson cast him as Romeo to the Juliet of Gwen Ffrangcon @-@ Davies at the Regent 's Theatre , London , in May 1924 . The production was not a great success , but the two performers became close friends and frequently worked together throughout their careers . Gielgud made his screen debut during 1924 as Daniel Arnault in Walter Summers 's silent film Who Is the Man ? ( 1924 ) .
In May 1925 the Oxford production of The Cherry Orchard was brought to the Lyric Theatre , Hammersmith . Gielgud again played Trofimov . His distinctive speaking voice attracted attention and led to work for BBC radio , which his biographer Sheridan Morley calls " a medium he made his own for seventy years . " In the same year Noël Coward chose Gielgud as his understudy in his play The Vortex . For the last month of the West End run Gielgud took over Coward 's role of Nicky Lancaster , the drug @-@ addicted son of a nymphomaniac mother . It was in Gielgud 's words " a highly @-@ strung , nervous , hysterical part which depended a lot upon emotion . " He found it tiring to play because he had not yet learned how to pace himself , but he thought it " a thrilling engagement because it led to so many great things afterwards . "
The success of The Cherry Orchard led to what one critic called a " Chekhov boom " in British theatres , and Gielgud was among its leading players . As Konstantin in The Seagull in October 1925 he impressed the Russian director Theodore Komisarjevsky , who cast him as Tusenbach in the British premiere of Three Sisters . The production received enthusiastic reviews , and Gielgud 's highly praised performance enhanced his reputation as a potential star . There followed three years of mixed fortunes for him , with successes in fringe productions , but West End stardom was elusive .
In 1926 the producer Basil Dean offered Gielgud the lead role , Lewis Dodd , in a dramatisation of Margaret Kennedy 's best @-@ selling novel , The Constant Nymph . Before rehearsals began Dean found that a bigger star than Gielgud was available , namely Coward , to whom he gave the part . Gielgud had an enforceable contractual claim to the role , but Dean , a notorious bully , was a powerful force in British theatre . Intimidated , Gielgud accepted the position of understudy , with a guarantee that he would take over the lead from Coward when the latter , who disliked playing in long runs , left . In the event Coward , who had been overworking , suffered a nervous collapse three weeks after the opening night , and Gielgud played the lead for the rest of the run . The play ran for nearly a year in London and then went on tour .
By this time Gielgud was earning enough to leave the family home and take a small flat in the West End . He had his first serious romantic relationship , living with John Perry , an unsuccessful actor , later a writer , who remained a lifelong friend after their affair ended . Morley makes the point that , like Coward , Gielgud 's principal passion was the stage ; both men had casual dalliances , but were more comfortable with " low @-@ maintenance " long @-@ term partners who did not impede their theatrical work and ambitions .
In 1928 Gielgud made his Broadway debut as the Grand Duke Alexander in Alfred Neumann 's The Patriot . The play was a failure , closing after a week , but Gielgud liked New York and received favourable reviews from critics including Alexander Woollcott and Brooks Atkinson . After returning to London he starred in a succession of short runs , including Ibsen 's Ghosts with Mrs Patrick Campbell ( 1928 ) , and Reginald Berkeley 's The Lady with a Lamp ( 1929 ) with Edith Evans and Gwen Ffrangcon @-@ Davies . In 1928 he made his second film
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@-@ Milne , and was widely praised for his inspiring direction and his protégés ' success with the play . Already notorious for his innocent slips of the tongue ( he called them " Gielgoofs " ) , in a speech after the final performance he referred to Ashcroft and Evans as " Two leading ladies , the like of whom I hope I shall never meet again . "
During the rest of 1932 Gielgud played in a new piece , Musical Chairs , by Ronald Mackenzie , and directed one new and one classic play , Strange Orchestra by Rodney Ackland in the West End , and The Merchant of Venice at the Old Vic , with Malcolm Keen as Shylock and Ashcroft as Portia . In 1932 he starred in Richard of Bordeaux by Elizabeth MacKintosh . This , a retelling in modern language of the events of Richard II , was greeted as the most successful historical play since Shaw 's Saint Joan nine years earlier , more faithful to the events than Shakespeare had been . After an uncertain start in the West End it rapidly became a sell @-@ out hit and played in London and on tour over the next three years .
Between seasons of Richard , in 1934 Gielgud returned to Hamlet in London and on tour , directing and playing the title role . The production was a box @-@ office success , and the critics were lavish in their praise . In The New York Times , Charles Morgan wrote , " I have never before heard the rhythm and verse and the naturalness of speech so gently combined . ... If I see a better performance of this play than this before I die , it will be a miracle . " Morley writes that junior members of the cast such as Alec Guinness and Frith Banbury would gather in the wings every night " to watch what they seemed intuitively already to know was to be the Hamlet of their time . "
The following year Gielgud staged perhaps his most famous Shakespeare production , a Romeo and Juliet in which he co @-@ starred with Ashcroft and Olivier . Gielgud had spotted Olivier 's potential and gave him a major step up in his career . For the first weeks of the run Gielgud played Mercutio and Olivier played Romeo , after which they exchanged roles . As at Oxford , Ashcroft and Evans were Juliet and the nurse . The production broke all box @-@ office records for the play , running at the New Theatre for 189 performances . Olivier was enraged at the notices after the first night , which praised the virility of his performance but fiercely criticised his speaking of Shakespeare 's verse , comparing it with his co @-@ star 's mastery of the poetry . The friendship between the two men was prickly , on Olivier 's side , for the rest of his life .
In May 1936 Gielgud played Trigorin in The Seagull , with Evans as Arkadina and Ashcroft as Nina . Komisarjevsky directed , which made rehearsals difficult as Ashcroft , with whom he had been living , had just left him . Nonetheless , Morley writes , the critical reception was ecstatic . In the same year Gielgud made his last pre @-@ war film , co @-@ starring with Madeleine Carroll in Alfred Hitchcock 's Secret Agent . The director 's insensitivity to actors made Gielgud nervous and further increased his dislike of filming . The two stars were praised for their performances , but Hitchcock 's " preoccupation with incident " was felt by critics to make the leading roles one @-@ dimensional , and the laurels went to Peter Lorre as Gielgud 's deranged assistant .
From September 1936 to February 1937 Gielgud played Hamlet in North America , opening in Toronto before moving to New York and Boston . He was nervous about starring on Broadway for the first time , particularly as it became known that the popular actor Leslie Howard was to appear there in a rival production of the play . When Gielgud opened at the Empire Theatre in October the reviews were mixed , but , as the actor wrote to his mother , the audience response was extraordinary . " They stay at the end and shout every night and the stage door is beset by fans . " Howard 's production opened in November ; it was , in Gielgud 's words , a débâcle , and the " battle of the Hamlets " heralded in the New York press was over almost as soon as it had begun . Howard 's version closed within a month ; the run of Gielgud 's production beat Broadway records for the play .
= = = Queen 's Theatre company = = =
After his return from America in February 1937 Gielgud starred in He Was Born Gay by Emlyn Williams . This romantic tragedy about French royalty after the Revolution was quite well received during its pre @-@ London tour , but was savaged by the critics in the West End . The Times said , " This is one of those occasions on which criticism does not stand about talking , but rubs its eyes and withdraws hastily with an embarrassed , incredulous , and uncomprehending blush . What made Mr Emlyn Williams write this play or Mr Gielgud and Miss Ffrangcon @-@ Davies appear in it is not to be understood . " The play closed after twelve performances . Its failure , so soon after his Shakespearean triumphs , prompted Gielgud to examine his career and his life . His domestic relationship with Perry was comfortable but unexciting , he saw no future in a film career , and the Old Vic could not afford to stage the classics on the large scale he aspired to . He decided that he must form his own company to play Shakespeare and other classic plays in the West End .
Gielgud invested £ 5 @,@ 000 , most of his earnings from the American Hamlet ; Perry , who had family money , put in the same sum . From September 1937 to April 1938 Gielgud was the tenant of the Queen 's Theatre , where he presented a season consisting of Richard II , The School for Scandal , Three Sisters , and The Merchant of Venice . His company included Harry Andrews , Peggy Ashcroft , Glen Byam Shaw , George Devine , Michael Redgrave and Harcourt Williams , with Angela Baddeley and Gwen Ffrangcon @-@ Davies as guests . His own roles were King Richard , Joseph Surface , Vershinin and Shylock . Gielgud 's performances drew superlatives from reviewers and colleagues . Agate considered his Richard II , " probably the best piece of Shakespearean acting on the English stage today . " Olivier said that Gielgud 's Joseph Surface was " the best light comedy performance I 've ever seen , or ever shall see . "
The venture did not lose money , nor did it make much , and in July 1938 Gielgud turned to more conventional West End enterprises , in unconventional circumstances . He directed Spring Meeting , a farce by Perry and Molly Keane , presented by Binkie Beaumont , for whom Perry had just left Gielgud . Somehow the three men remained on excellent terms . In September of the same year Gielgud appeared in Dodie Smith 's sentimental comedy Dear Octopus . The following year he directed and appeared in The Importance of Being Earnest at the Queen 's , with Evans playing Lady Bracknell for the first time . They were gratified when Allan Aynesworth , who had played Algernon in the 1895 premiere , said that the new production " caught the gaiety and exactly the right atmosphere . It 's all delightful ! "
= = = War and post @-@ war = = =
At the start of the Second World War Gielgud volunteered for active service , but was told that men of his age , thirty @-@ five , would not be wanted for at least six months . The government quickly came to the view that most actors would do more good performing to entertain the troops and the general public than serving , whether suitable or not , in the armed forces .
Gielgud directed Michael Redgrave in a 1940 London production of The Beggar 's Opera for the Glyndebourne Festival . This was a chaotic affair : Gielgud 's direction confused his star , and when Redgrave lost his voice Gielgud had to step in and sing the role as best he could . Gielgud felt that something serious or even solemn was necessary for wartime London , where most entertainment was light @-@ hearted . Together with Harley Granville @-@ Barker and Guthrie he reopened the Old Vic with Shakespeare . His King Lear once again divided the critics , but his Prospero was a considerable success . He played the role quite differently from his attempt on the same stage in 1930 : in place of the " manic conjurer " his Prospero was " very far from the usual mixture of Father Christmas , a Colonial Bishop , and the President of the Magicians ' Union ... a clear , arresting picture of a virile Renaissance notable " , according to Brown . The critics singled out , among the other players , Jack Hawkins as Caliban , Marius Goring as Ariel , Jessica Tandy as Miranda and Alec Guinness as Ferdinand .
Following the example of several of his stage colleagues , Gielgud joined tours of military camps . He gave recitals of prose and poetry , and acted in a triple bill of short plays , including two from Coward 's Tonight at 8 @.@ 30 , but he found at first that less highbrow performers like Beatrice Lillie were better than he at entertaining the troops . He returned to filming in 1940 , as Disraeli in Thorold Dickinson 's The Prime Minister . In this morale @-@ boosting film he portrayed the politician from ages thirty to seventy ; this was , in Morley 's view , the first time he seemed at home before the camera . Gielgud made no more films for the next ten years ; he turned down the role of Julius Caesar in the 1945 film of Shaw 's Caesar and Cleopatra with Vivien Leigh . He and Leigh were close friends , and Shaw tried hard to persuade him to play the part , but Gielgud had taken a strong dislike to the director , Gabriel Pascal . Caesar was eventually played by Gielgud 's former teacher , Claude Rains .
Throughout 1941 and 1942 Gielgud worked continually , in Barrie 's Dear Brutus , another Importance of Being Earnest in the West End , and Macbeth on tour . Returning , with more assurance than before , to entertaining the troops , he so far departed from his classical style as to join Lillie and Michael Wilding singing a comic trio . His 1943 revival of William Congreve 's Love for Love on tour and then in London received high praise from reviewers . In 1944 he was approached by Ralph Richardson , who had been asked by the governors of the Old Vic to form a new company . Unwilling to take sole charge , Richardson proposed a managing triumvirate of Gielgud , Olivier and himself . Gielgud declined : " It would be a disaster , you would have to spend your whole time as referee between Larry and me . "
A 1944 – 45 season at the Haymarket for Beaumont included a Hamlet that many considered his finest . Agate wrote , " Mr Gielgud is now completely and authoritatively master of this tremendous part . ... I hold that this is , and is likely to remain , the best Hamlet of our time . " Also in the season were A Midsummer Night 's Dream , The Duchess of Malfi and the first major revival of Lady Windermere 's Fan ( 1945 ) . These productions attracted much praise , but at this point in his career Gielgud was somewhat overshadowed by his old colleagues . Olivier was celebrated for his recent film of Henry V , and with Richardson ( and John Burrell in Gielgud 's stead ) was making the Old Vic " the most famous theatre in the Anglo @-@ Saxon world " according to the critic Harold Hobson .
Through the autumn and winter of 1945 – 46 Gielgud toured for ENSA in the Middle and Far East with Hamlet and Coward 's Blithe Spirit . During this tour he played Hamlet on stage for the last time . He was Raskolnikoff in a stage version of Crime and Punishment , in the West End in 1946 and on Broadway the following year . Agate thought it the best thing Gielgud had done so far , other than Hamlet . Between these two engagements Gielgud toured North America in The Importance of Being Earnest and Love for Love . Edith Evans was tired of the role of Lady Bracknell , and refused to join him ; Margaret Rutherford played the part to great acclaim . Gielgud was in demand as a director , with six productions in 1948 – 49 . They included The Heiress in 1949 , when he was brought in at the last moment to direct Richardson and Ashcroft , saving what seemed a doomed production ; it ran for 644 performances . His last big hit of the 1940s was as Thomas Mendip in The Lady 's Not for Burning , which he also directed . The London cast included the young Claire Bloom and Richard Burton , who went with Gielgud when he took the piece to the US the following year .
= = = 1950s – film success and personal crisis = = =
At the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre , Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon , Gielgud did much to reclaim his position as a leading Shakespearean . His cold , unsympathetic Angelo in Peter Brook 's production of Measure for Measure ( 1950 ) showed the public a new , naturalistic manner in his playing . He followed this with three other Shakespeare productions with Brook , which were well received . His own attempt at direction in Stratford , for Richardson 's Macbeth in 1952 , was much less successful , with poor notices for the star and worse ones for the director .
In 1953 Gielgud made his first Hollywood film , the sole classical actor in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's Julius Caesar . Marlon Brando ( Mark Antony ) was in awe of him , and James Mason ( Brutus ) was disheartened at Gielgud 's seemingly effortless skill . Gielgud , for his part , felt he learned much about film technique from Mason . Gielgud enjoyed his four @-@ month stay in California , not least , as Morley comments , for the relaxed attitude there to homosexuality .
Returning to London later in 1953 Gielgud took over management of the Lyric , Hammersmith , for a classical season of Richard II , Congreve 's The Way of the World , and Thomas Otway 's Venice Preserv 'd , directing the first , acting in the last , and doing both in the second . Feeling he was too old for Richard , he cast the young Paul Scofield ; both the actor and the production were a critical and commercial success . During the season Gielgud was knighted in the 1953 Coronation honours .
On the evening of 20 October 1953 , Gielgud , usually highly discreet about casual sex , was arrested in Chelsea for cruising in a public lavatory . Until the 1960s sexual activity of any kind between men was illegal in Britain . The Home Secretary of the day , David Maxwell Fyfe , was fervently homophobic , urging the police to arrest anyone who contravened the Victorian laws against homosexuality . Gielgud was fined ; when the press reported the story , he thought his disgrace would end his career . When the news broke he was in Liverpool on the pre @-@ London tour of a new play , A Day by the Sea . According to the biographer Richard Huggett , Gielgud was so paralysed by nerves that the prospect of going onstage as usual seemed impossible , but his fellow players , led by Sybil Thorndike , encouraged him :
She grabbed him and whispered fiercely , " Come on , John darling , they won 't boo me " , and led him firmly on to the stage . To everybody 's astonishment and indescribable relief , the audience gave him a standing ovation . They cheered , they applauded , they shouted . The message was quite clear . The English public had always been loyal to its favourites , and this was their chance to show that they didn 't care tuppence what he had done in his private life ... they loved him and respected him dearly . It was a moment never to be forgotten by those who witnessed it .
His career was safe , but the episode briefly affected Gielgud 's health ; he suffered a nervous breakdown some months afterwards . He never spoke publicly about the incident , and it was quickly sidelined by the press and politely ignored by writers during his lifetime . Privately he made donations to gay campaign groups , but did not endorse them in public . In his later years he said to the actor Simon Callow , " I do admire people like you and Ian McKellen for coming out , but I can 't be doing with that myself . "
Between December 1953 and June 1955 Gielgud concentrated on directing and did not appear on stage . His productions ranged from a revival of Charley 's Aunt with John Mills to The Cherry Orchard with Ffrangcon @-@ Davies , and Twelfth Night with Olivier . His return to the stage was in a production of King Lear , which was badly hampered by costumes and scenery by Isamu Noguchi that the critics found ludicrous . A revival of Much Ado About Nothing with Ashcroft in 1955 was much better received ; in The Manchester Guardian , Philip Hope @-@ Wallace called it " Shakespearean comedy for once perfectly realised . " In 1955 Gielgud made his second appearance in a film of Shakespeare , portraying Clarence in Olivier 's Richard III .
In the second half of the 1950s Gielgud 's career was in the doldrums as far as new plays were concerned . British theatre was moving away from the West End glamour of Beaumont 's productions to more avant @-@ garde works . Olivier had a great success in John Osborne 's The Entertainer in 1957 , but Gielgud was not in tune with the new wave of writers . He remained in demand as a Shakespearean , but there were few new plays suitable for him . He directed and played the lead in Coward 's Nude with Violin in 1956 , which was dismissed by the critics as old fashioned , though it ran for more than a year . He made two film appearances , playing a cameo comedy scene with Coward in Michael Anderson 's Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) and Mr Barrett , in Sidney Franklin 's 1957 remake of The Barretts of Wimpole Street . He did not consider his performance as the tyrannical father convincing , and confessed that he undertook it only for the large fee ( " it will set me up for a couple of years " ) and to keep him before the public in America , where he had not performed for over four years .
During 1957 Gielgud directed Berlioz 's The Trojans at Covent Garden and played Prospero at Drury Lane , but the production central to his career over the late 1950s and into the 1960s was his one @-@ man show The Ages of Man . He first appeared in this in 1956 and revived it every year until 1967 . It was an anthology of Shakespearean speeches and sonnets , compiled by George Rylands , in which , wearing modern evening clothes on a plain stage , Gielgud recited the verses , with his own linking commentary . He performed it all over Britain , mainland Europe , Australasia and the US , including a performance at the White House in 1965 . He found there were advantages to performing solo : " You 've no idea how much easier it is without a Juliet . When there 's a beautiful girl above you on a balcony , or lying on a tomb with candles round her , naturally the audience look at her the whole time , and Romeo has to pull out all the stops to get any attention . " His performance on Broadway won him a Tony Award in 1958 , and an audio recording in 1979 received a Grammy . He made many other recordings , both before and after this , including ten Shakespeare plays .
Gielgud continued to try , without much success , to find new plays that suited him as an actor , but his direction of Peter Shaffer 's first play , Five Finger Exercise ( 1958 ) won him another Tony the following year . While in the US for the Shaffer play , Gielgud revived Much Ado About Nothing , this time with Margaret Leighton as his Beatrice . Most of the New York critics praised the production , and they all praised the co @-@ stars . He gave his first performances on television during 1959 , in Rattigan 's The Browning Version for CBS and N C Hunter 's A Day by the Sea for ITV . He appeared in more than fifty more plays on television over the next four decades .
= = = 1960s = = =
During the early 1960s Gielgud had more successes as a director than as an actor . He directed the first London performance of Britten 's opera A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1961 ) at Covent Garden and Hugh Wheeler 's Big Fish , Little Fish on Broadway , the latter winning him another Tony . His performance as Othello at Stratford in the same year was less successful ; Franco Zeffirelli 's production was thought ponderous and Gielgud " singularly unvehement . " As Gaev in The Cherry Orchard to the Ranevskaya of Ashcroft he had the best of the notices ; his co @-@ star and the production received mixed reviews . The following year Gielgud directed Richardson in The School for Scandal , first at the Haymarket and then on a North American tour , which he joined as , in his words , " the oldest Joseph Surface in the business . "
In 1962 Gielgud met Martin Hensler ( 1932 – 99 ) , an interior designer exiled from Hungary . He was temperamental , and Gielgud 's friends often found him difficult , but the two became a long @-@ term couple and lived together until Hensler 's death . Under his influence Gielgud moved his main residence from central London to Wotton Underwood in Buckinghamshire .
Gielgud received an Oscar nomination for his performance as the King of France in Becket ( 1964 ) . Morley comments , " A minor but flashy role , this had considerable and long @-@ lasting importance ; his unrivalled theatrical dignity could greatly enhance a film . " In 1964 Gielgud directed Richard Burton in Hamlet on Broadway . Burton 's performance received reviews ranging from polite to hostile , but the production was a box @-@ office success , and a film was made of it . Gielgud finally began to take the cinema seriously , for financial and sometimes artistic reasons . He told his agent to accept any reasonable film offers . His films of the mid @-@ 1960s were Tony Richardson 's The Loved One ( 1965 ) , which was a disaster , and Orson Welles 's Falstaff film , Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) , which was unsuccessful at the time but has since been recognised as " one of the best , albeit most eccentric , of all Shakespearean movies " , according to Morley .
Much of Gielgud 's theatre work in the later 1960s was as a director : Chekhov 's Ivanov at the Phoenix in London and the Shubert in New York , Peter Ustinov 's Half Way Up the Tree at the Queen 's and Mozart 's Don Giovanni at the Coliseum . One potentially outstanding acting role , Ibsen 's Bishop Nicholas , fell through in 1967 when Olivier , with whom he was to co @-@ star at the National Theatre in The Pretenders , was ill . Gielgud played Orgon in Tartuffe and the title role in Seneca 's Oedipus during the National 's 1967 – 68 season , but according to Croall neither production was satisfactory . After this , Gielgud at last found a modern role that suited him and which he played to acclaim : the Headmaster in Alan Bennett 's first play , Forty Years On ( 1968 ) . The notices for both play and star were excellent . In The Daily Telegraph John Barber wrote , " Gielgud dominates all with an unexpected caricature of a mincing pedant , his noble features blurred so as to mimic a fussed and fatuous egghead . From the great mandarin of the theatre , a delicious comic creation . "
Having finally embraced film @-@ making , Gielgud appeared in six films in 1967 – 69 . His most substantial role was Lord Raglan in Tony Richardson 's The Charge of the Light Brigade . His other roles , in films including Michael Anderson 's The Shoes of the Fisherman ( 1968 ) and Richard Attenborough 's Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) were cameo appearances in character roles .
= = = 1970s – Indian summer = = =
In 1970 Gielgud played another modern role in which he had great success ; he joined Ralph Richardson at the Royal Court in Chelsea in David Storey 's Home . The play is set in the gardens of a nursing home for mental patients , though this is not clear at first . The two elderly men converse in a desultory way , are joined and briefly enlivened by two more extrovert female patients , are slightly scared by another male patient , and are then left together , conversing even more emptily . The Punch critic , Jeremy Kingston , wrote :
At the end of the play , as the climax to two perfect , delicate performances , Sir Ralph and Sir John are standing , staring out above the heads of the audience , cheeks wet with tears in memory of some unnamed misery , weeping soundlessly as the lights fade on them . It makes a tragic , unforgettable close .
The play transferred to the West End and then to Broadway . In The New York Times Clive Barnes wrote , " The two men , bleakly examining the little nothingness of their lives , are John Gielgud and Ralph Richardson giving two of the greatest performances of two careers that have been among the glories of the English @-@ speaking theater . " The original cast recorded the play for television in 1972 .
In the first half of the decade Gielgud made seven films and six television dramas . Morley describes his choice as indiscriminate , but singles out for praise his performances in 1974 as the old Cardinal in Joseph Losey 's Galileo and the manservant Beddoes in Sidney Lumet 's Murder on the Orient Express . In a 1971 BBC presentation of James Elroy Flecker 's Hassan , Gielgud played the Caliph to Richardson 's Hassan . The critic of The Illustrated London News said that viewers would " shiver at a towering performance by Gielgud , as a Caliph with all the purring beauty and ruthlessness of a great golden leopard . " In the theatre Gielgud directed Coward 's Private Lives and Somerset Maugham 's The Constant Wife ( both 1973 , London and 1974 , New York ) . His final production as a director was Pinero 's The Gay Lord Quex ( 1975 ) .
Gielgud continued his long stage association with Richardson in Harold Pinter 's No Man 's Land ( 1975 ) directed by Hall at the National . Richardson played Hirst , a prosperous but isolated and vulnerable author , and Gielgud was Spooner , a down @-@ at @-@ heel sponger and opportunist . Hall found the play " extremely funny and also extremely bleak . " The production was a critical and box @-@ office success and , over a period of three years , played at the Old Vic , in the West End , at the Lyttelton Theatre in the new National Theatre complex , on Broadway and on television . In Julian Mitchell 's Half @-@ Life ( 1977 ) at the National , Gielgud was warmly praised by reviewers ; he reprised the role at the Duke of York 's Theatre in the West End in 1978 and on tour the following year .
In the latter part of the decade Gielgud worked more for cinema and television than on stage . His film work included what Morley calls " his most embarrassing professional appearance " , in Caligula ( 1979 ) , Gore Vidal 's story of Ancient Rome , spiced with pornographic scenes . In Gielgud 's ten other films from this period , his most substantial role was Clive Langham in Alain Resnais ' Providence ( 1977 ) . Gielgud thought it " by far the most exciting film I have ever made . " He won a New York Film Critics Circle award for his performance as a dying author , " drunk half the time ... throwing bottles about , and roaring a lot of very coarse dialogue . " His other film parts included the Head Master of Eton in Jack Gold 's Aces High ( 1976 ) and Tomlinson in Otto Preminger 's The Human Factor ( 1979 ) . For television his roles included Lord Henry Wotton in The Picture of Dorian Gray ( 1976 ) , John of Gaunt in Richard II ( 1978 ) and Chorus in Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) .
= = = Later years = = =
In the 1980s Gielgud appeared in more than twenty films . Morley singles out as noteworthy The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) , Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) , Gandhi ( 1982 ) , The Shooting Party ( 1984 ) and Plenty ( 1985 ) , directed by David Lynch , Hugh Hudson , Richard Attenborough , Alan Bridges and Fred Schepisi respectively . Tony Palmer 's Wagner ( 1983 ) was the only film in which Gielgud , Richardson , and Olivier played scenes together . Gielgud made cameo appearances in films of little merit , lending distinction while not damaging his own reputation . He told an interviewer , " They pay me very well for two or three days ' work a month , so why not ? It 's nice at my age to be able to travel all over the world at other people 's expense . "
Gielgud 's most successful film of the decade was Steve Gordon 's Arthur ( 1981 ) , which starred Dudley Moore as a self @-@ indulgent playboy . Gielgud played Hobson , Moore 's butler . He turned the part down twice before finally accepting it , nervous , after the Caligula débâcle , of the strong language used by the acerbic Hobson . He won an Oscar as supporting actor and other awards for the performance . He placed little value on awards , and avoided presentation ceremonies whenever he could : " I really detest all the mutual congratulation baloney and the invidious comparisons which they evoke . "
For television Gielgud played nineteen roles during the 1980s ; they included Edward Ryder in an eleven @-@ part adaptation of Waugh 's Brideshead Revisited ( 1982 ) ; The Times said that he gave the role " a desolate and calculated malice which carries almost singlehandedly [ the ] first two episodes " . At the end of the decade he played a rakish journalist , Haverford Downs , in John Mortimer 's Summer 's Lease , for which he won an Emmy Award .
Gielgud 's final West End play was Hugh Whitemore 's The Best of Friends ( 1988 ) . He played Sir Sydney Cockerell , director of the Fitzwilliam Museum , in a representation of a friendship between Cockerell , Bernard Shaw and Laurentia McLachlan , a Benedictine nun . Gielgud had some trouble learning his lines ; and at one performance he almost forgot them , momentarily distracted by seeing in a 1938 copy of The Times , read by his character , a review of his own portrayal of Vershinin in Three Sisters fifty years earlier .
In 1990 Gielgud appeared in the James Scott @-@ directed Strike It Rich , an adaptation of a Graham Greene novel co @-@ starring Molly Ringwald and Robert Lindsay . That same year he made his last film appearance in a leading role , playing Prospero in Prospero 's Books , Peter Greenaway 's adaptation of The Tempest . Reviews for the film were mixed , but Gielgud 's performance in one of his signature roles was much praised . He continued to work on radio , as he had done throughout his career ; Croall lists more than fifty BBC radio productions of plays starring Gielgud between 1929 and 1994 . To mark his ninetieth birthday he played Lear for the last time ; for the BBC Kenneth Branagh gathered a cast that included Judi Dench , Eileen Atkins and Emma Thompson as Lear 's daughters , with actors such as Bob Hoskins , Derek Jacobi and Simon Russell Beale in supporting roles . He made further cameo appearances on television , and in films including Branagh 's Hamlet ( as King Priam , 1996 ) , Dragonheart ( as the voice of King Arthur , 1996 ) , and Shine ( as Cecil Parkes , 1996 ) . His last feature film appearance was as Pope Pius V in Shekhar Kapur 's Elizabeth ( 1999 ) . In 2000 he had a non @-@ speaking role alongside Pinter in a film of Beckett 's short play Catastrophe directed by David Mamet .
Gielgud 's partner , Martin Hensler , died in 1999 . After this , Gielgud went into a physical and psychological decline ; he died in May the following year , peacefully at home , at the age of 96 . At his request there was no memorial service , and his funeral at Wotton parish church was private , for family and close friends .
= = Honours , character and reputation = =
Gielgud 's state honours were Knight Bachelor ( UK , 1953 ) , Legion of Honour ( France , 1960 ) , Companion of Honour ( UK , 1977 ) , and Order of Merit ( UK , 1996 ) . He was awarded honorary degrees by St Andrews , Oxford and Brandeis universities .
From 1977 to 1989 Gielgud was president of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art — a symbolic position — and was the academy 's first honorary fellow ( 1989 ) . In 1996 the Globe Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue was renamed the Gielgud Theatre . He had not acted on stage for eight years , and felt out of touch with the West End : he commented on the renaming of the theatre , " At last there is a name in lights on the Avenue which I actually recognise , even if it is my own . "
Gielgud was uninterested in religion or politics . As a boy he had been fascinated by the rituals at Westminster Abbey , but his brief attraction to religion quickly faded , and as an adult he was a non @-@ believer . His indifference to politics was illustrated at a formal dinner not long after the Second World War when he asked a fellow guest , " Whereabouts are you living now ? " , unaware that , as he was talking to Clement Attlee , the answer was " 10 Downing Street " . In his Who 's Who entry Gielgud listed his hobbies as music and painting , but his concentration on his work , which Emlyn Williams called fanatical , left little scope for leisure activities . His dedication to his art was not solemn . The critic Nicholas de Jongh wrote that Gielgud 's personality was " such infinite , mischievous fun " , and Coward 's biographer Cole Lesley recalled the pleasure of Gielgud 's company , " the words tumbling out of his mouth in an avalanche , frequently having to wipe away his own tears of laughter at the funniness of the disasters he recounted , disasters always against himself . "
Together with Richardson and Olivier , Gielgud was internationally recognised as one of the " great trinity of theatrical knights " who dominated the British stage for more than fifty years during the middle and later decades of the 20th century . The critic Michael Coveney wrote , for Gielgud 's ninety @-@ fifth birthday :
I have seen Olivier , Ralph Richardson , Alec Guinness and Peggy Ashcroft but John Gielgud is something else . Gielgud is the lone survivor of those great actors whose careers laid the foundation stones of modern theatre . He is acclaimed as the greatest speaker of Shakespearean verse this century . People my age and younger can only take on trust the impact of the Hamlet whose influence lasted more than 30 years . Even the recordings do not quite convey the mellifluous magic of the voice once described by Guinness as a " silver trumpet muffled in silk . "
He is indelibly linked with the roles of Prospero and King Lear – regarded as pinnacles of theatrical achievement – yet he is also widely remembered for his wonderful comic touch as Jack Worthing in Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest . But his influence goes far beyond his performances . Without Gielgud there would be no National Theatre or Royal Shakespeare Company . He was a pioneer in establishing the first permanent companies in the West End .
In an obituary in The Independent Alan Strachan , having discussed Gielgud 's work for cinema , radio and television , concluded that " any consideration of Gielgud 's rich and often astonishing career must return to the stage ; as he wrote at the close of An Actor and his Time ( 1979 ) , he saw the theatre as ' more than an occupation or a profession ; for me it has been a life ' . "
= = Books by Gielgud = =
= Saga ( comic book ) =
Saga is an epic space opera / fantasy comic book series written by Brian K. Vaughan and illustrated by Fiona Staples , published monthly by the American company Image Comics . The series is heavily influenced by Star Wars and is based on ideas Vaughan conceived both as a child and as a parent . It depicts a husband and wife , Alana and Marko , from long @-@ warring extraterrestrial races , fleeing authorities from both sides of a galactic war as they struggle to care for their daughter , Hazel , who is born in the beginning of the series and who occasionally narrates the series as an unseen adult .
The comic was described in solicitations as " Star Wars meets Game of Thrones , " and by critics as evocative of both science fiction and fantasy epics such as The Lord of the Rings and classic works like Romeo & Juliet . It is Vaughan 's first creator @-@ owned work to be published through Image Comics , and represents the first time he employs narration in his comics writing .
The first issue of Saga was published on March 14 , 2012 , to positive reviews and a sold @-@ out first printing . It was published in trade paperback form in October 2012 . It has also been a consistent sales success , outselling The Walking Dead , another successful Image comic .
The series has been met with wide critical acclaim , and is one of the most celebrated comics being published . It has also garnered numerous awards , including a number of Eisner and Harvey Awards in 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . The first trade paperback collection won the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story . It has also been noted for its diverse portrayal of ethnicity , sexuality and gender social roles , and for its treatment of war .
= = Publication history = =
Writer Brian K. Vaughan conceived Saga in his childhood , calling it " a fictional universe that I created when I was bored in math class . I just kept building it . " He was inspired by such influences as Star Wars , Flash Gordon and children 's books , and has also invoked the awe and wonder of first seeing the Silver Surfer , which seemed an " incredible and different " concept to him . It was not until his wife became pregnant with his second daughter , however , that he conceived of the protagonists , the winged Alana and the horned Marko , two lovers from warring extraterrestrial races who struggle to survive with their newborn daughter , Hazel , who occasionally narrates the series . It was also at this point that the central theme that Vaughan wanted for the book emerged . Vaughan explains , " I wanted to write about parenthood , but I wanted to Trojan @-@ horse it inside some sort of interesting genre story , to explore the overlap between artistic creation and the creation of a child . " Vaughan , who intended to return to writing a comics series following the 2010 conclusion of his previous series , Ex Machina , and who notes that the publication of Saga # 1 coincided with the birth of his daughter , saw parallels between the caution advised by colleagues against launching a new book in the poor economy and those who cautioned against bringing a new child into the world , observing :
I realized that making comics and making babies were kind of the same thing and if I could combine the two , it would be less boring if I set it in a crazy sci @-@ fi fantasy universe and not just have anecdotes about diaper bags ... I didn ’ t want to tell a Star Wars adventure with these noble heroes fighting an empire . These are people on the outskirts of the story who want out of this never @-@ ending galactic war ... I ’ m part of the generation that all we do is complain about the prequels and how they let us down ... And if every one of us who complained about how the prequels didn ’ t live up to our expectations just would make our own sci @-@ fi fantasy , then it would be a much better use of our time .
Vaughan explained that the main characters ' romance would be a major theme of the book . Touching upon the juxtaposition of the book 's mature subject matter with its Star Wars inspirations , Vaughan jokingly described the book as " Star Wars for perverts . "
The book was announced at the 2011 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , and was billed as " Star Wars meets A Game of Thrones " in solicitations . Saga represents the first time Vaughan has employed narration in his comics writing , a decision influenced by the whimsical interaction between the text and images in the children 's books he reads with his children , and by his desire to try something new that he felt would work well with Saga 's narrator , Hazel . It is also his first series to be published through Image Comics , whom he selected as the series ' publisher on the recommendation of writer Jay Faerber , who cited the creative freedom afforded by that publisher . Vaughan elaborated on his selection of Image thus :
I love all the other companies I 've worked with , but I think Image might be the only publisher left that can still offer a contract I would consider " fully creator @-@ owned . " Saga is a really important story to me , so I wanted a guarantee of no content restrictions or other creative interference , and I needed to maintain 100 % control and ownership of all non @-@ publishing rights with the artist , including the right to never have our comic turned into a movie or television show or whatever ... [ Image Publisher ] Eric Stephenson was the only publisher I spoke with who was thrilled to make that deal , and co @-@ creator Fiona Staples and I didn 't have to sign exclusives or agree to work on a bunch of corporate @-@ owned titles to get it .
Although Vaughan has written for television , and has endeavored to have his previous works adapted into film , he stresses that he developed Saga strictly to be a comic book and not to be adapted to other media , explaining " I wanted to do something that was way too expensive to be TV and too dirty and grown @-@ up to be a four @-@ quadrant blockbuster . " Vaughan has also indicated that he has an ending in mind for the series and that he plans five issues ahead , having written the first six issues as the first story arc , which would have ended with the two main characters dying on the rocketship launch pad in issue 5 if the series had not been successful . By June 2016 , Vaughan indicated that he knew what the last page of the series ' final issue would be .
The series is illustrated by Fiona Staples , who was introduced to Vaughan by their mutual friend , writer Steve Niles , with whom Staples worked on Mystery Society . Vaughan , who did not meet Staples in person until just before their panel at the 2011 San Diego Comic @-@ Con , explained his selection of Staples by describing his reaction upon first seeing her work , saying " Her artwork is incredible . [ It ] doesn 't look like anyone else . She is very unique . When I opened up this file I was like , ' This is going to work ! ' " Staples is co @-@ owner of Saga and was given first billing on the cover of issue 31 . In addition to designing all the characters , vehicles and alien races in the story , she provides painted covers and hand @-@ letters Hazel 's narration using her own handwriting , which is the last thing she does after finishing the artwork on a page . Staples renders the characters in a pen @-@ and @-@ ink style line while using all @-@ color settings inspired by video games and Japanese animation . At the 2012 Image Expo , Staples described the process by which she produces her art as harkening back to animation cels , in which emphasis is placed on figures and backgrounds . Vaughan has stated that Staple 's style has influenced the direction of the story . The character Ghüs , for example is entirely Staples ' creation . Another example is the organic forms of most of the series ' technology , such as the main characters ' wooden rocket ship , which is derived from Staples ' dislike of drawing mechanical objects . To design the series ' various planetary settings , Staples looks to the real world for inspiration and then exaggerates some elements of them . Some rooms on the planet Cleave , for example , were inspired by Cambodian architecture .
The book is priced at $ 2 @.@ 99 and will remain at that price for the duration of its run , which Vaughan arranged as part of his contract with Image along with the stipulation that it never be less than 22 pages long . The first issue features 44 pages of story and no advertisements in both its print and digital versions . At the end of each issue is an old @-@ fashioned letters column called " To Be Continued " which prints readers letters submitted entirely through postal mail as it does not provide an email address for this purpose . Vaughan usually handles the column himself , including responding to letters .
The book 's release was celebrated with a launch party at Los Angeles ' Meltdown Comics which featured a public conversation with Vaughan 's former colleague , Lost co @-@ creator Damon Lindelof , who had hired Vaughan as a writer / producer on that series in 2007 . Vaughan also promoted the book by appearing at signings at Midtown Comics in Manhattan and Bergen Street Comics in Brooklyn during the week of the first issue 's release .
After the publication of issue 6 in August 2012 , Vaughan announced that the series would take a two @-@ month hiatus , after which the first six @-@ issue story arc was published in trade paperback form in October for $ 9 @.@ 99 before the series ' return in November , a practice that Vaughan and Staples would continue after each successive story arc and trade paperback publication . That same month , Vaughan and Staples promoted the series by appearing together at the 2012 New York Comic Con , their first appearance together since the series ' debut . Some retailers refused to display the trade paperback because its cover ( a reuse of the first issue 's cover ) depicts Alana breastfeeding Hazel .
In December 2014 , Image published Saga Deluxe Edition Volume 1 , a hardcover volume collecting the first 18 issues of the series , which comprise its first three story arcs . Because Vaughn sees Saga as a story about Hazel , he and Staples decided to have each new hardcover volume feature an original image of that character at a different stage of her life . Because the first volume covers her birth and infancy , its cover features a closeup of Hazel nursing from her mother 's breast , set against the backdrop of Landfall and Wreath , which recalls the first issue 's cover . Eric Stephenson warned Vaughn and Staples that some retailers and distributors would object to this cover image , thus limiting the series ' audience , but after seeing Staples ' rendition of the image , Stephenson decided that sales would not be a problem .
= = Plot = =
The opening story arc introduces the series ' leads , Alana and Marko , two lovers from different worlds whose people are at war with one another . Alana comes from the technologically advanced Landfall Coalition , so named after Landfall , the largest planet in the galaxy , and Marko is from Wreath , Landfall 's only satellite , whose people wield magic . Because the destruction of one of the worlds would send the other spinning out of orbit , the war was " outsourced " to other worlds . Although peace was restored on the two home worlds , the conflict spread across all the other known planets , whose native species were forced to choose a side . As Landfall and Wreath were on opposite sides , Alana and Marko met when she was assigned to guard him in a prison on the planet Cleave after he became a prisoner of war . They escaped together twelve hours after meeting . In the beginning of the series ' first issue , Alana gives birth to their daughter , Hazel , who occasionally narrates the series . Their respective peoples are incredulous when it is suggested that they have voluntarily mated and they are pursued by both the Wreathers and the Landfallians , both because of the perceived betrayal of the two fugitives and to prevent knowledge of their pairing from spreading and damaging morale among their troops . On Landfall , Prince Robot IV is assigned by his father to capture him and comes into conflict with his counterpart from Wreath , a mercenary named The Will . The ghost of a dead girl named Izabel is bonded to Hazel and the four of them escape Cleave before being joined by Marko 's parents .
In the second story arc , more is revealed about Marko 's parents and his upbringing and his initial time with Alana . Marko 's ex @-@ fiancée , Gwendolyn , joins The Will 's hunt as does a six @-@ year @-@ old sex slave rescued by The Will and Gwendolyn who takes the name Sophie . The family later takes refuge at the home of writer D. Oswald Heist ( the author of Alana 's favorite novel ) , where they first come into contact with Prince Robot IV .
The third story arc , beginning in August 2013 , which Vaughan intended as a " big tonal shift " , introduces the tabloid journalists Upsher and Doff , as they pursue their own investigation of Alana and Marko , who take refuge at the lighthouse home of author D. Oswald Heist . There , the family first comes into direct contact with , and manages to escape from , Prince Robot IV and Gwendolyn . By the end of the story , Hazel has begun to walk .
The fourth story arc establishes the family living on the planet Gardenia , with Alana acting in an underground entertainment program called the Open Circuit in which all the actors wear masks . Hazel is now speaking in simple phrases , while Prince Robot IV 's son is born . A disgruntled robot janitor , Dengo , kills Prince Robot IV 's wife , kidnaps his infant son and journeys to Gardenia , where he kidnaps the family . Marko and Prince Robot IV team up to pursue them . Meanwhile , The Will 's sister , The Brand , teams with Gwendolyn and Sophie to acquire an elixir to heal The Will 's injuries .
The fifth story arc begins three months later . The family 's rocketship has set down in a frozen region of a planet , where Dengo meets with revolutionaries who wish to use Hazel as a pawn in their campaign against Landfall and Wreath . Meanwhile , as Marko and Prince Robot IV struggle to maintain their alliance while in pursuit of their kidnapped loved ones , Alana and Yuma both deal with the consequences of their use of the drug Fadeway . By end of the arc , Dengo has turned on the revolutionaries , but is himself killed by Prince Robot IV , who is united with his son . Marko and Alana are reunited , but Hazel and Klara are relegated to a Landfallian prison .
In the sixth story arc , Alana and Marko search for their loved ones who remain incarcerated in a detention center on Landfall . Upsher and Doff resume their investigation of the couple after hearing about The Brand 's death . The journalists , however , are confronted by The Will , who has resumed his vendetta against Robot IV – now called Sir Robot IV – who is now raising his rapidly growing son , Squire . New characters introduced include Hazel 's sympathetic schoolteacher Noreen and a transgender female prisoner , Petrichor . The arc closes with Hazel successfully reunited with her parents and the revelation that Alana is once again pregnant .
= = Characters = =
= = = The family = = =
Alana - The female lead of the series , Alana is Marko 's wife and Hazel 's mother . She is a native of the planet Landfall , and like all Landfallians she has wings , although her wings do not allow her to fly until issue # 18 . After joining her planet 's war against the Wreathers ( one issue says she was drafted after flunking out of state college while another says that she joined the military a few months after her father remarried Alana 's childhood friend , Even ) , she was subsequently reprimanded for " abject cowardice " for hesitating to kill civilians and was redeployed to the planet Cleave , where as a prison guard she met Marko . She developed a friendship with him and when she learned he was to be transferred to a more brutal prison from which detainees never return , she helped him escape - just twelve hours after having met him . She later married him and gave birth to their daughter , Hazel , in the series ' first issue .
Marko - The male lead of the series , Marko is Alana 's husband and Hazel 's father . He is from
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the Landfall 's moon Wreath , whose people have horns or antlers and can wield magic . Marko was a foot soldier in his people 's war against the Coalition of Landfall . Marko was raised since a young age with the knowledge of the atrocities that Landfall committed against their people . When Marko left Wreath as an adult , he was still " a gung @-@ ho kid who just wanted to do [ his ] moon proud and kick some ass . " This changed the first time he saw battle , after which he began to develop a less militant and more pacifist outlook . When he tried to share these misgivings with his fiancée Gwen , he realized from her unsympathetic and jingoistic responses that they had grown too far apart to continue their relationship . Marko surrendered to Coalition forces as a " conscientious objector " 18 months before the beginning of the series . He was a prisoner of war on the planet Cleave until his guard , Alana , escaped with him , married him and conceived their daughter , Hazel . Wreath High Command sent The Will after Marko because Marko " renounced his oath and betrayed The Narrative " by fraternizing with an enemy combatant . Though he is a pacifist who vows upon the birth of his daughter to never again to use his sword , and dislikes the practice of owning firearms , he does so nonetheless when his family is threatened and is so skilled with a sword that he can dispatch an entire squad of enemy soldiers armed with firearms , for which he is referred to by Prince Robot IV as a " force of nature " .
Hazel - The daughter of the two lead characters , born in the first issue , who occasionally narrates the series . She has wings like her mother , horns like her father , and green @-@ brown eyes unlike that of either of her parents . She spends most of her childhood growing up in the organic tree @-@ like rocketship with which she and her parents escape Cleave . She is seen taking her first steps at the end of the third story arc , and is speaking in simple phrases by the beginning of the fourth . She celebrates her fourth birthday in the sixth story arc , during a part of her life when she and her grandmother are being held in a Landfallian detention center .
Izabel - Izabel is the ghost of a teenage girl from the planet Cleave who was killed by a landmine . She manifests as a reddish torso with her intestines hanging out from under the hem of her T @-@ shirt . She comes from a family of resistance fighters who built tunnels to escape people who invaded Cleave . She makes a deal with Alana to save Marko 's life in exchange for being taken with them when they leave the planet , but to do so has to bond her soul to Hazel 's . Although Alana is initially reluctant to allow this , she finally relents and soon comes to appreciate Izabel 's presence since she can act as a " babysitter " at night and allow Alana and Marko to rest . She has the ability to create realistic illusions with which she can disguise her appearance , although these do not work on machines such as the Robots .
Klara - Marko 's mother , who first appears with Marko 's father at the end of issue # 6 . Her mother died in an incident at Langencamp at the hands of Landfallians , and thus Klara is less accepting of Marko and Alana 's relationship . Brian K. Vaughan , when asked which character was his favorite , stated that Klara was the easiest to write .
= = = The family 's pursuers = = =
Prince Robot IV - A member of the royal family of the Robot Kingdom , assigned by Landfall as their primary pursuer of Alana and Marko in the beginning of the series when his wife is pregnant with their first child . Like others of his race , he is a humanoid with a small television set for a head , which Vaughan explains is influenced by a fascination with old televisions that he developed when he began writing for TV . He also has blue blood and the ability to morph his right arm into a cannon . In the beginning of the series , Prince Robot IV has just returned from a " two – year tour of hell " after which he had to be given a new leg following a brutal sneak attack . His brain " reboots " after he is injured confronting the family in the third story arc and is still missing when his son is born in the fourth story arc .
The Will - One of the freelance bounty hunters hired by the Wreath High Command to kill Marko and Alana and bring Hazel back alive , not only for Marko 's betrayal but also to prevent news of Alana and Marko 's coupling from spreading and thus threatening troop morale . The Will is accompanied by a Lying Cat , a large talking feline that can detect lies . Vez , the woman who hires him , says she hired The Will because he shares Marko 's moral relativism . When he travels to the sexually permissive planet Sextillion and is presented with a six @-@ year @-@ old sexual slave girl , The Will kills her pimp . The Will was once the lover of The Stalk , a female spider @-@ like bounty hunter who is also assigned to Alana and Marko until she is killed by Prince Robot IV , for which The Will vows revenge . He develops an attraction to Gwendolyn even as he mourns The Stalk . His sister Sophie , who addresses him " Billy " and who introduced him to The Stalk , is another Freelancer who works under the name The Brand . In the third story arc , he decides to abandon his Freelancer life but suffers a near @-@ fatal injury . Although his life is saved at a hospital , it is said that he will likely never fully recover from the trauma .
Lying Cat - Lying Cat is a large female talking feline companion to The Will who aids him in his work . Green in color and with yellow stripes , she has the ability to detect when a verbal statement is a lie , which she indicates by saying " Lying " . Her power is limited to the state of the mind of the person speaking : she can detect deliberate deception , but cannot detect a falsehood if a given statement is believed to be true by the speaker . According to Izabel , Lying Cats always play by the rules , an allusion to the fact that a Lying Cat must also admit ethical truths as well as factual ones . When Gwendolyn , who becomes Lying Cat 's ally , accidentally kills a man , Izabel says that they had no right to execute that man in his home , which Lying Cat could not deny . It has been revealed that Lying Cat was the runt of her seven @-@ kitten litter , which has caused her distress .
Sophie - A six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year @-@ old former sex slave , initially known only as Slave Girl , that The Will discovers on the pleasure planet Sextillion . He and Gwendolyn rescue her , after which the girl reveals she possesses the power of psychometry , with which she helps The Will track Marko and Alana . The Will decides to name her Sophie in issue # 13 , which is the same name as his sister . Vaughan has stated that Sophie , whose first appearance Staples initially refused to draw , was created to illustrate the horrific effects of war and as a critique of the sexualized portrayal of Princess Leia as Jabba the Hutt 's slave in the film Star Wars : Return of the Jedi , explaining " That 's that character at her least sexy . There are slave girls in the world and they don 't look like Princess Leia in a bikini . "
Gwendolyn - Marko 's former fiancée , who joins The Will 's pursuit of the family . Gwendolyn first appears at the end of issue # 8 , having been assigned by the Secretary General of Wreath High Command to check on The Will and helps him rescue Slave Girl from Sextillion in order to spur him to complete his mission . Marko and Alana 's wedding rings , which also function as translator devices , were originally those of Gwendolyn 's grandparents , who had the rings enchanted with a translator spell because they spoke two different dialects of Wreath 's native language . She wears her grandparents ' translation pendant around her neck , which were forged with the rings as part of the same set . She resists The Will 's advances , though she reveals she loves him while attempting get medical attention for him after he suffers a near @-@ fatal injury .
Upsher and Doff - Upsher and Doff are a tabloid journalist and photographer , respectively , from the planet Jetsam , who work for a tabloid called The Hebdomadal , and who are also lovers . First appearing in issue # 13 , their speech , like all people from Jetsam , is rendered in the form of blue text surrounded by speech balloons that more closely resemble traditional comics thought bubbles . Jetsam is a partially underwater society , as its natives possess an amphibious physiology , and are capable of surviving in and out of water . Upsher and Doff experience more than one confrontation with Freelancers hired to put an end to their investigation . The Brand poisons them with embargon , a substance that will kill them if they report their findings about the family to anyone else , though they attempt to find a way around this in order to continue their investigation . After they learn The Brand is dead , they attempt to resume their investigation , but are confronted by The Will , who drafts them into his service .
= = Reception = =
= = = Sales and reprints = = =
The first issue sold out of its first printing ahead of its March 14 release date . A second printing ordered for April 11 , the same release date as issue # 2 , also sold out , with a third printing arriving in stores on April 25 . The issue ultimately went through five printings . By August it had sold over 70 @,@ 000 copies in various printings . As of 2016 , the collected editions of the series outsell those of The Walking Dead , another successful Image comic that has greater public visibility through the television series adapted from it .
The first trade paperback collection , Saga , Vol . 1 , which collects the first six issues , was published October 10 , 2012 , and appeared at Number 6 on the New York Times Graphic Books Best Seller list the week of October 29 . As of August 2013 , it had sold 120 @,@ 000 copies .
Although issue # 7 sold out , Image Comics PR & Marketing Director Jennifer deGuzman announced in a December 12 , 2012 letter to retailers that it would not reprint select comics , such as that issue . DeGuzman explained the move as a result of decreasing orders on well @-@ performing titles like Saga , despite critical acclaim and consistently selling out at a distributor level , and pointed to orders on Saga # 8 , which decreased 4 % from orders on issue # 7 . Rather than invest in second printings , deGuzman explained , Image would instead focus its attention on ensuring that the first printing garners the sales desired . This move displeased some retailers , which prompted Image Publisher Eric Stephenson to announce the following day that Image would indeed publish a second printing of issue # 7 at a considerable discount , but cautioned that the publisher would not be able to reprint every issue of the series indefinitely , and implored retailers not to under @-@ order the series .
The second trade paperback collection immediately appeared at the top of the New York Times graphic books best @-@ seller list .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The series was met with wide critical acclaim and is one of the most celebrated comics being published . It holds an average score of 9 @.@ 0 out of 10 at the review aggregator website Comic Book Roundup . This score is held by both the regular series and the collected volumes .
The first issue was widely acclaimed in publications such as Publishers Weekly , MTV , Ain 't it Cool News , Complex magazine , Comic Book Resources , iFanboy and ComicsAlliance ; they all praised Vaughan 's ability to incorporate elements of different genres , establishing the vast setting and mythology , and introducing characters that engaged the reader . Multiple reviewers likened the book to a combination of sci @-@ fi / fantasy works such as Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings and classic works of literature such as Romeo and Juliet , Hamlet and the New Testament . AICN singled @-@ out the use of the newborn Hazel as a lone individual to chronicle large @-@ scale events from a past perspective , and Alex Zalben of MTV Geek remarking that he could hear a John Williams score as he read the book . Multiple reviewers also lauded Vaughan for beginning the story with Hazel 's birth rather than hurting the story 's pace with copious exposition of Alana and Marko 's initial meeting and courtship . Todd Allen of The Beat approved of the book 's unique " flavor " , singling out the characters ' motivations , the immersiveness of its surrealist setting , the strangeness of the story 's various oddities and the timely nature of the story 's political undertones . Both Alex Evans of Weekly Comic Book Review and P. S. Hayes of Geeks of Doom called the series a " classic " ; Hayes also praised Image Comics for publishing such an " original " series . Also widely praised was Fiona Staples ' artwork , which was characterized as " glorious " , with Zalben predicting that readers would " fall head over heels in love " with it , and Greg McElhatton of Comic Book Resources positively comparing it to that of Leinil Francis Yu , specifically her use of delicate lines to frame characters with large , bold figures and Staples ' mixture of the familiar and the foreign together in her character designs to create a visually cohesive universe . AICN singled out Staples ' handling of grand , sweeping space shots and other genre trappings , as well as her mastery of facial expressions - which AICN felt was perfectly suited to Vaughan 's subtle dialogue . Todd Allen of The Beat wrote that Staples ' landscapes at times play as much a part in the story as the foreground .
The subsequent issues that made up the series ' initial six @-@ issue story arc also garnered similarly positive reviews , with three printings ordered for issue # 2 , and second printings ordered for issues 3 - 6 . The series was included in IGN 's 2012 list of " The Comics We 're Thankful For This Year " and took the # 1 spot in CBR 's " Top 10 Comics of 2012 " . In August 2013 , Douglas Wolk of Time magazine referred to the series as a " breakout hit " , calling it " mischievous , vulgar and gloriously inventive . "
Joseph McCabe of The Nerdist included the hardcover Saga Deluxe Edition Volume 1 in their Top 5 Comic Reprint Collections of 2014 . That same year , Laura Sneddon of the British Science Fiction Association 's journal Vector listed Saga among her list of six groundbreaking science fiction comics .
= = = Awards = = =
Saga won the three Eisner Awards it was nominated for in 2013 : Best Continuing Series , Best New Series and Best Writer . The Vol . 1 trade paperback won the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Graphic Story . The series was nominated for seven 2013 Harvey Awards and won six of those : Best Writer , Best Artist , Best Color , Best New Series , Best Continuing or Limited Series , and Best Single Issue or Story .
In 2014 the series won three Eisners : Best Painter / Multimedia Artist , Best Writer , and Best Continuing Series . In 2015 the series was again nominated for the same three Eisner awards it won the previous year and won two of them : Best Continuing Series and Best Penciller / Inker .
The fourth volume was awarded the Goodreads Choice Award for Graphic Novels & Comics in 2015 .
= = = Censorship = = =
On April 9 , 2013 , media reported that Apple Inc. had prohibited the sale of issue 12 of Saga through iOS , because two panels that depicted oral sex between men in a small , in @-@ set image violated Apple 's restrictions on sexual content . This resulted in criticism by artists and writers , who pointed to similarly explicit content in previous issues and in other works sold through iTunes . William Gibson and others suggested that the restriction could have occurred specifically because the drawings in question depicted gay sex . A day later , digital distributor Comixology announced that it had been they , not Apple , who had chosen not to make the issue available based on their interpretation of Apple 's rules , and that after receiving clarification from Apple , the issue would now be sold via iOS .
In 2014 the series was included on the American Library Association 's list of the ten most frequently challenged books that year . It had been challenged for containing nudity and offensive language and for being " anti @-@ family , ... sexually explicit , and unsuited for age group . "
= = = Other media = = =
Although interest has been expressed in adapting Saga for film or TV , Vaughan and Staples reaffirmed their desire not to do so in an August 2013 interview , with Vaughan stating that the point of Saga as he conceived it was " to do absolutely everything I couldn 't do in a movie or a TV show . I 'm really happy with it just being a comic . " Vaughan has stated that they are open to the possibility , though it is not a priority for them . However , merchandise based on the series has been produced , including a line of T @-@ shirts featuring Lying Cat , which have become visible in popular media . In " Pac @-@ Man Fever " , the April 24 , 2013 episode of the American TV series Supernatural , the character Charlie Bradbury ( played by Felicia Day ) is seen wearing a Lying Cat T @-@ shirt . Day , who has referred to Saga as the " best comic EVER " , indicated that show writer Robbie Thompson picked out the shirt .
In 2015 , Skybound Entertainment began taking pre @-@ orders for an 8 ” tall , hand @-@ painted Lying Cat resin statue , which retails for $ 75 . In February 2016 , Essential Sequential began taking orders for a posable , 19 @-@ inch tall plushy Lying Cat doll that says , " Lying " when its collar is pressed , scheduled to ship that May . Later that June , Skybound announced that at the following month 's San Diego Comic @-@ Con , it would debut action figures based on the two lead characters , Alana and Marko , by McFarlane Toys . The five @-@ inch figures are issued together in a two @-@ pack , and are paired with a mace and a sword .
The controversial cover of the comic 's first issue was referenced in " The Meemaw Materialization " , the February 4 , 2016 episode of the American TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory . In the episode , Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) , a new patron of Stuart 's comics shop , is reading the first trade paperback of the series ( which features the same cover as its first issue ) , and Raj Koothrappali ( Kunal Nayyar ) responds to this by observing , " Not a lot of comics have a woman with wings breastfeeding a baby right on the cover . " Though the The Big Bang Theory is often criticized for its portrayal of comic book fans , according to Comic Book Resources , a Twitter search indicated reaction to the scene by fans of Saga readers who saw it was mostly positive .
= = Collected editions = =
= Doug Ring with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 =
Doug Ring was a member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team which toured England in 1948 . Bradman 's men went undefeated in their 34 matches ; this unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England earned them the sobriquet The Invincibles .
A leg spinner , Ring was not prominent in the team 's success . Regarded as the last bowler to be selected for the team , Ring played in only the Fifth Test , taking one wicket for 44 runs ( 1 / 44 ) for the match and scoring nine runs in his only innings after replacing off spinner Ian Johnson , who was dropped for poor form . Along with Ron Hamence and Colin McCool , neither of whom played in a Test during the tour , Ring called himself " ground staff " because of the paucity of the trio 's on @-@ field duties in the major matches and they often sang ironic songs about their status .
For the entire tour , Ring took 60 first @-@ class wickets at a bowling average of 21 @.@ 81 , the most expensive among Australia 's frontline bowlers . As England agreed to have a new ball available 55 overs after the start of each innings in the Tests — more frequently than usual — fast bowling dominated over spin , and Ring was used primarily in the non @-@ Test tour matches . Outside the Tests , only Bill Johnston bowled more overs , and Ring was used to relieve the workload on Bradman 's pace spearheads to keep them fresh for the Tests . Ring scored 150 first @-@ class runs at a batting average of 16 @.@ 66 during the tour , and a top @-@ score of 53 was his only effort beyond 50 .
= = Background = =
Ring made his Test debut in last international match of the 1947 – 48 Australian season , the Fifth Test against India . Australia rested a few of its players and some fringe cricketers such as Ring and Sam Loxton were given a debut so that their ability could be evaluated before the tour of England . Ring took six wickets for the match and was selected for the tour along with Loxton , who scored 80 .
= = Early tour = =
Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Ring was omitted from this match , despite having replaced Colin McCool to make his Test debut in the fifth and final match against India in Australia during the 1947 – 48 season that preceded the tour of England ; Ring had taken six wickets for 120 runs ( 6 / 120 ) . Fellow leg spinner McCool and off spinner Ian Johnson — who had been regular Test players since World War II — were the two slow bowlers picked as Australia started their campaign with an innings victory .
Ring was called into the team for the second tour match against Leicestershire . He made two runs with the bat before being run out as Australia ended on 448 . Ring took two top order wickets to leave the hosts at 3 / 56 before returning to take three late wickets as Leicestershire lost their last four wickets without addition to be all out for 130 . Ring ended with 5 / 45 . Made to follow on , Leicestershire scored 147 and lost by an innings . Ring failed to add to his wicket tally in the county 's second innings , conceding 26 runs . Ring was rested for the next match against Yorkshire , on a damp pitch that suited slower bowling . It was the closest Australia came to defeat on the tour , as they scraped home by four wickets in a low scoring affair . The Australians travelled to London to play Surrey at The Oval , and Ring made two in the tourists ' 632 . He then took 3 / 34 in the first innings , removing Arthur McIntyre , Alec Bedser and Jim Laker . He bowled five wicketless overs in the second innings as Surrey were defeated by an innings . Ring then took 1 / 18 and 0 / 52 from a total of 44 overs as Australia amassed 4 / 414 declared and defeated Cambridge University by an innings .
In the following match , Australia crushed Essex by an innings and 451 runs , its largest winning margin for the summer . On the first day , Australia set a world record by scoring 721 , the most first @-@ class runs made in a single day 's play , but Ring was unable to contribute to the surfeit of scoring , making only one . He bowled 18 overs and conceded a total of 35 runs without success as the hosts were bowled out for 83 and 187 . This was followed by another innings victory , this time over Oxford University . After having failed to score more than two runs in any of his first three innings of the tour , Ring came to the wicket at 7 / 317 and scored 53 , adding 87 runs in partnership with fellow Victorian Sam Loxton before being bowled . After Australia were out for 431 , Ring took a match total of 1 / 51 , removing Geoffrey Keighley as the hosts made 185 and 156 .
The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , N- and were basically a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team . It was a chance for both teams to gain a psychological advantage . At this point of the tour , Ring had only taken ten wickets at an average of 28 @.@ 30 , while McCool had taken 17 at 14 @.@ 35 . McCool retained the first @-@ choice leg spinner 's position and took 4 / 35 as Australia won by an innings .
Ring was rested for Australia 'a first non @-@ victory of the tour , a rain @-@ affected draw against Lancashire . He returned for the match against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge , which was also drawn . Ring took 2 / 31 in the first innings , both of his victims being stumped , as the hosts made 179 , before making an unbeaten nine in Australia 's reply of 400 . He then shouldered the heaviest workload as Nottinghamshire made 8 / 299 in the second innings , the highest score against the Australians thus far on the tour . Ring bowled 43 overs and took 4 / 104 . He removed Joe Hardstaff junior , who had made the first century against Australia for the season , triggering a collapse that saw the loss of four wickets for 27 runs to leave the hosts at 8 / 289 . He also dismissed future Test batsman Reg Simpson for 70 . The hosts were 32 runs short of making Australia bat again , but held on for a draw as time ran out .
Against Hampshire , Ring took 1 / 19 as the home team made 195 after being put into bat on a drying pitch . He made a duck as Australia collapsed to 117 to trail by 78 runs , the first time the tourists had conceded a first innings lead during the English summer . Ring was not required to bat in the Australian second innings , as Hampshire were bowled out for 103 in 42 @.@ 5 overs and Australia then reached their target of 182 to win by eight wickets . Ring had a final chance to push for Test selection in the innings win over Sussex , the last match before the First Test . He bowled only two wicketless overs as the pacemen skittled the hosts for 86 , and did not bat as Australia amassed 5 / 549 declared . He then took three consecutive wickets as Sussex fell from 5 / 98 to 8 / 109 before eventually being bowled out for 138 . Ring ended with 3 / 42 from 13 overs .
= = Test omission = =
Ring 's performances were not enough for him to take McCool 's place in Bradman 's first @-@ choice team . Instead , Bill Johnston , who had taken 10 / 40 against Yorkshire and 11 / 117 against Hampshire on damp surfaces , was given the place on the opening morning of the First Test when rain appeared likely . Johnston then took nine wickets in Australia 's victory , cementing his position in the team . This left Ring jostling with the other spinners — Johnson and McCool — for one spot in the Test team .
After the First Test , Ring returned to action as Australia completed an innings victory over Northamptonshire . He took 1 / 31 in the hosts ' first innings of 119 , before making an unbeaten 16 in partnering McCool in an unbroken stand of 39 as Australia declared at 8 / 352 . In the second innings , he took four of the last five wickets and ended with 4 / 31 as Northamptonshire collapsed from 5 / 142 to be all out for 169 . This was followed by a drawn match against Yorkshire , in which Ring scored three runs and was not asked to bowl in the first innings . Yorkshire were bowled out for 206 from 90 @.@ 1 overs ; Bradman called on Ernie Toshack and Johnston to bowl 81 @.@ 1 overs and did not entrust the other bowlers with substantial work . Ring then took 1 / 22 in the second innings as the match petered out into a draw .
Ring was overlooked for the Second Test at Lord 's as Bradman retained the same XI , despite the incumbent spinner Johnson managing only 1 / 85 in the First Test . Australia won convincingly by 409 runs . The next match was against Surrey , starting the day after the finish of the Test . Ring took 3 / 51 from 21 @.@ 2 overs in the first innings , leading the way in terms of wickets and overs ; most of the Test bowlers were given a light workload . He then contributed an unbeaten 15 in Australia 's first innings of 389 . After Australia took a first innings lead of 168 , Ring bowled another 24 overs in the second innings and took 1 / 54 . He twice dismissed Jack Parker , who had top @-@ scored in each innings with 76 and 81 . Australia then chased down the 122 runs for victory in less than an hour , to complete a 10 @-@ wicket win .
In the match against Gloucestershire immediately before the Third Test , Ring did not bat as Australia reached 7 / 774 declared , which was their highest score of the tour and which underpinned an innings victory . Ring took two wickets in the space of three runs , including Test batsman Charlie Barnett , to end with 2 / 83 in 25 overs as the hosts made 279 . After stand @-@ in captain Lindsay Hassett enforced the follow on — Bradman had rested himself — Ring removed Test batsmen Barnett and George Emmett to leave Gloucestershire at 2 / 20 . After resting he resumed bowling with the score at 4 / 93 and took three more wickets , as the hosts fell to 9 / 109 and then 132 all out . Ring took 5 / 47 and bowled the most overs ( 25 ) in the second innings . Johnson , however , took 11 / 100 in the match and retained his place in the team for the Third Test at Old Trafford . The Test was drawn amid inclement weather .
Ring then played against Middlesex in Australia 's only match before the Fourth Test . He took one wicket in each innings for a match total of 2 / 57 . After only scoring two in the first innings , Ring opened the batting with McCool in the second innings , with a target of only 22 runs . They promptly reached the target without loss , with Ring unbeaten on 15 . This was not enough for Ring to force his way into the team for the Fourth Test at Headingley . Australia persisted with the same bowling attack and posted 3 / 404 in the second innings , setting a world record for the highest successful run @-@ chase to win a Test . Former Australian Test leg spinner Bill O 'Reilly criticised the Australians for using only one spinner , pointing out that he and Chuck Fleetwood @-@ Smith , a left @-@ arm wrist spinner , had taken 17 wickets between them during the last Anglo @-@ Australian Test at Headingley in 1938 . O 'Reilly cited the 1934 Headingley Test the same venue in 1934 in which he and Clarrie Grimmett had significant success for Australia , and said that at least one of McCool or Ring , should have played alongside Johnson . England had been at 2 / 423 in their first innings , before collapsing to be 496 all out ; O 'Reilly blamed Australia 's lack of early success on the absence of a leg spinner , attributing England 's collapse to inept batting .
Immediately after the Headingley Test , Ring scored four as Australia amassed 456 against Derbyshire . He bowled the most overs in the first innings , taking 3 / 73 from 24 overs as the hosts made 240 . He then took 0 / 23 from six overs after Australia enforced the follow on and ultimately won the match by an innings . In the next match against Glamorgan , Ring led the bowling with 3 / 34 , including the wicket of opposition captain Wilf Wooller as the hosts folded for 197 . Ring did not bat , as rain ended the match early , with Australia 's score at 3 / 215 . Ring was then rested for the match against Warwickshire , which Australia won by nine wickets .
Bradman recalled Ring as Australia faced and drew with Lancashire for the second time on the tour . Ring scored 17 not out as Australia made 321 ; he then dismissed Test players Ken Cranston ( who was captaining Lancashire ) and Dick Pollard , to end with 2 / 25 in the first innings . In the county 's second innings Ring bowled 22 of the 57 overs during which Australia reduced Lancashire to 7 / 199 before time ran out . He took 2 / 88 , including the wicket of Cranston for the second time . In a non @-@ first @-@ class match against Durham , the last fixture before the Fifth Test , Ring made an unbeaten single as Australia scored 282 . He then took 1 / 24 as the hosts fell to 5 / 73 in their first innings , before rain washed out the match .
= = Fifth Test = =
After taking only seven wickets at 61 @.@ 00 in the first four Tests , Johnson was dropped for the Fifth Test at The Oval ; Ring replaced him as the team 's spinner . English skipper Norman Yardley won the toss and elected to bat on a rain @-@ affected pitch , which was regarded as a surprising move by the majority of the press corps . Precipitation in the previous week caused an extremely wet outfield , which meant that the Test could not start until midday had passed . Former Australian Test batsman Jack Fingleton speculated that the Australians would have bowled if they had won the toss .
Along with the effects of the rain on the pitch , the humid conditions assisted the Australian fast bowlers , who were able to make the ball bounce at variable heights . Led by Lindwall , who took 6 / 20 , Australia skittled England for 52 , and Ring did not get a chance to bowl . Ring then made nine before being caught by Jack Crapp in the slips as Australia replied with 389 . England started their second innings 337 runs in arrears late on day two and resumed at 1 / 54 the next morning . During the first session , Ring bowled a tidy spell of 13 overs as Denis Compton and Len Hutton added only 67 runs for the session . Ring did not bowl consistently or accurately , and although the batsman hit him regularly , they did not place their shots , which often went to the fielders . There were four men in the off side ring and they had much work to do as Hutton hit the ball there repeatedly . The English batsmen progressed steadily although Ring had one confident appeal for lbw against Compton . Later in the day , Ring dismissed debutant Allan Watkins for two to take his only wicket of the match . Watkins lofted a delivery from Ring to the leg side straight into the hands of Hassett , who did not need to move from his position on the boundary , leaving England at 6 / 167 . The hosts were eventually bowled out early on the fourth morning for 188 , sealing defeat by an innings and 149 runs . Ring had taken 1 / 44 after sending down the most overs in the innings ( 28 ) , including 13 maidens .
= = Later tour matches = =
After the Fifth Test seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to go through a tour of England without defeat . Australia rested Ring for the match against Kent , which Australia won by an innings . This was followed by a game against the Gentlemen of England , the leading amateurs in the country . Ring was not required to bat as Australia amassed 5 / 610 before declaring . He then bowled the most overs in the first innings , sending down 25 @.@ 3 and taking the wickets of English Test batsmen Bill Edrich , Trevor Bailey and Freddie Brown . Ring ended with 3 / 74 as the hosts were bowled out for 245 . Australia enforced the follow on and Ring again shouldered the heaviest workload . He removed Reg Simpson to break the opening stand of 60 . The Gentlemen progressed to 3 / 217 before Ring dismissed Edrich for 128 , followed by George Mann for a duck without further addition to the score . Ring then bowled Yardley and dismissed Wilf Wooller soon after , leaving the hosts at 7 / 240 ; they were eventually all out for 284 , which sealed an innings victory for Australia . Ring ended with 5 / 70 from 32 overs . The following match against Somerset followed a similar pattern . Ring did not bat as Australia declared at 5 / 560 . He then took 2 / 17 in the first innings and was not required to bowl in the second innings as the hosts collapsed for 115 and 71 to cede another innings victory .
Ring was rested for the match against the South of England . Australia declared at 7 / 522 before the hosts made 298 ; rain ended the match before the second innings could start . Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was against the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . During the previous Australian tour of England in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted that only six current England Test players be allowed to play for the hosts . Bradman then fielded a full @-@ strength team . He made only one change from the team that won the Fifth Test , dropping Ring for Johnson . Australia led by 312 runs on the first innings before persistent rain ended the match .
The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . In the first , Ring made an unbeaten three as Australia scored 236 . He bowled five overs without success in the first innings , before removing four of the first five batsmen in the second innings and ending with 4 / 20 . Scotland made 85 and 111 to lose by an innings . In the second match , Ring was the costliest bowler in the first innings , conceding 42 runs without success in Scotland 's 178 . After Australia declared at 6 / 407 , Ring took the leading figures of 4 / 30 , including the wickets of both openers as Australia ended the tour with another innings triumph .
= = Role = =
Although the 1948 tour of England was an unprecedented triumph for the Australians , Ring 's leg spin was not prominent in the success . He jostled with McCool and Johnson for a position as Bradman selected only one specialist spinner in the Tests . Headlined by Lindwall , Miller and Johnston , the faster bowlers dominated the bowling attack . With a new ball allowed at intervals of 55 overs in Tests , a period that usually elapsed sooner than the 200 runs stipulated under the usual rule of the time , spinners were given few opportunities and made little impact in the big matches . Bradman and his fellow tour selectors — vice @-@ captain Lindsay Hassett and Arthur Morris — picked a pace @-@ dominated attack to exploit the more frequently shiny ball , as a new ball swings and seams more for fast bowlers , while slower bowlers can impart more spin with a worn ball . In its summary of the tour , Wisden said that Ring " was never a trump card in the pack " . Such was the strength of the bowling that Ring 's 60 first @-@ class wickets at an average of 21 @.@ 81 made him the most expensive of the regular bowlers on the tour . Among the seven frontline bowlers , Ring 's strike rate of 54 @.@ 26 was the second least incisive and his economy rate of 40 @.@ 20 was the second most expensive . Although McCool was less economical , he had the second highest strike rate , and while Toshack had the worst strike rate , he was the second most economical of the Australians in the first @-@ class fixtures .
Ring did most of his work in the non @-@ Test first @-@ class matches , in which he sent down 3 @,@ 088 deliveries . This was second only to Johnston , who bowled 3 @,@ 251 . In contrast , Lindwall and Miller sent down only 2 @,@ 105 and 1 @,@ 749 deliveries outside the Tests respectively , as Bradman sought to preserve them for hostile bursts with the new ball against England . Along with Lindwall , Ring was the equal third highest wicket @-@ taker in first @-@ class matches excluding the Tests , with 59 scalps , doing a large part of the work in the county matches so that the leading bowlers could conserve energy for the Tests .
Ring had limited opportunities with the bat . Along with Toshack and Johnston , he invariably batted in the bottom three positions.N- This was because Australia 's other frontline bowlers tended to be capable with the bat ; Lindwall , Miller , and McCool all made Test centuries and more than nine triple @-@ figure first @-@ class scores , with the latter pair averaging over 30 in Tests . Johnson passed fifty on 21 occasions in his first @-@ class career , six of them in Tests . The strength of the batting side meant that Ring batted only 14 times in his 19 first @-@ class matches on the tour , as Australia often batted only once and won by an innings , and several times declared their first innings closed before Ring could bat . Ring scored 150 runs at 16 @.@ 66 , an aggregate and average better than only Toshack 's . He passed 50 only once , and his tour batting average was lower than his career benchmark of 23 @.@ 25 . Ring also took 12 catches .
Ring and fellow fringe members of the squad McCool and Ron Hamence , would refer themselves as the " ground @-@ staff " , as it was unlikely that the tour selectors would include them in the Test team during the tour . The trio were known to sing ironic songs about the paucity of their on @-@ field duties during the tour .
= = = Statistical notes = = =
= = = General notes = = =
= Blackmouth catshark =
The blackmouth catshark ( Galeus melastomus ) is a species of catshark , and part of the family Scyliorhinidae , common in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from Iceland to Senegal , including the Mediterranean Sea . It is typically found over the continental slope at depths of 150 – 1 @,@ 400 m ( 490 – 4 @,@ 590 ft ) , on or near muddy bottoms . The youngest sharks generally inhabit shallower water than the older juveniles and adults . This slim @-@ bodied species is characterized by the black interior of its mouth , a marbled pattern of pale @-@ edged brownish saddles or blotches along its back and tail , and a prominent saw @-@ toothed crest of enlarged dermal denticles along the upper edge of its caudal fin . It reaches lengths of 50 – 79 cm ( 20 – 31 in ) , with sharks in the Atlantic growing larger than those in the Mediterranean .
Slow @-@ swimming but active , the blackmouth catshark is a generalist that preys on a wide variety of crustaceans , cephalopods , and fishes . Its visual and electroreceptive systems are adept at tracking moving , bioluminescent prey . This species is oviparous , with females producing batches of up to 13 egg cases throughout the year . Because of its abundance , the blackmouth catshark forms a substantial part of the bycatch of deepwater commercial fisheries across much of its range . It has low economic value and is usually discarded , though the largest sharks may be marketed for meat and leather . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed this species under Least Concern , as there is no indication that its numbers have declined despite fishing pressure .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque briefly described the blackmouth catshark in his 1810 Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia : con varie osservazioni sopra i medesimi , wherein he referenced the distinctive black interior of its mouth ( from which the specific epithet melastomus is derived ) . No type specimen was designated . This species may also be called the black @-@ mouthed dogfish . A 2005 phylogenetic analysis that included five Galeus species , based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA , found that G. melastomus forms a clade with G. murinus , apart from the clade of G. eastmani , G. gracilis , and G. sauteri . The oldest documented blackmouth catshark fossils come from the northern Apennines and date to the Lower Pliocene ( 5 @.@ 3 – 3 @.@ 6 Ma ) .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The blackmouth catshark is widely distributed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean , from southwestern Iceland and Trondheim , Norway southward to Senegal , including the Faroe Islands , the British Isles , the Azores , and the northern portion of the Mid @-@ Atlantic Ridge . It occurs throughout the Mediterranean Sea , save for the northern waters of the Adriatic and Aegean Seas , and is absent from the Black Sea . This species primarily inhabits the continental slope , at depths of 150 – 1 @,@ 400 m ( 490 – 4 @,@ 590 ft ) . However , it has been documented from water as shallow as 20 – 25 m ( 66 – 82 ft ) in Norway , and as deep as 2 @,@ 300 – 3 @,@ 850 m ( 7 @,@ 550 – 12 @,@ 630 ft ) in the eastern Mediterranean . The depths at which it is most common vary between regions , for example 300 – 500 m ( 980 – 1 @,@ 640 ft ) in the Bay of Biscay , 400 – 800 m ( 1 @,@ 300 – 2 @,@ 600 ft ) off Portugal , 500 – 800 m ( 1 @,@ 600 – 2 @,@ 600 ft ) in the Strait of Sicily , 1 @,@ 000 – 1 @,@ 400 m ( 3 @,@ 300 – 4 @,@ 600 ft ) in the Catalan Sea , and 1 @,@ 500 – 1 @,@ 830 m ( 4 @,@ 920 – 6 @,@ 000 ft ) in the eastern Mediterranean . Water temperature does not appear to be an important factor in determining the distribution of this species .
Found on or near the bottom , the blackmouth catshark favors a muddy habitat . There is little evidence for segregation by sex . A number of studies in the northern and western Mediterranean have reported that adults occur deeper than juveniles . Other studies though have found no such pattern . It is possible that areas such as the waters off southern France offer a habitat suitable for sharks of all ages . Another explanation with some scientific support is that adults are most common at intermediate depths , while young sharks are restricted to shallower water and both adults and juveniles are found in deeper water . If true , the age @-@ depth inconsistencies observed from previous research could have resulted from incomplete depth sampling .
= = Description = =
The reported maximum lengths attained by the blackmouth catshark varies from 67 to 79 cm ( 26 to 31 in ) for Atlantic sharks and 50 to 64 cm ( 20 to 25 in ) for Mediterranean sharks ; a length record of 90 cm ( 35 in ) may be dubious . Females attain a larger ultimate size than males . The maximum weight on record is 1 @.@ 4 kg ( 3 @.@ 1 lb ) . This species has a slender , firm body with a rather long , pointed snout comprising roughly 6 – 9 % of the total length . The anterior rim of each nostril bears a large triangular flap , which divides the nostril into incurrent and excurrent openings . The eyes are horizontally oval and equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) . Beneath each eye is a subtle ridge , and behind is a small spiracle . The mouth forms a short , wide arch , and bears moderately long furrows around the corners . The upper and lower jaws contain around 69 and 79 tooth rows respectively . Each tooth is small , with a narrow central cusp flanked by one or two smaller cusplets on either side . There are five pairs of gill slits , with the fifth pair over the pectoral fin bases .
The two dorsal fins are roughly equal in size and placed far back on the body : the first originates behind the midpoint of the pelvic fin bases and the second behind the midpoint of the anal fin base . The pectoral fins are large , while the pelvic fins are small and low , with angular margins . The anal fin is much larger than either dorsal fin ; its base measures 13 – 18 % of the total length and greatly exceeds the distance between the pelvic and anal fins , or between the dorsal fins . The caudal peduncle is laterally compressed , with the end of the anal fin very close to the caudal fin . The caudal fin comprises around a quarter of the total length ; the upper lobe is low with a ventral notch near the tip , while the lower lobe is indistinct . The skin is very thick and covered by well @-@ calcified dermal denticles . There is a prominent row of enlarged denticles , resembling saw teeth , along the upper edge of the caudal fin . The body is grayish @-@ brown above , with 15 – 18 dark , rounded saddles , blotches , and / or spots that run onto the tail ; each marking is highlighted by a paler border . The underside is white , as are the tips of the dorsal and caudal fins . The inside of the mouth is black .
= = Biology and ecology = =
Within its range , the blackmouth catshark is one of the most abundant sharks over the upper and middle continental slope . It is nomadic in nature and may be found alone or in groups . Relatively slow , this shark swims with strong eel @-@ like ( anguilliform ) undulations of its body . It often cruises just above the sea floor , perhaps taking advantage of the ground effect ( a reduction in the drag on a wing when close to the ground ) to save energy . It has also been seen resting motionless on the bottom . Known predators of the blackmouth catshark include the kitefin shark ( Dalatias licha ) and the European flying squid ( Todarodes sagittatus ) . Parasites that have been documented from this species include the tapeworm Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum and the protist Eimeria palavensis .
= = = Feeding = = =
The blackmouth catshark is an active , generalist predator that feeds on both bottom @-@ dwelling and free @-@ swimming organisms . Its diet is dominated by decapods , krill , bony fishes ( including lanternfishes , bristlemouths , dragonfishes , and moras ) , and cephalopods . The most significant prey species generally reflect what is most available in the environment , for example the shrimps Calocaris macandreae and Pasiphaea multidentata off southern France and the prawns Sergestes arcticus and Sergia robusta off the Iberian Peninsula . Ju
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in the world by the Financial Times and the Economist Intelligence Unit . The total assets of non @-@ profits connected to Opus Dei are worth at least $ 2 @.@ 8 billion .
= = Relations with Catholic leaders = =
Leopoldo Eijo y Garay , the bishop of Madrid where Opus Dei was born , supported Opus Dei and defended it in the 1940s by saying that " this opus is truly Dei " ( this work is truly God 's ) . Contrary to attacks of secrecy and heresy , the bishop described Opus Dei 's founder as someone who is " open as a child " and " most obedient to the Church hierarchy . "
In the 1950s , Pope Pius XII told the most senior Australian bishop , Cardinal Norman Gilroy that Escriva " is a true saint , a man sent by God for our times " . Pius XII gave Opus Dei the canonical status of " pontifical right " , an institution depending directly and exclusively on the Vatican in its internal governance .
In 1960 , Pope John XXIII commented that Opus Dei opens up " unsuspected horizons of apostolate " . Furthermore , in 1964 , Pope Paul VI praised the organization in a handwritten letter to Escrivá , saying :
Opus Dei is " a vigorous expression of the perennial youth of the Church , fully open to the demands of a modern apostolate ... We look with paternal satisfaction on all that Opus Dei has achieved and is achieving for the kingdom of God , the desire of doing good that guides it , the burning love for the Church and its visible head that distinguishes it , and the ardent zeal for souls that impels it along the arduous and difficult paths of the apostolate of presence and witness in every sector of contemporary life . "
The relationship between Paul VI and Opus Dei , according to Alberto Moncada , a doctor of sociology and ex @-@ member , was " stormy " . After the Second Vatican Council concluded in 1965 , Pope Paul VI denied Opus Dei 's petition to become a personal prelature , Moncada stated .
Pope John Paul I , a few years before his election , wrote that Escrivá was more radical than other saints who taught about the universal call to holiness . While others emphasized monastic spirituality applied to lay people , for Escrivá " it is the material work itself which must be turned into prayer and sanctity " , thus providing a lay spirituality .
Criticisms against Opus Dei have prompted Catholics like Piers Paul Read and Vittorio Messori to call Opus Dei a sign of contradiction , in reference to the biblical quote of Jesus as a " sign that is spoken against . " Said John Carmel Heenan , Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster : " One of the proofs of God 's favour is to be a sign of contradiction . Almost all founders of societies in the Church have suffered . Monsignor Escrivá de Balaguer is no exception . Opus Dei has been attacked and its motives misunderstood . In this country and elsewhere an inquiry has always vindicated Opus Dei . "
One of Opus Dei 's most prominent supporters was Pope John Paul II . John Paul II cited Opus Dei 's aim of sanctifying secular activities as a " great ideal . " He emphasized that Escrivá 's founding of Opus Dei was ductus divina inspiratione , led by divine inspiration , and he granted the organisation its status as a personal prelature . Stating that Escrivá is " counted among the great witnesses of Christianity , " John Paul II canonized him in 2002 , and called him " the saint of ordinary life . " Of the organisation , John Paul II said :
" [ Opus Dei ] has as its aim the sanctification of one 's life , while remaining within the world at one 's place of work and profession : to live the Gospel in the world , while living immersed in the world , but in order to transform it , and to redeem it with one 's personal love for Christ . This is truly a great ideal , which right from the beginning has anticipated the theology of the lay state of the Second Vatican Council and the post @-@ conciliar period . "
One @-@ third of the world 's bishops petitioned for the canonisation of Escrivá . During the canonisation , there were 42 cardinals and 470 bishops from around the world , generals superior of many religious institutes , and representatives of various Catholic groups . During those days , these Church officials commented on the universal reach and validity of the message of the founder . For his canonisation homily , John Paul II said : With the teachings of St. Josemaría , " it is easier to understand what the Second Vatican Council affirmed : ' there is no question , then , of the Christian message inhibiting men from building up the world ... on the contrary it is an incentive to do these very things ' ( Vatican II , Gaudium et spes , n . 34 ) . "
Concerning the group 's role in the Catholic Church , critics have argued that Opus Dei 's unique status as a personal prelature gives it too much independence , making it essentially a " church within a church " and that Opus Dei exerts a disproportionately large influence within the Catholic Church itself , as illustrated , for example , by the unusually rapid canonisation of Escrivá , which some considered to be irregular . In contrast , Catholic officials say that Church authorities have even greater control of Opus Dei now that its head is a prelate appointed by the Pope , and its status as a prelature " precisely means dependence . " Allen says that Escriva 's relatively quick canonization does not have anything to do with power but with improvements in procedures and John Paul II 's decision to make Escriva 's sanctity and message known .
Pope Benedict XVI has been a particularly strong supporter of Opus Dei and of Escrivá . Pointing to the name " Work of God " , Benedict XVI ( then Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger ) , wrote that " The Lord simply made use of [ Escrivá ] who allowed God to work . " Ratzinger cited Escrivá for correcting the mistaken idea that holiness is reserved to some extraordinary people who are completely different from ordinary sinners : Even if he can be very weak , with many mistakes in his life , a saint is nothing other than to speak with God as a friend speaks with a friend , allowing God to work , the Only One who can really make the world both good and happy .
Ratzinger spoke of Opus Dei 's " surprising union of absolute fidelity to the Church 's great tradition , to its faith , and unconditional openness to all the challenges of this world , whether in the academic world , in the field of work , or in matters of the economy , etc . " He further explained :
" the theocentrism of Escrivá ... means this confidence in the fact that God is working now and we ought only to put ourselves at his disposal ... This , for me , is a message of greatest importance . It is a message that leads to overcoming what could be considered the great temptation of our times : the pretense that after the ' Big Bang ' God retired from history . "
Pope Francis is " the first Pope who has dealt with Opus Dei closely as a bishop " , and according to James V. Schall , S.J. , is a " friend of Opus Dei . " Francis referred to St. Josemaria as " a precursor of Vatican II in proposing the universal call to holiness . " In the analysis of John Allen , Pope Francis ' strong dislike for clericalism , which he calls " one of the worst evils " in the Church is a key factor for " what Francis admires about Opus Dei , since Escrivá ’ s emphasis on the dignity of the laity was a challenge to the ultra @-@ clerical ethos of Spanish Catholicism in the late 1920s . " He has a devotion to St. Josemaria , and he prayed before his relics for 45 minutes , when he once visited the church of the prelature in Rome . Francis beatified Alvaro del Portillo , the successor of Escriva . What Bergoglio most liked about Opus Dei was the work done for the poor by one of its schools in Buenos Aires . He thanks Opus Dei for its work to further the holiness of priests in the Roman Curia .
= = Controversy = =
Throughout its history , Opus Dei has been criticized from many quarters , prompting journalists to describe Opus Dei as " the most controversial force in the Catholic Church " and founder Saint Josemaría Escrivá as a " polarizing " figure .
The organisation has been criticized for issues relating to the Catholic Church , especially the practice of mortification of the flesh . Controversies about Opus Dei have centered around criticisms of its behaviours , such as alleged secretiveness , aggressive recruiting methods , and its strict rules governing members . The organization 's members have also been categorized by critics as right @-@ leaning elitists , with some individuals supporting fascist governments , such as the Francoist Government of Spain until 1978 .
= = = Supporting views = = =
According to several journalists who have worked independently on Opus Dei , such as John Allen , Jr . , Vittorio Messori , Patrice de Plunkett , Maggy Whitehouse , Noam Friedlander many of the criticisms against Opus Dei are myths and unproven tales . Allen , Messori , and Plunkett say that most of these myths were created by its opponents , with Allen adding that he perceives that Opus Dei members generally practise what they preach .
Allen , Messori , and Plunkett also state that accusations that Opus Dei is secretive are unfounded . These accusations stem from a clerical paradigm which expects Opus Dei members to behave as monks and clerics , people who are traditionally known and externally identifiable as seekers of holiness . In contrast , these journalists continue , Opus Dei 's lay members , like any normal Catholic professional , are ultimately responsible for their personal actions , and do not externally represent the organization which provides them religious education . Writer and broadcast analyst John L. Allen , Jr. states that Opus Dei provides abundant information about itself . These journalists have stated that the historic roots of criticisms against Opus Dei can be found in influential clerical circles .
As to its alleged participation in right @-@ wing politics , especially the Francoist regime , British historians Paul Preston and Brian Crozier state that the Opus Dei members who were Franco 's ministers were appointed for their talent and not for their Opus Dei membership . Also , there were notable members of Opus Dei who were vocal critics of the Franco Regime such as Rafael Calvo Serer and Antonio Fontán , who was the first President of the Senate in Spain , following the adoption of a democratic Constitution . The German historian and Opus Dei member Peter Berglar calls any connection made between Opus Dei and Franco 's regime a " gross slander . " At the end of Franco 's regime , Opus Dei members were 50 : 50 for and against Franco , according to John Allen . Similarly Álvaro del Portillo , the former Prelate of Opus Dei , said that any statements that Escrivá supported Hitler were " a patent falsehood , " that were part of " a slanderous campaign " . He and others have stated that Escriva condemned Hitler as a " rogue " , a " racist " and a " tyrant " . Opus Dei spokespersons also deny claims that Opus Dei members worked with General Pinochet . Various authors state that Escriva was staunchly non @-@ political , and detested dictatorships . Allen wrote that , compared with other Catholic organizations , Opus Dei 's stress on freedom and personal responsibility is extraordinarily strong . There are many Opus Dei members who are identified with left @-@ wing politics , including Ruth Kelly , Jorge Rossi Chavarría and Jesus Estanislao .
While Opus Dei spokespersons have admitted mistakes in dealing with some members and do not , as a rule , contest their grievances , supporters have rejected generalisations merely based on negative experiences of some members . Sociologists like Bryan R. Wilson write about some former members of any religious group who may have psychological motivations such as self @-@ justification to criticise their former groups . Wilson states that such individuals are prone to create fictitious " atrocity stories " which have no basis in reality . Many supporters of Opus Dei have expressed the belief that the criticisms of Opus Dei stem from a generalised disapproval of spirituality , Christianity , or Catholicism . Expressing this sentiment , one Opus Dei member , Cardinal Julián Herranz , stated " Opus Dei has become a victim of Christianophobia . " Massimo Introvigne , author of an encyclopedia of religion , argues that critics employ the term " cult " in order to intentionally stigmatize Opus Dei because " they could not tolerate ' the return to religion ' of the secularized society " .
Opus Dei is not " elitist " in the sense in which people often invoke the term , meaning an exclusively white @-@ collar phenomenon , concluded John Allen . He observed that among its members are barbers , bricklayers , mechanics and fruit sellers . Most supernumeraries are living ordinary middle @-@ class lives , he said .
Regarding alleged misogyny , John Allen states that half of the leadership positions in Opus Dei are held by women , and they supervise men . The Catholic Church defends its male priesthood by saying that " the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven are not the ministers but the saints . "
= = = Critical views = = =
In the English @-@ speaking world there is an internet @-@ based blogging website called the Opus Dei Awareness Network ( ODAN ) whose Web page is sub @-@ headed " Bringing light to Opus Dei 's Questionable Practices " . Critics of Opus Dei include María del Carmen Tapia , an ex @-@ member who was a high @-@ ranking officer of Opus Dei for many years , liberal Catholic theologians such as Fr . James Martin , a Jesuit writer and editor , and supporters of Liberation theology , such as journalist Penny Lernoux and Michael Walsh , a writer on religious matters and former Jesuit .
Critics state that Opus Dei is " intensely secretive " — for example , members generally do not disclose their affiliation with Opus Dei in public . Further , under the 1950 constitution , members were expressly forbidden to reveal themselves without the permission of their superiors . This practice has led to much speculation about who may be a member .
Opus Dei has been accused of deceptive and aggressive recruitment practices such as showering potential members with intense praise ( " Love bombing " ) , and instructing numeraries to form friendships and attend social gatherings explicitly for recruiting purposes .
Critics allege that Opus Dei maintains an extremely high degree of control over its members — for instance , past rules required numeraries to submit their incoming and outgoing mail to their superiors for inspection , and members are forbidden to read certain books without permission from their superiors . Critics charge that Opus Dei pressures numeraries to sever contact with non @-@ members , including their own families . Exit counselor David Clark has described Opus Dei as " very cult @-@ like " .
Critics assert that Escrivá and the organisation supported radical right @-@ wing governments , such as those of Franco , Augusto Pinochet and Alberto Fujimori of Peru during the 1990s . Both Pinochet 's and Fujimori 's ministries and prominent supporters allegedly included members of Opus Dei , but there are also prominent Opus Dei members in parties that opposed those governments . Likewise , among Opus Dei members there were also strong detractors of Franco , such as Antonio Fontán . There have also been allegations that Escrivá expressed sympathy for Adolf Hitler . One former Opus Dei priest , Vladimir Felzmann , who has become a vocal Opus Dei critic , says that Escrivá once remarked that Hitler had been " badly treated " by the world and he further declared that " Hitler couldn 't have been such a bad person . He couldn 't have killed six million [ Jews ] . It couldn 't have been more than four million . "
Opus Dei has also been accused of elitism through targeting of " the intellectual elite , the well @-@ to @-@ do , and the socially prominent . "
As a part of the Roman Catholic Church , Opus Dei has been open to the same criticisms as Catholicism in general — for example female members of Opus Dei cannot become priests or prelates . Specifically , Opus Dei 's position has been " to oppose sexual freedoms and promote conservative morals , " according to an investigative report produced by the advocacy group Catholics for Choice The report further cites a study from sociologist Marco Burgos alleging Opus Dei interference in sex education programs in Honduras .
After conducting a critical study of Opus Dei , journalist John L. Allen , Jr. concluded that Opus Dei should ( 1 ) be more transparent , ( 2 ) collaborate with members of religious institutes , and ( 3 ) encourage its members to air out in public their criticisms of the institution .
= = = Other views = = =
Sociologists Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington suggest that Opus Dei is involved in " a deliberate attempt to construct an alternative modernity , " one that engages modern culture while at the same time is resolutely loyal to Catholic traditions . Van Biema of Time magazine emphasises Opus Dei 's Spanish roots as a source of misunderstandings in the Anglo @-@ Saxon world , and suggests that as the United States becomes more Hispanic , controversies about Opus Dei ( and similar Catholic organizations ) will decrease .
In her 2006 book on Opus Dei , Maggy Whitehouse , a non @-@ Catholic journalist , argues that the relative autonomy of each director and centre has resulted in mistakes at the local level . She recommends greater consistency and transparency for Opus Dei , which she sees as having learned the lesson of greater openness when it faced the issues raised by The Da Vinci Code and other critics .
= = Members proposed for Beatification = =
Aside from Escriva ( canonized in 2002 ) and Alvaro del Portillo ( beatified in 2014 ) , there a number of members of Opus Dei who have been proposed for beatification :
Toni Zweifel
Ernesto Cofiño
Tomas Alvira
Francisca " Paquita " Dominguez
Laura Busca Otaegui . Laura was born on November 3 , 1918 in Zumarraga , Guipuzcoa , Spain . She was married to Eduardo Ortiz de Landazuri Fernandez de Heredia and became a mother of seven . She has a degree in pharmacology and a great love for study and reading . After a long illness , she died in Pamplona , with a reputation for sanctity , on October 11 , 2000 . The Archbishop of Pamplona opened her Cause of Canonization on June 14 , 2013 . Together with her husband they are honored as " Servants of God " .
Eduardo Ortiz de Landazuri . Born on October 31 , 1910 in Segovia , Spain . He was a doctor , and he died on May 20 , 1985 in Pamplona , Navarra , Spain . His cause for Canonization was opened by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints , which have given him the Protocol No : 2253 and honored him together with his wife as " Servants of God " on November 3 , 1998 .
Joseph Muzquiz
Montserrat Grases . She was born on July 10 , 1941 in Barcelona , Spain . She died on March 26 , 1959 in Barcelona , Spain . Her cause is now underway to Sainthood . The Congregation for the Causes of Saints had given her the Protocol No : 1137 and she was honored as " Servant of God " .
Maria Encarnacion Ortega Pardo
Jose Maria Hernandez Garnica
Dora del Hoyo . Dora was born on January 11 , 1914 in Boca de Huergano , Leon , Spain . She died on May 20 , 2004 in Rome , Italy . Her Cause for Beatification is now on Preliminary stages .
Guadalupe Ortiz de Landazuri Fernandez de Heredia
Maria Lourdes de Miguel Crespo
Jeremy Joyner White
= = Opus Dei in popular culture = =
Jerry Pournelle 's 1974 Science Fiction story " Enforcer " centers on a fictional coup d 'état in Argentina , whose moving spirit , a Colonel Ortiz , is affiliated to Opus Dei as well as Catholic Action . Though he is the story 's antagonist , Otiz is depicted rather sympathetically as an honest and dedicated officer - who tries ( and eventually fails ) to defend Argentine sovereignty against a giant multi @-@ national corporation employing the " Enforcer " of the title .
In the 1997 novel The Genesis Code by John Case the leader of Umbra Domini , which is the author 's version of Opus Dei , is portrayed as the novel 's antagonist . In the novel , Umbra Domini members are sent on a mission to execute children who were conceived using genetically engineered oocytes .
In another 1997 book , the detective novel " The Death of Faith " which is the seventh in the Commissario Brunetti series by Donna Leon , the book 's mystery turns out to involve sinister activities by Opus Dei . The book ends with the protagonist Brunetti feeling certain that a priest who is an Opus Dei member was responsible for several murders - but has no way to prove it in court , and feels that Opus Dei is too powerful to touch .
Since 2003 , Opus Dei has received world attention as a result of Dan Brown 's novel The Da Vinci Code and the 2006 film based on the novel . In The Da Vinci Code , Opus Dei is portrayed as a Catholic organization that is led into a sinister international conspiracy . In general , The Da Vinci Code has been sharply criticised for its numerous factual inaccuracies , by a wide array of scholars and historians . According to the Anglican Bishop of Durham , the Rt Rev Dr Tom Wright , the novel is a " great thriller " but " lousy history " . For example , Silas , a major villain in The Da Vinci Code is a monk who is a member of Opus Dei — but in reality there are no monks in Opus Dei . The Da Vinci Code implies that Opus Dei is the Pope 's personal prelature — but the term " personal prelature " does not refer to a special relationship to the Pope : It means an institution in which the jurisdiction of the prelate is not linked to a geographic territory but over persons , wherever they be . Nonetheless , Brown stated that his portrayal of Opus Dei was based on interviews with members and ex @-@ members , and books about Opus Dei . An Opus Dei spokesman questioned this statement .
A Franco @-@ Belgian comic book ( bande dessinée ) on the life of Escrivá was published by Coccinelle BD in 2005 . The title is Through the mountains , in reference to Escriva 's escape from the Republican zone through the mountains of Andorra during the Spanish Civil War .
In the bestselling Ashwin Sanghi thriller The Rozabal Line ( 2007 ) , mention of Opus Dei and Illuminati are frequent . Sanghi , often termed the Indian Dan Brown , created an intricate plot revolving around themes of Jesus ' tomb and nuclear bombs and the events , though global , have India as an important theatre .
Camino , a 2008 Spanish film directed by Javier Fesser , allegedly based on the real story of Alexia González @-@ Barros , a girl who died from spinal cancer at fourteen in 1985 and awaits canonisation . Fesser portrays the Opus Dei in a negative way , depicting it as an extreme cult destroying families , suggesting that Opus Dei manipulated the tragedy of the young Camino 's painful death for its own ends .
There Be Dragons , an historical epic film released in the spring of 2011 , includes the early life of Escrivá . It is directed by Roland Joffé , and stars Charlie Cox , Wes Bentley , Derek Jacobi , Golshifteh Farahani , Dougray Scott , Olga Kurylenko , and Lily Cole .
Damien , a 2016 television series based on The Omen has the organisation .
= = = Opus Dei Official sites = = =
Official website
The founder of Opus Dei : Official Site
Writings of the founder of Opus Dei
St. Josemaría Escrivá Historical Institute , Rome
YouTube Channel – Opus Dei
YouTube Channel – St. Josemaria
= = = Sites supporting Opus Dei = = =
The Vatican on Opus Dei and Josemaria Escriva
EWTN page on Opus Dei
Opus Dei Blogs – central hub of internet sources
page on Opus Dei with forum
= = = Sites critical of Opus Dei = = =
Opus Dei Awareness Network – by ex @-@ members and family
OpusLibros.org ( Spanish ) – by ex @-@ members
Opus Dei in the United States – by Father James Martin , S.J.
= John Alan Coey =
John Alan Coey ( 12 November 1950 – 19 July 1975 ) was an American soldier who served in the Rhodesian Army as one of " the Crippled Eagles " , a loosely organised group of US expatriates fighting for the unrecognised government of Rhodesia ( today Zimbabwe ) during that country 's Bush War . A devout Christian and fervent anti @-@ communist — the African @-@ American historian Gerald Horne described him as a white supremacist of the political ultra @-@ right — he was the first American fatality of the war . He moved to Rhodesia to join its army in 1972 , the day after graduating from college in his home town of Columbus , Ohio , and served until he was killed in action in 1975 . He kept a journal throughout his service that was posthumously published as A Martyr Speaks .
Coey received United States Marine Corps officer training during his studies and was on track to receive a commission when he requested discharge and left for Rhodesia , asserting that the US government had been infiltrated by a " revolutionary conspiracy of internationalists , collectivists and communists " and that fighting for Rhodesia would allow him to better defend Western interests . He joined the Rhodesian Special Air Service ( SAS ) and passed out with the rank of trooper in November 1972 , receiving recognition as one of the army 's best recruits of the year . However , his political views led to an acrimonious fall from favour within the SAS , his expulsion from its officer training programme in October 1973 and ultimately to his leaving the unit four months later . He redeployed to the Rhodesian Army Medical Corps , from which he was posted to the Rhodesian Light Infantry ( RLI ) heliborne commando battalion in July 1974 , concurrently with his promotion to corporal . He thereafter served an instructor and commando medic in the RLI .
Though not an officer , Coey exerted some influence on tactical doctrine , making numerous suggestions to his superiors and pioneering the combat medic role in the Rhodesian Army , which caused him to be nicknamed " the Fighting Doc " . He was killed in action in the Kandeya Tribal Trust Lands in the country 's north on 19 July 1975 , shot through the head while running into the open to treat two fallen comrades . His remains , originally buried in Que Que in central Rhodesia , were reinterred in Ohio in 1979 . His journal and some of his letters home were compiled into A Martyr Speaks by his mother soon after he died , and published in 1988 .
= = Early life = =
John Alan Coey was born in Columbus , Ohio , on 12 November 1950 to George and Phyllis Coey , both devout Christians . While growing up , John was a keen Boy Scout and attained the organisation 's top rank , Eagle Scout . He attended Ohio State University 's campus in his home town , studying forestry , and during his studies enlisted in the United States Marine Corps ' officer training program as a cadet in its Platoon Leaders Class . During this time he also taught at a local Sunday school .
Like his parents , Coey was a fervent Christian , and held forthright views on communism , which he believed was an inherently evil system of government , geared towards the ultimate destruction of Christianity and the West ; he later wrote of the " murder " of 65 million people by communists in China and the Soviet Union since the October Revolution of 1917 , " and the souls of millions more ... indoctrinated with atheism " . In Coey 's opinion , only the retention of a society rooted in traditional Western culture and Christian faith would prevent this from happening elsewhere .
= = Military career = =
= = = Motivations = = =
Coey was on track to receive an officer 's commission into the Marines as soon as he graduated from college , but he became severely disillusioned by the course of the Vietnam War . Puzzled by America 's failure to win the war , he developed a theory that the United States government had been infiltrated by a " revolutionary conspiracy of internationalists , collectivists and communists " , which he claimed was deliberately bringing about defeat in Vietnam to demoralise Americans as a precursor to bringing the United States under a totalitarian world government . His attention was caught by the situation in Rhodesia ( today Zimbabwe ) , where a war pitted the unrecognised government , made up predominantly of the country 's minority whites , against communist @-@ backed black nationalist guerrilla groups . Coey interpreted this as Rhodesia " holding the line " on the behalf of Christendom against communism , and surmised that he would better serve the United States and the Western world if he fought in the Rhodesian Army rather than the US Marine Corps . He successfully requested a discharge from the Marines just before he would have received his commission , and flew to southern Africa the day after he graduated from Ohio State in late March 1972 to join the Rhodesian Army .
Foreigners like Coey who volunteered for the Rhodesian Army received the same pay and conditions of service as local regulars . Ideologically and religiously motivated , Coey viewed himself as a kind of latter @-@ day crusader . He kept a thorough journal of his thoughts and experiences throughout his army service . " I believe God intended me to come here for some purpose , " he wrote soon after enlisting . " This action has cost me an Officer 's Commission , and ... my citizenship may be revoked , [ but ] this is the most I can do for my country under the circumstances . " He told the historian Gerald Horne that he believed communists had already compromised top levels of the US government , and that by serving in Rhodesia he was helping to unify " his people " against a foreign conspiracy . His religious views also affected his views on Zionism : he believed that the State of Israel 's existence prior to the Second Coming of Christ was contrary to scriptural prophecies , and that it should therefore be destroyed .
= = = Special Air Service = = =
Though foreign soldiers in the Rhodesian Army were only required to immediately commit to three years ' service , Coey volunteered on arrival for at least five . He joined the Special Air Service ( SAS ) , an elite commando unit . He was one of several foreigners in his barrack room , and they decorated their quarters with the flags of their home countries . Coey performed well during his initial training , and was recognised as one of the Rhodesian Army 's top recruits of 1972 ; after passing out in November that year with the rank of trooper , he was picked out in January 1973 for instruction as an officer . While training for this new role , he contributed articles to various Rhodesian and South African publications , sending work to the latter under the Afrikaans pseudonym " Johann Coetzee " . The political and religious views reflected in his journal continued : on 18 September 1973 , he expressed profound joy at the overthrow of Chile 's Marxist President Salvador Allende , and painted the incident as a victory for Christianity and the West .
In October 1973 , Coey submitted an inflammatory article detailing his views on America 's foreign policy to the army magazine , Assegai ; the firmly anti @-@ establishment piece , " The Myth of American Anti @-@ communism " , was deemed " subversive " by the army , which blocked its publication . Coey was removed from the officer training programme soon after , officially because of his " temperament " . Though disappointed by his expulsion , and suspicious about the true reasoning behind it , Coey did not complain , writing that as an ordinary trooper he would be free to broadcast his views to the public unhindered .
Coey first saw combat action in November 1973 , in a covert external operation in Portuguese Mozambique 's north @-@ western Tete Province . He enjoyed it , comparing the experience to the American Indian Wars of the 19th century . The following month , however , he was informed by his commanding officer that he would be not be used as a paratrooper , and would not be going on patrol again , as he was , in the commander 's words , " not worth it " . Coey felt so humiliated that he considered leaving , but resolved to stay and fight on . Despite his commander 's order to remain on base , he joined a patrol into Mozambique and crossed the border on 7 January 1974 . The commanding officer flew into a rage when he discovered Coey 's insubordination two weeks later , and immediately had him brought back . Meanwhile , Coey persevered with " The Myth of American Anti @-@ communism " , and secured its publication in the conservative , nationally distributed journal Property and Finance on 7 February 1974 . Five days later , he was barred from taking part in a parachute exercise with his unit , and on 14 February he was instructed to choose another army corps or regiment by the 18th ; the SAS no longer wanted him .
= = = Rhodesian Light Infantry = = =
Coey 's request to transfer to the Rhodesian Army Medical Corps was granted , and he was accordingly placed in a three @-@ month medical course in Bulawayo , starting in April 1974 . On its completion in July , he was promoted to corporal and posted to the Rhodesian Light Infantry ( RLI ) heliborne commando battalion , where he was installed as an instructor . He expressed pride in teaching " as we did at Quantico — the Marine way ! " He was pleased to meet other Americans in the RLI , particularly when they were fellow US Marines . The American expatriates in the Rhodesian forces tended to try to stay together and associate with each other . They were later informally dubbed " the Crippled Eagles " by the American author Robin Moore , who moved to Salisbury in August 1976 and became their unofficial patron . Coey liked and respected his fellow soldiers , who in turn regarded him as strong , capable and brave , but there was mutual animosity concerning their respective lifestyles while off @-@ duty . " They live for pleasure mostly , " Coey wrote in his journal , " drinking and whoring . The Christian soldier is sometimes despised and ridiculed . "
Coey acquitted himself well in the eyes of his superiors following his move to the RLI , and soon after joining the unit mustered into Support Group as a specialist in tracking , mortars and armoured vehicle driving , while also working as a medic . He took part in over 60 Fireforce missions in this capacity , and became nicknamed " the Fighting Doc " because of his vehement insistence on joining such combat excursions . Although his political views had prevented him from becoming an officer , he continued to make tactical suggestions to his superiors , some of which were adopted ; for example , combat medics were introduced to RLI patrols at his suggestion , and following his example . However , other ideas of Coey 's — such as his proposed use of psychochemical weapons and the " weapon of starvation " against Mozambicans and Zambians — were less well received .
On recovering his journal , Coey 's family discovered that portions of it which discussed army operations in too much detail — sometimes brief passages , but occasionally whole months at a time — had been censored by the army , and in some cases removed entirely . Apart from an entry on 26 December 1974 , in which Coey wrote about his loneliness at Christmas and desire to get married , not a word remained after 11 November 1974 . Having become engaged to a young Rhodesian woman , Coey successfully filed for Rhodesian citizenship while on leave in June 1975 , then renewed his US passport in South Africa . " What a chuckle , " he wrote to a friend , " filling out those papers under a portrait of Henry Kissinger ! "
= = = Death = = =
On 19 July 1975 , a unit from the Rhodesian Territorial Force ( TF ) contacted a group of guerrillas near a river in the Kandeya Tribal Trust Lands , north @-@ east of Mount Darwin in the area covered by Operation Hurricane . After the Territorials killed two of the insurgents without loss , the cadres fell back and set up an ambush position underneath the roots of some overhanging trees on the riverbank . The TF patrol summoned a Fireforce made up of 7 and 10 Troops , 2 Commando , RLI from Mount Darwin , which arrived soon after . Coey , who was attached to 2 Commando at the time , accompanied 7 Troop as the patrol 's combat medic .
The Territorals and 10 Troop made a sweep of the river line , but on rounding a bend in the stream were suddenly fired upon by the hidden guerrillas . A sergeant from the TF was killed , as well as Rifleman Hennie Potgeiter of the RLI . RLI Rifleman Ken Lucas suffered a gunshot wound to the leg . The insurgents now held their fire to prevent giving their position away . Incorrectly believing from the inactivity that the cadres had fled , and thinking that the two fallen soldiers were still alive , Major Hank Meyer ordered the leader of 7 Troop , Lieutenant Joe du Plooy , to sweep around the river and send Coey out to treat the men .
Lieutenant du Plooy led his men around the bend , carefully keeping them behind cover , then sent Coey out into the open riverbed to give treatment . With his Red Cross flag clearly visible , Coey came out from cover and made for the bodies on the ground . The concealed cadres immediately opened fire and fatally shot him through the head . His lifeless body fell at du Plooy 's feet . Coey was the first American fatality of the Rhodesian Bush War . The contact in which he died eventually ended with du Plooy and two other Rhodesians being wounded and a further Rhodesian soldier , Corporal Jannie de Beer , being killed . The insurgents escaped without any further loss to their number .
= = Reactions to death , funeral and burial = =
Coey 's parents received letters of consolation from across the world , including one from Lester Maddox , the segregationist Governor of Georgia , and another from the secretary of the far @-@ right Liberty Lobby . Coey was never a member of any radical political group , but his life and death were still used as propaganda by some such movements : according to The Nation , Coey was " eulogized in the American Nazi paper " , and , on 4 July 1976 , Willis Carto of the Liberty Lobby announced a posthumous award to Coey to commemorate the bicentenary of the United States . Members of the Rhodesian public donated money to help the Coey family travel to Rhodesia to attend his funeral service . On arrival , Coey 's parents told the Salisbury Sunday Mail that they believed his death had not been in vain , as he had fallen defending " the last bastion for fighting communism that is left in the Western world " .
On 28 July 1975 , Coey received a full military funeral and was buried in the central Rhodesian town of Que Que , where he had been living . With his parents standing by , Coey 's brother , Edward , gave a eulogy that strongly stressed his family 's religious and ideological beliefs — he said that his brother had achieved " the greatest of Christian virtues : sacrifice " .
When the family returned to Ohio , Phyllis Coey compiled her son 's journal and a selection of his letters home into a book entitled A Martyr Speaks , which she first attempted to have published in 1975 . Because of the controversial views it contained ( including Coey 's dedication of his journal " to the 100 @,@ 000 American dead of Korea and Vietnam who were betrayed by their own government " ) , the book was turned down by publishers for over a decade . Coey 's remains were reburied in Ohio in 1979 , near to his family home . A Martyr Speaks was released in 1988 , 13 years after his death , by the New Puritan Library , a religious press in North Carolina .
= = Publications = =
Coey , John Alan ( March 1988 ) . Brooks , Pat , ed . A Martyr Speaks ( First ed . ) . Fletcher , North Carolina : New Puritan Library . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 932050 @-@ 41 @-@ 0 .
= California State Route 247 =
State Route 247 ( SR 247 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California in San Bernardino County . The road passes through the Mojave Desert , connecting SR 62 in Yucca Valley to Interstate 15 ( I @-@ 15 ) . SR 247 was designated by the California State Legislature in 1969 ; the county roads along that route were given to the state in 1972 .
= = Route description = =
SR 247 begins at a junction with SR 62 in the town of Yucca Valley , where it is signed as Old Woman Springs Road . From Yucca Valley , the two @-@ lane highway heads northwestward through desert , much of it through Johnson Valley , briefly passing through Flamingo Heights and the western tip of Landers .
In the town of Lucerne Valley , SR 18 and SR 247 do not actually intersect , but the highways are less than 0 @.@ 125 miles ( 0 @.@ 201 km ) apart , connected by a short continuation road to extend SR 18 to SR 247 . A right turn at this intersection changes SR 247 's path due north as Barstow Road towards Barstow and its northern terminus at I @-@ 15 , passing by Barstow Community College . However , continuing straight on Old Woman Springs Road , instead of turning right at this intersection , leads to SR 18 , heading west by northwest to Apple Valley and Victorville .
SR 247 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System , but is not part of the National Highway System , a network of highways that are essential to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . The route is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System , but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation . In 2013 , SR 247 had an annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) of 1 @,@ 700 between Stoddard Wells Road and the Barstow city limits , and 18 @,@ 000 at the northern terminus with I @-@ 15 , the latter of which was the highest AADT for the highway .
= = History = =
The California State Legislature defined Route 26 as a route from Lucerne Valley to Morongo Valley in 1959 . SR 247 was designated in the 1964 state highway renumbering as a route from SR 62 in Yucca Valley to SR 18 near Lucerne Valley , and then from there to I @-@ 15 in Barstow . That year , the Lucerne Valley Chamber of Commerce began an effort to have a state highway designated from Lucerne Valley to Yucca Valley along Old Woman Springs Road . By 1969 , county roads had been constructed from Barstow to Lucerne Valley , and from there to Yucca Valley . Barstow Road and Old Woman Springs Road were given to the state by San Bernardino County in 1972 , although the county had agreed to perform some improvements on the two roads after the state began to maintain them .
Parts of the SR 247 roadway buckled in the Landers earthquake of 1992 , and 10 miles ( 16 km ) of the highway was closed while repairs took place . In 2001 , Caltrans indicated that most of the highway was considered " maintain only " until 2020 , except for the portions in Yucca Valley and Barstow , which were to be widened to six lanes .
= = Major intersections = =
Except where prefixed with a letter , postmiles were measured on the road as it was in 1964 , based on the alignment that existed at the time , and do not necessarily reflect current mileage . R reflects a realignment in the route since then , M indicates a second realignment , L refers an overlap due to a correction or change , and T indicates postmiles classified as temporary ( for a full list of prefixes , see the list of postmile definitions ) . Segments that remain unconstructed or have been relinquished to local control may be omitted . The entire route is in San Bernardino County .
= Tubas =
Tubas ( / ˈtuːbəs / or / ˈtjuːbəs / ; Arabic : طوباس , Tûbâs ) is a Palestinian city in the northeastern West Bank , located 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) northeast of Nablus , a few kilometers west of the Jordan River . A city of over 16 @,@ 000 inhabitants , it serves as the economic and administrative center of the Tubas Governorate . Its urban area consists of 2 @,@ 271 dunams ( 227 hectares ) . It is governed by a municipal council of 15 members and most of its working inhabitants are employed in agriculture or public services . Jamal Abu Mohsin has been the mayor of Tubas since being elected in 2005 .
Tubas has been identified as the ancient town of Thebez / ˈθiːˌbɛz / — a Canaanite town famous for revolting against King Abimelech . During the late 19th century , during Ottoman rule in Palestine , Arab clans living in the Jordan Valley came to live in Tubas , and it became a major town in the District of Nablus , particularly known for its timber and cheese @-@ making . It came under the British Mandate of Palestine in 1917 , was annexed by Jordan after their capture of the town in the 1948 Arab – Israeli War , and then occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six @-@ Day War . The Palestinian National Authority has had complete control of Tubas since the city was transferred to its jurisdiction in 1995 .
= = History = =
= = = Ancient period = = =
The city 's name Tubas derives from the Canaanite word Tuba Syoys or " illuminating star " . Tubas was identified by Edward Robinson to be the Canaanite / Israelite town of " Thebez " mentioned in the Bible . Thebez was ruled by the Israelite King Abimelech of Shechem . When the people of Shechem ( at that time a Canaanite city ) revolted against him , Thebez joined the revolt . A Biblical story relates that Abimelech attempted to destroy Thebez in response to its participation in the revolt and when he and his army attacked a tower in the town , a woman hurled a millstone at Abimelech , killing him .
Archaeological remains such as cemeteries and olive presses indicate that Tubas was inhabited during the Roman era of rule in Palestine . Jerome mentioned Thebez being 13 Roman miles east of Neapolis ( Nablus ) . Besides the Biblical story , nothing has been known about Thebez before or after the revolt .
= = = Ottoman period = = =
In 1596 it appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as " Tubas " , in the nahiya of Jabal Sami in the liwa of Nablus . It had a population of 41 households and 16 bachelors , all Muslim . Taxes were paid on wheat , barley , summer crops , olive trees , occasional revenues , goats , beehives , and a press for olives or grapes .
In the late 19th century during Ottoman rule in Palestine , groups of Arabs belonging to the Daraghmeh clan — mostly shepherds and farmers who lived in the Jordan Valley — migrated northward to the site because of its fertile ground , proximity to several springs , and its high elevation compared to the Jordan Valley and Wadi al @-@ Far 'a plain ; Mount Gerizim was visible from the area . The Daraghmeh clan had lived in the Jordan Valley since the 15th century and in addition to Tubas , they founded or inhabited the nearby hamlets of Kardala , al @-@ Farisiya , Khirbet al @-@ Malih , Kishda , Yarza , and Ras al @-@ Far 'a . Soon after being established in Tubas , Arabs from Najd , Syria , Transjordan , Hebron and nearby Nablus came to settle in the area . During this period , Tubas became the site of clashes between the ' Abd al @-@ Hadi and Tuqan clans of Nablus and suffered incursions by Bedouins from areas east of the city . The Jarrar clan did not inhabit , but administrated Tubas , as it was located within the nahiya ( " subdistrict " ) of Mashariq al @-@ Jarrar .
Tubas was one of the largest villages in the District of Nablus . Most of the inhabitants resided in mud @-@ built houses or tents in order to work on their distant lands in the Jordan Valley and to graze their sheep and goat flocks . According to traveler Herbert Rix , compared to other towns of its size in Samaria , Tubas was " well @-@ to @-@ do " and had abundant amounts of timber which was harvested for firewood . Tubas , unlike the villages in the rest of the district , depended on livestock and not olives for income . Livestock products included cheese , clarified butter , woolen rugs , tents , ropes , and cloth bags . In 1882 a boys ' school was established in the town .
In 1877 Lieutenant Kitchener , of the Palestine Exploration Fund survey team , reported uncovering an Arabic inscription buried in the wall of the village mosque recording its building and dedication . He also wrote that the villagers had paid a bribe of £ 100 in gold to the Pasha of Nablus to avoid their young men being conscripted into the Turkish army fighting in Crimea . He noted that they would probably have to repeat the payment .
The Palestine Exploration Fund noted that the Samaritans believed that the tomb of Asher , known locally as Nabi Tota ( " the good prophet " ) , was located in Tubas . The tomb served as a shrine in local Muslim tradition .
= = = Modern era = = =
In 1917 , the British captured Palestine from the Ottomans , and in 1922 – 23 Tubas was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine . In 1947 , the United Nations drew up a partition plan to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab states ; Tubas and the surrounding villages and hamlets were to be included in the Arab state . During the 1948 Arab – Israeli War , Fawzi al @-@ Qawuqji led 750 Arab Liberation Army ( ALA ) soldiers to Tubas from Transjordan and set up base there ; Tubas would serve as the ALA 's headquarters in central Palestine throughout the war . Transjordan ( became Jordan in April 1949 ) annexed the city along with the entire West Bank , after gaining control of it during the war . In 1955 the first girls ' school was opened . Tubas was under their control until 1967 , when Israel occupied the West Bank during the Six @-@ Day War .
Tubas was transferred to Palestinian National Authority ( PNA ) control in 1995 under the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip . During the Jordanian and Israeli periods , the city was under the administration of the Nablus Governorate , but in 1996 , the PNA declared Tubas and the immediate area to be an electoral district , and later , an independent administrative area — the Tubas Governorate .
Tubas did not see as much violence in the Israeli – Palestinian conflict as nearby Nablus and Jenin , but a number of incidents occurred during the Second Intifada , which began in 2000 . In April 2002 , the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) killed six active Hamas members in the town , including Ashraf Tamza Daraghmeh — the chief Hamas commander in Tubas and the surrounding area . On August 31 , 2002 , an Israeli Apache helicopter fired four Hellfire missiles at a civilian car suspected of carrying a local al @-@ Aqsa Martyrs Brigades commander and a nearby home . The strike instead killed five civilians , including two children , two teenagers and a 29 @-@ year @-@ old Fatah activist accused of being a member of the al @-@ Aqsa Brigades . The Israeli Defense Minister , Binyamin Ben @-@ Eliezer , issued a statement expressing " regret " over " harming " civilians in Tubas . Ben @-@ Eliezer described the raid in Tubas as a " mistake " , and promised that the army would investigate the incident . On August 21 , 2009 , a clash between the Sawafta clan and another city clan left a member of the former dead and 38 others injured . Five homes were also burnt and Palestinian Security Forces arrested five people in connection to the death .
= = Geography = =
Tubas is located in the northern West Bank with an elevation of 362 meters ( 1 @,@ 188 ft ) above sea level , whereas most of the Tubas Governorate is located within the Jordan Valley to the south . In a 1945 land survey , Tubas along with nearby Bardala and Kardala consisted of 313 @,@ 123 dunams ( 31 @,@ 312 hectares ) of which 220 @,@ 594 was Arab @-@ owned and the remainder being public property . As of 2005 , its total land area consists of 295 @,@ 123 dunams ( 29 @,@ 512 hectares ) , of which 2 @,@ 271 is classified as built @-@ up , roughly 150 @,@ 000 used for agricultural purposes and about 180 @,@ 000 confiscated by Israel for military bases and buffer zone .
Tubas is 21 kilometers ( 13 mi ) northeast of Nablus , 3 @.@ 7 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 3 mi ) west of the Jordan River and 63 kilometers ( 39 mi ) east of the Mediterranean Sea . Nearby localities include the town of Aqqaba to the north , Tayasir and Aqabah villages to the northeast , Ras al @-@ Far 'a to the southwest , the Palestinian refugee camp of Far 'a to the south and the al @-@ Bikai 'a village cluster to the southeast .
It has a moderate climate ; the summer is hot and dry , and the winter is cold and wet . The average annual temperature is 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) , and the average annual humidity rate is 56 % .
= = Demographics = =
Tubas had a population of 3 @,@ 349 in 1922 , while in the 1931 census , taken by the British Mandate of Palestine authorities , Tubas , ( including Kashda and Jabagia ) had 773 occupied houses and a population of 4 @,@ 097 , mostly Muslims , but also including 29 Christians . In Sami Hadawi 's 1945 land and population survey , Tubas and nearby Bardala had a combined population of 5 @,@ 530 . In 1964 , Tubas alone had a population of 5 @,@ 880 . About 1 @,@ 100 residents fled Tubas after the 1967 Six @-@ Day War mostly to the Souf refugee camp in Jordan , while 260 immigrated there and in 1981 its population was 5 @,@ 300 .
In the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics ' ( PCBS ) first official census in 1997 , Tubas had a population of 11 @,@ 760 inhabitants . The gender make @-@ up was 50 @.@ 8 % male and 49 @.@ 2 % female . Tubas has an overwhelmingly young population with 52 @.@ 7 % of the city 's residents below the age of 20 . People between the ages of 20 and 34 constitute 24 @.@ 7 % , 17 @.@ 7 % between the ages of 35 and 64 , while people above the age of 64 constituted 4 @.@ 9 % of the population . The census also revealed that refugees made up 6 @.@ 1 % of the total residents .
In the 2007 census by the PCBS , Tubas had a population of 16 @,@ 154 , increasing around 33 % from 1997 . The city represents roughly a third ( 33 @.@ 4 % ) of the Tubas Governorate 's total population . The city 's modern @-@ era founders , the Daraghmeh clan , constitute 70 % of Tubas ' inhabitants . The clan has several smaller branches , including the Mslamany , Abd al @-@ Razeq and Abu Khazaran families . The Sawafta family make up 25 % , the Husheh make up 3 % and the Fuquha represent the remaining 2 % . The inhabitants of Tubas are predominantly Muslims , but there is a community of approximately 60 Palestinian Christians , all belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church . The Christian community worships at the Holy Trinity Church in the city and are serviced by a priest from nearby Zababdeh .
= = Economy = =
The economical situation Tubas during the 1993 – 99 period was prosperous , however since the start of the Second Intifada in 2000 – 01 , Tubas ' income level has
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decreased by roughly 40 % . Prior to the Intifada , the average household income was 2 @,@ 500 NIS , receding to about 1 @,@ 500 NIS . A major factor that has resulted from the conflict was the confiscation of agricultural land located within the city 's or its governorate 's jurisdiction by Israeli settlements or military authorities . According to the PCBS , in 1999 , approximately 52 % of the citizens were within the working age ( 15 @-@ 64 ) . Of the city 's labor force , 48 % are females . The unemployment rate increased dramatically from 20 % in 1999 to 70 % after the year 2000 . Prior to the Intifada , 35 % of the total labor force worked in Israel .
Currently , agriculture constitutes 60 % of Tubas ' economic activity , public services comprise 17 % , trade is 10 % , Israeli labor is 8 % , construction and industry make @-@ up the remaining 5 % . In the city , there are 240 shops and stores , 70 service institutions andone big ready mix concrete factory 30 small ones .
The main economic sector in Tubas is agriculture . There is a total of 150 @,@ 000 dunams of arable land , of which 124 @,@ 450 dunams are covered by forests and 10 @,@ 604 dunams cultivated . Although the land is fertile , there is a lack of water for irrigation . The only spring used is the nearby Ein Far 'a . Field crops account for 49 % of the cultivable land , while fruit orchards account for 40 % and vegetables make @-@ up 11 % . Israeli trenches around the neighboring villages of Ras al @-@ Ahmar and Khirbet al- ' Atuf prevent access to nearly 40 % of Tubas ' arable lands .
Many Tubas residents keep livestock , mostly sheep ; in 2005 , there was a total 6 @,@ 670 sheep . Other livestock owned include 96 heads of cattle , 880 goats and 126 @,@ 500 poultry . In addition , 123 beehives were kept . In 2006 the Golden Sheep Dairy factory was founded in Tubas with help from UCODEP , an independent Italian company . The factory specializes in the production of Italian cheese and primarily targets cosmopolitan consumers in Ramallah , Bethlehem and Jerusalem as well as international workers and diplomats living in the West Bank .
= = Government = =
Tubas serves as the muhfaza ( " capital " or " seat " ) of the Tubas Governorate . Since 1995 , Tubas has been located in Area A , giving the PNA full control over its security , administration and civilian affairs .
Tubas has been governed by a municipal council since 1953 , when it was granted permission to do so by Jordanian authorities who controlled the West Bank at the time . The council is made up of 15 members including the mayor , and is headquartered in the municipal hall in the center of the town . The municipality has over 60 employees . Responsibilities of the municipality include civil administration , urban planning and development , social development services , distribution of social services , the issuing of building permits and infrastructural maintenance : water , electricity and solid waste collection .
Auqab Daraghmeh was succeeded by Jamal Abdel Fattah Mahmoud Abu Mohsin , an independent candidate , elected in the 2005 Palestinian municipal elections . During the elections women won two seats , and though Tubas is normally a Fatah stronghold , all seats were won by independent political lists .
= = Education = =
In 2004 @-@ 05 , Tubas had twelve schools ; four for males , three for females and five co @-@ educational . There were 4 @,@ 924 students and 191 teachers . In addition , six kindergartens are located in the city , and have a total of 620 pupils . In 1997 , the literacy rate was 86 % ; females comprised 78 @.@ 3 % of the illiterate population . Of the literate population , 25 @.@ 7 % completed elementary education , 23 @.@ 3 % completed preparatory education and 22 @.@ 1 % completed secondary or higher education . Many students throughout the Jordan Valley receive their education in Tubas . The Al @-@ Quds Open University based in Jerusalem , has a campus in Tubas known as Al @-@ Quds Open University @-@ Tubas Educational Region . In 2006 , 1 @,@ 789 students were enrolled in the university , it had 90 professors and 24 other employees .
= = Local infrastructure = =
Tubas contains six mosques . The main mosques are the Abd ar @-@ Rahan Mosque , the al @-@ Tawled Mosque , Umar ibn al @-@ Khattab Mosque , and Shaheed Mosque . The Holy Trinity Orthodox Church is also located in Tubas , in the northern part of the city . The church was built in 1976 to serve the small Orthodox Christian community . It consists of a prayer room , a fellowship hall , an office , and a library for children . The Sawafta family has an old palace in Tubas as well .
Since Tubas is the capital and largest city in the Tubas Governorate , it acts as the main provider of services to the towns and villages of the governorate . All Palestinian National Authority offices that serve the governorate are located in the city . There are 21 government institutions in Tubas , including a post office , the Palestinian Ministry of Labor office , the Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture office , the Palestinian Ministry of Social Affairs office , the fire department and a police station .
= = = Transportation = = =
Buses and taxis are the primary means of transportation in Tubas . The total length of paved roads is 10 @,@ 000 meters ( 33 @,@ 000 ft ) , whereas there are 10 @,@ 000 meters ( 33 @,@ 000 ft ) of deteriorating paved roads and 25 @,@ 000 meters ( 82 @,@ 000 ft ) of road that are entirely unpaved . Tubas is located on Highway 588 connected to the main Ramallah @-@ Nablus road ( Highway 60 ) by a network of northeastern offshoots of the road , that pass through the villages of Azmut , al @-@ Badhan and Ras al @-@ Far 'a . It is connected to Jenin from a northern road which passes through ' Aqqaba , Zababdeh and finally to Jenin . Travel to Jordan is through Highway 57 which is connected with Highway 588 just to the south of Tubas .
= = = Health care = = =
The city contains five health centers run by various organizations including the Palestinian Red Crescent . There are no hospitals in Tubas , nor in the Tubas Governorate ; Residents must travel to Nablus for hospital treatment , but there are two ambulances in Tubas for emergency transportation . There are four clinics in the city : Two are run by non @-@ governmental organizations , one by the Palestinian National Authority and one is privately owned . The clinics lack modern equipment and specialists , however . In addition , ten pharmacies exist in Tubas .
= = = Utilities = = =
Approximately 60 % of the residents have telephone connection , and roughly 90 % are connected to the water . The Tubas Municipality administers all water resources in and around the city . In addition , to the water network there is one spring ( Far 'a ) in the immediate area which is the main provider of water for use in households . The city also has a water reservoir with a capacity of 900 cubic metres ( 31 @,@ 783 cubic feet ) . This is primarily used to provide water to the urban areas of city during Summer , and is only available once on a weekly basis .
From 1963 to 1997 local municipal @-@ owned electric generators provided Tubas with all of its electricity needs . In 1997 , the city connected with the Tubas Area Electricity Network which is provided by the Israeli Electric Cooperation . In that period , 99 % of households in the city were connected with electricity . Solid waste management in Tubas is operated by the municipality and Joint Services Council . It is collected 3 @-@ 4 times daily from the residential area , which is sent to a shared dumping site 3 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) from the city . The main disposal method used is burning . Tubas is not connected to the sewage network , therefore all households dispose of their waste water in cesspits , a major source of pollution in groundwater .
= HMS Illustrious ( 1896 ) =
The third HMS Illustrious of the British Royal Navy was a Majestic @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship . The ship was built at the Chatham Dockyard ; her keel was laid down in March 1895 , her completed hull was launched in September 1896 , and she was commissioned into the fleet in April 1898 . She was armed with a main battery of four 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) guns and a secondary battery of twelve 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) guns . The ship had a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) .
Illustrious was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet until 1904 . Transferred to the Channel Fleet ( which was subsequently reorganised to the Atlantic Fleet ) she underwent a refit which was duly completed in early 1906 . Rendered obsolete by the emergence of the new dreadnoughts , she served with the Home Fleet from 1908 . One of the oldest battleships in the Royal Navy when World War I broke out , she served as a guard ship at various regions around Northern England until late 1915 . Her main armament was removed and she then served as a store ship for the remainder of the war . She was decommissioned in 1919 and scrapped the following year .
= = Design = =
Illustrious was 421 feet ( 128 m ) long overall and had a beam of 75 ft ( 23 m ) and a draft of 27 ft ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . She displaced up to 16 @,@ 060 t ( 15 @,@ 810 long tons ; 17 @,@ 700 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines powered by eight coal @-@ fired cylindrical boilers . By 1907 – 1908 , she was re @-@ boilered with oil @-@ fired models . Her engines provided a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) at 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) . The Majestics were considered good seaboats with an easy roll and good steamers , although they suffered from high fuel consumption . She had a crew of 672 officers and enlisted men .
The ship was armed with four BL 12 @-@ inch Mk VIII guns in twin turrets , one forward and one aft . The turrets were placed on circular barbettes , unlike six of her sisters , which retained earlier pear @-@ shaped barbettes . Illustrious also carried twelve QF 6 @-@ inch / 40 guns . They were mounted in casemates in two gun decks amidships . She also carried sixteen QF 12 @-@ pounder guns and twelve QF 2 @-@ pounder guns . She was also equipped with five 18 in ( 460 mm ) torpedo tubes , four of which were submerged in the ship 's hull , with the last in a deck @-@ mounted launcher . Illustrious and the other ships of her class had 9 inches ( 229 mm ) of Harvey armour , which allowed equal protection with less cost in weight compared to previous types of armour . This allowed Illustrious and her sisters to have a deeper and lighter belt than previous battleships without any loss in protection . The barbettes for the main battery were protected with 14 in ( 360 mm ) of armour , and the conning tower had the same thickness of steel on the sides . The ship 's armoured deck was 2 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 in ( 64 to 114 mm ) thick .
= = Service history = =
The keel for HMS Illustrious was laid down at the Chatham Dockyard on 11 March 1895 and the ship was launched on 17 September 1896 . She commissioned at Chatham for service in the Fleet Reserve on 15 April 1898 , Captain Sir Richard Poore in command . She went into full commission there on 10 May 1898 for service in the Mediterranean Fleet . While in the Mediterranean , she participated between September and December 1898 in operations at Crete during the Greco @-@ Turkish uprising there , and in 1901 underwent a refit at Malta . Captain Francis John Foley was appointed in command on 24 March 1902 , and the following June she was the lead ship in a coronation fête at Gibraltar . In July 1904 , Illustrious transferred to the Channel Fleet . As a result of a reorganization on 1 January 1905 , the Channel Fleet became the Atlantic Fleet , and she became an Atlantic Fleet unit . Illustrious ended her Atlantic Fleet service in September 1905 and began a refit at Chatham .
Emerging from the refit , she commissioned into the Reserve at Chatham on 14 March 1906 , then went into full commission for service in the new Channel Fleet ( formerly the Home Fleet ) on 3 April 1906 , serving as Flagship , Rear Admiral . She collided with schooner Christa in the English Channel in fog on 13 June 1906 . She was relieved as flagship and ended her Channel Fleet service on 1 June 1908 , paying off at Chatham . Illustrious recommissioned at Chatham on 2 June 1908 for service with the Portsmouth Division of the new Home Fleet . On 22 March 1909 she collided with third @-@ class cruiser HMS Amethyst in Portsmouth Harbour , but suffered no damage . She suffered another mishap on 21 August 1909 when she damaged her bottom by striking a reef in Babbacombe Bay . She underwent a refit in 1912 , and later that year was transferred to the 3rd Fleet and participated in maneuvers as Flagship , Vice Admiral , 7th Battle Squadron .
In late July 1914 , the Royal Navy began a precautionary mobilization , as war seemed imminent . The Majestic @-@ class ships were by then the oldest and least effective battleships in service in the Royal Navy . At first , it was planned that Illustrious would pay off to provide crewmen for the new dreadnought battleship HMS Erin , but instead she was placed in full commission to serve as a guard ship for the Grand Fleet once World War I began in August 1914 . She began guard ship duty at Loch Ewe on 23 August 1914 , transferring to Loch Na Keal on 17 October 1914 , to the Tyne in November 1914 , and to Grimsby on the Humber in December 1914 . She remained on guard ship duty on the Humber until November 1915 .
Illustrious paid off at Grimsby on 26 November 1915 to be converted to a disarmed harbour ship ; two of her 12 @-@ inch ( 305 @-@ mm ) guns were re @-@ used in the Tyne Turrets . Her conversion was completed in March 1916 . She served at Grimsby in her new role until August 1916 , when she transferred to Chatham . Illustrious commissioned there on 20 November 1916 for use as a munitions storeship , and on 24 November 1916 she transferred to the Tyne to serve in this role . In November 1917 , she transferred to Portsmouth to continue service as a munitions storeship there . Illustrious paid off on 21 April 1919 and was placed on the sale list at Portsmouth on 24 March 1920 . She was sold for scrapping on 18 June 1920 , and was broken up at Barrow .
= = Endnotes = =
Notes
Citations
= Guillaume de Dole =
Guillaume de Dole ( also known as ( Le ) Roman ( s ) de la Rose , or Guillaume de Dole ) is an Old French narrative romance by Jean Renart . Composed in the early 13th century , the poem is 5656 lines long and is especially notable for the large number of chansons it contains , and for its active female protagonist . The romance incorporates forty @-@ six chansons ( or parts thereof ) ; it is the first extant example in French literature of a text that combines narrative and lyric . Its form was quickly imitated , by authors such as Gerbert de Montreuil , and by the end of the 13th century had become canonical .
The poem tells of the adventures of the title character and his sister Liénor . Guillaume is accepted at the court of Emperor Conrad who has fallen in love with Liénor despite his earlier aversion to love and marriage . Guillaume becomes one of the emperor 's favorites and marriage negotiations proceed in a positive manner . The emperor 's seneschal , however , discovers an intimate detail about Liénor 's body and uses it to insinuate to the emperor and his court that she is no longer a virgin ; the clever Liénor , with a ruse , proves his accusation false and marries the emperor .
= = Manuscript , date , author = =
= = = Manuscript = = =
Guillaume de Dole is extant in a single manuscript in the Vatican library , MS Regina 1725 . Todd dates it in the 14th century , others in the late 13th century . The manuscript contains :
Lancelot , the Knight of the Cart , by Chrétien de Troyes ( first part missing ) , 1 @-@ 34b ;
Yvain , the Knight of the Lion , also by Chrétien , 34c @-@ 68b ;
Guillaume de Dole , 68c @-@ 98c ;
Meraugis de Portlesguez , by Raoul de Houdenc , 98d @-@ 130d .
The manuscript 's first known owner was 16th @-@ century French historian Claude Fauchet ; it was part of his extensive collection , and it is due to " Fauchet 's zeal as a collector " that the manuscript and therefore the poem are preserved . During the French Wars of Religion , Fauchet fled Paris and his collection was dispersed . The next mention of the manuscript is as part of the library of Paul Pétau , and in 1650 it was acquired by Christina , Queen of Sweden . The Vatican library acquired the manuscript after 1689 .
= = = Date and title = = =
The opening lines of the poem contain a dedication to Miles de Nanteuil , an early 13th @-@ century churchman who was elected ( but not confirmed ) in 1201 as archbishop of Reims , and later became bishop of Beauvais , in northern France ; he died circa 1235 . According to Todd , the nobleman de Nanteuil may have been too young and wild to be elevated to the archbishopric , but this would have made him a good candidate for Renart 's dedication . This , plus evidence based on other names found in the poem , led Todd to conclude that the poem was composed around the year 1200 . Later critics and researchers , however , date the poem between 1204 and 1228 , and tend toward the earlier date .
In the manuscript , the poem is called Romans de la Rose ( l . 11 ) , and hence Le Roman de la Rose , but it is often referred to as Roman de la Rose , or Guillaume de Dole in order to avoid confusion with Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun 's Roman de la Rose ; Guillaume de Dole is a subtitle added by Fauchet .
= = = Authorship = = =
It wasn 't until the late 19th century that scholars ( including Paul Meyer ) began entertaining the notion that Jean Renart , until then only known as the presumptive author of the Lai de l 'Ombre , might also be responsible for either or both of the two contemporary romances L 'Escoufle and Guillaume de Dole . F. M. Warren of Yale University , in a 1908 article , is one of the early proponents of identifying Renart as the author of all three , based on versification , phrasing , and vocabulary , and places the development of his poetic talent between 1195 and 1205 . The next @-@ to @-@ last line of the poem contains an anagram on Renart 's name : " ... qu 'il enTRA EN Religion . "
= = Content = =
= = = Plot = = =
The story begins at the court of Emperor Conrad , who for all of his good qualities has one defect : he refuses to get married , especially since , as he says , people no longer are as valiant and as noble as they used to be . His minstrel , Jouglet , tells him of Guillaume de Dole and his sister Liénor , and quickly the emperor falls in love with her , although he does not actually see her until the story 's denouement . Guillaume is summoned to the court where he excels in chivalric exploits ; the emperor tells him he wishes to marry his sister . Conrad 's jealous seneschal interferes and visits Guillaume 's family , where he gives his mother a valuable ring and gains her confidence ; from her he learns that Liénor has a particular birthmark in the shape of a rose on her thigh . This knowledge is presented as proof that the seneschal has taken her virginity .
As a result of the accusation , both Guillaume and Conrad are distraught , to the point of misogyny . The clever Liénor , however , her reputation slandered , unmasks the seneschal with a ruse . She has a belt and other gifts sent to the seneschal , supposedly from the Chatelaine of Dijon , whom he had courted , with promises that the Chatelaine is ready to grant him his wishes . The messenger convinces the seneschal to wear the belt under his clothes . Liénor then goes to Conrad 's court , where everyone is struck by her beauty , and pretends to be a maiden who was raped by the seneschal and has thus acquired intimate knowledge of his body and his clothing ; she reveals he has a belt under his clothes . The belt is discovered under his clothes and a trial by ordeal is proposed . The seneschal 's innocence is proven in an ordeal by water : he has never had sex with the maiden . When Liénor reveals that she is in fact Guillaume 's sister , the seneschal 's earlier claim of having deflowered her is proven a lie . The seneschal is shackled and incarcerated , and the wedding is celebrated with great pomp . On the wedding night , Conrad 's happiness is greater than that of Tristan or Lanval ; the next morning , " no one who asked [ Conrad ] for a costly gift was refused . " As for the seneschal , Liénor implores Conrad to be merciful , and he is sent away as a Templar to join a crusade .
= = = Themes = = =
The plot of Guillaume revolves around the common theme of the gageure , a young man who , because of a wager ( in the case of Guillaume , because of jealousy ) needs to find a young woman 's favor . He fails in his enterprise but pretends publicly to have succeeded , causing the ruin of a husband ( if the gageure had claimed to have succeeded with another man 's wife ) or , in this case , the despair of a brother . Usually the young man 's story is believed at first because he reveals an intimate detail about a young woman , who then has to prove her innocence .
Beginning with Michel Zink , whose influential 1979 monograph Roman rose et rose rouge : Le Roman de la rose ou de Guillaume de Dole ushered in a new era of criticism , critics have recognized Guillaume de Dole as a work of literature about literature , a self @-@ referential poem that comments on the improbability of some of its own plot elements and on its own fictional status , encouraging a trend in studies of Renart and his work .
= = = Songs = = =
The romance contains some 46 chansons , which can be separated into two groups , according to Hollier and Bloch . The first group contains sixteen " aristocratic " chansons courtoises on the topic of courtly love , attributed to specific trouvères or troubadours ( including Gace Brulé , Le Chastelain de Couci , Vidame de Chartres , Jaufre Rudel , and Bernart de Ventadorn ) . A second group consists of thirty mostly anonymous songs of a more popular nature , such as three chansons de toile and three other ballads , two pastourelles , and twenty chansons à danser ( dance songs ) . Incorporated also is a laisse of the chanson de geste Gerbert de Metz . Different scholars have slightly different counts ; where Holier and Block count three ballads and three chanson de toiles , Maureen Barry McCann Boulton counts six chansons de toile ; in her detailed investigation of the chansons she claims the poem contains forty @-@ six chansons in eight different genres .
In its hybrid form , Guillaume de Dole is " the first extant example of the combined use of narrative and lyric in French . " The mixed form proved to be popular and was soon found in other works , including Aucassin and Nicolette ( early 13th century ) ; Gautier de Coincy 's Les Miracles de Nostre @-@ Dame ( c . 1218 – 1233 ) ; Gerbert de Montreuil 's Le Roman de la Violette ( c . 1230 ) , which incorporates some forty songs ; and Tibaut 's Roman de la Poire ( c . 1250 ) , which incorporates a series of refrains . By the end of the century the form had become canonical .
= = = Female protagonist = = =
The female protagonist , Liénor , is notable because of her active nature : she herself unmasks the seneschal . She found a quick successor in the active female protagonist of Tibaut 's Roman de la Poire . At least one recent publication states that Liénor might make a justifiable claim to being the romance 's true hero .
= = Editorial and critical history = =
The first mention of Guilllaume de Dole after the Middle Ages is found in the work of Claude Fauchet , who is generally considered to have studied the Vatican Regina manuscript ( instead of another , now lost , manuscript ) . In 1844 , Adelbert Keller published extracts of the poem including some of the chansons ; the chansons acquired some fame , and in 1850 Darenberg and Renan traveled to Rome to study the manuscript , publishing a larger number of the chansons in 1855 . It wasn 't until 1870 that all of the chansons had been published . A lengthy analysis , partial edition , and summary in English was published by Henry Alfred Todd of Johns Hopkins University , in 1886 . The poem was finally published in its entirety in 1893 by Gustave Servois for the Société des anciens textes français .
The first comprehensive study of the work of Jean Renart was published in 1935 by Rita Lejeune @-@ Dehousse , who published an edition of the poem in 1935 . Since then , it has been republished regularly . Translations have been published in modern French ( 1979 ) , German ( 1982 ) , and English ( 1993 , 1995 ) .
Between 2001 and 2007 , Joshua Tyra adapted the text into a musical . An early version was read at the University of Chicago .
= = = Modern editions and translations = = =
Andrieu , G. ; J. Piolle ; M. Plouzeau ( 1978 ) . Le Roman de la rose , ou , De Guillaume de Dole de Jean Renart ; Concordancier complet des formes graphiques occurentes , d 'après l 'édition de Félix Lecoy . Aix @-@ en @-@ Provence . ISBN 2 @-@ 901013 @-@ 04 @-@ X.
Dufournet , Jean ( 2008 ) . Le Roman de la rose ou de Guillaume de Dole . Honoré Champion .
Lecoy , Félix ( 1971 ) . Le Roman de la rose ou de Guillaume de Dole . Paris .
Terry , Patricia ; Nancy Vine ( 1993 ) . The Romance of the Rose or Guillaume De Dole . U of Pennsylvania P. ISBN 0 @-@ 8122 @-@ 1388 @-@ 2 .
Todd , Henry Alfred ( 1886 ) . " Guillaume de Dole : an unpublished Old French romance " . Transactions of the Modern Language Association of America ( Modern Language Association ) : 107 – 57 .
= = = Critical studies = = =
Durling , Nancy Vine ( 1997 ) . Jean Renart and the Art of Romance : Essays on Guillaume de Dole . UP of Florida . ISBN 0 @-@ 8130 @-@ 1495 @-@ 6 .
Zink , Michel ( 1979 ) . Roman rose et rose rouge : Le Roman de la rose ou de Guillaume de Dole , de Jean Renart . Paris : Nizet .
= Candyman ( Christina Aguilera song ) =
" Candyman " is a song recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera for the second disc of her fifth studio album , Back to Basics ( 2006 ) . The song was written by Aguilera and Linda Perry and was produced by the latter . " Candyman " was planned to be released as the second single from Back to Basics ; however , RCA Records decided to release " Hurt " instead . Subsequently , the track was released in February 2007 as the third single from the album . " Candyman " is described as a pop song that imitates swing styles with lyrics about sexual intercourse .
" Candyman " received generally positive reviews from music critics , most of whom praised the song 's musical style and deemed it one of the best tracks on the second disc of Back to Basics , while some criticized its sexual content . Commercially , the single peaked within the top 20 of record charts in countries including Australia , Canada , Germany , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . In the United States , it peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . As of September 2014 , the song had sold over 1 @.@ 15 million copies in the United States .
A music video for the song was co @-@ directed by Matthew Rolston and Aguilera herself . The video received an MTV Video Music Award nomination for Best Direction at the 2007 award ceremony . The single achieved a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2008 ceremony . The song was included on the setlist of Aguilera 's Back to Basics Tour ( 2006 – 08 ) and has been covered by Alexandra Burke and the Glee cast .
Due to popularity of this song in Italy , the song was chosen by the Lega Calcio as a theme soundtrack for the Serie A and Serie B 2007 – 08 season .
= = Recording and release = =
" Candyman " was written by Christina Aguilera and Linda Perry , with production handled by the latter . Perry also played the piano , mellotron , bass , and served as the musical director . Jim McMillen played the trombone , while Ray Herrmann and Glen Berger performed the saxophone , and Chris Tedesco played the trumpet . The drums were played by Nathan Wetherington . According to Aguilera and Perry , the song was a tribute to The Andrews Sisters ' 1941 hit " Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy " .
" Candyman " was planned to be released as the second single from Back to Basics in late 2006 . During an interview with Seventeen in July 2006 , Aguilera again stated that " Candyman " would be released as the follow @-@ up single to " Ain 't No Other Man " . However , RCA Records chose " Hurt " to be released as the second single off the album ; therefore , " Candyman " was released as the third . The song was sent to contemporary hit radio stations in the United States on February 27 , 2007 . In Germany , the single was released for digital download on April 6 , 2007 . One day later , " Candyman " was released as a CD single in France and Germany . On April 10 , the song was available as a CD in the United States . A digital EP was released via iTunes Stores in European countries consisting of Belgium , France , Germany , Spain , and Sweden . On the same day , the digital version of " Candyman " was released in France . It was also available as a maxi single there on September 1 , 2007 . In the United States , a remix EP was released digitally on May 1 , 2007 .
= = Composition = =
" Candyman " is a pop song ; Stylus Magazine 's Thomas Inskeep opined that it imitated swing music , while Joan Anderman from The Boston Globe commented that Perry and Aguilera attempted to modernize early 20th century pop and blues " only to end up imitating the Andrews Sisters , " and Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani characterized the song as standard jazz and blues . " Candyman " is composed on the key of E major . The song has a moderate tempo of 86 beats per minute . Aguilera 's vocals on the song span two octaves from the low @-@ note of G3 to the high @-@ note of G5 . The song opens and concludes with the lyrics , " Tarzan and Jane were swingin ' on a vine / Sippin ' from a bottle of vodka double @-@ wine " , which was credited as a sample used from " Tarzan & Jane Swingin ' on a Vine " from Run To Cadence With U.S. Marines . Lyrically , " Candyman " talks about sexual intercourse ; Jenny Eliscu for Rolling Stone quoted the lyrics " He 's a one @-@ stop shop / Makes the panties drop " and deemed it " nasty . " Sputnikmusic 's Amanda Murray described its lyrics as " dumb and cheekily vulgar . "
= = Critical reception = =
" Candyman " received mainly positive reviews from music critics . Billboard called the single " raunchy " and praised Aguilera 's vocals , saying that " few popular vocalists could pull off such a laudable feat . " Sputnikmusic 's Amanda Murray deemed the song as " fun " and reminiscent of the Spice Girls ' " The Lady Is a Vamp " from Spiceworld ( 1997 ) . Sean Daly from Tampa Bay Times complimented Aguilera 's vocals and its " X @-@ rated lyrics . " Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette 's Scott Mervis labelled it " the swingiest single since Brian Setzer jumped , jived and wailed , " while Yahoo ! Music critic Dan Gennoe called " Candyman " " a good @-@ time 1940s big band romp , " and Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly cited it as one of the few " pop @-@ song highs " in Aguilera 's career .
AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine selected " Candyman " as one of the two outstanding songs on the second disc of Back to Basics , alongside " Mercy on Me " . Lucy Davis for BBC Music was negative towards the song , writing that it " successfully turns the volume and intensity down from 11 to somewhere like 5 . " Jenny Eliscu from Rolling Stone criticized " Candyman " as " a dead rip @-@ off " of the Andrews Sisters ' " Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy . " A reviewer from The Guardian disapproved of the " awful creation " and wrote that " the jollier she sounds , the more terrifying it becomes . " " Candyman " received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Candyman " debuted at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on January 20 , 2007 . It peaked at number 25 on the chart , becoming Aguilera 's fourteenth top 40 single on the Hot 100 . On the Pop Songs chart , the single peaked at number 23 and remained there for a total of seven weeks . " Candyman " also peaked at number 18 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart and stayed there ten weeks . It has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipping more than 500 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . As of August 2014 , " Candyman " had sold 1 @,@ 153 @,@ 000 copies in the United States alone , as reported by Nielsen SoundScan . In Canada , the single peaked at number nine on the Canadian Hot 100 and was certified gold .
In the United Kingdom , " Candyman " peaked at number 17 on the UK Singles Chart and remained within the top 75 for 20 weeks . Throughout Europe , the single attained the top 25 of most countries , peaking at number 11 in Belgium ( Flanders ) and Switzerland ; number 12 in Denmark , Germany , Ireland and the Netherlands ; number 13 in Belgium ( Wallonia ) ; number 14 in Austria ; and number 24 in Sweden . On the European Hot 100 Singles , " Candyman " peaked at number 15 on the chart . In Denmark , the single achieved gold certification by IFPI Denmark . " Candyman " was a commercial hit in Oceania . The single peaked at number two in both Australia and New Zealand . In Australia , the song remained in the top ten for 15 weeks and earned platinum certification by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . In New Zealand , the single also achieved gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Candyman " was filmed on January 28 , 2007 , in an airport hangar in Southern California . It was directed by Matthew Rolston and co @-@ directed by Aguilera . The video is based on the 1940s World War II theme . In most of the music video , she dances and sings in three different hair colors : red , blonde and brown , as if she were in a singing trio , a tribute to The Andrews Sisters . In other shots she appears as the famous biceps @-@ flexing factory worker from Westinghouse 's " We Can Do It ! " poster and as pin @-@ up girls Judy Garland , Betty Grable and Rita Hayworth . The video also features product placement for Campari . Benji Schwimmer , 2006 winner of the American dancing competition So You Think You Can Dance , makes a cameo appearance as Aguilera 's GI dance partner . Benji 's sister Lacey Schwimmer also appears in the video as a jitterbugger . Aguilera asked Rolston to co @-@ direct the video with her after he worked with her for a photo shoot for the cover of Rolling Stone . Shooting the sequences of Aguilera as a singing trio took the longest since they had to be shot for each hair color and camera angle , which was computer @-@ controlled for precision . Choreography was carefully arranged so that none of the versions overlapped and the takes could be spliced together . The clip 's color scheme is based on Technicolor films , focusing on primary colors and bright secondary colors .
Sal Cinquemani for Slant Magazine praised it as the best video for a song from Back to Basics . John Montgomery for MTV News commented on Aguilera 's " bad girl " image , writing " though Aguilera 's mostly going for glam here , she 's also plenty bad , too , swinging her way into some servicemen 's heart , coyly sipping on a milkshake and shaking it so hard your even your grandpa had to notice . " The video brought Aguilera and Rolston an MTV Video Music Award nomination for Best Direction at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost to Justin Timberlake 's " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " .
= = Live performances and covers = =
Aguilera first performed " Candyman " during a concert held in front of 1 @,@ 500 fans and invited guests in London on July 20 , 2006 . The 40 @-@ minute concert comprised songs from the then @-@ upcoming Back to Basics and other songs , including " Lady Marmalade " ( 2001 ) and " Beautiful " ( 2002 ) . MTV UK wrote , " The gig reflected the jazz club mood of Christina 's new album , with a swinging brass @-@ heavy backing band and fit dancers bounding sexily around the stage " . On September 8 , 2006 , Aguilera performed " Candyman " at Fashion Rocks in a white sailor suit with cap . The performance included photos of jazz standard artists that appeared on the backdrop . She also performed " Candyman " on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve on December 31 , 2006 , and at the halftime show of the 2007 NBA All @-@ Star Game . The song was included on the setlist of Aguilera 's worldwide Back to Basics Tour . The recording of the performance was included on the video release Back to Basics : Live and Down Under ( 2008 ) . Aguilera performed " Candyman " again on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in 2013 in military @-@ styled suits in efforts to honor the US troops .
The song was covered by Alexandra Burke during the third week of the live show round of the fifth season of British television singing contest The X Factor . It was also performed by Amber Riley ( Mercedes Jones ) , Naya Rivera ( Santana Lopez ) and Heather Morris ( Brittany Pierce ) in " Pot o ' Gold , " an episode on the third season of the American TV series Glee . The version was well received by critics , some of whom deemed it as the best song of the episode . The Glee version peaked at number 158 on the UK Singles Chart on November 12 , 2011 .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Sampling credits
Contains a sample from " Tarzan & Jane Swingin ' on a Vine " from Run To Cadence With U.S. Marines .
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of Back to Basics .
= = Track listing and formats = =
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Boredoms =
Boredoms ( ボアダムス ( Boadamusu ) ) ( later known as V ∞ redoms ) is a rock band from Osaka , Japan . The band was officially formed in 1986 . The band 's output is usually referred to as noise rock or sometimes Japanoise , though their more recent records have mostly featured repetitive minimalism , ambient music , and tribal drumming .
The band has a vast and sometimes confusing discography . Many band members have rotated through the group over the years , often using a number of various stage names . Singer Yamantaka Eye is the closest the band has to a frontman ; his style includes a range of baffling screams , babbling , electronic effects , and very heavy post @-@ production . Drummer / keyboard player / vocalist Yoshimi P @-@ We is featured on most Boredoms recordings .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early years = = =
Boredoms were formed in early 1986 by Yamantaka Eye , who at the time acted as front man for the infamous and highly controversial noise / performance art act Hanatarash , locally notorious for its extremely dangerous live shows consisting entirely
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is given a chance to re @-@ prove his worth as a member of the 00 section following the assassination attempt . M sends Bond to Jamaica and gives him the seemingly impossible mission of killing Francisco " Pistols " Scaramanga , a Cuban assassin who is believed to have killed several British secret agents . Scaramanga is known as " The Man with the Golden Gun " because his weapon of choice is a gold @-@ plated Colt .45 revolver , which fires silver @-@ jacketed solid @-@ gold bullets .
Bond locates Scaramanga in a Jamaican bordello and manages to become his temporary personal assistant under the name " Mark Hazard " . He learns that Scaramanga is involved in a hotel development on the island with a group of investors that consists of a syndicate of American gangsters and the KGB . Scaramanga and the other investors are also engaged in a scheme to destabilise Western interests in the Caribbean 's sugar industry and increase the value of the Cuban sugar crop , running drugs into America , smuggling prostitutes from Mexico into America and operating casinos in Jamaica that will cause friction between tourists and the local people .
Bond discovers that he has an ally who is also working undercover at the half @-@ built resort , Felix Leiter , who has been recalled to duty by the CIA and is working ostensibly as an electrical engineer while setting up bugs in Scaramanga 's meeting room . However , they learn that Scaramanga plans to eliminate Bond when the weekend is over . Bond 's true identity is confirmed by a KGB agent and Scaramanga makes new plans to entertain the gangsters and the KGB agent by killing Bond while they are riding a sight @-@ seeing train to a marina . However , Bond manages to turn the tables on Scaramanga and , with the help of Leiter , kill most of the conspirators . Wounded , Scaramanga escapes into the swamps , where Bond pursues him . Scaramanga lulls Bond off @-@ guard and shoots him with a golden derringer hidden in his palm . Bond is hit but returns fire and shoots Scaramanga several times , killing him at last .
As Bond recuperates in hospital , he receives word from M that he is being considered for a knighthood . Bond turns down the offer , reflecting that any sort of public recognition would interfere with his duties in the Secret Service .
= = Characters and themes = =
The central character of the novel is James Bond . In The Man with the Golden Gun , he appears with a different personality from the previous stories and is robot @-@ like , according to author of the " continuation " Bond novels , Raymond Benson . Benson also noted that Bond 's character had not been developed any further than in the previous books . Academic Jeremy Black noted that when given two opportunities to kill Scaramanga in cold blood , he cannot bring himself to do it . The first time this happens , is when Bond sits in a car behind Scaramanga ; the method of killing would be to shoot him in the back of the head and this is compared to the technique used by both the KGB and Nazis . According to Black , Bond has to rise above the actions and act more suitably for a British fictional hero . Once the mission is completed , Bond is offered the KCMG , but he refuses the honour and reflects on his own name , " a quiet , dull , anonymous name " , which had been Fleming 's aim when he first named the character . Benson also points out that the touches of humour displayed by Bond in the previous novels disappeared and he appeared in the book as cold and emotionless .
For the first time in the Bond canon , M 's full name of " Admiral Sir Miles Messervy KCMG " was finally revealed . Despite being the target of the failed assassination attempt , not only does M not press charges against Bond , he sends him out on further missions .
According to Benson , main adversary of the novel , Francisco Scaramanga , is more a henchman than a major adversary and " a second @-@ rate , smalltime crook who happens to have gotten lucky with his shooting . " Comentale , Watt and Willman note that Scaramanga had the same character profile as Herr von Hammerstein , the former Gestapo officer who is the chief of counterintelligence for the Cuban secret service in " For Your Eyes Only " .
There are two main themes of note that appear in the novel . The first is that with Scaramanga providing the Rastafarians with drugs in return for fires in the sugar plantations , there is the return of the theme used in " Risico " , of drugs being used for political purposes to undermine the West . This was part of a wider conspiracy by Scaramanga and his KGB connection , Hendricks , to destabilise the region by a campaign of industrial sabotage against companies based in Jamaica , including Reynolds Metal , Kaiser Bauxite and Aluminia .
Jeremy Black notes that the independent inquiry at the end of the novel , conducted in Bond 's hospital bedroom , was undertaken by the Jamaican judiciary and the CIA and MI6 were recorded as acting " under the closest liaison and direction of the Jamaican CID " ; Bond and Leiter are also awarded the Jamaican Police Medal for " Services to the Independent State of Jamaica . " Black notes that this was the new world of a non @-@ colonial , independent Jamaica , underlining the collapse of the British Empire .
= = Background = =
Ian Fleming wrote The Man with the Golden Gun at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica in January and February 1964 , completing it by the beginning of March . His health affected him badly during the writing process and he dropped from his usual rate of two thousand words a morning to a little over an hour 's worth of work a day .
As with his previous novels , Fleming used events from his past as elements in his novel . Whilst at Kitzbühel in the 1930s , Fleming 's car , a Standard Tourer , had been struck by a train at a level crossing and he had been dragged fifty yards down the track . From that time on he had associated trains with death , which led to their use as a plot device not just in The Man with the Golden Gun , but also in Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia , with Love .
As well as using events from his past , Fleming also used names of individuals he knew for some of his characters . The editor of The London Magazine , Alan Ross , had provided Fleming with details about the effects of the electroshock therapy that Bond went through and , by way of thanks , the novel 's SIS station chief in Jamaica , Commander Ross , was named after him . Similarly , Fleming used the name of the secretary of the Royal St George 's Golf Club , Mark Nicholson , for the CIA representative at the hotel . Tony Hugill , the sugar planter mentioned in the novel , was named after a member of Fleming 's 30 AU unit who managed the Tate & Lyle plantations in West Indies after the war and the book 's main villain , Francisco Scaramanga , was named after George Scaramanga , an Etonian contemporary of Fleming 's : the pair are said to have fought at school .
The effects of the two Eon Productions Bond films released prior to the writing of the novel ( Dr. No and From Russia with Love ) were reflected in the novel through the increased number of gadgets used . One of these was the poison gun used in the scene of the attempted assassination of M. The idea was taken from the story of Bohdan Stashynsky , who defected from the Eastern Bloc to the West in 1961 . Stashynsky was put on trial for the murder of Ukrainian nationalist leaders Lev Rebet and Stepan Bandera and stated that he had used a poison @-@ spray gun to do it .
Fleming returned to Britain with a completed first draft of the manuscript in March 1964 and wrote to the copy editor of all his novels , William Plomer , saying it needed a lot of re @-@ writing . As time went on Fleming became increasingly unhappy with the book and thought about re @-@ working it in the spring of 1965 , but was persuaded against it by Plomer , who considered the novel viable for publication . Five months after returning from Jamaica , on the morning of 12 August 1964 , Fleming died of a heart attack . His obituary in The Times noted that he " had completed and was revising a new novel , The Man with the Golden Gun . "
Despite William Plomer 's original thought about the state of the manuscript , editors Jonathan Cape were concerned enough about the story to pass the manuscript to Kingsley Amis to read on holiday , paying him £ 35 / 15 shillings for his thoughts and advice , although Amis ' subsequent suggestions were not used by Cape . Cape had taken the step because they thought the novel was thin and " feeble " . Raymond Benson has noted that the thinness comes from a lack of the rich detail and descriptions which are normally present in Fleming 's work , but which are missing from The Man with the Golden Gun ; Benson suggests that these details were normally worked into the second draft by Fleming , but their absence shows that no such additional work was done on this occasion . The Man with the Golden Gun was published posthumously , eight months after its author 's death .
= = Release and reception = =
The Man with the Golden Gun was published in the UK on 1 April 1965 by Jonathan Cape , was 221 pages long and cost eighteen shillings . Cover artist Richard Chopping undertook the cover design again and was paid 300 guineas for the artwork . The Man with the Golden Gun was published in the US in August 1965 , was 183 pages long and cost $ 4 @.@ 50 . Even before the US edition was published , The Man with the Golden Gun was ninth place on the best @-@ seller lists , with 80 @,@ 000 pre @-@ orders for the hardback version .
= = = Reviews = = =
Critics did not praise The Man with the Golden Gun , although much of the criticism was muted . Fleming biographer Henry Chandler noted that the novel " received polite and rather sad reviews , recognizing that the book had effectively been left half @-@ finished , and as such did not represent Fleming at the top of his game . " Kingsley Amis wrote in the New Statesman that the book was " a sadly empty tale , empty of the interests and effects that for better or worse , Ian Fleming made his own . " Meanwhile , the critic for The Times wrote that the novel would " doubtless be followed with close attention by the keen @-@ eyed admirers of the many @-@ wiled Bond . "
Maurice Richardson , writing in The Observer , lamented that " perhaps Ian Fleming was very tired when he wrote it . Perhaps ... he left it unrevised . The fact remains that this posthumous Bond is a sadly sub @-@ standard job . " His praise for the novel was muted , admitting " it isn 't of course by any means totally unreadable but it 's depressingly far from the best Bond . " Writing in The Observer 's sister paper , The Guardian , Christopher Wordsworth noted that " since Goldfinger 007 has been toiling hopelessly in the wake of the Zeitgeist . " Prior to this novel , Wordsworth writes , " the distance between Live and let Die , Ian Fleming 's second and best , and You Only Live Twice , his last and worst , is a long iron down the Sandwich fairway . " The Man with the Golden Gun , however , sinks to the level of a " farrago " .
William Trevor , writing in The Listener , was dismissive of the work , thinking that " Bond continues to behave with so little originality that neither Templar nor Drummond , Marlowe nor Nick Charles , would have paused to waste a pellet on him " ; he continued , saying that " this present work is once again a fantasy for grown @-@ up children , neither as clever nor exciting as the early thrillers of Edgar Wallace or the boys adventure stories of fifty years ago . " Trevor did admit that " for those who like to escape to Bondsville , the old boom @-@ town hasn 't changed a scrap . "
The critic for Time was damning , saying that " It may have been just as well that Fleming died when everybody still thought he could do no wrong " . Meanwhile , the critic for Newsweek said that " James Bond should have had a better exit . Sadly [ it ] ... ends not with a bang but a whimper . The world will be a vastly more lacklustre and complicated place with 007 gone . "
Associated Press wrote that " Bond and Fleming were fun . They entertained , sometimes mildly , often grandly – but always consistently . Life will be less interesting without them . " In his review for The New York Times , Charles Poore wrote that The Man with the Golden Gun was " a gory , glittering saga " . Poore noted that " The Gee @-@ whizzery ... starts early and never flags " and that , despite the passing of Fleming , " the James Bond spirit soars on " . The critic for Books and Bookmen lamented the fact that " Bond has gone out like a lamb ; even the girls are below par , while the villain seems like a refuge from a seedy Western . But we 'll miss our James " .
D.A.N. Jones , writing in The New York Review of Books thought The Man with the Golden Gun was " an innocuous run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill adventure story of 1911 vintage " , Anthony Lejeune , writing in the National Review , thought that it " is undeniably slight , but , like everything Fleming wrote , intensely readable ... In a sense Fleming 's job was finished . He had irrevocably transformed the genre in which he worked " . Lejeune went on to say that " in highbrow novels sex and violence are treated gloomily : in Fleming 's stories they are presented cheerfully with full enjoyment . "
= = Adaptations = =
Newspaper serialisation ( 1965 )
The Man with the Golden Gun was published in serial form in the Daily Express newspaper on a daily basis from 22 March 1965 onwards .
Playboy serialisation ( 1965 )
This novel was also serialised over four issues of Playboy from April through July 1965 .
Comic strip ( 1966 )
The novel was adapted as a daily comic strip which was published in the Daily Express newspaper and syndicated around the world . The adaptation ran from 10 January to 10 September 1966 . The adaptation was written by Jim Lawrence and illustrated by Yaroslav Horak . The strip was reprinted by Titan Books in The James Bond Omnibus Vol . 2 , published in 2011 .
The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 )
In 1974 , Eon Productions made the ninth Bond film , loosely based on the novel . The film starred Roger Moore as Bond and Fleming 's cousin , Christopher Lee , as Scaramanga . The film moved away from Jamaica to the Far East and borrowed from the martial arts genre that was popular in the 1970s . The plot also changed and used the 1973 energy crisis as a backdrop to the film , allowing the MacGuffin of the " Solex agitator " to be introduced .
= Martha Wise =
Martha Wise ( 1884 – June 28 , 1971 ) , born Martha Hasel , was an American poisoner . After her husband died and her family forced her to end a relationship with a new lover , Wise retaliated by poisoning seventeen family members , of whom three died , in 1924 . She was convicted of one of the murders , despite defense claims that she was mentally ill and that her lover had ordered her to poison her family . The case is considered one of the most sensational of the era in Ohio , where it occurred .
= = Early life = =
Wise was born in 1884 to Sophie Hasel and her husband , farmers in Hardscrabble , a town in Medina County , Ohio . Three brothers and a sister were also born to the family , although contemporary sources name only one , a brother named Fred . In 1906 , Martha Hasel met the substantially older Albert Wise at a box social ; the two were married , though Wise neglected to give her a wedding ring .
The marriage was not happy . Martha moved onto Albert 's 50 @-@ acre ( 20 ha ) farm , but quickly discovered that he expected a farmhand more than a wife , and life was no less poor as a married woman than it had been when she lived with her parents . Even when pregnant , she was forced to do farm work that was generally male @-@ oriented ( such as plowing fields and slopping hogs ) as well as the usual household chores of baking and cleaning . The couple 's first child , Albert , did not survive infancy ; four others , Everett , Gertrude , Kenneth , and Lester , did .
Wise 's main source of diversion during this period was funerals ; she seldom missed a visit to any funeral held in or near the town , whether she had known the deceased or not . When questioned , she simply said that she liked funerals . Albert Wise died suddenly in 1923 , leaving his wife a 40 @-@ year @-@ old widow with four children . Her odd behavior and fixation on funerals became more noticeable , and she began not only attending funerals , but openly crying and lamenting at them , no matter who had died .
= = Deaths = =
Within a year of Albert Wise 's death , Martha Wise , though not considered a particularly good or attractive catch , found new male companionship in the form of Walter Johns , who worked as a farmhand on property adjacent to her farm . The relationship was frowned upon by Wise 's family , and both Wise 's mother , Sophie Hasel , and her aunt , Lily Gienke , made no secret of their desire for Wise to end the relationship . By the end of 1924 , Wise had acquiesced , and the relationship ended . Johns moved to Cleveland and the couple lost contact .
On Thanksgiving evening , 1924 , several members of the family , including Sophie Hasel , fell ill with a severe stomach ailment . The others recovered shortly , but Hasel 's illness worsened , and she died on December 13 , 1924 .
New Year 's Eve of 1925 brought more illness . Wise 's uncle Fred Gienke , his wife , Lily , and several of their children all began suffering stomach pains similar to those Hasel had experienced before her death . Several family members were hospitalized , and Lily and Fred were both dead by February 1925 . In total , seventeen relatives were taken ill with similar symptoms in the fall and winter of 1924 / 1925 . Four of the Gienke children were left partially paralyzed from the mysterious illness .
= = Investigation = =
After the deaths of the Gienkes , authorities began to investigate the cluster of deaths . The county sheriff , Fred Roshon , soon discovered that Martha Wise had signed at a local drug store for a series of purchases of large quantities of arsenic . An autopsy on Lily Gienke confirmed the presence of arsenic in her digestive tract . Brought in for questioning by the sheriff , Wise at first claimed she had obtained the arsenic to kill rats , but eventually confessed that she had used it to poison family members by putting it in water buckets and coffee pots the family drank out of .
= = Trial = =
Despite her confession , Wise pleaded not guilty to the charge of murdering Lily Gienke in front of a grand jury on March 23 , 1925 . She told the grand jury that she was irresistibly attracted to attending funerals , and that when there were not enough funerals in the community , she was driven to create them by killing . Wise was indicted on a charge of first @-@ degree murder on April 7 , 1925 .
Wise 's trial for murder began on May 4 , 1925 . She was represented by Joseph Pritchard and prosecuted by Joseph Seymour . Defense claims included that Wise was criminally insane and that she was ordered to commit the murders by her former lover , Walter Johns . A number of setbacks plagued the defense , including the May 6 suicide of Wise 's sister @-@ in @-@ law , Edith Hasel , and the subsequent collapse of her husband Fred Hasel , both of whom had been prepared to testify for the defense ; the recantation of testimony by a man named Frank Metzger , who told the prosecution on cross @-@ examination that the defense had asked him to perjure himself to support claims that Wise was insane ; and Wise 's choice to take the stand on her own behalf . Family members including Wise 's son , Lester , and three of the Gienkes ' children testified against her .
After one hour of jury deliberation , Wise was found guilty of first @-@ degree murder . The jury urged mercy in sentencing , and the judge sentenced Wise to a life sentence in prison , under the terms of which she could only be freed by executive clemency .
= = Later life = =
In 1962 , as a result of Wise 's good behavior in prison , Ohio governor Michael DiSalle commuted Wise 's sentence to second @-@ degree murder and she was paroled at age 79 . Wise 's remaining family refused to take her in , and a number of rest homes for the elderly similarly declined her residency ; within three days Wise returned to prison , lacking anywhere else to go . Her parole and the commutation of her sentence were revoked . Wise died in prison on June 28 , 1971 .
= = In media = =
Wise was featured in a 1930 Toledo News @-@ Bee article series profiling " [ w ] omen who are paying the price for folly , women who gambled against society and lost " . A 1962 issue of the St. Joseph Gazette called the Wise case " one of Ohio 's most publicized crimes of the era " , and she has been labeled the " poison widow of Hardscrabble " and a " poison fiend " .
Wise 's case was covered in a 2008 episode of the Investigation Discovery network series Deadly Women .
= Typhoon Wipha ( 2007 ) =
Typhoon Wipha , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Goring , was the strongest typhoon to threaten the Chinese coastline since Typhoon Saomai in August 2006 . Forming out of a tropical disturbance on September 15 , 2007 , it quickly developed into a tropical storm , and intensified into a typhoon the following day with the appearance of an eye feature . After a period of rapid intensification , Wipha attained its peak intensity on September 18 , with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 925 mbar ( hPa ) , according to the Japan Meteorological Agency . Later that day , the storm began to weaken as it interacted with the mountainous terrain of Taiwan before brushing the northern edge of the island . Wipha subsequently made landfall near Fuding along the Fujian @-@ Zhejiang provincial border with winds estimated at 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) by the JTWC . Shortly thereafter , the typhoon weakened as it moved inland , weakening to a tropical storm within 18 hours of moving over land .
Nearly 2 million residents along the Chinese coastline evacuated ahead of Typhoon Wipha 's arrival . Nearly 20 @,@ 000 Chinese soldiers were deployed to the area to assist residents in reinforcing flood barriers and speeding up evacuations . The typhoon triggered severe flooding with rainfall in excess of 353 mm ( 13 @.@ 9 in ) . Roughly 13 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed , 57 @,@ 000 more were damaged and 100 @,@ 000 hectares of farmland was inundated . Throughout China , 14 people were killed and damage amounted to ¥ 7 @.@ 45 billion ( $ 1 billion USD ) .
Although the center of the storm did not pass near the Philippines , its outer rainbands brought severe flooding to Negros Occidental . Two people died and three others were listed as missing . Damage amounted to PHP 15 @.@ 3 million ( $ 314 @,@ 000 USD ) . In Taiwan , high winds killed one person and injured another . Up to 495 mm ( 19 @.@ 5 in ) of precipitation caused landslides and flooding across the island . Agricultural losses in Taiwan amounted to NT $ 7 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 236 @,@ 300 ) . In Okinawa , high winds and rainfall up to 335 mm ( 13 @.@ 2 in ) caused significant damage and resulted in two fatalities . Seven homes across the islands were destroyed and damage totaled ¥ 28 @.@ 3 billion ( $ 285 million USD ) .
= = Meteorological history = =
Typhoon Wipha originated from a tropical disturbance that was first identified by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) on September 13 , 2007 roughly 1 @,@ 435 km ( 892 mi ) east of Guam . Deep convection had developed around an area of low pressure that formed within the disturbance . Low wind shear allowed the system to steadily develop as it moved northward . Late on September 14 , convective banding features had formed around the center of circulation , prompting the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert . Several hours later , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) began monitoring the system as a tropical depression . At the same time , the JTWC declared that the disturbance had become Tropical Depression 13W . Shortly thereafter , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) also began issuing advisories on the developing depression , assigning it the local name Goring . Initially , a Tropical Upper Tropospheric Trough situated to the north of the depression suppressed convective development and outflow . However , late on September 15 , this system weakened , leading to both the JTWC and JMA upgrading the depression to a tropical storm early on September 16 . Upon being declared a tropical storm , the JMA assigned the name Wipha to the storm .
Throughout September 16 , Wipha underwent a brief period of rapid intensification , with the JTWC upgrading it to a Category 1 hurricane , on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale , within 12 hours . The intensifying system maintained a northwesterly track in response to a subtropical ridge over the northwest Pacific . Early on September 17 , Wipha was upgraded to a typhoon as 10 @-@ minute sustained winds reached 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . A second round of rapid intensification took place through most of the day , leading to the typhoon attaining its peak intensity late on September 17 with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) and a barometric pressure of 925 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 31 inHg ) . At the same time , the JTWC assessed Wipha to have nearly attained Category 5 status , peaking as a high @-@ end Category 4 super typhoon with winds of 250 km / h ( 155 mph 1 @-@ minute sustained ) . Upon reaching this intensity , Wipha became the second strongest storm of the 2007 Pacific typhoon season .
Not long after reaching its peak intensity , Wipha began to weaken as it started to interact with the high terrain of Taiwan . Early on September 18 , PAGASA issued their final advisory on Typhoon Goring as it left their area of responsibility . Later that day , the center of the typhoon passed roughly 130 km / h ( 80 mi ) north of Taipei , Taiwan . Continued weakening took place as the storm neared landfall in Mainland China . Around 1800 UTC , the eye of Wipha crossed the Chinese coastline near Wenzhou with sustained winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph 10 @-@ minute sustained ) . The JTWC assessed Wipha to have made landfall as a low @-@ end Category 3 typhoon with winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph 1 @-@ minute sustained ) . Rapid weakening took place as the storm moved further inland . The JTWC issued their final advisory on Wipha during the afternoon of September 19 as they classified the system as an extratropical cyclone . However , the JMA continued to monitor the system as a tropical depression until September 20 . At this time , the remnants of Wipha had entered the Yellow Sea and accelerated northeastward towards the Korean Peninsula . The extratropical remnants of Wipha persisted for several more hours before dissipating off the coast of North Korea that afternoon .
= = Preparations = =
= = = Taiwan = = =
The Songshan Airport in Taipei was shut down due to the threat of Typhoon Wipha . All businesses , including the stock exchange , were closed for September 18 . Typhoon warnings were issued in northern areas of the island and residents were warned about the possibility of landslides in the mountainous regions . Accordingly , 169 people left landslide @-@ prone areas . An additional 237 people were evacuated from the northern areas of Taiwan due to the storm . A code red alert was issued for the areas closest to the center of the cyclone . Nearly 4 @,@ 300 Chinese fishermen sought refuge in Taiwan after being called back to port .
= = = China = = =
As Wipha approached the Chinese coastline , threatening the city of Shanghai , one of the largest evacuations in the country 's history took place . Local media warned that Wipha " may be the most destructive typhoon in a decade . " More than 2 million people evacuated from coastal areas , 1 @.@ 79 million of whom were in Zhejiang Province , the largest relocation of residents in the history of Zhejiang . Following the issuance of a Super Typhoon Warning , Shanghai officials evacuated 291 @,@ 000 people from old buildings , temporary construction sites , and those who live near the coast . About 20 @,@ 000 soldiers were sent to assist in the evacuation and reinforce flood barriers . A parade which was scheduled to take place in Shanghai was cancelled due to the warnings . About 365 workers were evacuated from the Pinghu oil rig located in the East China Sea . Zoos caged animals and increased staff numbers to prevent escape and contain any fires which may be sparked by downed power lines . More than 39 @,@ 000 people were evacuated from Jiangsu Province , mainly along the coast . Numerous cities cancelled schools and closed business for the day of and following the typhoon . The typhoon also caused FIFA to reschedule four matches in the Women 's World Cup . Nearly 40 @,@ 000 vessels were recalled to port throughout China . About 250 @,@ 000 people were also evacuated from Fujian Province with an additional 1 @.@ 41 million text messages were also sent out to residents in the province . The China Meteorological Administration ( CMA ) commenced " level one " emergency plan , the highest state of emergency . The Office of State Flood Control and Drought Relief commenced a " level two " flood control emergency plan and sent four teams to the provinces which were anticipated to be impacted by Wipha . About 50 @,@ 000 factories in Zhejiang were shut down until Wipha passed . The large @-@ scale evacuations resulted in a lower loss of life from the typhoon .
= = = Japan and South Korea = = =
In Okinawa , about 30 @,@ 000 people were evacuated from low @-@ lying areas near rivers which threatened to overflow their banks . At least 50 flights in and out of the prefecture were also cancelled or delayed . Already hit by Typhoon Nari just a few days prior to Wipha , South Korea began evacuating residents as the remnants of the typhoon were expected to hit the country . Rainfall was expected to impact South Korea for several days with accumulations exceeding 150 mm ( 6 in ) . About 940 people were evacuated to shelters throughout the country .
= = Impact = =
= = = Philippines = = =
Although Wipha did not directly impact the Philippines , the outer bands of the storm produced severe flooding in Negros Occidental . The flooding washed out large areas of agricultural land worth PHP 10 @.@ 3 million ( $ 211 @,@ 000 USD ) . Numerous farm to market roads were also damaged or destroyed , costing PHP 5 million ( $ 103 @,@ 000 USD ) . The floods also destroyed 13 homes and damaged 31 others . A rare tornado spawned by the storm destroyed four homes and damaged 19 others . A total of 7 @,@ 640 families were affected by Wipha in the Philippines . The heavy rains caused a landslide which killed one person on September 16 . Another man drowned in a flood swollen river on September 21 . Three other people were listed as missing after being swept away in a river swollen by Wipha .
= = = Taiwan = = =
One person was killed and another was injured in Taipei after a 20 m ( 65 ft ) high scaffolding in a construction site collapsed . At least 495 mm ( 19 in ) of rain fell in the mountains of Taiwan , triggering flooding which damaged about 24 hectares of crops , leaving NT $ 7 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 236 @,@ 300 ) in losses . A total of 8 @,@ 795 residences were left without power at the height of the storm . Several roads and bridges were also washed out from flooding . Officials in Taiwan recorded 29 landslides , mostly in northern areas , and urged residents to evacuate due to the possibility of more .
= = = China = = =
The outer bands of Typhoon Wipha began impacting parts of eastern China on September 17 . Heavy rains dropped up to 162 mm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) in some cities , causing rivers to near flood stage . Eighty streets in Shanghai flooded due to the rains ahead of Wipha , with news reports showing waters rising up to people 's knees . Upwards of 191 mm ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) of additional rain fell during the typhoon , causing significant flooding which destroyed at least 13 @,@ 000 homes , damaged 57 @,@ 000 others , and flooded over 160 @,@ 000 hectares of farmland . At least 1 @,@ 900 communities were left without power as high winds knocked down numerous power lines . A total of 14 people were killed in China in direct relation to Wipha . One man was electrocuted and died after stepping into floodwaters with live power lines submerged in the water . A landslide triggered by the heavy rains killed five people . At least 11 million people were affected by the storm in Fujian and Zhejiang . Once floodwaters receded , a car was found turned over , the five passengers inside were declared dead on scene . Damages in China amounted to ¥ 7 @.@ 45 billion ( $ 1 billion USD ) .
= = = Japan = = =
As Wipha brushed Okinawa , it produced upwards of 335 mm ( 13 @.@ 1 in ) throughout the islands , peaking on Ishigaki . The highest winds were recorded on Ohara , Okinawa at 140 km / h ( 87 mph ) . Typhoon Wipha killed two people , one of which died during the evacuation from an illness , injured six others , and left another missing throughout the country . A total of seven homes were destroyed , four were damaged , and 39 others were affected . About 3 @,@ 931 hectares of farmland , 7 km ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) of roads , and three ports , along with ten ships , were damaged or destroyed . At the height of the storm , about 10 @,@ 800 residences were without power . Damages from the storm amounted to ¥ 28 @.@ 3 billion ( $ 285 million USD ) .
= = = North Korea = = =
Heavy rainfall from the typhoon 's remnants , ruined over 100 @,@ 000 hectares of crops and either damaged or destroyed 14 @,@ 000 homes . Additionally , over 8 @,@ 000 public buildings were partially or fully demolished . A total of 1 @,@ 649 people were left homeless following the storm . A month prior to Wipha , deadly flooding impacted most of the country , leaving at least 600 people dead or missing and destroyed thousands of structures .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Philippines and China = = =
Following the flooding , the local governments in Valladolid and San Enrique declared a state of calamity to allow funds to reach flood victims . By September 26 , about PHP 700 @,@ 000 ( $ 14 @,@ 000 USD ) worth of relief supplies had been distributed to the affected areas . At least PHP 480 @,@ 000 ( $ 10 @,@ 000 USD ) of the calamity funds were sent to the local governments in Negros Occidental . On September 20 , the Chinese Government allocated ¥ 81 million ( $ 11 @.@ 8 million USD ) in living subsidies for those affected by the typhoon . The International Red Cross , which was already assisting China in recovery from flooding in August , took preparatory measures and worked with local branches to get damage assessments . The Zhejiang Red Cross branch provided ¥ 200 @,@ 000 ( $ 29 @,@ 000 USD ) in relief items to the hardest hit areas .
= = = North Korea = = =
Following the impacts of Wipha to the already severely flooded areas of North Korea , the International Red Cross delivered relief supplies to the 2 @,@ 000 people made homeless by the typhoon . Hundreds of medical clinics which were damaged or destroyed set up makeshift clinics as up to 70 percent of the affected population reported abdominal pains or diarrhea . More than 23 @,@ 000 volunteers from the Red Cross mobilized to provide quick rehabilitation in the affected regions . By mid @-@ September , € 420 @,@ 000 ( $ 527 @,@ 000 USD ) was provided to repair hospitals and an additional € 110 @,@ 000 ( $ 138 @,@ 000 USD ) was planned to be sent . By the end of September , health kits were provided for 300 @,@ 000 people and an additional $ 300 @,@ 000 ( USD ) was provided for medical supplies in hospitals . From October 15 to 18 , a Rapid Nutritional Screening of children took place in the worst affected areas . Eleven hospitals were restocked with medical supplies and a permanent water supply was constructed at the Wonsan general hospital . About $ 180 @,@ 000 in aid from Norway was sent to North Korea . By October 22 , 2007 , 80 percent of the $ 14 @.@ 1 million pledged in assistance had been funded . About 4 @,@ 800 tonnes of cereal was to be distributed in October as part of the second shipment of food , following the first which was sent prior to Wipha . Funds and materials , worth $ 166 @,@ 000 ( USD ) , for revegetation were expected to arrive between December 2007 and February 2008 .
= 2009 Philadelphia Phillies season =
The Philadelphia Phillies ' 2009 season was the 127th season in the history of the franchise . The team , managed by Charlie Manuel , began their sixth season at Citizens Bank Park and defense of their 2008 World Series championship on April 5 . After collecting a third straight Eastern Division championship , the Phillies won their second consecutive National League pennant for the first time in franchise history ; they were defeated by the New York Yankees in the 2009 World Series .
The Phillies posted a second consecutive winning April to open the season with an 11 – 9 record , but the month was marred by the death of " legendary " broadcaster Harry Kalas . After opening the month of May against the rival New York Mets , the Phillies met President Barack Obama to celebrate their World Series victory the previous season , and had two rookie pitchers win consecutive starts for the first time since 2007 . Starting pitcher Jamie Moyer earned his 250th career win during the month , while first baseman Ryan Howard and outfielder Raúl Ibáñez became the first Phillies teammates to hit 10 home runs in the same month . Echoing their strong run in the middle of the 2008 season , the Phillies compiled a 16 – 4 record in late May and early June , which was countered by weakness during interleague play in late June .
After the team 's largest victory of the season ( 22 – 1 over the Cincinnati Reds ) in early July , five Phillies — Howard , Ibáñez , second baseman Chase Utley , and outfielders Shane Victorino and Jayson Werth — were selected to the All @-@ Star team . July was the team 's best showing of the season , as they compiled their first 20 @-@ win month since the 2001 season . The Phillies traded for starting pitcher Cliff Lee at the end of the month to bolster their starting rotation , who won his first five starts with the team , and signed free @-@ agent pitcher Pedro Martínez . In August , Eric Bruntlett turned the first game @-@ ending unassisted triple play in National League history , and the second in team history . The following month , the team clinched its third consecutive division championship on September 30 , becoming the first Phillies team to make a third straight playoff appearance since the 1976 – 1978 Phillies .
Philadelphia defeated the Colorado Rockies in the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) , 3 – 1 , and the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) for the second consecutive year , 4 – 1 . Howard was named the most valuable player of the NLCS . The Phillies were defeated by the Yankees in the World Series , four games to two .
Statistical leaders in batting for the 2009 team included Victorino ( batting average , .292 ) , Howard ( home runs , 45 ; runs batted in , 141 ) , and Utley ( runs scored , 112 ) . For his season accomplishments , Utley won his fourth consecutive Silver Slugger Award . Pitching leaders included right @-@ handed starting pitcher Joe Blanton ( innings pitched , 195 1 ⁄ 3 ) , left @-@ handed starter J. A. Happ ( win – loss record , 12 – 4 ) , and relief pitcher Brad Lidge ( saves , 31 ) . Victorino and shortstop Jimmy Rollins also won Rawlings Gold Glove Awards for their play in the field .
= = Offseason = =
= = = Departures = = =
On November 4 , following the World Series , the Phillies released third base coach Steve Smith . Smith had been with the team for two years . The Phillies were expected to have the remaining coaches to return for the 2009 season . However , bench coach Jimy Williams opted not to return to the Phillies for the 2009 season , notifying the team on November 10 . Charlie Manuel had expected Williams to return for the 2009 season , and was surprised that he declined . However , Williams left the team on good terms , and Manuel stated that he was welcome to come back to the Phillies if he changed his mind . Left fielder Pat Burrell became a free agent at the end of the 2008 season , signing with the Tampa Bay Rays , whom the Phillies had defeated in the World Series , on January 5 . The team did not tender an offer to Burrell following eight seasons . The Phillies also released outfielder So Taguchi on November 5 . Taguchi had served as a pinch @-@ hitter for the Phillies in 2008 , and also replaced Burrell in left field some games . Eric Bruntlett replaced Taguchi for the latter half of the 2008 season . Relief pitcher Tom Gordon also filed for free agency , ultimately signing with the Arizona Diamondbacks .
= = = Arrivals = = =
On November 3 , the Phillies named Rubén Amaro , Jr. to be the general manager after Pat Gillick retired at the end of a three @-@ year contract . Amaro previously had a long history with the Phillies , serving as a bat boy in the 1980s , a player in the 1990s , and as assistant general manager for the Phillies from 1998 until his appointment as general manager . Gillick remained with the Phillies as an advisor . On November 13 , Sam Perlozzo joined the Phillies as third base coach and fielding / infield coach after spending the 2008 season in the same position for the Seattle Mariners . Perlozzo previously served as the third base coach for the New York Mets , the Cincinnati Reds , and as third base coach , bench coach , and manager for the Baltimore Orioles . Another former manager , Pete Mackanin , was named the team 's new bench coach on November 21 ; he had been interim manager for the Reds when Jerry Narron was fired in Cincinnati in 2007 . On November 28 , the Phillies signed Mike Koplove Koplove , a right @-@ handed relief pitcher , was optioned to the AAA Lehigh Valley IronPigs at the end of spring training . On December 16 , Raúl Ibáñez agreed to play left field for the Phillies in a 3 @-@ year , $ 31 @.@ 5 million deal . South Korean pitcher Chan Ho Park officially signed a one @-@ year contract to join the Phillies on January 6 , after agreeing to a deal in principle in December . Park was originally signed as an insurance policy for the bullpen , as reliever J. C. Romero was assigned a fifty @-@ game suspension after violating the Major League Baseball drug policy , but won the fifth starter 's job in Spring training .
= = = Retentions = = =
Left @-@ handed reliever Scott Eyre re @-@ signed with the Phillies after becoming a vital part of the bullpen during the stretch run . The Phillies re @-@ signed left @-@ handed starter Jamie Moyer on December 15 after lengthy negotiations . The 46 @-@ year @-@ old Moyer was inked to a two @-@ year contract to return to the world champions and kept a key part of the Phillies ' postseason rotation intact . The team also avoided salary arbitration with first baseman Ryan Howard 's three @-@ year contract .
= = = Injuries = = =
On November 20 , second baseman Chase Utley had hip surgery and was scheduled to be out for four to six months . However , on December 15 , Utley said in a press conference that he could be ready for Opening Night . Just under four months later , Utley made his first pre @-@ season game appearance in an intersquad game March 14 , and his first appearance in actual game competition the next day against the St. Louis Cardinals . Third baseman Pedro Feliz also had surgery on his back to repair a herniated disc on the same day as Utley . Feliz officially returned to spring training action on March 13 . During spring training , starting pitcher Cole Hamels left training camp on March 16 and flew to Philadelphia to have his left elbow examined by Dr. Michael Ciccotti . Hamels felt tightness in between innings and after he was done pitching for the day . " This will obviously set me back a couple of days , and I don ’ t think that should be a big deal " , said Hamels . However , the injury threw his Opening Day start against the Braves into doubt , even though Ciccotti found no structural damage in his arm ; Brett Myers was announced as Hamels ' replacement to start Opening Night .
= = Spring training = =
On November 13 , the Phillies announced their spring training schedule . In addition to their Grapefruit League games , the Phillies played two games against two of the World Baseball Classic teams . The Phillies defeated Team Canada ( with Phillie Matt Stairs ) on March 4 , 9 – 2 , and lost to Team USA ( with Jimmy Rollins and Shane Victorino ) on March 5 , 9 – 6 . The team broke camp April 2 and headed north to play two " On Deck Series " games on April 3 and 4 against the Tampa Bay Rays at Citizens Bank Park ; they split the series , winning 3 – 2 and losing 9 – 7 .
The Phillies finished the 2009 preseason with a record of 13 – 19 , 10 games behind the Grapefruit League @-@ leading New York Yankees . Ryan Howard led all players in Spring Training with 10 home runs . The team set spring training attendance @-@ records for Bright House Field in 2009 . They set a single @-@ game record with 10 @,@ 335 people in attendance on March 15 for a game against the St. Louis Cardinals . The Phillies set the franchise 's total spring training attendance record for Bright House Field , with 133 @,@ 620 attending in 2009 .
= = Regular season = =
= = = April = = =
The Phillies began their 2009 season in front of a sold @-@ out crowd of 44 @,@ 532 at Citizens Bank Park on April 5 , playing against the Atlanta Braves . The Phillies , originally scheduled to play in the afternoon of April 6 , earned the distinction of playing the opening game of the entire 2009 Major League Baseball season after winning the 2008 World Series . They lost the opener 4 – 1 to the division @-@ rival Braves , whose new ace , Derek Lowe , pitched eight shutout innings . The Phillies lost the next game , and were in danger of losing the following night and dropping to 0 – 3 before scoring eight runs in the bottom of the seventh inning for a 12 – 11 come @-@ from @-@ behind win . The Phillies lost their first game in Denver , but came from behind again in their next two games to take the second series from the Colorado Rockies . The Phillies defeated the Washington Nationals in the opener of their third series , just hours after the death of Hall of Fame broadcaster Harry Kalas , but lost the third scheduled game of the series after the second was cancelled due to weather . In their series against the San Diego Padres , the Phillies dropped the first two games as well ; during the second game , closer Brad Lidge blew his first save in a Phillies uniform , breaking his streak of 47 consecutive saves extending back to the 2007 regular season . The Phillies won the Sunday afternoon matinee against the Padres , 5 – 4 , on a walk @-@ off home run by Ibáñez after trailing the entire game .
The Phillies ' offense benefited from rest due to the postponement of the final game of the Padres ' series , as they defeated the Milwaukee Brewers in the opener of their mid @-@ week series , 11 – 4 . The next two games did not go as smoothly , as the Phillies were shut out through eight innings in the second game and nearly no @-@ hit by Brewers starter Dave Bush in the third game . Phillies starter Cole Hamels was hit by a line drive in the fourth inning and exited the game ; before departing , he had retired nine out of the ten batters he faced . Hitting the road for a series against the division @-@ leading Florida Marlins , the Phillies were shut out through eight innings in the first game of the series , only to score seven runs in the top of the ninth against power @-@ throwing closer Matt Lindstrom , winning the game , 7 – 3 , thanks to Shane Victorino 's first career regular season grand slam . The following night 's game offered another come @-@ from @-@ behind win for the Phillies , as they trailed in the ninth again to win in extra innings , 6 – 4 , and the 13 – 2 victory on April 26 capped the team 's first series sweep . Hosting Washington for their second series against the Nationals , the Phillies fell behind in the seventh inning before a grand slam by Ibáñez capped their 13 – 11 victory ; combined with Ryan Howard 's game @-@ tying grand slam in the fifth inning , this was only the fourth time in Phillies history that teammates hit grand slams in the same game . The Phillies split the remaining two games of the series with Washington , finishing with an April record of 11 – 9 , their second consecutive winning April .
= = = May = = =
The Phillies opened May against the division @-@ rival New York Mets , losing the opening game of the month , 7 – 4 .
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the second dollar ( ZWN ) , with less elaborate designs , replaced those of the first dollar at the ratio of 1 000 to 1 . The redenomination ( codenamed Operation Sunrise ) was heavily publicised under the banner Zero to Hero , but was also rapid and disorganised which resulted in many people being unable to convert their old Bearer cheques to new issues before the lapse date , The Reserve Bank Governor Dr. Gideon Gono said that " 10 trillion ( first dollars ) were still out there and it had become manure " .
Further denominations ranging from $ 5 000 to $ 500 million were issued in the period between August 2006 and May 2008 as cent cheques quickly became outmoded . In the second quarter of 2008 , special Agro cheques ( Agricultural Cheques ) were issued in denominations ranging from $ 5 billion to $ 100 billion as the currency exchange rate was floated . Since the functions were similar to Bearer cheques , it was in regular use as prices continue to rise . These cheques also carried time limits and limited security features . In the final months of the second dollar , the $ 200 000 cheque was the lowest legal tender denomination by decree , despite having its expiry date extended twice . The $ 100 000 000 Bearer Cheque would have been the lowest legal tender denomination in circulation had the expiry dates of currency cheques been enforced without extension , with the $ 100 billion Agro Cheque being the highest whether or not the $ 200 000 note was legal tender .
Munich @-@ based security printers Giesecke & Devrient ceased providing banknote paper to the Reserve Bank on 1 July 2008 in response to an official request from the German government and widespread calls for sanctions ; The Jura JSP software end @-@ user licence , issued to the state @-@ owned Fidelity Printers & Refiners was also terminated on 24 July 2008 for similar reasons although the official press statement quoted that it was de facto impossible to prevent the printers from using the software .
On 1 August 2008 the banknotes of the third dollar ( ZWR ) , which were printed for the abandoned second phase of the 2006 redenomination , replaced the cheques of the second dollar at the ratio of 10 billion ( 1010 ) to 1 . The Bearer and Agro cheques of the second dollar were phased out along with the smaller denominations of the third dollar on 1 January 2009 . Despite the reform the Reserve Bank issued several high @-@ value denominations up to $ 100 trillion ( $ 1014 ) in the period between September 2008 to January 2009 , which merely kept in similar pace with the cash rate instead of the black market rates .
On 2 February 2009 , banknotes of the fourth dollar ( ZWL ) were introduced to replace those of the third dollar at the ratio of one trillion ( 1012 ) to 1 . It was originally envisaged that banknotes of the third dollar would remain legal tender until 30 June 2009 but all banknotes were withdrawn from circulation following the suspension of the Zimbabwe dollar on 12 April 2009 .
= = Paper money of the first dollar ( ZWD ) = =
The Chiremba Balancing Rocks near Harare is the main artwork used for obverse sides of the first two banknote designs of the first Zimbabwean dollar . Notes of these design also feature on either side major landmarks and landscapes such as the Kariba Dam and fauna . As hyperinflation took hold at the end of the 20th century the quality of the notes deteriorated as printing plates from previous issues were reconstituted for printing emergency notes . Although the notes of the first design were gradually phased out from 1997 , all remaining notes of the first dollar were forcibly demonetised on 22 August 2006 .
= = = Desmond Krogh series = = =
The Desmond Krogh series was the first series of banknotes for Zimbabwe , which carried the signature of Dr. Desmond C. Krogh , then the last governor of the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia . They are dated 1980 but issued in 1981 ( except for the $ 20 note , which was issued in 1982 ) . The notes bear Salisbury as the name of its capital rather than Harare , as the name was changed on 18 April 1982 . There are four denominations in this series : $ 2 , $ 5 , $ 10 and $ 20 ; its designs make extensive use of the Guilloché technique , heavily relied upon by banknotes of many currencies during the 1980s .
The 1982 @-@ dated issues banknotes differed little from the earlier , except that it took into account of the renaming of the country 's capital from Salisbury to Harare . However , there was an error with early runs of the $ 10 banknote ( Pick no . 3b ) , because it bears Salisbury as the name of the capital city instead of Harare . These type of issues are rare . Later runs of the $ 10 note ( Pick no . 3c ) corrected the error . There were no $ 2 banknotes dated 1982 : the second run of this denomination was taken in 1983 with K. Moyana as governor of the Reserve Bank .
= = = Kombo Moyana series = = =
The Kombo Moyana series refers to a series of banknotes which carried Kombo Moyana 's signature after being appointed governor of the Reserve Bank from 1983 to August 1993 . The series bears the new name of Zimbabwe 's capital ( Harare ) and is indifferent to the last two series except for the date and signature .
= = = Leonard Tsumba series = = =
In August 1993 , Leonard L. Tsumba replaced K. Moyana as governor of the Reserve Bank . The banknotes which carried his signature are referred to as the Leonard Tsumba series .
The first banknotes to be issued with his signature was the two last runs of the original designs , dated 1994 . The first run , which consisted of denominations from $ 2 to $ 20 , had the original watermark of the Zimbabwe Bird ( profile angle , short neck ) , whilst the second run consisted only of the $ 2 and $ 5 denominations , bearing the watermark of the bird with a longer neck and at ¾ profile angle .
In 1994 the general design of the banknotes was reviewed to keep up with advancing technologies against counterfeiting , which resulted in the release of two new denominations ( $ 50 and $ 100 ) between 1994 and 1995 , also to counter the effects of consumer price inflation , which peaked at 41 @.@ 6 % in 1992 . Although the Chiremba Balancing Rocks were retained , other features including latent imaging in which the letters RBZ can be seen when the banknote is tilted horizontally at the eye level and identification marks for the visually impaired were added to the design , and the neck of the Zimbabwe Bird watermark was longer . The $ 5 , $ 10 and $ 20 banknotes were also revised with the new designs in 1997 , whilst the $ 2 banknote was and replaced by a coin in the same year with the $ 5 denomination undergoing the same process in August 2001 .
The $ 500 denomination was first issued with red as the main colour in 2001 . The 2003 @-@ dated versions were brown . It was followed by the $ 1 000 denomination on 2 October 2003 , the sole difference between the two variants of the $ 1 000 notes ( Pick no . 12 ) only being the typeface of the serial number .
= = = Gideon Gono series = = =
The Gideon Gono series of 2004 carried the signature of the incumbent Reserve Bank governor , Dr. Gideon Gono and consisted of only one denomination of the first dollar ( $ 500 ) . This was the last series of regular banknotes of the first dollar , as hyperinflation forced all regular banknotes series out of use , although remaining legal tender theoretically until 21 August 2006 .
= = = Standard Chartered series = = =
The Standard Chartered series was a series of emergency bearer cheques issued by the Standard Chartered Bank ( hence the title on the top of these cheques ) and the Cargill Cotton Group . They were authorised by the Reserve Bank as legitimate issues and were valid for six months from the date of issue , the first currency notes of the Zimbabwean dollar to have a time limit . They carry the signature of the company 's finance director Priscilla Mutenbwa and operations director Stephen Newton @-@ Howes .
= = = 2003 bearer cheque series = = =
The 2003 bearer cheque series was a series of emergency currency notes of the first dollar which were in circulation between 15 September 2003 and the withdrawal of the first dollar on 21 August 2006 . The $ 5 000 , $ 10 000 and $ 20 000 denominations were issued from 15 September 2003 , whilst the $ 50 000 and $ 100 000 denominations , depicting Victoria Falls on reverse , were introduced on 1 October 2005 . Following the redenomination of August 2006 , bearer cheques that were originally scheduled to expire on 31 December 2006 were demonetised early .
Bearer cheques dated 15 September 2003 bear the signature of the acting governor Charles Chikaura . The remainder of the series bear the signature of Dr. Gideon Gono , who was appointed governor in November 2003 .
= = Paper money of the second dollar ( ZWN ) = =
The Zimbabwean dollar was first redenominated on 1 August 2006 under a currency reform campaign codenamed Operation Sunrise and involving the motto Zero to Hero . New @-@ style bearer cheques of the second dollar ( ISO 4217 : ZWN ) was introduced and replaced those of the first dollar ( ZWD ) at the ratio of 1 000 to 1 .
The change over process was given at short notice and was also rapid because all issues prior to the August 2006 series were to be demonetised and rendered worthless on 21 August 2006 . Poor communications meant that many civilians of Zimbabwe were unable to convert old bearer cheques to new ones before the deadline .
= = = 2006 , 2007 and 2008 Bearer cheque series = = =
The 2006 bearer cheque series was put into circulation on 1 August 2006 and initially consisted of 14 denominations , ranging from 1 ¢ to $ 100 000 . The cheques were signed by Dr. Gideon Gono and were set to expire on 31 July 2007 , except for the $ 100 and $ 500 cheques , which were initially due to expire on 31 December 2007 , but later extended to 31 July 2008 . The $ 5 denomination was also issued , despite not being widely publicised in the changeover campaign .
Two variations that were issued for the $ 10 000 and $ 100 000 denominations are recognised in the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : the difference between them was the use of digit grouping . Cheques with the denomination expressed as ' 10000 ' or ' 100000 ' bear serial numbers with the ( scarce ) prefix AA , while notes with prefixes AB onwards is expressed as ' 10 000 ' or ' 100 000 ' .
The 2007 bearer cheque series was first issued on 2 March 2007 with the introduction of $ 5 000 and $ 50 000 cheques to act as intermediary denominations between the $ 1 000 , $ 10 000 and $ 100 000 cheques respectively . As inflation intensified , the $ 200 000 bearer cheque was also introduced on 1 August 2007 , followed by the joint introduction of the $ 250 000 , $ 500 000 , and $ 750 000 denominations on 20 December 2007 . The $ 200 000 bearer cheque had its date of lapse extended twice up to 31 December 2008 .
The $ 50 000 denomination was the first denomination to use the Optically Variable Ink technique , on the value positioned at the top right of the obverse . The $ 750 000 denomination of the December 2007 series was the only note out of all cheques of the second dollar to bear a holographic strip , as the cheque was printed on paper that was prepared for the 1 000 ZWD notes ( Pick No. 12 ) .
The circulation of the 2008 bearer cheque series commenced on 18 January 2008 with three denominations ranging from $ 1 million to $ 10 million , and concluded with the issue of the $ 500 million bearer cheque on 15 May 2008 . Three denominations of the 2008 series remained legal tender at the ratio of 1010 to 1 until being demonetised on 31 December 2008 .
There are two variants of the $ 10 million denomination , the primary difference being the typeface and size of the serial number . Those with slightly larger serial numbers bear the prefix DA . The $ 25 million banknote is larger in dimension out of the rest of the 2008 series .
= = = Agro cheque series = = =
The Reserve Bank issued Special Agro ( Agricultural ) cheques from 15 May to 31 July 2008 . Although of a different design and with the intention for use only by farmers , it had found its way into regular use because of the parallel functions with bearer Cheques and the exponential rise of food prices . Following the 2008 currency reform , Agro and bearer cheques were phased out on 1 January 2009 .
The four denominations in this series are not the same by dimensions as the $ 25 billion note used different paper from the 500 ZWD banknote of 2001 . The $ 100 billion ( $ 1011 ) Agro Cheque was the largest of the second dollar , sharing the record for the most number of zeroes depicted on a banknote with the Yugoslav 500 billion ( $ 5 × 1011 ) dinar note of 1993 , up until January 2009 .
= = Paper money of the third dollar ( ZWR ) = =
The 2007 banknote series was prepared by the Reserve Bank in October 2006 for the abandoned second phase of Operation Sunrise . The Chiremba Balancing Rocks was to be reinstated as the main feature on the obverse whilst use of the Zimbabwe Bird watermark continued . There were additional security features as opposed to previous issues , which included security threads , see @-@ through register marks and recognition marks for the partially sighted . Holographic security threads and Optically Variable Ink were used on the $ 100 , $ 500 and $ 1 000 notes . When the redenomination of 1 August 2008 occurred these notes were put into circulation as banknotes of the third dollar between 1 August 2008 to 31 December 2008 .
The 2008 banknote series circulated from 29 September 2008 to 12 April 2009 . The series demonstrated the intensity of hyperinflation during the period as the highest denomination increased from $ 1 000 to $ 100 trillion ( $ 1014 ) by January 2009 , the latter being the largest denomination issued by the Reserve Bank . The first issues of the series were the $ 10 000 and $ 20 000 denominations . These were followed by the following denominations :
The large number of denominations issued in late @-@ 2008 as well as the suspension of paper supply by Giesecke & Devrient affected the Reserve Bank 's ability to maintain the quality of the banknotes . Later denominations copied design features from the original 2007 banknote series and lacked many modern security features that banknotes of major currencies ( such as the Canadian Dollar ) relied on . The notes denominated from $ 20 000 to $ 500 000 and then from $ 10 million onwards used non @-@ watermarked paper , whilst the $ 500 million notes were printed on pure cotton . A silhouette of the Zimbabwe Bird in Optically Variable Ink was used in such notes to compensate for this , but the iridescent strip was dropped for higher denominations . The $ 10 000 and $ 1 000 000 notes reused paper for the $ 1 000 notes ( Pick no . 72 ) , thereby carrying the embedded holographic thread and watermark . Two types of paper ( regular and lined ) were used on $ 20 000 , $ 50 000 and $ 500 000 banknotes .
= = Paper money of the fourth dollar ( ZWL ) = =
The Zimbabwe dollar was again reformed on 2 February 2009 when the fourth dollar replaced the third dollar at the ratio of 1 000 000 000 000 ( 1012 ) to 1 with the original intention of phasing out the latter by 1 July 2009 . The 2009 banknote series was issued for the fourth dollar which circulated from 2 February 2009 until the suspension of the dollar on 12 April 2009 . The series consisted of denominations ranging from $ 1 to $ 500 . The notes had a revised design with chevrons as registration devices , the Zimbabwe Bird in Optically Variable Ink and an iridescent strip . Most parts of the design were recycled from designs of past issues and do not have a watermark although a plain space existed in the areas where it would normally be positioned .
= = Replacement banknotes = =
Special prefixes were allocated for Replacement banknotes of Zimbabwe . The prefixes used were as follows :
= = Valuation and collecting ability = =
Hyperinflationary Zimbabwean banknotes ( such as the $ 100 trillion denomination ) have gained considerable interest from the Numismatic community and buyers in general for its absurdity rather than the design . Some examples of such notes may be sold further in excess of their true face value .
The price and value of a Zimbabwean banknote depend on various factors : the rarity , based on factors such as the name of capital city , how long it was printed , or the type of watermark ; its condition , and the national situation at time of issue , such as shortages or hyperinflation . Common designs and variants such as the $ 100 note of 1995 ( Pick no . 9 ) are usually valued at about $ 1 apiece , while rare varieties such as the $ 10 Salisbury error note ( Pick no . 3b ) and the Standard Chartered issues are valued at around $ 100 or more . Zimbabwean banknotes are usually sold by banknote dealers over the counter or on the internet , although the most valued types theoretically qualify for inclusion in auction .
= = Other circulating banknotes = =
As in every fiscal emergency , hard currency , particularly the United States dollar , has long served as a parallel currency on the black market , and many prices in shops would be posted in US dollars , even during periods when it was illegal to possess foreign currency or to transact business in US dollars .
A unique form of circulating specie is the fuel ration coupon , which has been issued in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 and 2008 . Known denominations include 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 25 , & 50 litres of petrol ( gasoline ) , kerosene and / or diesel , and translate roughly into the local petrol price ( about 1 UK pound sterling per litre or US $ 1 @.@ 50 in late 2008 ) . Businesses , including Western Union , have been reported paying employees with these coupons , and even auctions have been transacted in this currency . As with much Zimbabwe currency , printing standards are crude and counterfeiting is rampant ; the RBZ has been dissuading this widespread use .
= Washington State Route 11 =
State Route 11 ( SR 11 ) is a 21 @.@ 28 @-@ mile ( 34 @.@ 25 km ) long state highway that serves Skagit and Whatcom counties in the U.S. state of Washington . SR 11 , known as Chuckanut Drive , begins at an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) north of Burlington and continues northwest through several small towns and the Chuckanut Mountains to the Fairhaven district of Bellingham , where the highway turns east and ends again at I @-@ 5 .
A segment of what is now SR 11 was originally added to the state highway system in 1895 as a Blanchard – Whatcom County line road . The highway became State Road 6 in 1905 and was named Waterfront Road in 1907 . The road was incorporated into the Pacific Highway in 1913 and U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) in 1926 . After an inland bypass was designated by the state to become US 99 in 1931 , Chuckanut Drive became U.S. Route 99 Alternate . During the 1964 highway renumbering , the road became SR 11 . In 1987 , SR 11 was realigned through Bellingham , shifting its northern terminus south to Fairhaven .
= = Route description = =
SR 11 , named Chuckanut Drive for its whole route , begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 5 north of Burlington . From the interchange , the highway travels northwest through farmland , closely paralleling a BNSF Railway route from Mount Vernon to Bellingham , also used by the Amtrak Cascades service . The road turns north to intersect Bow Hill Road , formerly SR 237 until 1991 , east of Edison . SR 11 continues north to Blanchard , where it begins to traverse a narrow strip of land between the Chuckanut Mountains and Samish Bay . Midway between Blanchard and the Skagit – Whatcom county line , the highway travels through a hairpin turn at Oyster Creek .
In Whatcom County , SR 11 travels generally northward through part of the oldest state park in Washington , the 2 @,@ 683 @-@ acre ( 10 @.@ 86 km2 ) Larrabee State Park .
Just past the park , the route travels through the Chuckanut Bay Community , situated on a small , fairly level peninsula separating Samish and Chuckanut bays . The steep mountainsides return north of the community , however , as SR 11 follows Chuckanut Bay to the southern outskirts of Bellingham . Here , the highway briefly parallels Bellingham Bay as it leaves the rural mountains for the city 's densely populated Fairhaven district .
The route initially heads northwest through Fairhaven , passing the district 's middle school and park before becoming 12th Street and crossing over the Interurban Trail . Two blocks north of the trail , SR 11 turns to travel east on Old Fairhaven Parkway , a wide two @-@ lane highway with a center left @-@ turn lane . The route continues past residential and commercial areas for about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to a diamond interchange with I @-@ 5 . While SR 11 ends here , Old Fairhaven Parkway continues east as Connelly Avenue .
= = History = =
Parts of modern SR 11 have been part of the state highway systems in Washington since 1895 , when a road from Blanchard to Whatcom County became a state @-@ maintained roadway . The road became State Road 6 in 1905 and was named Waterfront Road in 1907 . A survey of a north – south highway from Blaine to Vancouver was approved in 1909 , and the highway was built as the Pacific Highway in 1913 . In Skagit County , the Pacific Highway utilized the pre @-@ existing State Road 6 . Chuckanut Drive , a 20 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 32 km ) section of the Pacific Highway in the Chuckanut Mountains , was opened as a gravel road during the spring of 1916 and paved in 1921 . The Pacific Highway became State Road 1 in a 1923 restructuring of the highway system , at which time State Road 6 was completely replaced . When the U.S. route system was formed in 1926 , the Pacific Highway became US 99 . In 1931 , an inland bypass via Lake Samish was added to State Road 1 and US 99 . The former route of US 99 on Chuckanut Drive became US 99 Alternate .
US 99 became Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) in 1937 and US 99 Alternate became the Chuckanut Drive branch of the main highway , running from Burlington to downtown Bellingham . A 1964 renumbering introduced a new system of sign routes that was scheduled to go into effect in 1970 . As originally planned , the Chuckanut Drive branch of PSH 1 — already US 99 Alternate — would be co @-@ signed as SR 11 . In 1967 , Secondary State Highway 1F ( SSH 1F ) was established , connecting US 99 Alternate to US 99 via Fairhaven . During the same year , I @-@ 5 replaced US 99 , leading to the removal of the US 99 Alternate designation from what would become SR 11 . In 1970 , the SR 11 designation went into effect , running from Burlington to Downtown Bellingham .
SR 11 originally continued northeast through Downtown Bellingham to a terminus at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 5 just northeast of the downtown district . From Old Fairhaven Parkway , the route continued north on 12th Street in Fairhaven before turning northeast on Boulevard Street . The street split into a pair of one @-@ way streets , Forest Street and State Street , south of downtown . Forest Street merged into State Street in downtown Bellingham , and State Street subsequently merged into Iowa Street soon after . From here , Iowa Street carried SR 11 east for three blocks to a junction with I @-@ 5 . In 1987 , the northernmost portion of SR 11 was realigned to follow the route of former SSH 1F , then known as Old Fairhaven Parkway .
= = Major intersections = =
= Redback spider =
The redback spider ( Latrodectus hasseltii ) is a species of venomous spider indigenous to Australia . It is a member of the cosmopolitan genus Latrodectus , the widow spiders . The adult female is easily recognised by her spherical black body with a prominent red stripe on the upper side of her abdomen and an hourglass @-@ shaped red / orange streak on the underside . Females have a body length of about 10 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) , while the male is much smaller , being only 3 – 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 16 in ) long .
Mainly nocturnal , the female redback lives in an untidy web in a warm sheltered location , commonly near or inside human residences . It preys on insects , spiders and small vertebrates that become ensnared in its web . It kills its prey by injecting a complex venom through its two fangs when it bites , before wrapping them in silk and sucking out the liquefied insides . Male spiders and spiderlings often live on the periphery of the female spiders ' web and steal leftovers . Other species of spider and parasitoid wasps prey on this species . The redback is one of few arachnids which usually display sexual cannibalism while mating . The sperm is then stored in the spermathecae , organs of the female reproductive tract , and can be used up to two years later to fertilise several clutches of eggs . Each clutch averages 250 eggs and is housed in a round white silken egg sac . The redback spider has a widespread distribution in Australia , and inadvertent introductions have led to established colonies in New Zealand , Japan , and in greenhouses in Belgium .
The redback is one of the few spider species that can be seriously harmful to humans , and its preferred habitat has led it to being responsible for the large majority of serious spider bites in Australia . Predominantly neurotoxic to vertebrates , the venom gives rise to the syndrome of latrodectism in humans ; this starts with pain around the bite site , which typically becomes severe and progresses up the bitten limb and persists for over 24 hours . Sweating in localised patches of skin occasionally occurs and is highly indicative of latrodectism . Generalised symptoms of nausea , vomiting , headache , and agitation may also occur and indicate severe poisoning . An antivenom has been available since 1956 , and there have been no deaths directly due to redback bites since its introduction .
= = Taxonomy and naming = =
= = = Common names = = =
The common name " redback " is derived from the distinctive red stripe along the dorsal aspect of its abdomen . Other common names include red @-@ striped spider , red @-@ spot spider , jockey spider , Murra @-@ ngura spider , Kapara spider and the Kanna @-@ jeri spider .
= = = History = = =
Before DNA analysis , the taxonomy of the widow spider genus Latrodectus had been unclear — changes in the number of species reflect the difficulty of using morphology to determine subdivisions within the genus . Substantial interest in their systematics was most likely prompted by the medical importance of these venomous spiders . Swedish arachnologist Tamerlan Thorell described the redback spider in 1870 from specimens collected in Rockhampton and Bowen in central Queensland . He named it Latrodectus hasseltii in honour of colleague A.W.M. van Hasselt . In the same paper , he named a female from Cape York with an all @-@ black abdomen L. scelio , now regarded as the same species . These specimens are in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm .
German arachnologist Friedrich Dahl revised the genus in 1902 and named L. ancorifer from New Guinea , which was later regarded as a subspecies of the redback . Another subspecies , L. h. aruensis , was described by Norwegian entomologist Embrik Strand in 1911 . Subspecies indica ( of L. scelio ) had been described by Eugène Simon in 1897 , but its origin is unclear . Frederick Octavius Pickard @-@ Cambridge questioned Dahl 's separating species on what he considered minor anatomical details but Dahl dismissed Pickard @-@ Cambridge as an " ignoramus " . Pickard @-@ Cambridge was unsure whether L. hasseltii warranted species status , though he confirmed scelio and hasseltii as a single species , other researchers such as Ludwig Carl Christian Koch noting the differences to be inconsistent . The redback was also considered by some to be conspecific with the katipo ( L. katipo ) , which is native to New Zealand , though Koch regarded them as distinct .
Reviewing the genus Lactrodectus in 1959 , arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi concluded that the colour variations were largely continuous across the world and were not suitable for distinguishing the individual species . Instead , he focussed on differences in the morphology of the female sexual organs , and revised the number of recognised species from 22 to 6 . This included reclassifying the redback and several other species as subspecies of the best @-@ known member of the group , the black widow spider ( Latrodectus mactans ) , found in North America and other regions . He did not consider the subspecies L. h. ancorifer , L. h. aruensis and L. h. indicus distinct enough to warrant recognition . Subsequently , more reliable genetic studies have split the genus into about 30 species , and the redback has no recognised subspecies in modern classifications .
= = = Placement = = =
A member of the genus Latrodectus in the family Theridiidae , the redback belongs in a clade with the black widow spider , with the katipo as its closest relative . A 2004 molecular study supports the redback 's status as a distinct species , as does the unique abdomen @-@ presenting behaviour of the male during mating . The close relationship between the two species is shown when mating : the male redback is able to successfully mate with a female katipo producing hybrid offspring . However , the male katipo is too heavy to mate with the female redback , as it triggers a predatory response in the female when it approaches the web , causing the female to eat it . There is evidence of interbreeding between katipo and redbacks in the wild .
= = Description = =
The adult female redback has a body around 1 centimetre ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) long , with slender legs , the first pair of which are longer than the rest . The round abdomen is a deep black ( occasionally brownish ) , with a red ( sometimes orange ) longitudinal stripe on the upper surface and an hourglass @-@ shaped red / orange streak on the underside . Females with incomplete markings or all @-@ black abdomens occasionally occur . The cephalothorax is much smaller than the abdomen , and is black . Redback spiderlings are grey with dark spots , and become darker with each moult . Juvenile females have additional white markings on the abdomen . The bright red colours may serve as a warning to potential predators . Each spider has a pair of venom glands each attached to each of its chelicerae with very small fangs . Small compared to the female , the male redback is 3 – 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 16 in ) long and is light brown , with white markings on the upper side of the abdomen and a pale hourglass marking on the underside .
Another species in Australia with a similar physique , Steatoda capensis , has been termed the " false redback spider " , but it is uniformly black ( or plum ) , and does not display the red stripe .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Web = = =
The redback is mainly nocturnal ; the female remains concealed during the day , and spins her web during the night , usually remaining in the same location for most of her adult life . Classified as a gum @-@ footed tangle web , the web is an irregular @-@ looking tangle of fine but strong silk . Although the threads seem random , they are strategically placed for support and entrapment of prey . The rear portion of the web forms a funnel @-@ like retreat area where the spider and egg sacs are found . This area has vertical , sticky catching threads that run to ground attachments . The vertical strands act as trip wires to initially alert the spider to the presence of prey or threats . They also snare and haul prey into the air when weaker horizontal strands that hold them down , known as guy lines , break when prey thrash around . These webs are usually placed between two flat surfaces , one beneath the other . The female spends more time in the funnel and less time moving around during cooler weather .
= = = Prey = = =
Redbacks usually prey on insects , but can capture larger animals that become entangled in the web , including trapdoor spiders , small lizards , and even on rare occasion snakes . One web was recorded as containing a dead mouse . The woodlouse ( Porcellio scaber ) is a particularly common food item . Developing spiderlings need size @-@ appropriate prey , and laboratory studies show that they are willing to consume common fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) , mealworm larvae ( Tenebrio molitor ) , muscoid flies and early nymphs of cockroaches . Food scraps and lighting attract insect prey to areas of human activity , which brings the redbacks . Once alerted to a creature becoming ensnared in a trap line , the redback advances to around a leg 's length from its target , touching it and squirting a liquid glutinous silk over it to immobilise it . It then bites its victim repeatedly on the head , body and leg joints and wraps it in sticky and dry silk . Unlike other spiders , it does not rotate its prey while wrapping in silk , but like other spiders , it then injects a venom that liquefies its victim 's innards . Once it has trussed the prey , the redback takes it to its retreat and begins sucking out the liquefied insides , generally 5 to 20 minutes after first attacking it . Redback spiders do not usually drink , except when starved .
Commonly , prey @-@ stealing occurs where larger females take food items stored in other spiders ' webs . When they encounter other spiders of the same species , often including those of the opposite sex , they engage in battle , and the defeated spider is eaten . If a male redback is accepted by a female , it is permitted to feed on the victims snared in the female 's web . Baby spiders also steal food from their mother , which she tries to prevent . They also consume sticky silk as well as small midges and flies . Spiderlings are cannibalistic , more active ones sometimes eating their less active siblings .
= = = Life cycle = = =
Spiderlings hatch from their eggs after about 8 days and can emerge from the egg sac as early as 11 days after being laid , although cooler temperatures can significantly slow their development so that emergence does not occur for months . After hatching they spend about a week inside the egg sac , feeding on the yolk and molting once . Baby spiders appear from September to January ( spring to early summer ) . Male spiders mature through five instars in about 45 – 90 days . Females mature through seven – eight instars in about 75 – 120 days . Males live for up to six or seven months , while females may live between two and three years . Laboratory tests have shown that redbacks may survive for an average of 100 days , and sometimes over 300 days without any food , those starved at 10 ° C faring better than those kept without food at 25 ° C. Spiders are known to reduce their metabolic rates in response to starvation , and can distend their abdomens to store large amounts of food . Redbacks can survive temperatures from below freezing point to 40 ° C , though they do need relatively warm summers , with temperatures of 15 to 25 ° C for two to three months , to survive and breed .
Redback spiderlings cohabit on the maternal web for several days to a week , during which time sibling cannibalism is often observed . They then leave by being carried on the wind . They follow light and climb to the top of nearby logs or rocks before extending their abdomens high in the air and producing a droplet of silk . The liquid silk is drawn out into a long gossamer thread that , when long enough , carries the spider away . This behaviour is known as ballooning or kiting . Eventually , the silken thread will adhere to an object where the young spider will establish its own web . They sometimes work cooperatively , climbing , releasing silk and being carried off in clusters . Juvenile spiders build webs , sometimes with other spiders .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Before a juvenile male leaves its mother 's web , it builds a small sperm web on which it deposits its sperm from its gonads and then collects it back into each of its two palps ( copulatory organs ) , because the gonads and palps are not internally connected . After it moults into its last instar , it sets off wandering to seek a female . The male spider does not eat during this period . How males find females is unclear , and it is possible they may balloon like juveniles . A Western Australian field study found that most males took 6 to 8 weeks to travel around 3 to 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 to 11 @.@ 5 ft ) with occasional journeys of over 8 m ( 26 ft ) , but that only around 11 – 13 % successfully found a mate . They are attracted by pheromones , which are secreted by unmated sexually @-@ mature female redback spiders onto their webs and include a serine derivative ( N @-@ 3 @-@ methylbutyryl @-@ O- ( S ) -2 @-@ methylbutyryl @-@ L @-@ serine ) . This is thought to be the sole method by which males assess a female 's reproductive status , and their courtship dismantles much of the pheremone @-@ marked web .
During mating , the male redback attempts to copulate by inserting one of its palps into the one of the female 's two spermathecae ( sperm storage organs ) , each of which has its own insemination orifice . It then tries and often succeeds in inserting the other palp into the female 's second orifice . The redback spider is one of only two animals known where the male has been found to actively assist the female in sexual cannibalism . In the process of mating , the much smaller male somersaults to place his abdomen over the female 's mouthparts . In about two of three cases , the female fully consumes the male while mating continues . Males which are not eaten die of their injuries soon after mating . Sacrifice during mating is thought to confer two advantages to the males . The first is the eating process allows for a longer period of copulation and thus fertilisation of more eggs . The second is females which have eaten a male are more likely to reject subsequent males . Although this prohibits future mating for the males , this is not a serious disadvantage , because the spiders are sufficiently sparse that less than 20 % of males ever find a potential mate during their lifetimes , and in any case , the male is functionally sterile if he has used the contents of both of his palps in the first mating .
Some redback males have been observed using an alternative tactic that also ensures more of their genetic material is passed on . Juvenile female redbacks nearing their final moulting and adulthood have fully formed reproductive organs , but lack openings in the exoskeleton that allow access to the organs . Males will bite through the exoskeleton and deliver sperm without performing the somersault seen in males mating with adult females . The females then moult within a few days and deliver a clutch of fertilised eggs .
Once the female has mated , the sperm is stored in one or both of her spermathecae . The sperm can be used to fertilise several batches of eggs , over a period of up to two years ( estimated from observations of closely related species ) , but typically restarts the female 's pheromone production advertising her sexual availability about three months after mating . A female spider may lay four to ten egg sacs , each of which is around 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) in diameter and contains on average around 250 eggs , though can be as few as 40 or as many as 500 . She prepares a shallow concave disc around 3 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 in ) in diameter before laying eggs into it over a period of around five minutes before laying more silk to complete the sac , which becomes spherical , the whole process taking around one and a quarter hours . She can produce a new egg sac as early as one to three weeks after her last .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The World Spider Catalog gives the distribution of the redback spider as Southeast Asia to Australia , and New Zealand . It is probably native to Australia ; however , it has been suggested that it may have been spread to Australia by human activities , because it was first found at seaports . Queensland researchers Robert Raven and Julie @-@ Ann Gallon also argued its preference for habitats altered by humans to be further evidence of this . Spider expert Barbara York Main queried that were it indeed introduced , it would be odd that Australia was missing from the worldwide distribution of Latrodectus species . The redback 's close relationship with the New Zealand katipo also supports the native status of both in their respective countries .
The species was known by 1850 in South Australia , only 14 years after European settlement there , but had not been reported in early spider collections in other colonies . Outside urban areas , the redback is more often found in drier habitats ranging from sclerophyll forest to desert , even as harsh as the Simpson Desert . It became much more common in urban areas in the early decades of the 20th century , and is now found in all but the most inhospitable environments in Australia and its cities . It is particularly common in Brisbane , Perth and Alice Springs . The redback spider is commonly found in close proximity to human residences . Webs are usually built in dry , dark , sheltered sites , such as among rocks , in logs , tree hollows , shrubs , old tyres , sheds , outhouses , empty tins and boxes , children 's toys or under rubbish or litter . Letterboxes and the undersurface of toilet seats are common sites . Populations can be controlled by clearing these habitats , squashing the spiders and their egg sacs , and using pesticide in outhouses . The CSIRO Division of Entomology recommends against the use of spider pesticides due to their toxicity , and because redbacks are rapid recolonists anyway .
Spiders in the French territory of New Caledonia in the Pacific were identified as L. hasselti in 1920 , based on morphology . Their behaviour differs from Australian redbacks , as they do not engage in sexual cannibalism and are less prone to biting humans . The first recorded envenomation in New Caledonia was in 2007 .
= = = Introductions = = =
The redback spider 's affinity for human @-@ modified habitat has enabled it to spread to several countries via international shipping and trade . Furthermore , its tolerance to cold means that it has the ability to colonise many temperate countries with a winter climate cooler than Australia . This is concerning due to the risks to people being bitten who are unaware of its venomous nature , and also to the conservation of local threatened insect species that the redback might prey upon .
Redback spiders are also found in small colonies in areas of New Zealand . They are frequently intercepted by quarantine authorities , often among steel or car shipments . They were introduced into New Zealand in the early 1980s and now are found around Central Otago ( including Alexandra , Bannockburn and near Wanaka ) in the South Island and New Plymouth in the North Island . Authorities in the United Arab Emirates warn residents and visitors of redback spiders , which have been present since 1990 . Colonies have also been established in greenhouses in Belgium , and isolated observations indicate possible presence in New Guinea , the Philippines , and India . Some redbacks were found in Preston , Lancashire , England , after a container of parts arrived from Australia ; some may have escaped into the countryside before pest controllers could destroy them . One redback was recently found in a back garden in Dartford in Kent . Two females were discovered in the Iranian port city of Bandar Abbas in 2010 .
There is an established population of redback spiders in Osaka , Japan , thought to have arrived in cargoes of wood chips . In 2008 , redback spiders were found in Fukuoka , Japan . Over 700 have been found near the container terminal in Hakata Bay , Fukuoka City . Dispersal mechanisms within Japan are unclear , but redbacks are thought to have spread by walking or by being carried on vehicles . In September 2012 , a woman was hospitalised after being bitten in the Higashi Ward of Fukuoka City . Signs warning about redback spiders have been posted in parks around the city , as Japan previously had no dangerous spiders .
= = Predators and parasitoids = =
The black house spider ( Badumna insignis ) , daddy @-@ long @-@ legs spider ( Pholcus phalangioides ) and the giant daddy @-@ long @-@ legs spider ( Artema atlanta ) are known to prey on the redback spider , and redbacks are often absent if these species are present in significant numbers . Agenioideus nigricornis , a spider wasp , is a parasitoid of the adult redback . Other wasps of the families Eurytomidae and Ichneumonidae parasitise redback eggs , and mantid lacewings ( Neuroptera and Mantispidae ) prey on redback eggs .
= = Bites to humans = =
= = = Incidence = = =
The redback spider is responsible for far more envenomations requiring antivenom than any other creature in Australia . Estimates of the number of people thought to be bitten by redback spiders each year across Australia range from 2 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 . The larger female spider is responsible for almost all cases of redback spider bites . The smaller male was thought to be unable to envenomate a human , although some cases have been reported ; their rarity is probably due to the male 's smaller size and proportionally smaller fangs , rather than the male being incapable of biting or lacking potent venom . The bite from both juvenile and mature females appear to have similar potency . The male bite usually only produces short @-@ lived , mild pain . Most bites occur in the warmer months between December and April , in the afternoon or evening . As the female redback is slow @-@ moving and rarely leaves her web , bites generally occur as a result of placing a hand or other body part too close to the web , such as when reaching into dark holes or wall cavities . Bites often also occur when a hidden spider is disturbed in objects such as clothes , shoes , gloves , building materials or garden tools .
A 2004 review reported 46 % of bites occurring on distal extremities of the limbs , 25 % on proximal areas of limbs ( upper arms and thighs ) , 21 % on the trunk , and 7 % on the head or neck . In some cases the same spider bites a victim multiple times . Historically , victims were often bitten on the genitalia , though this phenomenon disappeared as outhouses were superseded by plumbed indoor toilets . Conversely , bites on the head and neck have increased with use of safety helmets and ear muffs . Precautions to avoid being bitten include wearing gloves and shoes while gardening , not leaving clothes on the floor , and shaking out gloves or shoes before putting them on . Also , children can be educated not to touch spiders .
= = = Venom = = =
The redback and its relatives in the genus Lactrodectus are among the most dangerous spider genera , alongside funnel @-@ web spiders ( Atrax and Hadronyche ) , mouse spiders ( Missulena ) , banana spiders ( Phoneutria ) and recluse spiders ( Loxosceles ) . Venom is produced by holocrine glands in the spider 's chelicerae ( mouth parts ) . Venom accumulates in the lumen of the glands and passes through paired ducts into the spider 's two hollow fangs . The venom of the redback spider is thought to be similar to that of the other Latrodectus spiders . It contains a complex mixture of cellular constituents , enzymes and a number of high @-@ molecular @-@ weight toxins , including insect toxins and a vertebrate neurotoxin called alpha @-@ latrotoxin , which is active in humans .
In vertebrates , alpha @-@ latrotoxin produces its effect through destabilisation of cell membranes and degranulation of nerve terminals , resulting in excessive release of neurotransmitters , namely acetylcholine , norepinephrine and GABA . Excess neurotransmitter activity leads to the clinical manifestations of envenomation , although the precise mechanisms are not well @-@ understood . Female redbacks have an average of around 0 @.@ 08 – 0 @.@ 10 mg of venom , and experiments indicate that the median lethal dose ( LD50 ) for mice at room temperature is 10 – 20 % of this quantity ( 0 @.@ 27 – 0 @.@ 91 mg / kg based on the mass of the mice used ) , but that it is considerably more deadly for mice kept at lower or higher temperatures . Pure alpha @-@ latrotoxin has an LD50 in mice of 20 – 40 µg / kg .
The specific variant of the vertebrate toxin found in the redback was cloned and sequenced in 2012 , and was found to be a sequence of 1180 amino acids , with a strong similarity to the equivalent molecule across the Latrodectus mactans clade . The syndromes caused by bites from any spiders of the Latrodectus genus have similarities ; there is some evidence there is a higher incidence of sweating , and local and radiating pain with the redback , while black widow envenomation results in more back and abdominal pain , and abdominal rigidity is a feature common with bites from the west coast button spider ( Latrodectus indistinctus ) of South Africa .
One crustacean @-@ specific and two insect @-@ specific neurotoxins have been recovered from the Mediterranean black widow ( L. tredecimguttatus ) , as have small peptides that inhibit angiotensin @-@ 1 @-@ converting enzyme ; the venom of the redback , although little @-@ studied , likely has similar agents .
= = = Antivenom = = =
Redback antivenom was developed by Commonwealth Serum Laboratories , then a government body involved with discovering antivenoms for many venomous Australian creatures . Production involves the milking of venom from thousands of redbacks and repeatedly inoculating horses with non @-@ lethal doses of it . The horses ' immune systems make polyclonal antibodies . Blood plasma , containing the antibodies , is extracted by plasmapheresis . The plasma is treated with pepsin , and the active F ( ab ' ) 2 fragments are separated and purified . Each vial contains 500 units of redback antivenom in approximately 1 @.@ 5 ml , which is enough to inactivate 5 mg redback spider venom . The antivenom has been safely administered to women in various stages of pregnancy .
Redback antivenom has been widely used in Australia for decades , although evidence from controlled studies for its effectiveness has been lacking . Further studies are needed to confirm or refute its effectiveness . It appears clinically active against arachnidism caused by Steatoda spiders ; however , as these cases are often mild and the evidence of its effectiveness is limited , this treatment is not recommended . Similarly , the antivenom has been effective with those of L. katipo , and L. tredecimguttatus . Animal studies also support its use against envenomation from other widow spiders , having successfully been tested against venom from L. mactans , L. hesperus , and L. tredecimguttatus ( synonym L. lugubris ) .
= = = Signs and symptoms = = =
Envenomation from a redback spider bite produces a syndrome known as latrodectism ; a half to two @-@ thirds of people bitten develop significant pain or systemic symptoms . The diagnosis is made from the clinical condition , often based on the victim being aware of a bite and ideally with identification of the spider . Laboratory tests are rarely needed and there is no specific test for the venom or latrodectism .
The redback 's small size means that swelling or puncture marks at the bite site are uncommon . The bite may be painful from the start , but more often only feels like a pinprick or mild burning sensation . Within an hour , a more severe local pain may develop with local sweating and sometimes piloerection ( goosebumps ) — these three symptoms together are a classic presentation of redback spider envenomation . Pain , swelling and redness can spread proximally up a limb or away from the bite site and regional lymph nodes may become painful . Some subjects with delayed symptoms may present with a characteristic sweating and pain in the lower limbs , generally below the knees , or a burning sensation in the soles of the feet . This may eventuate even if the person was bitten somewhere else on their body .
Around one in three subjects develops systemic envenomation ; this may occur after a number of hours , or rarely , be delayed for more than 24 hours ; symptoms typically include nausea , vomiting , abdominal or chest pain , agitation , headache , generalised sweating and hypertension . Severe pain usually persists for over 24 hours after being bitten , and symptoms of envenomation may linger for weeks or even months . Rare complications include seizure , coma , pulmonary edema , respiratory failure or localised skin infection . Children , the elderly , or those with serious medical conditions are at much higher risk of severe effects and death resulting from a bite . Infants have died within hours of a bite , but adult fatalities have taken up to 30 days .
Children and infants may be unable to report being bitten , making it difficult to associate their symptoms with a spider bite . Symptoms seen in infants include inconsolable crying , refusing to feed and a general erythematous rash . Muscle aches and pains , and neck spasm are often seen in children over four years of age .
Unlike those of some other Australian spiders , redback bites do not necrose . Latrodectism has been misdiagnosed as various medical conditions including acute hepatitis , sepsis , testicular torsion or an acute abdomen .
= = = Treatment = = =
Treatment is based on the severity of poisoning from the bite ; the majority of cases do not require medical care , and patients with localised pain , swelling and redness usually only require local application of ice and simple oral analgesia such as paracetamol . Pressure immobilisation of the wound site is not recommended , as the venom spreads very slowly and is not affected . Keeping the victim still to reduce the spread of the venom is beneficial .
Hospital assessment is recommended if simple pain relief does not resolve local pain , or clinical features of systemic envenoming occur . Opioid analgesics may be necessary to relieve pain . Antivenom is generally given for adults suffering severe local pain or symptoms of systemic envenomation consistent with latrodectism , which include pain and swelling spreading proximally from site , distressing local or systemic pain refractory to simple analgesia , chest pain , abdominal pain , or excessive sweating ( diaphoresis ) . A significant proportion of bites will not result in envenomation or any symptoms developing ; around 2 – 20 % of bite victims require treatment with the antivenom . In an Australian study of 750 emergency hospital admissions for spider bites where the spider was definitively identified , 56 were from redbacks . Of these , 37 had significant pain lasting over 24 hours , but only six were treated with the antivenom .
The antivenom manufacturer 's product information recommends one vial , although this is often insufficient . Hence current guidelines indicate two vials , with a further two vials recommended if symptoms do not resolve within two hours . The antivenom can be given by injection intramuscularly ( IM ) or intravenously ( IV ) . The manufacturer recommends IM use , with IV administration reserved for life @-@ threatening cases . However , toxicologist Geoffrey Isbister has suggested IM antivenom is not as effective as IV antivenom , after finding that IM antivenom takes longer to reach the blood serum . These concerns have led two handbooks to recommend IV in preference to IM administration in Australian practice . Despite a long history of usage and anecdotal evidence of effectiveness , there is a lack of data from controlled studies confirming the antivenom 's benefits . Before the introduction of antivenom , benzodiazepines and intravenous calcium gluconate were used to relieve symptoms of pain and distress , although calcium is not recommended as its benefit has not been shown in clinical trials .
Studies support the safety of ant
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stoic " has come to mean " unemotional " or indifferent to pain , because Stoic ethics taught freedom from " passion " by following " reason " . The Stoics did not seek to extinguish emotions ; rather , they sought to transform them by a resolute " askēsis " that enables a person to develop clear judgment and inner calm . Logic , reflection , and concentration were the methods of such self @-@ discipline .
Borrowing from the Cynics , the foundation of Stoic ethics is that good lies in the state of the soul itself ; in wisdom and self @-@ control . Stoic ethics stressed the rule : " Follow where reason leads . " One must therefore strive to be free of the passions , bearing in mind that the ancient meaning of " passion " was " anguish " or " suffering " , that is , " passively " reacting to external events , which is somewhat different from the modern use of the word . A distinction was made between pathos ( plural pathe ) which is normally translated as passion , propathos or instinctive reaction ( e.g. , turning pale and trembling when confronted by physical danger ) and eupathos , which is the mark of the Stoic sage ( sophos ) . The eupatheia are feelings that result from correct judgment in the same way as passions result from incorrect judgment .
The idea was to be free of suffering through apatheia ( Greek : ἀπάθεια ) or peace of mind ( literally , " without passion " ) , where peace of mind was understood in the ancient sense — being objective or having " clear judgment " and the maintenance of equanimity in the face of life 's highs and lows .
For the Stoics , reason meant not only using logic , but also understanding the processes of nature — the logos , or universal reason , inherent in all things . Living according to reason and virtue , they held , is to live in harmony with the divine order of the universe , in recognition of the common reason and essential value of all people .
The four cardinal virtues of the Stoic philosophy is a classification derived from the teachings of Plato :
wisdom ( Sophia )
courage ( Andreia )
justice ( Dikaiosyne )
temperance ( Sophrosyne ) .
Following Socrates , the Stoics held that unhappiness and evil are the results of human ignorance of the reason in nature . If someone is unkind , it is because they are unaware of their own universal reason , which leads to the conclusion of kindness . The solution to evil and unhappiness then , is the practice of Stoic philosophy : to examine one 's own judgments and behavior and determine where they diverge from the universal reason of nature .
The Stoics accepted that suicide was permissible for the wise person in circumstances that might prevent them from living a virtuous life . Plutarch held that accepting life under tyranny would have compromised Cato 's self @-@ consistency ( constantia ) as a Stoic and impaired his freedom to make the honorable moral choices . Suicide could be justified if one fell victim to severe pain or disease , but otherwise suicide would usually be seen as a rejection of one 's social duty .
= = = The doctrine of " things indifferent " = = =
In philosophical terms , things that are indifferent are outside the application of moral law , that is without tendency to either promote or obstruct moral ends . Actions neither required nor forbidden by the moral law , or that do not affect morality , are called morally indifferent . The doctrine of things indifferent ( ἀδιάφορα , adiaphora ) arose in the Stoic school as a corollary of its diametric opposition of virtue and vice ( καθήκοντα kathekon and ἁμαρτήματα hamartemata , respectively " convenient actions , " or actions in accordance with nature , and mistakes ) . As a result of this dichotomy , a large class of objects were left unassigned and thus regarded as indifferent .
Eventually three sub @-@ classes of " things indifferent " developed : things to prefer because they assist life according to nature ; things to avoid because they hinder it ; and things indifferent in the narrower sense . The principle of adiaphora was also common to the Cynics and Sceptics . The doctrine of things indifferent was revived during the Renaissance by Philipp Melanchthon .
= = = Spiritual exercise = = =
Philosophy for a Stoic is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims , it is a way of life involving constant practice and training ( or askesis , see asceticism ) . Stoic philosophical and spiritual practices included logic , Socratic dialogue and self @-@ dialogue , contemplation of death , training attention to remain in the present moment ( similar to some forms of Eastern meditation ) , and daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions . Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self @-@ reminder .
In his Meditations , Marcus Aurelius defines several such practices . For example , in Book II.I :
Say to yourself in the early morning : I shall meet today ungrateful , violent , treacherous , envious , uncharitable men . All of the ignorance of real good and ill ... I can neither be harmed by any of them , for no man will involve me in wrong , nor can I be angry with my kinsman or hate him ; for we have come into the world to work together ...
Prior to Aurelius , Epictetus in his Discourses , distinguished between three types of act : judgment , desire , and inclination . According to French philosopher Pierre Hadot , Epictetus identifies these three acts with logic , physics , and ethics respectively . Hadot writes that in the Meditations , " Each maxim develops either one of these very characteristic topoi [ i.e. , acts ] , or two of them or three of them . "
The practices of spiritual exercises have been described as influencing those of reflective practice by Seamus Mac Suibhne . Parallels between Stoic spiritual exercises and modern cognitive @-@ behavioral therapy have been detailed at length in Robertson 's The Philosophy of Cognitive @-@ Behavioral Therapy .
= = Social philosophy = =
A distinctive feature of Stoicism is its cosmopolitanism : All people are manifestations of the one universal spirit and should , according to the Stoics , live in brotherly love and readily help one another . In the Discourses , Epictetus comments on man 's relationship with the world : " Each human being is primarily a citizen of his own commonwealth ; but he is also a member of the great city of gods and men , whereof the city political is only a copy . " This sentiment echoes that of Diogenes of Sinope , who said " I am not an Athenian or a Corinthian , but a citizen of the world . "
They held that external differences such as rank and wealth are of no importance in social relationships . Instead they advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings . Stoicism became the most influential school of the Greco @-@ Roman world , and produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities , such as Cato the Younger and Epictetus .
In particular , they were noted for their urging of clemency toward slaves . Seneca exhorted , " Kindly remember that he whom you call your slave sprang from the same stock , is smiled upon by the same skies , and on equal terms with yourself breathes , lives , and dies . "
= = Christianity = =
The major difference between the two philosophies ( social and spiritual ) is Stoicism 's pantheism , in which God is never fully transcendent but always immanent . God as the world @-@ creating entity is personalized in Christian thought , but Stoicism equates God with the totality of the universe , which was deeply contrary to Christianity . The only incarnation in Stoicism is that each person has part of the logos within . Stoicism , unlike Christianity , does not posit a beginning or end to the universe .
Stoicism was later regarded by the Fathers of the Church as a " pagan philosophy " ; nonetheless , some of the central philosophical concepts of Stoicism were employed by the early Christian writers . Examples include the terms " logos " , " virtue " , " Spirit " , and " conscience " . But the parallels go well beyond the sharing and borrowing of terminology . Both Stoicism and Christianity assert an inner freedom in the face of the external world , a belief in human kinship with Nature or God , a sense of the innate depravity — or " persistent evil " — of humankind , and the futility and temporarity of worldly possessions and attachments . Both encourage Ascesis with respect to the passions and inferior emotions such as lust , and envy , so that the higher possibilities of one 's humanity can be awakened and developed .
Stoic writings such as the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius have been highly regarded by many Christians throughout the centuries . The Stoic ideal of dispassion is accepted to this day as the perfect moral state by the Eastern Orthodox Church . Saint Ambrose of Milan was known for applying Stoic philosophy to his theology .
= = = Influences = = =
The apostle Paul met with Stoics during his stay in Athens , reported in Acts 17 : 16 @-@ 18 . In his letters , Paul reflected heavily from his knowledge of Stoic philosophy , using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of the revealed word of God .
Stoic influence can also be seen in the works of St. Ambrose , Marcus Minucius Felix , and Tertullian .
Admiral James Stockdale , who was shot down over North Vietnam , held as a prisoner and repeatedly tortured was deeply influenced by Epictetus after being introduced to his works while at Stanford University . As he parachuted down from his plane , he reportedly said to himself " I 'm leaving the world of technology and entering the world of Epictetus ! "
= = Modern usage = =
The word " stoic " commonly refers to someone indifferent to pain , pleasure , grief , or joy . The modern usage as " person who represses feelings or endures patiently " was first cited in 1579 as a noun , and 1596 as an adjective . In contrast to the term " Epicurean " , the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 's entry on Stoicism notes , " the sense of the English adjective ' stoical ' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins . "
= = Philosophers = =
Zeno of Citium ( 332 – 262 BC ) , founder of Stoicism and the Stoic Academy ( Stoa ) in Athens
Aristo of Chios ( fl . 260 BC ) , pupil of Zeno ;
Herillus of Carthage ( fl . 3rd century BC )
Cleanthes ( of Assos ) ( 330 – 232 BC ) , second head of Stoic Academy
Chrysippus ( 280 – 204 BC ) , third head of the academy
Diogenes of Babylon ( 230 – 150 BC )
Antipater of Tarsus ( 210 – 129 BC )
Panaetius of Rhodes ( 185 – 109 BC )
Posidonius of Apameia ( c . 135 BC – 51 BC )
Diodotus ( c . 120 BC – 59 BC ) , teacher of Cicero
Cato the Younger ( 94 – 46 BC )
Seneca ( 4 BC – AD 65 )
Gaius Musonius Rufus ( 1st century AD )
Rubellius Plautus ( AD 33 – 62 )
Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus ( 1st century AD )
Lucius Annaeus Cornutus ( 1st century AD )
Epictetus ( AD 55 – 135 )
Hierocles ( 2nd century AD )
Marcus Aurelius ( AD 121 – 180 )
= = = Studies = = =
Bakalis , Nikolaos , Handbook of Greek Philosophy : From Thales to the Stoics . Analysis and Fragments , Trafford Publishing , May 2005 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4120 @-@ 4843 @-@ 5
Becker , Lawrence C. , A New Stoicism ( Princeton : Princeton Univ . Press , 1998 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 01660 @-@ 7
Brennan , Tad , The Stoic Life ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ; paperback 2006 )
Brooke , Christopher . Philosophic Pride : Stoicism and Political Thought from Lipsius to Rousseau ( Princeton UP , 2012 ) excerpts
Inwood , Brad ( ed . ) , The Cambridge Companion to The Stoics ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 )
Lachs , John , Stoic Pragmatism ( Indiana University Press , 2012 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 253 @-@ 22376 @-@ 8
Long , A. A. , Stoic Studies ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ; repr . University of California Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 22974 @-@ 6
Robertson , Donald , The Philosophy of Cognitive @-@ Behavioral Therapy : Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy ( London : Karnac , 2010 ) ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 85575 @-@ 756 @-@ 1
Sellars , John , Stoicism ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 2006 ) ISBN 1 @-@ 84465 @-@ 053 @-@ 7
Stephens , William O. , Stoic Ethics : Epictetus and Happiness as Freedom ( London : Continuum , 2007 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 8264 @-@ 9608 @-@ 3
Strange , Steven ( ed . ) , Stoicism : Traditions and Transformations ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press , 2004 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 82709 @-@ 4
Zeller , Eduard ; Reichel , Oswald J. , The Stoics , Epicureans and Sceptics , Longmans , Green , and Co . , 1892
= Kikuuiki =
Kikuuiki ( English : Mixing Airspace ; stylized as kikUUiki , Japanese pronunciation : [ kikɯ : iki ] ) is the fourth studio album by Japanese band Sakanaction . It was released on March 17 , 2010 , through Victor Entertainment . In January , the album was preceded by the single " Aruku Around " , which was met with the greatest commercial success for the band since their debut , reaching number three on Oricon 's singles chart . The album was nominated as one of the finalists for the CD Shop Awards , and was lauded by critics for its cohesive sound and literary lyrics . At the time of release , it was their most commercially successful release since their debut , reaching number three in Japan .
Sakanaction spent most of 2009 experimenting on the album 's single " Aruku Around " , followed by two months of recording in January and February 2010 . Most of the final recording stages were spent on the song " Me ga Aku Aiiro " , a seven @-@ minute rock opera used as a promotional single during its release . The album saw a new recording approach for the band , where the members worked more spontaneously and synchronized . The album was influenced by the commercial success of " Aruku Around " , and was written as a response to the song .
= = Background and development = =
After recording two studio albums in Sapporo , the band moved to Tokyo in spring 2009 to further their musical potential . Their first album produced in Tokyo , Shin @-@ shiro ( 2009 ) , saw a new approach for the band , where vocalist Ichiro Yamaguchi asked the other members of Sakanaction to arrange songs individually , instead of together . Led by the singles " Sen to Rei " and " Native Dancer " , the album became their most commercially successful in their career , peaking at number eight on Oricon 's album chart . Despite this , Yamaguchi was disappointed with the sales , and was not sure why the album stalled at 30 @,@ 000 copies sold .
After the release of the album in January 2009 , Sakanaction performed a two @-@ month tour of Japan , Sakanaquarium 2009 : Shinshiro . This was followed by appearances at many summer music festivals , including Sweet Love Shower , Nano @-@ Mugen Fes , Rock in Japan and Rising Sun Rock Festival . On June 13 , 2009 , Sakanaction performed at Version 21 @.@ 1 , a newly created rock event by Sakanaction and the rock bands Ogre You Asshole and the Telephones to showcase rock music of the 2010s . On October 10 , Sakanaction performed their first overseas concert , the Gentra X Ssamzie Sound Festival in Paju , South Korea .
Yamaguchi had started collecting ideas for Kikuuiki in February 2009 , less than a month after the release of Shin @-@ shiro . The band spent most of 2009 experimenting on the song " Aruku Around " , and performed the song at their summer festival appearances at Rock in Japan and Rising Sun Rock Festival , to see how the audience would react to the song 's different approach . After " Aruku Around " was released as a single in January 2010 , it became a commercial and critical success . It reached number three on Oricon 's single charts , and was praised for its strong arrangement and Yamaguchi 's poetic lyrics . The single 's success surprised the band , who never considered it could become as popular as it did .
= = Writing and production = =
The album was primarily recorded at Freedom Studio in Shinjuku , Tokyo , with secondary recording sessions held at Sound Arts , Avaco Creative Studio and Galva Studio , all in Tokyo , as well as Studio Wakefield in Tama @-@ ku , Kawasaki . Recording sessions for " Aruku Around " were held in 2009 , while the bulk of the album was recorded in January and February 2010 . The recording sessions finished on February 16 , a month before the album 's release date . The writing process took longer than expected and the band had to postpone the album four times from their intended finishing date , mostly due to the complexities of recording the seven minute long song " Me ga Aku Aiiro " .
The Kikuuiki album sessions were influenced by the commercial success of " Aruku Around " , where the band considered what sorts of songs they wanted to make , and what sort of music they should present to their new audience for the audience to understand what songs Sakanaction create other than " Aruku Around " -style ones . The band did not want to make an album full of songs identical to " Aruku Around " , and instead wanted to express to their listeners the breadth of musical inspirations that they could mix together . Yamaguchi felt that it was important to not release a second similar song immediately after " Aruku Around " , as he saw that music consumers in the 2010s were acting as critics on their own Mixi or Twitter accounts . For these people , he believed it was important to exhibit different aspects of the band . He felt this was important for growing Sakanaction as a band , to break the cycle of a musical act becoming popular , then continuing to release the same style of music that made them popular until people grew tired of them . Even before the single 's success , the band planned to feature songs on the album that would go against listeners expectations of what Sakanaction was as a band . On the other hand , the band attempted to keep a commercial sound , the same goal of Shin @-@ shiro , or else they felt that their efforts would have been wasted . This led the band trying to create pop art music , blending art with commercialism .
The creation process for Kikuuiki was different to that of Shin @-@ shiro , where each member worked alongside Yamaguchi in a two @-@ person meeting , and later working on the songs together as a band . For Kikuuiki , Yamaguchi recorded each song 's demo , then in a meeting the band would discuss the song 's feel and emotions , listing everything on a white board . Yamaguchi would then leave the other four band members to work on the song together , while he worked on their next song . Afterwards , he would return to the studio and make suggestions on their progress on the first song . This meant that Yamaguchi had less input on Kikuuiki than on the band 's previous albums , which made him feel more like the band 's producer . The lessened input made Yamaguchi feel that he had come to trust each member 's musical abilities much more than before . On previous albums , the members needed to compromise or give up on ideas that they had , however on Kikuuiki they found that they understood each other much better . This led to the members expressing themselves more , such as drummer Keiichi Ejima , who showcased his taste in rock music strongly in the sound he created for the album . Many songs were still being created when they were recording , unlike previous albums where songs were entirely finished before recording the final take . This meant that many spontaneous ideas were included on the album . An example of this was the band wanted to add a chorus , they collected together all the people who happened to be in the studio at the time , including their musical director . The spontaneous process led to the song " Klee " , written about the paintings of Swiss @-@ German painter Paul Klee , to be recorded in a single take . Similarly , the song " Coelacanth to Boku " was inspired by the atmosphere of Yamaguchi 's room as the album was being created . Instead of featuring repeating sounds on the album , Sakanaction decided to carefully consider how each sound @-@ effect effected the song , and included very few repeating sounds .
The album 's title Kikuuiki ( 汽空域 , Kikūiki ) is a word coined by Yamaguchi . It is related to the term kisui 'iki ( 汽水域 ) , a term describing the brackish water around river heads , where fresh water and salt water mix together . Yamaguchi replaced the character referring to water with the character referring to sky , applying the concept to mixing air instead . This phrase is used to represent the album 's theme : mixing the unmixable . This idea related to how each member had completely different music tastes , but somehow were able to create music together . Similarly , it related to the idea of how Sakanaction as a band mixed rock , club and folk music , but were able to blend different tastes to find an equilibrium that a wide range of people would like . The band created the song " Me ga Aku Aiiro " as a song that would represent the album 's theme in a single song . The album 's introduction , a mix of recordings taken by Yamaguchi on his iPhone at the recording studio , was similarly created to match this theme .
The album was influenced by the changing mediums people listen to music in the 2000s and 2010s : how people used their cellphones or YouTube to discover new music . Yamaguchi wanted to create songs that were difficult to evaluate by listening to just a sample of the song . The seven minute long " Me ga Aku Aiiro " in particular was written with such music consumers in mind . The band also felt influenced by the city of Tokyo , after living in the city for a year and a half and deciding to call it their permanent home . Retrospectively , Yamaguchi saw Shin @-@ shiro as depicting the band as they had arrived in Tokyo , while Kikuuiki showed the versions of themselves that they had discovered by living in Tokyo .
After recording Shin @-@ shiro , the band had many opportunities to meet other bands that performed similar music to them , because they were now based in Tokyo . In particular , Yamaguchi felt influenced by Yūsuke Koide of Base Ball Bear , impressed that Koide 's lyrics managed to express himself as himself , despite their fictional nature . Yamaguchi wrote his first fiction song because of this , " Omotesandō Nijūroku @-@ ji " , as a challenge for himself , and to match the mixing theme of Kikuuiki . Yamaguchi took further inspiration from the Shōwa period in Japan during its asset price bubble when writing " Omotesandō Nijūroku @-@ ji " . The song " Ushio " was one of the first compositions written for the album . Yamaguchi decided to place it as the first song on the album , as he felt it was similar to the material found on Shin @-@ shiro , as a way to show off what sort of band Sakanaction were up until the release of " Aruku Around " . The song mixed a heavy lyrical theme of whether personal philosophies arise from a person 's community or from within themselves , with a psychedelic , avant garde pop sound .
Yamaguchi found the Kikuuiki recording sessions exhausting , as if he had used all of his energy in the writing process . In an interview with Rockin ' On Japan in 2011 , Yamaguchi felt that the people who became fans during this period became Sakaction 's core fanbase . Because of this , many of Sakanaction 's concert set @-@ lists continue to feature songs from Kikuuiki for these people .
= = Cover artwork = =
The album 's artwork was created by Kamikene and Daisuke Ishizaka of Hatos . It features two overlapping circles colored deep blue and bright blue , in order to create aiiro ( 藍色 ) , a color close to indigo . The bright blue was chosen as it was a synthetic ink that regularly occurs in Japanese printing , while the deep blue was taken naturally , isolating a color taken from a photo of the sky just before dawn . The center of the artwork features the Kikuuiki typography , as well as a logo of two overlapping circles . The mix of natural and artificial blue circles was used to represent Kikuuiki 's theme of mixing points .
= = Promotion and release = =
Kikuuiki 's release was announced in mid @-@ January 2010 , after the release of the single " Aruku Around " . On March 10 , the song " Me ga Aku Aiiro " was released as a digital download to cellphones in Japan , as well as ringtones of all of the tracks on the standard edition of the album . The song was the lead promotional track on the album , and received enough radio airplay to reach number 92 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart .
To promote the album , the band made the album 's songs available for listening on their website between February 24 and 28 . The songs were only available from 4 : 00 @-@ 5 : 30am Japan Standard Time , during what they dubbed kikuuiki time . Each listener could randomly listen four or five songs . The whole album was made available for listening on March 1 . The band held a listening party at Liquid Loft in Shibuya , Tokyo on March 13 , which was simulcast on the video streaming website Ustream . The album was released in two editions – limited and standard . The limited edition features a bonus track , " Paradise of Sunny " , which is a dub remix of the song " Yes No " , remixed by recording engineer Sachio " Sunny " Sasaki .
The band performed a thirteen @-@ date national tour of Japan in April and May , dubbed the Sakanaquarium 2010 Kikuuiki . The final two dates were held at the 2 @,@ 000 capacity Zepp Sapporo concert hall on May 8 , followed by the 2 @,@ 400 capacity Shinkiba Studio Coast in Koto , Tokyo . Footage of seven songs performed at Shinkiba Studio Coast on May 15 were made available as iTunes downloads in August 2010 . The band followed up this tour with their first concert at the Nippon Budokan stadium . The Shinkiba Studio Coast and Nippon Budokan concerts were released on DVD in 2011 . The album was re @-@ released on March 25 , 2015 , as a lossless digital download . This was followed by an LP record edition on August 5 , 2015 , to coincide with the release of the band 's compilation album Natsukashii Tsuki wa Atarashii Tsuki : Coupling & Remix Works .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial reception = = =
On Oricon 's physical albums charts , the album debuted at number three with 29 @,@ 000 copies sold , behind One Piece Memorial Best , an album compiling theme songs from the anime One Piece , and pop / jazz singer Juju 's third album Juju . SoundScan Japan , another sales tracking agency , found that most copies were of the album 's limited edition , with 27 @,@ 000 copies sold in the first week . The album spent an additional three weeks in the top 50 , and left the top 300 after thirteen weeks . After the release of the band 's " Identity " single in August , the album charted for an additional six weeks . In 2011 , the album had two more chart runs in the top 300 : one in April after the release of their single " Rookie " , and one in August after the release of " Bach no Senritsu o Yoru ni Kiita Sei Desu . " . These four chart runs resulted in the album selling a total of 59 @,@ 000 copies in two years . Despite the album being the band 's most successful release up to that moment , Yamaguchi was disappointed with the album sales , as he expected it to sell over 100 @,@ 000 copies .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The album was well received by Japanese music critics , and was chosen as one of the eleven finalists for the 2011 CD Shop Awards . Toshitomo Doumei of Skream ! named the album his third favorite of 2011 , feeling that the album had simultaneously created new genres of alternative rock and pop music . He felt the album 's music was catchy , and that its success was expected due to its high quality . Entertainment Media Kulture called Kikuuiki the album that established Sakanaction 's current style . Yuji Tanaka of CDJournal felt the album was more cohesive than their previous works , praising the band 's skill progression and Yamaguchi 's lyrics , which he described as " literary @-@ style " and " cynical " . He was struck by the " heroic march " after the album 's introduction in the song " Ushio " , which made him feel " suddenly intoxicated ... like being in the ocean " . Takayuki Endoh of Skream ! similarly believed the album showed growth in the band . Although their previous releases incorporated dance and rock music , Endoh felt that the music on Kikuuiki had struck a better harmony between the two , and had simultaneously become more rock and dance – oriented . He praised the album 's " poppy floating feeling , highly literary lyrics , and romantic electro sound " , feeling that the band was unique in the music industry .
Koji Dejima of Bounce felt that the album was ingenious in the way that it created a feeling of being out of place due to the its arrangements , melodies and lyrics . He praised the album 's varied sound , and the fact that the band always " spoke with their own words " despite this variety of sound . He noted " Aruku Around " ' s strong dance music sound , and likened " Klee " to the songs of The Police , and " Omotesandō Nijūroku @-@ ji " to the music of the 1970s American band Television . Rolling Stone Japan gave the album four stars out of five , praising the Yamaguchi 's " literary and original " lyrics , and how human the music sounded despite its electronic sound . Kaori Komatsu of Rockin ' On Japan felt that Yamaguchi 's lyrics created an " interesting feeling of unease " and had a " deep flavor " . She noted that Yamaguchi 's lyrics often described everyday life and his mental space , layered on top of each other in impressionist scenes . She felt that the band 's sound had become more ambitious in their genre crossovers , especially the inclusions of ambient music and dub elements , and that the songs had a " sense of city " , much stronger since they had moved to Tokyo . Tanaka of CDJournal noted similar qualities in the songs " Yes No " and " Ashita kara " , which to him expressed the loneliness of city life .
The album 's lead single " Aruku Around " was well received by music critics . CDJournal reviewers gave the single its star of recommendation , calling it a " killer tune " where the " pleasure of living in the moment " and " prudence " is balanced . They noted the song 's retro sound , like nostalgic dance music , and felt that the band 's decision to move to Tokyo two years ago was reflected in the song . Kenji Sasaki of Skream ! felt that the song had a " gentle electronica feel " , praising the 1980s @-@ style synths , aggressive sound and " unique poetic sentiment " of Yamaguchi 's . He also praised the emotions the song gave him , mixing pain and exhilaration . Tomoki Takahashi of Rockin ' On Japan felt the greatest strength of the song was how its lyrical content jarred with its " high @-@ spirited words " and " explosive hybrid beat " . He noted that instead of talking about the pleasures of the dance floor , Yamaguchi 's lyrics were introspective , discussing loneliness , pain and longing . Takahashi praised the brave fanfare @-@ like synth based leading melody , and the " tight " and " earth @-@ shaking " four on the floor beat .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Ichiro Yamaguchi .
= = Personnel = =
Personnel details were sourced from Kikuuiki 's liner notes booklet .
Sakanaction
Personnel and imagery
= = Charts = =
= = = Sales = = =
= = Release history = =
= EastEnders Live =
" EastEnders Live " is a live episode of the British television soap opera EastEnders , broadcast on BBC One on 19 February 2010 . The episode was commissioned as part of the show 's 25th anniversary celebrations , and was the first EastEnders episode to be broadcast live . It was the series ' 3952nd episode , and was written by Simon Ashdown , directed by Clive Arnold and produced by Diederick Santer . The episode concludes a " whodunnit " storyline about the murder of Archie Mitchell ( Larry Lamb ) , revealing his killer to be Stacey Slater ( Lacey Turner ) . It also sees the exit of Charlie Clements as Bradley Branning , who dies after falling from the roof of The Queen Victoria public house .
Turner only learned that Stacey was Archie 's killer half an hour before the episode aired , in a bid by the production team to maintain the storyline 's secrecy . 51 EastEnders cast members appeared in the episode , with several expressing trepidation about performing live prior to the broadcast . Cast members had two weeks to rehearse the episode , with one rehearsal filmed in case of any serious problems during transmission . When Turner fell ill with the flu on the day of broadcast , it was feared the producers may have needed to use the pre @-@ recorded tape , but in the event she recovered enough to appear .
" EastEnders Live " was Santer 's final episode as EastEnders ' executive producer . He expressed his pleasure with the episode , despite several errors during transmission , including mis @-@ delivered lines and some problems with sound and camera shots . Viewers gambled on the identity of the killer , with bookmakers Ladbrokes experiencing record levels of gambling on a television series , and William Hill taking £ 500 @,@ 000 , surpassing the amount placed on the outcome of Dallas ' Who shot J.R. ? storyline in 1980 . The episode was watched by 19 @.@ 9 million cumulative viewers , becoming the most watched show of the year to date . EastEnders Live : The Aftermath , a documentary which followed the episode on BBC Three , was seen by 11 @.@ 6 million viewers , drawing the station 's highest ever ratings . " EastEnders Live " received mixed reviews from critics . It was described as " a triumph " by Shane Donaghey of The Belfast Telegraph , praised by Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent for including stunt work , and commended for Clements and Turner 's acting by Tim Teeman of The Times . In contrast , however , The Guardian 's Nancy Banks @-@ Smith felt that viewers would be " incredulous " with the episode 's outcome , and Cate Devine of The Herald criticised problems with lighting and sound effects .
= = Plot = =
In the wake of his wedding to Stacey Slater ( Lacey Turner ) , Bradley Branning ( Charlie Clements ) is urged to flee Walford by his father and uncle after becoming the prime suspect in the investigation of the murder of local landlord Archie Mitchell . Bradley 's father Max ( Jake Wood ) distracts the police while Bradley and Stacey attempt to escape from Albert Square . Elsewhere , Archie 's youngest daughter Roxy ( Rita Simons ) suspects that her sister Ronnie ( Samantha Womack ) is the murderer . She accuses Ronnie , who tells her that their father raped Stacey , and confesses that he did the same to her when she was a child . Ronnie and Roxy 's cousin Phil ( Steve McFadden ) ransacks the home of Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) , believing that Ian has in his possession a cufflink which would implicate him in Archie 's murder . He exits without finding it , leaving Ian and Dot Branning ( June Brown ) to watch an old videotape of their family and friends from the past 25 years , reminiscing about the past .
Phil 's mother Peggy ( Barbara Windsor ) is accused by Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) of attempting to frame her for the murder . As Janine prepares to flee Walford , Peggy finds Roxy and Ronnie fighting . She tells the girls that she too was present the night Archie was killed , arriving to find him injured but alive , however left without calling for medical help . Outside , Bradley and Stacey are about to take a taxi to St Pancras railway station when Bradley realises he has forgotten their passports . He tells Stacey to wait and hurries back home to collect them , but is spotted by the police . A chase ensues , and Bradley climbs onto the roof of The Queen Victoria public house in an attempt to escape . He shouts for Stacey to run before losing his footing and falling from the roof . He dies from his injuries as a distressed Stacey reaches him and the residents look on in horror . Stacey is comforted by Max , and confesses that she is the one who killed Archie .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Origins = = =
On 15 September 2009 , the BBC announced plans to broadcast the first ever live episode of EastEnders , to celebrate the show 's 25th anniversary . The air date was set for 19 February 2010 , with the episode to be broadcast from the BBC 's Elstree Studios in Borehamwood . EastEnders ' executive producer Diederick Santer initially refrained from discussing the episode 's plot , but commented that it would resolve a " big storyline " which would " keep the audience ( as well as the cast and crew ) guessing until the very last moment . " EastEnders storylines saw Archie Mitchell , landlord of The Queen Victoria public house murdered on Christmas Day 2009 , with many characters considered potential suspects in the crime . Santer confirmed that the killer would be revealed in the live episode , and that their identity would be kept secret until the night of broadcast , even from the cast member playing them . Another aspect of the episode is the remarriage of characters Bianca Jackson ( Patsy Palmer ) and Ricky Butcher ( Sid Owen ) . Santer deemed it the " soap wedding of the year — and perhaps the soap wedding of the decade " , commenting that playing the romance against the " thriller " of the " whodunnit " storyline provided a balance he hoped audiences would be " gripped by and satisfied with . "
= = = Cast = = =
In November 2009 , actor Charlie Clements , announced that he would be leaving the soap in 2010 . It was rumoured that Bradley would be seen to commit suicide during the live episode , but this was refuted by an EastEnders spokesperson . It was later revealed that Bradley would make his last appearance in the live episode , urged to flee Walford by his father Max and uncle Jack ( Scott Maslen ) after becoming the prime suspect in the investigation into Archie 's murder . Bradley 's motive for murder came from the discovery that Archie raped his partner Stacey . In an interview with daytime television show This Morning , Clements stated it was possible that Bradley was responsible , but was unsure whether he " [ had ] it in him " , though felt that it would be " quite historical to go down as the one who killed Archie Mitchell " . In the event , Bradley exited the soap by falling to his death from the roof of The Queen Victoria public house during the live episode . Immediately after filming , Clements stated that he was " drained " , referring to his character 's death as " a big way to go out . "
In total , 51 EastEnders cast members were involved in the live broadcast . Several cast members expressed trepidation at the prospect of the live episode . Before details of the episode 's plot were confirmed , Turner hoped that she would not be involved in it , deeming herself " awful " at performing live , unable to even deliver speeches . Neil McDermott feared that he would lose his composure and laugh during the broadcast , while Palmer hoped that the episode would not turn into a pantomime , commenting : " I hope we 're a bit more professional than that . " Simons stated that she was looking forward to the challenge the episode presented , though she would be happier once she had seen the script . Clements denied any apprehension , likening the performance to acting in theatre , and Nina Wadia stated that she was " really looking forward to it " , enjoying experiences with an " adrenaline rush . " Once the script was released , Wadia was " disappointed yet relieved " to learn she did not have a speaking role , explaining : " You want to be in it , but not to mess it up . " She expected to feel " uncomfortable " during the broadcast , as the episode is set the day before her character Zainab Masood gives birth , necessitating the wearing of a body suit with a large " baby bump " sewn in .
= = = Rehearsals = = =
The EastEnders cast and crew had two weeks to rehearse the episode prior to its live transmission . The script was issued on the afternoon of 5 February 2010 , written by series consultant and lead show writer Simon Ashdown . The first read @-@ through took place on 8 February 2010 , though producers held back the part of the script revealing Archie 's true killer . Eight different possible endings were rehearsed , with Santer reiterating that the actor playing the killer would only be told so on the night of broadcast . He revealed that the actor playing the killer would be informed of their actions at 7 : 30 pm on 19 February , 30 minutes before the episode 's transmission , with their reaction filmed for the documentary EastEnders Live : The Aftermath , which aired on BBC Three immediately after " EastEnders Live " was broadcast , narrated by Lamb 's son George .
Santer explained that the killer " may be revealed to the audience rather than the Square " , preserving secrecy as the crew began filming episodes to be transmitted after the live broadcast . Actress Charlie Brooks , who plays Archie 's former lover Janine Butcher , found the secrecy difficult to work with , explaining : " In the episodes to be shown afterwards , you ’ re being told to look or speak a certain way , but not why . " Santer confirmed that the cast found the episode challenging , stating : " They are as desperate to know who did it as the viewers " , though believed they were all capable of coping with the pressure of the live episode . He explained that the cast typically film scenes in one take anyway , and observed that several EastEnders actors had formerly appeared in live broadcasts for other series . Cast members had just two dress rehearsals in advance of the live episode , and only one read @-@ through of the entire episode .
= = = Directing = = =
Arnold was initially sceptical when approached about directing " EastEnders Live " , but agreed once it was explained that the impetus for the episode was motivated by the " whodunnit " storyline . He explained : " We pre @-@ record TV drama for lots of very good reasons and doing a live episode can sometimes come across a little gimmicky , so for me , story is the one and only reason a drama should go live . " Direction of the episode differed from typical episodes of EastEnders , whereby actors briefly run through their lines , block the scene to be filmed , then begin shooting with the director on the studio floor . For " EastEnders Live " , cast and crew had two weeks to work on the episode , rehearsing , blocking scenes and discussing the characters ' journeys at length .
Once technical rehearsals began and cameras were added in , Ashdown moved from the studio floor to an outside broadcast truck . All cameras on set were cabled to the truck , allowing Ashdown to oversee the entire episode remotely . Ashdown approached the episode as though it were a theatrical performance , explaining : " We can work on performance and blocking early on , discussing issues and discovering the text as we go . Actors know to save their energy when technical rehearsals are taking place and then it 's quite magical when all elements are combined close to the first performance . Of course , our theatre company will have it 's [ sic ] opening and closing night on Friday , February 19 ! "
= = = Filming = = =
In case of any serious problems during transmission , a rehearsal for the episode was filmed , including each version of the reveal scene . Santer explained that the tape would not be used for minor problems such as cast members forgetting their lines , in which instance : " we 'll power on using our improvisational skills . It 's really just for technical backup in case of a proper crisis . " The live broadcast took 400 camera shots to film , and 36 camera operators . Typical episodes of EastEnders utilise just four camera operators . Two outside broadcast trucks were hired to remotely direct and monitor the episode from , and three golf buggies were used to transport cast between sets , as the minimum length of time actors had to move from one set to another was just 131 seconds .
Ashdown explained that filming " EastEnders Live " to look like a typical episode of EastEnders was difficult , giving the example of a scene involving a ringing mobile phone . In a usual EastEnders episode , the viewer would see a shot of the phone and know who was calling . In the live episode , the caller would have to be visually or audibly obvious , as a result of the camera set @-@ up and inability to edit scenes . He described the episode 's biggest limitation as the weather , explaining that " EastEnders Live " begins with a direct pickup from the previous episode of EastEnders , with the same characters in the same outside location , leaving the crew hoping for a dry night . Sound was also a problem , as sound quality is better using boom rods than radio microphones , but booms often dip into shot during the filming of EastEnders . Ashdown commented that the production crew would be using booms where possible , but that all cast members with dialogue would be given a radio microphone as backup .
= = = Broadcast = = =
On the day of broadcast , The Mirror reported that EastEnders producers may have to re @-@ write the episode or run a pre @-@ recorded rehearsal tape rather than go ahead with the live transmission , as Turner was suffering from the flu and was unable to speak . In the event , Turner recovered enough to appear , though was given permission to whisper her lines if necessary . She was able to deliver her dialogue as planned , however was too ill to appear on EastEnders Live : The Aftermath following the episode . Turner commented that nothing could have stopped her from appearing in the episode , as the cast had worked so hard on it , and it was " such a big part of TV history " . Several errors were made during the transmission . Barbara Windsor as Peggy incorrectly called Janine " June " and Maslen stumbled over several of his lines . During the final scene , a camera was visibly jostled , sound became muffled and some zoom shots " misfired " . Following Bradley 's fall , Wood was observed inserting his fingers into his throat to help him retch . The script called for Wood to be sick , though there was not enough time for him to put the liquid into his mouth , and he stated that a person would put their fingers into their throat anyway , " to get it all out " . During a scene in which Roxy and Ronnie argued in the Minute Mart , Womack took a bottle of paint stripper from the shelves , but forgot to stop at the counter to pay for it before exiting .
Santer , who stood down as executive producer after the episode 's transmission , succeeded by Bryan Kirkwood , commented that he was happy , relieved and proud with the broadcast . Santer stated : " I just think everyone did brilliantly tonight — the cast , the crew , everyone . It 's everything I wished for and more . I 'm thrilled with how it went . It was quite remarkable . Everything went to plan . I spotted a couple of little wobbles but what I was proudest of was the recovery . The technical crew , the cast — every time we maybe veered slightly off course , they pulled it back round . " Santer explained that he had always intended for Stacey to be revealed as Archie 's killer , and was never tempted to air a different conclusion , despite at least ten characters having strong motives . Turner was surprised to learn that Stacey was the killer , and hoped that viewers would sympathise with her character , observing : " She not only has to deal with the guilt of what she did but she also knows that she 's inadvertently responsible for Bradley 's death . I think that 's going to hurt her more than anything . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Pre @-@ broadcast commentary = = =
In the weeks preceding the transmission of " EastEnders Live " , the episode prompted a series of retrospective articles in the British print media , examining EastEnders ' development over its 25 years of broadcast . Critical commentary was mixed . The Guardian 's Dan Sabbagh observed that the storylines which will culminate in " EastEnders Live " — Ricky and Bianca 's remarriage and the Archie Mitchell " whodunnit " — have seen the show undergo a revival , overtaking rival soap opera Coronation Street in the ratings for the first time in over three years . Tim Teeman of The Times highlighted the Archie storyline as representative of male characters in EastEnders offering an " essential foil " to their female counterparts , who he appraised as being " key " to the show 's success , using the example of Archie 's relationship with his wife Peggy and daughter Ronnie . He felt that the episode deserved high viewership , deeming EastEnders " a brilliant drama " .
Conversely , Alison Rowat of The Herald felt that the current storylines indicated " the best days of EE are over " , commenting : " Contrast it with the ever sprightly Coronation Street , where the scenes featuring Gail “ Black Widow ” McIntyre and her lucky white heather husband have been perfect soap fare . What does EastEnders have ? Another murder investigation in a place that has a higher homicide rate than The Wire 's Baltimore . Andrew Billen of The Times refuted claims by the BBC that " EastEnders Live " was not a " gimmick " but in fact proof of the soap 's " innovative vigour " . Billen deemed the live episode a " reactionary move " , observing that Coronation Street had aired a live episode for its 40th anniversary in 2000 . He reminded readers : " live television drama is nothing new but rather harks back to the earliest days of television and , beyond them , to theatre itself . " The Mirror 's Jane Simon hoped for multiple errors during the transmission of " EastEnders Live " , commenting : " It 's time EastEnders gave us a laugh . "
= = = Gambling = = =
In a world first , online gambling company Bodog offered live odds during the episode , allowing viewers to continue to bet on the identity of Archie 's killer as events unfolded . Although " in @-@ running " betting is common during sports events , it had never before been offered for a soap opera . Odds on the killer 's identity changed frequently in the fortnight preceding the transmission of " EastEnders Live " . On 5 February , the clear favourite was Stacey , with odds at Bodog of 2 / 1 . By 9 February , Stacey 's odds had shortened to 6 / 4 , though the character dropped into third place by 12 February , usurped by her brother Sean Slater ( Robert Kazinsky ) at odds of 9 / 4 , and Ben Mitchell ( Charlie Jones ) at 7 / 2 . On 14 February , the unlikely favourite became Tracey the barmaid ( Jane Slaughter ) , a background character whose odds shortened considerably from 40 / 1 to 11 / 4 . Sean moved back into first place on 16 February , with odds of 2 / 1 , and remained there until the eve of broadcast .
Bookmakers estimated that over £ 1 million would be spent gambling on the outcome of the storyline . Ladbrokes experienced its busiest ever 24 hours of gambling on a television series ahead of the episode 's transmission , taking £ 100 @,@ 000 in bets on 30 different characters , while William Hill took £ 500 @,@ 000 , surpassing the amount placed on Dallas ' Who shot J.R. ? storyline in 1980 . Spokesman Rupert Adams commented : " The BBC were amazing keeping this quiet . We have broken even which in a market like this is amazing . We have had a roller @-@ coaster but have enjoyed every minute . "
= = = Ratings = = =
" EastEnders Live " was watched by a cumulative audience of 19 @.@ 9 million viewers . Its original screening averaged 16 @.@ 41 million viewers , attaining a 57 % audience share . Three repeats on BBC Two and BBC Three in the week of broadcast lifted the televised total to 18 @.@ 8 million viewers , with a further 1 @.@ 1 million watching the episode on BBC iPlayer . The episode became the most watched show of the year to date . EastEnders Live : The Aftermath drew a total of 11 @.@ 6 million viewers . It was watched by 4 @.@ 54 million people on its initial airing , attaining a 15 @.@ 9 % audience share and becoming BBC Three 's highest rated programme ever , as well as the most @-@ watched multichannel programme of the day . The documentary drew a further 6 @.@ 6 million viewers over four repeat broadcasts , and 0 @.@ 5 million viewers via iPlayer . The original broadcast was the third highest rated television episode of 2010 in the UK , beaten by a 2010 FIFA World Cup match between England and Germany , and the final of the seventh series of The X Factor .
Santer was delighted by the viewing figures , stating : " To get this incredible response from the audience is truly remarkable — these numbers go far beyond what we ever hoped for . I am so proud of our cast and crew for their incredible performance last night . This rating is the icing on our silver anniversary cake . " Jay Hunt , controller of BBC One commented : " [ The ] extraordinary live episode was a fitting celebration of 25 magnificent years for EastEnders . The audience were clearly gripped by one of the greatest soap whodunnits ever . " Discussing the ratings for EastEnders Live : The Aftermath , controller of BBC Three Danny Cohen appraised : " It is an amazing testament to the EastEnders team and the brave and brilliant drama they provided . " Yorke responded to the high consolidated ratings with the statement : " The best birthday present EastEnders could possibly have is to know that 25 years in it can still grab the biggest audience in the UK . It 's a real tribute to the show 's creators that a quarter of a century on , everybody 's still talking about it . "
= = = Critical response = = =
The episode won in the " Best Single Episode " category at the 2010 British Soap Awards , and was nominated in the " Best Live Event Coverage " category of the Broadcast Digital Awards 2010 . It received mixed reviews from critics . Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent rated " EastEnders Live " 4 out of 5 , noting that there were " a couple of moments where the seams showed " , but that " half the fun in watching was seeing if you could spot them " . He praised EastEnders for not " playing safe " by including stunt work , and commented that Ian Beale 's line : " I wish we could go back and do it all again . Do it right this time . " could potentially have been " a horrible hostage to fortune " , however felt that : " in the end they more than got away with it . " Tim Teeman of The Times also rated the episode 4 out of 5 , calling the revelation of Stacey as Archie 's killer a " genuine surprise " , and commenting that " EastEnders Live " : " sometimes creaked under the weight of its own ambitions – but who cares , gold stars for effort . " Teeman praised Clements and Turner , feeling that they " excelled themselves despite the odd strained pause " , though noted that in the aftermath of Bradley 's fall , " the perils of live TV became apparent " , commenting that : " The direction slackened at just the wrong moment , and you were left hoping someone would get to a bit of script to ward off any more bizarre shots of Jack and Max fighting to free themselves from a policeman 's soft grip . "
Mike Higgins of The Independent deemed the episode " a technical triumph " , praising the " smooth , almost flawless " and " fluent " production . Shane Donaghey of The Belfast Telegraph also called the episode a " triumph " , opining that it could not possibly have lived up to the hype surrounding the storyline , but that transmitting live gave EastEnders " an energy it normally lacks , with great violence , excellent direction " . He summarised : " the story gripped so well you forgot to look for the cock @-@ ups , before a genuinely shocking denouement that you never saw coming amid all of the hype . " Pat Stacey of the Evening Herald felt that revealing Stacey as Archie 's killer was " a slight let @-@ down " and " a little bit predictable " , calling the episode " a triumph of logistics over logic " . However , Stacey wrote that aside from the " damp @-@ squib " ending , " EastEnders Live " was " surprisingly enjoyable [ ... ] even for a committed ' Endersphobe like [ her ] self . " She felt that transmitting live " added a tangible layer of tension " to proceedings , lamenting : " If only EastEnders was this exciting all the time . " The Guardian 's Nancy Banks @-@ Smith similarly felt that transmitting live made for " tension , not clarity " , commenting that bookmakers would be " absolutely delighted " with the outcome , but that viewers would be " incredulous " . Cate Devine of The Herald was similarly critical , describing the episode as " 30 minutes of cheesy dramatic counterpoint " , and highlighting the " ropey lighting and poor sound effects . "
Bradley 's death was voted the third most emotional moment in television entertainment in a 2010 poll of 3 @,@ 000 British people conducted by Freeview HD .
= Ibrox Stadium =
Ibrox Stadium is a football stadium located on the south side of the River Clyde in the Ibrox district of Glasgow . The home of Rangers F.C. , Ibrox is one of the largest football stadiums in the UK , and the third largest football stadium in Scotland , having an all @-@ seated capacity of 50 @,@ 947 .
It was opened as Ibrox Park in 1899 , but suffered a disaster in 1902 when a wooden terrace collapsed . Vast earthen terraces were built in its place , while a main stand , which is now a listed building , was built in 1928 . A British record crowd of 118 @,@ 567 gathered in January 1939 for a league match with Celtic . After the Ibrox disaster of 1971 , the stadium was largely rebuilt . The vast bowl @-@ shaped terracing was removed and replaced by three rectangular , all @-@ seated stands by 1981 . After renovations were completed in 1997 , the ground was renamed Ibrox Stadium .
Ibrox has also hosted the Scotland national football team , particularly when the national stadium Hampden Park was redeveloped in the 1990s . Ibrox also hosted three Scottish domestic cup finals in the same period . It has also been the venue for concerts by major performers , including Frank Sinatra .
= = History = =
Rangers played its first match in May 1872 , on Glasgow Green . The club then played home matches on public pitches across Glasgow , first moving to a regular home ground at Burnbank in 1875 . A year later , Rangers played at the Clydesdale cricket ground in Kinning Park . This ground was improved to give a capacity of 7 @,@ 000 , but it was not owned by Rangers . After hints by the landlords that they wished to develop the site , Rangers left in February 1887 . The club shared Cathkin Park with Third Lanark for the remainder of the 1886 – 87 season .
Rangers first moved to the Ibrox area later in 1887 , playing on a site immediately to the east of the current stadium . The first match at this stadium was an 8 – 1 defeat to English side Preston North End on 20 August 1887 , watched by a capacity crowd of over 15 @,@ 000 . This inaugural match had to be abandoned after 70 minutes due to a pitch invasion . The first Ibrox Park was a success in the short term , as three Scotland international matches and the 1890 Scottish Cup Final were played at the ground . Celtic Park , built in 1892 , was more advanced , however . Rangers opted to construct a new stadium , raising funds by forming a limited company . The last match at the old ground was played on 9 December 1899 . The new Ibrox Park was formally opened with a 3 – 1 victory over Hearts on 30 December .
= = = Ibrox Park = = =
Ibrox Park , as it was known between 1899 and 1997 , is almost completely different from the Ibrox Stadium of today . It followed the model of most Scottish stadiums of the time , comprising an oval track around the pitch , with a pavilion and one stand along one side . The ground had a capacity of 40 @,@ 000 . Celtic Park , Ibrox and Hampden Park all competed with each other to host Scottish Cup Finals and Scotland matches , one of which could generate up to £ 1 @,@ 000 in revenue for the host club . To aid their chances of gaining that revenue , Rangers constructed a large terracing , holding 36 @,@ 000 people , behind the western goalmouth . The terracing , designed by Archibald Leitch , was formed by wooden planks bolted onto a framework made of iron . A similar wooden terracing was constructed at the eastern end , giving a total capacity of 75 @,@ 000 .
The structure was passed by the Govan Burgh Surveyor in March 1902 , but there were newspaper reports that it was unstable . A crowd of 68 @,@ 114 assembled for a Scotland v England match on 5 April 1902 , but shortly after the kick @-@ off one section of the terracing " collapsed like a trap door " . A gap of 20 square yards appeared , causing about 125 people to fall to the ground 50 feet below the terracing . Most survived due to the fact they fell on top of other bodies , but 25 people were killed . 517 people were injured , some due to being crushed in the panic caused by the collapse .
Most people in the stadium were unaware that the ( first ) Ibrox disaster had happened . People even re @-@ occupied the damaged area , despite the danger of further collapse . A definite reason for the disaster was not agreed upon , partly because there was no public inquiry held . Some experts blamed the quality of wood and the supplier was tried for culpable homicide , but was acquitted . The design was also cited as a possible cause . Generally , wooden structures of that size were not trusted . Rangers removed the wooden terraces , reducing capacity to 25 @,@ 000 . The criticism of the design did not deter Rangers from hiring Leitch in the future . He designed an expansion of Ibrox to a 63 @,@ 000 capacity by 1910 , using slopes made of earth . By this point , the city of Glasgow had the three largest purpose @-@ built football grounds in the world .
The next major redevelopment occurred in 1928 , after Rangers had won their first double . A new Main Stand , to the south side of the ground , was opened on 1 January 1929 . The Main Stand , which has the familiar Leitch style criss @-@ cross balcony and a red @-@ brick facade , seated 10 @,@ 000 people and provided standing accommodation in an enclosure . Simon Inglis , a writer on football stadia , commented in 2005 that the Main Stand is Leitch 's " greatest work " and is " still resplendent today in its red brick glory under a modern mantle of glass and steel " . The architectural significance of the Main Stand was reflected when it became a Category B listed building in 1987 . Original seats in the Main Stand were made of cast iron and oak . When one was auctioned in 2011 , it raised a sale price of £ 1 @,@ 080 .
The banking of the terracing continued to increase in the 1930s . On 2 January 1939 , the Old Firm game against Celtic attracted a crowd of 118 @,@ 567 , the record attendance for any league match played in Britain . At this point , Ibrox was the second @-@ largest stadium in Britain . Floodlights were first used at Ibrox in December 1953 , for a friendly match against Arsenal . The first floodlit Scottish league match was played at Ibrox , in March 1956 . Covers were built over the north and east terracing during the 1960s . No structural changes were made to Ibrox , but capacity was cut to approximately 80 @,@ 000 by safety legislation .
Ibrox Park had the worst fan safety record in Britain before its complete redesign and renaming in 1997 . Two fans died in September 1961 when a barrier collapsed on Stairway 13 , resulting in a crush . Stairway 13 was a popular , often overcrowded , and very steep exit from the East Terracing due to its proximity to Copland Road subway station and parking areas for the Rangers supporters ' coaches . After this incident , Rangers installed safety measures , but further injuries were sustained in crushes on Stairway 13 in both 1967 and 1969 . On 23 October 1968 , the main stand at Ibrox was hit by fire . Just seven months later there was another fire , which destroyed more than 200 seats behind the directors box . The worst disaster to yet affect football in Britain happened on Stairway 13 after the Old Firm game on 2 January 1971 , when 66 people died of asphyxiation due to another crush on Stairway 13 . The game itself ended in a 1 – 1 draw , with Colin Stein scoring a late equalising goal for Rangers . This led to a widespread belief that the crush had been caused by fans who had left the game early , but had turned back when they heard the roar that greeted the Rangers goal . A public inquiry discounted this initial story . It established that the crowd had been travelling in the same direction when the crush happened , with it perhaps being precipitated by some bending over to pick up items that had been discarded during the goal celebrations . The downward force of the crowd leaving the stadium meant that when people started to fall there was no means of preventing a crush .
The inquiry and subsequent compensation cases found that Rangers had been inept in their administration and complacent after the incidents in the 1960s . The disaster also highlighted , however , the fact that there were no established safety standards that should be adhered to , let alone any means of enforcing such standards . This had been first recommended nearly 50 years earlier , after the 1923 FA Cup Final . The Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds was published in 1973 , and legislation was enacted with the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975 . This law cut the capacity of Ibrox to 65 @,@ 000 . In the short term , Rangers took the stopgap measure of installing benches in the North Stand , which was renamed the Centenary Stand .
= = = Ibrox Stadium = = =
The 1971 Ibrox disaster led to the club developing a modern , safe stadium . Willie Waddell visited modern grounds in West Germany during the 1974 World Cup and believed that steep terracing and exits , such as Stairway 13 , had to be replaced . The cut in capacity and boardroom changes led to radical plans by architects Miller Partnership , which were published in November 1977 . The plans were modelled on the Westfalenstadion , home ground of Borussia Dortmund . They involved a radical reshaping of the stadium , with the old bowl @-@ shaped terracing to be replaced by three new all @-@ seated structures . Only the old Main Stand would remain , with its enclosure providing the only standing room in the ground .
Although later events , such as the Hillsborough disaster and the subsequent Taylor Report , vindicated this plan , Rangers were taking a significant risk . The whole plan was estimated to cost £ 6 million , which no other club could have afforded in a short period of time . The development was funded by the Rangers football pools operation , which was the largest club @-@ based scheme in Britain . The first phase of the plan , which began in 1978 , was the removal of the east terracing and its replacement with the Copland Road stand . The same process was repeated on the west side of the ground a year later , with the two identical stands each holding 7 @,@ 500 seats . The redevelopment was completed in 1981 with the replacement of the Centenary Stand by the 10 @,@ 300 capacity Govan Stand .
The new Ibrox had a capacity of 44 @,@ 000 and was opened with an Old Firm game played on 19 September 1981 . By this time , however , the development cost had risen to £ 10 million , which depleted the club financially . This resulted in a difficult period in the history of Rangers , as the average attendance fell to 17 @,@ 500 in the 1981 – 82 season , including a crowd of only 4 @,@ 500 for a game against St Mirren . The redeveloped stadium was partly blamed for this , as some fans felt that the new ground lacked atmosphere due to the spaces between the stands . This was during a period of low attendances in Scottish football in general . Despite the relatively low attendance at Ibrox , Rangers had the highest average home attendances in the Premier Division in both 1983 – 84 and 1984 – 85 .
This all changed when a new regime , chaired by David Holmes , took control of Rangers in 1986 . Graeme Souness was appointed player – manager , while several English stars , including Terry Butcher and Chris Woods , were signed . Season ticket sales rose from 7 @,@ 000 in 1986 to over 30 @,@ 000 in the 1990s , while commercial income increased from £ 239 @,@ 000 in 1986 to over £ 2 million in 1989 . The introduction of computerised ticketing , zonal public address systems and closed @-@ circuit television for monitoring turnstile areas meant that Ibrox was at the forefront of stadium management . Rangers also adopted the American technique of analysing the types of fans in each area of the stadium and adjusted their food stalls accordingly . Greater success on the pitch meant that Ibrox demonstrated that seated stadiums would be welcomed by most fans , if designed and fitted well .
David Murray acquired control of Rangers in November 1988 . Argyle House , a £ 4 million extension behind the Govan Stand , was opened in 1990 . This added executive boxes , office space and hospitality suites . A further series of developments was started in the early 1990s to increase capacity to over 50 @,@ 000 . Murray commissioned architect Gareth Hutchison to find a way of adding a third tier to the Main Stand . This was a highly complex process , as the Main Stand facade had become a listed building and Murray wanted the existing structure to remain open during construction . The contractors removed the original roof and added a temporary cover while the work carried on above . The Club Deck , which cost approximately £ 20 million , was opened with a league match against Dundee United in December 19
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a peak of number 5 the following week , however it fell to number 8 in its third week . In the United Kingdom , the song also debuted inside the top 40 of the UK R & B Chart at number 38 on August 27 , 2011 , after having charted at number 47 the week before . The following week , the song rose to number twenty @-@ one , sitting one position lower than Rihanna 's previous single , " California King Bed " . In its sixth week , the song climbed to number 4 . The song has so far peaked at number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart . In Ireland , the song debuted at number 30 on the Irish Singles Chart on September 8 , 2011 , and has peaked at number sixteen . In France , the song debuted at number eighty @-@ eight on September 3 , 2011 , rose to eighty @-@ two the following week and peaked at 67 in its subsequent week .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
During the Loud Tour concert in Kensington Oval , Barbados , on August 5 , 2011 , Rihanna announced that a taping of " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " had been recorded during the show for the song 's music video . It was later announced that the video would be expected to feature footage of her homecoming , as well as clips of her performing during the North American leg of the tour . Via Rihanna 's official Twitter account , she replied to a fan 's tweet , announcing that the video would premiere on August 24 , 2011 , on iTunes . However , it was later announced that the video would premiere the following day on August 25 , 2011 . The video premiered officially via iTunes and VEVO on August 26 , 2011 . A 15 @-@ second teaser video was released the day before it officially premiered , and featured Rihanna applying make @-@ up before taking to the stage , as well as fans screaming her name while fireworks were launched into the night sky . The video was directed and edited by New York based director Evan Rogers and Ciara Pardo .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video begins with Rihanna 's fans screaming and cheering her name before a concert is about to start , while Rihanna is shown walking to her dressing room , preparing to perform by doing her make @-@ up and changing outfits . As a firework explodes in the sky , scenes of Rihanna driving through her hometown and having a drink at the bar are intercut . As the song starts to play , Rihanna is seen in a variety of different outfits from various parts of the concert , whilst also showing clips of the audience dancing and singing . Rihanna is also seen holding a handheld camera , which she uses to film herself and other people , as well as goings @-@ on backstage . Avril Lavigne , who makes a cameo appearance in the video , is seen raising her glass to the camera before being pushed fully clothed into a swimming pool while on a skateboard . Jay @-@ Z , Kanye West and CeeLo Green are also featured in the various clips of the video , as the former two were special guests at Rihanna 's tour on certain dates , while the latter was an opening act on selected dates during the North American leg of the tour . Shots of Rihanna flying on a private jet , avoiding paparazzi and participating in the Barbados Kadooment Day are also intercut throughout the video . Other scenes include her taking pictures together with her mother and grandmother , swimming , relaxing , partying with her brother , and spending time with her friends and family . The video ends with Rihanna on a boat shouting " Rihanna Navy ! " , referring to her fan group .
= = = Reception = = =
Upon its release , the video received general acclaim from critics . Iona Kirby of Daily Mail praised the documentary @-@ style video , which gives fans an opportunity to see the life of Rihanna and insight into what she likes to do . A reviewer from Rap @-@ Up praised the video , commenting that it is a " real blast in a glass ! " . According to PopDash 's Giovanna Falcone , the video shows " Rihanna goofing around with friends and family , on stage and loving life , you can 't help but smile throughout " . Robbie Daw of Idolator commented that the music video looks " like one big , drunken night out " . A reviewer from Rolling Stone magazine also commented that the video " finds Rihanna in an appropriately celebratory mood ..... it 's mostly a lot of shots of her partying backstage with friends and celebrities " . Sarah Maloy of Billboard magazine commented " there are no special effects , storylines – and no chance of lawsuits , " referring to one of Rihanna 's previous music videos , " S & M " , which was faced with two lawsuits . Maloy also noted that the video presents Rihanna 's ordinary life just as it is .
A reviewer of OK ! commented that " Rihanna gets buddy Avril Lavigne on board in the video for the track ' which will be our anthem for the Bank Holiday weekend . ' " Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly simply commented that " It 's party time , folks ! And that 's exactly what the video makes apparent " . With regard to the cameo appearance of several celebrities and Rihanna 's colleagues , Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun stated " Rihanna shows that she has more celebrity friends than hairstyles ( which is saying something considering she manages to change her weave approximately every 5 seconds in the clip ) " . According to William Goodman from Spin magazine " Barbadian pop queen Rihanna leads a charmed life . But at heart , she 's just a hometown party girl , and her new video for ' Cheers ( Drink to That ) ' proves it " . In reference to raising glasses in the video , Rebeca Ford from The Hollywood Reporter commented " the singer can also be seen raising a [ glass ] to her audience , probably thanking them for their support with her own personal ' cheers . ' "
= = Live performances = =
" Cheers ( Drink to That ) " was included on the set list of the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) . Rihanna also performed the song at V Festival in the United Kingdom on August 20 and 21 , 2011 .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Loud .
Songwriting – Andrew Harr , Jermaine Jackson , Stacy Barthe , Laura Pergolizzi , Corey Gibson , Chris Ivery , Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards , Avril Lavigne , Scott Spock
Production – The Runners
Vocal production – Makeba Riddick
Vocal recording and mixing – Marcos Tovar
Assistant vocal recording – Antonio Resendiz , Inaam Haq , Dane Liska , Brad Shea
Recording – Jeff " Supa Jeff " Villanueva
Recording assistant – Ben O 'Neill
Assistant mixing – Bobby Campbell
Backing vocals – Stacy Barthe , Laura Pergolizzi , Avril Lavigne
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Dylan and Cole Sprouse =
Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse ( born August 4 , 1992 ) are American actors . They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in Big Daddy , in which they co @-@ starred with Adam Sandler . They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight @-@ to @-@ DVD films I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks .
From 2005 until 2008 , they starred in the Disney Channel sitcom The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . As a result of the series ' success , the media has termed them " heartthrobs " and " overwhelming draws " among preteen and teen audiences . The following year , the brothers launched a franchise known as the Sprouse Bros brand , which included a clothing line , book series and magazine . The majority of the Sprouses ' franchise ended in 2008 , except for their clothing line . The Suite Life of Zack & Cody was retooled in 2008 as The Suite Life on Deck , in which the brothers reprised their roles as Zack and Cody . The Suite Life on Deck went on to become the most @-@ watched tween / children 's television show in 2008 and 2009 . The show ended in May 2011 . They also starred in the The Suite Life Movie , which aired in March of the same year . They began cultivating an adult image by starring in the independent theatrical suspense film The Kings of Appletown in 2009 .
Dylan and Cole were two of the wealthiest children alive in 2007 , and in 2010 , the Sprouse brothers were the highest @-@ paid teenage Disney television actors , earning $ 40 @,@ 000 per episode combined . MSN reported by the end of the 2000s that the twin brothers became the richest teenage twins in the world . In 2010 , the brothers were accepted to New York University . They deferred admission for one year , and attended the university from 2011 to 2015 . Both Cole and Dylan have confirmed they wish to pursue acting post @-@ university .
= = Early lives = =
The Sprouses were born at a small hospital called Clinica Tanganelli in Arezzo , Italy , to American parents Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright , while they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany . Dylan was named after British poet Dylan Thomas , and Cole is named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole . Dylan is 15 minutes older than Cole . They have German ancestry . The boys moved back to the United States four months after their birth to their parents ' native Long Beach , California . Some of the money Dylan and Cole earned by acting was used to buy a house in Calabasas , California , where their family still lives as of summer 2012 .
= = Acting = =
The Sprouses began acting at the age of eight months following a suggestion from their grandmother , Jonine Booth Wright , who was a drama teacher and actress . The twins first appeared in a commercial for diapers , switching on @-@ screen time every few seconds . As with many twins , the two have often played the same role , due to child labor laws in California restricting the amount of time children can be filmed in a day . Casting twins in a single role thus allows more time for the character to be filmed . Beginning at eight months old , the two played a single character , Patrick Kelly , on the ABC series Grace Under Fire .
In 1999 , the boys appeared in their first major feature film , Big Daddy , in which they shared the role of a five @-@ year @-@ old boy named Julian who is adopted by Adam Sandler 's character , Sonny Koufax . Though the film received mixed reviews , the two were nominated for multiple awards for their role in the movie . However , they did not win any . The same year , the boys also had a minor role in the thriller The Astronaut 's Wife . The Sprouses have noted that after Big Daddy 's release , they entered a slow period in their careers and were not cast in any major roles for a time . During the early 2000s , the twins appeared in episodes of The Nightmare Room and That ' 70s Show , as well as in MADtv and portrayed roles in the feature films The Master of Disguise and Adam Sandler 's Eight Crazy Nights . Cole began appearing in episodes of the television show Friends , as Ross Geller 's son Ben in 2001 ; this role was not shared with Dylan .
They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks , both of which were family films that received a direct @-@ to @-@ video release . David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers " aren 't the worst child actors I 've ever seen , ... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired . " Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin , respectively . The series , which debuted in March 2005 , became a ratings success . As part of their involvement with Disney , the brothers also became part of the 11 @-@ member group , the Disney Channel Circle of Stars , and sang the song " A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes " along with the members of the circle , for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella . They also participated in the Disney Channel Games .
The Sprouses played one character , Jeremiah , in the independent film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things . The film was produced in 2004 but not given a theatrical release until March 2006 , when it played at three theatres in the United States , ultimately grossing $ 29 @,@ 000 domestically . Harvey Karten praised their acting , stating that " acting is superlative all around " , and Tamara Straus of the San Francisco Chronicle called them " the movie 's only saving grace " . In 2007 , the two filmed A Modern Twain Story : The Prince and the Pauper . Carrie R. Wheadon of Common Sense Media said the film was a " slow story for Zack and Cody fans only " . The Sprouse brothers both had voice roles in the animated film Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Didn 't Happen alongside Brenda Song and Emily Osment . Dylan played the voice of Shasta in Disney 's " Snow Buddies . " The brothers both starred in the theatrical film The Kings of Appletown , which is based on the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . The film was directed by Bobby Moresco and written by Amanda Moresco . Shot in New Braunfels , Texas , the movie was originally estimated to be released in the winter of 2008 . Kings of Appletown had a limited theatrical release on December 12 , 2009 and was officially released at the Newport Beach Film Festival in April 2010 .
They appeared on the cover of the May 2009 issue People Magazine , in an eighty @-@ page special edition issue devoted to The Suite Life on Deck . The twin brothers began filming another Modern Twain Story film in the summer of 2009 . The film was tentatively titled " Sivilized " and was a modern version of Huckleberry Finn . However , in mid @-@ 2010 , Dylan stated that they would not be doing the movie , in part because they " outgrew " the movie . They became the new face of the children 's yogurt , Dannon Danimals , in 2009 ; their endorsement deal was renewed in 2010 . The twin brothers signed an endorsement deal with Nintendo DS in August 2010 .
As of early to mid @-@ 2011 , Dylan and Cole are not in any acting projects and are focusing instead on college as well as art and photography , respectively . However , Dylan has stated that they would both like to continue acting while in college . Dylan and Cole are represented by William Morris Endeavor as of 2011 .
= = Sprouse Bros brand = =
In 2005 , the Sprouse brothers signed a licensing agreement with Dualstar Entertainment to produce Sprouse Bros branded merchandise for the preteen and teenage market , the Sprouse Bros brand included a clothing line , comics series and a magazine , as well as personal hygiene line and a line of sportswear . Dylan said of the brand that they wanted to " reach out to the nerd group and the cool group " and " appeal to everybody " . A magazine targeting boys was launched by Dualstar and Leisure Publishing LLC in 2006 called Sprouse Bros. Code . Simon & Schuster Inc. published two volumes of a book series titled Sprouse Bros. 47 R.O.N.I.N. , which was described as featuring the Sprouse twins as " young James Bonds or undercover agents " ; the book series continued . In 2008 , the brothers ended their association with the Olsens ' Dualstar , but they continued to sell their clothing line . The items in their clothing lines were sold exclusively online until mid @-@ March 2012 , when the online store could no longer be accessed .
= = Personal lives = =
Dylan Sprouse has stated that the experience of coming to fame after the success of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is " kind of scary , how fast everything is moving " and that a year prior " none of this was happening , it was just doing Suite Life , " and that he was excited for the future . While filming The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , the both of them received on @-@ set tutoring for three hours each day for school , and said they were getting " straight A 's and honors . " In their last year of high school , the brothers both took Advanced Placement classes . Dylan took AP Psychology and AP Spanish , and Cole took AP Psychology and AP Government .
The twins ' family has three dogs : Bubba , which belongs to Dylan and Cole ; Pinky , who is their father 's ; and Curry , their stepmother 's . Their favorite actor and co @-@ star is Adam Sandler . Dylan has said that Adam is " a role model in acting " and that they learned a lot about comedy from him . In mid @-@ 2010 , Dylan launched a site for his art called Sprouse Arts , and in mid @-@ 2011 , Cole launched a site for his photography called Cole Sprouse Photography .
In 2010 , the brothers were both accepted to New York University . They had initial plans to attend the university in the fall of 2010 ; however , they deferred for one year . Dylan initially planned on majoring in fine / studio arts and minoring in economics while Cole planned on majoring in film and television production and minoring in drama . Instead , they both enrolled in the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , which allows students to plan their own curriculum . Cole focused his curriculum on the humanities and archaeology while Dylan focused on video game design . In 2011 , Dylan was elected president of the Third Avenue North residence hall at New York University .
In 2012 , Dylan and Cole were officially appointed as the International Ambassadors of the Koyamada Foundation . They traveled to Japan with Shin Koyamada to empower the youth of Japan to better themselves and rebuild Japan as a society as well as to deepen the friendly relations and brotherhood between the youth of Japan and America in August 2013 .
As of 2013 , Dylan was working as a host at a New York City restaurant , which he explained was a result of his desire to try a new experience , as he said , " working somewhat below the means I 'm used to , as well as a way to socialize and get out of the house . "
Since 2014 , Dylan has commentated a few Super Smash Bros. tournaments .
In May 2015 , both Dylan and Cole Sprouse graduated from the Gallatin School of Individualized Study of NYU . Cole devoted his time studying archeology while Dylan studied video game design . Interestingly enough , they disclosed to Entertainment magazine that they managed to walk away with each other 's diplomas at their graduation ceremony .
Following their graduation , the two have disclosed they will possibly get back to their acting careers and take time to pursue their other interests such as photography and modeling .
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
= = Discography = =
2005 – " A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes " in DisneyMania 4
2008 – " A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes " in Princess DisneyMania
= Operation Ring =
Operation Ring ( Russian : Операция « Кольцо » , Operatsia Koltso ; Armenian : « Օղակ » գործողություն , Oghak gortsoğut 'yun ) , known in Azerbaijan as the Chaykend Operation ( Azerbaijani : Çaykənd əməliyyatı ) was the codename for the May 1991 military operation conducted by Soviet Internal Security Forces and OMON units in the northern regions ( Shahumyan , Shusha , Martakert and Hadrut ) of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR and in a number of bordering regions of the Armenian SSR ( Noyemberyan , Goris and Tavush ) . Officially dubbed a " passport checking operation , " the ostensible goal launched by the Soviet Union 's internal and defense ministries was to disarm Armenian militia detachments that had been organized in " [ illegally ] armed formations . " The operation involved the use of ground troops who accompanied a complement of military vehicles , artillery and helicopter gunships to be used to root out the self @-@ described Armenian fedayeen .
However , contrary to their stated objectives , Soviet troops and the predominantly Azerbaijani soldiers in the AzSSR OMON and army forcibly uprooted Armenians living in the 24 villages strewn across Shahumyan to leave their homes and settle elsewhere in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh or in the neighboring Armenian SSR . British journalist Thomas de Waal has described Ring as the Soviet Union 's first and only civil war . Some authors have also described the actions of the joint Soviet and Azerbaijani force as ethnic cleansing . The military operation was accompanied by systematic and gross human rights abuses .
= = Background = =
The Nagorno @-@ Karabakh movement that had originally begun in Armenia during the late 1980s called for the Karabakh enclave to be united with that country , despite it being behind the borders of Azerbaijan . With a population that was 75 percent Armenian , official petitions were sent by Armenian leaders to the Soviet government in Moscow in order to address the issue but were rejected by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev . The demands to annex the region came in the middle of Gorbachev 's reform policies , Glasnost and Perestroika . First implemented in 1985 , when Gorbachev came into power , the liberalization of political and economical constraints in the Soviet Union gave birth to numerous nationalist groups in the different Soviet republics who insisted that they be given the right to secede and form their own independent countries .
By late 1989 , the Communist Parties of the republics of Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania had largely been weakened in power . In Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , the intercommunal relations between Armenians and Azerbaijanis had worsened due to violence and pogroms . Gorbachev 's policies hastened the collapse of the Soviet system and many Armenians and Azerbaijanis sought protection by arming themselves with Soviet military weaponry . His preoccupation in dealing with the numerous demands by the other republics saw the disappearance of vast amounts of assault rifles , rocket @-@ propelled grenades , and other small arms munitions stored in caches throughout Armenia and Azerbaijan .
Foreseeing the inevitable conflict that would unfold after the Soviet Union disintegrated , Armenian volunteers from both the Republic and the Armenian diaspora flocked to the enclave and formed detachments of several dozen men . Gorbachev deemed these detachments and others in Karabakh as illegal entities and banned them in a decree in July 1990 . Despite this promulgation , these groups continued to exist and actively fought against Azerbaijani " special @-@ purpose " militia brigades . The volatility of the attacks led the Soviet government to position military units in the Armenian capital of Yerevan and along the five @-@ kilometer gap between the Armenian border and Nagorno @-@ Karabakh .
Shahumyan had a population of about 20 @,@ 000 , of whom 85 percent were ethnic Armenian . While the Armenian volunteers pledged to defend and protect civilians living in Shahumyan from Azerbaijani incursions , many of them were told to stay away by the inhabitants themselves to save the villages and the entire district from violence .
= = Origins of planning = =
It is widely believed that Operation Ring was conceived by Soviet authorities in order to intimidate the Armenians . The Armenian SSR had boycotted the All @-@ Union referendum , though Armenian sources allege that Baku had planned measures against the Armenians long before the referendum . Although the execution of Operation Ring was not proposed to Soviet officials until mid @-@ April 1991 , Mutalibov insisted in an interview that such plans had originally been formulated as early as 1989 .
Viktor Krivopuskov , who visited Karabakh in 1990 , writes :
Early in November 1990 our fact @-@ finding group got hold of secret materials of the authorities of the Azerbaijan SSR on the total deportation of the Armenian population from the villages of Khanlar and of former Shahumyan regions . At the session of the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan SSR , which took place in February 1991 , the plan of deportations of the Armenian population from Azerbaijan was actually approved .
The Russian human rights organization Memorial reports the expulsion of civilians in this region as early as 1989 @-@ 90 , when the inhabitants of the Kushi @-@ Armavir , Azat , and Kamo were forced to abandon their homes . The Azerbaijani OMON , a special paramilitary unit known as the " black berets " , had similarly been engaged in various " acts of harassment against Armenian villages in the enclave , including raids on collective farms and the destruction of ... communal facilities . "
In 1991 , Gorbachev set 17 March as the date of the All @-@ Union referendum that the republics would take part in to decide the fate of the Soviet Union . Offering to grant greater autonomy to the individual republics , Armenia , Georgia , along with several other republics , vowed not to take part in the referendum and instead seek independence from Moscow . Meanwhile , Azerbaijan 's Communist Party head , Ayaz Mutalibov , continued to support Gorbachev 's attempts to keep the Union together and took part in the referendum ; with 92 percent of voters agreeing to remain a part of the Soviet Union . Mutalibov 's staunch loyalty to Gorbachev allowed him to garner backing from Moscow and , in effect , he now had the support to discourage the aspirations of Armenians desiring to unite with Armenia or to force them to leave the region altogether .
The operation 's codename , Ring , referred to the encirclement of the towns of Getashen and Martunashen by the Soviet MVD and armed forces . A date in late April was chosen for the commencement of the operation , which called for Soviet troops to surround the towns and search the villages for both illegally procured weapons and Armenian guerrilla fighters . Reacting to the growing violence , Gorbachev had also assigned units of the Soviet 4th Army 's predominantly Azerbaijani 23rd Motorized Rifle Division , stationed along the Armenian @-@ Azerbaijani border , to serve as a buffer force . The 23rd Division and other elements of the Fourth Army were selected along with the Azerbaijani OMON to take part in Ring .
= = Implementation = =
= = = First operation = = =
On 30 April , the Soviet troops and OMON converged toward Getashen and Martunashen , which were approximately twenty @-@ five kilometers north of Karabakh , meeting little , if any , resistance on the way . Accompanying the normal ground troops were an assortment of tanks , armored personnel carriers , artillery and attack helicopters . While approaching the villages in Shahumyan , the military would announce their intended actions with a loudspeaker and called for the inhabitants to display proof of their citizenship ( known as a " passport @-@ regime " check ) in an effort to root out the fedayeen groups led by Tatul Krpeyan , a local schoolteacher . The following ultimatum was issued to residents in a village in Shahumyan :
Within one hour , all citizens of this village will be required to go through a passport regime . Comrade citizens , we implore you to show no resistance to the MVD . Should you choose to ignore this warning , the MVD will take the strictest measures to defend itself . I repeat , we will use the strictest measures to defend ourselves , the strictest measures . We will be waiting for you at the location of this loudspeaker one hour from now .
However , this served only as a pretext as civilians were subjected to grueling interrogations and many were taken out of their homes and beaten . The troops also arrested several adult males , often without any conclusive evidence , who they accused of being members of the militia . Additionally , if there was no response by the villagers to the ultimatum issued by the troops , an artillery barrage was launched above and over the village itself to further intimidate the civilians .
After Soviet units completed the operation in the towns , they ordered a full @-@ scale deportation of all resident Armenians in the two towns , helicoptering them to Nagorno @-@ Karabakh 's capital , Stepanakert , and later to Armenia proper . Supplanting the previous occupants were Azerbaijani refugees who had fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan during the previous three years of fighting . Initial public outcry denounced the launching of the operation as the Soviet and Azerbaijani governments went on to defend it , stating that the villagers of Shahumyan were providing aid and harboring the militias in their homes . The Armenian government , along with the Soviet media , including Pravda and the Moskovskiye Novosti , condemned the operation and described the acts of violence carried out by the army and OMON as excessive and unnecessary ; the operation continued until the first week of May .
= = = Second operation = = =
On 7 May , a second operation was conducted by the same units , this time in a town in the northern Armenian town of Voskepar . Under the same pretext as the previous operation , the joint forces entered Armenia with tanks and other armored vehicles , claiming that militia units were staging attacks from that area into Azerbaijan . The operation was conducted in a similar manner but with deadlier results . In addition to the arbitrary arrests of twenty men in towns surrounding Voskepar , a bus carrying thirty Armenian policemen was attacked by elements of the 23rd Division , killing eleven of the officers and arresting the rest . The OMON units also took part in razing and looting the outlying villages around Voskepar . Residents were similarly forced to leave their homes and thus ceded them after signing a form which stated that they were leaving their homes at their own volition .
The second operation provoked further anger from the Armenian government , which saw the operation as an encroachment against its sovereignty . Armenia 's president , Levon Ter @-@ Petrosyan claimed that the Soviet government was exacting retribution against his country for not taking part in the All @-@ Union referendum by depopulating the towns . Reacting to media reports of unprovoked atrocities by the OMON , four members of the Russian parliament intervened on behalf of the Armenians , arriving in Voskepar on 15 May . Anatoly Shabad , the leading parliamentary member , secured the return of the captured Armenian policemen as the Soviet forces desisted from continuing out the rest of the operation . In total , five thousand Armenians were deported from Getashen and Martunashen , with an estimated 20 or 30 of them killed . Krpeyan was killed in fighting with Soviet troops in Getashen .
= = Human rights abuses and legality = =
Human rights organizations documented a wide number of human rights violations and abuses committed by Soviet and Azerbaijani forces . These included forced deportations of civilians , unlawful killings , torture , kidnapping harassment , rape and the wanton seizure or destruction of property . Despite fierce protests , no measures were taken either to prevent the human rights abuses or to punish the perpetrators . Approximately 17 @,@ 000 Armenians living in twenty @-@ three of Shahumyan 's villages were deported out of the region .
Despite fierce protests , no measures were taken either to prevent the human rights abuses or to punish the perpetrators . Approximately 17 @,@ 000 Armenians living in twenty @-@ three of Shahumyan 's villages were deported out of the region .
Professor Richard Wilson of Harvard University , who presented a report to the First International Andrei Sakharov Conference , noted that his fact @-@ finding group did not find any " evidence , in spite of diligent enquiry , that anyone recently deported from the village of Getashen left it voluntarily . " The delegation of the International Andrei Sakharov Conference concluded that :
Azerbaijani officials , including President of Azerbaijan Ayaz Mualibov and the second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan Victor Polyanichko , keep on approving these deportations , presenting them as a voluntary resetting of the inhabitants of NKAO . However , we have irrefutable evidence proving that these actions were carried out with a brutal use of force and weaponry , which led to murders , mutilations and the loss of personal property .
The final report of the Committee on Human Rights of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR also concluded that the documents signed under the use of force cannot serve as evidence of voluntary departure of residents . The United States Congress ( 17 May 1991 ) and the European Parliament ( 14 March 1991 ) likewise passed resolutions condemning the Operation Ring .
= = Aftermath = =
On 4 July , Gorbachev declared that the region was stabilizing , and announced an end to the operation . In both military and strategic terms , Operation Ring was a failure . The aim of disarming the Armenian volunteer groups was never achieved . Despite the presence of the helicopter gunships and armored vehicles , the militiamen managed to elude and evade capture . Ring , however , managed to reinforce the ethnic divide between Armenians and Azerbaijanis , " virtually precluding , according to Michael Croissant " the possibility of further coexistence between the peoples within " Azerbaijan 's borders . Gorbachev and other Soviet officials maintained that Ring was necessary to prevent the region from further deteriorating into chaos and as the militias ' presence contravened the July 1990 presidential decree . According to Shabad , however , the operation 's objectives were impractical and Gorbachev had been misled on the general situation in Karabakh :
Evidently Mutalibov had persuaded Gorbachev that there was a powerful partisan army of fedayeen there and that its actions would lead to the secession of Armenian populated territories from Azerbaijan , that they were bandits and that they had to be liquidated . And Gorbachev – it was a great stupidity on his part of course – agreed to this operation . He probably understands now that an operation of that sort was doomed , it was impossible . We see in Chechnya that a war against partisans is an empty undertaking .
Armenia fiercely contested the legality of the operation and within two months declared its independence and seceded from the Soviet Union . Within several months , the fighting between Azerbaijan and Armenia worsened and precipitated the open @-@ phased segment of the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War .
= = In popular culture = =
A series of documentary films titled " Wounds of Karabakh " ( 1994 ) were shot by Bulgarian journalist Tsvetana Paskaleva . The documentaries , shot during different phases of the operation Ring , give a detailed account of the events .
In June 2006 , the film Destiny ( Armenian : Ճակատագիր ; Tchakatagir ) premiered in Yerevan and Stepanakert . The film stars and is written by Gor Vardanyan and is a fictional account of the events revolving around Operation Ring . It cost $ 3 @.@ 8 million to make , the most expensive film ever before in the country , and is the first such film made about the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War .
= McLaren M2B =
The McLaren M2B was the McLaren team 's first Formula One racing car , used during the 1966 season . It was conceived in 1965 and preceded by the M2A development car . Designed by Robin Herd , the innovative but problematic Mallite material was used in its construction . The car was powered by Ford and Serenissima engines but both lacked power and suffered from reliability issues .
Driven by team founder Bruce McLaren , the M2B had a short Grand Prix career , entering six races and starting only four . It scored the team 's first point at the British Grand Prix and two more points at the United States Grand Prix .
= = Background and development = =
Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1964 ; Bruce McLaren was a factory driver for the Cooper motor racing team which competed in Formula One , the highest level of international single @-@ seater competition . For two years the McLaren team had raced in the Tasman Series , a competition for single @-@ seaters that ran during the Formula One world championship off @-@ season , and in various sports car races . Bruce McLaren continued to race in Grands Prix ( i.e. Formula One championship races ) for Cooper , but by 1965 the team 's performances were worsening and so he decided to build his own Formula One car to race the following year . Despite being a skilled engineer himself , McLaren enlisted Robin Herd to design the car . Herd was an aerospace engineer who had previously worked at the National Gas Turbine Establishment ( NGTE ) where he had been involved with the Concorde project . In September 1965 the M2A development car was completed . Powered by a 4 @.@ 5 litre Oldsmobile V8 engine , it was used to test Herd 's design ideas and Firestone 's tyres . With McLaren still employed by Cooper , the McLaren team initially denied that they were building a Formula One competitor , claiming that the M2A was purely a tyre test bed .
At the factory in Colnbrook , construction started on at least two M2B chassis , whilst a third was possibly started but not completed . By December 1965 the M2A had completed over 2 @,@ 000 miles ( 3 @,@ 200 km ) of testing and two race engines were ready to be installed in the M2B , Bruce McLaren testing the car at Goodwood Circuit . Also that month , the design team was joined by Herd 's former NGTE colleague Gordon Coppuck ; Coppuck later became chief designer at McLaren . In February 1966 further testing was carried out in California , United States in anticipation of the start of the world championship season in May .
= = Design = =
The M2B was a mid @-@ engined rear @-@ wheel drive monocoque design , monocoques having been popularised by Lotus 's 25 of 1962 . Influenced by his aerospace experience , Herd built the chassis with Mallite , a material that had originally been designed for internal panelling in aircraft . Mallite is a composite of balsa wood bonded between two sheets of aluminium alloy that is much stiffer than ordinary aluminium alloy , a useful characteristic for a racing car . However , the material proved to be difficult to bend into the curved shapes needed and so , whilst the M2A prototype was made entirely of Mallite except for the steel bulkheads , on the M2B it was utilised only for the inner and upper skins , the remainder being aluminium alloy . Mallite was also complicated to repair after crash damage . Its use did mean though that the chassis was the stiffest then built for an open @-@ cockpit car , with torsional rigidity of nearly 10 @,@ 000 lb · ft ( 13 @,@ 600 N · m ) per degree . Glass @-@ reinforced plastic bodywork covered the nose , cockpit and engine . Fuel was stored in rubber bag tanks situated within the moncoque .
Herd 's knowledge of aerodynamics and Bruce McLaren 's experience with Ford 's sports car racing programme combined to spur the team into experimenting with aerodynamic bodywork . The M2A was fitted with a rear wing that produced downforce – downwards pressure on the car and tyres which allows faster cornering – and reduced lap times by three seconds at a test at Zandvoort circuit in November 1965 , two and a half years before the Brabham and Ferrari teams eventually debuted wings in a Grand Prix . The team intended to use the wing on the M2B , but the engine problems that occurred prevented this .
The suspension was a conventional wishbone @-@ based arrangement with inboard coilover springs and dampers at the front and outboard coilover springs and dampers at the rear . Braking was provided by Girling discs within 13 inches ( 330 mm ) diameter magnesium alloy wheels . The wheelbase measured exactly 8 feet ( 2438 mm ) , and front and rear track was 4 feet 10 inches ( 1473 mm ) and 4 feet 10 @.@ 75 inches ( 1492 mm ) , respectively .
For 1966 the Formula One engine capacity limit was increased to 3 @.@ 0 litres from the 1 @.@ 5 litres of the previous five seasons . McLaren considered and discounted British Racing Motors ( BRM ) , Maserati , Coventry Climax and Oldsmobile engines before opting for a Ford V8 engine . This engine was originally designed for the Indianapolis 500 , the premier single @-@ seater oval track race in the United States , and had to be reduced in capacity from 4 @.@ 2 litres to the 3 @.@ 0 litre limit . This choice was partly motivated by the belief that it might bring financial support from Ford , although this never materialised . Ex BMW and Daimler @-@ Benz engineer Klaus von Rucker was initially appointed to carry out the conversion of the engine in England . However , progress was slow so the project was transferred to Traco Engineering in California , United States , where extensive modifications were made to the internals under the oversight of McLaren 's Gary Knutson . In its 4 @.@ 2 litre form the Ford engine produced 470 bhp and McLaren expected the reduced capacity version to produce about 335 bhp . In fact , it produced 300 bhp in a narrow power band and was further handicapped by its large size and weight ; combined with the gearbox it weighed nearly as much as rival team Brabham 's entire car . In order to allow time to further develop the Ford , McLaren also used a Serenissima M166 3 @.@ 0 litre V8 engine for some of the races . This engine produced about 260 bhp and required modifications to be made to the monocoque but was at least relatively light and compact . Four- and five @-@ speed ZF transaxle gearboxes and a Borg & Beck clutch were employed .
The M2B was originally intended to be raced in a green and silver colour scheme designed by Michael Turner . However , short on money , the McLaren team made a financial deal with the makers of the film Grand Prix – a drama that included actual race footage – which involved the car being painted white with a green stripe in order to represent the film 's fictional Japanese " Yamura " team .
= = Racing history = =
The Ford @-@ powered M2B made its debut driven by McLaren at the world championship season @-@ opening Monaco Grand Prix . There he qualified 10th on the grid and ran as high as sixth but retired after nine laps due to an oil leak . After Monaco McLaren decided " it looks as though we 're going to have to make some fairly drastic moves in the engine room " , and so for the next race in Belgium the Serenissima engine was used . The replacement unit did not provide an immediate solution though , terminally damaging its bearings in practice . With no spare , McLaren was unable to start the race . The team missed the next race in France , but at the British Grand Prix at Brands Hatch the M2B finished sixth to score McLaren 's first championship point . Another non @-@ start resulted when the Serenissima failed again before the Dutch Grand Prix , and the entries for the German and Italian Grands Prix were withdrawn in anticipation of the improved Ford engine being readied . Thus equipped at the United States Grand Prix , McLaren drove to fifth place and two more points . At final event in Mexico , the rear bodywork was cut away to help prevent overheating but the engine failed during the race . McLaren had intended for Chris Amon , who was already racing sports cars for the team , to race a second car but the engine problems prevented this .
= = = World Championship results table = = =
= = Legacy = =
Despite the M2B 's lack of success Herd said of the team , " Everyone was ten times more determined to do better the following year . " On the design of the car he reflected that , " our emphasis tended to be more on the elegance of the chassis structure rather than on the design of a really quick racing car " and that , " we ... tended to go towards technical ingenuity and bullshit rather than racewinning engineering " . Team member and later manager of the organisation Teddy Mayer said , " Our main problems were with the choice of the Ford engine . " Bruce McLaren 's personal secretary and author Eoin Young concurs . The winners of the 1966 drivers ' and constructors ' championships , Jack Brabham and his eponymous team , used a Repco @-@ modified and badged Oldsmobile engine . It produced approximately 290 bhp – less than the Ford – but its light weight and reliability rendered it effective . Despite having used the Oldsmobile in sports racing cars , the McLaren team discounted it . Afterwards , Mayer said , " We considered it , but the kind of modifications which Repco did were well beyond our resources , and I doubt very much if we could have done any more with it than we did with the Indy Ford . "
McLaren 's later cars abandoned Mallite in favour of conventional aluminium construction ; the Ford and Serenissima engine also saw no further action . For 1967 BRM engines powered the M4B and M5A but it was not until the Cosworth DFV became available in 1968 that McLaren scored their first Formula One wins with the M7A . Herd stayed on designing all of these cars until he left for Cosworth in 1967 . McLaren have since become one of the most successful teams in Formula One .
The M2A was sold on to be used by various private racers in the United Kingdom before being destroyed by fire in 1969 . Sources suggest that three M2B chassis were similarly sold on ; one is awaiting restoration in the United States and another is currently on display at the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition .
= Controversies surrounding Grand Theft Auto V =
Grand Theft Auto V is an open world , action @-@ adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . Upon its 17 September 2013 release on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , the game generated controversies related to its violence and depiction of women . A mission that requires players to use torture equipment in a hostage interrogation polarised reviewers , who noted its political commentary but felt that the torture sequence was in poor taste . The mission also received criticism from politicians and anti @-@ torture charity groups . The game became subject to widespread online debate over its portrayal of women , particularly in the wake of backlash against GameSpot journalist Carolyn Petit after she claimed the game was misogynystic in her review . After Petit 's review webpage received more than 20 @,@ 000 largely negative comments , many journalists defended her right to an opinion and lamented the gaming community 's defensiveness towards criticism . Television personality Karen Gravano and actress Lindsay Lohan have both filed lawsuits against Rockstar in allegation that characters in the game were based on their likenesses . Target 's Australian division pulled the game from their 300 stores following a Change.org petition against depictions of violence of women in the game .
= = Depiction of torture = =
The mission " By the Book " generated controversy from reviewers and commentators for its depiction of torture . In the mission , protagonist Trevor Philips interrogates a man , Mr K , to extract information about an Azerbaijani fugitive who poses a threat to the FIB . Trevor uses torture equipment ( such as electricity and pliers ) on the restrained man , which players select from a table . Once Mr K provides the FIB with the information , Trevor is asked to kill him , but instead drives him to the airport , providing him an opportunity to escape . While driving Mr K , Trevor monologues about the ineffectiveness of torture , pointing out Mr K 's readiness to supply the FIB with the information without being tortured , and expressing that torture is used as a power play " to assert ourselves " .
Reviewers echoed that while the mission served as political commentary on the use of torture by the United States government , its use of torture was in poor taste . IGN 's Keza MacDonald felt the torture sequence " pushed the boundaries of taste " and Polygon 's Chris Plante commented : " The script plays it for laughs . I felt nauseated " . Carolyn Petit of GameSpot felt that placing the torture scene in context with the monologue created a hypocrisy in the mission 's function as a commentary device . In an editorial , Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer discussed whether the political commentary was overshadowed by the violent content and compared the mission to Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 's " No Russian " controversy . He said that the close @-@ up camera and quick time events accentuated the sequence 's impact beyond the violence depicted in previous Grand Theft Auto games . Summarising its function as " flawed " , he considered the sequence lacking enough context to justify its violence .
Keith Best of Freedom from Torture said that developer Rockstar North " crossed a line " by forcing players into the role of torturer . British Labour Party MP Keith Vaz said he was " astonished " by the mission 's violence , and Alison Sherratt of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers said that parents should be aware of children being exposed to the game because of its realistic graphics and violence . Independent journalist Tom Chick defended the torture sequence , and wrote that unlike the " No Russian " mission or the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty , the underlying political commentary on torture in " By the Book " necessitated the violent content . Asked about performing the torture sequence , Trevor 's actor Steven Ogg said that he treated it like " just another day at the office " , and was focused more on not making mistakes during filming than the scene 's ethics . In Japanese versions of the game , the torture sequence is censored .
= = Portrayal of women = =
Some reviewers claim that the game 's portrayal of women is misogynistic . Chris Plante of Polygon felt that the supporting female characters were constructed on stereotypes , and wrote that the game 's " treatment of women is a relic from the current generation " . Todd Martens of the Los Angeles Times considered the satirical portrayals of women uncreative , and added that violent and sexist themes hurt the game experience . Edge noted that while " every female in the game exists solely to be sneered , leered or laughed at " , it treated its all @-@ male lead characters in a similar vein through their stereotyped tendencies towards violence . Dave Cook of VG247 reinforced the sentiment that the female characters were constructed on stereotypes in an editorial : " They 're either there to be rescued , shouted at , fucked , to be seen fucking , put up with , killed , heard prattling away like dullards on their mobile phones or shopping " . Sam Houser , Rockstar Games co @-@ founder , felt that the development team sometimes overlooked their portrayal of women in Grand Theft Auto games , but that the weight towards male characters " fit with the story we wanted to tell " .
In her review , Petit of GameSpot observed misogynistic undertones in the treatment of women as " strippers , prostitutes , long @-@ suffering wives , humourless girlfriends and goofy , new @-@ age feminists " , and felt that the satirical representation of misogyny legitimises it . Her review was met with backlash as users responded with 20 @,@ 000 largely negative comments on the webpage and a Change.org petition for her firing . Petit 's comments and the backlash against them prompted a wider discussion about the role of women in Grand Theft Auto V and the gaming community 's defensiveness towards criticism . Helen Lewis of The Guardian felt Petit 's observations were valid , but were stigmatised by gamers who have become " hyper @-@ sensitive to criticism " . Tom Hoggins of The Telegraph felt that the backlash against Petit was predicated on an audience that has become accustomed to women being " shallow and sidelined " in the game . Rob Fahey of GamesIndustry.biz felt that debate about games ' thematic concerns could become stigmatised if gamers opposed criticism , writing , " This isn 't just about women — it 's robbing every single one of us of the opportunity to have intelligent , interesting discussions about how our medium deals with ..... complex topics ..... It 's frustrating , it 's stupid , and it 's downright boring — and it risks making our games stupid and boring too " . Journalist Tom Bissell agreed with Petit 's " defensible position " , and wrote that gamers respond to game criticism more aggressively than fans of other entertainment mediums . Over a year after publication of her review , Petit stated in her personal blog that the " average straight male player " opposes sociopolitical criticism of video games because Grand Theft Auto V 's satire reinforces their own worldview and " political agenda " . She stated that the prominence of " straight white men " in online forums marginalises women , different ethnic groups and the LGBT community , and that those who attack video game criticism should " put themselves in the shoes of people different from themselves " .
In December 2014 , Australian department store Target removed the game from their 300 stores after customers complained about " depictions of violence against women " and a Change.org petition amassed more than 40 @,@ 000 signatures . In a public statement , Target corporate affairs manager Jim Cooper said that the decision was reached following " extensive community and customer concern about the game " . The same week , another division of Wesfarmers , Kmart Australia , also pulled the game off shelves . Take @-@ Two Interactive CEO Strauss Zelnick publicly expressed the company 's disappointment that the game had been pulled from the retailers , and affirmed that he " stands behind our products , the people who create them , and the consumers who play them " . IGN 's Luke Reilly called the Change.org petition " misinformed " , stating that its complaints about incentives for committing sexual violence in the game are untrue . A focal point of the petition claimed players could earn health and money from having sex with strippers and then killing them . While true , it is in no way exclusive to women only , as the effects for killing a prostitute are the same as killing a regular man or woman . The petition drew much criticism and mockery on the internet . Kotaku 's Mark Serrels said that the depiction of women is inherently " problematic " , and that Target were within their rights to refuse to stock the game and were obligated to respond to the petition 's wide support . David Keogh of ABC News ' The Drum felt that Rockstar depends on controversy and were " burned by the fire they voluntarily decided to play with " since the gaming industry is no longer on the margins of popular culture .
= = Legal actions = =
In October 2013 , hip @-@ hop artist Daz Dillinger issued a cease and desist letter to Rockstar Games and Take Two Interactive for allegedly using two of his songs without authorisation . American television personality Karen Gravano of the reality television programme Mob Wives filed suit against Rockstar Games in February 2014 in allegation that a character in the game is based on her likeness and story and was depicted without her consent . Rockstar filed to dismiss Gravano 's lawsuit in April , and stated that the allegations are foreclosed by the First Amendment . In July , actress Lindsay Lohan also filed a lawsuit , claiming elements in the game were influenced by her image , voice and clothing line without permission . Rockstar responded in court papers that sought a dismissal of the case , saying that the case was frivolous and filed for publicity purposes .
= The Splendid Source =
" The Splendid Source " is the 19th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . Directed by Brian Iles and written by Mark Hentemann , the episode originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 16 , 2010 . The episode follows Peter , Joe and Quagmire as they set out on a journey to find the ultimate source of all the world 's dirty jokes . Along the way , the group is reunited with their old friend , Cleveland Brown , while traveling through Stoolbend , Virginia . Their journey becomes much more difficult than expected when they are kidnapped and taken to a remote island . There , they discover a secret society of the world 's greatest geniuses at the center of all the world 's dirty jokes . The plot is based on a short story of the same name written by Richard Matheson and first published in the May 1956 edition of Playboy magazine .
The episode was a follow @-@ up to the departure of main character Cleveland Brown , who was removed from Family Guy to become the center of the spin @-@ off The Cleveland Show . Former series writer and cast member Mike Henry returned to the series to provide the voice of Cleveland . The episode also featured the first official crossover between Family Guy and The Cleveland Show , and included cameo appearances by several of The Cleveland Show 's main characters . The episode was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
Critical response to the episode was favorable . Critics praised the episode for its original premise , and its under @-@ reliance on cultural references , but criticized the episode 's plot . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 59 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Marc Alaimo , Gary Cole , Ioan Gruffudd , Sanaa Lathan , David Lynch , Kevin Michael Richardson and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " The Splendid Source " was released on DVD along with ten other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .
= = Plot = =
As Peter and Lois discuss a family trip to Maine , Chris alerts his parents that he has been suspended indefinitely from school for telling an inappropriate joke . Assuring Principal Shephard it will never happen again , Chris reveals that he learned the joke from Quagmire .
Peter confronts Quagmire at the Drunken Clam later that day , but he enjoys the joke so much that he accidentally defecates . Quagmire and Joe soon discover that Peter soils his pants every time they tell him the joke , and they try to make him defecate himself repeatedly . Quagmire hires Freddy Krueger from the Nightmare On Elm Street film series to make Peter soil himself in his dreams as well . When Lois berates Peter for soiling the bed , he realizes " when you poop in your dreams , you poop for real . "
Tired of Joe and Quagmire 's antics , Peter wears Quagmire 's pants to the bar the next day , discouraging them from making him laugh . Peter asks where Quagmire heard the dirty joke in the first place , and Quagmire reveals that he heard it from Bruce . Locating Bruce at his job at the bowling alley , the group discovers that the joke has been transmitted by a large number of people including Consuela , Dr. Hartman , Mayor Adam West , Angela , Opie , Tom Tucker , Bender from Futurama , Al Harrington , and REO Speedwagon frontman Kevin Cronin . Cronin tells them that he heard the joke from a Virginia bartender .
The Griffins , the Swansons , and Quagmire prepare for a road trip , ostensibly for a vacation in Maine . Quagmire distracts Bonnie and Lois as Peter alters course to Virginia instead . The group arrives at a bar in Stoolbend , Virginia , and discover that it was Cleveland who told the bartender the joke . Peter asks Cleveland where he first heard the joke , and Cleveland reveals that a Washington , D.C. , bellhop named Sal Russo told it to him . The group sets out for D.C. with Cleveland in tow . They are attacked by a black car , whose occupants fire guns at them to prevent them from learning the joke 's origin . Joe shoots out one of the car 's tires , causing it to spin out of control and flip onto its roof . The Quahog group arrive at a Washington hotel and locate Sal , who is reluctant to reveal the source of the joke . He races away on a handcart through Washington . Losing track of Sal , they are soon captured by several men in black suits who pistol @-@ whip them until they are unconscious .
Kidnapped and thrown on a plane , they land on a remote island . They are led by the men in suits through a jungle wilderness to a large stone temple . The Dean of the Secret Order of Dirty Joke Writers appears from the shadows and leads the group into a large library , where the world 's greatest geniuses study . The Dean explains that the world 's greatest thinkers have come together to create dirty jokes , and distribute them throughout the world by a network of agents like the bellhop . The Dean takes them into a dark room . He reveals that they will not be permitted to leave the island now that they know the source of all the world 's dirty jokes . They are locked in a jail cell . As a diversion , Peter stabs Cleveland with a pencil . When the guard opens the door to investigate , the prisoners escape . They are recaptured by the Dean and his armed guards immediately . As they are about to be shot by the guards , an old man claims he has just written the world 's greatest dirty joke and then suddenly dies . Peter snatches a small piece of paper that the man dropped as he died , containing the joke . The prisoners escape with the joke on a small plane . As they fly over the secret enclave , it is destroyed in a fireball resulting from a burning drapery that Peter had set alight with a candle . Quagmire bemoans that they destroyed the source of all dirty jokes . They quickly realize that as long as there are people there will be dirty jokes . Peter , Joe , Cleveland and Quagmire then fly off into the sunset , before finding out the supposed greatest joke ever written is " Guess what ? Chicken butt ! " Peter doubts that that is really the world 's greatest joke . Cleveland replies , " No , this is ! , " and then stabs Peter with a pencil and requests to be taken to Virginia .
In the final scene , Peter introduces footage of an ape scratching himself as a public service announcement from the March of Dimes Foundation .
= = Production and development = =
First announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in
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of delays on 1941 , but the concept of making a small autobiographical film about childhood would stay with him . He also thought about a follow @-@ up to Close Encounters of the Third Kind , and began to develop a darker project he had planned with John Sayles called Night Skies in which malevolent aliens terrorize a family .
Filming Raiders of the Lost Ark in Tunisia left Spielberg bored , and memories of his childhood creation resurfaced . He told screenwriter Melissa Mathison about Night Skies , and developed a subplot from the failed project , in which Buddy , the only friendly alien , befriends an autistic child . His abandonment on Earth in the script 's final scene inspired the E.T. concept . She wrote a first draft titled E.T. and Me in eight weeks , which he considered perfect . The script went through two more drafts , which deleted an " Eddie Haskell " -esque friend of Elliott . The chase sequence was also created , and he also suggested having the scene where E.T. got drunk . Columbia Pictures , which had been producing Night Skies , met him to discuss the script . The studio passed on it , calling it " a wimpy Walt Disney movie " , so he approached the more receptive Sid Sheinberg , president of MCA .
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Carlo Rambaldi , who designed the aliens for Close Encounters of the Third Kind , was hired to design the animatronics of E.T. Rambaldi 's own painting Women of Delta led him to give the creature a unique , extendable neck . Its face was inspired by those of Carl Sandburg , Albert Einstein and Ernest Hemingway . Producer Kathleen Kennedy visited the Jules Stein Eye Institute to study real and glass eyes . She hired Institute staffers to create E.T. ' s eyes , which she felt were particularly important in engaging the audience . Four heads were created for filming , one as the main animatronic and the others for facial expressions , as well as a costume . Two dwarfs , Tamara De Treaux and Pat Bilon , as well as 12 @-@ year @-@ old Matthew DeMeritt , who was born without legs , took turns wearing the costume , depending on what scene was being filmed . DeMeritt actually walked on his hands and played all scenes where he walked awkwardly or fell over . The head was placed above that of the actors , and the actors could see through slits in its chest . Caprice Roth , a professional mime , filled prosthetics to play E.T. ' s hands . The puppet was created in three months at the cost of $ 1 @.@ 5 million . Spielberg declared it was " something that only a mother could love . " Mars , Incorporated found E.T. so ugly that they refused to allow M & M 's to be used in the film , believing the creature would frighten children . This allowed The Hershey Company the opportunity to market Reese 's Pieces . Science and technology educator Henry Feinberg created E.T. ' s communicator device .
= = = Filming = = =
The film began shooting in September 1981 . The project was filmed under the cover name A Boy 's Life , as Spielberg did not want anyone to discover and plagiarize the plot . The actors had to read the script behind closed doors , and everyone on set had to wear an ID card . The shoot began with two days at a high school in Culver City , and the crew spent the next 11 days moving between locations at Northridge and Tujunga . The next 42 days were spent at Culver City 's Laird International Studios , for the interiors of Elliott 's home . The crew shot at a redwood forest near Crescent City for the production 's last six days . The exterior Halloween scene and the " flying bicycle " chase scenes were filmed in Porter Ranch . Spielberg shot the film in roughly chronological order to achieve convincingly emotional performances from his cast . In the scene in which Michael first encounters E.T. , his appearance caused MacNaughton to jump back and knock down the shelves behind him . The chronological shoot gave the young actors an emotional experience as they bonded with E.T. , making the quarantine sequences more moving . Spielberg ensured the puppeteers were kept away from the set to maintain the illusion of a real alien . For the first time in his career , he did not storyboard most of the film , in order to facilitate spontaneity in the performances . The film was shot so adults , except for Dee Wallace , are never seen from the waist up in its first half , as a tribute to Tex Avery 's cartoons . The shoot was completed in 61 days , four days ahead of schedule . According to Spielberg , the memorable scene where E.T. disguises himself as a stuffed toy in Elliott 's closet was suggested by colleague Robert Zemeckis , after he read a draft of the screenplay that Spielberg had sent him .
= = = Music = = =
Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams , who composed the film 's musical score , described the challenge of creating one that would generate sympathy for such an odd @-@ looking creature . As with their previous collaborations , Spielberg liked every theme Williams composed and had it included . Spielberg loved the music for the final chase so much that he edited the sequence to suit it . Williams took a modernist approach , especially with his use of polytonality , which refers to the sound of two different keys played simultaneously . The Lydian mode can also be used in a polytonal way . Williams combined polytonality and the Lydian mode to express a mystic , dreamlike and heroic quality . His theme — emphasizing coloristic instruments such as the harp , piano , celesta , and other keyboards , as well as percussion — suggests E.T. ' s childlike nature and his " machine . "
= = = Allegations of plagiarism = = =
There were allegations that the film was plagiarized from a 1967 script , The Alien , by Indian Bengali director Satyajit Ray . He stated , " E.T. would not have been possible without my script of The Alien being available throughout the United States in mimeographed copies . " Spielberg denied this claim , stating , " I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood . " Star Weekend Magazine disputes Spielberg 's claim , pointing out that he had graduated from high school in 1965 and began his career as a director in Hollywood in 1969 . Besides it , some believe that an earlier Spielberg film , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , was also inspired by The Alien . Veteran filmmakers Martin Scorsese and Richard Attenborough also pointed out Spielberg 's influences from Ray 's script .
= = Themes = =
Spielberg drew the story of the film from his parents ' divorce ; Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it " essentially a spiritual autobiography , a portrait of the filmmaker as a typical suburban kid set apart by an uncommonly fervent , mystical imagination " . References to his childhood occur throughout : Elliott fakes illness by holding a thermometer to the bulb in his lamp while covering his face with a heating pad , a trick frequently employed by the young Spielberg . Michael picking on Elliott echoes Spielberg 's teasing of his younger sisters , and Michael 's evolution from tormentor to protector reflects how Spielberg had to take care of his sisters after their father left .
Critics have focused on the parallels between E.T. ' s life and Elliott , who is " alienated " by the loss of his father . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that while E.T. " is the more obvious and desperate foundling " , Elliott " suffers in his own way from the want of a home . " E.T. is the first and last letter of Elliott 's name . At the film 's heart is the theme of growing up . Critic Henry Sheehan described the film as a retelling of Peter Pan from the perspective of a Lost Boy ( Elliott ) : E.T. cannot survive physically on Earth , as Pan could not survive emotionally in Neverland ; government scientists take the place of Neverland 's pirates . Vincent Canby of The New York Times similarly observed that the film " freely recycles elements from [ ... ] Peter Pan and The Wizard of Oz " . Some critics have suggested that Spielberg 's portrayal of suburbia is very dark , contrary to popular belief . According to A.O. Scott , " The suburban milieu , with its unsupervised children and unhappy parents , its broken toys and brand @-@ name junk food , could have come out of a Raymond Carver story . " Charles Taylor of Salon.com wrote , " Spielberg 's movies , despite the way they 're often characterized , are not Hollywood idealizations of families and the suburbs . The homes here bear what the cultural critic Karal Ann Marling called ' the marks of hard use ' . "
Other critics found religious parallels between E.T. and Jesus . Andrew Nigels described E.T. ' s story as " crucifixion by military science " and " resurrection by love and faith " . According to Spielberg , biographer Joseph McBride , Universal Pictures appealed directly to the Christian market , with a poster reminiscent of Michelangelo 's The Creation of Adam and a logo reading " Peace " . Spielberg answered that he did not intend the film to be a religious parable , joking , " If I ever went to my mother and said , ' Mom , I 've made this movie that 's a Christian parable , ' what do you think she 'd say ? She has a Kosher restaurant on Pico and Doheny in Los Angeles . "
As a substantial body of film criticism has built up around the film , numerous writers have analyzed it in other ways as well . It has been interpreted as a modern fairy tale and in psychoanalytic terms . Producer Kathleen Kennedy noted that an important theme of E.T. is tolerance , which would be central to future Spielberg films such as Schindler 's List . Having been a loner as a teenager , Spielberg described it as " a minority story " . Spielberg 's characteristic theme of communication is partnered with the ideal of mutual understanding : he has suggested that the story 's central alien @-@ human friendship is an analogy for how real @-@ world adversaries can learn to overcome their differences .
= = Reception = =
= = = Release and sales = = =
The film was previewed in Houston , Texas , where it received high marks from viewers . It premiered at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival 's closing gala , and was released in the United States on June 11 , 1982 . It opened at number one with a gross of $ 11 million , and stayed at the top of the box office for six weeks ; it then fluctuated between the first and second positions until October , before returning to the top spot for the final time in December .
In 1983 , E.T. surpassed Star Wars as the highest @-@ grossing film of all @-@ time , and by the end of its theatrical run it had grossed $ 359 million in North America and $ 619 million worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 120 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Spielberg earned $ 500 @,@ 000 a day from his share of the profits , while The Hershey Company 's profits rose 65 % due to its prominent use of Reese 's Pieces . The " Official E.T. Fan Club " offered photographs , a newsletter that let readers " relive the film 's unforgettable moments [ and ] favorite scenes " , and a phonographic record with " phone home " and other sound clips .
The film was re @-@ released in 1985 and 2002 , earning another $ 60 million and $ 68 million respectively , for a worldwide total of $ 792 million with North America accounting for $ 435 million . It held the global record until it was usurped by Jurassic Park — another Spielberg @-@ directed film — in 1993 , although it managed to hold on to the domestic record for a further four years , where a Star Wars reissue reclaimed it . It was eventually released on VHS and laserdisc on October 27 , 1988 ; to combat piracy , the tapeguards and tape hubs on the videocassettes were colored green , the tape itself was affixed with a small , holographic sticker of the 1963 Universal logo ( much like the holograms on a credit card ) , and encoded with Macrovision . In North America alone , VHS sales came to $ 75 million . It was released on VHS and Laserdisc again in 1996 . The Laserdisc included a 90 @-@ minute documentary . Produced and directed by Laurent Bouzereau , it included interviews with Spielberg , producer Kathleen Kennedy , composer John Williams and other cast and crew members . It also included two theatrical trailers , an isolated music score , deleted scenes , and still galleries . The VHS included a 10 @-@ minute version of the same documentary from the Laserdisc .
The film was the first major one to have been seriously affected by video piracy . The usual account is that the public in some areas were becoming impatient at long delays getting it to their cinemas ; an illegal group realized this , got hold of a copy of it for a night by bribing a projectionist , and made it into a video by projecting it with a sound and video recording device . The resulting video was used as a master to run off very many copies , which were widely sold illegally .
= = = Critical response = = =
The film received critical acclaim . Roger Ebert wrote , " This is not simply a good movie . It is one of those movies that brush away our cautions and win our hearts . " He later added it to his Great Movies list , structuring the essay as a letter to his grandchildren about the first time they watched it . Michael Sragow of Rolling Stone called Spielberg " a space age Jean Renoir .... [ F ] or the first time , [ he ] has put his breathtaking technical skills at the service of his deepest feelings " . Derek Malcolm of The Guardian wrote that " E.T. is a superlative piece of popular cinema ... a dream of childhood , brilliantly orchestrated to involve not only children but anyone able to remember being one " . Leonard Maltin would include it in his list of " 100 Must @-@ See Films of the 20th Century " as one of only two movies from the 1980s . George Will was one of the few to pan the film , feeling it spread subversive notions about childhood and science .
The film holds a 98 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , and a Metacritic score of 94 / 100 . In addition to the many impressed critics , President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan were moved by it after a screening at the White House on June 27 , 1982 . Princess Diana was even in tears after watching it . On September 17 , 1982 , it was screened at the United Nations , and Spielberg received the U.N. Peace Medal .
= = = Accolades = = =
The film was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Gandhi won that award , but its director , Richard Attenborough , declared , " I was certain that not only would E.T. win , but that it should win . It was inventive , powerful , [ and ] wonderful . I make more mundane movies . " It won four Academy Awards : Best Original Score , Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , Robert Glass , Don Digirolamo , Gene Cantamessa ) , Best Sound Effects Editing ( Charles L. Campbell and Ben Burtt ) , and Best Visual Effects ( Carlo Rambaldi , Dennis Muren and Kenneth F. Smith ) .
At the 40th Golden Globe Awards , the film won Best Picture in the Drama category and Best Score ; it was also nominated for Best Director , Best Screenplay , and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas . The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the film Best Picture , Best Director , and a " New Generation Award " for Melissa Mathison .
The film won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Writing , Best Special Effects , Best Music , and Best Poster Art , while Henry Thomas , Robert McNaughton , and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards . In addition to his Golden Globe and Saturn , composer John Williams won two Grammy Awards and a BAFTA for the score . It was also honored abroad : it won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the Blue Ribbon Awards in Japan , Cinema Writers Circle Awards in Spain , César Awards in France , and David di Donatello in Italy .
In American Film Institute polls , the film has been voted the 24th greatest film of all time , the 44th most heart @-@ pounding , and the sixth most inspiring . Other AFI polls rated it as having the 14th greatest music score and as the third greatest science @-@ fiction one . The line " E.T. phone home " was ranked 15th on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes list , and 48th on Premiere 's top movie quote list . The character of Elliott was nominated for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains as one of the 50 greatest heroes . In 2005 , it topped a Channel 4 poll of the 100 greatest family ones , and was also listed by Time as one of the 100 best ones ever made .
In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly called the film the eighth most " tear @-@ jerking " ; in 2007 , in a survey of both films and television series , the magazine declared it the seventh greatest work of science @-@ fiction media in the past 25 years . The Times also named it as their ninth favorite alien in a film , calling it " one of the best @-@ loved non @-@ humans in popular culture " . It is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry .
In 2011 , ABC aired Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , revealing the results of a poll of fans conducted by ABC and People magazine : it was selected as the fifth best film of all time and the second best science fiction film .
On October 22 , 2012 , Madame Tussauds unveiled wax likenesses of E.T. at six of its international locations .
= = 20th anniversary version = =
An extended version of the film , including altered special effects , was released on March 22 , 2002 . Certain shots of E.T. had bothered Spielberg since 1982 , as he did not have enough time to perfect the animatronics . Computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) , provided by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , was used to modify several shots , including ones of E.T. running in the opening sequence and being spotted in the cornfield . The spaceship 's design was also altered to include more lights . Scenes shot for but not included in the original version were introduced . These included E.T. taking a bath , and Gertie telling Mary that Elliott went to the forest on Halloween . Spielberg did not add the scene featuring Harrison Ford , feeling that would reshape the film too drastically . He became more sensitive about the scene where gun @-@ wielding federal agents confront Elliott and his escaping friends and had them digitally replaced with walkie @-@ talkies .
At the premiere , John Williams conducted a live performance of the score . The new release grossed $ 68 million in total , with $ 35 million coming from Canada and the United States . The changes to it , particularly the escape scene , were criticized as political correctness . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wondered , " Remember those guns the feds carried ? Thanks to the miracle of digital , they 're now brandishing walkie @-@ talkies .... Is this what two decades have done to free speech ? " Chris Hewitt of Empire wrote , " The changes are surprisingly low @-@ key ... while ILM 's CGI E.T. is used sparingly as a complement to Carlo Rambaldi 's extraordinary puppet . " South Park ridiculed many of the changes in the 2002 episode " Free Hat " .
The two @-@ disc DVD release which followed in October 22 , 2002 contained the original theatrical and 20th Anniversary extended versions of the film . Spielberg personally demanded the release to feature both versions . The features on disc one included an introduction with Steven Spielberg , a 20th Anniversary premiere featurette , John Williams ' performance at the 2002 premere and a Space Exploraton game . Disc two included a 24 @-@ minute documentary about the 20th Anniversary edition changes , A " Reunion " featurette , a trailer , cast and filmmaker bios , production notes , and the still galleries ported from the 1996 laserdisc set . The two @-@ disc edition , as well as a three @-@ disc collector 's edition containing a " making of " book , a certificate of authenticity , a film cell , and special features that were unavailable on the two @-@ disc edition , were placed in moratorium on December 31 , 2002 . Later , it was re @-@ released on DVD as a single @-@ disc re @-@ issue in 2005 , featuring only the 20th Anniversary version .
In a June 2011 interview , Spielberg said that in the future
There 's going to be no more digital enhancements or digital additions to anything based on any film I direct .... When people ask me which E.T. they should look at , I always tell them to look at the original 1982 E.T. If you notice , when we did put out E.T. we put out two E.T.s. We put out the digitally enhanced version with the additional scenes and for no extra money , in the same package , we put out the original ' 82 version . I always tell people to go back to the ' 82 version .
= = Other portrayals = =
In July 1982 , during the film 's first theatrical run , Spielberg and Mathison wrote a treatment for a sequel to be titled E.T. II : Nocturnal Fears . It would have shown Elliott and his friends getting kidnapped by evil aliens and follow their attempts to contact E.T. for help . Spielberg decided against pursuing it , feeling it " would do nothing but rob the original of its virginity " .
Atari , Inc. made a video game based on the film for the Atari 2600 . Released in 1982 , it was widely considered to be one of the worst video games ever made .
William Kotzwinkle , author of the film 's novelization , wrote a sequel , E.T. : The Book of the Green Planet , which was published in 1985 . In the novel , E.T. returns home to the planet Brodo Asogi , but is subsequently demoted and sent into exile . He then attempts to return to Earth by effectively breaking all of Brodo Asogi 's laws . E.T. Adventure , a theme park ride , debuted at Universal Studios Florida in 1990 . The $ 40 million attraction features the title character saying goodbye to visitors by name .
In 1998 , E.T. was licensed to appear in television public service announcements produced by the Progressive Corporation . The announcements featured his voice reminding drivers to " buckle up " their seat belts . Traffic signs depicting a stylized E.T. wearing one were installed on selected roads around the United States . The following year , British Telecommunications launched the " Stay in Touch " campaign , with him as the star of various advertisements . The campaign 's slogan was " B.T. has E.T. " , with " E.T. " also taken to mean " extra technology " . At Spielberg 's suggestion , George Lucas included members of E.T. ' s species as background characters in Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) .
E.T. is an upcoming playable character in the crossover video game Lego Dimensions and will include the phone he used .
= Electric ( Robyn song ) =
" Electric " is a song by Swedish recording artist Robyn from her second studio album My Truth ( 1999 ) . It was released as the album 's lead single on 29 April 1999 by BMG Sweden . Robyn wrote the track in collaboration with its producers Ulf Lindström and Johan Ekhé . The single artwork features the singer wearing a feather headpiece designed by Sebastian Wahl . Musically , " Electric " is an electronic funk song , and the lyrics address unexpected life events that make one feel alive .
" Electric " was hailed by music critics as a highlight on My Truth . It achieved commercial success in Sweden , with a peak position of number six on the Sverigetopplistan chart and a gold certification by the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( GLF ) . Though it was initially planned to be serviced internationally , " Electric " and its parent album were never released outside of Sweden due to a dispute between Robyn and her overseas label RCA Records .
= = Background = =
" Electric " was written by Robyn , Ulf Lindström and Johan Ekhé . Lindström and Ekhé recorded Robyn 's vocals and produced the track at Lifeline Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . Lindström and Patrik Berger played the guitar , while all other instruments as well as mixing were handled by Lindström and Ekhé . Hernan " Boogie " Donoso served as an assistant engineer and Björn Engelmann mastered the song at Cutting Room Studios in Stockholm . " Electric " is an electronic funk song with elements of R & B and reggae music . In a chat room provided by Swedish tabloid newspaper Aftonbladet , Robyn elaborated on the lyrical matter of the song when asked by a fan ; she stated that it is about unexpected events in life , both good and bad , that are " fantastic " and make one feel alive .
= = Release = =
" Electric " was released on 29 April 1999 in CD format by BMG Sweden , as the lead single for the singer 's second studio effort My Truth ( 1999 ) . Eric Broms photographed the single cover art which features Robyn wearing a feather headpiece designed by Sebastian Wahl . The single release contains both the radio edit and the extended album version , which includes a 90 @-@ second intro . The maxi single includes the radio edit and remixes by Mad Professor , Internal Dread and Berger . RCA Records , Robyn 's international label at the time , planned to release " Electric " in the United States in September 1999 , followed by the album in January 2000 . The label wanted Robyn to re @-@ record portions of the album as certain aspects reflected on the singer 's abortion , a topic deemed unsuitable for the American market and pop radio . When she refused to make alterations , the two parties were unable to reach a compromise and My Truth and its singles were left unreleased outside of Sweden .
= = Reception and promotion = =
" Electric " received favorable reviews from music critics . While reviewing My Truth , a writer for Nöjesguiden particularly commended the single and " Main Thing " . The writer praised the extended intro of " Electric " , calling the first 90 seconds " magical " . John Lucas of AllMusic deemed the single a stand @-@ out and described it as " distinctive " and " minimal " . Aftonbladet 's Per Bjurman praised the electronic funk sound . " Electric " made its debut on the Sverigetopplistan singles chart at number eight on 22 April 1999 . The next week , it ascended to acquire a peak position at number six . It became Robyn 's third top @-@ ten single on the chart , following " Do You Really Want Me ( Show Respect ) " and " Do You Know ( What It Takes ) " . " Electric " stayed in the top @-@ ten for four weeks , and remained on the chart for fourteen weeks in total . On 18 May 1999 , it received a gold certification by the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( GLF ) for sales of 15 @,@ 000 units . The single was placed at number 53 on the chart 's year @-@ end list of 1999 . A music video was made to promote the single . The video is set in a club where Robyn , wearing all @-@ white clothing , is dancing and singing in the centre .
= = Track listings = =
CD single
" Electric " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 46
" Electric " ( extended ) – 5 : 09
Maxi CD single
" Electric " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 46
" Electric " ( Mad Professor Shocking mix ) – 5 : 14
" Electric " ( Mad Professor High Voltage dub ) – 5 : 18
" Electric " ( Rub @-@ A @-@ Dub Roots dub ) – 4 : 41
" Electric " ( Patric Berger Alchemist remix ) – 5 : 52
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of " Electric " .
Recording
Produced , arranged , recorded and mixed at Lifeline Studios ( Stockholm , Sweden )
Mastered at Cutting Room Studios ( Stockholm , Sweden )
Personnel
Robyn – songwriting
Ulf Lindström – arrangement , guitar , instruments , mixing , production , recording
Johan Ekhé – arrangement , instruments , mixing , production , recording
Patrik Berger – guitar
Hernan " Boogie " Donoso – assistant engineering
Björn Engelmann – mastering
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Gerard K. O 'Neill =
Gerard Kitchen O 'Neill ( February 6 , 1927 – April 27 , 1992 ) was an American physicist and space activist . As a faculty member of Princeton University , he invented a device called the particle storage ring for high @-@ energy physics experiments . Later , he invented a magnetic launcher called the mass driver . In the 1970s , he developed a plan to build human settlements in outer space , including a space habitat design known as the O 'Neill cylinder . He founded the Space Studies Institute , an organization devoted to funding research into space manufacturing and colonization .
O 'Neill began researching high @-@ energy particle physics at Princeton in 1954 , after he received his doctorate from Cornell University . Two years later , he published his theory for a particle storage ring . This invention allowed particle physics experiments at much higher energies than had previously been possible . In 1965 at Stanford University , he performed the first colliding beam physics experiment .
While teaching physics at Princeton , O 'Neill became interested in the possibility that humans could survive and live in outer space . He researched and proposed a futuristic idea for human settlement in space , the O 'Neill cylinder , in " The Colonization of Space " , his first paper on the subject . He held a conference on space manufacturing at Princeton in 1975 . Many who became post @-@ Apollo @-@ era space activists attended . O 'Neill built his first mass driver prototype with professor Henry Kolm in 1976 . He considered mass drivers critical for extracting the mineral resources of the Moon and asteroids . His award @-@ winning book The High Frontier : Human Colonies in Space inspired a generation of space exploration advocates . He died of leukemia in 1992 .
= = Birth , education , and family life = =
O 'Neill was born in Brooklyn , New York on February 6 , 1927 to Edward Gerard O 'Neill , a lawyer , and Dorothy Lewis O 'Neill ( née Kitchen ) . He had no siblings . His family moved to Speculator , New York when his father temporarily retired for health reasons . For high school , O 'Neill attended Newburgh Free Academy in Newburgh , New York . While he was a student there he edited the school newspaper and took a job as a news broadcaster at a local radio station . He graduated in 1944 , during World War II , and enlisted in the United States Navy on his 17th birthday . The Navy trained him as a radar technician , which sparked his interest in science .
After he was honorably discharged in 1946 , O 'Neill studied for an undergraduate degree in physics and mathematics at Swarthmore College . As a child he had discussed the possibilities of humans in space with his parents , and in college he enjoyed working on rocket equations . However , he did not see space science as an option for a career path in physics , choosing instead to pursue high @-@ energy physics . In 1950 he graduated with Phi Beta Kappa honors . O 'Neill performed his graduate studies at Cornell University with the help of an Atomic Energy Commission fellowship , and was awarded a Ph.D. in physics in 1954 .
O 'Neill married Sylvia Turlington , also a Swarthmore graduate , in June 1950 . They had a son , Roger , and two daughters , Janet and Eleanor , before their marriage ended in divorce in 1966 .
One of O 'Neill 's favorite activities was flying . He held instrument certifications in both powered and sailplane flight and held the FAI Diamond Badge , a gliding award . During his first cross @-@ country glider flight in April 1973 , he was assisted on the ground by Renate " Tasha " Steffen . He had met Tasha , who was 21 years younger than him , previously through the YMCA International Club . They were married the day after his flight . They had a son , Edward O 'Neill .
= = High @-@ energy physics research = =
After graduating from Cornell , O 'Neill accepted a position as an instructor at Princeton University . There he started his research into high @-@ energy particle physics . In 1956 , his second year of teaching , he published a two @-@ page article that theorized that the particles produced by a particle accelerator could be stored for a few seconds in a storage ring . The stored particles could then be directed to collide with another particle beam . This would increase the energy of the particle collision over the previous method , which directed the beam at a fixed target . His ideas were not immediately accepted by the physics community .
O 'Neill became an assistant professor at Princeton in 1956 , and was promoted to associate professor in 1959 . He visited Stanford University in 1957 to meet with Professor Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky . This resulted in a collaboration between Princeton and Stanford to build the Colliding Beam Experiment ( CBX ) . With a US $ 800 @,@ 000 grant from the Office of Naval Research , construction on the first particle storage rings began in 1958 at the Stanford High @-@ Energy Physics Laboratory . He figured out how to capture the particles and , by pumping the air out to produce a vacuum , store them long enough to experiment on them . CBX stored its first beam on March 28 , 1962 . O 'Neill became a full professor of physics in 1965 .
In collaboration with Burton Richter , O 'Neill performed the first colliding beam physics experiment in 1965 . In this experiment , particle beams from the Stanford Linear Accelerator were collected in his storage rings and then directed to collide at an energy of 600 MeV . At the time , this was the highest energy involved in a particle collision . The results proved that the charge of an electron is contained in a volume less than 100 attometers across . O 'Neill considered his device to be capable of only seconds of storage , but , by creating an even stronger vacuum , others were able to increase this to hours . In 1979 , he , with physicist David C. Cheng , wrote the graduate @-@ level textbook Elementary Particle Physics : An Introduction . He retired from teaching in 1985 , but remained associated with Princeton as professor emeritus until his death .
= = Space colonization = =
= = = Origin of the idea ( 1969 ) = = =
O 'Neill saw great potential in the United States space program , especially the Apollo missions . He applied to the Astronaut Corps after NASA opened it up to civilian scientists in 1966 . Later , when asked why he wanted to go on the Moon missions , he said , " to be alive now and not take part in it seemed terribly myopic " . He was put through NASA 's rigorous mental and physical examinations . During this time he met Brian O 'Leary , also a scientist @-@ astronaut candidate , who became his good friend . O 'Leary was selected for Astronaut Group 6 but O 'Neill was not .
O 'Neill became interested in the idea of space colonization in 1969 while he was teaching freshman physics at Princeton University . His students were growing cynical about the benefits of science to humanity because of the controversy surrounding the Vietnam War . To give them something relevant to study , he began using examples from the Apollo program as applications of elementary physics . O 'Neill posed the question during an extra seminar he gave to a few of his students : " Is the surface of a planet really the right place for an expanding technological civilization ? " His students ' research convinced him that the answer was no .
O 'Neill was inspired by the papers written by his students . He began to work out the details of a program to build self @-@ supporting space habitats in free space . Among the details was how to provide the inhabitants of a space colony with an Earth @-@ like environment . His students had designed giant pressurized structures , spun up to approximate Earth gravity by centrifugal force . With the population of the colony living on the inner surface of a sphere or cylinder , these structures resembled " inside @-@ out planets " . He found that pairing counter @-@ rotating cylinders would eliminate the need to spin them using rockets . This configuration has since been known as the O 'Neill cylinder .
= = = First paper ( 1970 – 1974 ) = = =
Looking for an outlet for his ideas , O 'Neill wrote a paper titled " The Colonization of Space " , and for four years attempted to have it published . He submitted it to several journals and magazines , including Scientific American and Science , only to have it rejected by the reviewers . During this time O 'Neill gave lectures on space colonization at Hampshire College , Princeton , and other schools . Many students and staff attending the lectures became enthusiastic about the possibility of living in space . Another outlet for O 'Neill to explore his ideas was with his children ; on walks in the forest they speculated about life in a space colony . His paper finally appeared in the September 1974 issue of Physics Today . In it , he argued that building space colonies would solve several important problems :
It is important to realize the enormous power of the space @-@ colonization technique . If we begin to use it soon enough , and if we employ it wisely , at least five of the most serious problems now facing the world can be solved without recourse to repression : bringing every human being up to a living standard now enjoyed only by the most fortunate ; protecting the biosphere from damage caused by transportation and industrial pollution ; finding high quality living space for a world population that is doubling every 35 years ; finding clean , practical energy sources ; preventing overload of Earth 's heat balance .
He even explored the possibilities of flying gliders inside a space colony , finding that the enormous volume could support atmospheric thermals . He calculated that humanity could expand on this man @-@ made frontier to 20 @,@ 000 times its population . The initial colonies would be built at the Earth @-@ Moon L4 and L5 Lagrange points . L4 and L5 are stable points in the Solar System where a spacecraft can maintain its position without expending energy . The paper was well received , but many who would begin work on the project had already been introduced to his ideas before it was even published . The paper received a few critical responses . Some questioned the practicality of lifting tens of thousands of people into orbit and his estimates for the production output of initial colonies .
While he was waiting for his paper to be published , O 'Neill organized a small two @-@ day conference in May 1974 at Princeton to discuss the possibility of colonizing outer space . The conference , titled First Conference on Space Colonization , was funded by Stewart Brand 's Point Foundation and Princeton University . Among those who attended were Eric Drexler ( at the time a freshman at MIT ) , scientist @-@ astronaut Joe Allen ( from Astronaut Group 6 ) , Freeman Dyson , and science reporter Walter Sullivan . Representatives from NASA also attended and brought estimates of launch costs expected on the planned Space Shuttle . O 'Neill thought of the attendees as " a band of daring radicals " . Sullivan 's article on the conference was published on the front page of The New York Times on May 13 , 1974 . As media coverage grew , O 'Neill was inundated with letters from people who were excited about living in space . To stay in touch with them , O 'Neill began keeping a mailing list and started sending out updates on his progress . A few months later he heard Peter Glaser speak about solar power satellites at NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center . O 'Neill realized that , by building these satellites , his space colonies could quickly recover the cost of their construction . According to O 'Neill , " the profound difference between this and everything else done in space is the potential of generating large amounts of new wealth " .
= = = NASA studies ( 1975 – 1977 ) = = =
O 'Neill held a much larger conference the following May titled Princeton University Conference on Space Manufacturing . At this conference more than two dozen speakers presented papers , including Keith and Carolyn Henson from Tucson , Arizona .
After the conference Carolyn Henson arranged a meeting between O 'Neill and Arizona Congressman Morris Udall . Udall wrote a letter of support , which he asked the Hensons to publicize , for O 'Neill 's work . The Hensons included his letter in the first issue of the L @-@ 5 Society newsletter , sent to everyone on O 'Neill 's mailing list and those who had signed up at the conference .
In June 1975 , O 'Neill led a ten @-@ week study of permanent space habitats at NASA Ames . During the study he was called away to testify on July 23 to the House Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications . On January 19 , 1976 , he also appeared before the Senate Subcommittee on Aerospace Technology and National Needs . In a presentation titled Solar Power from Satellites , he laid out his case for an Apollo @-@ style program for building power plants in space . He returned to Ames in June 1976 and 1977 to lead studies on space manufacturing . In these studies , NASA developed detailed plans to establish bases on the Moon where space @-@ suited workers would mine the mineral resources needed to build space colonies and solar power satellites .
= = = Private funding ( 1977 – 1978 ) = = =
Although NASA was supporting his work with grants of up to $ 500 @,@ 000 per year , O 'Neill became frustrated by the bureaucracy and politics inherent in government @-@ funded research . He thought that small privately funded groups could develop space technology faster than government agencies . In 1977 , O 'Neill and his wife Tasha founded the Space Studies Institute , a non @-@ profit organization , at Princeton University . SSI received initial funding of almost $ 100 @,@ 000 from private donors , and in early 1978 began to support basic research into technologies needed for space manufacturing and settlement .
One of SSI 's first grants funded the development of the mass driver , a device first proposed by O 'Neill in 1974 . Mass drivers are based on the coilgun design , adapted to accelerate a non @-@ magnetic object . One application O 'Neill proposed for mass drivers was to throw baseball @-@ sized chunks of ore mined from the surface of the Moon into space . Once in space , the ore could be used as raw material for building space colonies and solar power satellites . He took a sabbatical from Princeton to work on mass drivers at MIT . There he served as the Hunsaker Visiting Professor of Aerospace during the 1976 – 77 academic year . At MIT , he , Henry H. Kolm , and a group of student volunteers built their first mass driver prototype . The eight @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 5 m ) long prototype could apply 33 g ( 320 m / s2 ) of acceleration to an object inserted into it . With financial assistance from SSI , later prototypes improved this to 1 @,@ 800 g ( 18 @,@ 000 m / s2 ) , enough acceleration that a mass driver only 520 feet ( 160 m ) long could launch material off the surface of the Moon .
= = = Opposition ( 1977 – 1985 ) = = =
In 1977 , O 'Neill saw the peak of interest in space colonization , along with the publication of his first book , The High Frontier . He and his wife were flying between meetings , interviews , and hearings . On October 9 , the CBS program 60 Minutes ran a segment about space colonies . Later they aired responses from the viewers , which included one from Senator William Proxmire , chairman of the Senate Subcommittee responsible for NASA 's budget . His response was , " it 's the best argument yet for chopping NASA 's funding to the bone .... I say not a penny for this nutty fantasy " . He successfully eliminated spending on space colonization research from the budget . In 1978 , Paul Werbos wrote for the L @-@ 5 newsletter , " no one expects Congress to commit us to O 'Neill 's concept of large @-@ scale space habitats ; people in NASA are almost paranoid about the public relations aspects of the idea " . When it became clear that a government funded colonization effort was politically impossible , popular support for O 'Neill 's ideas started to evaporate .
Other pressures on O 'Neill 's colonization plan were the high cost of access to Earth orbit and the declining cost of energy . Building solar power stations in space was economically attractive when energy prices spiked during the 1979 oil crisis . When prices dropped in the early 1980s , funding for space solar power research dried up . His plan had also been based on NASA 's estimates for the flight rate and launch cost of the Space Shuttle , numbers that turned out to have been wildly optimistic . His 1977 book quoted a Space Shuttle launch cost of $ 10 million , but in 1981 the subsidized price given to commercial customers started at $ 38 million . Eventual accounting of the full cost of a launch in 1985 raised this as high as $ 180 million per flight .
O 'Neill was appointed by United States President Ronald Reagan to the National Commission on Space in 1985 . The commission , led by former NASA administrator Thomas Paine , proposed that the government commit to opening the inner Solar System for human settlement within 50 years . Their report was released in May 1986 , four months after the Space Shuttle Challenger broke up on ascent .
= = Writing career = =
O 'Neill 's popular science book The High Frontier : Human Colonies in Space ( 1977 ) combined fictional accounts of space settlers with an explanation of his plan to build space colonies . Its publication established him as the spokesman for the space colonization movement . It won the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science that year , and prompted Swarthmore College to grant him an honorary doctorate . The High Frontier has been translated into five languages and remained in print as of 2008 .
His 1981 book 2081 : A Hopeful View of the Human Future was an exercise in futurology . O 'Neill narrated it as a visitor to Earth from a space colony beyond Pluto . The book explored the effects of technologies he called " drivers of change " on the coming century . Some technologies he described were space colonies , solar power satellites , anti @-@ aging drugs , hydrogen @-@ propelled cars , climate control , and underground magnetic trains . He left the social structure of the 1980s intact , assuming that humanity would remain unchanged even as it expanded into the Solar System . Reviews of 2081 were mixed . New York Times reviewer John Noble Wilford found the book " imagination @-@ stirring " , but Charles Nicol thought the technologies described were unacceptably far @-@ fetched .
In his book The Technology Edge , published in 1983 , O 'Neill wrote about economic competition with Japan . He argued that the United States had to develop six industries to compete : microengineering , robotics , genetic engineering , magnetic flight , family aircraft , and space science . He also thought that industrial development was suffering from short @-@ sighted executives , self @-@ interested unions , high taxes , and poor education of Americans . According to reviewer Henry Weil , O 'Neill 's detailed explanations of emerging technologies differentiated the book from others on the subject .
= = Entrepreneurial efforts = =
O 'Neill founded Geostar Corporation to develop a satellite position determination system for which he was granted a patent in 1982 . The system , primarily intended to track aircraft , was called Radio Determination Satellite Service ( RDSS ) . In April 1983 Geostar applied to the FCC for a license to broadcast from three satellites , which would cover the entire United States . Geostar launched
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night by the Germans who had managed to infiltrate close enough to separate them into positions east and west of the bridge road . Any movement was subjected to machine @-@ gun and sniper fire and they were under almost constant mortar and artillery attack . Added to this were probes by tanks and self propelled guns , which approached the defenders ' buildings and opened fire at point blank range . The brigade , out of anti @-@ tank ammunition , could do nothing to stop them in the east , but the 6 pounders in the west still proved an effective deterrent . During the day , Lieutenant John Grayburn of the 2nd Battalion was killed and later posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his bravery during the fighting at the bridge . That morning , communications with 1st Airborne Division were established and Frost , on asking for reinforcements and supplies , was informed that the division was surrounded at Oosterbeek and the brigade was on their own . Frost was later wounded and command of the brigade assumed by Major Frederick Gough of the reconnaissance squadron . By midday the brigade position was untenable and the last defenders were withdrawn into what had been the Headquarters Company , 2nd Battalion 's position . By nightfall they were still holding out , and in the darkness some men tried unsuccessfully to break out . At dawn on day five , what was left of the brigade was forced to surrender .
= = = Post war = = =
By early May 1945 , the 1st Parachute Brigade had been brought up to strength , albeit mainly with inexperienced replacements and the survivors of the 4th Parachute Brigade , which had been disbanded . On 4 May , the brigade was detached from 1st Airborne Division and 1st Parachute Battalion transported to Denmark for occupation duties while the rest of the brigade remained in Britain as a reserve formation . Without the brigade , the 1st Airborne Division deployed to Norway , but on their return were disbanded on 15 November 1945 . The remaining airborne division , the 6th , went to serve in Palestine . On 8 April 1946 , the brigade , now under command of Brigadier Hugh Bellamy , arrived in Palestine where it deployed in an internal security role . They replaced the 6th Airlanding Brigade , which was reformed as a normal infantry formation . Disbandment of the last brigade was overseen by its final commander Brigadier James Hill . Except for the three battalions of the 2nd Parachute Brigade in England , the remainder of the British airborne forces were disbanded . Between March and May 1948 , the 6th Airborne Division was dismantled , with the men leaving for England to be demobbed . The 1st Parachute Battalion , along with divisional headquarters , were the last airborne units to leave Palestine , three days after the British mandate ended on 18 May .
After the brigade had been disbanded in June 1948 , its battalions were reformed , by renumbering those in the 2nd Parachute Brigade . The 5th ( Scottish ) Parachute Battalion became the 2nd Parachute Battalion , the 4th / 6th Parachute Battalion the 1st Parachute Battalion , and the 7th ( Light Infantry ) Parachute Battalion the 3rd Parachute Battalion . Finally , in July 1948 , the 2nd Parachute Brigade was renumbered the 16th Parachute Brigade Group , taking its one and six numbers from the two wartime divisions .
= Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' =
" Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " ( or " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " ) is a song first recorded by American jazz and rhythm and blues musician Tiny Bradshaw in 1951 . Originally performed in the style of a jump blues , Bradshaw borrowed lyrics from an earlier song and set them to an upbeat shuffle arrangement that inspired other musicians to perform and record it . Johnny Burnette and the Rock and Roll Trio made an important contribution in 1956 – they reworked it as a guitar riff @-@ driven song , which features an early use of intentionally distorted guitar in rock music .
In 1965 , the Yardbirds popularized the song as an early psychedelic blues rock song , due largely to Jeff Beck 's fuzz @-@ toned guitar work . Theirs soon became the most copied arrangement with recordings by a variety of musicians . After guitarist Jimmy Page joined the group , the Yardbirds recorded an updated version with new lyrics as " Stroll On " for the film Blowup in 1966 . With a highly charged rhythm section and a dual lead guitar attack by Beck and Page , it is seen as a forerunner to heavy metal .
When the Yardbirds broke up in 1968 , " Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " was adopted as a concert opener by Page 's new band , Led Zeppelin , during its early ( and again later ) touring years . The song also became an important part of Aerosmith 's early live repertoire and in 1974 , they recorded it for their second album . Their version is actually a two @-@ part song – the first has a slower , groove @-@ oriented arrangement , while the second uses that of the Yardbirds . Aerosmith turned it into a hard rock standard and a staple of classic rock radio ; it remains one of their most popular tunes . " Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " has been performed and recorded by numerous other artists .
= = Original song = =
Tiny Bradshaw and his band first recorded " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " in 1951 . They performed the song as a mid @-@ tempo jump blues , which uses a boogie @-@ woogie bass line and a shuffle rhythm . The introductory section features scat singing by Bradshaw answered by a chorus . The verses are delivered in a lively vocal style , followed by an instrumental break with a raucous , honking @-@ style tenor saxophone solo by Red Prysock and backed by drummer Philip Paul 's a heavy backbeat . Bradshaw 's lyrics use early jazz hipster references :
The lyrics are based on " Cow @-@ Cow Boogie " , a 1942 song about a singing cowboy . Bradshaw rewrote lines , such as " a ditty he learned in the city " and " get along , get hip little doggies , and he trucked ' em on down the old fairway " , to meet his new scenario . Although the King Records single lists " Bradshaw @-@ Mann " as the songwriters , reissues and subsequent recordings of " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " credit Tiny Bradshaw , Lois Mann ( a pseudonym of King Records ' owner Syd Nathan ) , and Howard Kay . BMI , the performing rights organization , lists the songwriters / composers as " Myron C. Bradshaw , Sydney Nathan , and Howard Kay " . According to music historian Larry Birnbaum , " Mann 's name was plainly added to allow Syd Nathan to siphon off a share of the publishing royalties , as label owners routinely did in those days ; as for Kay , his identity remains a mystery " .
The recording session took place on October 6 , 1951 , in Cincinnati , Ohio . Besides Brashaw , Prysock , and Paul , the other participants were : Leslie Ayers and Lester Bass on trumpets ; Andrew Penn on trombone ; Ted " Snooky " Holbert on alto and baritone sax ; Rufus Gore on tenor saxes ; Jimmy Robinson on piano ; and Clarence Mack on bass . King Records issued the song on both ten @-@ inch 78 rpm and seven @-@ inch 45 rpm records in late 1951 . Billboard magazine reviewed the release and commented using jump parlance : " The singer comes thru [ sic ] with a great vocal on a rockin ' novelty , with some solid chorus and ork [ orchestra a.k.a. swing band ] backing . Tune builds all the way . Platter could catch a lot of change . " However , it did not appear on the charts of the nation 's most popular R & B songs , such as those compiled by Billboard . Although Bradshaw had five other records that reached the R & B top ten , " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " remains his best @-@ known recording and continues to be popular with Shag dancers ( a type of swing dance ) on the U.S. Eastern Seaboard .
= = Johnny Burnette rendition = =
In 1956 , Johnny Burnette and the Rock and Roll Trio reworked Bradshaw 's song using a rockabilly / early rock and roll arrangement . The Trio 's version features guitar lines in what many historians consider to be the first recorded example of intentionally distorted guitar in rock music , although blues guitarists , such as Willie Johnson and Pat Hare , had recorded with the same effect years earlier .
The Trio 's guitarist , Paul Burlison , explained that he noticed the sound after accidentally dropping his amplifier , which dislodged a power tube and later , " whenever I wanted to get that sound , I 'd just reach back and loosen that tube " . He utilized this effect with the song 's main instrumental feature , a three @-@ note minor key guitar line repeated throughout . Burlison recounted how he came up with the signature guitar riff :
[ I was ] in the dressing room with the loose tube . Johnny [ Burnett ] was playing an E chord and I was playing in a G position but I 'd take my fingers off and play in octaves [ using the thumb and middle or index finger ] . He wasn 't singing ' The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' ' , it was another song , and I got to doing doom diddle doom daddle doom daddle ... [ Later ] I told Owen Bradley about it at the Barn , where we cut the stuff , and he said , ' let me hear it ' . So I started doing it and he said , ' Well , let 's do it ' .
The day after recording " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' , the trio recorded a version of Big Joe Turner 's " Honey Hush " , which features a more extensive use of the riff . Coral Records released both songs on a single in September 1956 .
Later , authors Vince Gordon and Peter DijkemaIt argue that the guitar sound on " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " could be created with distortion commonly achievable with a highly @-@ overdriven early 1950s guitar amplifier . They point out that in the recording , the higher treble strings sound relatively clean , with the low E string having the most distortion ; with a tube malfunction , all strings would be distorted more or less to an equal degree . The authors add that this difference in sound could be achieved with the pole piece for the low E string raised higher than the rest , thereby allowing it to overload the amplifier more than the treble strings . They also argue that Nashville session guitarist Grady Martin provided the guitar parts for the Trio 's recording ; they base this on stylistic and technical qualities , since , at the time , Martin was a more accomplished player than Burlison , and these qualities are apparent in his work on other recordings .
= = The Yardbirds versions = =
English rock group the Yardbirds recorded " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " during their first American tour in 1965 . It is based on Johnny Burnette 's adaptation , but Beck biographer Annette Carson comments their " propulsive , power @-@ driven version , however , deviated radically from the original ... [ their ] recording plucked the old Rock & Roll Trio number from obscurity and turned it into a classic among classics " . The Yardbirds ' lead guitarist Jeff Beck , who is a fan of early rockabilly , said that he introduced the song to the group : " They just heard me play the riff , and they loved it and made up their version of it " . Giorgio Gomelsky , the group ' first producer , states that Sonny Boy Williamson II 's use of blues harp to imitate train sounds during his 1963 UK tour with the Yardbirds also inspired the band 's adaptation of the song .
The song opens with Beck using volume swells on an overdriven guitar to simulate a train whistle and the band launches into the song with rhythm guitarist Chris Dreja , bassist Paul Samwell @-@ Smith , and Beck following the riff from the Rock and Roll Trio 's song . Two combined takes of Keith Relf 's vocal , with some differences in the lyrics , come in after twelve bars . Following the vocal section , the rhythm changes to a shuffle and a 12 @-@ bar harmonica and guitar bridge sets the stage for Beck 's first solo . After returning to the original rhythm for another double @-@ tracked vocal section , a brief " rave up " -style section precedes Beck 's second solo . A rave up is used to describe a middle instrumental section of a song , when the beat shifts into double @-@ time and the instrumental improvisation gradually builds to a climax . It was part of the Yardbirds ' signature sound and " represent [ s ] some of the earliest psychedelic blues @-@ rock , antedating Jimi Hendrix and Cream " , according to Birnbaum . Beck 's second guitar solo , which extends for two 12 @-@ bar sections , features an early use of a fuzz @-@ tone distortion effects pedal . Birnbaum describes his work as " incendiary " and " riveting , relatively complex solos " . The Yardbirds ' rendition became the new standard that subsequent musicians would follow .
The song was recorded by Sam Phillips at his Phillips Recording studio in Memphis , Tennessee , on September 12 , 1965 , with further recording by Roy Halee at Columbia Recording Studio in New York City on September 21 and 22 , 1965 . " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " was included on studio side of the Yardbirds ' second American album Having a Rave Up , which was issued on November 15 , 1965 . The song , along with another American studio recording , " I 'm a Man " , was not released in the UK until the mid @-@ 1970s , well after the group had disbanded . The song was a staple of the band 's concerts and they recorded several live versions with Beck , which appear on albums such as BBC Sessions and Glimpses 1963 – 1968 .
In June 1966 , bassist Samwell @-@ Smith left the Yardbirds to become a record producer . His initial replacement , well @-@ known studio guitarist Jimmy Page , soon switched to guitar with second guitarist Dreja taking over on bass . With both Beck and Page on board , the Yardbirds had one of the first dual lead guitar teams in popular rock . Movie director Michelangelo Antonioni saw the group 's September 23 , 1966 , performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London and , being impressed with their version of the song , requested that they perform " Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " for his upcoming film , Blowup . Less than two weeks later , the group entered the Sound Techniques studios in London , where they recorded on October 3 – 5 , 1966 . Unable to secure the movie performance rights from the song 's publisher , singer Keith Relf wrote new lyrics , renamed it " Stroll On " , and included credits to the five band members . The Yardbirds also introduced an updated arrangement to go with the new lyrics . Led Zeppelin biographer Keith Shadwick describes the new version as " brutal , menacing , and teetering on all @-@ out violence " , which foreshadows heavy @-@ metal . It opens with a new drum part by Jim McCarty and harmonized guitar feedback , before Beck 's train whistle simulation . Unlike their earlier song , Relf 's vocal is not double tracked nor does he play harmonica and the rhythm remains on the riff throughout the song . The guitar work , with both Beck and Page contributing lead @-@ guitar parts , has been called " revolutionary " , from the opening " wall of feedback " , the use of " jarringly dissonant chords " , and the " twining guitar duet " by Birnbaum . During October 12 – 14 , the Yardbirds were filmed lip syncing the song for Blowup . Their scene was staged on a set at Elstree Studios designed to resemble the Ricky @-@ Tick , a popular London club and , at Antonioni 's direction , Beck smashes his guitar , in the manner of the Who 's Pete Townshend . The song as performed in the film is edited ( doubled ) to increase its length for the story line . " Stroll On " was later included on the Blow @-@ Up soundtrack album in 1967 and appears on the Yardbirds compilation albums Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' / The Yardbirds Story and Ultimate ! .
After Jeff Beck 's departure in late 1966 , the Yardbirds continued to regularly perform the " The Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " . The original lyrics were used , but the " Stroll On " arrangement was followed with Jimmy Page playing all the guitar parts . Live performances with Page were later released on Live Yardbirds : Featuring Jimmy Page , Glimpses 1963 – 1968 , and Last Rave @-@ Up in L.A.
= = Led Zeppelin performances = =
Shortly after Keith Relf and Jim McCarty left the Yardbirds in mid @-@ 1968 , Jimmy Page searched for new musicians for a successor band . When the future members of Led Zeppelin rehearsed together for the first time in 1968 , the first song they played was " Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " . In When Giants Walked the Earth , biographer Mick Wall quotes Page :
[ W ] e did ' Train ' ... It was there immediately . It was so powerful that I don 't remember what we played after that . For me it was just like , ' Crikey ! ' I mean , I 'd had moments of elation with groups before , but nothing as intense as that . It was like a thunderbolt , a lightning flash – boosh ! Everyone sort of went ' Wow ' .
The song was included in their early performances as " the New Yardbirds " and was featured as their opening number in Led Zeppelin 's 1968 and 1969 tours , and was included on several bootleg albums . In an interview , early MTV video host J.J. Jackson , who pointed out that he does not characterize Led Zeppelin 's music as heavy metal , described a bootleg recording from their first American tour , " if this were the only recording somebody ever heard of them , it doesn 't get much more ' heavy metal ' sounding than this , does it ? " They later revived it for their final tour " Over Europe " in 1980 . Though a studio version was never recorded by Led Zeppelin , as a solo artist Page recorded , during his Outrider sessions in 1988 , a version similar to the Led Zeppelin 1980 version .
= = Aerosmith version = =
In 1974 , Aerosmith brought " Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " into the hard @-@ rock mainstream . Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , and Tom Hamilton had performed the song prior to joining Aerosmith . Perry recalled , " ' Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' ' was the only song we had in common when we first got together . Steven 's band had played ' Train ' and Tom and I played it in our band ... It 's a blues song , if you follow its roots all the way back ... I always thought if I could just play one song , it would be that one because of what it does to me " . Perry 's band began performing the song regularly after he had been moved by the performance of " Stroll On " in Blowup ; Tyler recalled his band opened for the Yardbirds in 1966 :
I had seen the Yardbirds play somewhere the previous summer with both Jeff Beck and Jimmy Page in the band ... In Westport [ at their supporting gig on October 22 , 1966 ] we found out that Jeff had left the band and Jimmy was playing lead guitar by himself . I watched him from the edge of the stage and all I can say is that he knocked my tits off . They did ' Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' ' and it was just so heavy . They were just an un @-@ fuckin ' -believable band .
The song was an early feature of Aerosmith 's concerts and a frequent show closer , including for their first gig in 1970 . They wanted to record a live version of the song , but producer Jack Douglas persuaded them to record a studio version , which actually consisted of two different versions of the song . The first part was slower , " more groove @-@ oriented " , while the second was a spirited rocker . To give the second part more of a live sound , Douglas overdubbed crowd noise from The Concert for Bangladesh , the 1971 benefit organized by George Harrison . Steve Hunter and Dick Wagner , who worked with Lou Reed and Alice Cooper , were brought in to record the guitar parts . According to Hunter , " We [ Wagner and I ] wanted to keep the solos equal so we 'd sit down ... and go through the material so it was totally even ... We didn 't want it to look like there was a rhythm guitar player and a lead guitar player , because that 's what we both did " . Hunter later elaborated :
Aerosmith was in Studio C of The Record Plant and I was doing work with Bob Ezrin in Studio A. I had a long wait between dubs and was waiting in the lobby . Jack Douglas popped his head out of Studio C and asked ' Hey , do you feel like playing ? ' I said sure , so I grabbed my guitar and went in ... I had two run thru ’ s [ sic ] , then Jack said ' great that 's it ! ' That turned out to be the opening solos on ' Train Kept A Rollin ' " .
In 1974 , " Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " was included on Aerosmith 's second album Get Your Wings . A 3 : 15 edited version of the song without the added audience noises was released as a single , but it did not appear on the record charts . The song continues to be a highlight of the group 's shows and the album version has become a staple of album @-@ oriented rock and classic rock radio . It has become so identified with Aerosmith , that when Jeff Beck ( whose 1965 and 1966 recordings with the Yardbirds inspired Tyler and Perry ) occasionally performs it , he often hears comments like " Hey , I like your angle on the Aerosmith tune " .
The song is featured on three Aerosmith live compilations : Live ! Bootleg ( 1978 ) , Classics Live ( 1986 ) , and Rockin ' the Joint ( 2005 ) . On the Rockin ' the Joint version , Perry and Brad Whitford can be heard doing a little bit of " The Star Spangled Banner " towards the end . Additionally , the band is known to play two different versions of the song , the regular version of the song , as well as a slowed @-@ down version often called " Slow Train " in the setlists . On at least two occasions , Tyler and Perry have performed the song with other artists ; in 1992 with Guns N ' Roses and in 1995 with Page and Plant . In 2002 , the whole band performed the song live with the Japanese hard rock duo B 'z . It also appears in the music video game Rock Band , and the master track appears in Guitar Hero : Aerosmith as the final encore in the game . In 2012 , Aerosmith performed the song with Johnny Depp , which is included as an extra track on the Music from Another Dimension ! DVD .
= = Recognition and legacy = =
The Johnny Burnette Rock and Roll Trio rendition of " Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' " is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's exhibit of the " 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll " . Birnbaum notes the song 's lasting appeal and discusses renditions by Jeff Beck , Dread Zeppelin , Tav Falco 's Panther Burns , Foghat , Guana Batz , Haymarket Square , Colin James and the Little Big Band , Riot , Métal Urbain , Motörhead , Nazz , Shakin ' Stevens and the Sunsets , Skid Row , Screaming Lord Sutch , Sugarloaf , The Tragically Hip , Twisted Sister , and the Up . He sums up the various influences and versions :
As it evolved from ragtime through jazz , boogie @-@ woogie , big @-@ band swing , small combo rhythm @-@ and @-@ blues , rockabilly , blues @-@ rock , acid rock , heavy metal , punk , thrash , psychobilly , and points beyond , ' Train Kept A @-@ Rollin ' ' became increasingly wild and dissonant , as if each performer were trying to surpass the intensity of the previous one . Through all the transformations , the essence of Bradshaw 's original survives — a semblance of the melody , a smattering of the lyrics , and the immortal refrain ' The train kept a rollin ' all night long ' , a cogent sexual metaphor for power and endurance .
= Yellow Submarine ( album ) =
Yellow Submarine is the tenth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles , released on 13 January 1969 in the United States and on 17 January 1969 in the United Kingdom . It was issued as the soundtrack to the animated film of the same name , which premiered in London in July 1968 . The album contains six songs by the Beatles , of which " Yellow Submarine " and " All You Need Is Love " had both been previously released . The remainder of the album was a re @-@ recording of the film 's orchestral soundtrack by the band 's producer , George Martin .
The project was regarded as a contractual obligation by the Beatles , who were asked to supply four new songs for the film . Some songs were written and recorded specifically for the soundtrack , while others were unreleased tracks from other projects . The album was issued two months after the band 's self @-@ titled double LP ( also known as the " White Album " ) and was therefore not viewed by the band as a significant release . Yellow Submarine has since been afforded a mixed reception from music critics , some of whom consider that it falls short of the high standard generally associated with the Beatles ' work . It reached the top 5 in the UK and the US , and has been reissued on compact disc several times .
= = Background and recording = =
The album arose from contractual obligations for the Beatles to supply new songs to the soundtrack to United Artists ' animated film Yellow Submarine . Having recently completed their album Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band in April 1967 , the group showed minimal enthusiasm for the project . Along with the music for their Magical Mystery Tour TV film , the Yellow Submarine soundtrack was part of a period that author Ian MacDonald later described as the band 's " regime of continuous low @-@ intensity recording ... it had a workaday quality about it – an intrinsic lack of tension which was bound to colour the resulting material . "
= = = Soundtrack songs = = =
Only one side of the album contains songs performed by the Beatles ; of the six , four were previously unreleased . " Yellow Submarine " had been issued in August 1966 as a single , topping the UK chart for four weeks , and had also been released on the album Revolver . Following the Beatles ' performance of the song on the Our World international television broadcast , " All You Need Is Love " had also been issued as a single , in July 1967 .
Of the unreleased tracks , the first to be recorded was George Harrison 's " Only a Northern Song " , taped in February 1967 but rejected for inclusion on Sgt. Pepper . The group performed overdubs on this basic track in April , immediately after completing the stereo mixes for that album . Among the sounds added during what Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn describes as " a curious session " , were trumpet , glockenspiel and spoken voices . Harrison 's lyrics reflect his displeasure at being merely a contracted songwriter to the Beatles ' publishing company , Northern Songs .
" All Together Now " was recorded in a single session on 12 May 1967 , specifically for the film project . The title came from a phrase Paul McCartney had heard as a child , to encourage everyone to sing music hall songs . He later described the song as " a throwaway " .
The band recorded Harrison 's " It 's All Too Much " in late May 1967 at De Lane Lea Studios in central London . Inspired by its author 's experimentation with the drug LSD , and originally running to over eight minutes in length , the song reflects the Summer of Love philosophy of 1967 and makes extensive use of guitar feedback . As with the later recorded " All You Need Is Love " , the track includes musical and lyrical quotations from other works – in this case , a trumpet passage from Jeremiah Clarke 's " Prince of Denmark 's March " and a lyric from the Merseys ' 1966 hit " Sorrow " .
John Lennon 's " Hey Bulldog " was recorded on 11 February 1968 and evolved from an initial intent to shoot a promotional film for the single " Lady Madonna " . Like " All Together Now " , it was specifically recorded with the film soundtrack in mind . The track 's ending featured a jam session after the point where a fade @-@ out was intended in the final mix , which was kept in the finished version . Lennon later described the song as " a good @-@ sounding record that means nothing " .
= = = George Martin orchestrations = = =
Side two features a re @-@ recording of the symphonic film score composed by the Beatles ' producer , George Martin , specifically for the album . The recording took place with a 41 @-@ piece orchestra over two three @-@ hour sessions on 22 and 23 October 1968 in Abbey Road , and edited down to the length on the LP on 22 November .
In some of his arrangements , Martin referenced his past work with the Beatles ; for example , " Sea of Time " includes what MacDonald terms " an affectionate quotation " from the Indian @-@ styled " Within You Without You " , from Sgt. Pepper , and " Yellow Submarine in Pepperland " reprises the film 's title track . In " Sea of Monsters " , Martin adapted part of Bach 's Air on the G String , while in other selections he parodies works by Stravinsky .
= = Release = =
The film received its worldwide premiere in London in July 1968 , by which time the Beatles were busy working on their eponymous double album , The Beatles , commonly called " the White Album " . Ultimately , the Beatles were enthusiastic about the finished film , and did more to associate themselves with it after release . Having been delayed so that it would not clash with the release of The Beatles , and to allow for the re @-@ recording of Martin 's contributions , Yellow Submarine was issued by Apple Records on 13 January 1969 in the US and on 17 January in the UK . The album was issued in stereo only in the US , while the UK album was available in both stereo and mono , although the mono version is simply a fold @-@ down ( a combination of two stereo channels into one mono ) rather than a specific mix . Since " All You Need Is Love " had been rush @-@ released a single , it did not have an official stereo mix . Although the track was released on the US LP Magical Mystery Tour , an official stereo mix of the track was not made until 29 October 1968 for the album . In the US , 8 @-@ track tape versions featured " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " as an extra song on side two .
= = = Artwork = = =
The artwork on the sleeve contains a drawing of the Beatles as featured on trailer posters , created by Heinz Edelman . The same basic design was used for the UK and US covers , though the UK jacket contains the words " Nothing is Real " ( taken from " Strawberry Fields Forever " ) just below the album 's title , while the US version did not .
On the back of the cover , the UK album contained a review of the White Album written for The Observer by Tony Palmer . The review was introduced by a few liner notes by Apple press officer Derek Taylor . The US cover contained a fictitious illustrated biography by Dan Davis of the Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , in which the ensemble 's battle with the Blue Meanies was compared to three other epic struggles in the history of the English @-@ speaking world : Beowulf 's struggle to save the Heorot mead hall , King John 's signing of the Magna Carta and Thomas Jefferson 's writing of the Declaration of Independence .
= = = Unreleased EP = = =
An EP containing the new songs had been considered for release in September 1968 , but any plan to issue the soundtrack music from Yellow Submarine was then postponed to allow for the White Album 's unveiling . Following the delayed release of the soundtrack album , however , Lewisohn writes that the Beatles were " mildly criticised " for having ceded a full LP side to Martin 's music and thereby failing to provide their customary " excellent value @-@ for @-@ money " . As a result , the band considered issuing Yellow Submarine as a five @-@ track mono EP , without the film score but including the then @-@ unreleased " Across the Universe " as a bonus track . This EP was mastered in March 1969 but never issued . The original running order for the EP was " Only a Northern Song " , " Hey Bulldog " and " Across the Universe " on side one , with " All Together Now " and " It 's All Too Much " on side two .
Lennon later dismissed Martin 's contributions as " all this terrible shit " and blamed Brian Epstein , the Beatles ' manager , for allowing Martin to participate in the project . According to author and music journalist Peter Doggett , neither the proposed EP format nor an expanded soundtrack album ( containing other previously issued Beatles songs that appear in the 1968 film ) was possible at the time , since " both options would have denied George Martin his contractual right to appear alongside The Beatles – and robbed him of potentially the largest royalty payment of his career . "
= = = Reissues = = =
The first compact disc release appeared in August 1987 . It is consistent with the English version of the LP . The running order is the same , with " Sea of Time " and " Sea of Holes " as separate tracks ; the " Nothing Is Real " subtitle remains intact , and the review of the White Album with Taylor 's introduction is included inside the CD insert .
The album appeared in a revised version on 13 September 1999 , coinciding with the remastered re @-@ release of the film . Titled Yellow Submarine Songtrack , it dispenses with the George Martin orchestrations , and includes the six Beatles songs from the original album , along with an additional nine songs , all completely remixed for this disc .
The original album was remastered and reissued , along with the rest of the Beatles ' catalogue , on 9 September 2009 . This release included both the UK and US sleeve notes . The mono mixes of the four songs that were intended for the unreleased EP ( along with " Across the Universe " ) were released for the first time on the Mono Masters collection as part of the box set The Beatles in Mono .
= = Reception = =
In contrast to the animated film , Yellow Submarine was not generally considered to be a significant release . Issued two months after The Beatles , it was one of the few Beatles releases that failed to top the charts in either the United Kingdom or the United States , peaking instead at number 3 and number 2 , respectively . In Canada , Yellow Submarine topped the RPM national albums chart for two weeks , ending the White Album 's 12 @-@ week run at number 1 . On America 's Billboard Top LPs chart , it was kept from the top by the same album .
Recalling the release in a special @-@ edition issue of Mojo magazine , Peter Doggett writes that " The papers got all trippy for Yellow Submarine " . Beat Instrumental bemoaned the paucity of new material by the band , but added : " be not of bad cheer . The George Martin score to the film is really very nice , and two tracks by George Harrison redeem the first side . Both [ songs ] are superb pieces , considerably more enthralling than the most draggy All Together Now , a rather wet track . " In a review for International Times , Barry Miles considered Martin 's score " superbly produced " and , of the songs , wrote only of " It 's All Too Much " , which he described as , variously , " Endless , mantric , a round , interwoven , trellised , tessellated , filigreed , gidouiled , spiralling " and " Happy singalong music " . Writing in their book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record ( 1975 ) , NME critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler bemoaned the commercial considerations that resulted in a full soundtrack album , saying that the four new songs " would have made a superb EP " .
More recently , AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger has written of Yellow Submarine : " The album would have been far better value if it had been released as a four @-@ song EP ... with the addition of a bonus track in " Across the Universe " ... No one would argue that there 's a huge amount more than meets the eye ( or ear ) there , but listening to the original album anew 40 years on , one is still struck by how mostly second @-@ rate , and recycled and rejected Beatles material still sounds so good . " Writing for Pitchfork Media , Mark Richardson opines that " the Yellow Submarine soundtrack is like the work of a supremely talented band that couldn 't really be bothered " and describes " Hey Bulldog " as " a tough and funky piano @-@ driven rocker , [ and ] by a good margin the best song here " . Richardson concludes : " But as an album it 's ultimately forgettable , which is something the Beatles so rarely were otherwise . "
PopMatters ' David Gassman views Martin 's selections as " kind of twee and inconsequential " and the four new songs on side one as " fascinating " , adding that " The material 's tossed @-@ off origins give it a character unlike any other Beatles album . " While noting that the soundtrack was superseded with the 1999 release of Yellow Submarine Songtrack , Gassman writes : " No matter how you get them , though , the otherwise unavailable songs on this album ought to be part of any thinking Beatles fan 's collection . " Alex Young of Consequence of Sound writes : " as a whole , Yellow Submarine is a delightful album , even if it 's still a less @-@ than @-@ acceptable inclusion in the Beatles canon " , though he criticised the inclusion of Martin 's score , which he felt should have been sold as a separate release .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Lennon @-@ McCartney , except " Only a Northern Song " and " It 's All Too Much " , by George Harrison .
All songs written and composed by George Martin , except " Yellow Submarine in Pepperland " , by Lennon @-@ McCartney .
= = Personnel = =
The Beatles ( side one )
John Lennon – lead and backing vocals , rhythm and lead guitars , piano , ukulele , banjo , harpsichord , handclaps
Paul McCartney – lead and backing vocals , bass and acoustic guitars , double bass , trumpet , handclaps , percussion
George Harrison – lead and backing vocals , lead and acoustic guitars , Hammond organ , percussion and handclaps , violin
Ringo Starr – drums , percussion and handclaps , backing vocals , lead vocals ( on track 1 )
= = Certifications = =
BPI certification awarded only for sales since 1994 .
= = Charts = =
= Srinivasa Ramanujan =
Srinivasa Ramanujan FRS ( pronunciation : / ʃriːnivɑːsə rɑːmɑːnʊdʒən / ) ( 22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920 ) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact . Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics , he made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis , number theory , infinite series , and continued fractions . Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical research in isolation ; it was quickly recognized by Indian mathematicians . When his skills became obvious and known to the wider mathematical community , centered in Europe at the time , he began a famous partnership with the English mathematician G. H. Hardy . The Cambridge professor realized that Ramanujan had rediscovered previously known theorems in addition to producing new ones .
During his short life , Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3 @,@ 900 results ( mostly identities and equations ) . Nearly all his claims have now been proven correct , although some were already known . His original and highly unconventional results , such as the Ramanujan prime and the Ramanujan theta function , have inspired a vast amount of further research . The Ramanujan Journal , an international publication , was launched to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by his work .
Of notably deep religious conviction , Ramanujan credited his substantial mathematical capacities to divinity : ' " An equation for me has no meaning , " he once said , " unless it expresses a thought of God . " '
= = Early life = =
Ramanujan was born on 22 December 1887 into a Tamil Brahmin family in Erode , Madras Presidency ( now Tamil Nadu ) , at the residence of his maternal grandparents . His father , K. Srinivasa Iyengar , worked as a clerk in a sari shop and hailed from Thanjavur district . His mother , Komalatammal , was a housewife and also sang at a local temple . They lived in Sarangapani Street in a traditional home in the town of Kumbakonam . The family home is now a museum . When Ramanujan was a year and a half old , his mother gave birth to a son , Sadagopan , who died less than three months later . In December 1889 , Ramanujan contracted smallpox , but unlike the thousands in the Thanjavur district who died of the disease that year , he recovered . He moved with his mother to her parents ' house in Kanchipuram , near Madras ( now Chennai ) . In 1891 and 1894 , his mother gave birth to two more children , but both died in infancy .
On 1 October 1892 , Ramanujan was enrolled at the local school . After his maternal grandfather lost his job as a court official in Kanchipuram , Ramanujan and his mother moved back to Kumbakonam and he was enrolled in the Kangayan Primary School . When his paternal grandfather died , he was sent back to his maternal grandparents , then living in Madras . He did not like school in Madras , and tried to avoid attending . His family enlisted a local constable to make sure the boy attended school . Within six months , Ramanujan was back in Kumbakonam .
Since Ramanujan 's father was at work most of the day , his mother took care of the boy as a child . He had a close relationship with her . From her , he learned about tradition and puranas . He learned to sing religious songs , to attend pujas at the temple , and to maintain particular eating habits – all of which are part of Brahmin culture . At the Kangayan Primary School , Ramanujan performed well . Just before turning 10 , in November 1897 , he passed his primary examinations in English , Tamil , geography and arithmetic with the best scores in the district . That year , Ramanujan entered Town Higher Secondary School , where he encountered formal mathematics for the first time .
By age 11 , he had exhausted the mathematical knowledge of two college students who were lodgers at his home . He was later lent a book by S. L. Loney on advanced trigonometry . He mastered this by the age of 13 while discovering sophisticated theorems on his own . By 14 , he was receiving merit certificates and academic awards that continued throughout his school career , and he assisted the school in the logistics of assigning its 1200 students ( each with differing needs ) to its 35 @-@ odd teachers . He completed mathematical exams in half the allotted time , and showed a familiarity with geometry and infinite series . Ramanujan was shown how to solve cubic equations in 1902 ; he developed his own method to solve the quartic . The following year , not knowing that the quintic could not be solved by radicals , he tried to do so .
In 1903 , when he was 16 , Ramanujan obtained from a friend a library copy of a A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics , G. S. Carr 's collection of 5 @,@ 000 theorems . Ramanujan reportedly studied the contents of the book in detail . The book is generally acknowledged as a key element in awakening his genius . The next year , Ramanujan independently developed and investigated the Bernoulli numbers and calculated the Euler – Mascheroni constant up to 15 decimal places . His peers at the time commented that they " rarely understood him " and " stood in respectful awe " of him .
When he graduated from Town Higher Secondary School in 1904 , Ramanujan was awarded the K. Ranganatha Rao prize for mathematics by the school 's headmaster , Krishnaswami Iyer . Iyer introduced Ramanujan as an outstanding student who deserved scores higher than the maximum . He received a scholarship to study at Government Arts College , Kumbakonam , but was so intent on mathematics that he could not focus on any other subjects and failed most of them , losing his scholarship in the process . In August 1905 , Ramanujan ran away from home , heading towards Visakhapatnam , and stayed in Rajahmundry for about a month . He later enrolled at Pachaiyappa 's College in Madras . There he again excelled in mathematics but performed poorly in other subjects , such as physiology . Ramanujan failed his Fellow of Arts exam in December 1906 and again a year later . Without a degree , he left college and continued to pursue independent research in mathematics , living in extreme poverty and often on the brink of starvation .
= = Adulthood in India = =
On 14 July 1909 , Ramanujan married a ten @-@ year @-@ old girl , Srimathi Janaki ( Janakiammal ) ( 21 March 1899 – 13 April 1994 ) . It was not unusual for marriages to be arranged with young girls . Some sources claim Janaki was nine years old when they married . She came from Rajendram , a village close to Marudur ( Karur district ) Railway Station . Ramanujan 's father did not participate in the marriage ceremony .
After the marriage , Ramanujan developed a hydrocele testis . The condition could be treated with a routine surgical operation that would release the blocked fluid in the scrotal sac , but his family did not have the money for the operation . In January 1910 , a doctor volunteered to do the surgery for free .
After his successful surgery , Ramanujan searched for a job . He stayed at friends ' houses while he went door to door around Madras looking for a clerical position . To make money , he tutored students at Presidency College who were preparing for their F.A. exam .
In late 1910 , Ramanujan was sick again . He feared for his health , and told his friend R. Radakrishna Iyer to " hand these [ Ramanujan 's mathematical notebooks ] over to Professor Singaravelu Mudaliar [ the mathematics professor at Pachaiyappa 's College ] or to the British professor Edward B. Ross , of the Madras Christian College . " After Ramanujan recovered and retrieved his notebooks from Iyer , he took a train from Kumbakonam to Villupuram , a coastal city under French control .
= = = Attention towards mathematics = = =
Ramanujan met deputy collector V. Ramaswamy Aiyer , who had recently founded the Indian Mathematical Society . Wishing for a job at the revenue department where Aiyer worked , Ramanujan showed him his mathematics notebooks . As Aiyer later recalled :
I was struck by the extraordinary mathematical results contained in it [ the notebooks ] . I had no mind to smother his genius by an appointment in the lowest rungs of the revenue department .
Aiyer sent Ramanujan , with letters of introduction , to his mathematician friends in Madras . Some of them looked at his work and gave him letters of introduction to R. Ramachandra Rao , the district collector for Nellore and the secretary of the Indian Mathematical Society . Rao was impressed by Ramanujan 's research but doubted that it was his own work . Ramanujan mentioned a correspondence he had with Professor Saldhana , a notable Bombay mathematician , in which Saldhana expressed a lack of understanding of his work but concluded that he was not a phony . Ramanujan 's friend C. V. Rajagopalachari tried to quell Rao 's doubts about Ramanujan 's academic integrity . Rao agreed to give him another chance , and listened as Ramanujan discussed elliptic integrals , hypergeometric series , and his theory of divergent series , which Rao said ultimately converted him to a belief in Ramanujan 's brilliance . When Rao asked him what he wanted , Ramanujan replied that he needed work and financial support . Rao consented and sent him to Madras . He continued his research , with Rao 's financial aid taking care of his daily needs . With Aiyer 's help , Ramanujan had his work published in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society .
One of the first problems he posed in the journal was :
<formula>
He waited for a solution to be offered in three issues , over six months , but failed to receive any . At the end , Ramanujan supplied the solution to the problem himself . On page 105 of his first notebook , he formulated an equation that could be used to solve the infinitely nested radicals problem .
<formula>
Using this equation , the answer to the question posed in the Journal was simply 3 , obtained by setting x
= 2 , n =
1 , and a = 0 . Ramanujan wrote his first formal paper for the Journal on the properties of Bernoulli numbers . One property he discovered was that the denominators ( sequence A027642 in the OEIS ) of the fractions of Bernoulli numbers were always divisible by six . He also devised a method of calculating Bn based on previous Bernoulli numbers . One of these methods follows :
It will be observed that if n is even but not equal to zero ,
( i ) Bn is a fraction and the numerator of <formula> in its lowest terms is a prime number ,
( ii ) the denominator of Bn contains each of the factors 2 and 3 once and only once ,
( iii ) <formula> is an integer and <formula> consequently is an odd integer .
In his 17 @-@ page paper , " Some Properties of Bernoulli 's Numbers " , Ramanujan gave three proofs , two corollaries and three conjectures . Ramanujan 's writing initially had many flaws . As Journal editor M. T. Narayana Iyengar noted :
Mr. Ramanujan 's methods were so terse and novel and his presentation so lacking in clearness and precision , that the ordinary [ mathematical reader ] , unaccustomed to such intellectual gymnastics , could hardly follow him .
Ramanujan later wrote another paper and also continued to provide problems in the Journal . In early 1912 , he got a temporary job in the Madras Accountant General 's office , with a salary of 20 rupees per month . He lasted only a few weeks . Toward the end of that assignment , he applied for a position under the Chief Accountant of the Madras Port Trust .
In a letter dated 9 February 1912 , Ramanujan wrote :
Sir ,
I understand there is a clerkship vacant in your office , and I beg to apply for the same . I have passed the Matriculation Examination and studied up to the F.A. but was prevented from pursuing my studies further owing to several untoward circumstances . I have , however , been devoting all my time to Mathematics and developing the subject . I can say I am quite confident I can do justice to my work if I am appointed to the post . I therefore beg to request that you will be good enough to confer the appointment on me .
Attached to his application was a recommendation from E. W. Middlemast , a mathematics professor at the Presidency College , who wrote that Ramanujan was " a young man of quite exceptional capacity in Mathematics " . Three weeks after he had applied , on 1 March , Ramanujan learned that he had been accepted as a Class III , Grade IV accounting clerk , making 30 rupees per month . At his office , Ramanujan easily and quickly completed the work he was given , so he spent his spare time doing mathematical research . Ramanujan 's boss , Sir Francis Spring , and S. Narayana Iyer , a colleague who was also treasurer of the Indian Mathematical Society , encouraged Ramanujan in his mathematical pursuits .
= = = Contacting British mathematicians = = =
In the spring of 1913 , Narayana Iyer , Ramachandra Rao and E. W. Middlemast tried to present Ramanujan 's work to British mathematicians . M. J. M. Hill of University College London commented that Ramanujan 's papers were riddled with holes . He said that although Ramanujan had " a taste for mathematics , and some ability , " he lacked the educational background and foundation needed to be accepted by mathematicians . Although Hill did not offer to take Ramanujan on as a student , he did give thorough and serious professional advice on his work . With the help of friends , Ramanujan drafted letters to leading mathematicians at Cambridge University .
The first two professors , H. F. Baker and E. W. Hobson , returned Ramanujan 's papers without comment . On 16 January 1913 , Ramanujan wrote to G. H. Hardy . Coming from an unknown mathematician , the nine pages of mathematics made Hardy initially view Ramanujan 's manuscripts as a possible fraud . Hardy recognised some of Ramanujan 's formulae but others " seemed scarcely possible to believe " . One of the theorems Hardy found amazing was on the bottom of page three ( valid for 0 < a < b + 1 / 2 ) :
<formula>
Hardy was also impressed by some of Ramanujan 's other work relating to infinite series :
<formula>
<formula>
The first result had already been determined by a mathematician named Bauer . The second was new to Hardy , and was derived from a class of functions called hypergeometric series , which had first been researched by Leonhard Euler and Carl Friedrich Gauss . Hardy found these results " much more intriguing " than Ramanujan 's work on integrals . After seeing Ramanujan 's theorems on continued fractions on the last page of the manuscripts , Hardy commented that " they [ theorems ] defeated me completely ; I had never seen anything in the least like them before " . He figured that Ramanujan 's theorems " must be true , because , if they were not true , no one would have the imagination to invent them " . Hardy asked a colleague , J. E. Littlewood , to take a look at the papers . Littlewood was amazed by Ramanujan 's genius . After discussing the papers with Littlewood , Hardy concluded that the letters were " certainly the most remarkable I have received " and said that Ramanujan was " a mathematician of the highest quality , a man of altogether exceptional originality and power " . One colleague , E. H. Neville , later remarked that " not one [ theorem ] could have been set in the most advanced mathematical examination in the world " .
On 8 February 1913 , Hardy wrote Ramanujan a letter expressing his interest in his work , adding that it was " essential that I should see proofs of some of your assertions " . Before his letter arrived in Madras during the third week of February , Hardy contacted the Indian Office to plan for Ramanujan 's trip to Cambridge . Secretary Arthur Davies of the Advisory Committee for Indian Students met with Ramanujan to discuss the overseas trip . In accordance with his Brahmin upbringing , Ramanujan refused to leave his country to " go to a foreign land " . Meanwhile , he sent Hardy a letter packed with theorems , writing , " I have found a friend in you who views my labour sympathetically . "
To supplement Hardy 's endorsement , Gilbert Walker , a former mathematical lecturer at Trinity College , Cambridge , looked at Ramanujan 's work and expressed amazement , urging the young man to spend time at Cambridge . As a result of Walker 's endorsement , B. Hanumantha Rao , a mathematics professor at an engineering college , invited Ramanujan 's colleague Narayana Iyer to a meeting of the Board of Studies in Mathematics to discuss " what we can do for S. Ramanujan " . The board agreed to grant Ramanujan a research scholarship of 75 rupees per month for the next two years at the University of Madras . While he was engaged as a research student , Ramanujan continued to submit papers to the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society . In one instance , Narayana Iyer submitted some of Ramanujan 's theorems on summation of series to the journal , adding , " The following theorem is due to S. Ramanujan , the mathematics student of Madras University . " Later in November , British Professor Edward B. Ross of Madras Christian College , whom Ramanujan had met a few years before , stormed into his class one day with his eyes glowing , asking his students , " Does Ramanujan know Polish ? " The reason was that in one paper , Ramanujan had anticipated the work of a Polish mathematician whose paper had just arrived in the day 's mail . In his quarterly papers , Ramanujan drew up theorems to make definite integrals more easily solvable . Working off Giuliano Frullani 's 1821 integral theorem , Ramanujan formulated generalisations that could be made to evaluate formerly unyielding integrals .
Hardy 's correspondence with Ramanujan soured after Ramanujan refused to come to England . Hardy enlisted a colleague lecturing in Madras , E. H. Neville , to mentor and bring Ramanujan to England . Neville asked Ramanujan why he would not go to Cambridge . Ramanujan apparently had now accepted the proposal ; as Neville put it , " Ramanujan needed no converting and that his parents ' opposition had been withdrawn " . Apparently , Ramanujan 's mother had a vivid dream in which the family goddess , the deity of Namagiri , commanded her " to stand no longer between her son and the fulfilment of his life 's purpose " . Ramanujan voyaged to England by ship , leaving his wife to stay with his parents in India .
= = Life in England = =
Ramanujan departed from Madras aboard the S.S. Nevasa on 17 March 1914 . When he disembarked in London on 14 April , Neville was waiting for him with a car . Four days later , Neville took him to his house on Chesterton Road in Cambridge . Ramanujan immediately began his work with Littlewood and Hardy . After six weeks , Ramanujan moved out of Neville 's house and took up residence on Whewell 's Court , a five @-@ minute walk from Hardy 's room . Hardy and Littlewood began to look at Ramanujan 's notebooks . Hardy had already received 120 theorems from Ramanujan in the first two letters , but there were many more results and theorems in the notebooks . Hardy saw that some were wrong , others had already been discovered , and the rest were new breakthroughs . Ramanujan left a deep impression on Hardy and Littlewood . Littlewood commented , " I can believe that he 's at least a Jacobi " , while Hardy said he " can compare him only with [ Leonhard ] Euler or Jacobi . "
Ramanujan spent nearly five years in Cambridge collaborating with Hardy and Littlewood , and published part of his findings there . Hardy and Ramanujan had highly contrasting personalities . Their collaboration was a clash of different cultures , beliefs , and working styles . Hardy was an atheist and an apostle of proof and mathematical rigour , whereas Ramanujan was a deeply religious man who relied very strongly on his intuition . While in England , Hardy tried his best to fill
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ians even more uncompromising and afraid of Polish annexation .
The planned coup was criticized by historians as unrealistic for the following reasons . Piłsudski 's plan was based on false assumptions and faulty intelligence , which incorrectly indicated that the Sleževičius government was deeply unpopular , and that the general Lithuanian population was relatively friendly to Poland . No notable ethnic Lithuanian politicians declared support for the plan ; the plan relied on support from General Žukauskas , but his support was never confirmed ; Narutowicz , who was to head the civilian government , was a Pole ; the PMO was weak and incapable of taking control if the coup met any significant resistance ; and intervention of the Polish army would have led to bloodshed and undermined the idea of a voluntary union or alliance with Poland . The only group that supported the coup was the Polish minority in Lithuania , increasingly alienated by Lithuanian government policies . However , according to the Lithuanian census of 1923 , the minority constituted 3 @.@ 2 % of the population outside the Vilnius Region . On the ground , the uprising was doomed by poor communication and the overeagerness of some of the PMO activists .
= Todd Packer ( The Office ) =
" Todd Packer " is the eighteenth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 144th episode overall . It originally aired on NBC on February 24 , 2011 . The episode was written by Amelie Gillette and directed by Randall Einhorn .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , traveling salesman Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) comes to Dunder Mifflin looking for a desk job in the office . However , the office is unsure if they want him to work there due to his previous behavior . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) eventually team up and develop a scheme that rids the office of Packer . Meanwhile , after dealing with computer problems , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) confronts Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) about getting a new computer .
The episode was the first entry in the series to be written by Gillette , who had written for the online entertainment newspaper and website The A.V. Club . The episode received mixed reviews from critics ; while many did not enjoy the character of Todd Packer , others praised the temporary alliance between Jim and Dwight . " Todd Packer " was viewed by 6 @.@ 121 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 2 rating among adults between the age of 18 and 49 , making it the season 's lowest @-@ rated episode . Despite this , the episode was the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the week that it aired .
= = Plot = =
Traveling salesman Todd Packer ( David Koechner ) comes to Dunder Mifflin looking for a desk job in the office . However , most of the office don 't want him to work there due to his previous behavior , and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) in particular is horrified at the idea . Holly Flax ( Amy Ryan ) gives him a job as a salesman , forcing Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) to leave his desk and move to the annex . Todd repeatedly offends everybody with his jokes , especially Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) , although Kevin pretends to play along . Only Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) , Packer 's longtime friend , is not offended by Todd . Holly , who was at first excited to have Todd in the office per Michael 's recommendations , discovers how insensitive Todd is and asks Michael to get him under control . Michael and Todd have coffee in the lobby , where Todd says he wants to be a better person . Michael gets Todd to apologize , but everyone can tell that the apologies are insincere . Dwight and Jim scheme to get rid of Todd . They call him , pretending to be corporate offering him a job in Tallahassee , Florida , a job which Todd readily accepts . Michael overhears the call and goes to tell Todd that Dwight and Jim have tricked him . Before he has a chance , however , Todd insults Holly , and Michael decides to keep Dwight and Jim 's scheme a secret and allow Todd to take the " job " in Florida . As Michael and Holly witness Todd drive away from the view in his office , Michael admits that Packer is " an ass " before they embrace .
Meanwhile , when office administrator Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) gets a new computer for the receptionist 's desk to replace the older model , Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) wants a new computer , too . Pam points out that if she were to get a new computer for one sales rep , she would have to get one for every sales rep . Unwilling to let it go , Andy pressures Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) into trading computers with him . Pam is angry when she finds out , and forces him to switch the computers back . When Andy continues to harass Pam about getting him a new computer , she tells him that the only way he can get a new computer is if his breaks . To accomplish this , he accepts all cookies , intentionally opens pop @-@ up ads , and places food in the disc drive . Pam then buys Andy a new computer , but they scratch it up to make it not look brand new . When they pretend to argue about it in front of the office , Pam claims that she found it in the warehouse . Darryl Philbin ( Craig Robinson ) confronts Pam later regarding finding the computer in the warehouse . As he knows everything that is in the warehouse and where it is stored , he leverages Pam into giving him more sick days . Pam gleefully tells the interviewers that she is now " full @-@ on corrupt " .
= = Production = =
This episode was written by Amelie Gillette , her first writing credit of the series . She was a writer for The A.V. Club before being hired for The Office . The episode was directed by longtime series director Randall Einhorn , and was his second credit for the season after " The Sting " . The cold open , which featured Jim and Dwight arguing about canned foods , was actually filmed for the previous season and is featured in the blooper reel on the sixth season DVD and Blu @-@ ray sets .
The Season Seven DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . The cut scenes include a sequence of Erin being excited after receiving her new computer , Michael expressing his desire for Holly and Packer to become friends , Packer telling Holly that Scranton is his hometown , Kevin hinting that he would like some of Dwight 's leftover pizza , Andy telling Pam about his high school " back seat " adventures , Michael and Holly arguing about Packer , and Jim trying to not let Dwight move back into his old desk .
= = Cultural references = =
Packer pretends to mistake Holly for actress Jennifer Aniston . Dwight angrily throws out Holly 's miniature zen gardens and remarks , " What do you grow in this , bullcrap ? " Packer calls Kevin , Holly , and Dwight , the " three muske @-@ queers " , a homophobic slur referencing the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers . Dwight notes that , had Kevin grown up in Sumo culture , he would be considered a " promising up @-@ and @-@ comer " . Holly makes a list of humorous individuals , ranging from most humorous to less : " Bill Cosby , Steve Martin , ' Charlie Bit My Finger , ' Michael Scott [ … ] Todd Packer " . When asked if he would like chocolate milk , Packer notes that the only chocolate he likes is Vivica A. Fox . Jim mentions Justin Bieber , and Dwight says " Who is Justice Beaver ? " This leads Jim to say sardonically , " A crime @-@ fighting beaver " . Following the episode 's air date , the term " Justice Beaver " became popular a trend on Twitter , and led to a website in honor of the quote . When prank @-@ calling Packer , Dwight continuously makes references to the The Wizarding World of Harry Potter in Orlando , Florida .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Todd Packer " was viewed by an estimated 6 @.@ 121 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 9 % share . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 2 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked the lowest number of viewers for the series since the second season episode " Boys and Girls " , which was viewed by 5 @.@ 42 million viewers , as well as the lowest Nielsen rating for the series since the first season . Despite this , the episode became the highest @-@ rated NBC program for the original week it aired and also became the sixteenth most @-@ watched show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 – 49 .
Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club , Gillette 's former employer , awarded the episode a " B – " and noted that he did not like Todd Packer , nor the episode 's where his character is intentionally supposed to be vile . He did , however , enjoy the fact that Packer 's antics caused Jim and Dwight to unite in the face of a common enemy , a plot that McNutt said " had a scrappy feel to it " . McNutt also called Kevin being " slowly broken by Packer 's cruelty " an effective way to show how terrible Packer was to the morale of the office . He was , however , more critical about the fact that Holly seemed unaware that " Michael may not be the best judge of whether or not someone is funny " . At the end of his review , McNutt reminded readers that The A.V. Club specifically selected him as their new reviewer for the show because he did not know Gillette , thus avoiding a conflict of interest .
IGN writer Cindy White enjoyed the episode , but criticized the ending for being too similar to a scene in the series finale of the original version of The Office in which David Brent , after a successful blind date , tries to jump into a conversation with traveling salesman Chris Finch at a Christmas party . Finch makes a rude comment about his date which makes David stand up to him and tell him to " fuck off " . Despite this , she spoke highly of Jim and Dwight 's storyline , writing that " I wish their final ruse had been a bit more original , but it served the purpose of getting rid of Packer " . She ultimately gave the episode a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating , denoting a " good " episode .
Matt Richenthal of TV Fanatic awarded the episode four out of five stars and praised it for its temporary teaming up of Jim and Dwight . Alan Sepinwall was critical of the episode ; although he enjoyed the continued exploration of Michael 's maturation , but felt that , because Packer was so infrequently seen on the show , he was stuck as " the American version of Finchy " from the original British series , and as such , did not fit into the show 's dynamics . Sepinwall was further critical of the main story , calling it " flat and uncomfortable " . However , he enjoyed the later part of Pam and Andy 's storyline , as well as Jim and Dwight teaming up to beat Packer .
= Work It Out ( Beyoncé song ) =
" Work It Out " is a song by American R & B singer Beyoncé . It was released on June 11 , 2002 , by Columbia Records as her debut single and the lead single from the soundtrack album of the film Austin Powers in Goldmember , in which Knowles stars as Foxxy Cleopatra . It was later included on the international editions of Knowles ' debut album , Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . Composed by Knowles , Pharrell Williams , and Chad Hugo , " Work It Out " is an R & B song which incorporates elements of 1960s and 1970s funk and post @-@ disco .
The song was generally well received by music critics , many of whom complimented its retro style and various influences . It has been credited as the beginning of Knowles ' career as a successful solo artist , after finding success as the lead singer of Destiny 's Child . " Work It Out " was nominated in the category of Best Original or Adapted Song at the 2003 Black Reel Awards . Commercially , the song failed to make an impact on the US Billboard Hot 100 but managed to find success on a few Billboard component charts , topping the Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play chart . " Work It Out " also reached the top ten in Norway and the UK .
The song 's accompanying music video was shot and directed by Matthew Rolston . The video features Knowles playing Foxxy Cleopatra , and draws inspiration from several 1960 's and 1970s motifs . The video was nominated at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan in the category Best Video from a Film . " Work It Out " has been parodied and covered on several live television programs , including American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . Since its release , the song has been regularly included on several of Knowles ' tours and concerts .
= = Context and release = =
In the 2002 film Austin Powers in Goldmember , Knowles portrays Foxxy Cleopatra , the female protagonist alongside the film 's lead character , Austin Powers , portrayed by Canadian film actor and comedian Mike Myers . Cleopatra is a parody to the characters in blaxploitation films such as Foxy Brown and Cleopatra Jones , both of which are used in her name . Her clothing style is reminiscent of the disco era and her hair is in the afro style of the time . Taking inspiration from her portrayal , Knowles adopted in the song a persona similar to that of Cleopatra . Cleopatra and police officer Get Christie Love ! use the slang term " sugar " , which Knowles ad @-@ libs and incorporates into the song . Many similarities are seen as she performs under her Cleopatra persona in the music video of " Work It Out " . Due to the characters ' sassy nature , Knowles performs the song very confidently and assertively . Powers meets Cleopatra at the villain 's discothèque in 1975 , which attributes to Cleopatra 's disco @-@ type fashion and the heavily inspired disco @-@ era music video for " Work It Out " .
" Work It Out " was written by Knowles , Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo , with The Neptunes helming its production . Critically , the song was credited with marking Knowles transition into the music scene as a solo artist , after fulfilling a career as the lead female vocalist of Destiny 's Child . Knowles premiered the song on May 23 , 2002 , via AOL . The song served as the first single from the soundtrack album , Austin Powers : Goldmember , with Britney Spears ' " Boys " following as the soundtrack 's second single . Additionally , it serves as the album 's opening track , and was released on June 11 , 2002 . " Work It Out " was also intended to serve as the lead single from Knowles ' debut album , Dangerously in Love . However , it was eventually replaced by " Crazy in Love " , while it was used as a bonus song on the album 's international versions .
= = Musical style = =
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , " Work It Out " is a moderately paced R & B , soul , and funk song . Written in the key of G major , it has a moderately slow tempo of 84 beats per minute and incorporates elements of post @-@ disco . The song has been viewed as reminiscent of 1960s and 1970s funk and soul music , with Craig Seymour of Entertainment Weekly describing the tune as a " retro @-@ thumper " . Rob Fitzpatrick of New Musical Express commented that the song features " super @-@ heavy funk " , and is " an absolutely faultless attempt to re @-@ create on classics by The J.B. ' s and Lynn Anderson " , while Nick Duerden of Spin magazine described the song as a " stunning ' [ 19 ] 60s soul vamp . " Duerden and John Mulvey of New Musical Express recognized that The Netunes paid tribute to James Brown within the song . While making a reference to the fact that the song contains various elements of 1960s and 1970s musical styles , Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine stated that " Work It Out " positioned Knowles as " an MTV generation Tina Turner " . Spin echoed Cinquemani 's sentiments by describing Knowles as " gritty and sultry " , referencing Tina Turner . Knowles has additionally been described as " a ' Rock Steady ' -era Aretha Franklin " because of the way she " ambitiously grunts , wails , and moans " in " Work It Out " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Work It Out " garnered generally positive reviews from critics , most of whom complemented the 1960s and 1970s funk tone featured on the song . While reviewing the Austin Powers in Goldmember 's soundtrack album , Josh Tyrangiel , writing for Entertainment Weekly , gave the song a negative review stating that it was " all shimmy and innuendo " . However , while reviewing the single , Craig Seymour of the same publication awarded the song a grade of an A- , calling the track a " funky debut solo tune " and further stating that the song also proves that Knowles , best known " for riding poppy staccato beats , can get deep into a groove " . Mark Anthony Neal of PopMatters recognized the success of Destiny 's Child and credited it to Knowles , stating , " [ Beyoncé Knowles ] , first stepped out on the solo trip in support of her role as Foxxy Cleopatra in Austin Powers : Gold Member . ' Work It Out ' indicated to Neal that Knowles was ready to shed the ' but I 'm still not yet a woman ' vibe that 's earned Destiny 's Child multi @-@ platinum status . "
The song was considered a " good moment " on the film 's soundtrack album by Allmusic 's writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine . Erlewine called it " excellent " and favored it over the tracks of Survivor ( 2001 ) , Destiny 's Child 's previous album . Although considered a great transition for Knowles , Vibe disagreed , stating that the song debuted a tepid beginning for Knowles , who had high anticipations for a solo @-@ career . Contactmusic.com named the contributions by Knowles on the movie 's soundtrack as a highlight of the album . Rob Boss of Walmart called Knowles " alluring " while reviewing her performance on the soundtrack and comparing it to her performance in the movie itself . Dismissing Knowles ' acting by stating " she should stick to singing and leave the acting to the actors , " Boss called her performance on the song intense and stated that the opening track " Work It Out " was a reason enough to include Knowles in the film . Rob Fitzpatrick of New Musical Express gave the song a mixed to positive review , writing that it sounds not only like a perfect imitation or replication of classic funk , but also like a derivation of various other sources and motifs . John Mulvey , writing for the same magazine , considered " Work It Out " to be the best tune Knowles had recorded since " Say My Name " ( 2000 ) , and he further commented , " it 's Beyoncé yowling , testifying and wigging out in only slightly @-@ studied retro fashion that 's most striking . "
Spin magazine included the song on two separate lists of admiration . The first was a playlist of songs that " you need to know " , and " Work It Out " was placed at number five for songs to download . The other list included the song on a list of " must @-@ have Beyoncé Knowles songs " . In addition to being included on lists , Vibe magazine included the song on a " Vibraters " list which named a number of songs that were on Vibe @-@ staff 's current playlists and stated the song was " her true destiny " . Yancey Strickler of Flak Magazine wrote that in " Work It Out " , Knowles sounds like Pam Grier " taking five from the revolution to let her afro down . Loose and funky ( apologies for the overused terminology there , but ' Work It Out ' practically defines it ) , the tune was Beyoncé declaring , ' I am woman , hear you drool . ' Self @-@ assured and immune to any of that tired old guff , she 's out @-@ of @-@ Huey @-@ Newton 's @-@ league untouchable . " Following the song 's 2002 release , it was included during many post @-@ 2003 award ceremonies . During the 2003 Black Reel Awards , the song was nominated in the category Best Original or Adapted Song . However , the song lost to Erykah Badu and Common 's " Love of My Life ( Ode to Hip @-@ Hop ) " from the film Brown Sugar .
= = Chart performance = =
" Work It Out " failed to make the United States Billboard Hot 100 . Although it did not appear on the main US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , it peaked at number four on the US Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . " Work It Out " became a club hit in the US , peaking at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs , and enjoyed moderate commercial success in European territories . It debuted and peaked at number seven in the United Kingdom on July 27 , 2002 , charting for a total of 11 weeks . The song managed to peak inside the top 30 of multiple European charts , peaking at number three in Norway , number 12 in Ireland , number 14 in Denmark , number 23 in Sweden , and number 26 in the Netherlands . In Oceania , the single peaked at number 36 in New Zealand on September 8 , 2002 , while reaching number 23 for two consecutive weeks in late September 2002 in Australia .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Matthew Rolston . Shot in New York in early June 2002 , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage of the shooting of the music video was released on June 7 , and the main video officially posted on MTV on June 17 . In the video , Jeremiah Alexis takes on the role of the bassist in the background and Knowles singing up @-@ front , with the overall feel inspired by 1970s glamor and the introduction of pop and funk . On the concept of the video , Knowles said , " I wanted it to look different from what we 've done . I wanted it to be raw . The look of it is like an old 1970 's show . " Rolston stated that the video was inspired by shows like Sonny & Cher and The Midnight Special with James Brown , which took place around the beginning of the disco era and the end of the hippy era .
The video begins with Knowles ( as Cleopatra ) sitting with Powers in a movie theater , a credit to the ending of Austin Powers in Goldmember . As the " movie " starts , Knowles is seen on stage performing with a band playing instruments to the song . After performing a simple choreography , Knowles begins her verse by singing into a microphone that has her name written on it with sparkles , with the scenery of the shot being a stage with a colorful background , and scenes from Goldmember pieced throughout the video . Knowles performs in a cube with disco @-@ scenery shown on the walls , ceiling , and projected onto Knowles , who plays with hula hoops while wearing " Virgo " bedazzled jeans throughout the video . As the video ends , Knowles is seen back on the beginning stage performing a dance @-@ routine with three backup dancers ; the video ending with the movie theater cheering for the video , while Cleopatra and Powers smile at each other .
Cynthia Fuchs of PopMatters reviewed the music video , stating : " The video offers up a standard @-@ seeming series of body parts — eye , navel , huge hair — but at the same time emphasizes Beyoncé 's frankly awesome power , recalling Aretha and especially Tina Turner as she snuggles up to the mic stand , her ferocious thighs revealed beneath a sequined miniskirt . In her first solo effort , Beyoncé declares herself a singular personality , a body , and a performer . Not to mention a sensation with a hula @-@ hoop . " Fuchs added to her comment about Knowles ' hoola @-@ hooping skills , referring to them as " sensational " and stated that it gave the video " a giddy , gorgeous turn " . Tamar Anitai of MTV News negatively reviewed Knowles ' choice in hair @-@ style as " two @-@ tone , too @-@ tight curls " . In 2003 , the music video was nominated at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan in the category Best Video from a Film . It eventually lost to Eminem 's " Lose Yourself " from the movie 8 Mile .
= = Live performances = =
Knowles performed the song on multiple occasions , including the song as part of her set list on the Dangerously in Love Tour , where the performance of the song was recorded and distributed at the Wembley Arena in London , United Kingdom for the Beyoncé : Live at Wembley DVD / CD . The song was also performed live at the Wynn Theatre , in Las Vegas on August 2 , 2009 , at the I Am ... Yours concert , the performance was later recorded as well as distributed in a DVD / CD package entitled I Am ... Yours : An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas on November 23 , 2009 . During the I Am ... Tour , the song was performed in a medley with " Crazy in Love " , " I Just Wanna Love U ( Give It 2 Me ) " , " Let Me Clear My Throat " , and " Pass the Peas " .
Knowles additionally performed the song on many televised appearances . The first televised performance of the song was on New Year 's Eve at Nikki Beach , St. Barth . Other televised performances included Rove , 2003 's Party in the Park , and Top of the Pops . Reviewing concert performances of the song , Mimi ValdésVibe called Knowles possessed , stating : " Tossing her head around , jerking her body , twirling the microphone stand , she 's a new @-@ millennium version of Tina Turner . As human and humble as she is off stage , watching her perform is a quick reminder of why she 's a star . She 's magnetic . "
= = Cover versions = =
The Los Angeles based band Vitamin String Quartet , paid tribute to Knowles by doing their own version of " Work It Out " and adding it to their 2003 album , The String Quartet Tribute to Beyoncé . According to Tim Sendra of Allmusic , their version has more than four instruments on it as do most of the tracks , making it " more of a symphonic tribute to Beyoncé " . The song has been performed by many reality television shows , which later led to the group or person winning that current challenge . On the fifth season of American Idol , contestant Paris Ana 'is Bennett performed the song on March 28 , 2006 , in which the theme was to perform songs from the past six years . The song later allowed Bennett to pass through to the next round , with judge Randy Jackson stating it was the best of the night , Paula Abdul calling the performance " awesome " , and Cowell naming the performance " overly precocious " .
During the second week of the fourth season of America 's Best Dance Crew , the Massive Monkees were asked to perform the song with the challenge to " dance with hula hoops without accidentally dropping them " . The performance later allowed the group to move on to the next round , with judges Lil Mama stating that the group performed with a lot of " charisma " , however , JC Chasez negatively reviewed the performance as " elementary " . While searching for an all @-@ female band to accompany her on The Beyoncé Experience , Knowles had the candidates perform the single " Work It Out " as a test . An author called Skyy additionally referenced the song in a book of collected short @-@ stories titled " Choices " .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits are taken from Dangerously in Love liner notes .
Beyoncé Knowles – composer , vocals , writing , vocal production
The Neptunes ( Pharrell Williams and Chad Hugo ) – composer , writing , producer
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Earth Song =
" Earth Song " is the third single from Michael Jackson 's album HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I. It is the fifth song on the second disc of the album . It is a ballad that incorporates elements of blues , gospel and opera . Jackson had a long @-@ standing history of releasing socially conscious material such as " We Are the World " , " Man in the Mirror " and " Heal the World " . However , " Earth Song " was the first that overtly dealt with the environment and animal welfare . " Earth Song " was made for the Dangerous album but it failed to make the final cut . The song was written and composed by Jackson ; the task of production was split between Jackson , David Foster and Bill Bottrell .
" Earth Song " was accompanied by a lavish music video shot in four geographical regions . It centered on the destruction and rebirth of Earth and went on to receive a Grammy nomination in 1997 . The song was a top five hit in most European countries . It remains Jackson 's best @-@ selling single in the United Kingdom , and was the country 's number @-@ one Christmas single in 1995 . " Earth Song " was not released as a single in the United States . Jackson went on to receive recognition from various animal and environmental organizations .
In 2011 the song was paired @-@ up with the poem " Planet Earth " ( previously released on Michael Jackson 's This Is It , in 2009 ) and released as a song in the remix album Immortal . The song was the last song to be rehearsed by Jackson , shortly after midnight on June 25 , 2009 , making it the final song ever performed by Michael Jackson .
= = Background = =
Jackson already had a long @-@ standing history of writing charitable or socially conscious material . As a child , he had recorded the song " In Our Small Way " for his first album Got to Be There . As an adult , Jackson used his fame and wealth to promote various causes . In 1985 , he co @-@ wrote the charity single " We Are the World " with Lionel Richie , which was released worldwide to aid the poor in Africa and the US . The single became one of the best @-@ selling singles of all time , with nearly 20 million copies sold and millions of dollars donated to famine relief . It was also the first time Jackson was seen as a humanitarian . All of the profits from his single " Man in the Mirror " went to charity . Jackson founded the " Heal the World Foundation " in 1992 , inspired by his charity single of the same name .
Following the illness and death of Ryan White , Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV / AIDS , something that was still controversial at the time . He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton 's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV / AIDS charities and research . He would go on to perform the song " Gone Too Soon " for White and other victims of the illness .
= = Production = =
" Earth Song " was originally written and composed by Jackson in the Hotel Imperial in Vienna , Austria under the title " What About Us " . A demo , which featured Jackson singing the ending in falsetto , was to be released as part of a bonus disc for the remastered Dangerous album in 2001 but the release was cancelled ; the song along with other tracks were leaked on the internet .
Production of the song was a collaborative effort between Jackson , David Foster and Bill Bottrell . Andrae Crouch 's Choir and Jackson engage in a back and forth chant as the song reaches its climactic finale . Jackson 's intent was to create a song that was lyrically deep yet melodically simple , so the whole world , particularly non @-@ English @-@ speaking fans , could sing along . He conceptualized a song that had an emotional message .
= = = Composition = = =
" Earth Song " is a ballad that incorporates elements of blues , gospel and opera . In the socially conscious track , Jackson issues a wakeup @-@ call about the dire situations that mankind has caused and is facing , ranging from war to devastation to animals and earth itself . The song reveals itself to be highly spiritual at the end where Jackson calls on people to remember the earth is their inheritance from God via their ancestor Abraham . " What about death again " reminds all to think about eternal death , asking people to check their heart for repentance , or to see if they really cared at all . Having disfellowshipped himself from Jehovah 's Witnesses , Jackson simplified his faith to focus on the Biblical Jesus Christ until his death . The song is written in the key of Ab melodic minor .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
" Earth Song " received mixed reviews from music critics . James Hunter of Rolling Stone stated , " The slow blues @-@ operatic ' Earth Song ' for all its noble sentiments , sounds primarily like a showpiece " . A San Jose Mercury News review called it " flat " and " whiny " , believing Jackson had already experimented with these concepts earlier in his career .
The Philadelphia Inquirer described the track as " a healing , rhythmic ballad that evokes religious imagery " . A review in The Sacramento Bee was favorable , describing Jackson 's vocal performance as " cool " . Michael Mehle of Rocky Mountain News described the finale as " anthemic " and a " powerful gospel opus " . A Ledger @-@ Enquirer review observed of " Earth Song " , " [ it ] enjoys the same kind of subtlety , building to a dramatic call @-@ and @-@ response finish with the Andrae Crouch Choir " . Contra Costa Times 's review called it " a bit sappy and overblown " but also acknowledged that it was " epic " and destined to be a " massive smash hit " .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
" Earth Song " remains Jackson 's best @-@ selling single in the United Kingdom , where it sold 1 @.@ 16 million copies as of November 2012 . It debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart , where it remained for six weeks throughout December 1995 — beating the U2 / Brian Eno project Passengers in competition to win the Christmas number one spot — and into early @-@ 1996 . During its stay at number one , " Earth Song " kept the first single released by The Beatles in 25 years , " Free as a Bird " , off the number one position . In early December , bookmakers correctly predicted that Jackson would keep The Beatles off the top position and go on to attain the Christmas number @-@ one single .
The song also took the number one position in Spain , Italy , Sweden and Switzerland , peaking within the top five in almost every European state . In Germany , it was Jackson 's first single to reach No. 1 on the German Singles Chart and by staying on the pole position for 5 consecutive weeks , it 's also his most successful single there .
The song was only released to radio in the U.S. , appearing on the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . In 2006 , " Earth Song " reached number 55 on the European Hot 100 Singles chart , following the Visionary : The Video Singles campaign , whereby 20 of Jackson 's hit singles from the 1980s to the 1990s were reissued in several European countries .
= = = Environmental recognition = = =
Jackson received the Genesis Award : 1995 Doris Day Music Award , given each year for animal sensitivity . In 2008 , a writer for the Nigeria Exchange noted , " ' Earth Song ' drew the world 's attention to the degradation and bastardization of the earth as a fall out of various human activities " .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Earth Song " , directed by fine art photographer Nick Brandt , was expensive and well @-@ received ; it gained a Le Film Fantastique : Best Video Award in 1996 , the 1995 Doris Day Music Award at the Genesis Awards and a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video , Short Form in 1997 . The production had an environmental theme , showing images of animal cruelty , deforestation , pollution , poverty and war . Jackson and the world 's people unite in a spiritual chant — " Earth Song " — which summons a force that heals the world . Using special effects , time is reversed so that life returns , war ends and the forests regrow . The video closes with a request for donations to Jackson 's Heal the World Foundation . The clip was shown infrequently in the United States .
The video was filmed in four geographic regions ( Americas , Europe and Africa ) . The first location was the Amazon Rainforest , where a large part was destroyed a week after the video 's completion . Natives of the region appeared in the video and were not actors . The second scene was a war zone in Karlovac , Croatia , with famous Croatian actor Slobodan Dimitrijević and the residents of the area . The third location was Tanzania , which incorporated scenes of illegal poaching and hunting into the video . No animals were harmed in the making of the " Earth Song " , as the footage came from documentary archives . The final location was in Warwick , New York , where a safe forest fire was simulated in a corn field .
The video was also included on the video albums : HIStory on Film , Volume II , Number Ones and Michael Jackson 's Vision .
= = Brit Awards = =
In 1996 , Jackson performed " Earth Song " at the Brit Awards in the United Kingdom ; he was there to collect a special " Artist of a Generation " award . Jackson sang while dangling off the edge of a high rise crane lift , which he had used the year before while performing it on the German TV show Wetten Dass . Below , a chorus of backing performers joined in and many of them began to physically embrace Jackson upon his descent . In response to the performance , Jarvis Cocker ran onto the stage without permission , lifted his shirt and pretended to break wind , before giving Jackson the insulting V @-@ sign . The Pulp frontman had been there with his band , who had been nominated for three Brit awards . Cocker was subsequently questioned by police over claims he had assaulted some of the child performers , but he was later released without charge . The singer explained that he found the performance offensive , claiming that Jackson had portrayed himself as Christ @-@ like and could do as he pleased because of his immense wealth and power . Jackson condemned Cocker 's behavior as " disgusting and cowardly " . The incident is referred to in the book Politics and Popular Culture by John Street , Professor of Politics at the University of East Anglia . He says :
" But to read popular culture as a straight @-@ forward – or at least typical – political text is to take a very narrow view of its meaning , and hence of its political message ( s ) . As we have noted , the text 's meaning will depend on how it is heard and read . Michael Jackson may have intended his ' Earth Song ' as an exercise in compassion ; others – like Jarvis Cocker – saw it quite differently . One reason these alternative readings emerge is because of the way the performance of popular culture engages more than a literal text , it employs gestures and symbols , tones of voice , looks and glances , all of which might tell a different story " .
= = 2010 Grammy Awards performance = =
The song , along with a 3 @-@ D short film that was to be featured in Jackson 's series of comeback concerts This Is It , was performed as a tribute to Jackson . Jennifer Hudson , Carrie Underwood , Smokey Robinson , Celine Dion and Usher all sang the song together , while the video played in the background . The film was shown in its original 3 @-@ D format during the broadcast .
Target provided free 3 @-@ D glasses to customers a week before the Grammy Awards . Paris and Prince Jackson , Jackson 's oldest children , appeared shortly after the performance to accept Jackson 's Lifetime Achievement Award , where they both gave a short speech . This was the first time the children had spoken publicly since the memorial service that was held for Jackson on July 7 , 2009 .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Written , composed and lead and background vocals by Michael Jackson
Produced by Michael Jackson and David Foster
Co @-@ Produced by Bill Bottrell
Choir performance by the Andrae Crouch Choir
Keyboards : David Paich
Bass guitar : Guy Pratt
Drums : Steve Ferrone
Synthesizer programming : Steve Porcaro
Co @-@ performance by London Philharmonic Orchestra ( Orchestral Mix only )
Orchestral arrangement by James Horner ( Orchestral Mix only )
= Scandinavian Scotland =
Scandinavian Scotland refers to the period from the 8th to the 15th centuries during which Vikings and Norse settlers , mainly Norwegians and to a smaller extent other Scandinavians , and their descendents colonised parts of what is now the periphery of modern Scotland . Viking influence in the area commenced in the late 8th century , and hostility between the Scandinavian Earls of Orkney and the emerging thalassocracy of the Kingdom of the Isles , the rulers of Ireland , Dál Riata and Alba , and intervention by the crown of Norway were recurring themes .
Scandinavian @-@ held territories included the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland , the Hebrides , the islands of the Firth of Clyde and associated mainland territories including Caithness and Sutherland . The historical record from Scottish sources is weak , with the Irish annals and the later Norse sagas , of which the Orkneyinga Saga is the principal source of information , sometimes contradictory although modern archaeology is beginning to provide a broader picture of life during this period .
There are various competing theories that have addressed the early colonisation process although it is clear that the Northern Isles were the first to be conquered by Vikings and the last to be relinquished by the Norwegian crown . Thorfinn Sigurdsson 's rule in the 11th century included expansion well into north mainland Scotland and this may have been the zenith of Scandinavian influence . The obliteration of pre @-@ Norse names in the Hebrides and their replacement with Norse ones was almost total although the emergence of alliances with the native Gaelic speakers produced a powerful Norse @-@ Gael culture that had wide influence in Argyll , Galloway and beyond .
Scottish influence increased from the 13th century on . In 1231 an unbroken line of Norse earls of Orkney ended and the title was henceforward held by Scots nobles . An ill @-@ fated expedition by Haakon Haakonarson later in that century led to the relinquishing of the islands of the west to the Scottish Crown and in the mid @-@ 15th century Orkney and Shetland were also transferred to Scottish rule . The negative view of Viking activities held in popular imagination notwithstanding , Norse expansion may have been a factor in the emergence of the Gaelic kingdom of Alba , the forerunner of modern Scotland , and the trading , political , cultural and religious achievements of the later periods of Norse rule were significant .
= = Geography = =
The Northern Isles , known to the Norse as the Norðreyjar , are the closest parts of the United Kingdom to Norway and these islands experienced the first and most long @-@ lasting Norse influence of any part of Scotland . Shetland is some 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) due west of Norway and in favourable conditions could be reached in 24 hours from Hordaland in a Viking longship . Orkney is 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) further to the south west .
Some 16 kilometres ( 10 mi ) due south of Orkney is the Scottish mainland . The two most northerly provinces of mainland Scotland , Caithness and Sutherland , fell under Norse control at an early date . South of there the entire western seaboard of mainland Scotland from Wester Ross to Kintyre was also subject to significant Scandinavian influence .
The Suðreyjar , or " Southern Isles " include :
The Hebrides or Western Isles comprising : The Outer Hebrides , aka the " Long Island " to the west , separated from the northern Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch . These islands are some 180 kilometres ( 110 mi ) west of Orkney .
The Inner Hebrides including Skye , Islay , Jura , Mull and Iona .
The islands of the Firth of Clyde some 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) to the south , the largest of which are Bute and Arran .
The Isle of Man , located in the Irish Sea equidistantly from modern England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales
The total distance from the southern tip of the Isle of Man to the Butt of Lewis , the northern extremity of the Outer Hebrides , is approximately 515 kilometres ( 320 mi ) . This entire region became dominated by Norse culture for much of the period under consideration . For example , it is likely that the Norse language became as dominant throughout the Inner Hebrides as it did on Lewis during the 10th and 11th centuries .
There was also significant direct Norse influence exerted in Galloway in south west Scotland and for much of the period , up until the 1266 Treaty of Perth , Norwegian and Danish foreign policy and the activities of independent or semi @-@ independent Norse rulers of the above parts of Scandinavian @-@ dominated Scotland had a powerful influence on the affairs of Scotland as a whole .
= = Colonisation process = =
Scholarly interpretations of the period " have led to widely divergent reconstructions of Viking Age Scotland " especially in the early period and Barrett ( 2008 ) has identified four competing theories , none of which he regards as proven .
The traditional explanation is the earldom hypothesis . This assumes a period of Norse expansion into the Northern Isles and the creation of an aristocratic dynasty that lasted well into the Medieval period , which exerted considerable influence in western Scotland and Mann into the 11th century . This version of events is essentially as told by the Norse sagas and is supported by some archaeological evidence although it has been criticised for exaggerating Orcadian influence in the Suðreyar .
The second of these theories is the genocide hypothesis , which asserts that the aboriginal populations of the Northern and Western Isles were eradicated and replaced wholesale with settlers of Scandinavian stock . The strength of this argument is the almost total replacement of pre @-@ existing place names by those of Norse origin throughout much of the region . Its weakness is that the place name evidence is from a relatively late date and the nature of this transition remains controversial . Genetic studies show that Shetlanders have almost identical proportions of Scandinavian matrilineal and patrilineal ancestry , suggesting that the islands were settled by both men and women in equal measure .
The pagan reaction hypothesis proposed by Bjorn Mhyre suggests a long tradition of mobility amongst the various populations of the North Atlantic seaboard and that the expansion of Christian missions resulted in ethnic tensions that led to or exacerbated Viking expansion . There is some evidence of such mobility , such as Irish missionary activities in Iceland and The Faroes in the 8th century , but little that is conclusive .
The fourth suggestion is the Laithlind or Lochlann hypothesis . This word appears in various forms in the early Irish literature and is usually assumed to refer to Norway itself , although some have preferred to locate it in the Norse @-@ dominated parts of Scotland . Donnchadh Ó Corráin is a proponent of this view and claims that that a substantial part of Scotland — the Northern and Western Isles and large areas of the coastal mainland — were conquered by the Vikings in the first quarter of the 9th century and that a Viking kingdom was set up there earlier than the middle of the century . Essentially a variant of the earldom hypothesis , there is little archaeological evidence in its favour , although it is clear that extensive Viking incursions on the Irish coasts were supported by a presence of some kind in the Hebrides , even if the date the latter became prominent is far from certain . As Ó Corráin himself admits " when and how the Vikings conquered and occupied the Isles is unknown , perhaps unknowable " .
= = Early Viking incursions = =
Norse contacts with Scotland certainly predate the first written records in the 8th century , although their nature and frequency are unknown . Excavations at Norwick on the island of Unst in Shetland indicate that Scandinavian settlers had reached there , perhaps as early as the mid 7th century , consistent with dates produced for Viking levels at Old Scatness .
From 793 onwards repeated raids by Vikings on the British Isles are recorded . " All the islands of Britain " were devastated in 794 with Iona being sacked in 802 and 806 . ( These attacks on Christian settlements in the islands of the west were not new . In the 6th century Tiree was raided by Pictish forces , Tory Island was attacked in the early 7th century by a " marine fleet " and Donnán of Eigg and 52 companions were murdered by Picts on Eigg in 617 . ) Various named Viking leaders , who were probably based in Scotland , appear in the Irish annals : Soxulfr in 837 , Turges in 845 and Hákon in 847 . The king of Fortriu Eógan mac Óengusa and the king of Dál Riata Áed mac Boanta were among the dead in a major defeat to the Vikings in 839 . Another early reference to the Norse presence in the Irish records is that there was a king of " Viking Scotland " whose heir , Thórir , brought an army to Ireland in 848 . Caittil Find was a reported leader of the Gallgáedil fighting in Ireland in 857 .
The Frankish Annales Bertiniani may record the conquest of the Inner Hebrides by Vikings in 847 . Amlaíb Conung , who died in 874 , is described as the " son of the king of Lochlainn " in the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland also suggesting an early date for an organised kingdom of Viking Scotland . In the same source Amlaíb is also recorded as having gone to the aid of his father Gofraidh who was under assault from Vikings in Lochlainn , circa 872 . Gofraidh died in 873 and may have been succeeded by his son Ímar who also died that year . A lament for Áed mac Cináeda , a Pictish king who died in 878 , suggests Kintyre may have been lost to his kingdom at that time . The Isle of Man may also have been taken by the Norse in 877 and was certainly held by them by 900 .
= = Norðreyjar = =
The Northern Isles were " Pictish in culture and speech " prior to the Norse incursions , and although it is recorded that Orkney was " destroyed " by King Bridei in 682 it is not likely that the Pictish kings exerted a significant degree of ongoing control over island affairs . According to the Orkneyinga Saga , about 872 Harald Fairhair became King of a united Norway and many of his opponents fled to the islands of Scotland . Harald pursued his enemies and incorporated the Northern Isles into his kingdom in 875 and then , perhaps a little over a decade later , the Hebrides as well . The following year the local Viking chieftains of the Hebrides rebelled . Harald then sent Ketill Flatnose to subdue them . Ketill achieved this quickly but then declared himself an independent " King of the Isles " , a title he retained for the rest of his life . Hunter ( 2000 ) states that Ketill was " in charge of an extensive island realm and , as a result , sufficiently prestigious to contemplate the making of agreements and alliances with other princelings " . According to the Landnámabók Kettil became ruler of a region already settled by Scandinavians . Some scholars believe that this entire story is apocryphal and based on the later voyages of Magnus Barelegs . For example , Woolf ( 2007 ) suggests that his appearance in the sagas " looks very much like a story created in later days to legitimise Norwegian claims to sovereignty in the region " and suggests an early 11th @-@ century creation of the earldom of Orkney , prior to which local warlords competed for influence with one another and local populations of farmers .
Nonetheless , the Norse tradition states that Rognvald Eysteinsson received Orkney and Shetland from Harald as an earldom as reparation for the death of his son in battle in Scotland , and then passed the earldom on to his brother Sigurd the Mighty . Sigurd 's line barely survived him and it was Torf @-@ Einarr , Rognvald 's son by a slave , who founded a dynasty that controlled the Northern Isles for centuries after his death . He was succeeded by his son Thorfinn Turf @-@ Einarsson and during this time the deposed Norwegian King Eric Bloodaxe often used Orkney as a raiding base before being killed in 954 . Thorfinn 's death and presumed burial at the broch of Hoxa , on South Ronaldsay , then led to a long period of dynastic strife . Whatever the historical details , it seems likely that Orkney and Shetland were being rapidly absorbed into Norse culture by this time .
The evidence of toponymy and language is unequivocal . Placenames in Orkney with a Celtic derivation are few in number and it is clear that Norn , a local version of Old Norse , was widely spoken by the inhabitants into historic times . Norn was also spoken in Shetland and evidence for Pictish elements in placenames is virtually non @-@ existent , the three island names of Fetlar , Unst and Yell excepted .
Jarlshof in Shetland contains the most extensive remains of a Viking site visible anywhere in Britain and it is believed that the Norse inhabited the site continuously from the 9th to the 14th centuries . Amongst the many important finds are drawings scratched on slate of dragon @-@ prowed ships and a bronze @-@ gilt harness mounting made in Ireland in the 8th or 9th centuries . Brough of Birsay in Orkney is another important archaeological site , which like Jarlshof has a continuity of settlement spanning the Pictish and Norse periods . There is a remarkable collection of 12th @-@ century runic inscriptions inside Maeshowe .
= = Caithness and Sutherland = =
In early Irish literature Shetland is referred to as Inse Catt — " the Isles of Cats " , which may have been the pre @-@ Norse inhabitants ' name for these islands . The Cat tribe certainly occupied parts of the northern Scottish mainland and their name can be found in Caithness , and in the Gaelic name for Sutherland ( Cataibh , meaning " among the Cats " ) . There is limited evidence that Caithness may have had an intermediate phase of Gaelic @-@ speaking control between the Pictish era and the Norse takeover , but if it existed it is likely to have been short @-@ lived .
Sigurd Eysteinsson and Thorstein the Red moved on northern Scotland , conquering large areas variously described in the sagas as constituting all of Caithness and Sutherland and possibly including territory in Ross and even Moray during the last decade of the 9th century . The Orkneyinga Saga relates how the former defeated the Pict Máel Brigte Tusk but died from an unusual post @-@ battle injury .
Thorfinn Torf @-@ Einarsson married into the native aristocracy and his son , Skuli Thorfinnsson , is recorded as having sought the support of the King of Scots in the 10th century in pursuing his claim as Mormaer of Caithness . Njáls saga relates that Sigurd the Stout was the ruler of " Ross and Moray , Sutherland and the Dales " of Caithness and it is possible that in the late 10th century the Scots kings were in alliance with the Earl of Orkney against the Mormaer of Moray .
Thorfinn Sigurdsson expanded his father 's realm south beyond Sutherland and by the 11th century the Norwegian crown had come to accept that Caithness was held by the Earls of Orkney as a fiefdom from the Kings of Scotland although its Norse character was retained throughout the 13th century . Raghnall mac Gofraidh was granted Caithness after assisting the Scots king in a conflict with Harald Maddadson , an earl of Orkney in the early 13th century . This joint earldom ceased after 1375 and the Pentland Firth became the border between Scotland and Norway .
No Norse place names have been found on the northern Scottish mainland south of Beauly and so far no archaeological evidence of Norse activity has been found in the north @-@ west mainland .
= = Suðreyjar = =
Like the Northern Isles , the Outer Hebrides and the northern Inner Hebrides were predominantly Pictish in the early 9th century . By contrast , the southern Inner Hebrides formed part of the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata .
The obliteration of pre @-@ Norse names in the Outer Hebrides and in Coll , Tiree and Islay in the Inner Hebrides is almost total and there is little continuity of style between Pictish pottery in the north and that of the Viking period . The similarities that do exist suggests the later pots may have been made by Norse who had settled in Ireland , or Irish slaves . There are frequent references in early Icelandic history to slaves from Ireland and the Hebrides , but none from Orkney . Gaelic certainly continued to exist as a spoken language in the southern Hebrides throughout the settlement period , but place name evidence suggests it had a lowly status and Norse may have survived as a spoken language until the 16th century in the Outer Hebrides .
There is no evidence of any direct Norwegian rule in the area other than a few brief occupations although the written record is weak and no contemporary records of the Norse period from the Outer Hebrides exist . It is however known that Hebrides were taxed using the Ounceland system and evidence from Bornais suggests that settlers there may have been more prosperous than families of a similar status in the Northern Isles , possibly due to a more relaxed political regime . Latterly , the Hebrides sent eight representatives from Lewis and Harris and Skye and another eight from the southern Hebrides to the Tynwald parliament on Man .
Colonsay and Oronsay have produced important pagan Norse burial grounds . An 11th @-@ century cross slab decorated with Irish and Ringerike Viking art on Islay was found in 1838 . Rubha an Dùnain , today an uninhabited peninsula to the south of the Cuillin hills on Skye , contains the small Loch na h @-@ Airde , which is connected to the sea by a short artificial canal . This loch was an important site for maritime activity for many centuries , spanning the Viking and later periods of Scottish clan rule . There
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factories . Menem appointed Lt. Gen. Martín Balza , who had performed well during the repression of Seineldín 's mutiny , as the Army 's General Chief of Staff ( head of the military hierarchy ) . The death of a conscript soldier in 1994 , victim of abuses by his superiors , led to the abolition of conscription in the country . The following year , Balza voiced the first institutional self @-@ criticism of the armed forces during the Dirty War , saying that obedience did not justify the actions committed in those years .
= = = Terrorist attacks = = =
The Israeli embassy suffered a terrorist attack on March 17 , 1992 . It was perceived as a consequence of Argentina 's involvement in the Gulf War . Although Hezbollah claimed responsibility for it , the Supreme Court investigated several other hypotheses . The Court wrote a report in 1996 suggesting that it could have been the explosion of an arms cache stored in the basement . Another hypothesis was that the attack could have been performed by Jewish extremists , in order to cast blame on Muslims and thwart the peace negotiations . The Court finally held Hezbollah responsible for the attack in May 1999 .
The Argentine Israelite Mutual Association suffered a terrorist attack with a car bomb on July 18 , 1994 , which killed eighty @-@ five people . It was the most destructive terrorist attack in the history of Latin America . The attack was universally condemned and 155 @,@ 000 people manifested their concern in a demonstration at the Congressional plaza ; but Menem did not attend . The legal case stayed unresolved during the remainder of Menem 's presidency . Menem had suggested , in the first press conference , that former Carapintada leaders may be responsible of the attack , but this idea was rejected by the minister of defense several hours later . The CIA office in Buenos Aires initially considered it a joint Iranian @-@ Syrian attack , but some days later considered it just an Iranian attack . Menem and Mossad also preferred this line of investigation . As a result of the attack , the Jewish community in Argentina had increased influence over Argentine politics . Years later , the prosecutor Alberto Nisman charged Menem with covering up a local connection to the attack , as the local terrorists may have been distant Syrian relatives of the Menem family . However , Menem was never tried for this suspected cover up .
= = = Foreign policy = = =
During his presidency , Argentina aligned with the United States , and had special relations with the country . Menem had a positive relation with US president George H. W. Bush , and maintained it with his successor Bill Clinton . The country left the Non @-@ Aligned Movement , and the Cóndor missile program was discontinued . Argentina supported all the international positions of the US , and sent forces to the Gulf War , and the peace keeping efforts after the Kosovo War . The country was accepted as a Major non @-@ NATO ally , but not as a full member .
Menem 's government re @-@ established relations with the United Kingdom , suspended since the Falklands War , after Margaret Thatcher left office in 1990 . The discussions on the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute were temporarily given a lower priority , and the focus shifted to discussions of fishing rights . He also settled all remaining border issues with Chile . The Lago del Desierto dispute had an international arbitration , favourable to Argentina . The only exception was the dispute over the Southern Patagonian Ice Field , which is still open .
In 1991 Menem became the first head of state of Argentina to make a diplomatic visit to Israel . He proposed to mediate between Israel and Syria in their negotiations over the Golan Heights . The diplomatic relations were damaged by the lack of results in the investigations over the two terrorist attacks .
= = Post @-@ presidency = =
Menem ran in 2003 and won the greatest number of votes , 24 % , in the first round of the April 27 , 2003 presidential election ; but votes were split among numerous parties . 45 % is required for election ( or 40 % if the margin of victory is 10 or more percentage points ) . A second @-@ round run @-@ off vote between Menem and second @-@ place finisher , and fellow Peronist , Néstor Kirchner , who had received 22 % , was scheduled for May 18 . By that time , Menem had become very unpopular . Polls predicted that he faced almost certain defeat by Kirchner in the runoff . Most polls showed Kirchner taking at least 60 percent of the vote , and at least one poll showed Menem losing by as many as 50 points . To avoid a humiliating electoral defeat , Menem withdrew his candidacy on May 14 , effectively handing the presidency to Kirchner .
Ángel Maza , the elected governor of La Rioja , was allied with Menem , and had campaigned for him . However , weak provincial finances forced Maza to switch his support to Kirchner , which weakened Menem 's influence even further . In June 2004 Menem announced that he had founded a new faction within the PJ , called " People 's Peronism . " He announced his intention to run in the 2007 election . In 2005 , the press reported that he was trying to form an alliance with his former minister of economy Cavallo to fight in the parliamentary elections . Menem said that there had been only preliminary conversations and an alliance did not result . In the October 23 , 2005 elections , Menem won the minority seat in the Senate representing his province of birth . The two seats allocated to the majority were won by President Kirchner 's faction , locally led by Ángel Maza .
Menem ran for Governor of La Rioja in August 2007 , but was defeated . He finished in third place with about 22 % of the vote . This was viewed as a catastrophic defeat , signaling the end of his political dominance in La Rioja . It was the first time in 30 years that Menem had lost an election . Following this defeat in his home province , he withdrew his candidacy for president . At the end of 2009 he announced that he intended to run for the presidency again in the 2011 elections. but ran for a new term as senator instead .
= = = Corruption charges = = =
On June 7 , 2001 , Menem was arrested over a weapons export scandal . It was based on exports to Ecuador and Croatia in 1991 and 1996 . He was held under house arrest until November . He appeared before a judge in late August 2002 and denied all charges . Menem and his second wife Cecilia Bolocco , who had had a child since their marriage in 2001 , moved to Chile . Argentine judicial authorities repeatedly requested Menem 's extradition to face embezzlement charges . This request was rejected by the Chilean Supreme Court as under Chilean law , people cannot be extradited for questioning . On December 22 , 2004 , after the arrest warrants were cancelled , Menem returned with his family to Argentina . He still faced charges of embezzlement and failing to declare illegal funds in a Swiss bank . He was declared innocent of those charges in 2013 .
In August 2008 , the BBC reported that Menem was under investigation for his role in the 1995 Río Tercero explosion , which is alleged to have been part of the weapons scandal involving Croatia and Ecuador . Following an Appeals Court ruling that found Menem guilty of aggravated smuggling , he was sentenced to seven years in prison on June 13 , 2013 , for his role in illegally smuggling weapons to Ecuador and Croatia ; his position as senator earned him immunity from incarceration , and his advanced age ( 82 ) afforded him the possibility of house arrest . His minister of defense during the weapons sales , Oscar Camilión , was concurrently sentenced to 5 and a half years .
In December 2008 , the German multinational Siemens agreed to pay an $ 800 million fine to the United States government , and approximately € 700 million to the German government , to settle allegations of bribery . The settlement revealed that Menem had received about US $ 2 million in bribes from Siemens in exchange for awarding the national ID card and passport production contract to Siemens ; Menem denied the charges but nonetheless agreed to pay the fine .
On December 1 , 2015 , Menem was also found guilty of embezzlement , and sentenced four and half years to prison . Domingo Cavallo , his economy minister , and Raúl Granillo Ocampo , Menem 's former minister of justice , also received prison sentences of more than three years for participating in the scheme , and were ordered to repay hundreds of thousands of pesos ’ worth of illegal bonuses .
= = Public image = =
In his initial times , Menem sported an image similar to the old caudillos , such as Facundo Quiroga and Chacho Peñaloza . He also groomed his sideburns in a similar style . His presidential inauguration was attended by several gauchos . Contrary to Peronist tradition , Carlos Menem did not prepare huge rallies in the Plaza de Mayo to address the people from the balcony of the Casa Rosada . Instead of that , he took full advantage of mass communication media , such as television .
= = Honour = =
= = = Foreign honour = = =
Malaysia : Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm ( 1991 )
= Pacer ( album ) =
Pacer is an album released in October 1995 by the Amps , Kim Deal 's side project from her group the Breeders , who took a break from playing together beginning in late 1994 . Deal recruited two new musicians and named the group the Amps . The band recorded Pacer at several studios in the USA and in Ireland , with different engineers each time , including Steve Albini , Bryce Goggin , and John Agnello .
The album received mixed reviews , ranging from highly enthusiastic to quite dismissive . Despite radio airplay for its single , " Tipp City " , Pacer did not sell well . The Amps toured in 1995 and 1996 with groups such as Sonic Youth , Guided By Voices , and Foo Fighters . In 1996 , Deal changed the band 's name back to the Breeders , making Pacer the Amps ' only album .
= = Background = =
Kim Deal 's band the Breeders released Last Splash in August 1993 ; the album was very successful , and its release was followed by much touring . The Breeders then took an extended break from activity . One reason was that Deal 's sister Kelley , who was also in the group , was arrested on drug charges in November 1994 . Member Josephine Wiggs likewise took time away from the band , although Wiggs and Deal have different memories of the circumstances surrounding this . Wiggs recalls offering to be involved if Deal 's next album was going to be a Breeders record , but having the impression that Deal wanted to do a solo release ; Deal remembers Wiggs declining to be part of any immediate Breeders ' recording , but offering to be on the one after that .
Regardless of the causes of the Breeders ' hiatus , by early 1995 Deal believed her next album would be a solo one , and at first intended to play all instruments on it herself . Back at her home in Dayton , Ohio , she practiced the drums and initially prepared six songs for recording . Around the same time , she produced some tracks for Guided by Voices at Easley Studios in Memphis , Tennessee . While there , Deal used a portion of the studio time to record demos for some of her new songs . As an attempt to distract her sister from her drug problems , Deal recruited Kelley to play on three songs at this initial recording session . Kelley 's involvement changed Deal 's mind about playing all the instruments herself , and she began to conceptualize the album as a band project .
After the Easley recording session , Deal returned to Dayton . She asked Breeders ' drummer Jim Macpherson to play drums in the new project , and Dayton musicians Luis Lerma and Nate Farley to play bass and guitar , respectively . Deal adopted a stage persona for herself named Tammy Ampersand , and called the band " Tammy and the Amps " ; this later evolved into simply " the Amps " . The group began by performing at small shows , and learned the songs well to prepare for recording the album . At some point during the recording sessions , Kelley 's drug difficulties and rehabilitation prevented her from continuing as a member of the band .
= = Recording = =
Pacer was recorded at seven studios in total , with different engineers each time . The track " Tipp City " was used from the original session at Easley Studios , recorded in February 1995 and engineered by Doug Easley and Davis McCain . The Amps ' next session was with engineer Steve Albini at his Chicago studio . Deal had previously worked with Albini on the Pixies ' Surfer Rosa and the Breeders ' Pod releases . The Amps and Albini recorded songs including further versions of " Tipp City " , which are unreleased , and " Hoverin " ; an earlier version of the latter song had previously been released on the Breeders ' " Divine Hammer " single in October 1993 . Other recording sessions , whose various engineers included Bryce Goggin and John Agnello , took place at studios in Long Island and Woodstock , New York , as well as Dayton , Los Angeles , and Dublin , Ireland .
In a 1996 interview , Deal said that for Pacer , she focused on the vocals : " Usually , I tend to spend more time with the instruments . Last Splash had quite a few instrumentals and quite a few songs where I might say five words . [ On Pacer , the ] songs are all vocal @-@ heavy . The vocal leads , and if you take the vocal away , you don 't have much of a song . " The sound of the album has been described as " lo @-@ fi " .
= = Release = =
Pacer was released in late October 1995 . It peaked at No. 60 on the UK Album Chart , and No. 29 on the American Heatseekers Album chart . " Tipp City " was released as the album 's single and included an alternate version of " Empty Glasses " , as well as a cover of the Tasties ' " Just Like a Briar " . The single received some radio airplay in the USA , and reached No. 61 on the UK Singles Chart , but Pacer did not sell well .
= = Reception = =
Critical appraisal of Pacer has been mixed . Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine describes the album as " exciting , gut @-@ level rock & roll " . The Rough Guide to Rock calls Pacer " satisfyingly lo @-@ fi " . In Spin magazine , reviewer Joy Press writes that the album includes " a half @-@ dozen gems " but that its overall " foggy sound " and " indecipherable lyrics " prevent the listener from fully embracing the work . Robert Christgau considers the album 's songs to be " definitely slight " and " uneven " but praises the vocals , stating that " speedy or dreamy , Kim Deal sounds so sane , so unpretentious , so goddamn nice that you want to take her home and give her a shampoo " . In The Trouser Press Guide to ' 90s Rock , critic Ira Robbins writes that " Other than the fine title track and a few others , the performances are forced and lackluster ; the production varies between flat and colorless . " The New Rolling Stone Album Guide similarly praises the title song while dismissing the rest of the album as " forgettable " .
= = Aftermath = =
The Amps toured in 1995 and 1996 , with bands including Guided by Voices , Sonic Youth , Brainiac , the Tasties , Helium , and Foo Fighters . Later in 1996 , the group added member Carrie Bradley ( who had played on Pod ) , and Deal changed its name back to the Breeders . The band 's lineup continued to evolve , and within a few years , Deal was the only of the former Amps left in the group . Pacer is the sole album that the Amps released .
A number of artists have covered songs from Pacer . The Muffs included a version of " Pacer " on their compilation albums Hamburger and Kaboodle . On Gigantic : A Tribute to Kim Deal , released on American Laundromat Records , the German Art Students covered " Bragging Party " and Tara King Theory , " Tipp City " . Musician Girl Talk included a sample of " Tipp City " on " Touch 2 Feel " on his album Unstoppable . The Breeders themselves released a new version of " Full on Idle " on Title TK and over the years have sometimes performed Amps ' songs at their concerts .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Kim Deal , except where noted .
= = Chart positions = =
= Gravity ( Lecrae album ) =
Gravity is the sixth studio album by American Christian hip hop artist Lecrae , released on September 4 , 2012 . The album features appearances from Big K.R.I.T. , Mathai , Ashthon Jones , and Mali Music , along with labelmates Trip Lee , Andy Mineo , Derek Minor , who was formerly known as PRo , and Tedashii . Producers on the album include DJ Khalil , Street Symphony 's Heat Academy , and The Watchmen . The first single off the album , " I Know " , was released on July 24 , 2012 , and was followed by " Tell the World " featuring Mali Music on August 15 , 2012 , and " Mayday " featuring Big K.R.I.T. and Ashthon Jones on August 30 , 2012 . Reach Records released five music videos for the album : " Lord Have Mercy " , featuring Tedashii along with No Malice of Clipse , on August 1 , 2012 , " Tell the World " , featuring Mali Music , on October 19 , 2012 , " Mayday " , featuring Big K.R.I.T. and Ashthon Jones , on December 13 , 2012 , " Fakin ' " , featuring Thi 'sl , on February 1 , 2013 , and " Confe $ $ ions " , featuring David Banner , on April 30 , 2013 .
The first week of sales for the album set a new record for Lecrae , with Gravity debuting at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 with 72 @,@ 000 units sold , and was the biggest sales week ever for a Christian hip hop album . The bonus track " Fuego " featuring KB and Suzy Rock from the iTunes deluxe edition of the album peaked at No. 20 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers Songs , No. 13 on the R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Digital charts , and No. 64 on the Hot Digital Songs charts . Critically , Gravity was very well received , and is considered Lecrae 's strongest , most mainstream work to date . It won Best Gospel Album at the 2013 Grammy Awards and Best Rap / Hip Hop Album at the 2013 Dove Awards .
= = Background = =
Gravity is a follow @-@ up to the mixtape Church Clothes , which was released earlier in 2012 , and Lecrae 's two previous studio albums , Rehab , which was released in September 2010 , and Rehab : The Overdose , which followed five months later . The Church Clothes mixtape was released for free on May 10 , 2012 , and was hosted by DJ Don Cannon . It was considered Lecrae 's step into the mainstream due to his collaboration with artists such as No Malice of Clipse and the producers 9th Wonder , Boi @-@ 1da , S1 and Street Symphony . The featuring of mainstream artists , particularly Don Cannon , was controversial within Christian circles . The mixtape was downloaded on DatPiff.com almost 100 @,@ 000 times within 48 hours and in less than a month reached 250 @,@ 000 downloads , a platinum rating on DatPiff.com.
Lecrae said in a statement to AllHipHop : " With the release of Gravity , I really wanted to expand on my previous work while still making sure to keep it all very authentic to who I am as an artist as well as a person [ . ] When I released Church Clothes earlier this year , it was the precursor of what 's come with this album . It introduced my music to new audiences , allowing me to impact others . "
= = Recording and production = =
Lecrae stated in an exclusive video with AllHipHop that after recording Church Clothes in March , he was on the road before beginning recording for Gravity in May . In an article by SOHH , Lecrae revealed that he had started work on the album in February , then wrapped up recording during the mid @-@ year . The album was recorded over the next couple months at Music House Studios in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 10 , 2012 , Christian hip hop website Rapzilla reported that Lecrae had shot a music video with No Malice of Clipse and with his labelmate Tedashii . The report included photographs from the video set .
Much of the production on the album was handled by producers with whom Lecrae has worked with in the past , chiefly The Watchmen and Heat Academy . The Watchmen consists of the producers J.R. , Alex Medina , and Wit while Heat Academy is led by Street Symphony . DJ Khalil , whose past production work includes Recovery by Eminem , produced the track " Mayday " , which features Big K.R.I.T. and American Idol season 10 finalist Ashthon Jones . Tyshane , who previously contributed to a track from Church Clothes , co @-@ produced the song " Violence " with ThaInnaCircle . Other producers include Dirty Rice , DJ Official , Dru Castro , and Joseph Prielozny .
Besides Big K.R.I.T. and Ashthon Jones , the album also features appearances by The Voice finalist Mathai , Mali Music , and Reach Records artists Trip Lee and Tedashii . On working with Big K.R.I.T. , Lecrae stated to Billboard that K.R.I.T. had already reached out to him before the collaboration to show his appreciation for Lecrae 's honesty . In an interview with AllHipHop , Lecrae mentioned that both he and Big K.R.I.T. have similar backgrounds , having both grown up in the Southern United States and struggled with religion under the influence of a religious grandmother .
= = Promotion and marketing = =
On May 31 , 2012 , Rapzilla posted an article featuring photos and tweets from the Gravity recording sessions . A teaser video for the album was released on YouTube on June 20 , 2012 , and announced that the album would be released in the latter half of 2012 . On July 10 , 2012 , Family Christian made the album available for pre @-@ order , and Rapzilla used this information to announce the following day that the release date was September 4 , 2012 . Also on July 10 , Lecrae posted photos from his video shoot with No Malice and Tedashii . Rapzilla responded a few days later with speculation over the possibility that in one photo Lecrae 's T @-@ shirt bore the logo of Gravity .
On July 17 , 2012 , Lecrae performed with his labelmate Andy Mineo at an Apple Store in SoHo , New York City . The performance included live renderings of songs from Rehab and Gravity . The following day , Lecrae held an exclusive preview session of the album at The Cutting Room with his industry friends and select publications including AllHipHop and Billboard . The cover art to Gravity was revealed the day after , along with an official announcement of the release date .
The lead single from the album , " I Know " , was released on July 24 , 2012 , as a complimentary free download upon pre @-@ ordering of the album . On July 27 , 2012 , Billboard reported about Gravity in its daily news show The Beat . Rapzilla also made the single available for streaming on SoundCloud . On the same day , the album 's tracklist was revealed . The music video for " Lord Have Mercy " was released on August 1 , 2012 . On August 7 , 2012 , a deluxe version of Gravity was made available for preorder on iTunes . This version includes three bonus songs featuring appearances from Suzy Rock , Tenth Avenue North , and KB , and according to Rapzilla , the album already reached the No. 9 spot on the iTunes Hip @-@ Hop / Rap Chart . Later the same day , the deluxe version moved up the No. 2 spot on the iTunes Hip @-@ Hop / Rap Chart and No. 18 overall on iTunes . On August 14 , 2012 , Lecrae launched a website for the album , and released the single " Tell the World " featuring Mali Music on August 15 , 2012 . According to a photo posted on Lecrae 's Instagram account , on August 15 , 2012 , Lecrae held another private listening session at New Era Flagship Store in Atlanta . On August 23 , 2012 , Rapzilla reported that Lecrae had shot a music video with Mali Music for the single " Tell the World " . The following day , a promotional video for the album , entitled " It All Comes Down " , was released . The fourth single for the album , " Mayday " , featuring Big K.R.I.T. and Ashthon Jones , was released on August 30 , 2012 . The music video for " Tell the World " was released on October 19 , 2012 , and announcements were been made that Lecrae had filmed music videos for " Fakin ' " , featuring Thi 'sl , and " Mayday " . The video for " Mayday " aired December 13 , 2012 on the MTV Networks channels MTV Jams , mtvU , and MTV2 . On February 1 , 2013 , Lecrae released the music video for " Fakin ' " on MTV and MTV2 , and it quickly reached No. 1 on the MTV.com Top Video Picks . Lecrae released the fifth and final music video from the album , " Confe $ $ ions " , on April 30 , 2013 , on BET 's 106 & Park It features an acting appearance by David Banner .
= = Lyrics and style = =
When asked what sets Gravity apart from his previous releases , Lecrae stated that " Obviously , there 's more risk involved in terms of just making more mature music that 's not as straight [ and ] explicit. it 's dealing with bigger issues . People may have to think a little bit more . The production is a lot bigger and more advanced than it 's been . Lyrically , as an artist , I think I 've written some of the best lyrics I 've ever written . " Lecrae provided insight into the album 's concept during an interview with Family Christian , stating that " Gravity is loosely based on Ecclesiastes and I think what Solomon was trying to do was bring some weight to life and that ’ s really what I want to do , to paint some sober pictures . " He described that " there ’ s a sober picture of how it ’ s only for a short period of time , it ’ s short @-@ lived , or that we still have Jesus . So that ’ s what I would call a weighty part , a gravitational pull to remind us of who we are in Jesus . " Billboard stated that Lecrae increased his level of production for Gravity and " mixed reggae and soul influences with his signature brash sound . " AllHipHop described the album as opening with " an influx of instruments like violin , drums , guitars " . " I Know " was described as having one of the hardest beats on the album , while " Mayday " was considered one of the most " organic " sounding tracks . " Violence " was considered one of the most energetic tracks , and was described as " caribbean @-@ esque " with a dancehall vibe . After the music video for " Lord Have Mercy " was released , an article in The Christian Post article compared the song to the Kanye West single " Mercy " , both in its title and musical style . The article elaborated that " like Kanye West 's song , " ' Lord Have Mercy ' features slowed down sampled vocals for its chorus along with heavy bass and an overall dark tone . " It noted the appearance of No Malice in the video , stating that " the chorus seems to sample his voice . "
= = Artwork and packaging = =
In a blog for the Houston Chronicle , hip @-@ hop writer Sketch the Journalist posted an article on the cover and promotional artwork for Gravity . He compared the cover as a combination of those from Quarantine by GRITS and Get Rich or Die Tryin ' by 50 Cent , and compared the promotional art to that of Braille and S1 's CloudNineteen . Sketch subsequently updated the post based off a reader comment , and added the cover of De La Soul 's AOI : Bionix in combination with the promo art for CloudNineteen in his comparison of Gravity 's cover art .
= = Touring = =
Three release parties were held for the album . The first occurred on September 28 , 2012 , in Manchester , United Kingdom , followed by Denver , Colorado on the 27th and Houston , Texas , on the 28th .
In support of the album , Lecrae toured with his entire label roster , consisting of Tedashii , Trip Lee , KB , Andy Mineo , and PRo , along with special guests Propaganda and Thi 'sl . The tour ran from October through November and stopped at 30 cities across the United States and Canada .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial reception = = =
Upon its release , Gravity debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 , with 72 @,@ 000 units sold . This set a career high for Lecrae , whose previous highest sales week was 27 @,@ 000 units with Rehab , and was the best sales week ever for a Christian hip hop album . By September 23 , 2012 , the album had sold 103 @,@ 000 copies . In the first week of sales , the iTunes deluxe edition of the album reached number No. 1 on that vendor 's hip @-@ hop / rap albums chart , while the regular version of the album came in second place , a feat that prompted writ @-@ up on Lecrae in Time . Rapzilla initially reported that the deluxe edition of the album had also reached the No. 2 spot on the overall iTunes album chart , and this report was subsequently updated to reflect deluxe version of Gravity reaching No. 1 on that chart . In addition , the bonus song " Fuego " from the deluxe edition reached No. 5 on the iTunes top hip @-@ hop / rap songs chart . The song charted at No. 20 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers Songs , No. 13 on the R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Digital charts , and No. 64 on the Hot Digital Songs charts . According to Inquisitr , in the same week of the release of Gravity , the iTunes version of Church Clothes jumped to the No. 4 spot on the top hip @-@ hop / rap albums chart . As of November 28 , 2012 , the album has sold 150 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S.
= = = Critical reception = = =
Both AllHipHop and Billboard were very positive toward Gravity after a preview listening session , considering it Lecrae 's strongest and most mainstream work to date . AllHipHop stated that " overall , it appears that Lecrae is ready to offer one of his most broad and , dare @-@ we @-@ say , mainstream albums in terms of sound ; yet , it still manages to capture the trueness of what he has always stood for and rapped about . If anything , Gravity is a giant step forward for his expanding career , and it will surely be a welcome addition to many ' Top 10 ' lists when 2012 comes to a close . " Indie Vision Music in announcing the cover of Gravity called the album " likely the biggest Christian hip hop album yet " . AllHipHop listed " Mayday " as one of the standout tracks on the album , noting the " beautiful " melody and hook by Ashthon Jones . The reviewer considered " Violence " a personal favorite , calling Lecrae 's line " Grew up under Tupac , bible verse and two glocks " one of the most powerful lines on the album . Parlé Magazine also was favorable to the song , stating " That track is definitely going places . " Jonathan Landrum of The Associated Press was favorable to the album , saying that " in his sixth album ' Gravity , ' Lecrae delivers a strong piece of work . He 's not afraid to rap about his past mistakes , supplying inspirational rhymes filled with Christian values backed by well @-@ produced secular hip @-@ hop beats . " In its track @-@ by @-@ track review of the album , The Boombox stated that " based on the warm reception to Church Clothes , this LP is set to stir the pot further in the realm of both of hip @-@ hop and Christianity . " David Jeffries of Allmusic gave the album four out of five stars , declaring that Lecrae makes Gravity 's various genre experiments and jumps in style " sound effortless and natural " . He asserted that " while Rehab is the more rewarding album in the end , this one is more persuasive and immediate , making it an easy entry point into this gifted artist 's discography . "
In an initial review by Jesus Freak Hideout , Kevin Hoskins rated the album four out of five stars , calling the album solid but finding that the album 's R & B passages " pale in comparison to the other tracks stylistically and are not necessarily needed . " Hoskins listed the songs " Falling Down , " " Power Trip , " " Lord Have Mercy , " and " I Know " as some of the best tunes , and called " Lucky Ones " a " perfect song . " New Release Tuesday called Gravity one of the most anticipated releases of the year . In its review , the site gave the album four out of five stars , stating that the recording in many ways lives up to the anticipation , but had three or four too many songs that detract from the album 's whole . Rapzilla was very favorable to the album , rating it four @-@ point @-@ five out of five and calling it the most important album in the history of Christian hip hop . The reviewer , Armond Goss , listed the tracks " Lord Have Mercy " , " Fakin ' " , and " Buttons " the low points on the album , but said that those were the only problems that they found . " Confe $ $ ions " , " Power Trip " , and " Gravity " were all listed by as extremely strong , but Goss considered the track " Mayday " as the best track " sonically , lyrically and conceptually " on the album , stating that DJ Khalil 's production work " provides the perfect backdrop for K.R.I.T. to walk into your church in the middle of service and express his frustrations with hypocrisies and for Crae to walk in behind him and calm the mob down while still co @-@ signing K.R.I.T. ’ s verse . " The Houston Press summarized the album by stating that " by and large , Gravity acts and dresses like a stand along rap album built from the same organ drenched and string heavy foundation that Houston 's style of G @-@ funk did in the ' 90s . It 's another " heavy " rap album to drive away from the same escapism tactics rap loves to dwell in . "
At CCM Magazine , Andy Argyrakis said that Lecrae has " officially arrived as the top star in the scene " , and that the artist has " his finger on today 's production trends ( and certainly being ahead of the curve on a few occasions ) , his rhymes are packed with so much authenticity that even the most mainstream @-@ minded listener has the potential to connect . " Anthony Peronto of Christian Music Zine rated the album 4 @.@ 75 out of five , and said that " loosely inspired by the book of Ecclesiastes , Gravity is so far the most important CHH album ever made and bridges the gap between Christian and the secular rap scenes . " At Cross Rhythms , Steve Hayes wrote that this is Lecrae 's " finest project to date " , called it " brilliantly produced [ and ] explosively impacts the listener " , and said the release would be " enjoyed for years to come . " New Release Tuesday 's Mark Ryan noted that " there are 3 or 4 songs too many on the album that detract from the album as a whole " , which is the reason he did not " get overly excited " , but he did affirm that " fans and newcomers alike will enjoy the album " .
= = = Awards = = =
Gravity won Best Gospel Album for the 2013 Grammy Awards . This was the first time that a hip @-@ hop artist has won this award . At the 2013 Dove Awards , the album won Rap / Hip Hop Album , and the song " Tell the World " , featuring Mali Music , won Rap / Hip Hop Recorded Song of the Year . Gravity also won Best Rap , Hip Hop Gospel CD of the Year at the 2014 Stellar Awards . The album was also nominated for Top Christian Album at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards .
= = = Initial release competition with T.I. = = =
On July 19 , 2012 , Rapzilla posted an article entitled " Is Lecrae and T.I. similar to Kanye vs 50 Cent ? " , which noted that Trouble Man by T.I. was scheduled for release the same day as Gravity . The article speculated that the potential cultural impact of Gravity could be like that of Kanye West after his 2007 competition with 50 Cent . The writer , Steven Patton , stated that " we may be on the cusp of another watershed moment this coming September . Two artists living in Atlanta and largely the front runners of two different ideologies are releasing a new album on the same day . " A few hours after being posted , the article was updated stating that the release date for Trouble Man was being pushed back to September 19 . However , the release date was subsequently returned to September 4 , before T.I. announced that he was pushing the album back indefinitely . Trouble Man ultimately was released on December 18 , 2012 , and debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 , selling 179 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Track listing = =
= = = Music Videos = = =
" Lord Have Mercy " ( featuring Tedashii )
" Tell the World " ( featuring Mali Music )
" Mayday " ( featuring Big K.R.I.T. & Ashthon Jones )
" Fakin ' " ( featuring Thi 'sl )
" Confessions "
= = = Samples listing = = =
" Walk with Me " featuring Novel – sampled " I Want Jesus to Walk With Me " by Solomon Burke .
" Fakin ' " featuring Thi 'sl – sampled " Spend It " by 2 Chainz
" Confe $ $ ions " – sampled " Fallin ' " by Trip Lee featuring J. Paul
" Power Trip " featuring PRo , Sho Baraka , and Andy Mineo – sampled " Juicy " by The Notorious B.I.G. and " Money , Power , & Respect " by The LOX featuring DMX and Lil ' Kim
" Lord Have Mercy " featuring Tedashii – sampled " Darkest Hour " by Lecrae and No Malice
= = Gravity : The Remix EP = =
On December 26 , 2012 , DJ Official and Alex Medina released a remix version of the album , Gravity : The Remix EP , as a free digital download . It features the producers Gawvi ( formerly known as G @-@ Styles ) , Big Juice , D @-@ Flow , Black Knight , and Tyshane .
= = = Track listing = = =
= = Personnel = =
= = = Performance = = =
Lecrae - primary artist
= = = = Featured artists = = = =
= = = = Additional vocals = = = =
Tasha Catour
Michael Jefferson
Elidaysi Medina
Jennifer Rosa
Bradley Tomlinson
= = = = Instrumentation = = = =
= = = Production and engineering = = =
= = = Additional composition = = =
= = = Packaging = = =
Zack Arias - photography
= = = Artists and repertoire = = =
Torrance " Street Symphony " Esmond
Joseph Prielozny
= = Charts = =
= Tropical Storm Edouard ( 2002 ) =
Tropical Storm Edouard was the first of eight named storms to form in September 2002 , the most such storms in the North Atlantic for any month at the time . The fifth tropical storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season , Edouard developed into a tropical cyclone on September 1 from an area of convection associated with a cold front east of Florida . Under weak steering currents , Edouard drifted to the north and executed a clockwise loop to the west . Despite moderate to strong levels of wind shear , the storm reached a peak intensity of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) on September 3 , but quickly weakened as it tracked westward . Edouard made landfall on northeastern Florida on September 5 , and after crossing the state it dissipated on September 6 while becoming absorbed into the larger circulation of Tropical Storm Fay .
Tropical Storm Edouard dropped moderate rainfall across Florida , exceeding 7 inches ( 175 mm ) in the western portion of the state . Though Edouard was a tropical storm at landfall , wind speeds along the storm 's path over land were light . The rain flooded several roads ; however , there were no casualties , and damage was minimal .
= = Meteorological history = =
An area of cloudiness and rainshowers developed several hundred miles east @-@ southeast of Bermuda on August 25 , likely in association with a low @-@ level disturbance that formed along a cold front . For several days , it moved southwestward , and , while located on the southwestern end of an upper @-@ level trough to the north of Puerto Rico , deep convection throughout the system increased . The system tracked westward , and initially remained disorganized while surface pressures remained high . The system turned to a northwest drift , and began to slowly organize on August 30 while located a few hundred miles northeast of the Bahamas . A broad low @-@ pressure area developed on August 31 though convection remained disorganized as winds of 20 to 25 mph ( 32 to 40 km / h ) were reported in squalls . Conditions remained favorable for continued organization , and convection increased and persisted across the system . The system developed into Tropical Depression Five on September 1 after developing a low @-@ level circulation while located about 140 miles ( 225 km ) east of Daytona Beach , Florida .
Upon first forming , the tropical depression was located in an area of light to moderate westerly wind shear . With a ridge to the north and west of the depression , the system moved to the northwest under weak steering currents . The depression slowly strengthened and intensified into Tropical Storm Edouard on September 2 while located about 120 miles ( 190 km ) east of Jacksonville , Florida . The storm remained disorganized with wind shear displacing most of the deep convection from the low @-@ level circulation . Upon becoming a tropical storm , forecasters initially predicted Edouard to gradually turn to the northeast , and within three days be located a short distance off the coast of South Carolina with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . However , forecasters admitted little confidence in the prediction , and later forecasts predicted the storm to execute a loop and track westward into northern Florida or southern Georgia . Shortly after the tropical cyclogenesis of Edouard , steering currents became weak , resulting in the storm to turn sharply eastward . Late on September 2 deep convection developed over the center , though the center quickly became exposed again . The environment appeared to become more hostile on September 2 and 3 with increasing shear and dry air overspreading the center . Despite the conditions , the storm maintained vigorous convection over the eastern portion of the circulation , and it quickly intensified on September 3 to reach peak winds of 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) . A Reconnaissance Aircraft flight into the system estimated surface winds of up to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) and reported flight level winds of 82 mph ( 132 km / h ) .
Shortly after peaking in intensity , Tropical Storm Edouard began to weaken as convection diminished from vertical shear and dry air , and later on September 3 the center was exposed from the steadily decreasing convection . The development of a weak and narrow mid @-@ level ridge turned the storm to the west @-@ southwest towards northeastern Florida . Despite strong levels of wind shear , Edouard remained a tropical storm while producing sporadic amounts of deep convection , and on September 4 the banding structure improved . Early on September 5 , Edouard made landfall near Ormond Beach , Florida as a minimal tropical storm , and almost immediately weakened to a tropical depression over land . It tracked across the state for about 13 hours and entered the Gulf of Mexico near Crystal River . Initial forecasts predicted Edouard to restrengthen to a tropical storm over the northeastern Gulf of Mexico , though uncertainty was noted due to the development of Tropical Storm Fay in the northwestern portion of the gulf . Upon entering the Gulf of Mexico , the depression encountered strong wind shear from the outflow of Tropical Storm Fay . Edouard generated minimal amounts of intermittent convection along the southeastern portion of its circulation , enough for it to remain a tropical cyclone . By September 6 the remaining convection dissipated , and Edouard dissipated while becoming absorbed into the larger circulation of Tropical Storm Fay .
= = Preparations = =
Three hours after developing , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch from Titusville , Florida , to Brunswick , Georgia , due to uncertainty in the track of the storm . Hours after becoming a tropical storm , a tropical storm warning was issued from Fernandina Beach , Florida , to the mouth of the Savannah River , with a tropical storm watch further northward to the mouth of the South Santee River in South Carolina , though these were cancelled after Edouard turned to the east . About 10 hours before landfall , the National Hurricane Center issued another tropical storm warning from Titusville , Florida to Brunswick , Georgia , with a tropical storm watch further south to Sebastian Inlet , Florida .
Two days before the storm made landfall , several Florida counties were monitoring the progress of the storm . Though no serious impact was anticipated , Brevard County officials identified possible shelters if warranted . Putnam County officials placed several shelters on standby , and utility crews in Duval County were placed on standby in the event of power failure . Several media releases of information were issued regarding the storm . The State Emergency Operation Center was on Level 2 , or partial activation , and the state government organized two conferences to discuss county actions in regards to the storm . The National Weather Service issued a flood watch hours before Edouard made landfall for much of eastern Florida due to the expected rainfall from the storm .
The South Carolina Emergency Management Division monitored the progress of the storm , and the Division increased its awareness level in response to the storm . Important state agencies in South Carolina government were notified to be ready to respond if the need arose .
= = Impact = =
In Bermuda , the outflow from the storm produced cloudy conditions throughout the island . Squally conditions were reported a short distance to the west of the island , though no rain was reported on Bermuda .
While moving erratically off the east coast of Florida , Tropical Storm Edouard produced rough surf conditions and rip currents along many beaches . Beachgoers and visitors were advised to exercise extreme caution . The storm produced water levels about 6 inches above normal near Cape Canaveral , though elsewhere wave action and storm tides were not significant . Despite being a tropical storm at landfall , sustained tropical storm force winds were not observed . A rainband ahead of the storm produced a 39 mph ( 63 km / h ) wind gust at Patrick Air Force Base , and a station in St. Augustine recorded a wind gust of 38 mph ( 61 km / h ) . Sustained winds peaked at 31 mph ( 50 km / h ) at Patrick Air Force Base . Edouard dropped light to
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Jackson 's then @-@ husband , René Elizondo , Jr . It was released as the second single from the album on December 2 , 1997 , by Virgin . Originally written as a ballad , the track was rearranged as a dance and house song . Jackson was inspired to write the song by her own personal experience of losing a friend to AIDS , as well as by a piece of fan mail she received from a young boy in England who had lost his father .
" Together Again " was well received by music critics , who praised the song 's structure and Jackson 's vocals , comparing them to those of Diana Ross and works by Donna Summer . Commercially , the song was a success , topping the Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks , as well as reaching the top of the Hot Dance Club Songs . The song was additionally certified Gold by the RIAA . Worldwide , it peaked within the top five in most countries , such as Canada and the United Kingdom , and topped the charts in the Netherlands . It is Jackson 's best selling single selling 6 million copies worldwide and is one of the best selling singles of all time .
Two music videos were produced for " Together Again " . The video for the original , directed by Seb Janiak , shows Jackson and her dancers performing in a futuristic African paradise where people are seen living side by side with wild animals such as elephants , giraffes , and wildcats . Another music video released for the ' Deeper Remix ' was directed by René Elizondo , Jr. and shows Jackson in an apartment . Jackson performed " Together Again " in a number of occasions to promote The Velvet Rope , including at the American Music Awards , and also on all of her tours since its release . It is also included in two of Jackson 's greatest hits collections , Number Ones ( 2009 ) and Icon : Number Ones ( 2010 ) .
= = Background = =
" Together Again " was written as a tribute from Jackson to a friend who had recently died from AIDS as well as AIDS victims and their families worldwide , as stated in the liner notes of The Velvet Rope ( 1997 ) . Originally written as a ballad , the track was re @-@ arranged as a dance and house song . Jackson was reportedly inspired to write the song from her own personal experience , as well as a piece of fan @-@ mail she received from a young boy in England who had lost his father . According to Jimmy Jam , " it had a deep meaning for her because it was about a friend she lost to AIDS , but as with all her songs , she tries to make them apply in a general sense to anybody . The idea was to make it a joyous song musically " . The arrangement of the song was constructed in 30 minutes by Jam , Lewis and Jackson while in the recording studio . Once the melody was in place , Jackson finished writing the lyrics to the song . The song 's sound was inspired by Donna Summer 's song " Last Dance " . Jackson told MTV News that her inspiration to write " Together Again " was " Runaway " by Nuyorican Soul , as the song reminded her of being in Studio 54 in New York when she was a child . " Runaway " gave Jackson a kind of New York feel of disco and she wanted to do something like this .
= = Composition = =
" Together Again " was written and produced by Jackson , Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , with additional writing by Jackson 's then @-@ husband , René Elizondo , Jr . It is a dance and house track . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , the song is set in common time with a key of C major . Jackson 's vocals range between A3 to D5 . The song has a moderate tempo of 123 beats per minute with the chord progression following the sequence of C – Em7 / B – Em7 ( b5 ) / Bb – A7 – Dm9 – G13 – Dm9 – G13 . The bass line in the chorus descends according to the key until reaching the supertonic , after which it goes back to the dominant note set up the resolution , the repetition of the chorus or the interlude , which begins on the submedian . At the end of the second bridge , the song modulates up a minor third into E @-@ flat major . Three versions of the song were released ; the original dance version , the " Deep Remix " , a R & B and hip @-@ hop version , and the " Deeper Remix " , which is a R & B and soul remake . Lyrically , it was described as a ode from Jackson to a friend who had died from AIDS . Larry Flick from Billboard noted its " tear @-@ stained lyrics " . Ernest Hardy of Rolling Stone described it as " unsullied pop bliss " , saying " The bass @-@ heavy house track " Together Again " showcases a poignant lead vocal , giving off a ' 60s soul / girl group vibe " ,
= = Critical reception = =
Music critics received " Together Again " positively . BBC deemed it a " thumping great hit , an old @-@ fashioned piece of professional dance music , played perfectly " . Music critic Joey Guerra from The Daily Cougar stated , " Jackson pours her heart into " Together Again , " which builds to an ecstatic house beat " which takes " a cue from the soaring melodies of ' 60s girl groups " . He further commented that the song is " genuine happy @-@ feeling . It sounds lame at first but pay attention to what she 's singing ; that vocal smile changes everything . " " She even makes a bid for gay icon status " , wrote Neil McCormick in a review of The Velvet Rope for The Daily Telegraph , " delivering a diva @-@ ish performance reminiscent of Diana Ross on ' Together Again ' . "
" Together Again " was also compared to other singers ' works . Jon Pareles from The New York Times described " Together Again " as " a creamy Diana Ross homage " , noting that Jackson " deploys her small voice shrewdly " in it . Larry Flick from Billboard magazine called " Together Again " " a gourgeous disco ode to loved ones lost to AIDS @-@ related illnesses " . Jackson " has clearly been studying Donna Summer records , delivering a wonderfully nuanced performance that takes firm command of the track 's vibrant house beat without sacrificing an ounce of emotion " . Danyel Smith , while interviewing Jackson for Vibe in November 1997 , elaborated that the song was a big , perfect ode to Donna Summer , and likened it to her songs " MacArthur Park " and " Last Dance " . In 1999 , ' Together Again " won the award for " Most Played Song " at the BMI Pop Awards .
= = Chart performance = =
" Together Again " debuted at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on the issue dated December 20 , 1997 , before becoming Jackson 's eighth number @-@ one single on January 31 , 1998 , spending two weeks at number one , and a total of forty @-@ six weeks on the chart . The song also peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Songs chart and at number eight on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . " Together Again " was certified Gold by the RIAA . In Canada , it peaked at number two on the official singles chart and also reached number two on the dance chart . In Australasia , " Together Again " also experienced success . In Australia , it debuted at number eighteen on the issue dated December 7 , 1997 , peaking at number four and staying on the ARIA Charts for twenty @-@ five weeks and was certified double @-@ platinum by the ARIA for 70 @,@ 000 copies shipped . In New Zealand , it debuted at number sixteen the week of December 21 , 1997 . On February 22 , 1998 , it reached its peak of number five , staying on the chart for ten weeks .
The song debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on December 13 , 1997 , falling to six the following week , two weeks later it returned to its peak of four , spending ten weeks in the top ten and nineteen weeks inside the chart . It was certified Platinum by the BPI eventually selling nearly 800 @,@ 000 units in the UK . It also spent 1 week atop the UK R & B singles chart and number six on the UK Dance Chart . It is Jackson 's best selling UK single.In Austria , it entered the singles chart at number twenty @-@ five , eventually peaking number six and spending a total of fourteen weeks on the chart . In France , the song peaked at number two for ten weeks , and was certified Platinum by the SNEP . In Germany , it peaked at number two for two weeks and remaining on the German Singles Chart for twenty @-@ four weeks . It was certified Platinum for 500 @,@ 000 copies sold . In the Netherlands , " Together Again " entered the singles chart at number sixty @-@ one during the week of December 13 , 1997 . It eventually peaked at number one , staying a total of thirty @-@ two weeks on the chart . The NVPI certified the single Gold for shipment of 10 @,@ 000 copies . On the Swiss Singles Chart dated January 11 , 1998 , " Together Again " debuted at number thirteen . After two weeks , it peaked at number two and was later certified Gold by the IFPI . A portion of the single 's worldwide sales were donated by Jackson to The American Foundation for AIDS Research .
= = Music videos = =
Two music videos were produced for " Together Again " . The original version was directed by French photographer Seb Janiak and choreographed by Tina Landon . Filmed in the Serengeti , Tanzania , the video decipts Jackson with mini red ponytails on her head . She and her dancers perform in a futuristic African @-@ flavored paradise where people are seen living side by side with wild animals such as elephants , giraffes , and wildcats . At a point of the video , Jackson appears to be hugging another version of herself . Dan MacRae from ET Canada commented , " Janet is positively beaming as she participates in some lovely choreography and chills out with local wildlife " . This version received a nomination for Best Dance Video at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards . Another music video was released for the " Deeper Remix " . Directed by René Elizondo , Jr , the video depicts Jackson in an apartment remembering a friend . Both videos are featured on the DVD edition of 2001 's All for You and the 2004 video compilation From Janet to Damita Jo : The Videos .
= = Live performances = =
In order to promote The Velvet Rope and the single , Jackson performed " Together Again " at the American Music Awards of 1998 . The singer has also performed the song on all of her tours since its release . She included the song on the 1998 The Velvet Rope Tour . Dressed up in " chandeliers and sensible clothing " , it was performed as the closing song from the concert . Jon Pareles from The New York Times viewed the performance as " an elegy disguised as an arm @-@ waving , feel @-@ good song " . The performance of the song at the October 11 , 1998 show in New York City , at the Madison Square Garden , was broadcast during a special titled The Velvet Rope : Live in Madison Square Garden by HBO . It was also added to the setlist at its DVD release , The Velvet Rope Tour – Live in Concert in 1999 . It was again performed as the encore on the All for You Tour in support of her follow @-@ up album All for You in 2001 and 2002 . Gina Vivinetto from St. Petersburg Times , while reviewing the concert , described the performance , " The show closed with a buoyant Together Again that found Jackson grinning , surrounded by dancers moving in refreshing , unscripted merriment " . The February 16 , 2002 final date of the tour at the Aloha Stadium in Hawaii , was broadcast by HBO , and included a performance of " Together Again " . This rendition was also added to the setlist at its DVD release , Janet : Live in Hawaii , in 2002 . Jackson also performed it on VH1 's The Concert for New York City benefit concert which paid tribute to victims of the September 11 attacks the same year .
In 2004 , while promoting her eighth studio album Damita Jo , Jackson made surprise performances of " Together Again " and " All Nite ( Don 't Stop ) " at New York 's Gay Pride March . " Together Again " was one of her older songs on the 2008 Rock Witchu Tour , her first tour in seven years . It was at the middle of the setlist . She was dressed in a gold and black glam hip hop @-@ inspired track suit , and one gold glove . Variety magazine 's Phil Gallo likened her vocals in the song to that of Diana Ross 's . Rap @-@ Up noted the audience " went wild " during the song . While reviewing the Vancouver concert , Marsha Lederman of Globe and Mail noted that the most memorable moment of the show was when Jackson " stopped on the catwalk after her hit Together Again , listened to the crowd roar its approval , and became emotional – really emotional . We 're talking tears . ' Thank you , ' she said – seeming to really mean it , as she waved her hands , begging the audience to stop " , she completed . While promoting her second greatest hits album Number Ones , the singer performed an eight @-@ minute medley of six hits during the American Music Awards of 2009 . It included " Control " , " Miss You Much " , " What Have You Done for Me Lately " , " If " , " Make Me " , and finished with " Together Again " . For the latter 's performance , Jackson stood alone at center stage , smiling , as the received applauses and standing ovation from the audience . It also was the closing song of her concert at Essence Music Festival in New Orleans , in July 2010 , which she headlined . " Together Again " was again performed as a closing number on her Number Ones : Up Close and Personal 2011 tour as a dedication to her late brother , Michael Jackson , wearing a tight white one @-@ piece disco suit . MTV News ' writer Vaughn Schoonmaker noted that the song appeared to be the biggest hit of the show . Jackson included the song on her 2015 @-@ 2016 Unbreakable World Tour .
= = Track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Janet Jackson - vocals , songwriter , producer , vocal and rhythm arrangement
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis - songwriters , producers , all other instruments , vocal and rhythm arrangements
René Elizondo , Jr . - songwriter
Steve Hodge - engineering , mixing
Alexander Richbourg - drum machine
Xavier Smith – assistant engineer
Source :
= = Charts = =
= Upsilon Andromedae c =
Upsilon Andromedae c ( abbreviated υ Andromedae c , υ And c ) , also named Samh , is an extrasolar planet orbiting the Sun @-@ like star Upsilon Andromedae A every 241 @.@ 2 days . Its discovery in April 1999 by Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler made this the first multiple @-@ planet system to be discovered around a main @-@ sequence star , and the first multiple @-@ planet system known in a multiple star system . Upsilon Andromedae c is the second known planet in order of distance from its star .
In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Samh for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Vega Astronomy Club of Morocco and honours the 11th Century astronomer Ibn al @-@ Samh of Muslim Spain .
= = Discovery = =
Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , Upsilon Andromedae c was detected by measuring variations in its star 's radial velocity as a result of the planet 's gravity . This was done by making precise measurements of the Doppler shift of the spectrum of Upsilon Andromedae A. At the time of discovery , Upsilon Andromedae A was already known to host one extrasolar planet , the hot Jupiter Upsilon Andromedae b , however by 1999 it was clear that the inner planet could not explain the velocity curve .
In 1999 , astronomers at both San Francisco State University and the Harvard @-@ Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics independently concluded that a three @-@ planet model best fit the data . The two new planets were designated Upsilon Andromedae c and Upsilon Andromedae d .
= = Orbit and mass = =
Like the majority of long @-@ period extrasolar planets , the orbit of Upsilon Andromedae c is eccentric , more so than any of the major planets in the Solar System ( including Pluto ) . If placed in the Solar System , Upsilon Andromedae c would lie between the orbits of Earth and Venus .
The high orbital eccentricity may be the result of gravitational perturbations from the planet Upsilon Andromedae d . Simulations suggest that the orbit of Upsilon Andromedae c returns to its original circular state roughly once every 6 @,@ 700 years .
One proposal is that interactions between Upsilon Andromedae d and a ( now lost ) outer planet moved Upsilon Andromedae d into an orbit closer to the star , where it gradually caused the orbit of Upsilon Andromedae c to become eccentric . If so , the rogue planet would have had to eject immediately ; it is unclear how likely this situation might be . Other models are possible .
A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect Upsilon Andromedae c is that the orbital inclination is unknown , and only a lower limit on the planet 's mass can be obtained . However , by combining radial velocity measurements from ground @-@ based telescopes with astrometric data from the Hubble Space Telescope , astronomers have determined the orbital inclination as well as the actual mass of Upsilon Andromedae c , which is about 13 @.@ 98 times the mass of Jupiter . The mutual inclination between c and d is 29 @.@ 9 degrees .
= = Characteristics = =
Given the planet 's high mass , it is likely that Upsilon Andromedae c is a gas giant with no solid surface . Since the planet has only been detected indirectly through observations of its star , properties such as its radius , composition , and temperature are unknown .
Since its actual mass is approximately 14 times that of Jupiter , and its star 's metallicity is similar to that of the Sun , Upsilon Andromedae c may actually be a small brown dwarf .
= Coquitlam =
Coquitlam / koʊˈkwɪtləm / ( 2011 census population 126 @,@ 840 ) is a city in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia , Canada . Coquitlam , mainly a suburban city , is the sixth @-@ largest city in the province and is one of the 21 municipalities comprising Metro Vancouver . The current mayor of Coquitlam is Richard Stewart .
= = History = =
The Coast Salish people were the first to live in this area , and archaeology confirms continuous occupation of the territory for at least 9 @,@ 000 years . The name Kwikwetlem is said to be derived from a Coast Salish term meaning " red fish up the river " .
Explorer Simon Fraser came through the region in 1808 , and in the 1860s Europeans gradually started settling the area . Coquitlam began as a " place @-@ in @-@ between " with the construction of North Road in the mid @-@ 19th century to provide Royal Engineers in New Westminster access to the year @-@ round port facilities in Port Moody .
The young municipality got its first boost in 1889 when Frank Ross and James McLaren opened what would become Fraser Mills , a $ 350 @,@ 000 , then state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art lumber mill on the north bank of the Fraser River . The District of Coquitlam was incorporated in 1891 . By 1908 , a mill town of 20 houses , a store , post office , hospital , office block , barber shop , and pool hall had grown around the mill . A mill manager 's residence was built that would later become Place des Arts .
Over the next two years , several contingents of French Canadian mill workers arrived from Quebec , and Maillardville was born . Named for Father Edmond Maillard , a young Oblate from France , it became the largest Francophone centre west of Manitoba . Maillardville 's past is recognized today in street names , the Francophone education system and French immersion programs , French @-@ language guides and scouts , and celebrations such as Festival du Bois .
Following World War II , Coquitlam and the rest of the Lower Mainland experienced substantial population growth that continues today . The opening of Lougheed Highway in 1953 made the city more accessible and set the stage for residential growth . In 1971 , Coquitlam and Fraser Mills were amalgamated , which gave the city a larger industrial base . The mill closed in 2001 , and is now rezoned into a residential area .
= = Geography = =
Coquitlam is situated some 10 to 15 km ( 6 @.@ 2 to 9 @.@ 3 mi ) east of Vancouver , where the Coquitlam River connects with the Fraser River and extends northeast along the Pitt River toward the Coquitlam and Pitt lakes . Coquitlam borders Burnaby and Port Moody to the west , New Westminster to the southwest , and Port Coquitlam to the southeast . Burke Mountain , Eagle Ridge , and 1 @,@ 583 m ( 5 @,@ 194 ft ) tall Coquitlam Mountain form the northern boundary of the city . Coquitlam 's area , 152 @.@ 5 square kilometres ( 58 @.@ 9 sq mi ) , dwarfs the other communities in the Tri @-@ Cities ; it is about six times larger than either Port Moody or Port Coquitlam .
Like Vancouver , Coquitlam is in the Pacific Time Zone ( winter UTC − 8 , summer UTC − 7 ) , and the Pacific Maritime Ecozone .
= = = Neighbourhoods = = =
Coquitlam 's geographic shape can be thought of as a tilted hourglass , with two larger parcels of land with a smaller central section connecting them .
Southwest Coquitlam comprises the original core of the city , with Maillardville and Fraser River industrial sector giving way to the large residential areas of Austin Heights , colloquially referred to as " The Bump " due to its high and flat plateau topography . These older residences , with larger property dimensions , are increasingly being torn down and replaced with newer and larger homes . The Poirier Street area was the city 's original recreational centre with the Coquitlam Sports Centre , Chimo Aquatic and Fitness Centre , and sports fields located there , while City Hall was previously located further south in Maillardville .
The Austin Heights area contains Como Lake , a renowned urban fishing and recreation area , and headwaters for the Como watershed . The watershed represents one of the last urban watersheds in the Tri @-@ Cities that supports wild stocks of coho salmon as well as other species at risk such as coastal cutthroat trout ( both sea @-@ run and resident ) and bird species such as the great blue heron and green heron . It also contains Mundy Park , one of the largest urban parks in the Metro Vancouver area .
In 1984 , the provincial government sold 57 hectares ( 141 acres ) formerly attached to Riverview Hospital to Molnar Developments . Shortly afterward , this land was subdivided and became Riverview Heights , with about 250 single family homes . The remaining 240 acres ( 0 @.@ 97 km2 ) of this still @-@ active mental health facility has been the subject of much controversy between developers , environmentalists , and conservationists . In 2005 , the city 's task force on the hospital lands rejected the idea of further housing on the lands and declared that the lands and buildings should be protected and remain as a mental health facility .
Coquitlam Town Centre , was designated as a " Regional Town Centre " under the Metro Vancouver ’ s Livable Region Strategic Plan . The concept of a town centre for the area dates back to 1975 , and is intended to have a high concentration of high @-@ density housing , offices , cultural , entertainment and education facilities to serve major growth areas of the region , served by rapid transit service . It is in the town centre that many public buildings can be found , including City Hall , a branch of the Coquitlam Public Library , R.C.M.P. station , Coquitlam 's main fire hall , the David Lam Campus of Douglas College , the Evergreen Cultural Centre , City Centre Aquatic Complex , Town Centre Park and Percy Perry Stadium . Coquitlam Town Centre is currently undergoing an update of the Town Centre plan .
In 1989 , the provincial government sold 570 hectares ( 1 @,@ 409 acres ) of second @-@ growth forested land on the south slope of Eagle Mountain , known locally as Eagle Ridge , to developer Wesbild . This resulted in the closure of Westwood Motorsport Park in 1990 , and the creation of Westwood Plateau , which was developed into 4 @,@ 525 upscale homes , as well as two golf courses .
With development on Westwood Plateau completed and the opening of the David Avenue Connector in 2006 , Coquitlam 's primary urban development has now shifted to Burke Mountain in the northeastern portion of the city .
Coquitlam Land Use ( 2001 ) Total 152 @.@ 5 km2 ( 37 @,@ 684 acres ) :
Agricultural Land 381 @.@ 25 ha ( 942 @.@ 1 acres )
Extractive Industry 138 @.@ 00 ha ( 341 @.@ 0 acres )
Harvesting and Research 0 @.@ 00 ha ( 0 @.@ 0 acres )
Residential
Single Family 2 @,@ 790 @.@ 75 ha ( 6 @,@ 896 @.@ 1 acres )
Rural 488 @.@ 00 ha ( 1 @,@ 205 @.@ 9 acres )
Town / Low @-@ rise 244 @.@ 00 ha ( 602 @.@ 9 acres )
High @-@ rise 15 @.@ 25 ha ( 37 @.@ 7 acres )
Commercial 288 @.@ 75 ha ( 713 @.@ 5 acres )
Industrial 427 @.@ 00 ha ( 1 @,@ 055 @.@ 1 acres )
Institutional 350 @.@ 75 ha ( 866 @.@ 7 acres )
Transport . Comm . , Utilities 274 @.@ 50 ha ( 678 @.@ 3 acres )
Recreation / Nature Areas 5 @,@ 429 @.@ 00 ha ( 13 @,@ 415 @.@ 4 acres )
Open / Undeveloped 3 @,@ 080 @.@ 50 ha ( 7 @,@ 612 @.@ 1 acres )
GVRD Watershed 1 @,@ 342 @.@ 00 ha ( 3 @,@ 316 @.@ 2 acres )
= = = Climate = = =
Like the rest of Metro Vancouver , Coquitlam has a maritime temperate climate , enjoying mild temperatures and sufficient precipitation ; warm drier summers and wet mild winters . However , unlike other cities in the area , precipitation is especially heavy in Coquitlam due to its proximity to the mountain slopes . With westward air moving off the Pacific Ocean , the air is forced to flow up the Coast Mountains causing it to cool and condense and fall as precipitation , this process is known as orographic precipitation . The orographic effect is mainly responsible for the massive 1 @,@ 955 mm ( 77 @.@ 0 in ) . ) annual average precipitation that Coquitlam receives each year , with most falling as rainfall in the fall and winter months , with 287 mm ( 11 @.@ 3 in ) . ) in November ; the summer is usually sunny with minimal precipitation with 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) . ) in August . Although the mild temperatures allow for mostly rain to fall during the winter months , occasionally snow will fall . With a slightly higher elevation compared to the rest of Metro Vancouver , Coquitlam can receive an average of 58 cm ( 23 in ) . ) of snow each year , with it rarely staying on the ground for more than a day or two , adding to a very intermittent snow cover during the winter season . On 29 December 1996 over 45 cm of snow fell in just 24 hours .
One of the most recent snowy winters was 2008 – 09 , when in the last two weeks of December cold temperatures from an arctic front that had just seeped its way into the lower mainland and the Fraser Valley collided with moist air from the pacific ; almost 100 centimetres ( 39 in ) of snow fell in Coquitlam , resulting in an extreme snow cover ( over 50 cm ) for Christmas and resulted major traffic and flight issues . In the first week of January 2009 , sudden warmer temperatures starting with heavy wet snow and later transitioning into heavy rain from a pineapple express resulted in some flooding in low @-@ lying areas near the Fraser river . As Coquitlam has a slightly higher elevation than most communities in Metro Vancouver most of the precipitation that fell in the first week of January 2009 was heavy wet snow that transitioned into rain much later , resulting in an even deeper snow pack notably for residents on Westwood Plateau where the elevation is anywhere from 100 to 400 m above sea level . After the winter of 2008 – 09 ended , over 175 cm of snow had fallen .
Coquitlam is also located in the warmest region in Canada where average mean annual temperature is 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . Temperatures are warm during the summer months with an average high of 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) , and an average low of 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) in August . During the winter months , the average high is 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) , and the average low is 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) in January . This relatively mild climate , by Canadian standards , is caused by the warm Alaska current offshore and the many mountain ranges preventing the cold arctic air from the rest of Canada from reaching the southwest corner of British Columbia ; however , occasionally it can fall well below freezing ( below − 5 ° C / − 10 ° C ) for a day or two during the winter .
= = Demographics = =
In the 2011 Census , Statistics Canada originally reported that Coquitlam had a population of 126 @,@ 456 living in 45 @,@ 553 of its 48 @,@ 083 total dwellings , a 10 @.@ 4 % change from its 2006 population of 114 @,@ 565 . Statistics Canada subsequently amended the 2011 census results to a population of 126 @,@ 840 living in 45 @,@ 743 of its 48 @,@ 289 total dwellings , a 10 @.@ 7 % change from 2006 . With a land area of 122 @.@ 30 km2 ( 47 @.@ 22 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 1 @,@ 037 @.@ 1 / km2 ( 2 @,@ 686 @.@ 1 / sq mi ) in 2011 .
According to the 2006 Canadian census , there were 114 @,@ 565 people living in the municipality in 43 @,@ 241 private dwellings . 37 % of households contained a married couple with children , 25 % contained a married couple without children , and 22 % were one @-@ person households . Of the 32 @,@ 185 reported families : 77 % were married couples with an average of 3 @.@ 2 persons per family , 15 % were lone @-@ parents with an average of 2 @.@ 5 persons per family , and 8 % were common @-@ law couples with an average of 2 @.@ 6 persons per family . The median age of Coquitlam ’ s population was 39 @.@ 0 years , slightly younger than the British Columbia median of 40 @.@ 8 years . Coquitlam had 82 @.@ 6 % of its residents 15 years of age or older , less than the provincial average of 83 @.@ 5 % . The south part of Coquitlam has a pocket of French speakers .
In the same 2006 census , about 41 % of Coquitlam residents were foreign @-@ born , much higher than the 27 % foreign @-@ born for the whole of British Columbia . 61 % of respondents claimed to not be a visible minority , while the largest visible minorities included Chinese ( 17 @.@ 2 % ) , Korean ( 5 @.@ 3 % ) , South Asian and West Asian ( both 3 @.@ 7 % ) , and Filipino ( 2 @.@ 7 % ) . 58 % of respondents list English as their mother tongue , while 96 % state having knowledge of English .
Also according to the 2006 census , the median income in 2005 for all families was $ 67 @,@ 031 , compared to the provincial average of $ 62 @,@ 346 . 55 @.@ 7 % of respondents 15 years of age and older claim to have a post @-@ secondary certificate , diploma or degree , compared to 52 @.@ 2 % province @-@ wide . The 2001 census found that 20 @.@ 2 % of Coquitlam residents are Protestant and 21 @.@ 6 % are Catholic . 10 @.@ 8 % belong to other Christian denominations , 8 @.@ 6 % are adherents of other religions , and 35 % profess no religion .
Only 25 @.@ 3 % of Coquitlam residents who work outside the home work within the city of Coquitlam itself , just over half the provincial average of 48 @.@ 7 % of residents who work within their own municipality , yet 18 @.@ 2 % of Coquitlam residents take public transit or bicycle or walk to work , close to the provincial average of 19 @.@ 2 % .
= = = Languages = = =
The three most commonly spoken mother tongues reported in Coquitlam as of the 2011 census were Korean ( 6 @.@ 1 % ) , Farsi ] ( 4 @.@ 9 % ) and Mandarin ( 4 @.@ 7 % ) .
= = Economy = =
As a bedroom community , the majority of Coquitlam residents commute to work in Vancouver , Burnaby , and other Metro Vancouver suburbs . Coquitlam 's main industrial area lies in the southern Maillardville / Fraser Mills area near the Fraser River . Among the largest employers within Coquitlam are the City of Coquitlam with approximately 850 employees , Art in Motion with approximately 750 employees , and Hard Rock Casino with approximately 600 employees . Other major employers include Coca @-@ Cola , Sony , and the Marine Propulsion division of Rolls @-@ Royce .
In 2007 , there were 610 retail businesses in Coquitlam , and these provided 8 @,@ 765 jobs ( 27 % of all jobs ) within the city . Most retail businesses are concentrated around Coquitlam Centre in the Town Centre area , and big @-@ box retailers such as IKEA and The Home Depot in the Pacific Reach areas , with the remainder of the city 's retail outlets centered around the Austin Heights and North Road sectors .
The Tri @-@ Cities Chamber of Commerce has over 900 members including businesses , professionals , residents and other community groups , governed by a 14 @-@ person volunteer Board of Directors .
= = Government = =
Federal - Coquitlam is represented by two federal MP 's in the Parliament of Canada . Fin Donnelly ( New Democratic Party ) represents the Port Moody — Coquitlam riding , while Ron McKinnon ( Liberal Party ) represents Coquitlam — Port Coquitlam .
Provincial - Coquitlam is represented by three provincial MLA 's in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia . Linda Reimer ( British Columbia Liberal Party ) represents the Port Moody @-@ Coquitlam riding , while Douglas Horne ( BC Liberals ) represents Coquitlam @-@ Burke Mountain , and Selina Robinson ( BC NDP ) represents Coquitlam @-@ Maillardville .
Municipal - In the 2014 civic election , Richard Stewart was elected as mayor of Coquitlam , and Craig Hodge , Terry O 'Neill , Brent Asmundson , Dennis Marsden , Mae Reid , Teri Towner , Bonita Zarrillo and Chris Wilson were all elected to Coquitlam City Council . Coquitlam contracts out garbage and recycling services to International Paper Industries for city residents , but local businesses are responsible for their own garbage and recycling arrangements . Coquitlam Lake provides residents with a mountain @-@ fed water source , while the city maintains its own sewage management system .
Judicial - The nearest Supreme Court of British Columbia venue is the New Westminster Law Courts . Provincial Court of British Columbia cases were formerly handled through the Coquitlam Provincial Court , but this was closed in 1996 and moved to the new Port Coquitlam Provincial Court .
= = Education = =
Coquitlam is served by School District 43 Coquitlam , and offers four public secondary schools , seven middle schools , and dozens of elementary schools . Francophone education in the Tri @-@ Cities is offered by Conseil Scolaire Francophone de la Colombie @-@ Britannique .
Coquitlam Town Centre is home to the 4 @,@ 000 @-@ student David Lam Campus of Douglas College , which offers university transfer , career @-@ training and academic @-@ upgrading programs . Therapeutic Recreation , Hotel and Restaurant Management , and Animal Health Technology programs are housed in the original main campus building . The $ 39 million Health Sciences Centre opened in 2008 , with state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art facilities for Nursing , Psychiatric Nursing and other health @-@ career programs .
There are two major universities , University of British Columbia and Simon Fraser University , located in the nearby municipalities . The British Columbia Institute of Technology ( BCIT ) in neighbouring Burnaby provides polytechnic education and grants degrees in several fields . Vancouver is also home to the Emily Carr University of Art and Design and the Vancouver Film School .
The Coquitlam Public Library has two branches : City Centre and Poirier . The library has a collection of over 240 @,@ 000 items , and an annual budget of over $ 4 million .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Transportation = = =
Coquitlam is served by TransLink , which is responsible for both public transit and major roads . There is regular bus service on numerous lines running throughout the city and connecting it to other municipalities in Metro Vancouver , with a major exchange at Coquitlam Central Station . The 97 B @-@ Line express bus service connects the central part of the city to the Lougheed Town Centre SkyTrain station in neighbouring Burnaby .
The West Coast Express , with a stop at Coquitlam Central Station , provides commuter rail service west to downtown Vancouver and east as far as Mission . WCE operates Monday to Friday only ( excluding holidays ) , with five trains per day running to Vancouver in the morning peak hours and returning through Coquitlam in the evening peak hours . There are two additional runs via " TrainBus " in the morning ( after all trains ) and three in the evening ( after all trains ) . There are also three TrainBus departures in each direction on Saturdays and two on Sundays .
Beginning in 2017 , Coquitlam will be served by the Evergreen Line , a 10 @.@ 9 km ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) long extension of TransLink 's SkyTrain system , using Bombardier 's Advanced Rapid Transit technology , at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 4 billion . The Evergreen Line will run from the Coquitlam Town Centre area , through Coquitlam Central Station and into Port Moody , re @-@ entering Coquitlam on North Road and finally joining the existing SkyTrain system at Lougheed Town Centre . The Evergreen Line is expected to replace the 97 B @-@ Line .
For motorists , the Trans @-@ Canada Highway provides freeway access to Burnaby , Vancouver , Surrey , and other municipalities in the Lower Mainland . Lougheed Highway is an alternative route to the Trans @-@ Canada , entering Coquitlam through Maillardville , past the Riverview Hospital area , up to Coquitlam Centre where it turns sharply east to Port Coquitlam . Barnet Highway begins at the Coquitlam Centre area and heads directly east through Port Moody and on to Burnaby and downtown Vancouver .
Coquitlam has 13 @.@ 1 km of bike routes , including dedicated bike lanes on Guildford Way , David Avenue , and Chilko Drive , plus additional routes through city parks . Future bike routes have been identified for Lougheed Highway and for the southern Maillardville area near the Fraser River .
Coquitlam is served by two international airports . Vancouver International Airport , located on Sea Island in the city of Richmond to the west , is the second busiest in Canada and provides most of the air access to the region . Abbotsford International Airport , located to the east , is the sixth busiest airport in Canada . Nearby Pitt Meadows Airport provides services for smaller aircraft and there are also Boundary Bay Airport and Langley Airport for small aircraft .
Greyhound Canada has a bus depot in south Coquitlam for both passenger and package service .
Residents and visitors wishing to travel to Vancouver Island , the Gulf Islands , and other destinations along the Inside Passage may use the BC Ferries car and passenger ferry service from two terminals in the communities of Tsawwassen and Horseshoe Bay , south and north of Vancouver respectively . BC Ferries operates the Queen of Coquitlam , a C class ferry capable of carrying 362 cars and 1 @,@ 466 passengers , which was launched in 1976 . She received an $ 18 million rehabilitation in November 2002 , and currently operates as a secondary vessel on the Departure Bay @-@ Horseshoe Bay route .
= = = Health care = = =
Coquitlam is served by Fraser Health , which operates the 106 @-@ bed Eagle Ridge Hospital on the Port Moody / Coquitlam city boundary . ERH opened its doors in 1984 and operates a 24 @-@ hour emergency department , ambulatory , long @-@ term care and acute care programs . It is a Centre of Excellence for elective surgery for urology , gynaecology , plastics and orthopedics . The hospital also offers public education clinics for asthma , diabetes , rehabilitation services and programs for cardiology , children 's grief recovery , youth crisis response and early psychosis prevention .
Fraser Health also operates the 352 @-@ bed Royal Columbian Hospital just south of Coquitlam in New Westminster . Coquitlam residents are also served by many privately owned health care clinics , while Tri @-@ Cities Health Services operates 653 residential care beds .
Coquitlam is also the home of Riverview Hospital , a large mental health facility , operating under the governance of BC Mental Health & Addiction Services . Riverview opened in 1913 and had 4 @,@ 630 patients at its peak , but advances in treatment and cutbacks in funding have resulted in fewer people receiving mental health care , and much of the facility has closed over the last few decades .
= = = Police , fire , emergency services = = =
Coquitlam contracts out its police service to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , with the main police station adjacent to City Hall at Coquitlam Town Centre and community police stations in the Austin Heights and Burquitlam areas . The Coquitlam RCMP detachment also serves the municipalities of Anmore , Belcarra , and Port Coquitlam .
Coquitlam has its own fire service , known as Coquitlam Fire / Rescue , with four fire halls . Coquitlam uses names , not numbers for their halls . The fire halls are Town Centre , Austin Heights , Mariner Way near Mundy Park and Burke Mountain .
Like all other municipalities in British Columbia , Coquitlam 's ambulance service is run by the British Columbia Ambulance Service .
Coquitlam Search and Rescue is a volunteer search and rescue team operating under the Provincial Emergency Program . Coquitlam SAR is responsible for urban and wilderness search and rescue for the area between Indian Arm and Pitt Lake , and encompasses the local communities of Coquitlam , Burnaby , Port Coquitlam , Port Moody , New Westminster , Belcarra and Anmore . The SAR team is based at Town Centre Fire Hall .
= = Culture and contemporary life = =
Being in close proximity to Vancouver and surrounded by the rest of the Lower Mainland , Coquitlam residents have access to virtually unlimited choice in cultural and leisure activities . Within the city itself are numerous venues that bring these choices closer to home .
Coquitlam was designated as a Cultural Capital of Canada in 2009 by the Department of Canadian Heritage .
= = = Arts and entertainment = = =
The Molson Canadian Theatre , a 1 @,@ 074 @-@ seat multi @-@ purpose venue , opened as part of a $ 30 million expansion to Coquitlam 's Hard Rock Casino in 2006 , while Cineplex Entertainment operates the 4 @,@ 475 @-@ seat SilverCity Coquitlam movie complex with 20 screens .
A partnership of the city , the arts community , private business and senior governments , the Evergreen Cultural Centre in the Town Centre area is a venue for arts and culture , a civic facility designed to host a wide variety of community events . It features a 264 @-@ seat black box theatre , rehearsal hall , art studios and art gallery . Evergreen serves as the home venue for the Pacific Symphonic Wind Ensemble , the Coastal Sound Music Academy , and the Stage 43 Theatrical Society . Nearby proscenium theatres include the 336 @-@ seat Terry Fox Theatre in Port Coquitlam , and the 206 @-@ seat Inlet Theatre in Port Moody .
Place des Arts is a non @-@ profit teaching arts centre in Maillardville founded in 1972 , offering programs in visual arts , music , acting , and dance . It features specialized programs for school students and home learners , and presents concerts and exhibitions for the public . Studios are offered for pottery , fibre arts , yoga , ballet , drama , piano , drawing and painting . Place des Arts offers four faculty concerts throughout the year , as well as numerous recitals and presentations by students on an ongoing basis .
Place Maillardville is a community centre providing leisure activities for all age groups , with programs on French language , culture , as well as physical activities . Heritage Square offers visitors a wealth of historic sites , gardens , a bike path , and an outdoor amphitheatre ; it is also home to the Mackin Heritage Home & Toy Museum .
= = = Parks and community = = =
Coquitlam has a considerable number of open green spaces , with the total area of over 890 hectares ( 2 @,@ 200 acres ) . There are over 80 municipal parks and natural areas , with Mundy Park located roughly in the centre of the city being the biggest , and Ridge Park located in the highlands near the city 's northern edge . Pinecone Burke Provincial Park , Minnekhada Regional Park , and Pitt Addington Marsh are on the northern and eastern border of the city , while the restricted area of the Metro Vancouver 's Coquitlam watershed border Coquitlam to the north . Colony Farm is a 404 hectare park that straddles the Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam boundaries , offering walking trails rich with wildlife and gardens . Town Centre Park is a large city park located in the central area of the city , it provides city residents with many recreational activities . Como Lake Park is also popular with local residents .
Coquitlam does not have any beaches within the city limits , but the Tri @-@ Cities offers freshwater beaches in neighbouring Anmore ( Buntzen Lake , Sasamat Lake ) and saltwater beaches in Belcarra and Port Moody .
Numerous yearly festivals are staged at various locations throughout Coquitlam , including Festival du Bois ( first full weekend in March ) , the Water 's Edge Festival ( third full weekend in March ) , Como Lake Fishing Derby ( last Sunday in May ) , BC Highland Games ( last Saturday in June ) , a Canada Day Celebration at Town Centre Park ( July 1 ) , and the Blue Mountain Music Festival ( mid @-@ July ) .
= = = Sports and recreation = = =
Professional sports teams in the area include the Vancouver Canucks ( National Hockey League ) , BC Lions ( Canadian Football League ) , Vancouver Whitecaps FC ( Major League Soccer ) , and the Vancouver Canadians ( Northwest League baseball ) . The 2010 Winter Olympics were also staged in the Metro Vancouver and Whistler areas .
The city is responsible for the maintenance of numerous sports and recreation fields , including 40 grass / sand / soil sports fields , five FieldTurf fields , 35 ball diamonds , several all @-@ weather surfaces , a bowling green , a croquet / bocce court , and a cricket pitch . The city also operates Percy Perry Stadium and the Poirier Sport & Leisure Complex . Privately owned Planet Ice features 4 additional ice rinks , and more rinks are found throughout the Tri @-@ Cities .
The city manages four all @-@ age community centres ( Centennial , Pinetree , Poirier , Summit ) , and two senior community centres ( Dogwood Pavilion , Glen Pine Pavilion ) .
Baseball - The Coquitlam Reds of the B.C. Premier Baseball League play their home games at Mundy Park ; the Reds ' most famous alumnus is former Major League All @-@ Star and National League MVP Larry Walker . Coquitlam is also home to Coquitlam Little League , which has been part of Little League International since 1955 ; Coquitlam finished 3rd at the 1984 Little League World Series . In 2008 , Coquitlam hosted the Junior League Canadian Championships .
Basketball - Coquitlam is home to the Tri City Youth Basketball Association ; formed in 1999 , it serves the Tri @-@ Cities with over 1 @,@ 400 players from grades 2 to 9 . The program is part of the Steve Nash Youth Basketball program administered by Basketball BC . It is open to both boys and girls , and operates out of school gyms across the Tri @-@ Cities area .
Cricket - Coquitlam is home to the Windies Cricket Club . The club consists of over 40 members with 3 adult teams playing in the Premier , Second & Fifth Divisions . The club is affiliated with the British Columbia Mainland Cricket League and games are played at Mackin Park . A youth Kanga Cricket Program was formed with the aim of promoting and growing the game of cricket in Coquitlam . The SuperStrikers cricket team is open to boys and girls aged 6 – 16 .
Football - Coquitlam is home to the Coquitlam Minor Football Association , which is a member of the Vancouver Mainland Football League . CMFA players range from 6 to 18 years of age , and play against teams from the Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island . Coquitlam was also the home of the Tri @-@ City Bulldogs of the Canadian Junior Football League from 1991 @-@ 2004 .
Golf - In addition to courses in neighbouring communities in the Tri @-@ Cities , Coquitlam itself is home to several golf facilities . The Vancouver Golf Club , located in southwest Coquitlam , has hosted two major LPGA tour events as well as one Senior PGA Tour event . The Westwood Plateau Golf & Country Club is one of the highest rated golf courses in Canada . Both the Westwood Plateau Golf Academy and Eaglequest Golf Centre are designed as executive learning courses .
Hockey - Founded in 2001 , the Coquitlam Express of the British Columbia Hockey League play at the Poirier Sport & Leisure Complex . Coquitlam is also home to the Coquitlam Minor Hockey Association , a AAA club in the Greater Vancouver area in the Pacific Coast Division , with almost 1000 members from Initiation Hockey 1 to Juvenile .
Lacrosse - Coquitlam is home to the Coquitlam Adanacs of the Western Lacrosse Association , who play at the Poirier Sport & Leisure Complex , and to the Coquitlam Minor Lacrosse Association . In July 2008 , Percy Perry Stadium hosted the 2008 ILF Under @-@ 19 World Lacrosse Championships .
Motorsports - Coquitlam was formerly home to Westwood Motorsport Park , Canada 's first purpose @-@ built permanent road course , located on what is now Westwood Plateau . The first race was held in 1959 , and over the years hosted many different professional series including Formula Atlantic and Trans @-@ Am . Notable drivers to have raced at Westwood include Formula One World Champion Keke Rosberg , Indianapolis 500 winners Bobby Rahal and Danny Sullivan , Gilles Villeneuve and Michael Andretti . The track finally closed in 1990 due to encroaching development , and racing moved to Mission Raceway Park .
Soccer - The city is home to two major soccer associations , including the Coquitlam Metro @-@ Ford Soccer Club which has over 2500 players that range from Under @-@ 5 to adult teams including the Women 's Premier team which plays in the Pacific Coast Soccer League , and the North Coquitlam United Soccer Club .
Swimming - City Centre Aquatic Complex is an indoor aquatic centre built in the Town Centre area at a cost of $ 8 @.@ 2 million and opened in 1994 . CCAC features a 50m Olympic size swimming pool , wave pool , waterslide , 3 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 280 m2 ) fitness centre , and physiotherapy clinic . The Chimo Aquatic and Fitness Centre opened in 2008 in the Austin Heights area at a cost of $ 19 @.@ 5 million , replacing the older Chimo Pool nearby . CAFC features a 25m swimming pool , a 20m lap pool , leisure pool , and fitness room . Coquitlam also operates three outdoor swimming pools ( Eagle Ridge , Rochester , Spani ) , two outdoor wading pools ( Blue Mountain , Mackin ) , and three outdoor splash pads ( Blue Mountain , Panorama , Town Centre ) .
Track and Field - Coquitlam is home to the Coquitlam Cheetahs track and field club , who train at Percy Perry Stadium , which was named after their former coach who died in 2005 .
= = = Media = = =
In addition to the other Metro Vancouver media outlets , CKPM @-@ FM was the first radio station dedicated to the Tri @-@ Cities area when it took to the air in 2009 .
Coquitlam is served by two bi @-@ weekly newspapers , the Tri @-@ City News and Coquitlam Now .
A significant number of movie and television productions have been partly or completely filmed in Coquitlam in recent years , including 2014 's Godzilla , both New Moon and Eclipse from the Twilight series , The X @-@ Files , Juno , Smallville , The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants , Dark Angel , The Day the Earth Stood Still , Romeo Must Die , and Watchmen . The city maintains the Coquitlam Film Office to coordinate permits , traffic and crowd control , and insurance for film and television productions .
= = Notable residents = =
Juno Award @-@ winning rock musician Matthew Good is from Coquitlam . He graduated from Centennial Secondary in 1989 , and became lead singer for the Matthew Good Band , one of Canada 's most successful alternative rock bands in the 1990s . Centennial Secondary was featured in the " Alert Status Red " video , and its cheerleading squad recorded for " Giant " . The Matthew Good Band was dissolved in 2002 , and Good has since pursued a solo career and established himself as a political activist , blogger , and author of a book of previously published manifestos .
Actor Taylor Kitsch graduated from Gleneagle Secondary in 1999 , and went on to star in movies such as John Carter and Battleship , and the television series Friday Night Lights .
Former FA Premier League goalkeeper Craig Forrest is from Coquitlam and attended Centennial Secondary . Forrest appeared in 263 games for Ipswich Town , 30 games for West Ham United , and 3 games for Chelsea . Forrest also earned 56 caps for the Canadian national soccer team , the most of any goalkeeper in team history , and earned the most clean sheets in the country 's history . Forrest was elected to Canada ’ s Soccer Hall of Fame in 2007 . Former Canadian national soccer team midfielder Jeff Clarke and Canadian women 's national soccer player Brittany Timko also both attended Centennial Secondary .
Former National Basketball Association player Lars Hansen was raised in Coquitlam and played his high school basketball at Centennial Secondary . He was a member of the Seattle SuperSonics 1979 NBA Championship team , and was elected to the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame in 2008 .
Model and host of MTV Select and G4techTV Amanda MacKay also attended Centennial Secondary where she started her journalism career writing for the school 's student newspaper .
American political analyst and former Fox News co @-@ host , Rachel Marsden , was raised in Northeast Coquitlam 's Burke Mountain area .
Former BC Lions placekicker Lui Passaglia has resided in Coquitlam for over 20 years . Passaglia is a member of the Canadian Football Hall of Fame , and his # 5 jersey is one of eight numbers retired by the Lions . Passaglia was voted # 30 of the CFL 's Top 50 players of the modern era by Canadian sports network TSN .
Playboy Playmate and actress Dorothy Stratten was raised in Coquitlam and attended Centennial Secondary School . Stratten was Playmate of the Year for 1980 . She appeared in several movies , including Peter Bogdanovich 's They All Laughed , before she was murdered by her estranged husband . Stratten was portrayed twice in biographies of her life , by Jamie Lee Curtis in Death of a Centerfold : The Dorothy Stratten Story , and by Mariel Hemingway in Star 80 .
Spoken word poet Chris Tse was raised in Coquitlam though he is based in Ottawa . He was captain of the Ottawa spoken word team that won the Canadian Festival of Spoken Word championships and also placed second overall in the Poetry Slam World Cup in Paris , France .
Iconic Filipino pop and jazz singer , musician , lyricist , and songwriter Joey Albert is a Coquitlam resident , where she spearheaded fundraising efforts for Typhoon Haiyan . Tickets to her shows were by donation to the Canadian Red Cross .
= = Sister cities = =
Coquitlam currently has Sister City relationships with the following :
Laizhou , People 's Republic of China
Ormoc City , Philippines
Paju , South Korea
= Walter Alston =
Walter Emmons Alston ( December 1 , 1911 – October 1 , 1984 ) , nicknamed " Smokey " , was an American baseball player and manager in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He is best known for managing the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers between 1954 and 1976 . Alston signed 23 one @-@ year contracts with the Dodgers . He had a calm , reticent demeanor , for which he was sometimes also known as " The Quiet Man " .
Alston grew up in rural Ohio and lettered in baseball and basketball at Miami University in Ohio . Though his MLB playing career consisted of one game and one at @-@ bat with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1936 , he played and managed for several seasons in minor league baseball . His service included a stint as manager of the Nashua Dodgers , the first integrated professional team in modern baseball . He was promoted to manage the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1954 after several successful seasons in Brooklyn 's Class AAA minor league teams .
As a major league manager , Alston led Dodgers teams to seven National League ( NL ) pennants and four world championships . His 1955 team was the only World Series championship team while the club was in Brooklyn ; they clinched the NL pennant earlier in the calendar year than any previous pennant winner in league history . Alston retired with more than 2 @,@ 000 career wins and managed NL All @-@ Star teams to seven victories . He was selected as Manager of the Year six times .
Alston was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983 . He suffered a heart attack that year , was hospitalized for a month and was unable to attend his Hall of Fame induction ceremony . He never fully recovered and he died at a hospital in Oxford , Ohio on October 1 , 1984 .
= = Early life = =
Alston was born in Venice , Ohio . He spent much of his childhood on a farm in Morning Sun , Ohio . When Alston was a teenager , the family moved to Darrtown , Ohio . He attended Milford Township High School in Darrtown . He received the nickname " Smokey " as a high school pitcher , owing to the speed of his fastball . He graduated from high school in 1929 and married longtime girlfriend Lela Vaughn Alexander the next year .
In 1935 , Alston graduated with a degree in industrial arts and physical education from Miami University in Oxford , Ohio . He said that finances were a challenge in college and that he had paid his way through school by playing pool . He lettered three years in both basketball and baseball .
= = Playing career = =
Alston played minor league baseball as an infielder for the Greenwood Chiefs and Huntington Red Birds in 1935 and 1936 , respectively . For the 1936 Huntington team , he hit 35 home runs in 120 games . Alston 's only major league game was with the St. Louis Cardinals on September 27 , 1936 , substituting for Johnny Mize at first base . He later described his major league playing career to a reporter by saying , " Well , I came up to bat for the Cards back in ' 36 , and Lon Warneke struck me out . That 's it " . He also committed one error in two fielding chances at first base .
Alston returned to the minor leagues after his brief MLB appearance . He split the 1937 season between the Houston Buffaloes and Rochester Red Wings , hitting for a combined .229 batting average . Alston played for the Portsmouth Red Birds in 1938 , finishing the season with a .311 average and 28 home runs as Portsmouth won its only Middle Atlantic League championship . He returned to Portsmouth in 1940 , hit 28 home runs and was a player @-@ manager for part of the season . He was a player @-@ manager for the next two seasons with the Springfield Cardinals and even appeared in seven games as a pitcher in 1942 . He returned to Rochester as a first baseman and third baseman in 1943 . He moved to the Trenton Packers , where he was a player @-@ manager in 1944 and 1945 . Alston had been offered the job in Trenton , a minor league farm club of the Brooklyn Dodgers , by Branch Rickey , the executive who had signed him as a player with St. Louis .
After his two seasons with Trenton , Alston served as a player @-@ manager for the first integrated U.S. baseball team based in the twentieth century , the Nashua Dodgers of the Class @-@ B New England League . Alston managed black Dodgers prospects Don Newcombe and Roy Campanella , leading Nashua to a New England League title in 1946 . Alston later said that he did not give much consideration to racial issues and that he had simply thought about how much they would benefit the team . Alston led the Pueblo Dodgers to the Western League title the next season . He appeared as a player in two games , which were his final professional playing appearances . For his 13 @-@ season minor league playing career , Alston hit .295 with 176 home runs . However , he hit only .239 in 535 at bats in Class AA , which was the highest minor league classification through 1945 .
= = Managerial career = =
= = = Minor leagues = = =
In 1948 , Alston managed the St. Paul Saints , a Dodgers Class AAA affiliate , to an 86 @-@ 68 win @-@ loss record . The team finished in third place , 14 games behind an Indianapolis Indians team managed by Al López . That year , Alston managed Campanella again , where Campanella integrated the American Association . The media was critical of Alston for playing Campanella ; they said that the catcher was simply there to integrate the league . Campanella hit 13 home runs in 35 games and fans were dismayed when he was called up to the Dodgers . The 1949 Saints finished with a 93 @-@ 60 record and four of its players collected more than 90 runs batted in ( RBI ) . The team finished in first place , half a game in front of Indianapolis . During the baseball off @-@ season , Alston worked as a teacher in Darrtown .
From 1950 to 1953 , Alston managed another Dodgers AAA affiliate , the Montreal Royals of the International League . The team won between 86 and 95 games during each season of Alston 's tenure . The 1951 and 1952 Montreal Royals won International League pennants . In 1951 and 1953 , Montreal won the Governors ' Cup playoff tournament . Alston was inducted into the International League Hall of Fame many years later .
= = = Major leagues = = =
= = = = Brooklyn Dodgers = = = =
Alston was named manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers for the 1954 season . His predecessor , Charlie Dressen , had moved on from the Dodgers after the team 's leadership refused to sign him to a two @-@ year or three @-@ year contract . Dressen had won two pennants in three years and nearly won a third . Dodgers executive Buzzie Bavasi fought for Alston to be hired in Brooklyn . Bringing Alston to Brooklyn has been described as Bavasi 's biggest contribution to the team 's history . Alston was an unknown at the major league level and the New York Daily News reported his hiring with the headline " Walter Who ? "
Becoming immediately known for his quiet nature , Alston was sometimes referred to as " The Quiet Man " . Alston 's personality
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Jan Leopolida . He finished his studies in 1555 .
Immediately after he finished his education , he served for two years as rector of the collegiate school at St. John 's Church in Warsaw . From October 1557 he tutored Jan Tęczyński , son of magnate Andrzej Tęczyński , and visited Vienna with his pupil , where he likely became closely acquainted with the Society of Jesus , a key order of the counter @-@ reformation . He then returned to Poland , which emerged as one of the main terrains of struggle between the Protestant Reformation movement and the Catholic Church 's counter @-@ reformation . From 1562 he served as a parson in Rohatyn , and around 1564 he took holy orders . That year he became a canon , and the following year he also served as chancellor of the Lwów chapter . From 1566 to 1567 he was chaplain at the court of castellan Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski ( the royal secretary to King Sigismund II Augustus ) ; after Tarnowski 's death he returned to Lwów , taking up the position of the cathedral preacher .
In 1568 he departed for Rome , arriving in 1569 and joining the Society of Jesus . In 1571 he returned to Poland , and preached successively at Pułtusk , Lwów , Jarosław , Warsaw ( where he delivered a sermon before the Sejm ) and Płock , where he visited the court of Queen Anna Jagiellon , who would become one of his patrons . A leading proponent of counter @-@ reformation , Skarga commonly preached against non @-@ Catholic denominations and helped secure funds and privileges for the Society of Jesus .
In 1573 he was rector of the Wilno Jesuit College , precursor to the Wilno Academy ( Vilnius University ) . In 1577 he became a professor at the Kraków Academy . That year he also finished one of his most important works , The Lives of the Saints ( Żywoty świętych ) , which was published two years later . In 1579 he became the first rector of the Wilno Academy .
In 1576 he published Pro Sacratissima Eucharistia contra haeresim Zwinglianam , ad Andream Volanum ( For the Most Sacred Eucharist , against the Zwinglian Heresy , to Andrzej Wolan ) . In 1582 he published Artes duodecim Sacramentariorum , sive Zwinglio @-@ calvinistarum ( The Seven Pillars on Which Stands Catholic Doctrine on the Most Sacred Sacrament of the Altar ) . Both these works formed part of Skarga 's dialogue with the Calvinist author Andrzej Wolan , which took the form of a series of rival polemics over a number of years . Wolan was a notable figure in the Commonwealth politics — not only a publicist , but a royal secretary , diplomat and Sejm deputy .
In 1584 Skarga was transferred to the new Jesuit College at Kraków . On 26 March 1587 he founded the Polish version of the Mount of Piety , a pawnbroker run as a charity and called in Polish the Bank Pobożny ( lit. the Pious Bank ) . In 1588 the newly elected King Sigismund III Vasa established the new post of court preacher , and Skarga became the first priest to hold it . Skarga became a valued adviser to the King , and Sigismund became so fond of him that when the priest considered retirement , Sigismund rejected this , requesting that he remain at court for as long as possible .
As part of his Counter @-@ Reformation policies , Skarga was also a major proponent of the Union of Brest , a merger between the Roman Catholic Church and a faction of the Eastern Orthodox Church . His influence on King Sigismund , whom he supported ( or encouraged ) in opposing religious tolerance and seeking to strengthen royal power , was a factor that has been cited as a cause of the civil war — the ( ultimately unsuccessful ) Zebrzydowski Rebellion of 1606 — in which the royal faction confronted a popular movement among the nobility , led by the Zebrzydowski family , who sought to depose Sigismund . Some critics referred to Skarga as " the principal mischief @-@ maker of the Kingdom " ( in the Latin , " pracecipuus turbator Regnii " ) .
In 1611 he delivered his final sermon before the Sejm and published his final work , an ideological testament , Wzywanie do jednej zbawiennej wiary ( A Call for One Redeeming Faith ) . He remained Sigismund 's court preacher until April 1612 , four months before his death .
Skarga died on 27 September 1612 and was buried in the Saints Peter and Paul Church in Kraków .
= = Writer = =
In addition to being a popular and well @-@ known preacher , Skarga was the author of numerous theological texts and polemics , and it is as a writer that his fame has endured .
His two most important works are The Lives of the Saints ( Żywoty świętych , 1579 ) and Sejm Sermons ( Kazania Sejmowe , 1597 ) . The former , a hagiography , won him fame in his lifetime , while the Sermons gained recognition only in subsequent centuries , during the Partitions of Poland . Tazbir describes the Lives as Skarga 's chief work and as a major attack on the religious tolerance promoted by the Warsaw Confederation . The book was immensely popular , the first edition selling out by 1583 . A second edition was published in 1585 , and by the mid @-@ 17th century twelve editions had been printed , making it one of the most popular books published in Poland and Lithuania in that era ( rivaled by the Kronika Polska — Polish Chronicles — of Marcin Bielski ) . It was Skarga 's most popular work and continued to rank highly with Polish readers until the 18th and 19th centuries , when it was eclipsed by his Sermons .
The Sermons , a political treatise composed in the guise of sermons , went almost unnoticed by contemporaries . In the Sermons , Skarga discusses what he sees as the problems of the ailing Commonwealth : lack of patriotism , internal quarrels , tolerance of heretics , the king 's relative powerlessness , perverse laws ( a critique of the nobility 's Golden Freedoms ) , and immorality . Another notable aspect of the book is its focus on the desperate plight of the serfs ( the peasants ) .
= = Importance = =
Janusz Tazbir , in his 1978 biography of Skarga , noted that " there already is an extensive literature on Skarga " . He attributed this to Skarga 's being the most famous figure of the Polish Counter @-@ Reformation , which gained him his initial fame ; and , later , to his rediscovered reform proposals which , while controversial in his time , gained him renown during the Partitions of Poland and have been well regarded since .
His popularity as the " patriotic seer " who predicted the Partitions reached a zenith in the second half of the 19th century , when some historians , such as Ignacy Chrzanowski , went so far as to speak of " the cult of Skarga . " Tazbir states that Skarga 's writings are valued primarily for their advocacy of political and socioeconomic reforms , rather than for their theological content .
From the Polish Enlightenment of the middle of the 18th century onward , his works , penned in Polish rather than in Latin , have also been increasingly valued for their style and contributions to the development of the written Polish language and of Polish literature . Skarga has been positively viewed not only by historians but by such luminaries of Polish culture as poet Adam Mickiewicz and painter Jan Matejko ; the former called Skarga 's Lives a " most poetic Polish masterpiece " , and the latter created a well @-@ known painting , Kazanie Skargi ( Skarga 's Sermon ) .
Over the centuries , Skarga became a character in a number of other artistic works , including a novel by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski , though he has never been the chief character in any literary work longer than a poem .
In 1936 , on the 400th anniversary of Skarga 's birth , with the endorsement of Poland 's President Ignacy Mościcki and the Polish government , the Polish writer Zofia Kossak @-@ Szczucka proposed that Skarga be beatified . Nearly eight decades later , Skarga 's cause for beatification was inaugurated on 12 June 2013 .
In 2012 , on the 400th anniversary of his death , the Polish Sejm declared that year the " Year of the Reverend Piotr Skarga " .
= = Writings = =
Pro Sacratissima Eucharistia contra haeresim Zwinglianam , ad Andream Volanum ( For the Most Sacred Eucharist , against the Zwinglian Heresy , 1576 )
Lives of the Saints ( Żywoty świętych , 1579 , 8 editions in his lifetime ) .
Artes duodecim Sacramentariorum , sive Zwinglio @-@ calvinistarum ( Siedem filarów , na których stoi katolicka nauka o Przenajświętszym Sakramencie Ołtarza , llThe Seven Pillars on Which Stands Catholic Doctrine on the Most Sacred Sacrament of the Altarll , 1582 )
Sejm Sermons ( Kazania sejmowe , 1597 , published posthumously ) .
Soldiers ' Devotions ( Żołnierskie nabożeństwo , 1606 ) .
Wzywanie do jednej zbawiennej wiary ( A Call for One Redeeming Faith , 1611 )
= HMAS Sydney ( D48 ) =
HMAS Sydney , named after the Australian city of Sydney , was one of three modified Leander @-@ class light cruisers operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . Ordered for the Royal Navy as HMS Phaeton , the cruiser was purchased by the Australian government and renamed prior to her 1934 launch .
During the early part of her operational history , Sydney helped enforce sanctions during the Abyssinian crisis , and at the start of World War II was assigned to convoy escort and patrol duties in Australian waters . In May 1940 , Sydney joined the British Mediterranean Fleet for an eight @-@ month deployment , during which she sank two Italian warships , participated in multiple shore bombardments , and provided support to the Malta Convoys , while receiving minimal damage and no casualties . On her return to Australia in February 1941 , Sydney resumed convoy escort and patrol duties in home waters .
On 19 November 1941 , Sydney was involved in a mutually destructive engagement with the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran , and was lost with all 645 aboard . The wrecks of both ships were lost until 2008 ; Sydney was found on 17 March , five days after her adversary . Sydney 's defeat is commonly attributed to the proximity of the two ships during the engagement , and Kormoran 's advantages of surprise and rapid , accurate fire . However , the cruiser 's loss with all hands compared to the survival of most of the Germans have resulted in controversy , with some alleging that the German commander used illegal ruses to lure Sydney into range , that a Japanese submarine was involved , and that the true events of the battle are concealed behind a wide @-@ ranging cover up .
= = Construction and acquisition = =
The ship was laid down by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson at Wallsend @-@ on @-@ Tyne , England , on 8 July 1933 for the Royal Navy as HMS Phaeton , named after the Greek mythological figure . However , in 1934 , the Australian government was seeking a replacement for the light cruiser HMAS Brisbane , and negotiated to purchase Phaeton while she was still under construction . The cruiser was renamed after the capital city of New South Wales , and was launched on 22 September 1934 by the wife of Stanley Bruce , former Prime Minister of Australia and the serving Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Sydney was commissioned into the RAN on 24 September 1935 , drawing her ship 's company from Brisbane , which had been decommissioned earlier that day .
Following the announcement that Australia was purchasing a British @-@ built cruiser , there was criticism , primarily from the Opposition of the day , stating that such a warship should be built using Australian resources and labour . Several reasons were given in reply for acquiring British @-@ built cruisers instead of Australian @-@ made : the ship was already close to completion , the pending threat of war meant that there was not enough time to train Australians in the necessary shipbuilding skills , and that of the two cruisers built in Australian shipyards , one ( HMAS Adelaide ) had taken seven years to complete .
= = Design = =
Sydney was one of three Modified Leander @-@ class light cruisers acquired by the RAN during the late 1930s . Although the first ship of the class to join the RAN , Sydney was the second ship to be laid down , although the first to be completed , in what was sometimes referred to as the Perth class : Perth and Hobart operated with the Royal Navy for a short period before they were purchased by Australia in 1938 . Like most British cruisers , the Leanders were designed for long range patrols , scouting , and trade protection duties .
Sydney 's displacement ranged between 6 @,@ 701 tons ( light ) and 8 @,@ 940 tons ( full load ) , with a standard displacement of 7 @,@ 198 tons : improved fabrication and welding techniques made her 52 tons lighter than her sister ships . She had a length of 530 feet ( 160 m ) between perpendiculars and 562 feet 4 inches ( 171 @.@ 40 m ) overall , a beam of 56 feet 8 @.@ 5 inches ( 17 @.@ 285 m ) , and a draught at standard displacement between 15 feet 3 inches ( 4 @.@ 65 m ) forward and 17 feet 3 inches ( 5 @.@ 26 m ) aft .
The ship was propelled by four Admiralty 3 @-@ drum boilers , feeding Parsons single reduction geared turbines , which supplied 72 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 54 @,@ 000 kW ) to the four propeller shafts . Unlike the first five Leanders , which had their machinery arranged on the " in @-@ line " principle ( consisting of six boilers in three compartments forward , and four turbines in two further compartments aft ) , Sydney was designed with two redundant machinery groups , a design practice adopted from the United States Navy . The cruiser had two boilers and the turbines for the outer shafts forward , and two boilers and the turbines for the inner shafts aft ; as steam from any boiler could be routed to any turbine , the ship could continue operating if one space was damaged . Each space had its own uptake , giving the modified ships a different profile to the single @-@ funnelled early Leanders ; an arrangement which contributed to naval historian Henry Lenton 's description of the Modified Leanders as " the most handsome cruisers ever built by the Royal Navy , with a symmetry that was as attractive as it was functional . "
Sydney and her sister ships were constructed from 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) hull plating , with a 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) armour belt over the machinery spaces ( the lengthening of this belt from 84 to 141 feet ( 26 to 43 m ) to adequately cover both spaces negated the weight reduction from their reorganisation ) , and 2 @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) plates over the shell rooms and magazines . Sydney was the first Australian warship fitted with asdic ; a Type 125 unit in a retractable pattern 3069 dome . The retractable sonar dome , located near the bow , was a weak point in the hull .
One of the cruiser 's early commanding officers , Royal Navy Captain J.W.A. Waller , believed that the ship 's single director control tower was a weak point in the design . The director control tower was the highest compartment on the ship , from where personnel would determine the range and optimum firing angle for a gun salvo , then transmit this information to the gun turrets : the actual firing could be controlled from the tower or the turret . Waller believed that the centralised system could be destroyed with a single hit , or the wiring linking the compartment to the turrets could be severed , forcing the four turrets to rely on independent control . Although Waller suggested that a second tower be installed aft to provide redundancy , it was deferred indefinitely as subsequent commanding officers did not share his concerns , and combat experiences of other Leander @-@ class cruisers showed that the system was more robust than expected .
= = = Armament = = =
Sydney 's main armament consisted of eight 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) breech @-@ loading Mk XXIII guns mounted in four Mk XXI twin turrets : " A " and " B " forward , " X " and " Y " aft . All eight guns could be fired in salvo , elevated to an angle of 60 ° and depressed to − 5 ° , and fire eight rounds a minute at targets up to 24 @,@ 800 yards ( 22 @,@ 700 m ) away .
Four 4 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) quick firing Mk V guns , mounted on single , high angle , Mk IV mountings , were fitted to a platform around the aft funnel . These were primarily used to target aircraft at heights up to 28 @,@ 750 feet ( 8 @,@ 760 m ) , but could also be used against surface targets , with a maximum range of 16 @,@ 300 yards ( 14 @,@ 900 m ) . Their replacement with eight Mk XIX high @-@ angle / low @-@ angle guns in four twin mounts , which was to occur in the late 1930s , was prevented by the outbreak of World War II . The guns could have been swapped out during a maintenance docking , but the demand for cruisers and Sydney 's fortune in never sustaining major damage meant that the additional time in dock could not be justified . For close @-@ range anti @-@ aircraft defence , the 4 @-@ inch guns were supplemented by twelve 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 13 mm ) Vickers Mk III machine guns , which were arranged in three Mk II quadruple mountings , one on each side of the forward superstructure , and the third on top of the aft superstructure .
A mixture of 0 @.@ 303 @-@ inch ( 7 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns were used for close defence work , and could be fitted to pedestals at various points on the ship , primarily around the bridge and on the three searchlight platforms ( one either side of the forward funnel , the third raised above the aft superstructure ) . At launch , Sydney carried fourteen Lewis machine guns and two Vickers machine guns , but by the start of World War II , the Lewis guns had been reduced to nine , and the Vickers guns removed completely .
Eight 21 @-@ inch ( 530 mm ) torpedo tubes were fitted in two QR Mk VII quadruple mounts to the deck below the platform for the 4 @-@ inch guns . Only eight Mark 9 torpedoes were carried . Sydney was fitted with a single depth charge rail at the stern , which held five Mk VII depth charges . Four 3 @-@ pounder ( 47 @-@ mm , 1 @.@ 9 @-@ in ) quick @-@ firing Hotchkiss guns were carried as saluting guns . These were removed during the August 1940 refit .
Sydney was fitted with a 53 @-@ foot ( 16 m ) , cordite @-@ powered revolving catapult between the two funnels , which was used to launch a Supermarine Walrus ( sometimes described as a Seagull V ) amphibious aircraft . The Walrus was operated by Royal Australian Air Force personnel from No. 5 Squadron RAAF ( which was redesignated No. 9 Squadron RAAF in 1939 ) . The 7 @-@ ton electric crane used to recover the aircraft also served to deploy most of the ship 's boats .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Early history = = =
Sydney completed working up trials before sailing from Portsmouth on 29 October 1935 , Captain J.U.P. Fitzgerald RN in command . Almost immediately after departing , Sydney was instructed to join the Royal Navy 's Mediterranean Fleet at Gibraltar and assist the 2nd Cruiser Squadron in enforcing economic sanctions against Italy in response to the Abyssinian crisis . During January 1936 , the cruiser underwent maintenance in Alexandria and visited medical facilities in Cyprus : cases of rubella and mumps had been circulating through the ship 's company since late 1935 . In March , Sydney was reassigned the 1st Cruiser Squadron , where she and the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia continued to enforce sanctions and participate in fleet exercises with Royal Navy units . Following the resolution of the Abyssinian crisis , Sydney departed for Australia on 14 July ; reaching Fremantle in late July before visiting Melbourne on 8 August and arriving in her namesake city three days later .
After reaching Australian waters , Sydney spent most of her time on fleet exercises and training cruises . In 1938 , the cruiser was one of several RAN units prepared to respond to the Munich crisis , but all ships stood down after the potential war was averted . From 17 to 19 April 1939 , Sydney was one of eight warships involved in a joint forces trade protection exercise off the south @-@ east Australian coast . In early August 1939 , Sydney was in Darwin , prior to visiting the Netherlands East Indies . However , in response to the events which prompted the start of World War II , Sydney was ordered to sail to Fremantle on a war footing , where she arrived on 22 August .
= = = Start of World War II = = =
Following the declaration of war , Sydney was instructed to carry out patrol and escort duties in Australian waters . Captain John Collins took over command of Sydney on 16 November . On 28 November , Sydney joined the Australian heavy cruisers Australia and Canberra in an unsuccessful four @-@ day search for the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee , which was known to be operating in the Indian Ocean . Sydney was relieved by HMAS Adelaide on 13 December , and sailed to Cockatoo Island in Sydney for a maintenance docking . The work was completed in late January 1940 , and as a shakedown cruise Sydney joined Canberra and the British ships Leander and Ramillies in escorting the Suez @-@ bound Anzac convoy US 1 ; Sydney broke off after the convoy left the east coast of Australia and returned to Sydney . Returning to Fremantle on 6 February , Sydney relieved Australia as the cruiser responsible for patrol and escort duties on the west coast .
On 19 April , Sydney joined the escort of Anzac convoy US 2 off Albany , and remained with the convoy until it reached the Cocos Island on 28 April and was replaced by French cruiser Suffren . The Australian cruiser set course for Fremantle , but on 1 May was assigned to the East Indies Station and rerouted to Colombo , where she arrived on 8 May . Arriving in Colombo on 8 May , Sydney was immediately tasked with meeting Anzac convoy US 3 off the Cocos Islands and escorting it across the Indian Ocean . The cruiser departed on 12 May , but while en route , she was instructed to make for the Mediterranean . Arriving back in Colombo on 18 May , Sydney replenished before sailing at high speed to Aden , where she arrived four days later . The Australian cruiser , accompanied by HM Ships Gloucester and Eagle , departed the next day , with the ships crossing the Suez Canal during the night of 25 – 26 May , and arriving in Alexandria that afternoon at 15 : 30 . Sydney was originally marked for operations in the Red Sea , but after observing the performance of an Australian five @-@ destroyer flotilla assigned to the British Mediterranean Fleet , Admiral Andrew Cunningham decided to " keep the Australian cruiser for himself " and attached Sydney to the Royal Navy 's 7th Cruiser Squadron .
= = = Mediterranean operations = = =
Sydney was in Alexandria harbour on 10 June 1940 , and that evening learned of Italy 's intention to declare war at midnight . By 01 : 00 on 11 June , all ships in harbour had departed to search for Italian warships in position to attack Alexandria , and secure the sea lines of communication in the eastern Mediterranean and Aegean . The Australian cruiser was involved in the westbound sweep , and sailed as far as the Gulf of Taranto during the four @-@ day operation . Apart from an unsuccessful depth charge attack on a suspected submarine during the afternoon of 13 June , Sydney did not encounter any enemy vessels .
On 21 June , Sydney fired in anger for the first time , joining the British cruisers Orion and Neptune , the French battleship Lorraine , and a force of destroyers in shelling the Italian port of Bardia . Sydney focused her fire on a military camp throughout the twenty @-@ two @-@ minute bombardment . During this operation , the Australian ship 's Walrus amphibian performed bombardment spotting for the squadron , but was fired on by three biplanes : although reported at the time as Italian Fiat CR.42s , the attackers were later determined to be British Gloster Gladiators . The pilot flew the damaged aircraft to Mersa Matruh , and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his skill in doing so , but the unrepairable Walrus was the only casualty of the operation . The next day , a retaliatory airstrike against the ships , by then having returned to Alexandria , failed to do damage . That same day , Germany and Vichy France signed the Second Armistice at Compiègne : although French warships ( which had until that point operated with the Allies ) were ordered to return to France and disarm , the British government was unwilling to allow them to fall into Axis hands . Sydney and the British warships in Alexandria turned their guns on the French , but unlike the situation in Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir , which deteriorated into a naval battle , British Admiral Cunningham and French Admiral René @-@ Emile Godfroy peacefully negotiated to disarm the ships at Alexandria .
Sydney and other elements of the 7th Squadron sailed from Alexandria on 27 June , escorting a Malta convoy . Late on 28 June , the ships engaged a force of three Italian destroyers . Although two Italian vessels were able to withdraw , the third , Espero was disabled . At 20 : 00 , Sydney ( which had little opportunity to fire during the engagement ) was detailed to recover any survivors and sink the destroyer while the rest of the force continued on to Malta . However , while 6 @,@ 000 yards ( 5 @,@ 500 m ) from Espero , the Italian ship fired two shells , both of which fell in line with but short of the cruiser . Sydney opened fire , and after four salvos struck the destroyer with no shots fired in return , resumed the approach . Espero sank at 20 : 35 , and Sydney remained in the area for almost two hours to collect survivors despite the risk of submarine attack , before she was ordered to withdraw to Alexandria . The cruiser rescued 47 Italians ( three of whom died from wounds during the return voyage ) , and left a fully provisioned cutter in the water to be used by other Italian survivors after Sydney had departed .
On the evening of 7 July , Sydney departed from Alexandria as part of a fleet including four other light cruisers , three battleships , an aircraft carrier , and sixteen destroyers , divided into three groups . The three groups were to rendezvous on 9 July at a point 120 nautical miles ( 220 km ; 140 mi ) east of Cape Passero and 150 nautical miles ( 280 km ; 170 mi ) from Malta , at which point the destroyers would escort two convoys outbound from Malta , while the other vessels would attack targets of opportunity around Sicily . However , early on 8 June , the British submarine HMS Phoenix reported that she had unsuccessfully attacked an Italian fleet including two battleships . Throughout the day , the fleet had to defend itself from multiple Italian air raids : at one point Sydney and the other cruisers of the 7th Squadron attacked what they thought was a high @-@ flying bomber , but was later determined to be the planet Venus . Aerial reconnaissance located the Italian force during the afternoon , which was made up of at least two battleships , accompanied by multiple cruisers and destroyers . The sightings of such a large force of warships , combined with the heavy air attack , led Admiral Andrew Cunningham to conclude that the Italians were also covering a major convoy , and decide to reposition his fleet between the Italians and Taranto , the projected destination .
Contact with the Italian fleet was lost during the night , but regained in the morning of 9 July . By 14 : 00 , the Allied fleet had positioned itself in the Italians ' path , and Cunningham ordered them west , to close on the projected position of the enemy and engage . Sydney spotted smoke at 14 : 45 , and made visual contact with a force of five cruisers just after 15 : 00 . The Allied cruiser squadron , supported by the battleship HMS Warspite altered their course northward , and at 15 : 20 , Sydney opened fire on an Italian Zara @-@ class cruiser , 23 @,@ 000 yards ( 21 @,@ 000 m ) distant , but both the Allied and Italian cruiser forces were unable to successfully hit their opposing numbers . Sydney remained unsuccessful until the late part of the engagement , when she successfully shelled a smokescreen @-@ laying destroyer . The naval component of what came to be known as the Battle of Calabria concluded around 17 : 00 , with Cunningham unwilling to pursue the Italian fleet through the smokescreen they had created . The Allied ships instead broke off for Malta , while enduring several heavy but ineffective air attacks ; during the safe delivery of Malta Convoy MA 5 and the return to Alexandria on 13 July , Sydney sustained no damage , but expended all her anti @-@ aircraft ammunition . Sydney 's participation in the battle earned the ship a battle honour : " Calabria 1940 " .
The Australian cruiser spent five days in Alexandria for resupply and maintenance , before departing for Crete with the British destroyer HMS Havock . They arrived at sunset on 18 July , and the next morning , the two ships were ordered to patrol the Gulf of Athens for Axis warships and shipping , while providing support for a four @-@ ship destroyer force ( HM Ships Hyperion , Ilex , Hero , and Hasty ) conducting an anti @-@ submarine sweep north of Crete . Believing that these two tasks were incompatible , and that protecting the destroyers was the more important , Sydney 's commander , Captain John Collins , ordered the two ships to move 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) south of their patrol area while maintaining radio silence . At 07 : 20 on 19 July , the destroyer force spotted and was spotted by a pair of Italian light cruisers ; Giovanni dalle Bande Nere and Bartolomeo Colleoni , which opened fire seven minutes later . The British destroyers turned to a north @-@ east heading and set off at 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) , broadcasting news of the attack to the silent Sydney while closing the gap between the two forces . Using the wireless signals to track the four destroyers , Sydney and Havock made to intercept the destroyers and their cruiser pursuit , and was able to close at least half an hour earlier than if they had followed their original instructions : when Sydney opened fire on Bande Nere at 08 : 29 , both sides were surprised by the appearance of the cruiser . Within minutes , Sydney had successfully damaged Bande Nere , and when the Italians withdrew to the south , the six Allied ships pursued . At 08 : 48 , with Bande Nere hiding behind a smoke screen , Sydney shifted her fire to Bartolomeo Colleoni , which was disabled by 09 : 33 . Collins ordered the destroyers to torpedo the ship and rescue survivors : Hyperion , Ilex , and Havock did so , while Hero and Hasty supported Sydney in continuing pursuit of Bande Nere . At 10 : 37 , the chase ended , as the faster Italian cruiser had outrun the Allies , visibility was reduced by smoke and haze , and ammunition aboard the pursuing ships was low : Sydney had ten shells left for her forward turrets . The six ships returned to Alexandria around 11 : 00 on 20 July after fending off several air attacks ( one of which damaged Havock ) , and were met by cheering from all ships in the harbour .
The only damage to Sydney during what came to be known as the Battle of Cape Spada was caused by a shell at 09 : 21 , which knocked a hole in the forward funnel , and wounded a sailor through splinter damage . For his actions , Collins was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath , while other officers and sailors from Sydney received two Distinguished Service Orders , two Distinguished Service Crosses , five Distinguished Service Medals , and twelve Mentions in Despatches between them . Sydney herself was awarded the battle honour " Spada 1940 " .
After refuelling and rearming , Sydney and HMS Neptune departed Alexandria on 27 July to join the covering force for a southbound convoy from the Aegean . The ships were attacked five times that afternoon by aircraft , but Sydney escaped with only minor damage and shrapnel wounds . The two cruisers broke away from the convoy the next day to locate and sink the Italian tanker Ermioni , which was supplying the Dodecanese Islands . The two cruisers located Ermioni just before dusk : Sydney provided anti @-@ submarine protection while the tanker 's crew were convinced to transfer to the British warships , after which Ermioni was shelled by Neptune . The two ships returned to Alexandria on 30 July , and Sydney departed the same day in company with HMS Orion for a three @-@ day patrol .
Back in Alexandria , Sydney underwent a refit , during which a 3 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) high , 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 13 mm ) thick wall of armour plating was constructed around the 4 @-@ inch gun platform , while the ship 's company repainted the ship from standard grey to a naval camouflage pattern . The refit was completed by 12 August , when Sydney , Neptune , and five destroyers set off to interdict Axis shipping along the north African coast and the Aegean Sea . The operation was cancelled after no ships were located during the first two days , and Sydney was tasked with assisting a destroyer squadron during shore bombardments at Bomba and Bardia . At the end of the month , the cruiser joined the escort of Malta convoy MB 5 .
On the return voyage , Sydney and several other vessels were tasked with attacking Italian facilities . Canvas and timber were used to alter the cruiser 's profile to resemble an Italian Condottieri @-@ class cruiser , allowing her to manoeuvre close to Scarpanto during the night of 3 – 4 September . At dawn , Sydney and the British destroyer Ilex attacked the Italian Makri Yalo Airbase at Scarpanto ; the cruiser fired 135 shells in 25 minutes , while the destroyer fended off five E @-@ boats , sinking two . On completion , the two ships rejoined the fleet , but were again mistaken for Italian warships and nearly fired on before Sydney raised the White Ensign and cut down her disguise . Admiral Cunningham congratulated Sydney with the message " Well Done . You are a stormy petrel . " , which was adopted as a nickname for the cruiser . On her return to Alexandria , the Australian cruiser underwent another short refit , which was completed late in the month : on 24 September Sydney supported HMS Protector during the interception of a French merchant ship , then completed a two @-@ day patrol west of Cyprus . Late on 28 September , Sydney joined the heavy escort of a Malta @-@ bound troop convoy . During the return voyage , Sydney and HMS Orion left the fleet on 1 October for a sweep of the Aegean Sea , which was concluded with a brief bombardment of Maltezana before returning to Alexandria two days later .
The entire Mediterranean fleet sailed from Alexandria on 8 October to provide cover for several Malta Convoys , and attempt to draw the Italian fleet into battle . The convoys reached their destination safely , and the operation was uneventful for Sydney ; the only contact with Italian forces was an engagement during the early morning of 12 October between the British cruiser Ajax and seven Italian torpedo boats and destroyers , of which Ajax sank three and damaged a fourth . From 25 October , Sydney , Orion , and the destroyers Jervis and Juno were engaged in a sweep of the Aegean for Axis vessels , reaching as far north as the Dardanelles . No major incidents occurred until 28 October , when the Italians invaded Greece : the four ships were recalled to Alexandria , where they arrived that evening . Shortly after , the two cruisers were joined by HM Ships York and Gloucester and met the main force of the Mediterranean fleet west of Crete on 30 October . Over the next few days , the warships patrolled around Crete and along the Greek mainland , and provided cover for the first supply convoy to Crete .
On 5 November , Sydney and HMS Ajax departed from Port Said with military equipment to be used to establish an Allied advanced base at Souda Bay , Crete . After delivering the equipment , which included almost 1 @,@ 000 soldiers , the equipment for a Bofors battery , cases of food , and several trucks , the cruisers rejoined the main fleet . The Mediterranean Fleet remained on patrol for several days , and during the night of 11 – 12 November , while the bulk of the fleet supported the world 's first all @-@ naval @-@ aircraft attack on the Italian fleet anchored in Taranto , Sydney , Ajax , Orion and the destroyers Nubian and Mohawk attempted to transit the Strait of Otranto as a diversion . Despite the mission of " looking for trouble " , the northbound passage through the strait passed without incident . The return was not so uneventful : at 01 : 20 , a convoy of four merchantmen with two escorting destroyers was spotted by Sydney 's lookouts . The Allied warships manoeuvred in close , and opened fire at 01 : 27 : Sydney directing her fire onto a freighter 7 @,@ 000 yards ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) away . During the 23 @-@ minute engagement , the cruiser successfully contributed to the destruction of three merchant ships and damaged a destroyer , avoided a torpedo , and unsuccessfully fired two in return . At 01 : 57 , the undamaged Allied force departed the strait , and met the main fleet before midday .
From 15 to 20 November , Sydney and three other cruisers transported 4 @,@ 000 Allied soldiers and their equipment from Alexandria to the Piraeus as reinforcements for the Greek military . On returning to Alexandria , Sydney deployed with the majority of the Mediterranean fleet to cover multiple convoys across the sea : the Australian cruiser spent the remainder of the month operating throughout the eastern and central Mediterranean , and was bombed by Italian aircraft on 24 November at Souda Bay , but escaped damage . Sydney started December in the Aegean , where she escorted convoys and shelled the port of Valona , then proceeded to Malta for a refit and repairs to her rudder , which lasted until the end of the year . During this refit , the cruiser was fitted with degaussing equipment . The ship rejoined the fleet on 8 January 1941 , when she was instructed to head home after proceeding along the north coast of Africa and linking up with any Australia @-@ bound merchant ships she encountered . The recall was attributed to the need to bring Sydney in for a major refit and give her personnel leave , a plan to spread combat experience throughout the RAN by trading the cruiser with her sister ship , Perth , and a need to protect Australia against the German merchant raiders operating in the area , particularly following the attacks on Nauru .
Before leaving , 100 of the ship 's company were removed on 11 January , so they could be sent to England to help man the new N @-@ class destroyers . The next day , the ship sailed for Aden via the Suez Canal . Sydney and the troopship Empress of Canada left Aden on 16 January to join Convoy SW 4B , which Sydney escorted until relieved by HMS Ceres four days later . The Australian cruiser was instructed to attack any Italian ships at Mogadiscio , but as there were no large merchant ships in port and Sydney was forbidden to attack the harbour itself , she then proceeded to the Seychelles to refuel . On 24 January , Sydney was one of several warships which responded to an attack on the merchantman Mandasor by the German merchant raider Atlantis . Despite a three @-@ day search , Sydney did not come into contact with Atlantis . Sydney resumed her voyage home , and arrived in her namesake city after sunset on 9 February . The cruiser anchored in Watsons Bay for the night , then sailed into the inner harbour the next morning and tied up alongside at Sydney Cove to a heroes ' welcome . On 11 February , a holiday was declared for school students in Sydney , so they could join the thousands of people who witnessed the ship 's company perform a freedom of entry march .
As well as the battle honours for the battles at Calabria and Cape Spada , Sydney was granted the " Mediterranean 1940 " battle honour for her various actions during the Mediterranean naval campaign . During the eight @-@ month deployment , the only fatality in the ship 's company was a death due to illness .
= = = Australian waters = = =
Following a short refit , Sydney sailed for Fremantle on 27 February , where she was assigned to escort and patrol tasks in the Indian Ocean . This primarily involved meeting convoys off the southern Australian coast and escorting them on the next leg of their journey , either westbound to the Middle East and Europe , or northwards to the Dutch East Indies .
In April , Sydney escorted the troopship Queen Mary from Fremantle to Jervis Bay , before embarking Admiral Ragnar Colvin and a party of advisors from all three branches of the Australian military and transporting them to Singapore by 19 April for a secret conference between the British Commonwealth , the Netherlands East Indies , and the United States of America . The cruiser returned to Fremantle before month 's end , after which Collins handed command over to Captain Joseph Burnett on 15 May . Shortly after , the cruiser escorted the transport SS Zealandia during a troop transport run to Singapore . Sydney escorted the troopship to Sunda Strait , where responsibility was handed over to the British light cruiser HMS Danae . In early June , Sydney met Zealandia and Danae on the troopship 's return voyage , and took over escort duties from Sunda Strait back to Fremantle . After replenishing in Fremantle , Zealandia joined a multiple ship convoy to the east coast of Australia , which was also escorted by Sydney . The convoy departed on 24 June and made for Sydney , after which the cruiser joined the escort of a Pacific convoy before returning for maintenance . This concluded on 8 August , when Sydney escorted the troopship Awatea to New Zealand , then Fiji .
On her return to Sydney at the end of August , the cruiser joined the troopships Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth during the first leg of their voyage ( Anzac convoy US 12A ) , escorting them until rendezvousing with Canberra in the Great Australian Bight . Sydney then sailed to Melbourne , and remained until 19 September , during which her camouflage was repainted in a new pattern . The cruiser then escorted the four @-@ ship Anzac convoy US 12B to Fremantle : heavy seas while crossing the Great Australian Bight caused " A " turret to become jammed on a port facing . This was repaired in Fremantle , and the convoy proceeded to Sunda Strait , where Sydney handed the merchant ships over to the British cruisers Glasgow and Danae on 3 October and set course for Fremantle . On the night of 5 – 6 October , a mysterious ship that responded to challenge signals near Rottnest Island then disappeared led the Naval Officer in Charge Fremantle to believe that the approaches to the harbour had been mined . Sydney was diverted to intercept Queen Mary before the troopship reached Fremantle , and ordered to remain with her until a channel was swept and found free of mines . After reaching port on 7 October , Sydney officially assumed patrol and escort duties in Western Australian waters .
The next few weeks were uneventful for Sydney , and between 18 and 29 October , the cruiser visited Geraldton and Bunbury . On 2 November , the Australian cruiser sailed to meet Zealandia off Albany . The troopship was on a second troop transport run to Singapore ; delivering the 8th Division . The two ships returned to Fremantle , and on 11 November , they departed for Sunda Strait . Zealandia was handed over on 17 November to HMS Durban for the next leg , and the Australian cruiser turned for home : she was scheduled to arrive in Fremantle late on 20 November .
= = Final battle and loss = =
Note : all times in this section are UTC + 7
On the afternoon of 19 November 1941 , Sydney was off the coast of Western Australia , near Carnarvon , and heading south towards Fremantle . Around 15 : 55 , the cruiser spotted a merchant ship on a northbound course , which quickly turned away from the coast at 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . Sydney increased speed to 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) and made to intercept . As she closed the gap , Sydney began to signal the unidentified merchantman , first by signal light , then after no reply was forthcoming and the distance between the two ships had decreased , by a combination of light and signal flag . The merchant ship hoisted her callsign , but as she was ahead and just port of Sydney , the flags were obscured by the funnel . A request from the cruiser that the merchant ship make her signal letters clear , which the signals officer did by lengthening the halyard and swinging the flags clear . The callsign was that of the Dutch ship Straat Malakka , but she was not on Sydney 's list of ships meant to be in the area . Further flag signals were exchanged between the ships , with Sydney asking the Dutch ship 's destination and cargo .
At 17 : 00 , a distress signal was transmitted by Straat Malakka , indicating that she was being pursued by a merchant raider . Following this , Sydney pulled alongside the merchant ship from astern ; pacing the merchantman on a parallel course , approximately 1 @,@ 300 metres ( 4 @,@ 300 ft ) away . Sydney 's main guns and port torpedo launcher were trained on the ship , while she sent the interior portion of Straat Malakka 's secret callsign . Fifteen minutes later , at around 17 : 30 , the merchantman had not replied , and Sydney sent a signal ordering her to show the secret callsign .
Straat Malakka had not replied because she was the German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran in disguise , and when asked to reveal a callsign the Germans did not know , they responded by decamouflaging and opened fire . Prompted by the raider 's unveiling , Sydney also fired ( accounts are divided as to which ship fired first ) , but while her first salvo either missed or passed through Kormoran 's upper superstructure with minimal damage , four of the raider 's six 15 @-@ centimetre ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns ( the other two guns were on the port side and could not fire to starboard ) were able to destroy the cruiser 's bridge and gun director tower , damage the forward turrets , and set the aircraft on fire . Sydney did not fire again until after the raider 's sixth salvo : " Y " turret fired without effect , but " X " turret was able to put multiple shells into Kormoran , damaging machinery spaces and one of the raider 's guns , while igniting an oil tank . During this , Kormoran maintained heavy fire , and around the time of the eighth or ninth German salvo , a torpedo launched at the start of the engagement hit Sydney just forward of " A " turret and near the ASDIC compartment ( the weakest point on the ship 's hull ) , ripping a hole in the side and causing the bow of the cruiser to angle down . Down by the bows , the cruiser swung hard to port , and passed behind Kormoran ; during the turn , shells from the raider knocked " B " turret off Sydney .
By 17 : 35 , Sydney was heading south and losing speed , wreathed in smoke from multiple fires . Her main armament was disabled ( the two aft turrets had jammed on a port facing and could not be swung around ) , and her secondary guns were out of effective range . The cruiser continued to be hit by shells from Kormoran 's aft guns as the distance between the ships increased . The Germans reported that around 17 : 45 , all four torpedoes from Sydney 's starboard launcher were fired , but as Kormoran was manoeuvring to bring her port broadside to bear , they all missed . In fact , only two torpedoes from Sydney 's port launcher were ever fired , which must have happened some time earlier . The raider 's engines broke down after this turn , but she continued to fire on Sydney at a high rate despite being immobilised , although many of the shells would have missed as the distance between the two ships increased . Kormoran ceased fire at 17 : 50 , with the range at 6 @,@ 600 yards ( 6 @,@ 000 m ) , and launched another torpedo at 18 : 00 , but missed Sydney .
The Australian cruiser continued on a south @-@ south @-@ east heading at low speed ; observers aboard Kormoran doubted that Sydney was under control . Although disappearing over the horizon shortly later , the glow from the damaged , burning warship was consistently seen by the Germans until about 22 : 00 , and sporadically until midnight . At some point during the night , Sydney lost buoyancy and sank : the bow was torn off as she submerged and descended almost vertically , while the rest of the hull glided 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) forward as she sank , hitting the bottom upright and stern first . Sydney 's shells had crippled Kormoran ; the German sailors abandoned ship after it was determined that below @-@ deck fires could not be controlled before they reached the gun magazines or the mines in the cargo hold . The raider was scuttled at midnight , and sank slowly until the mine deck exploded half an hour later .
= = = Aftermath = = =
Sydney 's failure to reach Fremantle on 20 November was not initially cause for concern , as several factors might have delayed the cruiser , none of which were sufficient reason to break the order to maintain wireless silence . However , with no sign of the cruiser by 23 November , shore @-@ based wireless stations began transmitting orders for Sydney to break silence and report in . A raft of German survivors was recovered by a British tanker on 24 November , at which point a large @-@ scale air and sea search began . During this search , which lasted until the evening of 29 November , 318 survivors from Kormoran 's 399 personnel were found , but apart from a carley float and a lifebelt , nothing from Sydney or the 645 aboard was recovered .
Australian Prime Minister John Curtin officially announced the loss of the cruiser during the afternoon of 30 November . Sydney 's destruction was a major blow to Australian morale and military capability : her ship 's company made up 35 % of the RAN 's wartime casualties . The cruiser 's loss did not have the same impact internationally ; two British capital ships were destroyed during the same fortnight , and Japan entered World War II with attacks on Pearl Harbor and Singapore three weeks later .
The German survivors were taken to Fremantle and interrogated . Attempts to learn what had happened were hampered by the German officers instructing their sailors to obfuscate the enemy with false answers , people describing events they did not witness but heard of later , and difficulty in keeping groups separated in order to check their stories against each other . Despite this , Australian authorities were able to piece together the broad details of the battle , which was verified by a group of German sailors who had been taken to Sydney instead : their interviews showed the same commonalities and inconsistencies as those from Fremantle , and the interrogators concluded that the true story was being recounted . Interrogations were concluded in December , and by the end of January , Kormoran 's personnel had been moved to prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps in Victoria , where they remained until their repatriation to Germany in early 1947 .
On 6 February 1942 , a Carley float containing a dead body was spotted just off Christmas Island and towed ashore . Examination of the raft and its occupant led the island 's inhabitants to believe that they were from Sydney . Although a 1949 investigation conducted by the Royal Navy stated the raft was not from HMAS Sydney , and while some historians agreed , others concluded that the raft and the body originated from Sydney . The body was exhumed in October 2006 and reburied at Geraldton Cemetery in November 2008 , after DNA was extracted . As of 2009 , attempts to compare the DNA with relatives of Sydney personnel had yet to identify the unknown sailor .
= = = Controversy = = =
The battle between Sydney and Kormoran is seen as controversial : the disbelief that a modified merchant ship could so successfully defeat a cruiser combined with the lack of Australian survivors led some to believe that the German account was false . Rumours that the battle was not what it seemed had been around since Sydney failed to reach Fremantle on schedule in 1941 , but several historians ( including Tom Frame and Wesley Olson ) credit Michael Montgomery and his 1980 book Who Sank The Sydney ? with igniting the controversy .
The main claims made by supporters of an alternative view of the engagement include : that the Germans fired on Sydney before raising their battle ensign , or after using a flag of surrender or signals of distress to lure the cruiser in , that a Japanese submarine was partially or completely responsible for sinking Sydney , that the involvement of the Japanese was covered up to lure the United States into the war , and that Australian survivors were killed in the water to eliminate witnesses . Other claims , less widely heard , include a belief that Sydney was not at action stations and thus not prepared for Kormoran 's attack , distress calls from the cruiser were heard by Australian shore facilities but ignored , and that survivors were captured then executed by the Japanese . These claims have been proven false by historians and researchers ; the 1998 inquiry by the Joint Standing Committee for Foreign Affairs , Defence , and Trade concluded that the German accounts were a " feasible " interpretation of the battle , but there was no reliable evidence to support any of the alternative claims , while the 2009 report for the Cole Inquiry ( the third volume of which was completely dedicated to the " frauds , conspiracies and speculations " surrounding the battle ) found nothing to substantiate any of the theories raised .
In addition , most researchers have speculated as to why Sydney was so close to an unknown vessel , with various levels of blame assigned to Captain Burnett for the demise of his ship . Theories to explain Burnett 's actions include that he was inexperienced or incompetent , deceived by Kormoran 's disguise , the idea that he was under conflicting orders instructing that raiders be attacked at range but enemy supply ships be captured , or that he was trying to clearly identify the merchantman .
= = Search and rediscovery = =
Despite the approximate position of Kormoran being known ( most German accounts giving the battle coordinates as 26 ° S 111 ° E ) , the required search area for both ships was immense . Calculating a search area was complicated by the fact that several people distrusted the German location , and believed the ships would be found further south and closer to shore . Several attempts to bring supporters of the ' northern ' and ' southern ' positions to a consensus and narrow down the potential search area were unsuccessful .
Multiple searches were carried out by the RAN between 1974 and 1997 ( using the survey ship HMAS Moresby and later the trials ship HMAS Protector ) , but efforts were restricted to the continental shelf , and were usually in response to civilian claims that they had found Sydney at a certain location . Other searches were conducted by RAAF aircraft carrying magnetometers ; again , these were only in response to possible location claims . These searches failed to find either ship .
American shipwreck hunter David Mearns first learned of the battle in 1996 , and began to study it as a prelude to a search for the ships in 2001 . Mearns , with the aid of other researchers , focused on primary sources ( rediscovering several archive files and diaries in the process ) , and came to the conclusion that the German accounts were true , and that the ship would be found at the northern position . After attracting the interest of the RAN , Mearns entered into a partnership with HMAS Sydney Search , a not @-@ for @-@ profit company set up to administer and help fund an expedition to locate Sydney and Kormoran . State and Federal government grants totalling just under A $ 5 million , coupled with private and corporate donations , were used to fund a 45 @-@ day search from the end of February to early April 2008 .
Mearns ' plan was to inspect a 52 @-@ by @-@ 34 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 96 by 63 km ; 60 by 39 mi ) search box around the German location with a deep @-@ water , towed side @-@ scan sonar to locate Kormoran , after which the search team would be able to narrow down the search area for Sydney . After locating one or both vessels , the search ship ( survey vessel SV Geosounder , chartered from the subsea exploration company DOF Subsea Australia ) would return to port and replace the sonar with a remotely operated vehicle ( ROV ) to photograph and video the wrecks . After problems with equipment and weather , Geosounder commenced the search , and located Kormoran on 12 March 2008 at 26 ° 05 ′ 46 ″ S 111 ° 04 ′ 33 ″ E. Using the newly discovered wreck and the accounts of the Germans describing Sydney 's heading , speed , and last sighting after the battle , a 20 @-@ by @-@ 18 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 37 by 33 km ; 23 by 21 mi ) search box for the cruiser was calculated : the dramatically smaller area was due to the quality of information regarding Sydney 's position and heading in relation to Kormoran , while the raider 's location consisted of only broad coordinates .
Sydney was located on 17 March 2008 just after 11 : 00 , only hours after Kormoran 's discovery was made public . News that the cruiser had been found was announced by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd on 18 March . Sydney 's wreck was located at 26 ° 14 ′ 31 ″ S 111 ° 12 ′ 48 ″ E at 2 @,@ 468 metres ( 8 @,@ 097 ft ) below sea level , 11 @.@ 4 nautical miles ( 21 @.@ 1 km ; 13 @.@ 1 mi ) south @-@ east of the raider . The bow of the cruiser had broken off as the ship sank , and was located at the opposite end of a debris field stretching less than 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) north @-@ west from the hull , which was sitting upright on the ocean floor . On discovery , both wrecks were placed under the protection of the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 , which penalises anyone disturbing a protected shipwreck with a fine of up to A $ 10 @,@ 000 or a maximum five years imprisonment . Both wrecks were placed on the Australian National Heritage List on 14 March 2011 .
After the side @-@ scan sonar aboard Geosounder was switched out for the ROV ( again delayed by technical issues and more bad weather ) , the survey ship returned to Sydney 's wreck site on 3 April , and performed a detailed study of the ship and her debris field . Inspections were also carried out on Kormoran and the believed battle site ( the latter found to be outcrops of pillow lava ) , before Mearns declared the search over on 7 April . In April 2015 , an expedition to the wrecks by Curtin University and the Western Australian Museum commenced , with the objective of using 3D imaging to map the wrecksites for further study , and to determine if any deterioration since the 2008 discovery requires the development of a conservation management plan .
= = Awards , memorials , and legacy = =
Sydney was granted the battle honour " Kormoran 1941 " in recognition of the damage done to Kormoran . This was one of only three honours awarded during the 20th century for the sinking of a single ship , and the second to a ship named Sydney ( the other had been awarded to the previous Sydney for her defeat of the German light cruiser SMS Emden at the Battle of Cocos ) .
The main memorial for the loss of Sydney is located at Geraldton , Western Australia , on top of Mount Scott . Planning for the memorial commenced in late 1997 , after a speech by Sydney researcher Glenys McDonald at the local Rotary club . The first , temporary memorial ( consisting of a large boulder , a flagpole , and a bronze plaque ) , was installed prior to 19 November 1998 , and was used in a remembrance ceremony that year . During the playing of the Last Post , a large flock of seagulls flew over the participants and headed out to sea in formation : this became a major feature of the permanent memorial . The permanent memorial included four major elements : a stele of the same size and shape of the ship 's prow , a granite wall listing the ship 's company , a bronze statue of a woman looking out to sea and waiting in vain for the cruiser to come home , and a dome ( dubbed the " dome of souls " ) onto which 645 stainless steel seagulls were welded . The memorial ( minus the stele , which had not been completed in time ) was dedicated on 18 November 2001 , and was used the next evening for a commemoration ceremony marking the 60th anniversary of the ship 's loss . In May 2009 , the memorial was recognised by the Australian government as being of national significance . By 2011 , the stele had been completed , and a fifth element — a pool of remembrance containing a map of the region and the marked position of Sydney 's wreck — had been added .
Other memorials commemorating the loss of Sydney include an oak tree planted at the Melbourne Shrine of Remembrance , and an avenue in Carnarvon lined with 645 trees . The service of Sydney , along with the other ships of the same name , is commemorated by a stained @-@ glass window at the Garden Island Naval Chapel , and by the mast of the first Sydney at Bradleys Head , New South Wales . The names of those killed aboard Sydney are inscribed at the Australian War Memorial .
The " HMAS Sydney Replacement Fund " was established to help finance the acquisition of a replacement ship . The AU £ 426 @,@ 000 raised was contributed to the purchase of Australia 's first aircraft carrier in the late 1940s ; the Majestic @-@ class carrier was named HMAS Sydney upon her commissioning into the RAN in December 1948 . This Sydney operated during the Korean War , then was modified into a troop transport and served in the Vietnam War , before her sale for scrap in 1973 .
The Supermarine Seagull V aircraft that operated from Sydney between 1937 and 1938 , still survives as part of the collection of the Royal Air Force Museum in London .
The " HMAS Sydney II Cup " was introduced in 2010 as a commemorative trophy competed for by two Australian Football League clubs , the Sydney Swans ( representing the ship 's namesake ) and the West Coast Eagles ( representing the site of the ship 's loss ) , in an annual match . The trophy is based on the cruiser 's battle honour board , while the design of a Best On Ground trophy for the match 's best player is based on a shell casing from the frigate Sydney .
= Joe McGinnity =
Joseph Jerome McGinnity ( March 20 , 1871 – November 14 , 1929 ) was an American right @-@ handed pitcher in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the late 19th and early 20th century . McGinnity played in MLB for ten years , pitching for the National League 's ( NL ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1899 ) and Brooklyn Superbas ( 1900 ) , before jumping to the American League ( AL ) to play for the Baltimore Orioles ( AL ) ( 1901 – 1902 ) . He returned to the NL with the New York Giants ( 1902 – 1908 ) . McGinnity continued to pitch in the minor leagues , eventually retiring from baseball for good at the age of 54 .
In MLB , he won 246 games with a 2 @.@ 66 earned run average ( ERA ) . He had seven 20 @-@ win seasons and two 30 @-@ win seasons . Including his time in the minor leagues , McGinnity won close to 500 games as a professional ballplayer . He led MLB in wins five times ( 1899 , 1900 , 1903 , 1904 , and 1906 ) and ERA once ( 1904 ) . With the Giants , he won the 1905 World Series . His teams also won NL pennants in 1900 and 1904 .
McGinnity was nicknamed " Iron Man " because he worked in an iron foundry during the baseball offseasons . His nickname came to convey his longevity and durability , as he routinely pitched in both games of doubleheaders . He set NL records for complete games ( 48 ) and innings pitched ( 434 ) in a single season , which still stand . McGinnity is considered one of the better players in the history of the New York Giants . The Veterans Committee elected him to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946 .
= = Early life = =
McGinnity 's father , Peter , was born in Dublin , Ireland . His last name was McGinity before he came to United States . He changed it by adding an " n " after he emigrated to the United States in 1861 . Peter worked in coal mines and on the farm owned by John and Rebecca Denning , and they accepted him , allowing him to move in with them in their Henry County farm . John and Rebecca moved to Oregon , leaving the homestead in the hands of Peter and their daughter , Hannah . The two married in August 1865 , three months before the birth of their first son , William . Their second son , Peter , was born in 1869 , and Joe was born in 1871 . The McGinnitys had four more children .
Joe received little formal schooling . Due to the transient lifestyle of coal miners , his family moved frequently during his childhood . The McGinnitys moved to Gallatin County in 1878 . Two days after the birth of their seventh child , Peter died in an accident . At the age of eight , Joe and his older brothers went to work in the mines to support their family . In 1880 , the family moved to Springfield , Illinois , where Joe and his brothers worked for the Springfield Coal Company . They moved to Decatur , Illinois less than six months later , continuing to mine coal , while their mother cleaned houses .
= = Baseball career = =
= = = Early career = = =
While living in Decatur , McGinnity began playing baseball with other coal miners in their leisure time . The owner of the Decatur Coal Company founded the Decatur Baseball Association in 1886 . An outfielder , McGinnity substituted for his team 's pitcher in an 1888 game , which he won . He continued to pitch from that point on . He pitched for semi @-@ professional teams based in Decatur in 1888 and 1889 . His family headed west , stopping in the Indian Territory on their way to Montana , where Hannah 's sister struck gold in their coal mine . McGinnity and his brothers worked in a coal mine in Krebs . There , he met his future wife , Mary Redpath , the oldest daughter of a fellow coal miner . McGinnity also played baseball for the local team . He increased baseball 's popularity in the area , and was later referred to as " the father of Oklahoma baseball " by a sportswriter for The Oklahoman , as he organized , managed , and pitched for teams in Krebs . One of these teams began traveling to other towns along the Missouri – Kansas – Texas Railroad to play against their local teams . He also pitched for teams in neighboring towns .
John McCloskey , the manager of the minor league baseball Montgomery Colts of the Class @-@ B Southern League , heard about McGinnity 's pitching . McCloskey signed McGinnity , who made his professional debut with the Colts in 1893 . McCloskey habitually baited umpires during games , a trait which McGinnity learned . The league folded as a result of financial troubles related to the Panic of 1893 . Jimmie Manning , manager of the Southern League franchise in Savannah , Georgia , became manager of the Kansas City Blues of the Class @-@ A Western League for the 1894 season , and signed McGinnity to pitch for the Blues . Combined for Montgomery and Kansas City , McGinnity had a 21 – 29 win – loss record , while walking more batters than he could strikeout , and allowing more than a hit per inning pitched . According to a Western League umpire , catcher Tim Donahue tipped McGinnity 's pitches to opposing batters due to a personal feud . As McGinnity continued to struggle for Kansas City , he requested his release in June .
McGinnity moved to Springfield , Illinois , where he worked as a coal miner , bartender , and operated a saloon . McGinnity also pitched locally for semi @-@ professional teams in Springfield and Decatur , receiving a salary between $ 1 to $ 3 ( between $ 27 @.@ 35 to $ 85 @.@ 33 in current dollar terms ) for each game . During this time , McGinnity developed a sidearm pitch he nicknamed " Old Sal " , described as a " slow curve " , which became a feature of his later success . He also improved his fielding , as opponents attempted to bunt " Old Sal " .
While pitching for a semi @-@ professional team , McGinnity defeated the National League 's ( NL ) Baltimore Orioles in an exhibition game after he had already defeated a team from Chatham , Illinois earlier in the day . Pat Wright , who managed Springfield 's semi @-@ professional team , was named manager of the Peoria Distillers of the Class @-@ B Western Association , and he signed McGinnity to Peoria for the 1898 season , marking his return to professional baseball . Armed with " Old Sal " , McGinnity compiled a 9 – 4 record for Peoria , allowing only 118 hits and 60 walks while striking out 74 batters in 142 innings . He pitched a complete 21 @-@ inning game , believed to be the second longest professional baseball game to date . With low attendance and the distraction of the Spanish – American War , the Western Association folded in August .
= = = Major League Baseball = = =
Former Brooklyn Grooms player George Pinkney , who lived in Peoria during his retirement , saw McGinnity pitch , and contacted Brooklyn owner Charles Ebbets to recommend he sign McGinnity . He signed McGinnity in the spring of 1899 for $ 150 a month ( $ 4 @,@ 267 in current dollar terms ) . The syndicate that owned Brooklyn also owned the Baltimore Orioles .
With the ownership consolidation , Orioles player @-@
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manager Ned Hanlon , who received an ownership stake in the clubs , moved from Baltimore to Brooklyn and assigned many of his best players to Brooklyn , including Joe Kelley , Dan McGann , Hughie Jennings and Willie Keeler . Hanlon assigned McGinnity to the Orioles for the 1899 season after seeing his unorthodox pitching delivery and slow pitching speed . With the Orioles , McGinnity played with John McGraw , who succeeded Hanlon as player @-@ manager , and Wilbert Robinson , who caught McGinnity . McGraw and Robinson had refused to relocate to Brooklyn due to their investment in a Baltimore restaurant . The two imparted their aggressive style of play to McGinnity . In his first year in the NL , McGinnity had a 28 – 16 record . His 28 wins led the NL , while he ranked second with 48 games , third with a 2 @.@ 68 earned run average ( ERA ) , and fourth with 366 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched .
After the 1899 season , the NL voted to contract four teams , which included the Orioles . Hanlon assigned McGinnity to Brooklyn , now known as the " Superbas " . McGinnity posted a 28 – 8 record for Brooklyn in the 1900 season . His 28 wins and 343 innings pitched led the league , as the Dodgers won the NL pennant . McGinnity also pitched two complete games in the Chronicle @-@ Telegraph Cup , as the Superbas defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates . Rather than draw straws to decide who would keep the trophy , the team voted to award it to McGinnity .
With the formation of the American League ( AL ) as a competitor to the NL , and rumors that the AL 's Detroit Tigers were interested in McGinnity , Brooklyn offered McGinnity a $ 5 @,@ 000 contract ( $ 136 @,@ 750 in current dollar terms ) to stay with Brooklyn . McGinnity considered retiring from baseball , but ultimately jumped to the AL , signing with the Baltimore Orioles of the AL before the 1901 season . He received a salary of $ 2 @,@ 800 ( $ 76 @,@ 580 in current dollar terms ) , choosing less money in an upstart league for the chance to be reunited with McGraw , who was player @-@ manager and part @-@ owner of the Orioles .
Fighting continued to erupt in games McGraw managed . During a brawl that erupted during a game against the Detroit Tigers on August 21 , 1901 , McGinnity spat on umpire Tom Connolly . McGinnity was arrested for the incident and permanently suspended by AL president Ban Johnson , who wanted there to be no fighting in AL games . Johnson later cut the suspension down to 12 days after McGinnity apologized . McGinnity compiled a 26 – 20 record for the 1901 Orioles , and his 48 games , 39 complete games , and 382 innings pitched led the AL .
McGinnity began the 1902 season with the Orioles . However , the franchise began to fall into significant debt . Joe Kelley , star player for the Orioles and son @-@ in @-@ law of part @-@ owner John Mahon , reported that the team owed as much as $ 12 @,@ 000 ( $ 328 @,@ 200 in current dollar terms ) . Unable to afford that debt , Mahon purchased shares of the team from Kelley and player @-@ manager John McGraw , who had resigned from the team and signed with the New York Giants of the NL . With this , Mahon became the majority shareholder . On July 17 , 1902 , Mahon sold his interest in the Orioles to Andrew Freedman , principal owner of the Giants , and John T. Brush , principal owner of the Cincinnati Reds , also of the NL . That day , Freedman and Brush released McGinnity , McGraw , Kelley , Roger Bresnahan , Jack Cronin , Cy Seymour , and Dan McGann from their Oriole contracts . Brush then signed Kelley and Seymour to the Reds , while Freedman signed McGinnity , Bresnahan , Cronin , and McGann , joining McGraw , his new player @-@ manager , on the Giants . McGinnity attempted to contact Johnson that night , offering to stay with the Orioles if he could receive Johnson 's personal assurance that he was welcome to stay . McGinnity did not hear back from Johnson , who had left his phone off the hook that night to avoid being contacted , and joined his teammates with the Giants .
With the Giants for the 1903 season , McGinnity won 31 games . He also set MLB records with 48 games started and 434 innings pitched , which remain NL records today . Jack Chesbro , pitching for the New York Highlanders of the American League during the 1904 season , set the current MLB records with 55 games started and 454 2 ⁄ 3 innings . In 1903 , McGinnity started both games of a doubleheader on numerous occasions . He performed this feat three times in a single month , winning all six games . On the final instance , The New York Times reported " he seemed fresh enough to tackle the visitors for a third contest if that were necessary " . He pitched over 100 innings in the month of August . Wins by McGinnity and fellow pitcher Christy Mathewson accounted for 73 % of the Giants ' winning games in 1903 , setting an MLB record for a pitching tandem . After the season , McGinnity and some of his teammates threatened to quit the Giants , accusing Brush , now the Giants owner , of going back on a promise to pay the team a monetary bonus for having finished among the top three teams in the NL , as well as a share of the gate receipts from exhibition games , for which they were paid $ 56 @.@ 35 ( $ 1 @,@ 484 in current dollar terms ) , though Brush allegedly had made over $ 200 @,@ 000 ( $ 5 @,@ 267 @,@ 407 in current dollar terms ) . McGinnity claimed that he would pitch in the California League , as he had received a salary offer for " $ 1 @,@ 000 ( $ 26 @,@ 337 in current dollar terms ) more than [ he ] got in New York " . Jack Warner eventually joined McGinnity in publicly threatening to quit .
McGinnity set a MLB record during the 1904 season recording his tenth win in 21 team games on May 21 , the fewest team games to for a pitcher to reach the mark . In 1904 , McGinnity had a 35 – 8 record , leading the NL in games ( 51 ) innings pitched ( 408 ) , shutouts ( 9 ) , saves ( 5 ) , and his career @-@ best 1 @.@ 61 ERA . With the Giants competing for the pennant , McGinnity again won both games in a doubleheader three times in a matter of weeks . Aided by McGinnity , the Giants again won the NL pennant . However , they did not compete in the 1904 World Series as Brush and McGraw refused to face the AL champion Boston Pilgrims , following their altercations with Johnson . After the 1904 season , McGinnity attempted to hold out from the Giants when Brush refused to allow McGinnity to play winter baseball with a team in the Southern United States .
McGinnity won 21 games in the 1905 season , as the Giants won the NL pennant . This year , the Giants participated in the 1905 World Series , against the AL champion Philadelphia Athletics . McGinnity started Games Two and Four of the five game series against the Athletics , winning one and losing one , while Mathewson pitched the other three . All five games , including the game McGinnity lost to Chief Bender , were shutouts . In 1906 , McGinnity again led the NL in wins , with 27 . This came in spite of a suspension McGinnity served for fighting Pirates catcher Heinie Peitz , which NL president Harry Pulliam described as " attempting to make the ball park a slaughterhouse . " The Mayor of Pittsburgh , who attended the game , insisted that McGinnity be arrested .
In the 1907 season , McGinnity finished with an 18 – 18 record with a 3 @.@ 16 ERA , allowing more than a hit per inning for the first time since the 1901 season . He missed the beginning of the 1908 season with a severe fever . In June 1908 , Brush put McGinnity on waivers , hoping another owner would relieve him of McGinnity 's $ 5 @,@ 000 salary ( $ 131 @,@ 685 in current dollar terms ) . He tried to wave McGinnity again in August , but both times McGinnity went unclaimed . Despite this , McGinnity reverted to his old form : from August 22 through the end of the season , McGinnity had an 11 – 7 record , five shutouts , a 2 @.@ 27 ERA , and an NL @-@ leading five saves . The Giants released McGinnity on February 27 , 1909 , when McGinnity decided to pay for his own release .
= = = Later career = = =
McGinnity purchased the Newark Indians of the Class @-@ A Eastern League ( EL ) for $ 50 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @,@ 316 @,@ 852 in current dollar terms ) in 1909 from Frank J. Farrell . The press reported that McGinnity would operate the team as a farm team of the Giants , though he denied these reports . When McGinnity could not retain manager Harry Wolverton , he stepped in as player @-@ manager for the Indians . That season , he had a 29 – 16 record . His 422 innings pitched and 11 shutouts set EL single @-@ season records . He also won both games of doubleheaders on August 27 , 1909 , and July 23 , 1912 .
McGinnity played for and managed the Indians through 1912 . The Indians finished second in the EL in 1909 and 1910 . McGinnity sold his interests in the Indians to Ebbets and Ed McKeever and purchased the Tacoma Tigers of the Class @-@ B Northwestern League for $ 8 @,@ 500 ( $ 208 @,@ 426 in current dollar terms ) , spending another $ 50 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @,@ 226 @,@ 034 in current dollar terms ) on the franchise in renovating the stadium . He served as player @-@ manager the Tigers at the start of the 1913 season , but stepped down as manager , hiring Russ Hall to serve as manager in June . McGinnity sold stock in the team in 1915 in order to afford operating expenses . He also briefly played for the Venice Tigers of the Class @-@ A Pacific Coast League in 1914 .
McGinnity sold the Tigers and purchased the Butte Miners of the Northwestern League in 1916 , serving as player @-@ manager and bringing with him several players from Tacoma . In June 1917 , he sold his stock in the team and secured his release . He played for the Great Falls Electrics of the Northwestern League for the remainder of the 1917 season .
McGinnity served as player @-@ manager of the Danville Veterans of the Class @-@ B Illinois – Indiana – Iowa League in the 1922 season and Dubuque Climbers of the Class @-@ D Mississippi Valley League during the 1923 season . With Dubuque , McGinnity won 15 games at age 52 . One of those wins was a shutout , pitched in a record one hour and seven minutes . Two years later , he returned to play for Dubuque and Springfield Senators of the Illinois – Indiana – Iowa League during the 1925 season . He pitched in his final professional game on July 28 , 1925 , after participating in an old @-@ timers game earlier in the day .
McGinnity joined the coaching staff of former teammate Wilbert Robinson , along with Kelley , for the Brooklyn Dodgers during the 1926 MLB season . McGinnity and Kelley were not retained after the season .
= = Personal life = =
McGinnity acquired his nickname , " Iron Man " , before his doubleheader pitching became widely discussed . According to Lee Allen in The National League Story ( 1961 ) , a reporter asked McGinnity , while he was still a minor league pitcher , what he did in between seasons . " I 'm an iron man " , he answered . " I work in a foundry . " McGinnity 's wife 's family operated an iron foundry in McAlester , Oklahoma , where McGinnity worked in the offseasons .
Because of his nickname and connection to the foundry , John McGraw named McGinnity the starter for the Giants ' March 23 , 1904 exhibition game against the Southern Association 's Birmingham Iron Men which was scheduled to raise funds for the Vulcan statue then being cast for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition that summer in St. Louis , Missouri . At his own request , McGinnity was allowed to visit the downtown foundry and personally pour some of the iron into the moulds for the statue .
While working with Williams College 's baseball team in 1929 , McGinnity became ill . He had surgery to remove tumors from his bladder , and was said to be in critical condition . After the surgery , he was quoted as saying " it 's the ninth inning , and I guess they 're going to get me out . " He died November 14 , 1929 in Brooklyn , New York , at the home of his daughter . He was interred in McAlester .
= = Legacy = =
McGinnity finished his MLB career with 246 career wins , seven 20 @-@ win seasons , and two 30 @-@ win seasons . He had nearly 500 professional wins including his years in the minor leagues . McGinnity set a career record in batters hit by pitch with 152 . He revolutionized the fielding of the pitching position , by attempting to make force outs at any base , instead of only throwing the ball to first base .
After his death , McGinnity was eulogized as " hard player " and " a fighter with brains " who hated to lose . Jennings described him as an even better fielder than he was a pitcher . McGraw said that McGinnity was " the hardest working pitcher I ever had on my ballcub " . Connie Mack called him a " magician " .
After failing to receive the necessary votes from the Baseball Writers ' Association of America for entry in the National Baseball Hall of Fame on seven occasions , McGinnity was elected to the Hall of Fame posthumously by the Veterans Committee in the 1946 balloting . He was also inducted into the Quad City Sports Hall of Fame in 1988 .
In a 1976 article in Esquire magazine , sportswriter Harry Stein published an " All Time All @-@ Star Argument Starter " , consisting of five ethnic baseball teams . Though Stein chose McGinnity as the right @-@ handed pitcher for the Irish team , the team was omitted from the article due to space limitations . The Irish team was included in The Book of Lists , published the following year . Lawrence Ritter and Donald Honig included McGinnity in their 1981 book , The 100 Greatest Baseball Players of All Time . The Chicago Tribune included McGinnity in its all @-@ time Illinois team in 1990 .
= Decompression practice =
The practice of decompression by divers comprises the planning and monitoring of the profile indicated by the algorithms or tables of the chosen decompression model , to allow asymptomatic and harmless release of excess inert gases dissolved in the tissues as a result of breathing at ambient pressures greater than surface atmospheric pressure , the equipment available and appropriate to the circumstances of the dive , and the procedures authorized for the equipment and profile to be used . There is a large range of options in all of these aspects .
Decompression may be continuous or staged , where the ascent is interrupted by stops at regular depth intervals , but the entire ascent is part of the decompression , and ascent rate can be critical to harmless elimination of inert gas . What is commonly known as no @-@ decompression diving , or more accurately no @-@ stop decompression , relies on limiting ascent rate for avoidance of excessive bubble formation . Staged decompression may include deep stops depending on the theoretical model used for calculating the ascent schedule . Omission of decompression theoretically required for a dive profile exposes the diver to significantly higher risk of symptomatic decompression sickness , and in severe cases , serious injury or death . The risk is related to the severity of exposure and the level of supersaturation of tissues in the diver . Procedures for emergency management of omitted decompression and symptomatic decompression sickness have been published . These procedures are generally effective , but vary in effectiveness from case to case .
The procedures used for decompression depend on the mode of diving , the available equipment , the site and environment , and the actual dive profile . Standardized procedures have been developed which provide an acceptable level of risk in the circumstances for which they are appropriate . Different sets of procedures are used by commercial , military , scientific and recreational divers , though there is considerable overlap where similar equipment is used , and some concepts are common to all decompression procedures .
= = Decompression = =
Decompression in the context of diving derives from the reduction in ambient pressure experienced by the diver during the ascent at the end of a dive or hyperbaric exposure and refers to both the reduction in pressure and the process of allowing dissolved inert gases to be eliminated from the tissues during this reduction in pressure . When a diver descends in the water column the ambient pressure rises . Breathing gas is supplied at the same pressure as the surrounding water , and some of this gas dissolves into the diver 's blood and other fluids . Inert gas continues to be taken up until the gas dissolved in the diver is in a state of equilibrium with the breathing gas in the diver 's lungs , ( see : " Saturation diving " ) , or the diver moves up in the water column and reduces the ambient pressure of the breathing gas until the inert gases dissolved in the tissues are at a higher concentration than the equilibrium state , and start diffusing out again . Dissolved inert gases such as nitrogen or helium can form bubbles in the blood and tissues of the diver if the partial pressures of the dissolved gases in the diver gets too high above the ambient pressure . These bubbles and products of injury caused by the bubbles can cause damage to tissues known as decompression sickness , or " the bends " . The immediate goal of controlled decompression is to avoid development of symptoms of bubble formation in the tissues of the diver , and the long @-@ term goal is to also avoid complications due to sub @-@ clinical decompression injury .
= = Common procedures = =
The descent , bottom time and ascent are sectors common to all dives and hyperbaric exposures .
= = = Descent rate = = =
Descent rate is generally allowed for in decompression planning by assuming a maximum descent rate specified in the instructions for the use of the tables , but it is not critical . Descent slower than the nominal rate reduces useful bottom time , but has no other adverse effect . Descent faster than the specified maximum will expose the diver to greater ingassing rate earlier in the dive , and the bottom time must be reduced accordingly . In the case of real time monitoring by dive computer , descent rate is not specified , as the consequences are automatically accounted for by the programmed algorithm .
= = = Bottom time = = =
Bottom time is the time spent at depth before starting the ascent . Bottom time used for decompression planning may be defined differently depending on the tables or algorithm used . It may include descent time , but not in all cases . It is important to check how bottom time is defined for the tables before they are used . For example , tables using Bühlmann 's algorithm define bottom time as the elapsed time between leaving the surface and the start of the final ascent at 10 metres per minute , and if the ascent rate is slower , then the whole of the ascent time needs to be considered part of the bottom time for the algorithm to remain safe .
= = = Ascent rate = = =
The ascent is an important part of the process of decompression , as this is the time when reduction of ambient pressure occurs , and it is of critical importance to safe decompression that the ascent rate is compatible with safe elimination of inert gas from the diver 's tissues . Ascent rate must be limited to prevent supersaturation of tissues to the extent that unacceptable bubble development occurs . This is usually done by specifying a maximum ascent rate compatible with the decompression model chosen . This will be specified in the decompression tables or the user manual for the decompression software or personal decompression computer . The instructions will usually include contingency procedures for deviation from the specified rate , both for delays and exceeding the recommended rate . Failure to comply with these specifications will generally increase the risk of decompression sickness .
Typically maximum ascent rates are in the order of 10 metres ( 33 ft ) per minute for dives deeper than 6 metres ( 20 ft ) . Some dive computers have variable maximum ascent rates , depending on depth . Ascent rates slower than the recommended standard for the algorithm will generally be treated by a computer as part of a multilevel dive profile and the decompression requirement adjusted accordingly . Faster ascent rates will elicit a warning and additional decompression stop time to compensate .
= = No decompression dives = =
A " no decompression " , or " no stop " dive is a dive that needs no decompression stops during the ascent according to the chosen algorithm or tables , and relies on a controlled ascent rate for the elimination of excess inert gases . In effect , the diver is doing continuous decompression during the ascent .
= = = Safety stop = = =
As a precaution against any unnoticed dive computer malfunction , diver error or physiological predisposition to decompression sickness , many divers do an extra " safety stop " in addition to those prescribed by their dive computer or tables . A safety stop is typically 1 to 5 minutes at 3 to 6 metres ( 10 to 20 ft ) . They are usually done during no @-@ stop dives and may be added to the obligatory decompression on staged dives . Many dive computers indicate a recommended safety stop as standard procedure for dives beyond specific limits of depth and time . The Goldman decompression model predicts a significant risk reduction following a safety stop on a low @-@ risk dive
= = = No decompression limit = = =
The no decompression limit ( NDL ) or no stop time , is the interval that a diver may theoretically spend at a given depth without having to perform decompression stops . The NDL helps divers plan dives so that they can stay at a given depth and ascend without stopping while avoiding unacceptable risk of decompression sickness .
The NDL is a theoretical time obtained by calculating inert gas uptake and release in the body , using a model such as the Bühlmann decompression algorithm . Although the science of calculating these limits has been refined over the last century , there is still much that is unknown about how inert gases enter and leave the human body . In addition , every individual 's body is unique and may absorb and release inert gases at different rates . For this reason , dive tables typically have a degree of safety built into their recommendations . Divers can and do suffer decompression sickness while remaining inside NDLs , though the incidence is very low . Each NDL for a range of depths is printed on dive tables in a grid that can be used to plan dives . There are many different tables available as well as software programs and calculators , which will calculate no decompression limits . Most personal decompression computers ( dive computers ) will indicate a remaining no decompression limit at the current depth during a dive . The displayed interval is continuously revised to take into account changes of depth as well as elapsed time .
= = Continuous decompression = =
Continuous decompression is decompression without stops . Instead of a fairly rapid ascent rate to the first stop , followed by a period at static depth during the stop , the ascent is slower , but without officially stopping . In theory this is the optimum decompression profile . In practice this is very difficult to do manually , and it may be necessary to stop the ascent occasionally to get back on schedule , but these stops are not part of the schedule , they are corrections . For example , USN treatment table 5 , referring to treatment in a decompression chamber for type 1 decompression sickness , states " Descent rate - 20 ft / min . Ascent rate - Not to exceed 1 ft / min . Do not compensate for slower ascent rates . Compensate for faster rates by halting the ascent . "
To further complicate the practice , the ascent rate may vary with the depth , and is typically faster at greater depth and reduces as the depth gets shallower . In practice a continuous decompression profile may be approximated by ascent in steps as small as the chamber pressure gauge will resolve , and timed to follow the theoretical profile as closely as conveniently practicable . For example , USN treatment table 7 ( which may be used if decompression sickness has reoccurred during initial treatment in the compression chamber ) states " Decompress with stops every 2 feet for times shown in profile below . " The profile shows an ascent rate of 2 fsw every 40 min from 60 fsw ( feet of sea water ) to 40 fsw , followed by 2 ft every hour from 40 fsw to 20 fsw and 2 ft every two hours from 20 fsw to 4 fsw .
= = Staged decompression = =
Decompression which follows the procedure of relatively fast ascent interrupted by periods at constant depth is known as staged decompression . The ascent rate and the depth and duration of the stops are integral parts of the decompression process . The advantage of staged decompression is that it is far easier to monitor and control than continuous decompression .
= = = Decompression stops = = =
A decompression stop is a period a diver must spend at a relatively shallow constant depth during ascent after a dive to safely eliminate absorbed inert gases from the body tissues to avoid decompression sickness . The practice of making decompression stops is called staged decompression , as opposed to continuous decompression .
The diver identifies the requirement for decompression stops , and if they are needed , the depths and durations of the stops , by using decompression tables , software planning tools or a dive computer .
The ascent is made at the recommended rate until the diver reaches the depth of the first stop . The diver then maintains the specified stop depth for the specified period , before ascending to the next stop depth at the recommended rate , and follows the same procedure again . This is repeated until all required decompression has been completed and the diver reaches the surface .
Once on the surface the diver will continue to eliminate inert gas until the concentrations have returned to normal surface saturation , which can take several hours , and is considered in some models to be effectively complete after 12 hours , and by others to take up to , or even more than 24 hours .
The depth and duration of each stop is calculated to reduce the inert gas excess in the most critical tissues to a concentration which will allow further ascent without unacceptable risk . Consequently , if there is not much dissolved gas , the stops will be shorter and shallower than if there is a high concentration . The length of the stops is also strongly influenced by which tissue compartments are assessed as highly saturated . High concentrations in slow tissues will indicate longer stops than similar concentrations in fast tissues .
Shorter and shallower decompression dives may only need one single short shallow decompression stop , for example 5 minutes at 3 metres ( 10 ft ) . Longer and deeper dives often need a series of decompression stops , each stop being longer but shallower than the previous stop .
= = = = Deep stops = = = =
A deep stop was originally an extra stop introduced by divers during ascent , at a greater depth than the deepest stop required by their computer algorithm or tables . This practice is based on empirical observations by technical divers such as Richard Pyle , who found that they were less fatigued if the made some additional stops for short periods at depths considerably deeper than those calculated with the currently published decompression algorithms . More recently computer algorithms that are claimed to use deep stops have become available , but these algorithms and the practice of deep stops have not been adequately validated . Deep stops are likely to be made at depths where ingassing continues for some slow tissues , so the addition of deep stops of any kind can only be included in the dive profile when the decompression schedule has been computed to include them , so that such ingassing of slower tissues can be taken into account . Nevertheless , deep stops may be added on a dive that relies on a personal dive computer with real @-@ time computation , as the PDC will track the effect of the stop on its decompression schedule . Deep stops are otherwise similar to any other staged decompression , but are unlikely to use a dedicated decompression gas , as they are usually not more than two to three minutes long .
A study by Divers Alert Network in 2004 suggests that addition of a deep ( c . 15 m ) as well as a shallow ( c . 6 m ) safety stop to a theoretically no @-@ stop ascent will significantly reduce decompression stress indicated by precordial doppler detected bubble ( PDDB ) levels . The authors associate this with gas exchange in fast tissues such as the spinal cord and consider that an additional deep safety stop may reduce the risk of spinal cord decompression sickness in recreational diving . A follow @-@ up study found that the optimum duration for the deep safety stop under the experimental conditions was 2 @.@ 5 minutes , with a shallow safety stop of 3 to 5 minutes . Longer safety stops at either depth did not further reduce PDDB .
In contrast , experimental work comparing the effect of deep stops observed a significant decrease in vascular bubbles following a deep stop after longer shallower dives , and an increase in bubble formation after the deep stop on shorter deeper dives , which is not predicted by the existing bubble model .
A controlled comparative study by the Navy Experimental Diving Unit in the NEDU Ocean Simulation Facility wet @-@ pot comparing the VVAL18 Thalmann Algorithm with a deep stop profile suggests that the deep stops schedule had a greater risk of DCS than the matched ( same total stop time ) conventional schedule . The proposed explanation was that slower gas washout or continued gas uptake offset benefits of reduced bubble growth at deep stops .
= = = = Profile determined intermediate stops = = = =
PDISs are intermediate stops at a depth above the depth at which the leading compartment for the decompression calculation switches from ongassing to offgassing and below the depth of the first obligatory decompression stop , ( or the surface , on a no @-@ decompression dive ) . The ambient pressure at that depth is low enough to ensure that the tissues are mostly offgassing inert gas , although under a very small pressure gradient . This combination is expected to inhibit bubble growth . The leading compartment is generally not the fastest compartment except in very short dives , for which this model does not require an intermediate stop .
The 8 compartment Bühlmann - based UWATEC ZH @-@ L8 ADT MB PMG decompression model in the Mares Galileo dive computer processes the dive profile and suggests an intermediate 2 @-@ minute stop that is a function of the tissue nitrogen loading at that time , taking into account the accumulated nitrogen from previous dives . Within the Haldanian logic of the model , at least three compartments are offgassing at the prescribed depth - the 5 and 10 minute half time compartments under a relatively high pressure gradient . Therefore , for decompression dives , the existing obligation is not increased during the stop .
A PDIS is not a mandatory stop , nor is it considered a substitute for the more important shallow safety stop on a no @-@ stop dive . Switching breathing gas mix during the ascent will influence the depth of the stop .
The PDIS concept was introduced by Sergio Angelini .
= = = Decompression schedule = = =
A decompression schedule is a specified ascent rate and series of increasingly shallower decompression stops — often for increasing amounts of time — that a diver performs to outgas inert gases from their body during ascent to the surface to reduce the risk of decompression sickness . In a decompression dive , the decompression phase may make up a large part of the time spent underwater ( in many cases it is longer than the actual time spent at depth ) .
The depth and duration of each stop is dependent on many factors , primarily the profile of depth and time of the dive , but also the breathing gas mix , the interval since the previous dive and the altitude of the dive site . The diver obtains the depth and duration of each stop from a dive computer , decompression tables or dive planning computer software . A technical scuba diver will typically prepare more than one decompression schedule to plan for contingencies such as going deeper than planned or spending longer at depth than planned . Recreational divers often rely on a personal dive computer to allow them to avoid obligatory decompression , while allowing considerable flexibility of dive profile . A surface supplied diver will normally have a diving supervisor at the control point who monitors the dive profile and can adjust the schedule to suit any contingencies as they occur .
= = = Missed stops = = =
A diver missing a required decompression stop increases the risk of developing decompression sickness . The risk is related to the depth and duration of the missed stops . The usual causes for missing stops are : not having enough breathing gas to complete the stops , or accidentally losing control of buoyancy . An aim of most basic diver training is to prevent these two faults . There are also less predictable causes of missing decompression stops . Diving suit failure in cold water may force the diver to choose between hypothermia and decompression sickness . Diver injury or marine animal attack may also limit the duration of stops the diver is willing to carry out .
A procedure for dealing with omitted decompression stops is described in the US Navy Diving Manual . In principle the procedure allows a diver who is not yet presenting symptoms of decompression sickness , to go back down and complete the omitted decompression , with some extra added to deal with the bubbles which are assumed to have formed during the period where the decompression ceiling was violated . Divers who become symptomatic before they can be returned to depth are treated for decompression sickness , and do not attempt the omitted decompression procedure as the risk is considered unacceptable under normal operational circumstances .
If a decompression chamber is available , omitted decompression may be managed by chamber recompression to an appropriate pressure , and decompression following either a surface decompression schedule or a treatment table . If the diver develops symptoms in the chamber , treatment can be started without further delay .
= = Accelerated decompression = =
Decompression can be accelerated by the use of breathing gases during ascent with lowered inert gas fractions ( as a result of increased oxygen fraction ) . This will result in a greater diffusion gradient for a given ambient pressure , and consequently accelerated decompression for a relatively low risk of bubble formation . Nitrox mixtures and oxygen are the most commonly used gases for this purpose , but oxygen rich trimix blends can also be used after a trimix dive , and oxygen rich heliox blends after a heliox dive , and these may reduce risk of isobaric counterdiffusion complications . Doolette and Mitchell showed that when a switch is made to a gas with a different proportion of inert gas components , it is possible for an inert component previously absent , or present as a lower fraction , to in @-@ gas faster than the other inert components are eliminated ( inert gas counterdiffusion ) , sometimes resulting in raising the total tissue tension of inert gases in a tissue to exceed the ambient pressure sufficiently to cause bubble formation , even if the ambient pressure has not been reduced at the time of the gas switch . They conclude that " breathing @-@ gas switches should be scheduled deep or shallow to avoid the period of maximum supersaturation resulting from decompression " .
= = = Oxygen decompression = = =
The use of pure oxygen for accelerated decompression is limited by oxygen toxicity . In open circuit scuba the upper limit for oxygen partial pressure is generally accepted as 1 @.@ 6 bar , equivalent to a depth of 6 msw ( metres of sea water ) , but in @-@ water and surface decompression at higher partial pressures is routinely used in surface supplied diving operation , both by the military and civilian contractors , as the consequences of CNS oxygen toxicity are considerably reduced when the diver has a secure breathing gas supply . US Navy tables ( Revision 6 ) start in @-@ water oxygen decompression at 30 fsw ( 9 msw ) , equivalent to a partial pressure of 1 @.@ 9 bar , and chamber oxygen decompression at 50 fsw ( 15 msw ) , equivalent to 2 @.@ 5 bar .
= = Repetitive dives = =
Any dive which is started while the tissues retain residual inert gas in excess of the surface equilibrium condition is considered a repetitive dive . This means that the decompression required for the dive is influenced by the divers decompression history . Allowance must be made for inert gas preloading of the tissues which will result in them containing more dissolved gas than would have been the case if the diver had fully equilibrated before the dive . The diver will need to decompress longer to eliminate this increased gas loading .
= = = Surface interval = = =
The surface interval ( SI ) or surface interval time ( SIT ) is the time spent by a diver at surface pressure after a dive during which inert gas which was still present at the end of the dive is further eliminated from the tissues . This continues until the tissues are at equilibrium with the surface pressures . This may take several hours . In the case of the US Navy 1956 Air tables , it is considered complete after 12 hours , The US Navy 2008 Air tables specify up to 16 hours for normal exposure. but other algorithms may require more than 24 hours to assume full equilibrium .
= = = Residual nitrogen time = = =
For the planned depth of the repetitive dive , a bottom time can be calculated using the relevant algorithm which will provide an equivalent gas loading to the residual gas after the surface interval . This is called " residual nitrogen time " ( RNT ) when the gas is nitrogen . The RNT is added to the planned " actual bottom time " ( ABT ) to give an equivalent " total bottom time " ( TBT ) which is used to derive the appropriate decompression schedule for the planned dive .
Equivalent residual times can be derived for other inert gases . These calculations are done automatically in personal diving computers , based on the diver 's recent diving history , which is the reason why personal diving computers should not be shared by divers , and why a diver should not switch computers without a sufficient surface interval ( more than 24 hours in most cases , up to 4 days , depending on the tissue model and recent diving history of the user ) .
Residual inert gas can be computed for all modeled tissues , but repetitive group designations in decompression tables are generally based on only the one tissue , considered by the table designers to be the most limiting tissue for likely applications . In the case of the US Navy Air Tables ( 1956 ) this is the 120 minute tissue , while the Bühlmann tables use the 80 minute tissue .
= = Diving at altitude = =
The atmospheric pressure decreases with altitude , and this has an effect on the absolute pressure of the diving environment . The most important effect is that the diver must decompress to a lower surface pressure , and this requires longer decompression for the same dive profile . A second effect is that a diver ascending to altitude , will be decompressing en route , and will have residual nitrogen until all tissues have equilibrated to the local pressures . This means that the diver should consider any dive done before equilibration as a repetitive dive , even if it is the first dive in several days .
The US Navy diving manual provides repetitive group designations for listed altitude changes . These will change over time with the surface interval according to the relevant table .
Altitude corrections ( Cross corrections ) are described in the US Navy diving manual . This procedure is based on the assumption that the decompression model will produce equivalent predictions for the same pressure ratio . The " Sea Level Equivalent Depth " ( SLED ) for the planned dive depth , which is always deeper than the actual dive at altitude , is calculated in inverse proportion to the ratio of surface pressure at the dive site to sea level atmospheric pressure .
Sea level equivalent depth
= Actual depth at altitude × Pressure at sea level ÷ Pressure at altitude
Decompression stop depths are also corrected , using the ratio of surface pressures , and will produce actual stop depths which are shallower than the sea level stop depths .
Stop depth at altitude =
Stop depth at sea level × Pressure at altitude ÷ Pressure at sea level
These values can be used with standard open circuit decompression tables , but are not applicable with constant oxygen partial pressure as provided by closed circuit rebreathers . Tables are used with the sea level equivalent depth and stops are done at the altitude stop depth .
The decompression algorithms can be adjusted to compensate for altitude . This was first done by Bühlmann for deriving altitude corrected tables , and is now common on diving computers , where an altitude setting can be selected by the user .
= = Flying and ascent to altitude after diving = =
Exposure to reduced atmospheric pressure during the period after a dive when the residual gas levels have not yet stabilized at atmospheric saturation levels can incur a risk of decompression sickness . Rules for safe ascent are based on extension of the decompression model calculations to the desired altitude , but are generally simplified to a few fixed periods for a range of exposures . For the extreme case of an exceptional exposure dive , the US Navy requires a surface interval of 48 hours before ascent to altitude . A surface interval of 24 hours for a Heliox decompression dive and 12 hours for Heliox no @-@ decompression dive are also specified . More detailed surface interval requirements based on the highest repetitive group designator obtained in the preceding 24 ‑ hour period are given on the US Navy Diving Manual Table 9 @.@ 6 , both for ascents to specified altitudes , and for commercial flights in aircraft nominally pressurized to 8000 ft .
The first DAN flying after diving workshop in 1989 consensus guidelines recommended :
wait for 12 hours before flying after up to two hours of no @-@ stop diving within the previous 48 hours ;
wait for 24 hours before flying after multi @-@ day , unlimited no @-@ stop diving ;
wait for 24 – 48 hours before flying after dives that required decompression stops ;
do not fly with DCS symptoms unless necessary to obtain hyperbaric treatment .
DAN later proposed a simpler 24 @-@ hour wait after any and all recreational diving , but there were objections on the grounds that such a long delay would result in lost business for island diving resorts and the risks of DCS when flying after diving were too low to warrant this blanket restraint .
The DAN Flying after Diving workshop of 2002 made the following recommendations for flying after recreational diving :
a 12 @-@ hour surface interval for uncertified individuals who took part in a " resort " or introductory scuba experience ;
an 18 @-@ hour surface interval for certified divers who make an unlimited number of no @-@ decompression air or nitrox dives over multiple days ; and
substantially longer than 18 hours for technical divers who make decompression dives or used helium breathing mixes , as no specific evidence concerning decompression or helium diving was available .
These recommendations apply to flying at an altitude greater than , or cabin pressure less than , an altitude equivalent of 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 meters ) .
NASA astronauts train underwater to simulate the weightlessness and occasionally need to fly afterwards at cabin altitudes not exceeding 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 meters ) . Training dives use 46 % Nitrox and can exceed six hours at a maximum depth of 40 ffw ( 12 mfw ) for a maximum equivalent air depth ( EAD ) of 24 fsw ( 7 msw ) . NASA guidelines for EADs of 20 – 50 fsw ( 6 – 15 msw ) with maximum dive durations of 100 – 400 minutes allow either air or oxygen to be breathed in the preflight surface intervals . Oxygen breathing during surface intervals reduces the time to fly by a factor of seven to nine times compared with air . A study by another military organization , the Special Operations Command also indicated that preflight oxygen might be an effective means for reducing DCS risk .
Some places , ( for example , the Altiplano in Peru and Bolivia , or the plateau around Asmara ( where the airport is ) in Eritrea , and some mountain passes ) , are many thousand feet above sea level and travelling to such places after diving at lower altitude should be treated as flying at the equivalent altitude after diving .
= = Specialised decompression procedures = =
= = = Surface decompression = = =
Surface decompression is a procedure in which some or all of the staged decompression obligation is done in a decompression chamber instead of in the water . This reduces the time that the diver spends in the water , exposed to environmental hazards such as cold water or currents , which will enhance diver safety . The decompression in the chamber is more controlled , in a more comfortable environment , and oxygen can be used at greater partial pressure as there in no risk of drowning and a lower risk of oxygen toxicity convulsions . A further operational advantage is that once the divers are in the chamber , new divers can be supplied from the diving panel , and the operations can continue with less delay .
A typical surface decompression procedure is described in the US Navy Diving Manual . If there is no in @-@ water 40 ft stop required the diver is surfaced directly . Otherwise , all required decompression up to and including the 40 ft ( 12 m ) stop is completed in @-@ water . The diver is then surfaced and pressurised in a chamber to 50 fsw ( 15 msw ) within 5 minutes of leaving 40 ft depth in the water . If this " surface interval " from 40 ft in the water to 50 fsw in the chamber exceeds 5 minutes , a penalty is incurred , as this indicates a higher risk of DCS symptoms developing , so longer decompression is required .
In the case where the diver is successfully recompressed within the nominal interval , he will be decompressed according to the schedule in the air decompression tables for surface decompression , preferably on oxygen , which is used from 50 fsw ( 15 msw ) , a partial pressure of 2 @.@ 5 bar . The duration of the 50 fsw stop is 15 minutes for the Revision 6 tables . The chamber is then decompressed to 40 fsw ( 12 msw ) for the next stage of up to 4 periods on oxygen . A stop may also be done at 30 fsw ( 9 msw ) , for further periods on oxygen according to the schedule . Air breaks of 5 minutes are taken at the end of each 30 minutes of oxygen breathing .
Surface decompression procedures have been described as " semi @-@ controlled accidents " .
Data collected in the North Sea have shown that the overall incidence of decompression sickness for in @-@ water and surface decompression is similar , but surface decompression tends to produce ten times more type II ( neurological ) DCS than in @-@ water decompression . A possible explanation is that during the final stage of ascent , bubbles are produced that are stopped in the lung capillaries . During recompression of the diver in the deck chamber , the diameter of some of these bubbles is reduced sufficiently that they pass through the pulmonary capillaries and reach the systemic circulation on the arterial side , later lodging in systemic capillaries and causing neurological symptoms . The same scenario was proposed for type II DCS recorded after sawtooth profile diving or multiple repetitive diving .
= = = Dry bell decompression = = =
" Dry " , or " Closed " diving bells are pressure vessels for human occupation which can be deployed from the surface to transport divers to the underwater workplace at pressures greater than ambient . They are equalized to ambient pressure at the depth where the divers will get out and back in after the dive , and are then re @-@ sealed for transport back to the surface , which also generally takes place with controlled internal pressure greater than ambient . During and / or after the recovery from depth , the divers may be decompressed in the same way as if they were in a decompression chamber , so in effect , the dry bell is a mobile decompression chamber . Another option , used in saturation diving , is to decompress to storage pressure ( pressure in the habitat part of the saturation spread ) and then transfer the divers to the saturation habitat under pressure ( transfer under pressure – TUP ) , where they will stay until the next shift , or until decompressed at the end of the saturation period .
= = = Saturation decompression = = =
Once all the tissue compartments have reached saturation for a given pressure and breathing mixture , continued exposure will not increase the gas loading of the tissues . From this point onwards the required decompression remains the same . If divers work and live at pressure for a long period , and are decompressed only at the end of the period , the risks associated with decompression are limited to this single exposure . This principle has led to the practice of saturation diving , and as there is only one decompression , and it is done in the relative safety and comfort of a saturation habitat , the decompression is done on a very conservative profile , minimising the risk of bubble formation , growth and the consequent injury to tissues . A consequence of these procedures is that saturation divers are more likely to suffer decompression sickness symptoms in the slowest tissues , whereas bounce divers are more likely to develop bubbles in faster tissues .
Decompression from a saturation dive is a slow process . The rate of decompression typically ranges between 3 and 6 fsw ( 0 @.@ 9 and 1 @.@ 8 msw ) per hour .
The US Navy Heliox saturation decompression rates require a partial pressure of oxygen to be maintained at between 0 @.@ 44 and 0 @.@ 48 atm when possible , but not to exceed 23 % by volume , to restrict the risk of fire . For practicality the decompression is done in increments of 1 fsw at a rate not exceeding 1 fsw per minute , followed by a stop , with the average complying with the table ascent rate . Decompression is done for 16 hours in 24 , with the remaining 8 hours split into two rest periods . A further adaptation generally made to the schedule is to stop at 4 fsw for the time that is would theoretically take to complete the decompression at the specified rate , i.e. 80 minutes , and then complete the decompression to surface at 1 fsw per minute . This is done to avoid the possibility of losing the door seal at a low pressure differential and losing the last hour or so of slow decompression .
The Norwegian saturation decompression tables are similar , but specifically do not allow decompression to start with an upward excursion . Partial pressure of oxygen is maintained between 0 @.@ 4 and 0 @.@ 5 bar , and a rest stop of 6 hours is specified each night starting at midnight .
= = = Therapeutic decompression = = =
Therapeutic decompression is a procedure for treating decompression sickness by recompressing the diver , thus reducing bubble size , and allowing the gas bubbles to re @-@ dissolve , then decompressing slowly enough to avoid further formation or growth of bubbles , or eliminating the inert gases by breathing oxygen under pressure .
= = = = Therapeutic decompression on air = = = =
Recompression on atmospheric air was shown to be an effective treatment for minor DCS symptoms by Keays in 1909 .
Historically , therapeutic decompression was done by recompressing the diver to the depth of relief of pain , or a bit deeper , maintaining that pressure for a while , so that bubbles could be re @-@ dissolved , and performing a slow decompression back to the surface pressure . Later air tables were standardised to specific depths , followed by slow decompression . This procedure has been superseded almost entirely by hyperbaric oxygen treatment .
= = = = Hyperbaric oxygen therapy = = = =
Evidence of the effectiveness of recompression therapy utilizing oxygen was first shown by Yarbrough and Behnke , and has since become the standard of care for treatment of DCS .
A typical hyperbaric oxygen treatment schedule is the US Navy Table 6 , which provides for a standard treatment of 3 to 5 periods of 20 minutes of oxygen breathing at 60 fsw ( 18msw ) followed by 2 to 4 periods of 60 minutes at 30 fsw ( 9 msw ) before surfacing . Air breaks are taken between oxygen breathing to reduce the risk of oxygen toxicity .
= = = = In water recompression = = = =
If a chamber is not available for recompression within a reasonable period , a riskier alternative is in @-@ water recompression at the dive site . In @-@ water recompression ( IWR ) is the emergency treatment of decompression sickness ( DCS ) by sending the diver back underwater to allow the gas bubbles in the tissues , which are causing the symptoms , to resolve . It is a risky procedure that should only be used when it is not practicable to travel to the nearest recompression chamber in time to save the victim 's life .
The procedure is high risk as a diver suffering from DCS may become paralysed , unconscious or stop breathing whilst under water . Any one of these events may result in the diver drowning or further injury to the diver during a subsequent rescue to the surface . These risks can be mitigated to some extent by using a helmet or full @-@ face mask with voice communications on the diver , and suspending the diver from the surface so that depth is positively controlled , and by having an in @-@ water standby diver attend the diver undergoing the treatment at all times .
The principle behind in water recompression treatment is the same as that behind the treatment of DCS in a recompression chamber
Although in @-@ water recompression is regarded as risky , and to be avoided , there is increasing evidence that technical divers who surface and demonstrate mild DCS symptoms may often get back into the water and breathe pure oxygen at a depth 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) for a period to seek to alleviate the symptoms . This trend is noted in paragraph 3 @.@ 6 @.@ 5 of DAN 's 2008 accident report . The report also notes that whilst the reported incidents showed very little success , " [ w ] e must recognize that these calls were mostly because the attempted IWR failed . In case the IWR were successful , [ the ] diver would not have called to report the event . Thus we do not know how often IWR may have been used successfully . "
Historically , in @-@ water recompression was the usual method of treating decompression sickness in remote areas . Procedures were often informal and based on operator experience , and used air as the breathing gas as it was all that was available . The divers generally used standard diving gear , which was relatively safe for this procedure , as the diver was at low risk of drowning if he lost consciousness .
= = Decompression equipment = =
There are several types of equipment used to help divers carry out decompression . Some are used to plan and monitor the decompression and some mark the underwater position of the diver and act as a buoyancy control aid and position reference in low visibility or currents . Decompression may be shortened ( or accelerated ) by breathing an oxygen @-@ rich " deco gas " such as a nitrox with 50 % or more oxygen . The high partial pressure of oxygen in such decompression mixes create the effect of the oxygen window . This decompression gas is often carried by scuba divers in side @-@ slung cylinders . Cave divers who can only return by a single route , will often leave decompression gas cylinders attached to the guideline at the points where they will be used . Surface supplied divers will have the composition of the breathing gas controlled at the gas panel . Divers with long decompression obligations may be decompressed inside gas filled chambers in the water or at the surface .
= = = Planning and monitoring decompression = = =
Equipment for planning and monitoring decompression includes decompression tables , surface computer software and personal decompression computers . There is a wide range of choice :
A decompression algorithm is used to calculate the decompression stops needed for a particular dive profile to reduce the risk of decompression sickness occurring after surfacing at the end of a dive . The algorithm can be used to generate decompression schedules for a particular dive profile , decompression tables for more general use , or be implemented in dive computer software . Depending on the algorithm chosen the range of no @-@ decompression limits at a given depth on the same gas can vary considerably . It is not possible to discriminate between " right " and " wrong " options , but it is considered correct to say that the risk of developing DCS is greater for the longer exposures and less for the shorter exposures for a given depth .
Dive tables or decompression tables are tabulated data , often in the form of printed cards or booklets , that allow divers to determine a decompression schedule for a given dive profile and breathing gas . In some cases they may also specify an altitude range . The choice of tables for professional diving use is generally made by the organization employing the divers , and for recreational training it is usually prescribed by the certifying agency , but for recreational purposes the diver is generally free to make use of any of the range of published tables , and for that matter , to modify them to suit himself or herself .
Decompression software is available for personal computers to model the decompression requirements of user specified dive profiles with different gas mixtures using a choive of decompression algorithms . Schedules generated by decompression software represent a diver 's specific dive plan and breathing gas mixtures . It is usual to generate a schedule for the planned profile and for the most likely contingency profiles .
A personal dive computer is a small computer designed to be worn by a diver during a dive , with a pressure sensor and an electronic timer mounted in a waterproof and pressure resistant housing which has
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1987 , which was the first known example of albinism in a requiem shark . An adult pigeye shark typically measures 1 @.@ 9 – 2 @.@ 5 m ( 6 @.@ 2 – 8 @.@ 2 ft ) long , while the largest individuals reach 2 @.@ 8 m ( 9 @.@ 2 ft ) long .
The pigeye shark can be most reliably distinguished from the bull shark by the number of precaudal ( before the caudal fin ) vertebrae ( 89 – 95 in C. amboinensis versus 101 – 123 in C. leucas ) . Externally , it has a greater size difference between its dorsal fins ( first @-@ to @-@ second height ratio > 3 @.@ 1 : 1 versus ≤ 3 @.@ 1 : 1 in C. leucas ) and the notch in its anal fin margin forms an acute angle ( versus a right angle in C. leucas ) . This species also usually has fewer tooth rows in the lower jaw ( 10 – 12 on each side versus 12 – 13 in C. leucas ) .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Though widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical marine waters of Eurasia , Africa , and Oceania , the pigeye shark does not appear to be common anywhere . Existing records are patchy , and the full extent of its range may be obscured by confusion with the bull shark . In the eastern Atlantic , it is found off Cape Verde and Senegal , and from Nigeria to Namibia ; there is a single Mediterranean record from off Crotone , Italy . It occurs all along the continental periphery of the Indian Ocean , from eastern South Africa to the Arabian Peninsula ( including Madagascar , the Seychelles , and Mauritius ) , to Southeast Asia and northern Australia . Its range extends into the Pacific , northward to the Philippines and southern China , and eastward to New Guinea and some Micronesian islands . Tagging and genetic data indicate that pigeye sharks , particularly juveniles , are not strongly migratory and tend to remain in a local area . The longest recorded distance covered by an adult is 1 @,@ 080 km ( 670 mi ) .
The pigeye shark inhabits coastal waters down to a depth of 150 m ( 490 ft ) , favouring environments with fine sediment and murky water . It sometimes enters estuaries , but unlike the bull shark , it does not ascend rivers and avoids brackish water . The movements and habitat usage of juvenile pigeye sharks have been extensively studied in Cleveland Bay in northeastern Queensland . Young sharks live in the bay year @-@ round , staying mostly in the eastern side where the input from three rivers produces strong currents and high turbidity . Individual home ranges are relatively small , averaging 30 km2 ( 12 sq mi ) , and increase in size with age . The juveniles generally stay in water less than 40 m ( 130 ft ) deep , with the youngest sharks spending the most time in the shallowest parts of the bay . They swim into the intertidal zone with the rising tide and depart as the tide recedes ; this movement may relate to exploiting foraging opportunities on the submerged mud flats , or to avoiding predation or competition by staying out of the deeper waters occupied by larger sharks . There is also an annual movement cycle where the juveniles move closer to the river mouths during the dry season and farther from them during the wet season ; since the rainy season brings a higher flow of fresh water into the bay , the sharks may be responding directly or indirectly to the resultant decrease in salinity and dissolved oxygen levels .
= = Biology and ecology = =
The pigeye shark is a largely solitary animal , though occasionally several individuals may be found at the same location . In the Mozambique Channel , it outnumbers the bull shark on the east side while the opposite is true on the west side , suggesting there may be competitive exclusion between these similar species . Parasites documented from the pigeye shark include the myxosporean Kudoa carcharhini , the copepods Pandarus smithii and P. cranchii , and the tapeworms Callitetrarhynchus gracilis , Cathetocephalus sp . , Floriceps minacanthus , Heteronybelinia australis , Otobothrium australe , O. crenacolle , and Protogrillotia sp . Young pigeye sharks are potentially vulnerable to predation by larger sharks . The natural mortality for juveniles in Cleveland Bay has been measured at no more than 5 % per year ; this rate is comparable to that in juvenile bull sharks , and is much lower than in juvenile blacktip sharks ( C. limbatus ) or lemon sharks ( Negaprion brevirostris ) .
= = = Feeding = = =
Though the pigeye shark will take prey from anywhere in the water column , it tends to hunt close to the sea floor . An apex predator , it feeds mainly on teleost fishes such as croakers , flatfishes , and cutlassfishes , and to a lesser extent on cartilaginous fishes , cephalopods , and decapod crustaceans . It has also been recorded eating gastropods , sea snakes , dolphins , and whale carrion . Other sharks and rays figure much more prominently in the diets of South African pigeye sharks than those from other regions ; the types consumed include requiem sharks , catsharks , angel sharks , guitarfishes , stingrays , and eagle rays .
= = = Life history = = =
The pigeye shark is viviparous ; like in other requiem sharks , after the developing embryo depletes its supply of yolk , it is sustained to term by its mother through a placental connection formed from the empty yolk sac . Mature females have a single functional ovary and two functional uteruses . Reproductive details vary among regions : off South Africa , the gestation period lasts about 12 months , with mating and birthing both occurring in late summer . The litters range from three to seven pups ( average five ) and the newborns are around 75 – 79 cm ( 30 – 31 in ) long . Off northern Australia , the gestation period lasts 9 months , with birthing taking place in November and December . The litters range from six to 13 pups ( average 9 ) and the newborns are around 59 – 66 cm ( 23 – 26 in ) long .
Young sharks can be found in shallow inshore environments such as bays until at least three years of age , suggesting this species uses these sheltered habitats as nurseries . As the sharks grow older , they venture farther from land into deeper water , more and more often , until they eventually disperse . This is a long @-@ lived , slow @-@ growing species ; males grow faster and reach a smaller ultimate size than females . Sexual maturity is attained at around 2 @.@ 1 m ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) long and 12 years of age for males , and 2 @.@ 2 m ( 7 @.@ 2 ft ) long and 13 years of age for females . The maximum lifespan is at least 26 years for males and 30 years for females .
= = Human interactions = =
Large and formidably toothed , the pigeye shark is regarded as potentially dangerous to humans , though it has not been implicated in any attacks . This species is caught infrequently on longlines and in gillnets , and is used for meat and fins . As a predator , though , the shark can accumulate ciguatera toxins produced by dinoflagellates within its tissues . In November 1993 , some 500 people in Manakara , Madagascar , were poisoned , 98 of them fatally , after eating meat from a pigeye shark . This was the first recorded mass ciguatera outbreak caused by a shark , as well as the first with a significant death toll . The IUCN has listed the pigeye shark overall as Data Deficient , while noting that its rarity may render it susceptible to overfishing . In KwaZulu @-@ Natal , South Africa , small numbers of pigeye sharks are caught in shark nets set up to protect beaches . The catch rate and the average size of sharks caught both decreased between 1978 and 1998 , leading to concerns that the local population may be depleted . Thus , the IUCN has given this species a regional assessment of Near Threatened in the southwestern Indian Ocean .
= Talking to the Moon ( song ) =
" Talking to the Moon " is the seventh track from American singer @-@ songwriter Bruno Mars ' debut studio album , Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans ( 2010 ) . The song was first unveiled on Mars ' debut extended play , It 's Better If You Don 't Understand ( 2010 ) , as its last track . It was written by Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , Ari Levine , Albert Winkler , and Jeff Bhasker , while production was handled by The Smeezingtons in collaboration with Bhasker . " Talking to the Moon " remains a pop song with power ballad influences , and its lyrics are about a failed relationship , solitude , and sadness . Instrumentally , the track relies on drum percussion and piano .
The song received mixed to positive reviews from critics who praised its slow pace and lyrics ; however , it was criticized for its overwhelming production . The song was officially released as a single only in Brazil through Warner Music Brasil , following its appearance on the soundtrack of the Brazilian telenovela Insensato Coração ( Irrational Heart ) from 2011 . As a result , the track charted on the Brasil Hot 100 Airplay , and on the Billboard Brasil Hot Pop & Popular , where it spent several weeks at number one , respectively . The song was performed many times during Mars ' debut world tour , The Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans Tour ( 2010 @-@ 2012 ) , as the fourteenth track on its set list .
= = Background and production = =
" Talking to the Moon " was first recorded by Mars for his debut EP , It 's Better If You Don 't Understand , which was released on May 11 , 2010 under Elektra Records . When asked about the lyrical content of the record , Mars stated that " [ he ] just [ writes ] songs that [ he ] strongly believe in and that are coming from inside . There 's no tricks . It 's honesty with big melodies . And [ he is ] singing the s * * * out of them . " During an interview , Mars explained that after writing and producing songs for other artists , he thought that he could write a song for himself . He started writing the lyrics of " Talking To The Moon " while playing the piano . The track was included five months later on his debut studio album , Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans , released on October 4 , 2010 under the Elektra and Atlantic labels . Mars also recorded an acoustic piano version included on the deluxe edition of the album . Ari Levine of The Smeezingtons stated that " Talking To The Moon " was one of his favorite songs on the album and described how the song was conceived in an interview for Sound on Sound :
" Talking to the Moon " was written by Albert Winkler , Jeff Bhasker , Bruno Mars , Philip Lawrence , and Ari Levine , and produced by Mars , Lawrence , and Levine , while Bhasker co @-@ produced the song . Levine and Mars played all the instruments on the track and recorded them ; Levine was as well responsible for engineering the song at Levcon Studios in California . The mixing of the track was done at Larrabee Sound Studios in North Hollywood by Manny Marroquin , with Christian Plata and Erik Madrid serving as assistants . Stephen Marcussen mastered the song at Marcussen Mastering in California .
= = Composition = =
" Talking to the Moon " remains a pop and power ballad that lasts for 3 minutes and 7 seconds , with a stripped @-@ down production , and instrumentation consisting primarily of drums and piano , along with several synthesizers . According to the digital sheet music published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song was written in the key of C # minor and was set in a four @-@ four time signature with a ballad tempo of 73 beats per minute . Mars ' vocal range spans from G ♯ 3 to C ♯ 5 , and the song follows the chord progression E @-@ G ♯ 7 @-@ C ♯ m @-@ B @-@ A. His vocals on the hook of the record have been described as unusual for a pop song . The initial 30 seconds of the track give away its opening using a soft piano .
The song 's lyrics describe feelings of loneliness , loss , and hope in the chorus : " Talking to the moon / Try to get to you / In hopes you 're on the other side / Talking to me , too " . As the song continues , it shows the singer 's vulnerable side with soft , sincere lyrics about a lost love that has now gone , according to Alex Young of Consequence of Sound . A similar opinion was shared by Dan Pardalis of 411Mania.com , noticing that Mars hopes " his message will somehow make its way to a lost former lover " . Sherri Thornhill of Yahoo ! , believed the lyrics reveal the singer 's hope that " his former flame is talking to the moon just as he is . "
= = Critical reception = =
The song received mixed to positive reviews from music critics on the release of the album . Alex Young of Consequence of Sound gave the song a positive review writing that the song " may be the best of this collection [ album ] " , adding that " this track is primed for radio ; a soft , sincere piano @-@ driven song about a lost love that has now gone [ ... ] belts the vulnerable Mars . " Yahoo ! ' s music critic , Sherri Thornhill , praised the song , calling it a " beauty " and " relatable " , since the lyrics show the " heartbroken lover [ ' s ] " wish that his former lover is doing the same as he is - talking to the moon . The Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer 's reviewer , Tyrone S. Reid , considered the song " beautifully written , waxing poetic about love and longing – a forte that the singer employs with great results in his work . " In a similar review , Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly felt that the debut studio album " aptly applies Mars ’ studio talents ... in his own postmillennial way " , calling " Talking to the Moon " " woebegone " , adding that " a malt @-@ shop heart beats beneath [ its ] digital skin " . Emily Yang of The Signal stated that Mars " focuses on the slow pace of the drums and piano to convey his sorrow . He sings of loneliness which is almost palpable in the chorus . " Harris Decker of The Truth About Music , while reviewing his EP It 's Better If You Do 't Understand , called the song opening " spectacular " , while stating that it " just gets better from there " . The review concluded that , " with an over the top production , the chorus features a great hook and perfect balance " . Bill Lamb of About.com confessed about the recording that it " is possibly the weakest track simply because the heavy production threatens to overwhelm the centerpiece of Bruno Mars ' singing because it is a big power jazz ballad that would work well from the stage . " In the same vein , Mike Diver of BBC Music considered the song " a ballad devoid of detectable emotion " .
= = Commercial performance = =
Following the track 's inclusion on the soundtrack of Insensato Coração , which generated most of the song 's success and resulted its extensive airplay on Brazilian radio stations , Warner Music Brasil decided to release it as an official single there . After its release , " Talking to the Moon " charted on two Brazilian charts – Billboard Brasil Hot Pop & Popular and the Brasil Hot 100 Airplay with it reaching the top position in both cases . The song spent nine weeks at number one on both charts . It became the fourth song with the most weeks spent at the top of Billboard Brasil Hot Pop & Popular and on Brasil Hot 100 Airplay it ranked seventh with the most weeks at number one as of 2012 .
= = Usage in media = =
The song was used on the soundtrack of Brazilian telenovela Insensato Coração . It was also used in the movie , A Turtle 's Tale : Sammy 's Adventures , with it being as well included on the movie soundtrack as a bonus song . An acoustic piano version of " Talking to the Moon " was included on the charity compilation album , Songs for Japan , released on March 25 , 2011 . " Talking to the Moon " was featured in the movie Think Like A Man , released in 2012 , where the song was attributed to Mars in the final credits .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Recording
Mixed at Larrabee Sound Studios , Hollywood , California .
Mastered at Marcussen Mastering , Hollywood , California
Engineered at Levcon Studios , Hollywood , California .
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Doo @-@ Wops & Hooligans .
= = Charts = =
= Rova of Antananarivo =
The Rova of Antananarivo / ˈruːvə / ( Malagasy : Rovan 'i Manjakamiadana [ ˈruvən manˌdzakəmiˈadə ̥ nə ] ) is a royal palace complex ( rova ) in Madagascar that served as the home of the sovereigns of the Kingdom of Imerina in the 17th and 18th centuries , as well as of the rulers of the Kingdom of Madagascar in the 19th century . Its counterpart is the nearby fortified village of Ambohimanga , which served as the spiritual seat of the kingdom in contrast to the political significance of the Rova in the capital . Located in the central highland city of Antananarivo , the Rova occupies the highest point on Analamanga , formerly the highest of Antananarivo 's many hills . Merina king Andrianjaka , who ruled Imerina from around 1610 until 1630 , is believed to have captured Analamanga from a Vazimba king around 1610 or 1625 and erected the site 's first fortified royal structure . Successive Merina kings continued to rule from the site until the fall of the monarchy in 1896 , frequently restoring , modifying or adding royal structures within the compound to suit their needs .
Over time , the number of buildings within the site varied . Andrianjaka founded the Rova with three buildings and a dedicated tomb site in the early 17th century . The number of structures rose to approximately twenty during the late 18th @-@ century reign of King Andrianampoinimerina . By the late 20th century , the Rova 's structures had been reduced to eleven , representing various architectural styles and historical periods . The largest and most prominent of these was Manjakamiadana , also known as the " Queen 's Palace " after Queen Ranavalona I , for whom the original wooden palace was built between 1839 – 1841 by Frenchman Jean Laborde . In 1867 the palace was encased in stone for Queen Ranavalona II by Scotsman James Cameron , an artisan missionary of the London Missionary Society . The neighbouring Tranovola , a smaller wooden palace constructed in 1819 by Creole trader Louis Gros for King Radama I , was the first multi @-@ storey building with verandas in the Rova . The model offered by Tranovola transformed architecture throughout the highlands over the course of the 19th century , inspiring a widespread shift toward two @-@ storey houses with verandas . The Rova grounds also contained a cross @-@ shaped wooden house ( Manampisoa ) built as the private residence of Queen Rasoherina , a stone Protestant chapel ( Fiangonana ) , nine royal tombs , and a number of named wooden houses built in the traditional style reserved for the andriana ( nobles ) in Imerina . Among the most significant of these were Besakana , erected in the early 17th century by Andrianjaka and considered the throne of the kingdom , and Mahitsielafanjaka , a later building which came to represent the seat of ancestral spiritual authority at the Rova .
A fire on the night of 6 November 1995 destroyed or damaged all the structures within the Rova complex shortly before it was due to be inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Although officially declared an accident , rumours persist that politically motivated arson may have been the actual cause of the fire . The chapel and tombs , as well as Besakana and Mahitsielafanjaka , have since been fully restored with bilateral government donations , state funds and grants from intergovernmental and private donors . Completion of the reconstruction of the Manjakamiadana exterior is estimated for 2012 , while interior restoration work will continue until at least 2013 . Once the building is fully restored , Manjakamiadana will serve as a museum showcasing royal artefacts saved from destruction in the fire .
= = Background = =
Madagascar 's central highlands were first inhabited between 200 BCE – 300 CE by the island 's earliest settlers , the Vazimba , who appear to have arrived by pirogue from southeastern Borneo and established simple villages in the island 's dense forests . By the 15th century the Merina ethnic group from the southeastern coast had gradually migrated into the central highlands where they established hilltop villages interspersed among existing Vazimba settlements ruled by local kings . In the mid @-@ 16th century these royal Merina villages ( rovas ) — now fortified with stone walls , gateways and deep defensive trenches — were united under the rule of King Andriamanelo ( 1540 – 1575 ) , who initiated the first military campaigns to expel or assimilate the Vazimba population by force . Villages inhabited by the andriana ( noble ) class established by Andriamanelo typically contained a rova or palace compound .
The rova 's earliest defining features had crystallised among the Merina as residences for local rulers at least 100 years before the emergence of the united Kingdom of Imerina under Andriamanelo . According to custom , a rova 's foundation was always elevated relative to the surrounding village . The compound also always featured a kianja ( central courtyard ) marked by a vatomasina ( tall sacred stone ) where the sovereign would stand to deliver kabary ( royal speeches or decrees ) . Contained within the rova was at least one lapa ( royal palace or residence ) as well as the fasana ( tomb ) of one or more of the site 's founders . The sovereign 's lodgings typically stood in the northern part of the rova , while the spouse or spouses lived in the southern part . It was not until the dawn of the 19th century that a perimeter wall of sharpened wooden stakes would constitute another defining feature of rova construction .
= = History = =
= = = 1610 – 1792 = = =
The Rova of Antananarivo is located 1 @,@ 480 metres ( 4 @,@ 860 ft ) above sea level on Analamanga , originally the highest of the numerous hills in Antananarivo . Around 1610 or 1625 , Andrianjaka , King of Imerina and grandson of King Andriamanelo , ordered a garrison of 1 @,@ 000 soldiers to seize the strategic site from its original Vazimba inhabitants . He reportedly succeeded with minimal bloodshed . According to oral history , the mere encampment of his army at the foot of Analamanga was sufficient to secure the submission of the Vazimba . Andrianjaka 's army then cleared the forest covering the hill 's summit and built a traditional rova to serve as an initial garrison , including an unnamed simple wooden house within it as a palace for the king . Soon afterward Andrianjaka built two more houses , reportedly named Masoandrotsiroa ( " There Are Not Two Suns " , also called Masoandro ) and Besakana ( " Great Breadth " ) . According to another account , Besakana may have been the name of the very first of the three houses Andrianjaka built within the Rova . The king also designated the construction site and design for the royal tombs he named Trano Masina Fitomiandalana ( " Seven Sacred Houses Arranged in Order " , also called Fitomiandalana ) , which were to be laid out in a line . Andrianjaka 's own tomb was the first of these to be built .
Generations of Andrianjaka 's successors through to his great @-@ grandson King Andriamasinavalona ( 1675 – 1710 ) ruled over the united central highland kingdom of Imerina from the Rova of Antananarivo . These monarchs occasionally altered the compound and its buildings to suit their purposes . In particular , Besakana served as a primary royal residence and was repeatedly rebuilt , most notably for Andriamasinavalona who , according to oral history , had famously sought and then spared a human sacrifice in preparation for the endeavour . At some point prior to 1800 , as the community of nobles inhabiting the Rova grew , the hilltop was lowered by 9 @.@ 1 metres ( 30 ft ) to expand the amount of level land available for construction . Consequently , among the hills of Antananarivo , the hilltop of Analamanga is now second in height to that of Ambohimitsimbina to the south .
The role of the Rova as a seat of power for the Kingdom of Imerina changed when Andriamasinavalona chose to divide the kingdom into four provinces ruled by his favourite sons . Antananarivo became the capital of the southern Imerina province with the Rova as its seat of government . The site retained this role until the late 18th century , when King Andrianampoinimerina ( 1787 – 1810 ) of Ambohimanga led a series of attacks beginning in 1792 that culminated in the capture of Antananarivo and its incorporation into the newly reunified Kingdom of Imerina .
= = = 1792 – 1810 = = =
After Andrianampoinimerina reunited the divided and warring Kingdom of Imerina , he successfully pursued an expansionist policy that saw his authority extended over a large portion of Madagascar by the time of his death in 1810 . Having captured Antananarivo by 1793 and transferred his capital from Ambohimanga to Antananarivo the following year , Andrianampoinimerina established new structures on the Rova grounds that would become imbued with the political and historic significance of his reign . In keeping with the tradition of Merina sovereigns before him , each building was assigned a name by which it could be distinguished . Several of the buildings were used interchangeably by the king as personal residences , including Manjakamiadana ( " Where It is Pleasant to Rule " ) , Besakana , Manatsaralehibe ( " Vast Improvement " , also called Manatsara ) — which he alone was authorised to enter — and Marivolanitra ( " Beneath the Heavens " ) , a building reportedly designed with a staircase leading to a rooftop observation deck from which the king could observe the town and plains below .
A number of the Rova 's buildings possessed unique design features . The modest wood building then known as Manjakamiadana was also called Felatanambola ( " Silver Hands " ) for the hand @-@ shaped sculptures crafted from melted silver piastres and attached to each of the building 's four tandrotrano ( roof horns ) — an architectural design element formed from the crossed gable beams that extended past the roof line of all traditional aristocratic Merina houses . Felatanambola 's decorative silver hands were later affixed to the roof horns of Besakana . Another distinctive building from this period was called Bevato ( " Many Stones " ) because its foundation was atypically composed of stone blocks . Manatsara was said to be the most well constructed of the many houses because it was built using ambora ( Tambourissa parrifolia ) , an extremely durable and rot @-@ resistant indigenous hardwood , rather than a traditional wood called hazomena ( Weinmannia rutenbergii ) . According to oral history , Manatsara was treasured by Andrianampoinimerina and the house was quite old but still well preserved in the mid @-@ 19th century when Queen Ranavalona I decided to recover its interior walls with wood taken from Sihanaka country .
Andrianampoinimerina 's many wives and other family members occupied the majority of the buildings , most notably Mahitsielafanjaka ( " That Which is Upright Rules Long " , also called Mahitsy ) , the abode of wife Rabodonizimirabalahy , where the sampy ( royal idol ) called Manjakatsiroa was kept . Three other royal idols were kept on the Rova grounds , namely Rakelimalaza , Ramahavaly and Rafantaka , each of which were housed in their own separate buildings . Nanjakana ( " Royal " ) was occupied by wives named Ramanantenasoa and Rasamona . Tsarazoky ( " Good Eldest One " ) was the home of Ramiangaly , while Rasendrasoa , Andrianampoinimerina 's principal wife , occupied Bado ( " Stupid " ) . Rarihasana ( " Armor of Sanctity " ) was inhabited by wives Ravaomanjaka and Razafinamboa ; Andrianampoinimerina 's son and heir , Radama I , would later offer this same house to Rasalimo , who eventually became one of Radama 's wives . Three notable houses were inhabited by other family members . Andrianampoinimerina gave Besakana to his adopted daughter Ramavo ( later to become Radama 's wife and eventually Queen Ranavalona I ) . Andrianampoinimerina 's sister , Ralaisoka , originally shared Besakana with Ramavo until a daughter named Ratsimanompo vacated a house called Fohiloha ( " Short " ) , leaving Ralaisoka to occupy it alone . Masoandrotsiroa served as the residence of Ramavo 's sister , Rangita , and an aunt named Rasalamo , a daughter of Andrianampoinimerina 's grandfather King Andriambelomasina , was given a house named Rarisambo ( " Fortified Ship " ) .
At least two buildings were transported in their entirety onto or away from the Rova compound during Andrianampoinimerina 's reign . Miandrivola ( " Guarding Money " ) was moved from Ambohidrano to the Rova compound , where it was inhabited by one of the king 's wives , Rafaravavy . The king also had Manatsara removed from Antananarivo to Ambohidrabiby .
= = = 1810 – 1896 = = =
Following unification of the greater part of the island under Merina rule in the 19th century , the palaces of the Rova served as the seat of power for successive sovereigns of the Kingdom of Madagascar , including King Radama I ( 1810 – 1828 ) , Queen Ranavalona I ( 1828 – 1861 ) , King Radama II ( 1861 – 1863 ) , Queen Rasoherina ( 1863 – 1868 ) , Queen Ranavalona II ( 1868 – 1883 ) and lastly Queen Ranavalona III ( 1883 – 1895 ) , who ruled from the Rova until Madagascar 's annexation by France . During his successful 1817 military campaign to pacify the east coast , Radama I — son and successor of Andrianampoinimerina — was favourably impressed by the houses he saw in Toamasina that had been built by newly arrived Creole merchants from Mauritius and Reunion . Radama invited one of them , a craftsman named Louis Gros , to return with him to Antananarivo to redesign Bevato as a home for his principal wife , Rasalimo . The new Bevato reportedly featured two stories , much like the houses Radama had seen in Toamasina .
Another wooden palace , Tranovola ( " Silver House " ) , was under construction at the same time as Bevato and is considered by historians to represent the first true hybrid of Creole and traditional Merina aristocratic architecture . Its innovations included a roof of wood shingles , a second storey , the addition of a veranda , glass windows , multiple interior rooms ( as opposed to a single open interior space ) and the use of curved shapes as design elements . Historic sources offer conflicting accounts of these two buildings . Some maintain that Bevato was relocated and remodelled to become Tranovola , while others maintain the buildings were separate but debate which of the two houses was the first two @-@ storey building in the Rova ( still other sources award this innovation to Marivolanitra ) . The design of Radama 's tomb likewise embodies the hybrid style that was to influence and inspire not only the majority of the buildings built at the Rova in the 19th century , but ultimately architecture throughout the entire highland region of Madagascar — particularly in its use of equidistant pillars supporting the overhanging roof to create a veranda .
Despite the stylistic innovations Radama adopted for the construction of several of the compound 's buildings , the Rova largely retained its traditional features during his reign . The basic layout of the compound remained largely unaltered from its original design with the sole exception of an expansion of the Rova along its north @-@ south axis . Stone walls topped with sharpened wooden stakes were built around the new perimeter during this period . Venerable buildings such as Besakana , Nanjakana , Mahitsy and Manjakamiadana were retained , as were the houses of several of Andrianampoinimerina 's wives , many of whom were still living at the time of Radama 's death in 1828 . During his reign , Radama undertook the restoration of Marivolanitra to serve chiefly as housing for visiting foreigners , and briefly inhabited it himself in addition to his main residence at Besakana . He also had a house called Kelisoa ( " Petite Beauty " ) built as a lodging for his concubines .
The Rova underwent several significant changes during the lengthy reign of Queen Ranavalona I. The largest of the buildings in the modern @-@ day compound , the wooden Manjakamiadana , was built between 1839 and 1840 . Ranavalona also made further modifications to Tranovola in 1845 , when it became the residence of her son Radama II . The boundaries of the compound were expanded to their largest and final extent , and numerous older buildings were removed from the Rova of Antananarivo to other towns in the highlands . Voahangy ( " Pearl " ) , the former home of Andrianampoinimerina 's wife Ramisa , was moved to Alasora . The house known as Tsiazompaniry ( " Forbidden to be Desired " ) , formerly inhabited by another of his wives , Rabodonizimirahalahy , was moved to the region of Antanamalaza . Bado was moved to Ambohidrabiby . The queen also moved Fohiloha , Kelisoa , Manatsara and Masoandro to the royal village of Ambohimanga .
Later queens also left their mark on the Rova through major construction projects . Queen Rasoherina had Marivolanitra relocated to Mahazoarivo to make room for Manampisoa ( " Adding What is Pleasant " ) , built from 1865 to 1867 for use as her personal residence . A Protestant chapel ( Fiangonana ) was erected during the reign of Ranavalona II , who also ordered the exterior of the wooden Manjakamiadana to be encased in stone . Plans to build a private residence for Ranavalona III were abandoned in 1896 at the time of French colonisation of the island . According to one source , partial electrification of the Rova may have been successfully tested on Christmas Day 1892 . Following this experiment , Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony and Queen Ranavalona III began working with a contractor to purchase and install the necessary equipment to expand electrification throughout the Rova , but this initiative was also interrupted by the advent of French colonisation .
= = = 1896 – present = = =
The 1896 French colonisation of Madagascar brought an end to the rule of the Merina sovereigns . The Rova of Antananarivo was converted into a museum the following year , and the Fitomiandalana tombs were excavated and moved to a new location behind the tombs of Radama I and Rasoherina . The bodies of sovereigns previously interred in the royal tombs at Ambohimanga were exhumed and transferred to the tombs in the Rova grounds , a sacrilegious move that degraded the status of Ambohimanga as a site of sacred pilgrimage . According to Frémigacci ( 1999 ) , French colonial administrator General Joseph Gallieni undertook this desacralisation of the Rova in an attempt to break popular belief in the power of the royal ancestors . By the same token , his actions relegated Malagasy sovereignty under the Merina rulers to a relic of an unenlightened past . The desecration of the two most sacred sites of Merina royalty represented a calculated political move intended to establish the political and cultural superiority of the colonial power .
Following independence the Rova compound remained largely closed to the public throughout the First ( 1960 – 1972 ) and Second ( 1975 – 1992 ) Republics except on special occasions . In 1995 , three years into the Third Republic ( 1992 – 2010 ) , the Rova compound was destroyed by fire . The tombs , chapel , exterior of Manjakamiadina and two traditional wooden houses ( Besakana and Mahitsy ) have since been restored with further restorations planned to continue until at least 2013 .
= = Buildings = =
The Rova compound extends to just less than one hectare ( approximately two acres ) , spanning 116 metres ( 381 ft ) north to south and over 61 metres ( 200 ft ) from east to west . A barricade of thick wooden posts with sharpened ends surrounded the compound until 1897 when it was replaced with a brick wall on the orders of General Gallieni . Entered via a stone stairway leading to a large north @-@ facing gate built by James Cameron in 1845 , this portal is topped by a bronze voromahery ( eagle ) imported from France by Jean Laborde in 1840 . Beyond the gate lies an open dirt courtyard approximately 37 metres ( 121 ft ) square , with the far end opposite the gate delimited by the northern face and entrance of Manjakamiadana . Over time , the Rova compound has contained several key buildings of political and historical significance , including five palaces , a chapel and nine tombs .
= = = Manjakamiadana = = =
Manjakamiadana was built in two stages . The original palace , built between 1839 and 1840 on the orders of Ranavalona I , was built entirely in wood by Jean Laborde . In 1867 , during the reign of Ranavalona II , a stone casing was erected around the original wooden structure . The 30 @-@ metre ( 98 ft ) long , 20 @-@ metre ( 66 ft ) wide original wooden structure was 37 metres ( 121 ft ) high , including the steeply pitched roof of wooden shingles , itself 15 metres ( 49 ft ) in height . These measurements exclude the two superimposed balconies that extended 4 @.@ 6 metres ( 15 ft ) from the exterior walls and encircled the entire building , supported by 0 @.@ 61 @-@ metre ( 2 @.@ 0 ft ) diameter wooden posts . The exterior of the entire building , including the roof , was painted white , with the exception of the balcony railings which were red . The exterior walls were composed of wooden planks tightly fitted together in a repeated chevron pattern reminiscent of traditional thatch walls , while the wood planks of the interior walls were hung vertically . The building could be entered by three doors : the main entrance in the northern wall , another in the southern wall and a third reserved for servants in the eastern wall .
An open and spacious ground floor respected the same traditional layout exemplified in Besakana and other Merina homes , including the presence of hearth stones in their customary corner . Following traditional construction practices , the roof three stories above was supported by an enormous andry ( central pillar ) that was given the name Volamihitsy ( " Genuine Silver " ) . According to popular legend , this was made of a single rosewood tree trunk transported from the eastern rain forests . Recent archaeological excavations of the site during reconstruction have since disproved this account as the pillar was found to be a composite of fitted rosewood pieces rather than a single solid post . According to custom , the north @-@ eastern corner pillar was the first to be erected . Its length necessitated the use of a pulley designed by Jean Laborde , the principal architect , to haul the trunk into place . When an accident occurred during the operation , the queen designated a Malagasy carpenter to manufacture a crane to complete the task . Thousands of the queen 's subjects were forced to labour on the building 's construction in lieu of paying cash taxes pursuant to a tradition called fanampoana . One historic source claimed that 25 @,@ 000 subjects participated in the raising of the building 's corner posts alone . The harsh working conditions were said to have been the cause of many deaths , although precise figures are unknown .
Due to the deterioration of the wood of the exterior balconies over time , Queen Ranavalona II commissioned James Cameron to reinforce and encase the original structure in a stone shell in 1867 . Cameron 's exterior replaced the wooden balconies with stone walls three stories high . On each of the three floors , seven arched windows run the length of the two longer side walls while five windows illuminate the shorter front and back walls . A square tower stands at each of the four corners of the stone shell , extending above the level of the walls and forming their junction . A clock and bells were installed in the north @-@ eastern tower .
The ground floor of Manjakamiadana was divided into two vast rooms with furniture and decor that reflected European influence but with placement of objects respecting the norms of Malagasy cosmology . Following the reign of Radama II , the building was no longer inhabited but instead was reserved for state occasions . The northernmost of these two rooms was the site of the signing of important trade treaties with British and American dignitaries . It was also opened annually for the celebration of the Fandroana ( Royal Bath ) ceremony . Following the imposition of French colonial rule , Manjakamiadana was transformed in 1897 into L 'Ecole Le Myre de Vilers ( Le Myre de Vilers School ) , a training centre for Malagasy civil servants employed by the French colonial regime . When the purpose of the building changed , the elevation of the main hall 's floor was raised by building a platform on top of the original wooden floor .
= = = Tranovola = = =
Tranovola was first built in the Rova compound for Radama I in 1819 by Gros , then later reconstructed by Jean Laborde in 1845 on the orders of Queen Ranavalona I for her son Radama II . The origin of the name Tranovola , meaning " Silver House " , derives from the silver ornamentation used to decorate the exterior of the building . Sources have offered varying accounts of this silver decoration , including silver nails reportedly used to affix the roof , silver ornamentation on the window and door casings , tiny silver bells hung from the roof , and tiny mirrors embedded in the interior and exterior walls . Another account describes silver " fringes " on the west side of the building , and gable decorations consisting of silver " buttons " and decorative images made from pounded silver . After the supposed assassination of Radama II in 1863 , the palace was used by Prime Ministers Rainivoninahitriniony and Rainilaiarivony to receive ambassadors and conduct the diplomatic affairs of the Kingdom of Madagascar .
Built entirely of wood and surrounded by two stacked verandas around a central interior pillar supporting a steeply pitched roof , the exterior walls of Tranovola were painted red while the roof and railings of the verandas were painted white . Prior to its 1845 remodel , the original 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) long and 7 @.@ 2 @-@ metre ( 24 ft ) wide Tranovola took shape in several stages over the course of Radama 's reign . The initial building was a two @-@ storey house that in other respects largely followed the traditional architectural norms of the noble class in the highlands . Some time later a balcony was added on the second floor . This was eventually replaced by wraparound verandas on both floors , from which the king would deliver his royal speeches to the crowd gathered below .
There were two key catalysts beyond Radama 's affinity for Creole architecture that inspired Gros to innovate so far beyond traditional construction norms : the recent construction of a two @-@ storey house with a balcony in the neighbourhood of Andohalo by a British missionary ( the first balcony in highland Madagascar ) , and the 1823 arrival of Princess Rasalimo to the Rova , necessitating the redesign of Bevato as her residence . Rasalimo , whose marriage to Radama secured the peace between the Merina Kingdom and that of her Sakalava people on the west coast , was made Radama 's principal wife and reportedly demanded an exceptional palace for her home . This request led Radama to employ a Creole architect named Jean Julien to design the unprecedented two @-@ storey house . Although historic sources are divided on whether Tranovola , Bevato or Marivolanitra was the first two @-@ storey house at the Rova , the innovations embodied in these buildings and particularly in Tranovola underscore the rising influence of foreign architectural norms in Imerina . Tranovola is widely represented by historians as the first true example of the hybridisation of Merina architectural norms and those of Europe , and its design served as a model for the larger Manjakamiadana palace some years later . The innovative features of this building and the Manjakamiadana it inspired — particularly the verandas supported by exterior columns — became the new norm in highlands architecture , especially upon the adoption of brick as the principal building material .
On each floor of the two @-@ storey building , the floor plan consisted of a large central room flanked on either side by two smaller rooms . Although the interior was laid out according to traditional cosmological norms with a north @-@ south orientation and central supporting pillar , the decor was entirely innovative . Tranovola was the first building in Imerina to feature glass windows . Its walls were inlaid with mirrors and painted with naive art frescoes of Merina sovereigns and royal army imagery in a style that has drawn comparisons with French 19th century Épinal prints . The building 's fine silk brocaded curtains , chandeliers , cabinets in ebony and gold , and sculptures in alabaster and bronze were remarked upon by a European visitor in 1823 , as were the colourful fabric wall coverings imported from England . During the reign of Ranavalona I , Crown Prince Rakoto ( later King Radama II ) occupied Tranovola as his personal residence . After the Queen 's death , Radama continued to occupy rooms on the second storey of the building , using the smaller rooms on the ground floor as storage space . A British visitor in 1873 reported that the wooden floors of Tranovola were highly polished , while the walls were hung with French wallpaper and decorated with imported mirrors and oil paintings including a portrait of Queen Victoria given as a gift to Radama II . Just inside the front door sat a seven @-@ pound Armstrong Gun in its carriage with numerous imported sofas , costly decorative objects and other items placed throughout the vast space .
Under Gallieni 's colonial administration , Tranovola was annexed to L 'Ecole le Myre de Vilers housed in the nearby Manjakamiadana . Later , in 1902 , Tranovola became the headquarters of the Académie Malgache ( Malagasy Academy ) before being transformed into a museum of palaeontology .
= = = Manampisoa = = =
Manampisoa , also called Lapasoa ( " Beautiful Palace " ) , was a small villa in the form of a cross designed by James Cameron for Queen Rasoherina . Construction was overseen by William Pool . After the first corner post of the building was raised on 25 April 1865 , work continued for two years before Manampisoa was complete . Measuring approximately 19 metres ( 62 ft ) long , 9 @.@ 1 metres ( 30 ft ) wide and 15 metres ( 49 ft ) high , the structure was built using traditional vertical wood wall boards topped by a wooden roof and featured sliding windows protected by heavy wooden shutters . It was built on a site formerly occupied by the wooden house called Marivolanitra , which was relocated to Mahazoarivo to make room for the new building .
Inside , the layout consisted of two floors with four rooms each , linked by a central staircase with a decorative wooden balustrade . Ebony and rosewood were used for the interior panelling , floors and ceilings while the floor of the central hall exhibited a diamond parquet design in oak and rosewood . An 1873 visitor described the floor as " highly polished ... all right enough for bare feet but rather slippery for boots " . Wallpaper adorned the walls of the central hall , which was approximately 15 metres ( 49 ft ) long , 6 @.@ 1 metres ( 20 ft ) wide and 3 @.@ 7 metres ( 12 ft ) high . The queen 's couch occupied the northeast corner of the room , a space reserved for the ancestors according to traditional Malagasy cosmology , where she would receive visitors in repose . A room formerly used as an office by Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony occupied the portion of the second floor facing the stairway .
Manampisoa was one of the residences of queens Rasoherina , Ranavalona II and Ranavalona III , the last three monarchs of the Kingdom of Madagascar . Once complete , Manampisoa was used by Rasoherina as her primary residence but the queen was only able to inhabit the house for approximately one year before dying in April 1868 . After Rasoherina 's death , her successor , Ranavalona II , used the building as a temporary worship space during work on the stone chapel . Upon the collapse of the monarchy following French colonisation , the colonial authority transformed Manampisoa into a museum of Malagasy culture .
= = = Besakana and other houses = = =
To the south of Manjakamiadana and Tranovola stood a number of smaller , older wooden houses , each between 15 metres ( 49 ft ) and 18 metres ( 59 ft ) high built in the traditional Merina architectural style reserved for the noble class . Three of these were of particular importance : Besakana , Mahitsy and Masoandro .
Besakana is believed to have been the first residence of a Merina sovereign on the Rova site . Historical accounts claim that the first sovereign of Antananarivo , Andrianjaka , built the original Besakana as his personal residence at his newly established capital in the mid @-@ 17th century . This original building was torn down and reconstructed in the same design by Andriamasinavalona around 1680 , and again by Andrianampoinimerina in 1800 , each of whom used the building as their personal residence . Radama I lived in Besakana for much of his time in the Rova compound . The first school in Imerina was established at Radama 's behest on 8 December 1820 by David Jones of the London Missionary Society to educate the children of the royal family . This school initially operated from Besakana for a short while until classes were transferred to the larger , recently remodelled Bevato nearby . Sovereigns were enthroned in Besakana and their mortal remains were displayed here before burial . A visitor writing in 1888 described this ancient building as " the official state room for civil affairs ... regarded as the throne of the kingdom . "
Mahitsielafanjaka ( Mahitsy ) became the residence of Andrianampoinimerina after he moved his capital from Ambohimanga to Antananarivo . Described in 1888 as the seat of ancestral spiritual authority at the Rova , the traditional sacrifice of a rooster during the ceremony of the Fandroana took place here , and ombiasy ( astrologers ) asked to perform sikidy ( divination ) for a sovereign would do so within this space . The building also formerly housed a major royal idol called Manjakatsiroa ( or the entire collection of royal idols , according to another account ) until the supposed public burning of all such relics by Queen Ranavalona II in 1869 following her conversion to Christianity . Built in 1796 , the traditional wooden Mahitsy follows traditional architectural norms : the roof is supported by the central pillar , and two superimposed beds — the highest for the king and the other for his wives — are located in the northeast corner , the portion of the home reserved for royalty and the ancestors . These beds are raised high off the ground to protect the sleepers from a nocturnal attack . Items formerly on display in this building after the end of the Merina monarchy in 1897 until the destruction of the original structure in the 1995 fire included Andrianampoinimerina 's filanzana ( palanquin ) , several wooden trunks and a pot of jaka ( zebu confit ) said to date from the king 's reign .
The name Masoandrotsiroa ( Masoandro ) was given to a series of buildings on the Rova grounds . The original Masoandro was one of the first three residences built by the Rova 's founder , Andrianjaka , in the early 17th century , and over time it became the house
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<formula>
This vector is called the gradient of f at a . If f is differentiable at every point in some domain , then the gradient is a vector @-@ valued function ∇ f that takes the point a to the vector ∇ f ( a ) . Consequently , the gradient determines a vector field .
= = = Directional derivatives = = =
If f is a real @-@ valued function on Rn , then the partial derivatives of f measure its variation in the direction of the coordinate axes . For example , if f is a function of x and y , then its partial derivatives measure the variation in f in the x direction and the y direction . They do not , however , directly measure the variation of f in any other direction , such as along the diagonal line y
= x . These are measured using directional derivatives . Choose a vector
<formula>
The directional derivative of f in the direction of v at the point x is the limit
<formula>
In some cases it may be easier to compute or estimate the directional derivative after changing the length of the vector . Often this is done to turn the problem into the computation of a directional derivative in the direction of a unit vector . To see how this works , suppose that v =
λu . Substitute h
= k / λ into the difference quotient . The difference quotient becomes :
<formula>
This is λ times the difference quotient for the directional derivative of f with respect to u . Furthermore , taking the limit as h tends to zero is the same as taking the limit as k tends to zero because h and k are multiples of each other . Therefore , Dv ( f ) =
λDu ( f ) . Because of this rescaling property , directional derivatives are frequently considered only for unit vectors .
If all the partial derivatives of f exist and are continuous at x , then they determine the directional derivative of f in the direction v by the formula :
<formula>
This is a consequence of the definition of the total derivative . It follows that the directional derivative is linear in v , meaning that Dv + w ( f ) = Dv ( f ) + Dw ( f ) .
The same definition also works when f is a function with values in Rm . The above definition is applied to each component of the vectors . In this case , the directional derivative is a vector in Rm .
= = = Total derivative , total differential and Jacobian matrix = = =
When f is a function from an open subset of Rn to Rm , then the directional derivative of f in a chosen direction is the best linear approximation to f at that point and in that direction . But when n > 1 , no single directional derivative can give a complete picture of the behavior of f . The total derivative gives a complete picture by considering all directions at once . That is , for any vector v starting at a , the linear approximation formula holds :
<formula>
Just like the single @-@ variable derivative , f ′ ( a ) is chosen so that the error in this approximation is as small as possible .
If n and m are both one , then the derivative f ′ ( a ) is a number and the expression f ′ ( a ) v is the product of two numbers . But in higher dimensions , it is impossible for f ′ ( a ) to be a number . If it were a number , then f ′ ( a ) v would be a vector in Rn while the other terms would be vectors in Rm , and therefore the formula would not make sense . For the linear approximation formula to make sense , f ′ ( a ) must be a function that sends vectors in Rn to vectors in Rm , and f ′ ( a ) v must denote this function evaluated at v.
To determine what kind of function it is , notice that the linear approximation formula can be rewritten as
<formula>
Notice that if we choose another vector w , then this approximate equation determines another approximate equation by substituting w for v. It determines a third approximate equation by substituting both w for v and a + v for a . By subtracting these two new equations , we get
<formula>
If we assume that v is small and that the derivative varies continuously in a , then f ′ ( a + v ) is approximately equal to f ′ ( a ) , and therefore the right @-@ hand side is approximately zero . The left @-@ hand side can be rewritten in a different way using the linear approximation formula with v + w substituted for v. The linear approximation formula implies :
<formula>
This suggests that f ′ ( a ) is a linear transformation from the vector space Rn to the vector space Rm . In fact , it is possible to make this a precise derivation by measuring the error in the approximations . Assume that the error in these linear approximation formula is bounded by a constant times | | v | | , where the constant is independent of v but depends continuously on a . Then , after adding an appropriate error term , all of the above approximate equalities can be rephrased as inequalities . In particular , f ′ ( a ) is a linear transformation up to a small error term . In the limit as v and w tend to zero , it must therefore be a linear transformation . Since we define the total derivative by taking a limit as v goes to zero , f ′ ( a ) must be a linear transformation .
In one variable , the fact that the derivative is the best linear approximation is expressed by the fact that it is the limit of difference quotients . However , the usual difference quotient does not make sense in higher dimensions because it is not usually possible to divide vectors . In particular , the numerator and denominator of the difference quotient are not even in the same vector space : The numerator lies in the codomain Rm while the denominator lies in the domain Rn . Furthermore , the derivative is a linear transformation , a different type of object from both the numerator and denominator . To make precise the idea that f ′ ( a ) is the best linear approximation , it is necessary to adapt a different formula for the one @-@ variable derivative in which these problems disappear . If f : R → R , then the usual definition of the derivative may be manipulated to show that the derivative of f at a is the unique number f ′ ( a ) such that
<formula>
This is equivalent to
<formula>
because the limit of a function tends to zero if and only if the limit of the absolute value of the function tends to zero . This last formula can be adapted to the many @-@ variable situation by replacing the absolute values with norms .
The definition of the total derivative of f at a , therefore , is that it is the unique linear transformation f ′ ( a ) : Rn → Rm such that
<formula>
Here h is a vector in Rn , so the norm in the denominator is the standard length on Rn . However , f ′ ( a ) h is a vector in Rm , and the norm in the numerator is the standard length on Rm . If v is a vector starting at a , then f ′ ( a ) v is called the pushforward of v by f and is sometimes written f ∗ v.
If the total derivative exists at a , then all the partial derivatives and directional derivatives of f exist at a , and for all v , f ′ ( a ) v is the directional derivative of f in the direction v. If we write f using coordinate functions , so that f = ( f1 , f2 , ... , fm ) , then the total derivative can be expressed using the partial derivatives as a matrix . This matrix is called the Jacobian matrix of f at a :
<formula>
The existence of the total derivative f ′ ( a ) is strictly stronger than the existence of all the partial derivatives , but if the partial derivatives exist and are continuous , then the total derivative exists , is given by the Jacobian , and depends continuously on a .
The definition of the total derivative subsumes the definition of the derivative in one variable . That is , if f is a real @-@ valued function of a real variable , then the total derivative exists if and only if the usual derivative exists . The Jacobian matrix reduces to a 1 × 1 matrix whose only entry is the derivative f ′ ( x ) . This 1 × 1 matrix satisfies the property that f ( a + h ) − f ( a ) − f ′ ( a ) h is approximately zero , in other words that
<formula>
Up to changing variables , this is the statement that the function <formula> is the best linear approximation to f at a .
The total derivative of a function does not give another function in the same way as the one @-@ variable case . This is because the total derivative of a multivariable function has to record much more information than the derivative of a single @-@ variable function . Instead , the total derivative gives a function from the tangent bundle of the source to the tangent bundle of the target .
The natural analog of second , third , and higher @-@ order total derivatives is not a linear transformation , is not a function on the tangent bundle , and is not built by repeatedly taking the total derivative . The analog of a higher @-@ order derivative , called a jet , cannot be a linear transformation because higher @-@ order derivatives reflect subtle geometric information , such as concavity , which cannot be described in terms of linear data such as vectors . It cannot be a function on the tangent bundle because the tangent bundle only has room for the base space and the directional derivatives . Because jets capture higher @-@ order information , they take as arguments additional coordinates representing higher @-@ order changes in direction . The space determined by these additional coordinates is called the jet bundle . The relation between the total derivative and the partial derivatives of a function is paralleled in the relation between the kth order jet of a function and its partial derivatives of order less than or equal to k .
By repeatedly taking the total derivative , one obtains higher versions of the Fréchet derivative , specialized to Rp . The kth order total derivative may be interpreted as a map
<formula>
which takes a point x in Rn and assigns to it an element of the space of k @-@ linear maps from Rn to Rm – the " best " ( in a certain precise sense ) k @-@ linear approximation to f at that point . By precomposing it with the diagonal map Δ , x → ( x , x ) , a generalized Taylor series may be begun as
<formula>
where f ( a ) is identified with a constant function , ( x − a ) i are the components of the vector x − a , and ( D f ) i and ( D2 f ) j k are the components of D f and D2 f as linear transformations .
= = Generalizations = =
The concept of a derivative can be extended to many other settings . The common thread is that the derivative of a function at a point serves as a linear approximation of the function at that point .
An important generalization of the derivative concerns complex functions of complex variables , such as functions from ( a domain in ) the complex numbers C to C. The notion of the derivative of such a function is obtained by replacing real variables with complex variables in the definition . If C is identified with R2 by writing a complex number z as x + i y , then a differentiable function from C to C is certainly differentiable as a function from R2 to R2 ( in the sense that its partial derivatives all exist ) , but the converse is not true in general : the complex derivative only exists if the real derivative is complex linear and this imposes relations between the partial derivatives called the Cauchy – Riemann equations – see holomorphic functions .
Another generalization concerns functions between differentiable or smooth manifolds . Intuitively speaking such a manifold M is a space that can be approximated near each point x by a vector space called its tangent space : the prototypical example is a smooth surface in R3 . The derivative ( or differential ) of a ( differentiable ) map f : M → N between manifolds , at a point x in M , is then a linear map from the tangent space of M at x to the tangent space of N at f ( x ) . The derivative function becomes a map between the tangent bundles of M and N. This definition is fundamental in differential geometry and has many uses – see pushforward ( differential ) and pullback ( differential geometry ) .
Differentiation can also be defined for maps between infinite dimensional vector spaces such as Banach spaces and Fréchet spaces . There is a generalization both of the directional derivative , called the Gâteaux derivative , and of the differential , called the Fréchet derivative .
One deficiency of the classical derivative is that not very many functions are differentiable . Nevertheless , there is a way of extending the notion of the derivative so that all continuous functions and many other functions can be differentiated using a concept known as the weak derivative . The idea is to embed the continuous functions in a larger space called the space of distributions and only require that a function is differentiable " on average " .
The properties of the derivative have inspired the introduction and study of many similar objects in algebra and topology — see , for example , differential algebra .
The discrete equivalent of differentiation is finite differences . The study of differential calculus is unified with the calculus of finite differences in time scale calculus .
Also see arithmetic derivative .
= = History = =
= = = Print = = =
= = = Online books = = =
= Cheryl Tunt =
Cheryl Tunt is a fictional character from the animated television series Archer . Cheryl , a secretary for Malory Archer , collaborates with seven other field operatives of the International Secret Intelligence Service ( ISIS ) , an illegal intelligence agency headquartered in New York City . Judy Greer provides the speaking voice for the character , who first appeared in the series ' pilot episode " Mole Hunt " on January 17 , 2010 , and starting with season 5 , Jessy Lynn Martens provides the singing voice for the character when she turns into country star Cherlene . Conceived and devised by Archer creator Adam Reed , Cheryl was initially intended to serve only as a minor character for the series .
A descendant of the wealthy Tunt family , Cheryl is introduced as a clingy and emotionally fragile individual . Early on she is intermittently referred to as " Carol " by her coworkers ( a premise which becomes one of the shows ' longest running jokes ) as they are initially dismissive of her somewhat morbid behavior and neglectful of her presence . As the series progresses , the character abandons her lugubrious traits and embraces a more sadistic and maniacal personality . Cheryl is often sexually aroused from being choked and enjoys sniffing and drinking rubber cement . She possesses a ditzy demeanor , which often interferes with her work ethic . An array of descriptions have been established for the character by critics , mainly her " incompetent " and " insane " tendencies . Throughout the series ' run , the character has been applauded by television commentators , as has Greer 's voice work , which has resulted in the actress being nominated for an Annie Award in the category of Voice Acting in a Television Production .
= = Arc and personality = =
Cheryl Tunt is introduced in the Archer pilot episode , " Mole Hunt " , as the secretary for Malory Archer ( Jessica Walter ) . Following the abrupt ending of her relationship with Sterling Archer ( H. Jon Benjamin ) , Cheryl attempts to manipulate Cyril Figgis ( Chris Parnell ) into cheating on companion Lana Kane ( Aisha Tyler ) , for whom she has great disdain . Cyril , who inevitably sustains emotional distress from Lana 's dominant antics , succumbs to Cheryl 's sexual desires after becoming suspicious of his girlfriend 's interactions with Archer . Paranoid that Lana may find out about his affair , Cyril attempts to distance himself from Cheryl , much to her dismay . She threatens to notify Lana of their affair — after having sex with Cyril , Cheryl reveals to Pam Poovey ( Amber Nash ) that her actual intention was to acquire Archer 's attention , as she thought that having a connection with Cyril would spark feelings of jealousy . Though Lana catches Cyril cheating on her with Framboise , the former head of HR at the Organization of Democratic Intelligence Networks ( ODIN ) , Cheryl confesses of their affair to her , subsequently adding more tension to their rivalry .
As an heir to the wealth of the Tunt family — who were trailblazers in the railroad industry — Cheryl is often subjected to numerous threats and kidnappings . As a result of her parents ' death , she and her brother , Cecil Tunt , inherit an estimated US $ 1 billion in trust funds ; it is split evenly amongst each party , which culminated with Cheryl 's net worth increasing tenfold . This prompts a group of robbers to cultivate a plan to abduct her , which ultimately fails as they mistake Pam for her . In that same episode , it is also revealed that she owns an ocelot named Babou , for which Archer develops a fondness ( this is a comedic reference to Salvador Dalí , who really did have a pet ocelot by that name with whom he frequently traveled . ) Cecil later tricks ISIS into a mission with the intent to videotape members talking of Cheryl 's insanity so he can get control of her half of the fortune . It turns out Cecil has spent all of his half of the fortune on various charities , including an undersea base whose insane leader used the funds to buy nerve gas missiles .
Cheryl is introduced as an emotionally fragile woman , who pines for the affection of Archer . As the series began to progress , the character abandons her depressive characteristics and adopts a more maniacal and unstable personality . " It was really fun to see her evolve , " Greer asserted , " and I think [ Archer creator Adam Reed ] and I always had fun recording together . I 'm so thankful that it got so crazy and turned so upside down , and how nuts this character is . It 's so fun . " Her instability has regularly resulted in Cheryl being sent into mental institutions . She is often sexually aroused from being choked . Commentators have described Cheryl as " incompetent " , " insane " , " glue @-@ chugging " , and " empty @-@ headed " . Throughout much of the first season , the character frequently developed aliases for herself to acquiesce to her coworkers ; these aliases include Cristal , an homage to the alcoholic beverage of the same name , and Cariña , which she professed " better captured [ her ] sensual womanhood " .
My interpretation is that she isn ’ t trying to keep the secret . That she doesn ’ t care . She changed her last name to avoid getting kidnapped , but really , if anyone figured it out and asked her , she ’ d just probably be like “ Yeah , shut up ! ” or whatever . I feel like everyone at ISIS is so self @-@ involved and so concerned with furthering their own agenda that it would never occur to them to think that anyone else has anything else going on .
After ISIS has gone bankrupt in the fifth season , Cheryl realizes her dream of becoming a country music superstar under the artist name " Cherlene " , after Dr. Krieger first cures her stage fright by injecting her with a microscopic mind control chip in the fourth episode ( " House Call " ) . Music performed by Cherlene in the show is sung by Jessy Lynn Martens and produced by among others Kevn Kinney of Drivin N Cryin . The network also released a 12 @-@ track album named " Cherlene " featuring country songs from the show , including a country cover of Kenny Loggins ' " Danger Zone " .
= = Development = =
Producers recruited actress Judy Greer to provide the role of Cheryl Tunt . Greer , despite auditioning for various advertisements , was unable to breakout as a prominent voice actress for animated television . While in Los Angeles , California , Greer met casting director Linda Lamontagne , who lent her roles in television shows such as Family Guy and Glenn Martin , DDS — the actress ascribes the interest from Archer producers to her work in the latter series . " She was kind of relentless with them , saying ' Use her , use her . ' I read for many different roles and then finally they cast me . "
Greer was notified of the position by her agent while shooting for a separate film . " I 'd been trying to get into voiceovers , " she explained , " so they called and said it was a pilot they were doing for FX , and I could record the part on my day off in 10 minutes . " The actress read the script and recorded her lines at a recording studio in Phoenix , Arizona ; upon first glance , Greer suggested that the raunchy and risque nature of the script would prevent any television stations from picking up the series . " So when I found out it was picked up , I was like , ' Oh ! Wait , I don 't know what you 're talking about . ' They said , ' Remember that thing ? ' And I went , ' Really ? ' So then I recorded a bunch of them , and the scripts were the funniest scripts that I 've ever read , and so crazy . "
Prior to Greer 's casting , Cheryl was initially intended to merely be a secondary character for Archer , and serve as a central figure in a proposed pregnancy angle . " It was going to be a running gag that Archer kept impregnating Malory ’ s secretaries , " remarked Reed , " Whenever it happened , they would gas them with sleeping gas and just leave them on the steps at Bellevue Hospital with no ID or memory of what just happened . But when Judy agreed to do the show , Cheryl became a much more important character . "
= = Reception = =
Television critics have commended the development of Cheryl , as well as Greer 's portrayal of the character . HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall declared that Cheryl was his favorite character on the show . In his review for " El Secuestro " , Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club felt that Greer 's vocals were the highlight of the episode , and affirmed that she effectively portrayed the unstable characteristics of Cheryl . " Greer is mostly just asked to say crazy things as Cheryl , and that ’ s fun , but she steps it up here , playing both Cheryl ’ s insanity and the part of her that ’ s a spoiled trust @-@ fund kid who ’ s found a day job and has to ride the subway with a dwarf that freaks her out . " Likewise , Ian MacDonald of TV Overmind proclaimed that the writers " found a great way to expand on ISIS ' most emotionally unstable employees " ; " Cheryl , whose crazy has been escalated to an almost extreme , " MacDonald stated , " seems almost justified in her maladjusted @-@ ness . She 's a billionaire heiress who owns an ocelot and drinks glue [ ... ] . Humor involving insane rich people just no [ t ] getting it is usually pretty funny , and if anyone can pull it off , it 's Adam Reed and [ Judy ] Greer . " Alongside fellow cast members Jessica Walter and H. Jon Benjamin , Greer was a candidate for an Annie Award in the category of Voice Acting in a Television Production — the award was given to Jeff Bennett for his work in the Nickelodeon television series The Penguins of Madagascar .
= Oil shale industry =
Oil shale industry is an industry of mining and processing of oil shale — a fine @-@ grained sedimentary rock , containing significant amounts of kerogen ( a solid mixture of organic chemical compounds ) , from which liquid hydrocarbons can be manufactured . The industry has developed in Brazil , China , Estonia and to some extent in Germany and Russia . Several other countries are currently conducting research on their oil shale reserves and production methods to improve efficiency and recovery . However , Australia has halted their pilot projects due to environmental concerns . Estonia accounted for about 70 % of the world 's oil shale production in a study published in 2005 .
Oil shale has been used for industrial purposes since the early 17th century , when it was mined for its minerals . Since the late 19th century , shale oil has also been used for its oil content and as a low grade fuel for power generation . However , barring countries having significant oil shale deposits , its use for power generation is not particularly widespread . Similarly , oil shale is a source for production of synthetic crude oil and it is seen as a solution towards increasing domestic production of oil in countries that are reliant on imports .
= = History = =
Oil shale has been used since ancient times . Modern industrial oil shale mining began in 1837 at the Autun mines in France , followed by Britain , Germany and several other countries . The oil shale industry started growing just before World War I because of the mass production of automobiles and trucks and the supposed shortage of gasoline for transportation needs . In 1924 , the Tallinn Power Plant was the first power plant in the world to switch to oil shale firing .
Following the end of World War II , the oil shale industry declined due to the discovery of large supplies of easily accessible and cheaper crude oil . Oil shale production however , continued to grow in Estonia , Russia and China .
Following the 1973 oil crisis , the oil shale industry was restarted in several countries , but in the 1980s , when oil prices fell , many industries faced closure . The global oil shale industry has grown again from the mid @-@ 1990s . In 2003 , the oil shale development program was initiated in the United States , and in 2005 , the commercial leasing program for oil shale and tar sands was introduced .
As of May 2007 , Estonia is actively engaged in exploitation of oil shale on a significant scale and accounts for 70 % of the world 's processed oil shale . Estonia is unique in that its oil shale deposit account for just 17 % of total deposits in European Union but it generates 90 % of its power from oil shale . Oil shale industry in Estonia employs 7 @,@ 500 people , which is about 1 % of national employment , accounting for 4 % of its gross domestic product .
= = Mining = =
Oil shale is mined either by traditional underground mining or surface mining techniques . There are several mining methods available , but the common aim of all these methods is to fragment the oil shale deposits in order to enable the transport of shale fragments to a power plant or retorting facility . The main methods of surface mining are open pit mining and strip mining . An important method of sub @-@ surface mining is the room @-@ and @-@ pillar method . In this method , the material is extracted across a horizontal plane while leaving " pillars " of untouched material to support the roof . These pillars reduce the likelihood of a collapse . Oil shale can also be obtained as a by @-@ product of coal mining .
The largest oil shale mine in the world is the Estonia Mine , operated by Eesti Energia Kaevandused . In 2005 , Estonia mined 14 @.@ 8 million tonnes of oil shale . During the same period , mining permits were issued for almost 24 million tonnes , with applications being received for mining an additional 26 million tonnes . In 2008 , the Estonian Parliament approved the " National Development Plan for the Use of Oil Shale 2008 @-@ 2015 " , which limits the annual extraction of oil shale to 20 million tonnes .
= = Power generation = =
Oil shale can be used as a fuel in thermal power plants , wherein oil shale is burnt like coal to drive the steam turbines . As of 2012 , there are oil shale @-@ fired power plants in Estonia with a generating capacity of 2 @,@ 967 megawatts ( MW ) , China , and Germany . Also Israel , Romania and Russia have run oil shale @-@ fired power plants , but have shut them down or switched to other fuels like natural gas . Jordan and Egypt have announced their plans to construct oil shale @-@ fired power plants , while Canada and Turkey plan to burn oil shale at the power plants along with coal .
Thermal power plants which use oil shale as a fuel mostly employ two types of combustion methods . The traditional method is Pulverized combustion ( PC ) which is used in the older units of oil shale @-@ fired power plants in Estonia , while the more advanced method is Fluidized bed combustion ( FBC ) , which is used in the Holcim cement factory in Dotternhausen , Germany , and was used in the Mishor Rotem power plant in Israel . The main FBC technologies are Bubbling fluidized bed combustion ( BFBC ) and Circulating fluidized bed combustion ( CFBC ) .
There are more than 60 power plants around the world , which are using CFBC technology for combustion of coal and lignite , but only two new units at Narva Power Plants in Estonia , and one at Huadian Power Plant in China use CFBC technology for combustion of oil shale . The most advanced and efficient oil shale combustion technology is Pressurized fluidized @-@ bed combustion ( PFBC ) . However , this technology is still premature and is in its nascent stage .
= = Oil extraction = =
As of 2008 , the major shale oil producers are Estonia , Brazil and China , while Australia , USA , Canada and Jordan have planned to set up or restart shale oil production . According to the World Energy Council , in 2008 the total production of shale oil from oil shale was 930 @,@ 000 tonnes , equal to 17 @,@ 700 barrels per day ( 2 @,@ 810 m3 / d ) , of which China produced 375 @,@ 000 tonnes , Estonia 355 @,@ 000 tonnes , and Brazil 200 tonnes . In comparison , production of the conventional oil and natural gas liquids in 2008 amounted 3 @.@ 95 billion tonnes or 82 @.@ 12 million barrels per day ( 13 @.@ 056 × 10 ^ 6 m3 / d ) .
Although there are several oil shale retorting technologies , only four technologies are currently in commercial use . These are Kiviter , Galoter , Fushun , and Petrosix . The two main methods of extracting oil from shale are ex @-@ situ and in @-@ situ . In ex @-@ situ method , the oil shale is mined and transported to the retort facility in order to extract the oil . The in @-@ situ method converts the kerogen while it is still in the form of an oil shale deposit , and then extracts it via a well , where it rises up as normal petroleum .
= = Other industrial uses = =
Oil shale is used for cement production by Kunda Nordic Cement in Estonia , by Holcim in Germany , and by Fushun cement factory in China . Oil shale can also be used for production of different chemical products , construction materials , and pharmaceutical products , e.g. ammonium bituminosulfonate . However , use of oil shale for production of these products is still very rare and in experimental stages only .
Some oil shales are suitable source for sulfur , ammonia , alumina , soda ash , and nahcolite which occur as shale oil extraction byproducts . Some oil shales can also be used for uranium and other rare chemical element production . During 1946 – 1952 , a marine variety of Dictyonema shale was used for uranium production in Sillamäe , Estonia , and during 1950 – 1989 alum shale was used in Sweden for the same purpose . Oil shale gas can also be used as a substitute for natural gas . After World War II , Estonian @-@ produced oil shale gas was used in Leningrad and the cities in North Estonia . However , at the current price level of natural gas , this is not economically feasible .
= = Economics = =
The amount of economically recoverable oil shale is unknown . The various attempts to develop oil shale deposits have succeeded only when the cost of shale @-@ oil production in a given region comes in below the price of crude oil or its other substitutes . According to a survey conducted by the RAND Corporation , the cost of producing a barrel of shale oil at a hypothetical surface retorting complex in the United States ( comprising a mine , retorting plant , upgrading plant , supporting utilities , and spent shale reclamation ) , would range between US $ 70 – 95 ( $ 440 – 600 / m3 ) , adjusted to 2005 values . Assuming a gradual increase in output after the start of commercial production , the analysis projects a gradual reduction in processing costs to $ 30 – 40 per barrel ( $ 190 – 250 / m3 ) after achieving the milestone of 1 billion barrels ( 160 × 10 ^ 6 m3 ) . Royal Dutch Shell has announced that its Shell ICP technology would realize a profit when crude oil prices are higher than $ 30 per barrel ( $ 190 / m3 ) , while some technologies at full @-@ scale production assert profitability at oil prices even lower than $ 20 per barrel ( $ 130 / m3 ) .
To increase the efficiency of oil shale retorting and by this the viability of the shale oil production , researchers have proposed and tested several co @-@ pyrolysis processes , in which other materials such as biomass , peat , waste bitumen , or rubber and plastic wastes are retorted along with the oil shale . Some modified technologies propose combining a fluidized bed retort with a circulated fluidized bed furnace for burning the by @-@ products of pyrolysis ( char and oil shale gas ) and thereby improving oil yield , increasing throughput , and decreasing retorting time .
In a 1972 publication by the journal Pétrole Informations ( ISSN 0755 @-@ 561X ) , shale oil production was unfavorably compared to the coal liquefaction . The article stated that coal liquefaction was less expensive , generated more oil , and created fewer environmental impacts than oil shale extraction . It cited a conversion ratio of 650 liters ( 170 U.S. gal ; 140 imp gal ) of oil per one tonne of coal , as against 150 liters ( 40 U.S. gal ; 33 imp gal ) of shale oil per one tonne of oil shale .
A critical measure of the viability of oil shale as an energy source lies in the ratio of the energy produced by the shale to the energy used in its mining and processing , a ratio known as " Energy Returned on Energy Invested " ( EROEI ) . A 1984 study estimated the EROEI of the various known oil @-@ shale deposits as varying between 0 @.@ 7 – 13 @.@ 3 although known oil @-@ shale extraction development projects assert an EROEI between 3 and 10 . According to the World Energy Outlook 2010 , the EROEI of ex @-@ situ processing is typically 4 to 5 while of in @-@ situ processing it may be even as low as 2 . However , according to the IEA most of used energy can be provided by burning the spent shale or oil @-@ shale gas .
The water needed in the oil shale retorting process offers an additional economic consideration : this may pose a problem in areas with water scarcity .
= = Environmental considerations = =
Oil shale mining involves a number of environmental impacts , more pronounced in surface mining than in underground mining . They include acid drainage induced by the sudden rapid exposure and subsequent oxidation of formerly buried materials , the introduction of metals into surface @-@ water and groundwater , increased erosion , sulfur @-@ gas emissions , and air pollution caused by the production of particulates during processing , transport , and support activities . In 2002 , about 97 % of air pollution , 86 % of total waste and 23 % of water pollution in Estonia came from the power industry , which uses oil shale as the main resource for its power production .
Oil shale extraction can damage the biological and recreational value of land and the ecosystem in the mining area . Combustion and thermal processing generate waste material . In addition , the atmospheric emissions from oil shale processing and combustion include carbon dioxide , a greenhouse gas . Environmentalists oppose production and usage of oil shale , as it creates even more greenhouse gases than conventional fossil fuels . Section 526 of the Energy Independence And Security Act prohibits United States government agencies from buying oil produced by processes that produce more greenhouse gas emissions than would traditional petroleum . Experimental in situ conversion processes and carbon capture and storage technologies may reduce some of these concerns in the future , but at the same time they may cause other problems , including groundwater pollution .
Concerns have been prominently raised over the oil shale industry 's use of water , particularly in arid regions where water consumption is a sensitive issue . In some cases , oil shale mining requires the lowering of groundwater levels below the level of the oil shale strata , which may affect the surrounding arable land and forest . Above @-@ ground retorting typically consumes between one and five barrels of water per barrel of produced shale oil , depending on technology . Water is usually used for spent shale cooling and oil shale ash disposal . In situ processing , according to one estimate , uses about one @-@ tenth as much water .
A 2008 programmatic environmental impact statement issued by the United States Bureau of Land Management stated that surface mining and retort operations produce 2 to 10 U.S. gallons ( 7 @.@ 6 to 37 @.@ 9 l ; 1 @.@ 7 to 8 @.@ 3 imp gal ) of waste water per 1 short ton ( 0 @.@ 91 t ) of processed oil shale .
Environmental activists , including members of Greenpeace , have organized strong protests against the oil shale industry . In one result , Queensland Energy Resources put the proposed Stuart Oil Shale Project in Australia on hold in 2004 .
= 1906 Florida Keys hurricane =
The 1906 Florida Keys hurricane was a powerful and deadly hurricane that caused major impacts in Cuba and southern Florida . The fifth hurricane and third major hurricane of the season , the storm formed from a system near Barbados on October 4 . By October 8 , it had intensified into a tropical storm , and made landfall as a hurricane in Central America . The hurricane traveled towards Cuba , making landfall and wreaking havoc on the island . The storm then made a third landfall in the Florida Keys during the evening of October 18 . At least 240 people were killed as a result of the hurricane , and damages totaled at least $ 4 @,@ 135 @,@ 000 .
Of the 240 people killed during the storm , 135 were workers on the Florida East Coast Railway . The hurricane eventually led to the end of pineapple production in the Florida Keys for commercial purposes in 1915 , although this was amplified by two further hurricanes in the following years . In 1947 , Project Cirrus , a collaboration of the United States Air Force , attempted to seed a hurricane ; however , the storm made a sudden re @-@ curvature and came ashore near Charleston , South Carolina . As a result , several lawsuits were filed , although they were denied after the path of this storm was revealed to have been similar to the 1947 hurricane .
= = Meteorological history = =
The hurricane originated from a " cyclonic perturbation " near Barbados on October 4 , as reported by local newspapers . On October 5 , no closed circulation was evident in the system . In Colón , Panama , a report was sent to the Weather Bureau , reporting sinking barometric pressures on October 6 . It was recognized as a tropical storm early on October 8 , with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , while located in the southwestern Caribbean Sea .
As the system continued to move west on October 9 , it strengthened into a hurricane , and
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faced in undertaking recreational travel :
Would a Negro like to pursue a little happiness at a theater , a beach , pool , hotel , restaurant , on a train , plane , or ship , a golf course , summer or winter resort ? Would he like to stop overnight at a tourist camp while he motors about his native land ' Seeing America First ' ? Well , just let him try !
Such restrictions had their origins dating back to colonial times , and were found throughout the United States . After the end of legal slavery in the North and then later in the South after the Civil War , most freedmen continued to live at little more than a subsistence level , but a minority of African Americans gained a measure of prosperity . They could plan leisure travel for the first time . Affluent blacks arranged large group excursions for as many as 2 @,@ 000 people at a time , for instance , traveling by rail from New Orleans to resorts along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico . In the pre @-@ Jim Crow era this necessarily meant mingling with whites in hotels , transportation and leisure facilities . They were aided in this by the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , which had made it illegal to discriminate against African Americans in public accommodations and public transportation .
They encountered a white backlash , particularly in the South , where by 1877 white Democrats controlled every state government . The Act was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1883 , resulting in states and cities passing numerous segregation laws . White governments in the South required even interstate railroads to enforce their segregation laws , despite national legislation requiring equal treatment of passengers . The US Supreme Court ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) that " separate but equal " accommodations were constitutional but in practice , facilities for blacks were far from equal , generally being of lesser quality and underfunded . Blacks faced restrictions and exclusion throughout the United States . Generally if blacks were not barred entirely from facilities , they could use them only at different times from whites or in different places , such as segregated ( and usually inferior ) areas .
In 1917 , the black writer W. E. B. Du Bois observed that the impact of " ever @-@ recurring race discrimination " had made it so difficult to travel to any number of destinations , from popular resorts to major cities , that it was now " a puzzling query as to what to do with vacations " . It was a problem that came to affect an increasing number of black people in the first decades of the 20th century . Tens of thousands of southern African Americans migrated from farms in the south to factories and domestic service in the north . No longer confined to living at a subsistence level , many gained enough disposable income and time to engage in leisure travel . The development of affordable mass @-@ produced automobiles liberated black Americans from having to rely on the " Jim Crow cars " – smoky , battered and uncomfortable railroad carriages which were the separate but decidedly unequal alternatives to more salubrious whites @-@ only carriages . As one black magazine writer commented in 1933 , in an automobile " it 's mighty good to be the skipper for a change , and pilot our craft whither and where we will . We feel like Vikings . What if our craft is blunt of nose and limited of power and our sea is macademized ; it 's good for the spirit to just give the old railroad Jim Crow the laugh . "
Middle @-@ class blacks throughout the United States " were not at all sure how to behave or how whites would behave toward them " , as Bart Landry puts it . In Cincinnati , Ohio , the African @-@ American newspaper editor Wendell Dabney wrote of the situation in the 1920s that " hotels , restaurants , eating and drinking places , almost universally are closed to all people in whom the least tincture of colored blood can be detected . " Areas without significant black populations outside the South often refused to accommodate them : not one hotel or other accommodation was open to blacks in Salt Lake City , Utah , in the 1920s . Black travelers were stranded if they had to stop there overnight . Only six percent of the more than 100 motels that lined U.S. Route 66 in Albuquerque , New Mexico , admitted black customers . Across the whole state of New Hampshire , only three motels in 1956 served African Americans .
George Schuyler reported in 1943 , " Many colored families have motored all across the United States without being able to secure overnight accommodations at a single tourist camp or hotel . " He suggested that black Americans would find it easier to travel abroad than in their own country . In Chicago in 1945 , St. Clair Drake and Horace A. Cayton reported that " the city 's hotel managers , by general agreement , do not sanction the use of hotel facilities by Negroes , particularly sleeping accommodations . " One incident reported by Drake and Cayton illustrated the discriminatory treatment meted out even to blacks within racially mixed groups :
Two colored schoolteachers and several white friends attended a luncheon at an exclusive coffee shop . The Negro women were allowed to sit down , but the waitress ignored them and served the white women . One of the colored women protested and was told that she could eat in the kitchen .
= = = Coping with discrimination on the road = = =
While automobiles made it much easier for black Americans to be independently mobile , the difficulties they faced in traveling were such that , as Lester B. Granger of the National Urban League puts it , " so far as travel is concerned , Negroes are America 's last pioneers . " Black travelers often had to carry buckets or portable toilets in the trunks of their cars because they were usually barred from bathrooms and rest areas in service stations and roadside stops . Travel essentials such as gasoline were difficult to purchase because of discrimination at gas stations . To avoid such problems on long trips , African Americans often packed meals and carried containers of gasoline in their cars . Writing of the road trips that he made as a boy in the 1950s , Courtland Milloy of the Washington Post recalled that his mother spent the evening before the trip frying chicken and boiling eggs so that his family would have something to eat along the way the next day .
One black motorist observed in the early 1940s that while black travelers felt free in the mornings , by the early afternoon a " small cloud " had appeared . By the late afternoon , " it casts a shadow of apprehension on our hearts and sours us a little . ' Where , ' it asks us , ' will you stay tonight ? ' " . They often had to spend hours in the evening trying to find somewhere to stay , sometimes resorting to sleeping in haylofts or in their own cars if they could not find anywhere . One alternative , if it was available , was to arrange in advance to sleep at the homes of black friends in towns or cities along their route . However , this meant detours and an abandonment of the spontaneity that for many was a key attraction of motoring .
The civil rights leader John Lewis has recalled how his family prepared for a trip in 1951 :
There would be no restaurant for us to stop at until we were well out of the South , so we took our restaurant right in the car with us .... Stopping for gas and to use the bathroom took careful planning . Uncle Otis had made this trip before , and he knew which places along the way offered ' colored ' bathrooms and which were better just to pass on by . Our map was marked and our route was planned that way , by the distances between service stations where it would be safe for us to stop . "
Finding accommodation was one of the greatest challenges faced by black travelers . Not only did many hotels , motels , and boarding houses refuse to serve black customers , but thousands of towns across the United States declared themselves " sundown towns , " which all non @-@ whites had to leave by sunset . Huge numbers of towns across the country were effectively off @-@ limits to African Americans . By the end of the 1960s , there were at least 10 @,@ 000 sundown towns across the U.S. – including large suburbs such as Glendale , California ( population 60 @,@ 000 at the time ) ; Levittown , New York ( 80 @,@ 000 ) ; and Warren , Michigan ( 180 @,@ 000 ) . Over half the incorporated communities in Illinois were sundown towns . The unofficial slogan of Anna , Illinois , which had violently expelled its African @-@ American population in 1909 , was " Ain 't No Niggers Allowed " . Even in towns which did not exclude overnight stays by blacks , accommodations were often very limited . African Americans migrating to California to find work in the early 1940s often found themselves camping by the roadside overnight for lack of any hotel accommodation along the way . They were acutely aware of the discriminatory treatment that they received . Courtland Milloy 's mother , who took him and his brother on road trips when they were children , recalled that " after riding all day , I 'd say to myself , ' Wouldn 't it be nice if we could spend the night in one of those hotels ? ' or , ' Wouldn 't it be great if we could stop for a real meal and a cup of coffee ? ' We 'd see the little white children jumping into motel swimming pools , and you all would be in the back seat of a hot car , sweating and fighting . "
African @-@ American travelers faced real physical risks because of the widely differing rules of segregation that existed from place to place , and the possibility of extrajudicial violence against them . Activities that were accepted in one place could provoke violence a few miles down the road . Transgressing formal or unwritten racial codes , even inadvertently , could put travelers in considerable danger . Even driving etiquette was affected by racism ; in the Mississippi Delta region , local custom prohibited blacks from overtaking whites , to prevent their raising dust from the unpaved roads to cover white @-@ owned cars . A pattern emerged of whites purposefully damaging black @-@ owned cars to put their owners " in their place " . Stopping anywhere that was not known to be safe , even to allow children in a car to relieve themselves , presented a risk ; Milloy noted that his parents would urge him and his brother to control their need to use a bathroom until they could find a safe place to stop , as " those backroads were simply too dangerous for parents to stop to let their little black children pee " .
Racist local laws , discriminatory social codes , segregated commercial facilities , racial profiling by police , and sundown towns made road journeys a minefield of constant uncertainty and risk . Road trip narratives by blacks reflected their unease and the dangers they faced , presenting a more complex outlook from those written by whites extolling the joys of the road . Milloy recalls the menacing environment that he encountered during his childhood , in which he learned of " so many black travelers ... just not making it to their destinations . "
Even foreign black dignitaries were not immune to the discrimination that African @-@ American travelers routinely encountered . In one high @-@ profile incident , Komla Agbeli Gbedemah , the finance minister of newly independent Ghana , was refused service at a Howard Johnson 's restaurant at Dover , Delaware , while traveling to Washington , D.C. , even after identifying himself by his state position to the restaurant staff . The snub caused an international incident , to which an embarrassed President Dwight D. Eisenhower responded by inviting Gbedemah to breakfast at the White House . Repeated and sometimes violent incidents of discrimination directed against black African diplomats , particularly on U.S. Route 40 between New York and Washington , D.C. , led to the administration of President John F. Kennedy setting up a Special Protocol Service Section within the State Department to assist black diplomats traveling and living within the United States . The State Department considered issuing copies of The Negro Motorist Green Book to black diplomats , but eventually decided against steering them to black @-@ friendly public accommodations as it wanted them " to have all of the privileges of whiteness . "
John A. Williams wrote in his 1965 book , This Is My Country Too , that he did not believe " white travelers have any idea of how much nerve and courage it requires for a Negro to drive coast to coast in America . " He achieved it with " nerve , courage , and a great deal of luck , " supplemented by " a rifle and shotgun , a road atlas , and Travelguide , a listing of places in America where Negroes can stay without being embarrassed , insulted , or worse . " He noted that black drivers needed to be particularly cautious in the South , where they were advised to wear a chauffeur 's cap or have one visible on the front seat and pretend they were delivering a car for a white person . Along the way , he had to endure a stream of " insults of clerks , bellboys , attendants , cops , and strangers in passing cars . " There was a constant need to keep his mind on the danger he faced ; as he was well aware , " [ black ] people have a way of disappearing on the road . "
= = Navigating Jim Crow : the role of the Green Book = =
Segregation meant that facilities for African @-@ American motorists were limited , but entrepreneurs of both races realized that lucrative opportunities existed in marketing goods and services exclusively to black patrons . The challenge for travelers was to find such oases in the middle of a desert of discrimination . To address this problem , African @-@ American writers produced a number of guides to provide advice on traveling . These included directories of which hotels , camps , road houses , and restaurants would serve African Americans . Jewish travelers , who had long experienced discrimination at many vacation spots , created guides for their own community though they were at least able to visibly blend in more easily with the general population . African Americans followed suit with publications such as Hackley and Harrison 's Hotel and Apartment Guide for Colored Travelers , published in 1930 to cover " Board , Rooms , Garage Accommodations , etc. in 300 Cities in the United States and Canada " .
The Negro Motorist Green Book was one of the best known examples of the African @-@ American travel guide . It was conceived in 1932 and first published in 1936 by Victor H. Green , a World War I veteran from New York City who worked as a postal carrier and later as a travel agent . He said his aim was " to give the Negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties , embarrassments and to make his trip more enjoyable . " According to an editorial written by Novera C. Dashiell in the Spring 1956 edition of the Green Book , " the idea crystallized when not only [ Green ] but several friends and acquaintances complained of the difficulties encountered ; oftentimes painful embarrassments suffered which ruined a vacation or business trip . "
Green asked his readers to provide information " on the Negro motoring conditions , scenic wonders in your travels , places visited of interest and short stories on one 's motoring experience . " He offered a reward of one dollar for each accepted account , which he increased to five dollars by 1941 . He also obtained information from colleagues in the US Postal Service , who would " ask around on their routes " to find suitable public accommodations . At that time , like it is now , the Postal Service was one of the largest employers of African Americans in the US , and its employees were ideally situated to inform Green of which places were safe and hospitable to African @-@ American travelers .
The Green Book 's motto , displayed on the front cover , was for black travelers to " carry your Green Book with you – You may need it " . The 1949 edition included a quote from Mark Twain : " Travel is fatal to prejudice " , inverting Twain 's original meaning ; as Cotton Seiler puts it , " here it was the visited , rather than the visitors , who would find themselves enriched by the encounter . " Green commented in 1940 that the Green Book had given black Americans " something authentic to travel by and to make traveling better for the Negro . " Its principal goal was to provide accurate information on black @-@ friendly accommodations to answer the constant question that faced black drivers : " Where will you spend the night ? " As well as essential information on lodgings , service stations and garages , it provided details of leisure facilities open to African Americans , including beauty salons , restaurants , nightclubs and country clubs . The listings focused on four main categories – hotels , motels , tourist homes ( private residences , usually owned by African Americans , which provided accommodation to travelers ) , and restaurants . They were arranged by state and subdivided by city , giving the name and address of each business . For an extra payment , the listed businesses could have their listing displayed in bold type or to have a star next to it to denote that they were " recommended " .
Many such establishments were run by and for African Americans and in some cases were named after prominent figures in African @-@ American history . In North Carolina , such black @-@ owned businesses included the Carver , Lincoln , and Booker T. Washington hotels , the Friendly City beauty parlor , the Black Beauty Tea Room , the New Progressive tailor shop , the Big Buster tavern , and the Blue Duck Inn . Each edition also included feature articles on travel and destinations , and included a listing of black resorts such as Idlewild , Michigan ; Oak Bluffs , Massachusetts ; and Belmar , New Jersey . The state of New Mexico was particularly recommended as a place where most motels would welcome " guests on the basis of ‘ cash rather than color " .
= = = Influence = = =
The Green Book attracted sponsorship from a number of businesses , including the African @-@ American newspapers Call and Post of Cleveland , Ohio , and the Louisville Leader of Louisville , Kentucky . Standard Oil ( later Esso ) was also a sponsor , owing to the efforts of James " Billboard " Jackson , a pioneering African @-@ American Esso sales representative . Esso 's " race group " , part of its marketing division , promoted the Green Book as enabling Esso 's black customers to " go further with less anxiety " . By contrast , Shell gas stations were known to refuse serving black customers . The 1949 edition included an Esso endorsement message that told readers : " As representatives of the Esso Standard Oil Co . , we are pleased to recommend the Green Book for your travel convenience . Keep one on hand each year and when you are planning your trips , let Esso Touring Service supply you with maps and complete routings , and for real ' Happy Motoring ' – use Esso Products and Esso Service wherever you find the Esso sign . " Photographs of some African @-@ American entrepreneurs who owned Esso gas stations appeared in the pages of the Green Book .
Although Green usually refrained from editorializing in the Green Book , he let his readers ' letters speak for the influence of his guide . William Smith of Hackensack , New Jersey , described it as a " credit to the Negro Race " in a letter published in the 1938 edition . He commented :
It is a book badly needed among our Race since the advent of the motor age . Realizing the only way we knew where and how to reach our pleasure resorts was in a way of speaking , by word of mouth , until the publication of The Negro Motorist Green Book ... We earnestly believe that [ it ] will mean as much if not more to us as the A.A.A. means to the white race . "
Earl Hutchinson Sr. , the father of journalist Earl Ofari Hutchinson , wrote of a 1955 move from Chicago to California that " you literally didn 't leave home without [ the Green Book ] . " Ernest Green , one of the Little Rock Nine , used the Green Book to navigate the 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) from Arkansas to Virginia in the 1950s and comments that " it was one of the survival tools of segregated life " . According to the civil rights leader Julian Bond , recalling his parents ' use of the Green Book , " it was a guidebook that told you not where the best places were to eat , but where there was any place . " Bond comments :
You think about the things that most travelers take for granted , or most people today take for granted . If I go to New York City and want a hair cut , it 's pretty easy for me to find a place where that can happen , but it wasn 't easy then . White barbers would not cut black peoples ' hair . White beauty parlors would not take black women as customers — hotels and so on , down the line . You needed the Green Book to tell you where you can go without having doors slammed in your face .
While the Green Book was intended to make life easier for those living under Jim Crow , its publisher looked forward to a time when such guidebooks would no longer be necessary . As Green wrote , " there will be a day sometime in the near future when this guide will not have to be published . That is when we as a race will have equal opportunities and privileges in the United States . It will be a great day for us to suspend this publication for then we can go as we please , and without embarrassment . "
= = = Publishing history = = =
The Green Book was published locally in New York , but its popularity was such that from 1937 it was distributed nationally with input from Charles McDowell , a collaborator on Negro Affairs for the United States Travel Bureau , a government agency . With new editions published annually from 1936 to 1940 , the Green Book 's publication was suspended during World War II and resumed in 1946 . Its scope expanded greatly during its years of publication ; from covering only the New York City metropolitan area in the first edition , it eventually covered facilities in most of the United States and parts of Canada ( primarily Montreal ) , Mexico and Bermuda . Coverage was good in the eastern US and weak in Plains states such as North Dakota , where there were few black residents . It eventually sold around 15 @,@ 000 copies per year , distributed by mail order , by black @-@ owned businesses , and through Esso service stations , some of which – unusual for the oil industry at the time – were franchised to African Americans .
It originally sold for 25 cents , increasing to $ 1 @.@ 25 by 1957 . With the book 's growing success , Green retired from the post office and hired a small publishing staff that operated from 200 West 135th Street in Harlem . He also established a vacation reservation service in 1947 to take advantage of the post @-@ war boom in automobile travel . From 10 pages in its first edition , by 1949 he had expanded the Green Book to more than 80 pages , including advertisements .
The 1951 Green Book recommended that black @-@ owned businesses raise their standards , as travelers were " no longer content to pay top prices for inferior accommodations and services " . The quality of black @-@ owned lodgings was coming under scrutiny , as many prosperous blacks found them to be second @-@ rate compared to the white @-@ owned lodgings from which they were excluded . In 1952 , Green renamed the publication The Negro Travelers ' Green Book , in recognition of its coverage of international destinations requiring travel by plane and ship . Although segregation was still in force , by state laws in the South and often by practice elsewhere , the wide circulation of the Green Book had attracted growing interest from white businesses that wanted to tap into the potential sales of the black market . The 1955 edition noted :
" A few years after its publication ... white business has also recognized its [ The Green Book ’ s ] value and it is now in use by the Esso Standard Oil Co . , The American Automobile Assn. and its affiliate automobile clubs throughout the country , other automobile clubs , air lines , travel bureaus , travelers aid , libraries and thousands of subscribers . "
By the start of the 1960s , the Green Book ′ s market was beginning to erode ; civil rights activism was having effects , even before the passage of legislation later in the decade to prohibit racial segregation in public facilities . An increasing number of middle @-@ class African Americans were beginning to question whether guides such as the Green Book were accommodating Jim Crow by steering black travelers to segregated businesses , rather than encouraging them to push for equal access . Black @-@ owned motels in remote locations off state highways lost customers to a new generation of integrated interstate motels located near freeway exits . The 1963 Green Book acknowledged that the activism of the civil rights movement had " widened the areas of public accommodations accessible to all , " but it defended the continued listing of black @-@ friendly businesses because " a family planning for a vacation hopes for one that is free of tensions and problems . "
The 1966 edition was the last to be published after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made the guide effectively obsolete , by outlawing racial discrimination in public accommodations . The last edition of the Green Book included significant changes that reflected the post @-@ Civil Rights Act outlook . The title was changed to Traveler 's Green Book : International Edition – no longer just for the Negro , or the motorist – as its publishers sought to widen its appeal . Although the content continued to proclaim its mission of highlighting leisure options for black travelers , the cover featured an affluent white blonde water @-@ skiing – a sign of how , as Michael Ra @-@ Shon Hall puts it , " the Green Book ‘ whitened ’ its surface and internationalized its scope , while still remaining true to its founding mission to ensure the security of African @-@ American travelers both in the US and abroad . "
= = Representation in other media = =
In the 2000s , academics , artists , curators , and writers exploring the history of African @-@ American travel in the United States during the Jim Crow era revived interest in the Green Book . The result has been a number of projects , books and other works referring to the Green Book . The book itself has acquired a high value as a collectors ' item ; a " partly perished " copy of the 1941 edition sold at auction in March 2015 for $ 22 @,@ 500 . Some examples are listed below .
= = = Digital projects = = =
The New York Public Library 's Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture has published digitized copies of 21 issues of the Green Book , dating from 1937 to 1964 . To accompany the digitizations , the NYPL Labs have developed an interactive visualization of the books ' data to enable web users to plot their own road trips and see heat maps of listings .
= = = Exhibitions = = =
In 2003 , the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History included the Green Book in an exhibition , America on the Move .
In 2007 , the book was featured in a traveling exhibition called Places of Refuge : The Dresser Trunk Project , organized by William Daryl Williams , the director of the School of Architecture and Interior Design at the University of Cincinnati . The exhibition drew on the Green Book to highlight artifacts and locations associated with travel by blacks during segregation , using dresser trunks to reflect venues such as hotels , restaurants , nightclubs and a Negro league baseball park .
In late 2014 , the Gilmore Car Museum in Hickory Corners , MI installed a permanent exhibit on the Green Book that features a 1956 copy of the book that guests can review as well as video interviews of those that utilized it .
In 2016 , a 1941 copy of the book will be displayed at the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture , when the museum opens .
= = = Films = = =
Calvin Alexander Ramsey and Becky Wible Searles interviewed people who traveled with the Green Book as well as Victor Green 's relatives as part of producing a documentary , The Green Book Chronicles ( 2016 ) .
100 Miles to Lordsburg ( 2017 ) , is a short film about a black couple crossing New Mexico in 1961 with aid of the Green Book . >
= = = Literature = = =
African @-@ American playwright Calvin Alexander Ramsey published a children 's book , Ruth and the Green Book ( 2010 ) , about a Chicago family 's journey to Alabama in 1952 , in which they use the Green Book as a guide .
Ramsey also wrote a play , called The Green Book : A Play in Two Acts , which debuted in Atlanta in August 2011 after a staged reading at the Lincoln Theatre in Washington , DC in 2010 . It centers on a tourist home in Jefferson City , Missouri . A black military officer , his wife , and a Jewish survivor of the Holocaust spend the night in the home just before the civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois is scheduled to deliver a speech in town . The Jewish traveler comes to the home after being shocked to find that the hotel where he planned to stay has a " No Negroes Allowed " notice posted in its lobby – an allusion to the problems of discrimination that Jews and blacks both faced at the time . The play was highly successful , gaining an extension of several weeks beyond its planned closing date .
= = = Photography projects = = =
Architecture at sites listed in the Green Book is being documented by photographer Candacy Taylor in collaboration with the National Park Service 's Route 66 Corridor Preservation Program . She is also planning to publish other materials and apps featuring such sites .
= A Hard Day 's Night ( film ) =
A Hard Day 's Night is a 1964 British comedy film directed by Richard Lester and starring the Beatles — John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr — during the height of Beatlemania . It was written by Alun Owen and originally released by United Artists . The film portrays several days in the lives of the group .
The film was a financial and critical success . Time magazine rated it as one of the all @-@ time great 100 films . British critic Leslie Halliwell described it as a " comic fantasia with music ; an enormous commercial success with the director trying every cinematic gag in the book " and awarded it a full four stars . The film is credited as being one of the most influential musical films of all time , inspiring numerous spy films , the Monkees ' television show and pop music videos .
= = Plot = =
Bound for a London show , the Beatles escape a horde of fans . Once they are aboard the train and trying to relax , various interruptions test their patience : after a dalliance with a female passenger , Paul 's grandfather is confined to the guard 's van and the four lads join him there to keep him company . John , Paul , George , and Ringo play a card game , entertaining schoolgirls before arriving at their destination .
Upon arrival in London , the Beatles are driven to a hotel , only to feel trapped inside . After a night out during which Paul 's grandfather causes minor trouble at a casino , the group is taken to the theatre where their performance is to be televised . The preparations are lengthy so Ringo decides to spend some time alone reading a book . Paul 's grandfather , a " villain , a real mixer " , convinces him to go outside to experience life rather than reading books . Ringo goes off by himself . He tries to have a quiet drink in a pub , walks alongside a canal and rides a bicycle along a railway station platform . Meanwhile , the rest of the band frantically ( and unsuccessfully ) attempts to find Ringo . Finally , he returns after being arrested by the police along with Paul 's grandfather , and the concert goes ahead as planned . After the concert , the band is taken away from the hordes of fans via helicopter .
= = Cast = =
= = Screenplay = =
The screenplay was written by Alun Owen , who was chosen because the Beatles were familiar with his play No Trams to Lime Street , and he had shown an aptitude for Liverpudlian dialogue . McCartney commented , " Alun hung around with us and was careful to try and put words in our mouths that he might 've heard us speak , so I thought he did a very good script . " Owen spent several days with the group , who told him their lives were like " a train and a room and a car and a room and a room and a room " ; the character of Paul 's grandfather refers to this in the dialogue . Owen wrote the script from the viewpoint that the Beatles had become prisoners of their own fame , their schedule of performances and studio work having become punishing .
The script comments cheekily on the Beatles ' fame . For instance , at one point a fan , played by Anna Quayle , apparently recognises John Lennon , though she does not actually mention Lennon 's name , saying only " you are ... " . He demurs , saying his face is not quite right for " him " , initiating a surreal dialogue ending with the fan agreeing that Lennon doesn 't " look like him at all " , and Lennon saying to himself that " she looks more like him than I do " . Other dialogue is derived from actual interviews with the Beatles . When Ringo is asked if he 's a mod or a rocker , he replies : " Uh , no , I 'm a mocker " , a line derived from a joke he made on the TV show Ready Steady Go ! . The frequent reference to McCartney 's grandfather ( Wilfrid Brambell ) as a " clean old man " sets up a contrast with the stock description of Brambell 's character , Albert Steptoe in Steptoe and Son , as a " dirty old man " .
Audiences also responded to the Beatles ' brash social impudence . Director Richard Lester said , " The general aim of the film was to present what was apparently becoming a social phenomenon in this country . Anarchy is too strong a word , but the quality of confidence that the boys exuded ! Confidence that they could dress as they liked , speak as they liked , talk to the Queen as they liked , talk to the people on the train who ‘ fought the war for them ’ as they liked ... [ Everything was ] still based on privilege — privilege by schooling , privilege by birth , privilege by accent , privilege by speech . The Beatles were the first people to attack this … they said if you want something , do it . You can do it . Forget all this talk about talent or ability or money or speech . Just do it . "
Despite the fact that the original working titles of the film were first The Beatles and then Beatlemania , the group 's name is never spoken in the movie — it is , however , visible on Ringo 's drum kit , on the stage lighting , and on the helicopter in the final scene . The television performance scene also contains a visual pun on the group 's name , with photos of " beetles " visible on the wall behind the dancers .
= = Production = =
The film was shot for United Artists ( UA ) using a cinéma vérité style in black @-@ and @-@ white and produced over a period of sixteen weeks . It had a low budget for its time of £ 200 @,@ 000 ( $ 500 @,@ 000 ) and filming was finished in under seven weeks . At first , the film itself was something of a secondary consideration to UA , whose primary interest was in being able to release the soundtrack album in the United States before Capitol Records ( the American EMI affiliate who had first shot at releasing Beatles music in the States ) got around to issuing their material ; in the words of Bud Ornstein , the European head of production for United Artists : " Our record division wants to get the soundtrack album to distribute in the States , and what we lose on the film we 'll get back on this disc . " As film historian Stephen Glynn put it , A Hard Day 's Night was intended as , " a low @-@ budget exploitation movie to milk the latest brief musical craze for all it was worth . "
Unlike most productions , it was filmed in near sequential order , as stated by Lennon in 1964 . Filming began on 2 March 1964 at Marylebone station in London ( sometimes misidentified as Paddington ) . The Beatles had joined the actors ' union , Equity , only that morning . The first week of filming was on a train travelling between London and Minehead . On 10 March , scenes with Ringo were shot at the Turk 's Head pub in Twickenham , and over the following week various interior scenes were filmed at Twickenham Studios . From 23 to 30 March , filming moved to the Scala Theatre , and on 31 March , concert footage was shot there , although the group mimed to backing tracks . The " Can 't Buy Me Love " segment , which featured creative camera work and the band running and jumping around in a field was shot on 23 April 1964 at Thornbury Playing Fields , Isleworth , Middlesex . The final scene was filmed the following day in West Ealing , London , where Ringo obligingly drops his coat over puddles for a lady to step on , only to discover that the final puddle is actually a large hole in the road .
Before A Hard Day 's Night was released in America , a United Artists executive asked Lester to dub the voices of the group with mid @-@ Atlantic accents . McCartney angrily replied , " Look , if we can understand a fucking cowboy talking Texan , they can understand us talking Liverpool . " Lester subsequently directed the Beatles ' 1965 film , Help ! .
= = = Casting = = =
Irish actor Wilfrid Brambell , who played Paul McCartney 's fictional grandfather John McCartney , was already well @-@ known to British audiences as co @-@ star of the British sitcom Steptoe and Son . The recurring joke that he was so clean reflects a play on his sitcom role , where he was always referred to as a dirty old man . In other roles , Norman Rossington played the Beatles ' manager Norm , John Junkin played the group 's road manager Shake , and Victor Spinetti played the television director . Brian Epstein , the group 's real manager , had an uncredited bit part .
The supporting cast included Richard Vernon as the " city gent " on the train and Lionel Blair as a featured dancer . There were also various cameos . John Bluthal played a car thief and an uncredited Derek Nimmo appeared as magician Leslie Jackson . David Janson played the small boy met by Ringo on his " walkabout " . Rooney Massara , who went on to compete in the 1972 Munich Olympics , was the sculler in the river in the " walkabout " scene by the river at Kew ( uncredited ) . Kenneth Haigh appeared as an advertising executive who mistakes George for a " new phenomenon . " David Langton also made a cameo appearance as an actor in the dressing room scene .
Mal Evans , one of the Beatles ' road managers , also appears briefly in the film — moving an upright bass through a tight hallway as Lennon talks with the woman who mistakes him for someone else .
George Harrison met his wife @-@ to @-@ be , Patricia Boyd , on the set when she made a brief ( uncredited ) appearance as one of the schoolgirls on the train . His initial overtures to her were spurned because she had a boyfriend at the time but he persisted and they were married within 18 months . The girl with Boyd in the dining car scene is Prudence Bury . Phil Collins appeared as an extra , uncredited as a boy in the concert audience , and would go on to become a very successful musician himself .
= = Reception = =
The film premiered at the Pavilion Theatre in London on 6 July 1964 — the eve of Ringo Starr 's 24th birthday — and the soundtrack was released four days later . A Hard Day 's Night set records at the London Pavilion by grossing over $ 20 @,@ 000 in the first week , ultimately becoming so popular that more than 1 @,@ 600 prints were in circulation simultaneously .
Reviews of the film were mostly positive ; one oft @-@ quoted assessment was provided by Andrew Sarris of The Village Voice , labeling A Hard Day 's Night " the Citizen Kane of jukebox musicals . " When The Village Voice published the results of its first annual film poll , A Hard Day 's Night placed second behind Stanley Kubrick 's Dr. Strangelove . Time magazine called the film " One of the smoothest , freshest , funniest films ever made for purposes of exploitation . " Film critic Roger Ebert described the film as " one of the great life @-@ affirming landmarks of the movies " , and added it to his list of The Great Movies . In 2004 , Total Film magazine named A Hard Day 's Night the 42nd greatest British film of all time . In 2005 , Time.com named it one of the 100 best films of the last 80 years . Leslie Halliwell gave the film his highest rating , four stars , the only British film of 1964 to achieve that accolade . It has a 99 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 101 reviews . It is also No.1 on Rotten Tomatoes ' list of the Top Ten Certified Fresh Musicals and No. 8 on the Best Reviewed Movies of All Time .
New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther noted the film was a subtle satire on Beatlemania and the Beatles themselves . The Beatles are portrayed as likeable young lads who are constantly amazed at the attention they receive and who want nothing more than a little peace and quiet ; however , they have to deal with screaming crowds , journalists who ask nonsensical questions , and authority figures who constantly look down upon them . In fact their biggest problem is McCartney 's elderly , but " clean " grandfather , played by Wilfrid Brambell . The New Yorker critic Brendan Gill wrote : " Though I don 't pretend to understand what makes these four rather odd @-@ looking boys so fascinating to so many scores of millions of people , I admit that I feel a certain mindless joy stealing over me as they caper about uttering sounds . "
A Hard Day 's Night was nominated for two Academy Awards : for Best Screenplay (
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Alun Owen ) , and Best Score ( Adaptation ) ( George Martin ) .
By 1971 the film was estimated to have earned $ 11 million worldwide .
= = Influence = =
British critic Leslie Halliwell states the film 's influence as " ... it led directly to all the kaleidoscopic swinging London spy thrillers and comedies of the later sixties ... " In particular , the visuals and storyline are credited with inspiring The Monkees ' television series . The " Can 't Buy Me Love " segment borrowed stylistically from Richard Lester 's earlier The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film , and it is this segment , in particular using the contemporary technique of cutting the images to the beat of the music , which has been cited as a precursor of modern music videos . Roger Ebert goes even further , crediting Lester for a more pervasive influence , even constructing " a new grammar " : " he influenced many other films . Today when we watch TV and see quick cutting , hand @-@ held cameras , interviews conducted on the run with moving targets , quickly intercut snatches of dialogue , music under documentary action and all the other trademarks of the modern style , we are looking at the children of A Hard Day 's Night " . In an interview for the DVD re @-@ release of A Hard Day 's Night , Lester said he had been labeled the father of MTV and had jokingly responded by asking for a paternity test .
= = Title = =
The movie 's strange title originated from something said by Ringo Starr , who described it this way in an interview with disc jockey Dave Hull in 1964 : " We went to do a job , and we 'd worked all day and we happened to work all night . I came up still thinking it was day I suppose , and I said , ' It 's been a hard day ... ' and I looked around and saw it was dark so I said , ' ... night ! ' So we came to A Hard Day 's Night . "
According to Lennon in a 1980 interview with Playboy magazine : " I was going home in the car , and Dick Lester suggested the title , ' Hard Day 's Night ' from something Ringo had said . I had used it in In His Own Write , but it was an off @-@ the @-@ cuff remark by Ringo . You know , one of those malapropisms . A Ringo @-@ ism , where he said it not to be funny ... just said it . So Dick Lester said , ' We are going to use that title . ' "
In a 1994 interview for The Beatles Anthology , however , McCartney disagreed with Lennon 's recollections , recalling that it was the Beatles , and not Lester , who had come up with the idea of using Starr 's verbal misstep : " The title was Ringo 's . We 'd almost finished making the film , and this fun bit arrived that we 'd not known about before , which was naming the film . So we were sitting around at Twickenham studios having a little brain @-@ storming session ... and we said , ' Well , there was something Ringo said the other day . ' Ringo would do these little malapropisms , he would say things slightly wrong , like people do , but his were always wonderful , very lyrical ... they were sort of magic even though he was just getting it wrong . And he said after a concert , ' Phew , it 's been a hard day 's night . ' "
Yet another version of events appeared in 1996 ; producer Walter Shenson said that Lennon had described to him some of Starr 's funnier gaffes , including " a hard day 's night " , whereupon Shenson immediately decided that that was going to be the title of the film .
Regardless of which of these origin stories is the true one , the original tentative title for the film had been " Beatlemania " and when the new title was agreed upon , it became necessary to write and quickly record a new title song , which was completed on 16 April , just eight days before filming was finished . Lennon and McCartney wrote the song in one night , basing the lyrics on a birthday card sent to his young son Julian , and it went on to win a Grammy for Best Performance by a Vocal Group .
The film was titled Yeah Yeah Yeah in Germany , Tutti Per Uno ( All for One ) in Italy , Quatre Garçons Dans Le Vent ( Four Boys in the Wind ) in France , Yeah ! Yeah ! Tässä tulemme ! ( Yeah ! Yeah ! Here We Come ! ) in Finland and Os Reis do Iê @-@ Iê @-@ Iê ( The Kings of Yeah @-@ yeah @-@ yeah ) in Brazil .
= = Novelization = =
In 1964 , Pan Books published a novelisation of the film by author John Burke , described as " based on the original screenplay by Alun Owen " . The book was priced at two shillings and sixpence and contained an 8 @-@ page section of photographs from the movie . It is the first book in the English language to have the word ' grotty ' in it .
= = Songs = =
The film 's credits state that all songs are composed by John Lennon and Paul McCartney . However , a portion of " Don 't Bother Me " is heard in the film ; this song is , in fact , a George Harrison composition , and is identified as such on all album appearances .
" A Hard Day 's Night "
" I Should Have Known Better "
" I Wanna Be Your Man " ( sample )
" Don 't Bother Me " ( Harrison ) ( sample )
" All My Loving " ( sample )
" If I Fell "
" Can 't Buy Me Love "
" And I Love Her "
" I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You "
" Ringo 's Theme ( This Boy ) "
" Tell Me Why "
" She Loves You "
In addition to the soundtrack album , an EP ( in mono ) of songs from the film titled Extracts From The Film A Hard Day 's Night was released by Parlophone on 6 November 1964 , having the following tracks : Side A
" I Should Have Known Better "
" If I Fell "
Side B
" Tell Me Why "
" And I Love Her "
= = = Song notes = = =
" I 'll Cry Instead " was among several songs considered for the film but ultimately not included either as an on @-@ camera performance or for usage as an audio @-@ only track . It was to be used during the " escape / fire escape " sequence of the film , but ultimately director Richard Lester vetoed it because of its downbeat lyrics and it was replaced for that scene by " Can 't Buy Me Love " . Its status as an early contender for inclusion led to the song being included on the US soundtrack album .
In the 1982 US theatrical reissue of the film by Universal Pictures , the song " I 'll Cry Instead " was used as the audio track for a prologue sequence to the film which consisted of stills from the film and publicity photographs . The prologue was assembled without the involvement or knowledge of the film 's director Richard Lester , who subsequently expressed his disapproval of the addition . The prologue was not included on the 2000 restoration of the film .
The song " You Can 't Do That " was filmed as part of the film 's TV concert sequence , but was not included in the final cut of the film . At a point before a decision had been made to excise the song from the film , footage of that performance had been sent by the filmmakers and Brian Epstein to be aired on The Ed Sullivan Show as a tease to promote the forthcoming release of the movie . The clip aired on the Sullivan show on Sunday , 24 May 1964 in conjunction with an interview with The Beatles specially filmed by Sullivan in London . An extract of the footage of the song performance was included in the 1994 documentary The Making of " A Hard Day 's Night " .
The song " I Call Your Name " was cut from the film for unknown reasons .
= = Release history = =
1964 : A Hard Day 's Night was released by United Artists ;
1967 : The film premiered on American television on the NBC network ; the Peacock introduction was replaced as the film was not shot in color ;
1979 : Rights to the film were transferred to its producer , Walter Shenson ;
1984 : , MPI Home Video , under license from Shenson , first released A Hard Day 's Night on home video in the VHS , Betamax , CED Videodisc , and Laserdisc formats , which all included the prologue.The movie was also released by Janus Films as part of The Criterion Collection in both a single @-@ disc CLV and a DualDisc CAV Laserdisc format . The additional features section on the CAV edition include the original theatrical trailer , an interview with Richard Lester , and his The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film .
There were notable pitch problems with the songs in this version , precisely one octave lower than the original recordings . This was fixed in subsequent releases .
1993 : Voyager Company produced a CD @-@ ROM for Mac and PC platforms with video in QuickTime 1 format , containing most of Criterion 's elements , including the original script .
1997 : MPI Home Video released the first DVD edition . It contains the 1982 prologue and trailer , newsreels , an interview with Richard Lester , and The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film .
2000 : Miramax Films reissued the film in theatres in the United States and then as a collector 's edition DVD two years later , as well as its final issue in the VHS format . The film had been transferred from the restored 35 mm negative and presented in 1 @.@ 66 : 1 Widescreen . The prologue that Universal added in 1982 is absent on the Miramax releases.In addition to the original film , the DVD edition contained a bonus disc with over 7 hours of additional material including interviews with cast and crew members and Beatles associates . The DVD was produced by Beatles historian and producer Martin Lewis , a longtime friend of Walter Shenson .
2009 : The film was released on Blu @-@ ray Disc in Canada ; however , the disc is region free and will play in any Blu @-@ ray machine . It contains most of the 2000 DVD bonus features .
2010 : Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings , LLC , and the home video sub @-@ licence transferred to Lionsgate , although no U.S. Blu @-@ ray release date had been announced .
2011 : A new Blu @-@ ray edition was released in Mexico , this version has Spanish subtitles .
2014 : Janus Films acquired the rights to the film from Miramax ( on behalf of the Shenson Estate , managed by Bruce A. Karsh ) and announced a domestic video re @-@ release via The Criterion Collection on 24 June 2014 . This dual @-@ format edition ( which incorporates the first ever U.S. issue on Blu @-@ ray ) contains various supplements from all previous video re @-@ issues . This marks the return of this film to Criterion for the first time in two decades . The film was also released in theaters across the U.S. and in the UK ( by Metrodome in the latter region ) on 4 July 2014 . On 6 July 2014 , the film was shown in re @-@ mastered HD on BBC Four in the UK to mark its 50th anniversary . Criterion 's DVD / Blu @-@ ray release of A Hard Day 's Night was duplicated by Umbrella Entertainment in Australia ( released 2 July ) and Second Sight Films in the UK ( released 21 July ) .
= = = 40th anniversary cast and crew reunion screening = = =
On 6 July 2004 , the 40th anniversary of the film 's world premiere , a private cast and crew reunion screening was hosted in London by DVD producer Martin Lewis . The screening was attended by McCartney , actors Victor Spinetti , John Junkin , David Janson and many crew members . In media interviews at the event , McCartney disclosed that while he had seen the film many times on video , he had not seen the film on the " big screen " since its 1964 premiere .
= Leccinum holopus =
Leccinum holopus , commonly known as the white birch bolete , white bog bolete , or ghost bolete , is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in northern Asia , Europe , and northeastern North America . It associates with birch trees and is typically found in boggy or swampy areas , often growing among sphagnum moss .
Fruitbodies ( mushrooms ) of L. holopus have convex caps measuring up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter . Often pure white — especially in young fruitbodies — the caps sometimes become flushed with buff or brownish tints . The whitish surface of the stipe is covered with small , stiff , projecting scales ( scabers ) that become tan or darker in age . Some varieties of Leccinum holopus have been described that vary in cap color or staining reaction , but DNA evidence suggests that most are the same taxon . Although the fruitbodies are edible , opinions vary as to their culinary desirability .
= = Taxonomy = =
Initially named as a species of Boletus by German mycologist Friedrich Rostkovius in 1844 , the fungus was later transferred to Leccinum by Roy Watling in 1960 . Synonyms resulting from transfer to different genera include : Krombholzia holopoda and K. holopus ( both published by Albert Pilát in 1951 ) ; Krombholziella holopus ( Josef Šutara , 1989 ) ; Trachypus holopus ( Paul Konrad and André Maublanc , 1952 ) , and Trachypus scaber f. holopus ( Henri Romagnesi , 1939 ) . Other synonyms , according to Index Fungorum , include Leccinum olivaceosum , described from France in 1994 , and Leccinum aerugineum ( 1991 ) . Leccinum holopus is classified in section Scabra of genus Leccinum , a grouping that includes Northern Hemisphere species associating exclusively with birch .
The specific epithet holopus is Greek for " with perfect stalk " . Common names given to the fungus include white birch bolete , white bog bolete , and ghost bolete .
Several subtaxa of Leccinum holopus have been described . In form aerugineum , described by Josef Šutara in 2009 , the flesh discolors green after injury . The variety americanum , described by Alexander H. Smith and Harry Delbert Thiers in 1971 from collections made in Michigan , injured flesh stains reddish . Lannoy & Estadès described Leccinum nucatum in 1993 , a taxon that was later ( 2007 ) published as variety nucatum of L. holopus ; no molecular evidence was found supporting the existence of this as a distinct taxon , and it is therefore placed into synonymy with L. holopus . Leccinum holopus var. majus , described by Rolf Singer in 1966 ( originally published by Singer as Krombholzia scabra f. majus ) , is another historical variety without independent taxonomic significance .
= = Description = =
Fruitbodies of Leccinum holopus have convex to flattened caps measuring 3 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) in diameter , with a narrow band of sterile tissue surrounding the margin . The caps are initially whitish , but can develop gray , buff , tan , or pinkish tints during maturity ; the color may also darken and become greenish with age . The cap surface is initially covered with very fine hairs , but later becomes more or less smooth , often with a sticky texture in age or in moist conditions . The flesh is white and lacks any distinct odor or taste ; it can have either little or no bruising color reaction with injury , or may become light pink in variety americanum . On the cap underside is a porous surface comprising pores numbering 2 to 3 per millimeter , each of which is the end of a tube that extends to 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) deep . The color of the pore surface ranges from whitish to grayish to dingy brown , and has little color reaction to injury , although it may discolor yellowish or brownish . There is a depression where the pores meet the stipe . The stipe measures 8 – 14 cm ( 3 @.@ 1 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) long by 1 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) wide . Its whitish surface is covered with scabers that darken in age to tan or darker . The stipe base often stains bluish .
Leccinum holopus produces a brown spore print . Spores are somewhat fusoid ( spindle @-@ shaped ) and measure 14 – 20 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 µm . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored and measure 28 @.@ 5 – 36 @.@ 5 by 11 @.@ 5 – 12 @.@ 5 µm . Cystidia on the pores are flask @-@ shaped ( lageniform ) to fusiform , and 39 @.@ 0 – 45 @.@ 5 by 7 @.@ 5 – 9 @.@ 0 µm , while those of the stipe ( caulocystidia ) are fusiform , club @-@ shaped , or cylindrical , measuring 39 @.@ 0 – 54 @.@ 5 x 9 @.@ 1 – 13 @.@ 5 µm . There are no clamp connections present in the hyphae of L. holopus . The cap cuticle is arranged in the form of a cutis — with hyphae that run parallel to the cap surface .
Several chemical tests can be used to help verify an identification of L. holopus . A drop of ammonium hydroxide solution turns the cap cuticle a pinkish color , but has no reaction with the flesh . A drop of dilute potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) has no reaction on the cap surface , and either no reaction or a brownish reaction with the flesh . Application of iron ( II ) sulphate solution does not have a reaction on the cap surface , and either no reaction to slightly olive coloration on the flesh .
= = = Similar species = = =
Leccinellum albellum is similar in appearance to L. holopus , but grows in association with oak and has a more southerly distribution . L. scabrum is a widely distributed lookalike that can be distinguished from L. holopus by its larger size and generally darker colors .
= = Edibility = =
Although commonly considered edible , opinions vary on the culinary appeal of Leccinum holopus fruitbodies . Michael Kuo , writing in 100 Edible Mushrooms , considers it a good edible ; Peter Roberts and Shelley Evans in The Book of Fungi say " it is edible , but is said to be tasteless and pappy , so is not recommended . " Fruitbodies are optimally harvested when they are young , before the flesh becomes too spongy , and before insect larvae establish themselves . Minimal cleaning is required in the field . The mushroom has a mild , somewhat sweet flavor that is enhanced after brief sauteeing . Drying the mushrooms enhances the flavor , but diminishes the sweetness of fresh mushrooms .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Leccinum holopus is a mycorrhizal species . It fruits on the ground ( often among Sphagnum moss ) , singly to scattered in wet areas like cedar swamps , bogs , or soggy forests . Like most Leccinum species , the fungus is highly host @-@ specific and associates with birch ( Betula ) . In North America , the range of Leccinum holopus extends from eastern Canada to New York , extending west to the northern Rocky Mountains , roughly coinciding with the distribution of the paper birch ( Betula papyrifera ) . In this range , it is common and fruits from August to October . L. holopus var. americanum is known only from North America . The fungus is rare in southern Europe , but more common in the Sphagnum swamps in the north . In Asia , it has been recorded from Taiwan and Qinghai ( China ) .
Fruitbodies of L. holopus are a source of food for fly species such as Pegomya winthemi ( family Anthomyiidae ) and Megaelia pygmaeoides ( family Phoridae ) .
= Cyclone Alibera =
Cyclone Alibera was the second longest @-@ lasting tropical cyclone on record in the south @-@ west Indian Ocean , with a duration of 22 days . It formed on December 16 , 1989 , well to the northeast of Madagascar . For several days , it meandered southwestward while gradually intensifying . On December 20 , Alibera intensified to tropical cyclone status with 10 ‑ minute maximum sustained winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , or the equivalent of a minimal hurricane . That day , the Météo @-@ France office in Réunion ( MFR ) estimated 10 ‑ minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) , while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , an unofficial warning agency for the region , estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 250 km / h ( 150 mph ) . After drifting erratically for several days , the storm began a steady southwest motion on December 29 as a greatly weakened system . On January 1 , Alibera struck southeastern Madagascar near Mananjary , having re @-@ intensified to just below tropical cyclone status . It weakened over land but again restrengthened upon reaching open waters on January 3 . The storm turned to the southeast , then to the southwest , and finally back to the southeast , dissipating on January 5 .
Early in its duration , Alibera produced gusty winds in the Seychelles . Upon moving ashore in Madagascar , the cyclone lashed coastal cities with heavy rainfall and up to 250 @-@ km / h ( 150 @-@ mph ) wind gusts . In Mananjary , nearly every building was damaged or destroyed , and locals considered it the worst storm since 1925 . Across the region , the cyclone destroyed large areas of crops , thousands of houses , and several roads and bridges . Alibera killed 46 people and left 55 @,@ 346 people homeless . After the storm , the Malagasy government requested for international assistance .
= = Meteorological history = =
The first named storm of the season , Tropical Cyclone Alibera , formed on December 16 about halfway between Tromelin Island and Diego Garcia as a tropical disturbance . It originated from the Intertropical Convergence Zone and initially consisted of a spiral area of thunderstorms . The system moved erratically , first to the southwest , then to the southeast , and later curving back to the west , steered by a ridge to the southeast . On December 18 , the Météo @-@ France office in Réunion ( MFR ) estimated that the system attained winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , making it a moderate tropical storm . The MFR is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the basin . As a result , the Mauritius Meteorological Service named the storm Alibera . Also on December 18 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) , a joint United States Navy and Air Force task force issuing cyclone warnings for the region , assessed that the storm had winds equivalent to a minimal hurricane in a post @-@ storm analysis . While the storm was active , however , the JTWC did not begin advisories until the following day .
Alibera quickly intensified , attaining tropical cyclone status on December 20 while southwest of Agaléga . Although the MFR estimated 10 ‑ minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) that day , the JTWC assessed that the storm was vastly stronger , estimating peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 250 km / h ( 150 mph ) . This is equivalent to a super typhoon , which made Alibera tied for the strongest cyclone in the southern hemisphere that season , along with Cyclone Alex in the Australian basin . On December 21 , Alibera turned sharply to the south and slowly weakened . On the next day , the storm curved to an eastward drift as a downgraded severe tropical storm , its path influenced by ridges to the east and west . It maintained its intensity for the next several days , turning back to the south on December 24 and slowly recurving to the west . However , the movement was erratic , and the storm executed four small loops . Although the MFR had forecasting difficulties during this time , the storm remained far enough to the north of the Mascarene Islands to limit rainfall warnings .
On December 29 , Alibera began a steady track to the southwest after the ridge weakened , and briefly deteriorated to minimal tropical storm status . However , it re @-@ intensified to just shy of tropical cyclone status on January 1 . Shortly thereafter , Alibera made landfall north of Mananjary in southeastern Madagascar , at 3 a.m. local time on New Year 's Day , with 10 ‑ minute winds of 115 km / h ( 70 mph ) . The storm quickly weakened over land , but again restrengthened upon reaching the Mozambique Channel on January 3 . This was short @-@ lived , as Alibera weakened back to tropical depression status by January 5 . The storm moved to the southeast , turned to the southwest , and finally back to the southeast before dissipating on January 7 , having been swept into the westerlies .
Alibera was the second longest @-@ lasting tropical cyclone in the basin since the start of satellite imagery , with a duration of 22 days . Only Cyclone Georgette in 1968 lasted longer at 24 days . After Alibera , the only storm to approach Alibera 's duration was Cyclone Leon – Eline in 2000 , which lasted 21 days in the basin ( 29 days overall ) .
= = Impact and aftermath = =
Before Alibera affected Madagascar , it produced winds of tropical cyclone force in the Seychelles . On Tromelin Island , Alibera produced sustained winds of 83 km / h ( 52 mph ) with gusts to 124 km / h ( 77 mph ) .
In Mananjary where the cyclone moved ashore , Alibera produced gusts of 250 km / h ( 150 mph ) . There , nearly every building was damaged or destroyed , including hospitals , government offices , and schools . About 80 % of houses were destroyed . The cyclone shut down the city 's water system , disrupted access to the ocean , cut communications , and blocked or damaged most roads . There were 15 deaths in Mananjary alone . The storm damage in Mananjary prevented ships from delivering supplies . Residents in the region considered the storm to be the worst since 1925 .
Elsewhere in southern Madagascar , the cyclone damaged about 70 % of the buildings in Nosy Varika and 15 % of Ivohibe . In the former town , many schools and houses were destroyed , leaving thousands homeless , and 4 @,@ 230 houses were destroyed in Vohipeno . Strong winds damaged walls and roofs in several other towns in Fianarantsoa Province . The offshore island of Île Sainte @-@ Marie sustained heavy damage . Across Fianarantsoa Province , Alibera destroyed 33 @,@ 065 ha ( 81 @,@ 710 acres ) of rice , corn , coffee , bananas , and vegetables , although most of the damage was to the rice crop . The cyclone also wrecked about 10 @,@ 000 ha ( 25 @,@ 000 acres ) of cotton and tobacco fields in Ihosy , and downed many trees along its path . Areas in southeastern Madagascar experienced heavy rainfall , which flooded rivers and canals in Fianarantsoa Province . Across the region , 23 roads were cut or damaged , totaling 19 @.@ 5 km ( 12 @.@ 1 mi ) of roads in need of repairs . This included a 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) portion of a mountain road that was destroyed , as well as a damaged section of Route nationale 7 . In Vohipeno , the floods destroyed 13 bridges , and a bridge was damaged in Ifanadiana . The cyclone also cut a portion of the Fianarantsoa @-@ Côte Est railway , thus disrupting regional economic activity . Across Madagascar , Alibera killed 46 people and left 55 @,@ 346 homeless .
On January 18 , the Malagasy government issued an appeal to the international community for assistance . The Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator provided $ 15 @,@ 000 ( USD ) in emergency funding to purchase immediate supplies . The United States sent $ 20 @,@ 000 to rebuild schools and hospitals . Other countries donated $ 135 @,@ 000 in supplies or cash , including $ 82 @,@ 000 from Japan and $ 23 @,@ 000 from the United Kingdom . In Mananjary , the local government provided 300 kg ( 660 lb ) of rice to affected families , while the national government provided other relief goods to the city after roads were cleared . After the storm , a school in Farafangana housed 900 locals who were left homeless . Existing food supplies were sufficient to feed affected residents after the storm passed .
= Marge vs. the Monorail =
" Marge vs. the Monorail " is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons ' fourth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 14 , 1993 . The plot revolves around Springfield 's impulse purchase of a faulty monorail from a conman . The episode was written by Conan O 'Brien and directed by Rich Moore . Phil Hartman provided the voice of Lyle Lanley , while the American actor Leonard Nimoy made a guest appearance as himself .
The episode has been widely praised by fans and critics and is frequently cited as being among the best and funniest of the series . Writer Conan O 'Brien has claimed that , of the Simpsons episodes that he wrote , this was his favorite . Leonard Nimoy 's unexpected guest appearance was also widely praised . Despite this , the episode attracted some criticism when it was first aired due to the somewhat abstract and less situational nature of the plot , particularly from voice actor Yeardley Smith who in 1995 described the episode as " truly one of our worst " .
= = Plot = =
After being caught by the Environmental Protection Agency dumping nuclear waste in the city park , Mr. Burns is fined $ 3 million . A town meeting is held so that the citizens can decide how to spend the money . Marge suggests that the city use the money to fix Main Street , which is in poor condition . The town is about to vote in favor when someone new to town , a fast @-@ talking salesman named Lyle Lanley , suggests that Springfield construct a city monorail . After being swayed by a song , the now enthused townspeople decide to build the monorail .
Even though Lanley succeeds in winning over almost the entire town , his salesmanship fails to convince Marge , who is frustrated with the town 's purchase because she ( correctly ) believes the monorail is unsafe and that Lanley is a conman . While watching TV , Homer sees an advertisement that suggests he attend Lanley 's institute of monorail conducting , which is a transparent effort to make even more money from the con . Homer immediately decides to enroll . After a three @-@ week course , Lanley selects Homer at random from among his classmates to be the monorail conductor .
Still annoyed about the town 's lack of understanding of the monorail , Marge visits Lanley to question his motives , and discovers a notebook containing drawings which reveal Lanley ’ s intention to run off with bags of money skimmed from the monorail project while everyone else falls victim to his faulty train . Marge immediately drives to North Haverbrook , which Lanley mentioned was a previous purchaser of one of his monorails . She discovers that the town is in ruins . While exploring , Marge meets Sebastian Cobb , the engineer who designed Lanley 's North Haverbrook monorail . Cobb explains that Lanley embezzled construction funds through shoddy workmanship and materials , and that the entire project was a scam . Realizing Marge believes him , he offers his assistance in helping to prevent the same fate from happening to Springfield .
At the maiden voyage of the Springfield monorail , Lanley arranges for a well @-@ attended opening ceremony , which will divert the town 's attention while he escapes on a plane to Tahiti . The whole town turns out , and Leonard Nimoy is the guest of honor . The monorail departs just before Marge and Cobb arrive . Although it runs normally at the start , the controls soon malfunction and cause it to speed wildly around the track . Homer , Bart , and the passengers are in danger , but the monorail 's electricity cannot be shut off because of its solar power .
Meanwhile , Lanley 's flight to Tahiti is interrupted by a brief and unexpected stopover in North Haverbrook . The townsfolk are alerted to his presence and they storm the plane to attack Lanley as revenge for ruining their town . Back in Springfield , Marge and Cobb contact Homer by radio and Cobb tells Homer that he will need to find an anchor in order to stop the train . Improvising quickly , Homer pries loose the giant metal " M " from the logo on the side of the monorail 's engine , ties a rope to it , and throws it from the train . Eventually the " M " catches on the sign of a doughnut shop and the rope holds , stopping the monorail and saving its passengers .
= = Production = =
Conan O 'Brien conceived the idea when he saw a billboard that just had the word " Monorail " on it , with no other details or explanation . He first pitched this episode at a story retreat to Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who said the episode was a little crazy and thought he should try some other material first . O 'Brien had previously pitched episodes where Lisa had a rival and where Marge gets a job at the power plant and Burns falls in love with her ; both went well . James L. Brooks " absolutely loved " this episode when O 'Brien presented it .
Leonard Nimoy was not originally considered for the role as the celebrity at the maiden voyage of the monorail , as the writing staff did not think he would accept , because William Shatner had previously turned the show down . Instead , George Takei was asked to guest star as he had appeared on the show once before . After demanding several script changes , Takei declined , saying he did not want to make fun of public transportation as he was a member of the board of directors of the Southern California Rapid Transit District . As a result , the staff went to Nimoy , who accepted .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode is a partial spoof of the 1962 film The Music Man , with " The Monorail Song " strongly resembling the Music Man 's " Ya Got Trouble " and with Lyle Lanley being a doppelganger for Harold Hill .
The episode starts with a tribute song to The Flintstones as Homer heads home from work and crashes his car into a chestnut tree . Later , Leonard Nimoy makes a guest appearance as himself . References are made to his role in Star Trek : The Original Series , and an allusion to his role as the host of In Search of ... from 1976 to 1982 . Kyle Darren , the caricature of Luke Perry star of Beverly Hills , 90210 , appears as well . Mayor Quimby uses the phrase " May the Force be with you " from the Star Wars franchise , confusing it with Nimoy 's work on Star Trek ( and — at the same time — believing Nimoy to have been " one of The Little Rascals " ) . Homer 's Monorail conductor uniform is based on uniforms from Star Wars . When Mr. Burns is brought into the court room , he is restrained in the same way as Hannibal Lecter in the film The Silence of the Lambs . Homer briefly serenades Marge in their bedroom with a line from the folk song " The Riddle Song " .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Marge vs. the Monorail " finished 30th in the ratings for the week of January 11 to January 17 , 1993 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 7 . The episode was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week .
" Marge vs. the Monorail " has frequently been selected in lists of the show 's best episodes . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly released a list of its Top 25 episodes , ranking this episode in fourth , saying " the episode has arguably the highest throwaway @-@ gag @-@ per @-@ minute ratio of any Simpsons , and all of them are laugh @-@ out @-@ loud funny . " In his book Planet Simpson , Chris Turner named the episode as being one of his five favorites . In 2006 , IGN.com named the episode the best of the fourth season . John Ortved of Vanity Fair called it the third best episode of the show , due to , " An amazing musical number ; Leonard Nimoy in a random guest appearance ... Besides being replete with excellent jokes , this episode reveals the town 's mob mentality and its collective lack of reason . This is the episode that defines Springfield more than any other . " In 2010 , Michael Moran of The Times ranked the episode as the ninth best in the show 's history .
The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it " an unsurpassed episode . It 's hard to know where to start dishing out the praise — Leonard Nimoy 's guest appearance , the Monorail song , Marge 's narration , the truck full of popcorn ... " Robert Canning of IGN strongly praised the episode , stating " It is by far one of the most loved episodes of The Simpsons and can safely be called a classic by any fan . From beginning to end , there 's joke after joke after hilarious joke . There 's nothing in this half @-@ hour that doesn 't work , and no matter how many times I watch this episode , it never , ever gets old . " Todd VanDerWerff of Slant Magazine named it the show 's best episode , stating " It 's the one you think of when you think of a Simpsons episode " , and is " maybe the show 's funniest , and it most perfectly encapsulates what may be the show 's overriding theme : People are really stupid and self @-@ serving , but if you give them long enough , they 'll eventually bumble toward the right answer . "
Leonard Nimoy 's appearance as himself has been praised as being one of the show 's best guest appearances . In a list of the 25 greatest guest voices on the show , released September 5 , 2006 , IGN.com ranked Leonard Nimoy at 11th . Nathan Ditum ranked his performance as the 13th best guest appearance in the show 's history . Nimoy would make a second guest appearance in season eight 's " The Springfield Files " .
Conan O 'Brien has said that of all the episodes of The Simpsons he wrote , this is his favorite . Homer 's lines " I call the big one Bitey " and " Doughnuts , is there anything they can 't do ? " are among series creator Matt Groening 's favorite lines .
Conversely , the episode was not initially well received by many fans of the show 's earlier seasons , as it was a particularly absurd early example of the show taking a more joke @-@ based cartoon approach to comedy , rather than the more realistic situational style of comedy it had employed in its first few years . In 1995 , during the production of the seventh season , Yeardley Smith said of the episode as " truly one of our worst – we [ the entire cast ] all agree " .
In 2012 , " Marge vs. the Monorail " was the second @-@ place finisher in a Splitsider reader poll to decide on the best episode of any television sitcom , losing to the Community episode " Remedial Chaos Theory " .
Conan O 'Brien and Hank Azaria performed the monorail song live at the Hollywood Bowl from September 12 – 14 , 2014 as part of the show " The Simpsons Take The Bowl " .
= Esther Drummond =
Esther Drummond is a fictional character in the science fiction series Torchwood , portrayed by American actress Alexa Havins . Havins is one of several American actors to join Torchwood in its fourth series , Torchwood : Miracle Day , which was co @-@ produced by Torchwood 's original British network BBC1 and the American premium television network Starz . The character appears in every episode of the fourth series in addition to a prequel novel , The Men Who Sold the World .
Within the series narrative , Esther is a Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) watch analyst who becomes aware of the defunct British Torchwood Institute on " Miracle Day " , when it is discovered that no one can die . Alongside her CIA colleague Rex Matheson she joins forces with the last two remaining Torchwood agents to investigate the phenomenon . Esther 's standing as a desk @-@ bound computer and technology expert puts her in contrast with the tougher and more action @-@ orientated characters in the series . By the Miracle Day finale , Esther has become a more competent field agent , but is murdered by the group 's enemies in an attempt to stop them progressing with their mission .
Havins was influenced in her decision to accept the part by her husband 's appreciation of the series . Like Rex , Esther is used by executive producer Russell T Davies as a means of introducing new American audiences to the established mythos of Torchwood . Havins stated the character to have an unrequited love for Rex , but explained that he does not appear to notice . Response to the character varied ; some critics praised her characterisation and portrayal whilst others felt her to display incompetency and to not have been taken to by the audience . The nature of her exit from the show was generally praised , though some reviewers felt it lacked the desired emotional impact .
= = Appearances = =
= = = Television = = =
Esther Drummond , a Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) watch analyst , makes her first appearance in Torchwood : Miracle Day 's premiere episode " The New World " in which she informs colleague Rex Matheson ( Mekhi Phifer ) about a mysterious message containing the single word " Torchwood " . A distracted Rex is then fatally injured , leading Esther to blames herself for his accident . After finding out the process of death has been ceased in a global event termed " Miracle Day " , Esther begins tracking down information on Torchwood , supposing a link between the organisation and the start of " Miracle Day " . Amid her research , she encounters former head of Torchwood , Captain Jack Harkness ( John Barrowman ) , who helps her escape the destructive blast of a suicide bomber . Harkness explains the history of the Torchwood Institute , but wipes Esther 's memory so she will not remember their encounter . Esther 's memory is later triggered when a hard copy of the Torchwood file lands on her desk . Esther 's investigation into Torchwood compromises her position within the CIA and she — like Rex — is set up by the agency . Forced into fugitive status , she finds herself working as part of Torchwood alongside Rex and the Torchwood Institute 's last surviving members , Captain Jack and Gwen Cooper ( Eve Myles ) .
Esther fulfills Torchwood 's technical need for a competent hacker , researcher and computer expert . However , she initially struggles as a field agent , nearly compromising the team 's mission when she attempts to get help for her mentally ill sister Sarah ( Candace Brown ) . Later whilst trying to escape during an undercover mission in an effective concentration camp , in which the gravely wounded are incinerated , Esther strangles Colin Maloney ( Marc Vann ) in unarmed combat , leaving her aghast and shaken . In the following episode , Esther works out that Gwen is being blackmailed into delivering Jack to an unknown conspirator ; she has Gwen 's parents liberated by Sergeant Andy Davidson ( Tom Price ) , and alongside Rex , successfully snipes Jack 's would @-@ be captors . The Torchwood team subsequently end up in CIA custody . Though Esther is pardoned alongside Rex , Jack is shot as he tries to escape , leaving Esther with the responsibility of keeping him safe on the run . Two months later , in " The Gathering " , Esther has nursed Jack to health in Scotland where she drains his blood , believing it connected to the Miracle . The team learn that the Miracle originated at the near @-@ antipodes of Shanghai and Buenos Aires ; the team splits up , with Esther and Rex in the latter location . The series finale , " The Blood Line " , sees Esther fatally shot by a member of The Three Families — the villains behind Miracle Day — in an attempt to prevent Torchwood ending the Miracle , but Gwen persuades Jack and Rex that Esther has to die so that the Miracle can be ended . In the episode 's epilogue , Esther is among the few post miracle deceased to be allowed a full funeral service .
= = = Literature = = =
Esther features as a supporting character in the novel The Men Who Sold The World , which is featured as a prequel to Torchwood : Miracle Day . In the novel , Esther aids Rex in his mission to track down a CIA contingent who have gone rogue with dangerous alien weaponry . Reviewing the novel , SFX columnist Alasdair Stuart commented that author Guy Adams provided " interesting , and brave , context to Rex ’ s relationship with Esther . " According to Stuart , The Men Who Sold The World demonstrated that " Rex knows he manipulates her and doesn ’ t particularly care . She ’ s an asset , just one he can use better and faster than most " .
= = Characterisation = =
= = = Casting = = =
In the series ' planning stages , Esther 's surname was originally Katusi , and the casting call specified that this role would be for a non @-@ Caucasian actress . Greek star Amber Stevens was one of the actresses who auditioned for the part of Katusi . However , white actress Alexa Havins was announced by the BBC on 6 January 2011 , the character 's surname having been changed to Drummond . Havins was not initially sure about accepting the role when she was offered it due to having recently become a mother . She revealed that her husband , actor Justin Bruening , being a Torchwood " fan @-@ boy " influenced her decision to accept the role , stating that he told her " you 've got to take this part " and offered to assume child @-@ minding responsibilities . In preparation for the role Havins watched some of the earlier series of Torchwood to acquire a sense of the show 's tone , but did not fully immerse herself in the show 's history because , given her character 's ignorance , " not being so well @-@ versed in it played in my favour " .
= = = Concept and development = = =
Esther is introduced in press materials as being " an innocent in a world of assassins , liars and zealots " . Havins describes Drummond as " an optimist and the glass is half full person " . A promotional video released by Starz provided background information on Esther including her college education — the character introduces herself by stating that she has a BA in Linguistics and a Masters in Cognitive science . Series four writer Jane Espenson enjoyed writing for Esther as she felt the character to be most similar to herself . She notes that when devising Esther 's backstory the writer 's " ended up just putting my college experience down . " Esther 's introduction invites parallels that of lead female character Gwen Cooper ( Eve Myles ) in the series ' 2006 premiere episode " Everything Changes " ; she represents an audience surrogate for new American viewers . Havins refers to Esther as the " tour guide " for new viewers coming to Torchwood for the first time , one who is " digging deeper and deeper into the rabbit hole " . Despite similarities to their introduction , Havins comments that Esther as a character has a less action @-@ orientated role than Gwen , being more the " techie " of the team who uses her intellect and technology as her weapons . The actress feels that Esther 's desk @-@ bound analyst position is " her safe little world " . Head writer and executive producer Russell T Davies described Esther as " a very healing force " in helping the other more outspoken characters gel together as a team because she is " much more able to empathise with people . " The character 's sister , Sarah Drummond ( Candace Brown ) , recurs throughout Miracle Day , Havins feels that her presence helps " humanise the situation " as including family members helps the audience " understand why people react a certain way . " Espenson notes that the first scene between Esther and Sarah was discussed at length at the writer 's room — the writers chose to make Esther 's choice whether or not to refer her ill sister to social services " as difficult as possible " to heighten the pain felt by the character .
Esther has a romantic interest in Rex Matheson ( Mekhi Phifer ) , who she idealises and looks up to . Despite her feelings , Rex does not appear to notice or reciprocate , actress Alexa Havins conjectures that " he 's so blind to her feelings " due to him having " this wall built up around him that it 's hard to break through . " Phifer commented that Rex sees Esther as a sister and conjectures that Esther 's interests in him are partly a result of her sensationalising his work . Despite her highly romanticised idea of field work , Esther is not as skilled in the field as more experienced agents Rex , Jack ( John Barrowman ) and Gwen . However , being part of a new Torchwood team means that Esther is " ripped away from her desk and thrust into the world of Torchwood on the run . " During the later parts of the series the character has to fight physically against the team 's enemies . Havins did not receive any training for these sequences , she felt that having been trained in fight sequences would have made Esther " too slick , too trained , too perfect , too in sync with the rest of the Torchwood crew . " Instead of being able to take out her attackers easily , when Esther has to fight for her life it is " raw and brutal " and " almost like a bar @-@ brawl meets a chick @-@ fight " . Espenson notes that by the final episode Esther has earned a degree of admiration from Rex through her work for the Torchwood team , which she feels to be because " he just can 't fail to see how smart and brave she is . " In regards to being killed off Havins states that she knew it was a possibility from the moment she accepted the role due to the danger present in the series and it 's precedence for killing characters. io9 's Charlie Jane Anders observed that the character 's death helps serve to illustrate " how hard it is to consign others to death , for the greater good . "
= = Reception = =
After the fourth series premiere TV.com 's Tim Surette wrote that Esther " is fantastic as the Torchwood newbie , holding hands with viewers who 've never watched the series before . " The HD Room 's James Zappie praised the friendship between Esther and Gwen stating that " It isn 't a trite Cagney & Lacey wannabe pairing of two female characters " and instead offers a chance for the two actresses " to branch out and add complexity to their characters ' personalities " . Den of Geek 's Simon Brew felt the character 's storyline with her sister in " Escape to L.A. " to be " welcome exposition , and Alexa Havins is proving to be an excellent bit of casting " . Digital Spy 's Morgan Jeffrey stated that throughout the fourth series , " Alexa Havins was consistently excellent , bringing a real warmth and likability to her role . " The character attracted comparisons to previous Torchwood characters . Dan Martin wrote after the broadcast of " Rendition " that the character of Esther " is shaping up as a Toshiko @-@ style tragedy queen " . Dave Golder , writing for SFX noted the character 's incompetency in the episode " Escape to L.A. " showed her to be " every bit as incapable of acting professionally for more than 60 seconds as Owen and Tosh were back in the old days . "
Golder identified " Esther ’ s scarily casual death " as one of the gripping points of what he felt to be an underwhelming finale . The Daily Telegraph 's Gavin Fuller referred to her exit as " being a genuine , and saddening shock . " Jeffrey praised the character 's death as a " well @-@ handled shocker " , noting that all signs had indicated Rex would die instead . He felt it was " cruel trick on the writers ' part to off lovely Agent Drummond " and " all the crueler to keep viewings hanging until that first glimpse of her funeral . " He concluded by saying that " this kind of emotional sucker @-@ punch " is something Torchwood has always excelled at . Neela Debnath of The Independent commented that her death was sad because the " character went through so much " and that " there would have been room for more growth in subsequent series . " Conversely , Los Angeles Times correspondent Todd VanDerWerff opined that it was hard to invest in Esther , in addition to Rex and Oswald , and though her death was intended as the " one big , emotional moment of the finale " it came across to him as " kind of a dud " . He felt that throughout the fourth series Esther was used as " simply a plot device , someone the writers used when they needed something to go wrong or when they needed the story to move in a certain direction . " Blair Marnell of CraveOnline also notes in his review of the series finale that " Rex and Esther never really caught on as leading characters " and felt that it would have been better had the characters departed in symmetry .
= Remember Paul ? =
" Remember Paul ? " is the seventh season premiere episode of the American comedy @-@ drama television series Desperate Housewives , and the 135th overall episode of the series . It was originally broadcast in the United States on September 26 , 2010 , on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . In the episode , Paul ( Mark Moses ) announces his return to Wisteria Lane while Carlos ( Ricardo Antonio Chavira ) learns that his daughter was accidentally switched with another baby at the hospital eight years earlier .
The episode was written by series creator Marc Cherry and directed by David Grossman . It included the introduction of Renee Perry ( Vanessa Williams ) , Lynette 's ( Felicity Huffman ) former college roommate . " Remember Paul ? " also dealt with Bree 's ( Marcia Cross ) divorce and continued the storyline of the financial problems of Susan ( Teri Hatcher ) and Mike ( James Denton ) .
" Remember Paul ? " garnered generally mixed reviews . Many critics drew both favorable and unfavorable comparisons between Williams ' performance in the episode and her portrayal of Wilhelmina Slater in Ugly Betty . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode drew just over 13 million viewers , making it the least watched season premiere at the time .
= = Plot = =
= = = Background = = =
Desperate Housewives focuses on the lives of several residents in the suburban neighborhood of Wisteria Lane , as narrated by their deceased neighbor , Mary Alice Young ( Brenda Strong ) . In past episodes , a local hospital discovered that a nurse had accidentally switched two children at birth years earlier and that one of the involved families lives in town on Wisteria Lane . Bree Hodge ( Marcia Cross ) decided to confess to Gabrielle Solis ( Eva Longoria ) that her son , Andrew ( Shawn Pyfrom ) , was driving the car that killed Gabrielle 's mother @-@ in @-@ law eleven years earlier . As a result , her husband Orson ( Kyle MacLachlan ) decided to leave her . Susan ( Teri Hatcher ) and Mike Delfino ( James Denton ) slipped into financial crisis and decided to move into a small apartment across town . Mary Alice 's husband , Paul ( Mark Moses ) , avenged her suicide by killing her blackmailer , Martha Huber ( Christine Estabrook ) . In response , her sister , Felicia Tilman ( Harriet Sansom Harris ) , framed Paul for her own death and fled town . Ten years later , Paul was released from jail and returned to Wisteria Lane .
= = = Episode = = =
News of Paul 's return jolts the neighborhood , including Susan , who did not know that she had rented her home to him . Paul expresses interest in buying his old home across the street , despite just having signed a lease for Susan 's house . Felicia , whose plan was foiled when she was pulled over by a police officer for speeding , is now incarcerated and swears that Paul will be dead within six months .
Jack Pinkham ( Kevin Symons ) , a lawyer for Fairview Memorial Hospital , tells Carlos Solis ( Ricardo Antonio Chavira ) that his daughter , Juanita ( Madison De La Garza ) , is not their biological child and was accidentally switched at birth with their daughter . Carlos decides to keep this information from Gabrielle to spare her the pain . Meanwhile , Bree tells Gabrielle that Andrew ran over Carlos ' mother , but Gabrielle decides not to tell Carlos because she does not want to upset him .
Despite downsizing to a small apartment , Susan and Mike are still struggling financially . Susan receives an offer from her landlord , Maxine Rosen ( Lainie Kazan ) , to appear on her home @-@ run erotic website — " Va @-@ Va @-@ Va @-@ Broom ! " — for which she would film herself doing housework in lingerie . She initially refuses the offer , but when Mike considers taking a job on an oil rig in Alaska , Susan agrees to appear on the website ; however , she conceals her new job from her friends and family .
Bree struggles with her impending divorce . However , when Orson reveals that he has already begun dating his physical therapist , Bree takes an interest in her contractor , Keith ( Brian Austin Green ) . Meanwhile , Lynette 's old college frenemy Renee Perry ( Vanessa Williams ) , wife of New York Yankees player Doug Perry , comes to visit her , but their friendly bickering quickly escalates into an argument . Lynette threatens to kick her out but changes her mind when Renee reveals that Doug has left her for another woman .
= = Production = =
" Remember Paul ? " was written by series creator and executive producer Marc Cherry and directed by David Grossman . It marked the debut of Vanessa Williams as Renee Perry , an old college rival of Lynette Scavo . The addition of Williams to the cast was announced after the close of the series ' sixth season , as well as the finale of the ABC series Ugly Betty , in which Williams starred as Wilhelmina Slater . The character , who was originally named Renee Filmore @-@ Jones , was conceived as a trouble @-@ making vixen , similar to the Edie Britt character ( Nicollette Sheridan ) , who appeared on the series until the fifth season . Following the casting announcement , Williams admitted to having been a fan of the series during its first year , but stopped watching because of the racially insensitive second season mystery storyline . It focused on Betty Applewhite ( Alfre Woodard ) , the series ' first black main character . Williams explained to Entertainment Weekly , " [ Betty ] had her son in chains in the basement . It was like , ' Really ? Do we have to go there with our first Black character ? ' I honestly fell off the show after that . I think it was just so implausible and just an image that Black folks don 't want to see their child chained and shackled in the basement . " Cast member Felicity Huffman commented on Williams ' addition to the cast , saying " She 's such a great dash of vinegar to Wisteria Lane ! It 's going brilliantly — she 's a wonderful woman , she 's really smart , she 's really strong , a real team player . She 's a great addition . "
The episode also reintroduced the storyline of Paul Young and Felicia Tilman 's rivalry . Mark Moses returned to the series as a series regular after appearing briefly as Paul in the sixth season finale . On his return , Moses commented , " There was some talk about [ me coming back ] a year ago . And there ’ s often talk in Hollywood . Sometimes it pans out , sometimes it doesn ’ t . I don ’ t get super @-@ excited about a ' maybe ' in this town , because there are lots of maybes that don ’ t happen . But then this last year they called up my agent and said , ' We 're really thinking seriously about [ this ] . ' And eventually , they made an offer , and I was very pleased . " Harriet Samson Harris also returned to reprise her role as Felicia , while Steven Culp and Christine Estabrook returned as Rex Van de Kamp and Martha Huber respectively in flashback sequences . Kyle MacLachlan , who left Desperate Housewives as a series regular at the end of season six , reprised his role as Orson Hodge in this episode .
Kevin Rahm and Tuc Watkins , who have been portraying gay couple Bob Hunter and Lee McDermott since the series ' fourth season , were both promoted to series regulars for the seventh season . Darcy Rose Byrnes also joined the main cast as Penny Scavo , a role previously portrayed by Kendall Applegate . Brian Austin Green made his series debut in the episode as Keith Watson , " a new contractor and charming playboy " who catches the attention of both Bree and Renee , while Lainie Kazan began a multi @-@ episode guest appearance as Maxine Rosen , Susan 's landlady .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
According to Nielsen ratings , " Remember Paul ? " was watched by 13 @.@ 056 million viewers and held an 8 @.@ 1 rating / 12 share on its original American broadcast on September 26 , 2010 . Among viewers between 18 and 49 years of age , the episode drew a 4 @.@ 3 rating , making it the twelfth most @-@ watched show for the week in that demographic . The premiere was outperformed by Sunday Night Football on NBC and Family Guy on Fox , which respectively drew a 7 @.@ 3 and 4 @.@ 5 rating in the 18 to 49 demographic in the Desperate Housewives time slot . At the time , the episode was the least @-@ watched season premiere of Desperate Housewives , with an eleven percent decrease in viewership from the sixth season premiere one year earlier . ABC reported that the episode gained an additional 2 @.@ 1 million viewers and 1 @.@ 0 rating in the week following the original broadcast due to DVR recordings . " Remember Paul ? " was outperformed by the following episode , " You Must Meet My Wife " , which drew 13 @.@ 234 million viewers and scored 8 @.@ 2 rating / 12 share in total viewers and a 4 @.@ 4 rating in viewers between 18 and 49 years of age .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode received mixed reviews . Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly gave the premiere a positive review . He praised Williams ' performance , stating that she brought back a " brand of bitchery " that had been missing from the series since Nicollette Sheridan 's departure ; additionally , he favorably compared the performance to Williams ' portrayal of Wilhelmina Slater on Ugly Betty . He also complimented Harriet Sansom Harris ' performance , naming her " the creepiest character ... in the best possible way . " Stransky called the Gabrielle and Carlos storyline " sweet , " but criticized the ridiculousness of Susan 's storyline . Neal Justin of the Star Tribune said , " the premiere is packed with the zippy zingers that made us fall in love with the dramedy in the first place , " accrediting the series ' improved quality over season six to the return of Mark Moses as Paul Young . He also commented that Vanessa Williams gave " a repeat performance " of her character on Ugly Betty . Damian Holbrook of TV Guide also
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drew a comparison between Williams ' performances in the episode and on Ugly Betty , stating the two characters " have the same stiletto @-@ sharp tongue and prickly chemistry with everyone who enters her orbit . "
John Griffiths of Us Weekly gave the premiere a negative review , awarding it only two stars . He stated the show had turned into " a run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill sitcom " and criticized the writers for not being able to develop material to match the " venerable cast capable of great things . " He called the Paul storyline " corny " and the switched @-@ baby storyline " as compelling as a manicure , " and commented that both Williams and Brian Austin Greene deliver underwhelming performances . Isabelle Carreau of TV Squad called the episode " a solid season premiere for the series . " She was surprised by both the identity of the switched child and its early revelation . Carreau also praised Williams ' performance , writing : " The banter between Lynette and Renee was priceless ! "
= Nur jedem das Seine , BWV 163 =
Nur jedem das Seine ( To each his own ! ) , BWV 163 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in Weimar for the twenty @-@ third Sunday after Trinity and first performed it on 24 November 1715 .
This work was part of Bach 's sequence of composing monthly church cantatas for the Weimar court , which he began in 1714 . It was the first piece performed after a mourning period of several months for Prince Johann Ernst . The text , written by the court poet Salomon Franck , is based on the prescribed gospel reading for the Sunday , " Render unto Caesar ... " , and includes several allusions to money and gold . The cantata has six movements , beginning with an aria for tenor , followed by two pairs of recitatives and arias , one for bass and the other for the duet of soprano and alto , and a concluding chorale . Similar to other cantatas on words by Franck , the work is scored for a small Baroque chamber ensemble of two violins , viola , two cellos and continuo . Bach composed a unique aria with a dark texture of a bass voice and two obbligato cellos . A duet has been described as a love duet and compared to operatic duets . The music of the closing chorale is lost , except for the continuo part . It is not clear if Bach set the stanza printed in the libretto from Heermann 's " Wo soll ich fliehen hin " , or instead his " Meinen Jesum lass ich nicht " , in a tune that appears as a cantus firmus in movement 5 .
= = History and text = =
On 2 March 1714 Bach was appointed concertmaster of the Weimar court orchestra ( Kapelle ) of the co @-@ reigning dukes Wilhelm Ernst and Ernst August of Saxe @-@ Weimar . As concertmaster , he assumed the principal responsibility for composing new works , specifically cantatas for the Schlosskirche ( palace church ) , on a monthly schedule . Bach composed the cantata in 1715 for the twenty @-@ third Sunday after Trinity . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the Epistle to the Philippians , " our conversation is in heaven " ( Philippians 3 : 17 – 21 ) , and from the Gospel of Matthew , the question about paying taxes , answered by " Render unto Caesar ... " ( Matthew 22 : 15 – 22 ) . The librettist was Salomon Franck , the court poet in Weimar . He began with a paraphrase of the famous answer " Render unto Caesar " from the gospel , and included several allusions to money and gold ( he was also the numismatist of the Weimar court ) . Franck included a stanza from a hymn by Johann Heermann as the sixth and last movement of this cantata , according to the printed libretto the final stanza of " Wo soll ich fliehen hin " ( 1630 ) . The music of that chorale is lost ; only the continuo part has survived . Recent scholarship found that Bach possibly chose to set a stanza from Heermann 's " Meinen Jesum lass ich nicht " instead , in a tune he used instrumentally in movement 5 , which would match the continuo part .
Bach led the first performance on 24 November 1715 . It was the first cantata performed after a period of mourning for Prince Johann Ernst from August to November . No account is extant of a later performance in Leipzig , but the Bach scholar Christoph Wolff writes : " it seems safe to assume that it was [ revived ] " .
= = Scoring and structure = =
The cantata in structured in six movements , beginning with an aria for tenor ( T ) , followed by two pairs of recitative and aria , one for bass ( B ) , the other for the duet of soprano ( S ) and alto ( A ) , and a concluding chorale when all four parts are united . As with several other cantatas on words by Franck , it is scored for a small Baroque chamber ensemble of two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , two cellos ( Vc ) and basso continuo ( Bc ) .
In the following table of the movements , the scoring , keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings , while the continuo , playing throughout , is not shown .
= = Music = =
The opening da capo aria for tenor is based on a paraphrase of " Render to Ceasar " : " Nur jedem das Seine " . The aria features an unusual ritornello in which the strings assume a motif introduced by the continuo , which is then repeated several times through all parts . The movement is a da capo aria emphasizing dualism and debt . Craig Smith remarks that it is " almost academic in its metrical insistence " .
The second movement is a secco bass recitative , " Du bist , mein Gott , der Geber aller Gaben " ( You are , my God , the Giver of all gifts ) . It has been described as " operatic in its intensity and subtle adjustments of character " . The recitative is remarkable for its " aggressive , even belligerent " conclusion .
The following bass aria , " Laß mein Herz die Münze sein " ( Let my heart be the coin ) , has an unusual and unique accompaniment of two obbligato cellos with continuo . The cellos present an imitative motif to introduce the bass . John Eliot Gardiner , who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000 , comments that Bach " conjures up an irresistible picture of two coin @-@ polishers at work , a sort of eighteenth @-@ century sorcerer goading his apprentice " , observing that " two cellos polish away in contrary motion with wide intervalic leaps " . Bach was interested in coins and precious metals . The conductor Craig Smith compares the dark texture to the " descent into the earth in Wagner 's Das Rheingold " . The aria is in three thematic sections : " enjoining " , " melodramatically rhetoric " , and " imprecatory " .
The fourth movement is a soprano and alto duet recitative , " Ich wollte dir , o Gott , das Herze gerne geben " ( I would gladly , o God , give you my heart ) It is rhythmically metrical and presents five sections based on mood and text . The recitative is " high and light but very complicated in its myriad of detail " .
The duet aria , " Nimm mich mir und gib mich dir ! " ( Take me from myself and give me to You ! ) , again for soprano and alto , is in triple time . The tune of Johann Heermann 's hymn " Meinen Jesum lass ich nicht " ( I will not let go of my Jesus ) is interwoven in the texture as a cantus firmus of the upper strings in unison . The movement is a " love duet " characterized by " antiphonal avowals of commitment " to God rather than a carnal desire . The musicologist Julian Mincham compares its presentation to Monteverdi 's L 'incoronazione di Poppea . The movement begins with sparse scoring and becomes more richly textured as it progresses , adding the chorale tune .
The final movement , possibly " Führ auch mein Herz und Sinn " ( Also lead my heart and mind ) , is a four @-@ part chorale setting , marked " Chorale in semplice stylo " ; however , only the continuo line is extant . While the libretto shows that a stanza from Heermann 's " Wo soll ich fliehen hin " was to be used , sung to a melody by Christian Friedrich Witt , the Bach scholar Andreas Glöckner found that the continuo part matches the tune in the previous movement , which appeared in a hymnal published by Witt .
= = Selected recordings = =
Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir , Ton Koopman . J.S. Bach : Complete Cantatas Vol . 3 . Erato , 1995 .
Bach Collegium Japan , Masaaki Suzuki . J.S. Bach : Cantatas Vol . 4 . BIS , 1996 .
Gächinger Kantorei / Bach @-@ Collegium Stuttgart , Helmuth Rilling . Die Bach Kantate . Hänssler , 1977 .
Holland Boys Choir / Netherlands Bach Collegium , Pieter Jan Leusink . Bach Edition Vol . 11 . Brilliant Classics , 1999 .
Monteverdi Choir / English Baroque Soloists , John Eliot Gardiner . Bach Cantatas Vol . 12 . Soli Deo Gloria , 2000 .
= Dysprosium =
Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66 . It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster . Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element , though it is found in various minerals , such as xenotime . Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes , the most abundant of which is 164Dy .
Dysprosium was first identified in 1886 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran , but was not isolated in pure form until the development of ion exchange techniques in the 1950s . Dysprosium is used for its high thermal neutron absorption cross @-@ section in making control rods in nuclear reactors , for its high magnetic susceptibility in data storage applications , and as a component of Terfenol @-@ D ( a magnetostrictive material ) . Soluble dysprosium salts are mildly toxic , while the insoluble salts are considered non @-@ toxic .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Physical properties = = =
Dysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic , bright silver luster . It is soft enough to be cut with a knife , and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided . Dysprosium 's physical characteristics can be greatly affected by even small amounts of impurities .
Dysprosium and holmium have the highest magnetic strengths of the elements , especially at low temperatures . Dysprosium has a simple ferromagnetic ordering at temperatures below 85 K ( − 188 @.@ 2 ° C ) . Above 85 K ( − 188 @.@ 2 ° C ) , it turns into an helical antiferromagnetic state in which all of the atomic moments in a particular basal plane layer are parallel , and oriented at a fixed angle to the moments of adjacent layers . This unusual antiferromagnetism transforms into a disordered ( paramagnetic ) state at 179 K ( − 94 ° C ) .
= = = Chemical properties = = =
Dysprosium metal tarnishes slowly in air and burns readily to form dysprosium ( III ) oxide :
4 Dy + 3 O2 → 2 Dy2O3
Dysprosium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water ( and quite quickly with hot water ) to form dysprosium hydroxide :
2 Dy ( s ) + 6 H2O ( l ) → 2 Dy ( OH ) 3 ( aq ) + 3 H2 ( g )
Dysprosium metal vigorously reacts with all the halogens at above 200 ° C :
2 Dy ( s ) + 3 F2 ( g ) → 2 DyF3 ( s ) [ green ]
2 Dy ( s ) + 3 Cl2 ( g ) → 2 DyCl3 ( s ) [ white ]
2 Dy ( s ) + 3 Br2 ( g ) → 2 DyBr3 ( s ) [ white ]
2 Dy ( s ) + 3 I2 ( g ) → 2 DyI3 ( s ) [ green ]
Dysprosium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the yellow Dy ( III ) ions , which exist as a [ Dy ( OH2 ) 9 ] 3 + complex :
2 Dy ( s ) + 3 H2SO4 ( aq ) → 2 Dy3 + ( aq ) + 3 SO2 −
4 ( aq ) + 3 H2 ( g )
The resulting compound , dysprosium ( III ) sulfate , is noticeably paramagnetic .
= = = Compounds = = =
Dysprosium halides , such as DyF3 and DyBr3 , tend to take on a yellow color . Dysprosium oxide , also known as dysprosia , is a white powder that is highly magnetic , more so than iron oxide .
Dysprosium combines with various non @-@ metals at high temperatures to form binary compounds with varying composition and oxidation states + 3 and sometimes + 2 , such as DyN , DyP , DyH2 and DyH3 ; DyS , DyS2 , Dy2S3 and Dy5S7 ; DyB2 , DyB4 , DyB6 and DyB12 , as well as Dy3C and Dy2C3 .
Dysprosium carbonate , Dy2 ( CO3 ) 3 , and dysprosium sulfate , Dy2 ( SO4 ) 3 , result from similar reactions . Most dysprosium compounds are soluble in water , though dysprosium carbonate tetrahydrate ( Dy2 ( CO3 ) 3 · 4H2O ) and dysprosium oxalate decahydrate ( Dy2 ( C2O4 ) 3 · 10H2O ) are both insoluble in water . Two of the most abundant dysprosium carbonates , tengerite- ( Dy ) ( Dy2 ( CO3 ) 3 · 2 – 3H2O ) and kozoite- ( Dy ) ( DyCO3 ( OH ) ) are known to form via a poorly ordered ( amorphous ) precursor phase with a formula of Dy2 ( CO3 ) 3 · 4H2O . This amorphous precursor consists of highly hydrated spherical nanoparticles of 10 – 20 nm diameter that are exceptionally stable under dry treatment at ambient and high temperatures .
= = = Isotopes = = =
Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes : 156Dy , 158Dy , 160Dy , 161Dy , 162Dy , 163Dy , and 164Dy . These are all considered stable , although 156Dy decays by alpha decay with a half @-@ life of over 1 × 1018 years . Of the naturally occurring isotopes , 164Dy is the most abundant at 28 % , followed by 162Dy at 26 % . The least abundant is 156Dy at 0 @.@ 06 % .
Twenty @-@ nine radioisotopes have also been synthesized , ranging in atomic mass from 138 to 173 . The most stable of these is 154Dy , with a half @-@ life of approximately 3 × 106 years , followed by 159Dym with a half @-@ life of 144 @.@ 4 days . The least stable is 138Dy , with a half @-@ life of 200 ms . As a general rule , isotopes that are lighter than the stable isotopes tend to decay primarily by β + decay , while those that are heavier tend to decay by β − decay . However , 154Dy decays primarily by alpha decay , and 152Dy and 159Dy decay primarily by electron capture . Dysprosium also has at least 11 metastable isomers , ranging in atomic mass from 140 to 165 . The most stable of these is 165mDy , which has a half @-@ life of 1 @.@ 257 minutes . 149Dy has two metastable isomers , the second of which , 149m2Dy , has a half @-@ life of 28 ns .
= = History = =
In 1878 , erbium ores were found to contain the oxides of holmium and thulium . French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran , while working with holmium oxide , separated dysprosium oxide from it in Paris in 1886 . His procedure for isolating the dysprosium involved dissolving dysprosium oxide in acid , then adding ammonia to precipitate the hydroxide . He was only able to isolate dysprosium from its oxide after more than 30 attempts at his procedure . On succeeding , he named the element dysprosium from the Greek dysprositos ( δυσπρόσιτος ) , meaning " hard to get " . The element was not isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of ion exchange techniques by Frank Spedding at Iowa State University in the early 1950s .
In 1950 , Glenn T. Seaborg , Albert Ghiorso , and Stanley G. Thompson bombarded 241Am with helium ions , which produced atoms with an atomic number of 97 and which closely resembled the neighboring lanthanide terbium . Because terbium was named after Ytterby , the city in which it and several other elements were discovered , this new element was named berkelium for the city in which it was synthesized . However , when the research team synthesized element 98 , they could not think of a good analogy for dysprosium , and instead named the element californium in honor of the state in which it was synthesized , California . The research team went on to " point out that , in recognition of the fact that dysprosium is named on the basis of a Greek word meaning ' difficult to get at , ' that the searchers for another element a century ago found it difficult to get to California " .
= = Occurrence = =
While dysprosium is never encountered as a free element , it is found in many minerals , including xenotime , fergusonite , gadolinite , euxenite , polycrase , blomstrandine , monazite and bastnäsite ; often with erbium and holmium or other rare earth elements . Currently , most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion @-@ adsorption clay ores of southern China , and future sources will include the Halls Creek region in Western Australia . In the high @-@ yttrium version of these , dysprosium happens to be the most abundant of the heavy lanthanides , comprising up to 7 – 8 % of the concentrate ( as compared to about 65 % for yttrium ) . The concentration of Dy in the Earth 's crust is about 5 @.@ 2 mg / kg and in sea water 0 @.@ 9 ng / L.
= = Production = =
Dysprosium is obtained primarily from monazite sand , a mixture of various phosphates . The metal is obtained as a by @-@ product in the commercial extraction of yttrium . In isolating dysprosium , most of the unwanted metals can be removed magnetically or by a flotation process . Dysprosium can then be separated from other rare earth metals by an ion exchange displacement process . The resulting dysprosium ions can then react with either fluorine or chlorine to form dysprosium fluoride , DyF3 , or dysprosium chloride , DyCl3 . These compounds can be reduced using either calcium or lithium metals in the following reactions :
3 Ca + 2 DyF3 → 2 Dy + 3 CaF2
3 Li + DyCl3 → Dy + 3 LiCl
The components are placed in a tantalum crucible and fired in a helium atmosphere . As the reaction progresses , the resulting halide compounds and molten dysprosium separate due to differences in density . When the mixture cools , the dysprosium can be cut away from the impurities .
About 100 tonnes of dysprosium are produced worldwide each year , with 99 % of that total produced in China . Dysprosium prices have climbed nearly twentyfold , from $ 7 per pound in 2003 , to $ 130 a pound in late 2010 . The price increased to $ 1 @,@ 400 / kg in 2011 but fell to $ 240 in 2015 , largely due to illegal production in China which circumvented government restrictions .
According to the United States Department of Energy , the wide range of its current and projected uses , together with the lack of any immediately suitable replacement , makes dysprosium the single most critical element for emerging clean energy technologies - even their most conservative projections predict a shortfall of dysprosium before 2015 . As of late 2015 , there is a nascent rare earth ( including dysprosium ) extraction industry in Australia .
= = Applications = =
There are not many applications unique to dysprosium . Theodore Gray wrote in his book The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe " Look up dysprosium , and you have to go to the fourth page of results before finding anything that isn 't a periodic table website 's entry for dysprosium , usually an obligatory ' It 's an element , so we have to have a page about it ' sort of page . "
Dysprosium is used , in conjunction with vanadium and other elements , in making laser materials and commercial lighting . Because of dysprosium 's high thermal @-@ neutron absorption cross @-@ section , dysprosium @-@ oxide – nickel cermets are used in neutron @-@ absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors . Dysprosium – cadmium chalcogenides are sources of infrared radiation , which is useful for studying chemical reactions . Because dysprosium and its compounds are highly susceptible to magnetization , they are employed in various data @-@ storage applications , such as in hard disks . Dysprosium is increasingly in demand for the permanent magnets used in electric car motors and wind turbine generators .
Neodymium – iron – boron magnets can have up to 6 % of the neodymium substituted by dysprosium to raise the coercivity for demanding applications , such as drive motors for electric vehicles and generators for wind turbines . This substitution would require up to 100 grams of dysprosium per electric car produced . Based on Toyota 's projected 2 million units per year , the use of dysprosium in applications such as this would quickly exhaust its available supply . The dysprosium substitution may also be useful in other applications , because it improves the corrosion resistance of the magnets .
Dysprosium is one of the components of Terfenol @-@ D , along with iron and terbium . Terfenol @-@ D has the highest room @-@ temperature magnetostriction of any known material ; which is employed in transducers , wide @-@ band mechanical resonators , and high @-@ precision liquid @-@ fuel injectors .
Dysprosium is used in dosimeters for measuring ionizing radiation . Crystals of calcium sulfate or calcium fluoride are doped with dysprosium . When these crystals are exposed to radiation , the dysprosium atoms become excited and luminescent . The luminescence can be measured to determine the degree of exposure to which the dosimeter has been subjected .
Nanofibers of dysprosium compounds have high strength and a large surface area . Therefore , they can be used to reinforce other materials and act as a catalyst . Fibers of dysprosium oxide fluoride can be produced by heating an aqueous solution of DyBr3 and NaF to 450 ° C at 450 bar for 17 hours . This material is remarkably robust , surviving over 100 hours in various aqueous solutions at temperatures exceeding 400 ° C without redissolving or aggregating .
Dysprosium iodide and dysprosium bromide are used in high @-@ intensity metal @-@ halide lamps . These compounds dissociate near the hot center of the lamp , releasing isolated dysprosium atoms . The latter re @-@ emit light in the green and red part of the spectrum , thereby effectively producing bright light .
Several paramagnetic crystal salts of dysprosium ( Dysprosium Gallium Garnet , DGG ; Dysprosium Aluminum Garnet , DAG ; Dysprosium Iron Garnet , DyIG ) are used in adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators .
= = Precautions = =
Like many powders , dysprosium powder may present an explosion hazard when mixed with air and when an ignition source is present . Thin foils of the substance can also be ignited by sparks or by static electricity . Dysprosium fires cannot be put out by water . It can react with water to produce flammable hydrogen gas . Dysprosium chloride fires , however , can be extinguished with water , while dysprosium fluoride and dysprosium oxide are non @-@ flammable . Dysprosium nitrate , Dy ( NO3 ) 3 , is a strong oxidizing agent and will readily ignite on contact with organic substances .
Soluble dysprosium salts , such as dysprosium chloride and dysprosium nitrate , are mildly toxic when ingested . Based on the toxicity of dysprosium chloride to mice , it is estimated that the ingestion of 500 grams or more could be fatal to a human . The insoluble salts , however , are non @-@ toxic .
= Tragedy of Otranto =
The Tragedy of Otranto took place on 28 March 1997 when the Albanian ship Kateri i Radës sank in a collision with the Italian naval vessel Sibilia in the Strait of Otranto and at least 57 Albanians , aged 3 months to 69 years , lost their lives . The emigrants had been part of a large migration of Albanians to Italy following a popular uprising that began after the collapse of several large @-@ scale pyramid schemes . In order to prevent the unauthorized entry of illegals migrants into Italy , the Italian Navy set up a procedure to board Albanian vessels whenever encountered , implementing a de facto blockade .
In proceeding to carry out a boarding , the Italian vessel Sibilia collided with Kater i Radës and capsized it , resulting in the Albanian deaths . The captains of both ships were held responsible for " shipwreck and multiple manslaughter " . The event raised questions over the extent of power that a state may exercise to protect itself from unauthorized entry . Arguments were presented that a state must limit coercive actions that are disproportionate to the risk of unauthorized entry . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees criticized the Italian blockade as illegal since it had been established solely through an intergovernmental agreement with Albania .
= = Background = =
After years of enforced isolation and a ban on international travel , with shoot @-@ to @-@ kill orders on the border , thousands of Albanians began fleeing to Italy and Greece in late 1990 , when communism in Albania started to fall . Two large waves of people came to Italy , first in March and then in August 1991 . The first wave was sparked by a rumor that Italy was giving visas , and thousands of people commandeered boats of all sizes at the port of Durrës . The still @-@ communist Albanian government called the outflow a " national dementia . " By then , about 20 @,@ 000 Albanians had reached Italy , most of them in Brindisi . Much of the Italian media portrayed the situation as " barbarians " invading Italian soil . As a consequence of the Gulf War , Italian opinion @-@ makers voiced concerns regarding the alleged " Islamic danger " of the migration . Others saw a connection between the Ottoman invasion of Otranto ( 1480 – 1481 ) across the 40 miles ( 64 km ) wide Strait of Otranto and contemporary migration .
In 1997 , a crisis erupted in Albania after the collapse of several massive pyramid schemes , which resulted in social deterioration and violence in the country . An imposition of a curfew and a state of emergency on 2 March provoked a popular rebellion , causing concern in Italy , which feared another large @-@ scale migration flow . Albanian migration to Italy reached its peak in the latter half of March , bringing great pressure to Italian accommodation centers and provoking a strong reaction in Italian public opinion . Italy had been operating under a bilateral agreement with Albania to board Albanian vessels whenever encountered starting on 3 April 1997 and Albanian would @-@ be migrants going to Italy would be sent back to Albania , in exchange for Italian financial , police , and humanitarian assistance to the country . A military Operation White Flags was established in the international waters of the Strait and implemented a de facto naval blockade .
= = Sinking = =
The incident happened on 28 March 1997 in the Strait of Otranto when the Italian Navy vessel Sibilia collided with the Albanian ship Kateri i Radës which had left from the Albanian port city of Vlorë with 142 people on board . The Sibilla sought to stop and inspect the ship suspected of containing irregular migrants . The vessel instead ended up colliding with the ship and sinking it . According to Italian authorities , there was no intention to cause the collision . The Zefiro first approached and identified the Kateri i Radës as a motorboat with approximately 30 civilians on board . The motorboat continued toward Italy even though a stop order issued by the Zefiro . This happened around 4 : 30 PM , near the Albanian island Sazan . Sibilia then took over the operation and during its maneuvers , the Italian ship caused the Kateri i Radës to turn which resulted in subsequent deaths . After the Albanian ship was capsized , the Sibilia allegedly left and came back approximately 20 minutes later . The bodies of at least 52 who lost their lives were recovered . The total number of dead may be as high as 83 . The survivors were taken to the Apulian port of Brindisi , where they arrived at 2 : 45 AM . They were then put on a bus , and taken to an immigration center to be identified . On 29 and 30 March 1997 , news of the disaster made it to the first page of major Italian newspapers , relating the sense of gravity of the incident , which reported it as either a collision or a ramming . March 31 was a day of mourning in Albania .
On March 28 , the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1101 , which established a multinational protection force in Albania to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance . The force , known as Operation Alba , was led by the Italians and included the participation of 6 @,@ 500 soldiers from eight other countries . The unspoken reason for the intervention was to stem the flow of refugees .
= = Legal proceedings = =
The accident raised questions about the extent of power that the state may use to protect itself from unauthorized entry . Although undisputed that the sinking was unintentional , controversy exists over whether it was a result of dangerous maneuvering , which was disproportionate in relation to the stopping of the ship . Authors argue that there is an obligation for the state to limit coercive actions which are disproportionate to the risk of intrusion . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees criticized the Italian blockade as " illegal " since Italy established it only through a bilateral , intergovernmental agreement with Albania .
The Xhavara et. al v. Italy and Albania case was held to be inadmissible because of non @-@ exhaustible national remedies . The European Court of Human Rights , which held the case , assumed jurisdiction relying on the bilateral agreement between Albania and Italy . The ship was recovered 35 miles ( 56 km ) from the Italian coast , no more than 10 miles ( 16 km ) to 15 miles ( 24 km ) from the Albanian coast within Albanian territorial waters . The court held Italy responsible for the incident since it was considered to have exercised jurisdiction . Italy was also held responsible for holding an investigation of the deaths , a requirement which was considered to have been fulfilled by the public manslaughter proceedings held against the captain of the Italian vessel . By the end of eight years of proceedings , the Court of Brindisi convicted the Italian and Albanian captains together of " shipwreck and multiple manslaughter " with the first to three years in prison and the second to four . Responsibility for the " accident " was attributed to both and was relegated to the individual level . The larger chain of command , legal framework , discourses , and established practices which resulted in the sinking have not been judicially investigated .
= = Remembrance = =
The tragedy became part of the Albanian folk song repertoire relating to the migration of Albanians abroad . The leading figures of this practice were local intellectuals called rapsods related the mythistory of kurbet before World War II with the migration . They make use of metaphors and performance devices taken from oral folk poetry and death laments which react on the migrations to fix them in the memory of the community . This became a tool for responding to the loss of life for the tragedy of Otranto and other tragic events .
Parts of Kateri i Radës were transported to a concrete platform in the port of Otranto as a monument to the tragedy . The project cost € 150 thousand and was entrusted to the Greek sculptor Costas Varotsos . Before the project , what was left of the ship lay in a corner of the port of Brindisi . The project was titled L 'Approdo . Opera all 'Umanità Migrante ( The Landing . A work dedicated to Migrating Humanity ) . Photographers Arta Ngucaj and Arben Beqiraj published photographs of the ship on the Albanian @-@ Italian newspaper Shqiptari i Italisë . The families of the dead requested for the relics of Kateri i Radës to be placed in Albania after Italian media reported that it was to be used as a monument .
= 1984 Intercontinental Cup =
The 1984 Intercontinental Cup was an association football match between Liverpool F.C. of England and Club Atlético Independiente of Argentina on 9 December 1984 at the National Stadium in Tokyo , Japan , the annual Intercontinental Cup contested between the winners of the Copa Libertadores and European Cup . Independiente were appearing in their sixth Intercontinental Cup , they had won the competition once in 1973 and lost the other four . Liverpool were making their second appearance in the competition , after their loss in 1981 .
The teams had qualified for the competition by winning their continent 's primary cup competition . Independiente qualified by winning the primary South American cup competition , the Copa Libertadores . They won the 1984 Copa Libertadores defeating Brazilian team Grêmio 3 – 1 on points in the finals . Liverpool qualified by winning the primary European cup competition , the European Cup . They beat Italian team A.S. Roma 4 – 2 in a penalty shoot @-@ out after the match finished 1 – 1 .
Watched by a crowd of 62 @,@ 000 , Independiente took the lead in the sixth minute when José Percudani scored . Liverpool had the better of the possession during the match , but they were unable to convert their chances ad the match finished in a 1 – 0 victory to Independiente . The win was the Argentine club 's second triumph in the competition and the fifth in a row by the South American team .
= = Match = =
= = = Background = = =
Independiente qualified for the Intercontinental Cup as the reigning Copa Libertadores winners . They had won the 1984 Copa Libertadores beating Grêmio 3 – 1 on points over two legs in the finals . It would be Independiente 's sixth appearance in the competition . Their previous five appearances had resulted in one win in 1973 and four defeats in 1964 , 1965 , 1972 and 1974 .
Liverpool had qualified for the Intercontinental Cup as a result of winning the 1983 – 84 European Cup . They had beaten Roma 4 – 2 in a penalty shoot @-@ out after the match finished 1 – 1 to win their fourth European Cup . Liverpool were appearing in their second Intercontinental Cup . Their appearance in 1981 resulted in a 3 – 0 defeat against Flamengo . Liverpool were scheduled to appear in 1977 and 1978 but did not compete . They declined to play in 1977 and were replaced by runners @-@ up Borussia Mönchengladbach , while in 1978 , Liverpool and Boca Juniors declined to play each other .
Liverpool 's last match before the Intercontinental cup was against Coventry City in the 1984 – 85 Football League . They won 3 – 1 courtesy of two goals from John Wark and one from Ian Rush . The last match Independiente played before the Intercontinental Cup was against Rosario Central in the 1984 Argentine Primera División , which they lost 1 – 0 .
= = = Summary = = =
Before the match , Liverpool lost defender Mark Lawrenson who had injured his hamstring in training . Gary Gillespie was his replacement . Liverpool kicked off the match and the first few exchanges saw a number of rash tackles . Independiente defender Carlos Enrique tackled Craig Johnston robustly , but the referee indicated to play on . Moments later Liverpool midfielder Jan Mølby tackled Enrique late , which prompted the referee to award a free kick . Liverpool controlled the opening exchanges of the match , but could not work the ball into the Independiente penalty area . However , it was Independiente who opened the scoring , Claudio Marangoni sent a ball over the Liverpool defence for striker José Percudani , whose low shot beat the advancing Liverpool goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar to give Independiente a 1 – 0 lead .
Following the goal , Independiente under instruction rom their manager José Pastoriza , began to sit back in their own half inviting Liverpool to attack them . Their plan worked as Liverpool were unable to break down their defence , while their strikers Percudani and Alejandro Barberón counter @-@ attacked when Independiente received the ball . The second half saw Liverpool continue to attack the Independiente goal , but to no avail . Midfielders John Wark and Mølby tried to find a way through the Independiente defence was equal to their efforts . Wark 's efforts trying to engineer an equalising goal resulted in him being substituted for Ronnie Whelan in the 76th minute , due to fatigue .
Despite being the better team for the majority of the match , Liverpool were unable to beat the Independiente defence , with their shooting in front of goal being the culprit . Both sides questioned some of the referee 's decisions . Liverpool believed they should have had two penalties , while Independiente felt that the assistant referee 's decisions were questionable . Incidentally , the referee had served half of his two match ban handed out by the Brazilian Football Association .
= = = Details = = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
Despite the defeat , Liverpool manager Joe Fagan could not fault the effort his players had put in : " Independiente are a good defensive tactical team and we could find no way through , the weather was ideal , we were just as fit as they were . The South Americans have better ball control than we do . We were disappointed with the result but I wasn 't disappointed with the display . "
Liverpool finished the 1984 – 85 Football League in second place 13 points behind local rivals Everton . They also reached the final of the 1984 – 85 European Cup , which they lost 1 – 0 to Juventus . However the events of the match were overshadowed for the disaster that occurred before kick @-@ off . Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans . The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse , killing 39 people and injuring hundreds . English clubs were banned indefinitely from European competition , with a condition that when the ban was lifted , Liverpool would serve an extra three @-@ year ban . The ban eventually lasted for five years , clubs returning to European competition in the 1990 – 91 season .
Independiente would finish their season in the Primera Division in 14th place . Despite this , they competed in the 1985 Copa Libertadores as the reigning champions . However , they were unable to retain their title as they exited in the semi @-@ finals .
= If U Seek Amy =
" If U Seek Amy " ( edited for radio as " If U See Amy " ) is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her sixth studio album , Circus ( 2008 ) . It was released on March 10 , 2009 by Jive Records as the third single of the album , and was chosen by a poll on Spears 's official website . " If U Seek Amy " was written and produced by Swedish producer Max Martin , who also wrote previous hits for her first three albums and marked as Spears 's comeback song to Martin since 2001 . In the song , Spears is looking for a woman named Amy in a club , and although it appears to be about sex , it is actually about how society perceives her life . Musically , " If U Seek Amy " makes use of instruments such as keyboards and timpani .
" If U Seek Amy " was generally well received by contemporary critics , who praised Spears 's confident vocals and frequently cited it as the highlight of the album . After its release , " If U Seek Amy " caused controversy in English @
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Cowboy first spoke to Gaga by phone on New Year 's Eve , " [ getting ] along so well right away " talking about sequins , disco balls , Prince , David Bowie and body paint . The pair worked together in Los Angeles to create " Christmas Tree " and " Starstruck " , a song from some editions of Lady Gaga 's then @-@ current album The Fame . Space Cowboy commented of working with Lady Gaga :
We figured out that we shared pretty much the same experiences ; we ’ d been doing similar things on opposite sides of the Atlantic . Then I got invited to the studio to write some songs with Lady Gaga ; we did “ Starstruck ” , we did a song called “ Christmas Tree ” She ’ s super @-@ creative , she ’ s amazing — the best writer I ’ d ever seen , and best performer .
= = Composition = =
" Christmas Tree " is a version of the traditional Christmas song " Deck the Halls " , with the same melody but with lyrics changed to be sexually suggestive , with many sexual innuendos and metaphors . Lyrically , the song is " lewdly celebratory " with lines such as " Light me up put me on top / Let 's fa @-@ la @-@ la @-@ la @-@ la- , la @-@ la , la , la " . In an analysis by Stelios Phili of the Washington Square News , Phili jokes that the meaning of the song is closer to the original version of " Deck the Halls " , a Welsh folk song called " Nos Galan " ( Welsh for " New Year 's Eve " ) traditionally sung at New Year 's Eve , than the English Christmas version . He cites the original first line , " Cold is the man who can 't love " , and says that Gaga " seeks not to warn against becoming a cold , loveless man , but to prevent that fate by way of some hot lovin ' " .
The Christmas song contains dance @-@ pop and synthpop music with synthesizers and a " pounding , grind @-@ worthy beat " . Space Cowboy described the song as " futuristic " . Referenced in the song lyrics is producer Kierszenbaum 's nickname of " Cherry Cherry Boom Boom " . Describing the song in episode 25 of her YouTube broadcast series Gaga @-@ vision , Gaga said : " " Christmas Tree " is about the spirit of celebrating the most joyous holiday and I 'll tell you why : because Christmas is the holiday that most makes boys and girls feel randy . "
= = Release = =
" Christmas Tree " was released as a digital download @-@ only single on December 16 , 2008 on Interscope Records while Gaga 's first single " Just Dance " , was charting . It was made available as an MP3 from Amazon.com and iTunes Store . The song was not included in Gaga 's album The Fame . One year later , in December 2009 , it was one of the songs free to download from Amazon.com as part of its " 25 Days of Free " offer , whereby for the first twenty @-@ five days in December a Christmas @-@ themed song is made free to download from the website . " Christmas Tree " was made available on December 6 . The song was included on several compilation albums : Canadian compilation album NOW ! Christmas 4 , Taiwanese compilation album Christmas 101 and the seasonal compilation album It 's Christmas Time , all released for Christmas 2009 . It was also included in the compilation albums Merry Xmas ! and Now That 's What I Call Christmas ! 4 , part of the Now That 's What I Call Music series of compilation albums , both released for Christmas 2010 . " Christmas Tree " was also included on The Singles , a box set of CD singles released exclusively in Japan in December 2010 . It is on the ninth and last CD , which also includes the three live tracks from The Cherrytree Sessions .
= = Critical reception = =
" Christmas Tree " received mixed reviews from critics . Alex Rawls of OffBeat gave a positive review as part of the " 25 Days of Free " offer from Amazon.com. Joking that the artists of the more religious songs must be " praying " for Lady Gaga , Rawls described the song as " not so po @-@ faced " as the five songs released before it was made available on December 6 , 2009 . Estrella Adeyeri , the music editor of Nouse , gave the song a positive review , complimenting its " synth beats and numerous yuletide innuendos " . Ryan Brockington of the New York Post praised the song , describing it as a " favorite holiday jam " and a " subliminal lady parts pine @-@ tree jingle " . A reviewer from gay.com described the song as " merry " and a " naughty choice " , praising its " dark decadence " . Gino dela Paz of The Philippine Star described the song as going from " zero to crazy " and Diana Nabiruma of The Weekly Observer called the song " plain naughty and wacky " . Jason Lewis for Fast Forward Weekly called the song " charmingly ludicrous " and called it among " the best “ new ” holiday music out there " . Chad Bullock of MTV included " Christmas Tree " in a list of " excellent " new Christmas music , describing it as " non @-@ traditional and vaguely sexual " .
Molly Gamble of Marquette Tribune gave " Christmas Tree " a negative review , criticising the song 's " poorly veiled metaphor " for sex and calling the song " shameless " . She commented that " Christmas Tree " is not a song one can listen to in the presence of family and that it " makes Christmas feel dirty " . Katie Hasty and Melinda Newman of HitFix gave the song a very negative review , calling it " stupendously stupid and awful " and the " most terrible Christmas song ever in the whole wide world ever " , criticising its obvious sexual metaphors . Cassaundra Baber of Observer @-@ Dispatch listed the song on list of " Horrible holiday hits " , criticising it for being " sexualized " and calling it " not for the kids " .
The song was described as " porn @-@ tastic " in a review for Now ! Christmas 4 by Eye Weekly reviewer Chris Bilton , quoting the lyric " My Christmas tree is delicious " . Bilton also called it one of few tracks on the album that make it a " worthy stocking stuffer " . Also in a review for Now ! Christmas 4 , Charlottetown Guardian reviewer Doug Gallant called " Christmas Tree " a " dreadful offering " . Beverley Lunney , a reviewer for Winnipeg Free Press , gave the song a negative review , commenting that listeners would be " offended " by the song 's " truly unfestive metaphors " and called it one of a " sea of unbearable original tunes " on Now ! Christmas 4 . Darryl Sterdan of the Ottawa Sun called the song " the only reason to buy " Now ! Christmas 4 and recommended downloading it . In a review of Now ! Christmas 4 , John Lucas of The Georgia Straight described the song as a " filthy electro banger " and " so blatantly about [ sex ] that you have to wonder how in the hell it got past the usually vigilant Now ! gatekeepers " , calling it the " single exception " to an otherwise bland album . In a review for It 's Christmas Time , Chester Chronicle reviewer Polly Weeks called the song something that " will keep teenagers happy " . In a review for Now That 's What I Call Christmas ! 4 , J Matthew Cobb of HiFi Magazine called " Christmas Tree " part of a " good list " of new material and described it as " naughty , but nice " .
= = Chart performance = =
Due to high digital downloads , " Christmas Tree " entered the Canadian Hot 100 chart at number seventy @-@ nine in the first week of January 2009 , remaining on the chart for one week . In November 2010 , " Christmas Tree " charted on the RIAJ Digital Track Chart of Japan , entering at position eighteen , its peak . The song then dropped to positions 51 , 74 , 81 and 100 before leaving the chart . Also in November 2010 , " Christmas Tree " charted on the Billboard Holiday / Seasonal Digital Songs chart in the US , peaking at position 23 . In December 2010 , it was also ranked at number 23 on the " Hot 100 Holiday Christmas Songs " by Billboard , based on sales and airplay over the winter period as calculated by Nielsen SoundScan and Nielson BDS .
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Christmas Tree " ( featuring Space Cowboy ) – 2 : 22
= = Charts = =
= Ayane ( Dead or Alive ) =
Ayane ( Japanese : あやね ) ( sometimes written 綾音 ) is a video game character in the Dead or Alive and Ninja Gaiden series by Team Ninja and Koei Tecmo . She debuted as a hidden character in the PlayStation version of the fighting game Dead or Alive in 1998 , and has appeared in all of its sequels and spin @-@ offs so far , including an appearance as the protagonist of Dead or Alive 3 . In the games , Ayane is a teenage master of ninjutsu and is characterised by her complex relationship with her half @-@ sister Kasumi , the lead character of the Dead or Alive series .
Ayane is also prominently featured as a recurring supporting character in the Ninja Gaiden series since its revival in 2004 and has made multiple guest appearances in other games , in particular in the extended Dynasty Warriors franchise . She is one of the most popular Tecmo characters and is one of Koei Tecmo 's mascots , but has been a subject of controversies regarding her age and sexualization .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In video games = = =
In the Dead or Alive back story , Ayane was conceived and born as a result of the evil ninja Raidou 's rape of Ayame , Kasumi 's mother and wife of Shiden , leader of the Mugen Tenshin ( 霧幻天神流 , Mugen Tenshin @-@ ryū , lit . " Mist Phantom Heavenly Deity Style " ) ninja clan . Ayane is overshadowed by her half @-@ sister Kasumi and bears jealousy and hatred towards her and her privileged upbringing . The Mugen Tenshin villagers allowed Ayane to stay , but disliked and looked down on her . Since they were children , Ayane has secretly admired her half @-@ brother Hayate as a way of increasing her self @-@ esteem . Hayate is portrayed as fond of her in return . Besides on Kasumi , Ayame 's ire focusses on Raidou who both created and ruined her life . Ayane 's envy towards Kasumi is similar to the hatred Raidou had towards Shiden , Kasumi 's father .
Depicted as quiet and reserved , Ayane has honed her skills in an attempt to make others see her as more than a " child of evil " . With the death of her former master Genra ( Omega ) at the end of DOA3 , Ayane becomes the strongest ninja of the Hajin Mon ( 覇神門 , lit . " Divine Conqueror Sect " ) , the dark side of the Mugen Tenshin clan , and pledges her existence to assist in Hayate 's task of destroying the Dead or Alive Tournament Executive Committee ( DOATEC ) . Through most of the series , Ayane was a deadly rival to Kasumi . She has a tsundere type personality , is fiercely loyal to Hayate , and admires Ryu Hayabusa , the protagonist of the Ninja Gaiden series . Her deadly fighting style has given her the nickname " Female Tengu " .
= = = = Dead or Alive = = = =
Ayane was originally introduced as an unnamed training dummy in the Sega Saturn version of Dead or Alive , before she became a player character in the 1998 PlayStation port , in which she is an opponent character in the practice and tournament modes ( Ayane was later included in the Dead or Alive + + arcade edition ) as well as an unlockable secret character . In the original DOA , Ayane has had neither a written background nor in @-@ game plot @-@ line ( according to the later canon , Ayane was sent to secretly follow Kasumi ) .
In Dead or Alive 2 ( 1999 ) , Ayane joins in the Dead or Alive World Combat Championship as an assassin in pursuit of her half @-@ sister Kasumi , a runaway shinobi who has left the Mugen Tenshin behind and been branded a " traitor " to their clan . Ayane encounters and rescues an amnesiac Hayate , who goes by the name " Ein " . When confronting Helena , Ayane is accused of murdering Helena 's mother Maria , but the assassin is later revealed to be Christie .
In Dead or Alive 3 ( 2001 ) , the leader of the Mugen Tenshin 's Hajin Mon sect ( also written as Hajinmon ) and Ayane 's former teacher and beloved foster parent , Genra , has disappeared . Ayane , now the most powerful member and de facto leader of Hajin Mon , learns that Genra has been turned into a puppet by the DOATEC and its sinister Omega Project and realises that fate commands her to put Genra out of his misery . Achieving this , she emerges as official winner of the third DOA championship . Itagaki also described her as the game 's protagonist character . The introductory sequence to Dead or Alive Ultimate , accompanied by Aerosmith 's " Dream On " , was the first to hint at the origins of Ayane and Kasumi 's enmity .
In Dead or Alive 4 ( 2005 ) , Ayane has pledged her life to her half @-@ brother and Mugen Tenshin clan leader Hayate , in his cause to destroy the DOATEC for the suffering the company has caused the ninja clans . Ayane has a threefold stake in this plot : she wants revenge for Raidou being changed into a monster , for Hayate being brainwashed in their attempt to realize Project Epsilon , and for the manipulation and death of Genra . At the end of the game , Ayane uses her ninpo ( " ninja arts " ) spell to blow up the DOATEC Tri @-@ Tower .
She returns as a playable character in Dead or Alive 5 , set two years after the events of Dead or Alive 4 . Ayane follows Kasumi upon Hayate 's orders , and later discovers that she is in fact really an Alpha clone . Ayane and Hayate learn from Helena that Victor Donovan and his new organization , MIST , plan to sell his Alpha clones as super soldiers to various countries around the world . They infiltrate the oil rig platform where Helena believes MIST 's secret laboratory is hidden . After Ayane and Hayate kill Kasumi 's clone , they breach into the lab , but Hayate is captured by Rig and Ayane is forced to flee . After Ryu summons the real Kasumi to battle and Hayate is rescued , they destroy the laboratory and Alpha @-@ 152 .
Besides the main DOA series , Ayane appears as one of the player characters in the beach volleyball spin @-@ off games Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball ( 2003 ) , Dead or Alive Xtreme 2 ( 2006 ) and Dead or Alive Paradise ( 2010 ) , pursuing Kasumi . Dead or Alive : Cronus , the series ' prequel project which was intended to tell the story of Kasumi 's and Ayane 's childhoods and explore " the innocence and cruelty of children , " was officially cancelled in 2010 after Itagaki left Team Ninja and Tecmo . Ayane is going to be one of the nine playable female characters in Dead or Alive Xtreme 3 .
= = = = Ninja Gaiden = = = =
In Ninja Gaiden ( 2004 ) , a younger Ayane ( aged 14 ; she is 16 @-@ year @-@ old in the DOA series ) plays a minor role as a non @-@ player character , serving Murai and the Shadow Clan as a stealthy infiltrator and courier assisting Ryu Hayabusa during his bloody vengeance . In the 2005 Ninja Gaiden Black edition , Ayane stars in the " Ninja Dog " easy mode , where she treats the disgraced Ryu as her pet and leaves him various items through the game . Ayane can be killed by the player when Ryu finds her wounded in Murasma 's shop , but this results in a game over .
In Ninja Gaiden II ( 2008 ) , Ayane appears only in a cutscene near the end of the game to give the Eye of the Dragon jewel to Ryu , turning his Dragon Sword into the more powerful True Dragon Sword . Ninja Gaiden Σ 2 , the enhanced port of NGII for the PlayStation 3 , features Ayane as a single player mode 's playable character in one level , which shows how she obtained the Eye of the Dragon and defeated the remnants of the Black Spider Clan . She is also available as one of three new alternative player characters for the game in a cooperative multiplayer mode , and appears in the game 's prologue digital comic , The Vampire War . An unlockable costume for Ayane in Sigma 2 is her outfit from Ninja Gaiden Sigma .
In the original edition of Ninja Gaiden 3 ( 2012 ) , Ayane only appears in one cutscene , in which she loans Hayate 's sword to Ryu . Ninja Gaiden 3 : Razor 's Edge , an expanded version of the game , features Ayane as a playable character with her own new missions : a campaign involving the returning Black Spider Clan , as well as being available to fight alongside Ryu — like in Σ 2 — in an online cooperative multiplayer mode . A new Chapter Challenge mode also allows the player to attempt any part of the game using Ayane .
Ayane also makes a brief cameo appearance in the comic book tie @-@ in prequel of Ninja Gaiden : Dragon Sword ( 2008 ) . She is featured in Zen Pinball : Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 , a 2009 pinball game for the PlayStation Network , and in the 2013 smart phone action card game Hyakuman @-@ nin no Ninja Gaiden ( " Ninja Gaiden 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 People " ) .
= = = = Other games = = = =
Ayane made her debut in Koei 's Dynasty Warriors franchise in 2009 with a non @-@ player character guest appearance in Dynasty Warriors : Strikeforce , where her Fuma Kodachi swords are also available as the player 's optional weapons . Ayane appears as a player character in the series ' 2011 spin @-@ off game Warriors Orochi 3 in her design and primary costume from Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 . In this game , set after DOA4 , Ayane enters another world , named Orochi . Ayane stars in the Siege of Hasedō @-@ themed stage and joins Yoshitsune Minamoto 's party to find a way back home , then follows Sima Zhao 's army and helps them to locate and rescue the prisoners at Xuchang . She returns — together with Ryu — as a playable character in the 2012 's Shin Sangoku Musou VS ( which was abortively planned to be released in English as Dynasty Warriors Vs. or Dynasty Warriors 3DS ) , as a free downloadable content ( DLC ) character , once again wearing her Sigma 2 costume .
Ayane 's classic dress outfit is included in the Director 's Cut version of the survival horror game Fatal Frame II : Crimson Butterfly as an alternate costume for Mayu , one of this game 's two protagonist sisters ( the other one , Mio , may wear Kasumi 's costume ) . It is also an unlockable costume for the character Kooh in Super Swing Golf : Season 2 . Ayane herself is featured as a bonus playable character in her own side @-@ mission in Koei Tecmo 's survival horror game Fatal Frame : Maiden of Black Water , where she has been requested to find a missing girl named Tsumugi Katashina . In 2015 , a cartoonish version of Ayane was added to Marvelous Entertainment 's fighting game Senran Kagura : Estival Versus for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita as a playable paid DLC crossover character , along with bonus costumes for additional price .
= = = = Design = = = =
Ayane is the youngest female to appear as a playable character in the Dead or Alive series , having been introduced at the age of only 16 . She stands at 5 ' 2 " and weighs 104 lbs , with a bust size of 93 cm ( 37 " ) , and has one of the most distinctive appearances out of DOA girls due to her unusually colored purple hair and red eyes . Her face changed slightly between Ninja Gaiden II and Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 . As in the case of other Dead or Alive 5 characters , her face and general aesthetics are noticeably different in this game , due to DOA5 's more realistic design style in comparison to a more cartoonish style of the previous DOA games . Team Ninja leader Yosuke Hayashi said " Ayane and Hitomi retain their signature spirits while complimented by a new look that reflects amazing beauty , grace , and a strong sense of presence . " Ayane 's Japanese voice actress has been consistently Wakana Yamazaki , dubbed into English by Gina DeVettori , Janice Kawaye , Janna Levenstein , Wendee Lee and Brittney Harvey .
IGN 's Hilary Goldstein wrote in 2004 that visually the character " is most notable for her anime purple hair and jigglin ' jumblies , " but her appearance of a " sweet girl " is misleading and hides her " devious nature " . Ayane wears a variety of mostly purple and black female ninja suits and other attires ( including a schoolgirl uniform and a Carnival of Venice @-@ style costume ) , often coming with a miniskirt or tunic and often featuring a butterfly motif ( later even on her weapons ) . Among about 20 Ayane 's outfits in the 2004 compilation game Dead or Alive Ultimate , one was inspired by the character Millennia from Kagero : Deception 2 . One of her alternative costumes in Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 also pays homage to Sun Shangxiang ( Lady Sun ) from Koei 's Dynasty Warriors series . Her wardrobe in Last Round also includes a destructible green dress designed by Tamiki Wakaki and downloadable costumes of the Clockwork Princess Millennia from Tecmo Koei 's Deception IV : The Nightmare Princess , Fie Claussell from Nihon Falcom 's The Legend of Heroes : Trails of Cold Steel II , Satoka Sumihara from Square Enix 's School Girl Strikers , and Cocona from Tatsunoko 's Nurse Witch Komugi .
Ayane 's fighting style is very different from Kasumi 's Tenjin Mon style . Her signature weapons are a pair of twin short swords named Fuma Kodachi ( 風舞小太刀 , Wind Dancer Short Swords ) . According to Kung Fu Cult Masters by Leon Hunt , Ayane 's " pirrouetting slaps are harder to imagine in a film , but draw from a spinning / twisting dynamics of martial arts choreography . " Kasumi 's clone Phase 4 uses some of Ayane 's fighting style . Team Ninja founder Tomonobu Itagaki described Ayane 's character and personality as much " harder " than Kasumi 's , making her fit better in the " very hard @-@ edged " universe of the Ninja Gaiden series . His successor Yosuke Hayashi said the image of Ayane covered in her enemies ' blood can symbolise the intensity of Ninja Gaiden . Hayashi later requested a special appearance by Ayane in the Fatal Frame series , wherein the developers " spent a lot of time adjusting things like the wobble of her chest . Team Ninja gave them lots of advice . " The game 's director Toru Osawa said adding Ayane as a guest character was first suggested by Nintendo .
= = = = Gameplay = = = =
Ayane is often regarded as a top @-@ tier character in many of the games she is playable in , especially in the DOA fighting games where she was noted for being very unpredictable and confusing for the opponent as well as fast and hard to counter . Previewing the original Dead or Alive for the PlayStation , Computer & Video Games opined she " has an unusual floaty kind of fighting style , but has some great moves . Her quick punches make stringing combos together easy , and her throws are great for hitting people into the Danger Zone " ( an interactive feature within some arenas ) . In Prima Games ' official guide for Dead or Alive Ultimate ( a remake version of Dead or Alive and Dead or Alive 2 ) , Eric Mylonas declared Ayane the " tougher of the two siblings " as she " brings strings of blindingly fast combos into play and has devastating holds and throws . " Mylonas wrote Ayane has a major weakness in that she can not stop moving without becoming " an easy prey , " and she may not be favored by those who prefer " huge , over @-@ the @-@ top moves , " but for a " more patient sort , there 's probably no better character in the game . " According to GameSpy 's guide to Ultimate by Andrew Alfonso , Ayane 's key moves include her high kick — which is " a lot " better than Kasumi 's — with another move so powerful " it 's almost unfair to use it . " He also noted how she can be actually more effective with her back turned towards her opponent , despite the fact that the characters cannot block when facing away from an enemy . In his guide to Dead or Alive 3 , Alfonso wrote Ayane is a very unpredictable and quick attacker , even more than in the previous games in the series , and should be played primarily for her backwards position , hers being the best such stance of all the characters in the game . Ayane 's speed and deceiving attacks make her a " pretty good " partner for slower fighters for tag team battles , but her primary partners are other ninja characters .
In Prima Games ' official guide to Dead or Alive 4 , Bryan Dawson wrote that while in the previous games Ayane has been " one of the easiest characters to use and was very difficult to fight against , " in this game she " now requires much more skill in high @-@ level players , as her best attack as nowhere as dominant as they were in the past . " She was rated overall 7 / 10 . On the other hand , for Daniel Wilks from Hyper Ayane in DOA4 seemed " to have the edge in nearly every battle due to their staggering speed and ability to put together easy multi @-@ leveled combos . " According to GameSpot 's guide by Matthew Rorie , Ayane is " one of the more devious characters " of the game , " capable of devastating speed and some ingenious little fake @-@ out animations , " but she requires " a lot more practice than is apparent at first glance . " In GameSpy 's guide , David McCutcheon wrote that " widely regarded as the [ Street Fighter characters ] Ken / Ryu of the Dead or Alive series , Ayane can be both incredibly cheap and remarkably skilled , " as " rolling and spinning will work wonders " for the player 's countering effects and one " can juggle enemies to endless amounts of pain . " Ayane 's move set in an early version of Dead or Alive 5 seems almost identical to this in DOA4 , but she gained some new moves . In an official description of the character , Koei Tecmo wrote that " her mastery of ever @-@ changing moves means her opponents never know what is coming . "
Ayane 's gameplay abilities in other games were regarded more variably . In the DOA Xtreme and Paradise beach volleyball games , Ayane has excellent technique and jump abilities , at the cost of poor defence , power and speed . According to Official Xbox Magazine , Ayane is " not exactly who you want to spike at the net or try to blow past blocks , but she 's excellent at long spikes , digging , and soft dinks . " As such , Ayane is most effective as a support , but she should not be paired with Kasumi due to their rivalry ; to partner with each other , Ayane and Kasumi need convincing by gift @-@ giving . In Ninja Gaiden Σ 2 , Ayane 's attacks ( many of her Fuma Kodachi combos resemble her combos from Dead or Alive ) and finishing moves are far faster than these of Ryu , but the player has to learn to dodge much more as she has worse blocking abilities . The official guide to this game by Prima 's Bryan Dawson states that Ayane 's short range and limited attack power " make her the worst choice of the three new characters for almost every mission " and " her only saving graces " are a powerful ninpo spell and deadly Flash Kunai projectiles . In addition , if controlled by the console in the co @-@ op mode , the character " doesn 't seem to know what to do in any situation . " Mitch Dyer of IGN opined that a vastly improved Ayane from Ninja Gaiden 3 : Razor 's Edge is " a damn fine addition " to the game , where she is " just as capable as Ryu Hayabusa " with her " quick and vicious " melee attacks and explosive kunai projectiles , adding that she is " functionally similar to Hayabusa in terms of combos and skills , complete with a screen @-@ clearing special move . " Similarly , Retro Gamer described her simply as " a nimbler version of Ryu . " David Lynch of X360 wrote all the " girls " of Razor 's Edge ( Ayane , Kasumi and Momiji ) became " just as deadly " in it as Ryu Hayabusa has been through the Ninja Gaiden series . In Fatal Frame , unlike the protagonists of the game , Ayane can not permanently defeat ghosts and her strategy relies on evasion .
= = = In film = = =
In the live @-@ action film DOA : Dead or Alive , Ayane is a ninja assassin and Kasumi 's former servant who is dedicated to seeking out and killing her , as Kasumi is considered an outcast to the clan . Ayane first confronts Kasumi before she flees the temple , then several times on the island . She has romantic feelings towards Hayate ( she is not his half @-@ sister in the movie , and neither she is Kasumi 's ) , and initially believes him to be dead . Ayane fails to kill Kasumi but finds Hayate and aids him against DOATEC . During the film 's finale , she saves him from a potentially fatal fall .
Ayane was controversially portrayed by Natassia Malthe , a half @-@ Norwegian half @-@ Filipina actress who was also much older than Ayane is portrayed in the games . Malthe 's Ayane uses a Japanese long sword and also wields two longs swords in the various promotional images in and out of character . Malthe said she has undergone " weeks of martial arts training in China " for the film . Tomonobu Itagaki later said he " wanted to have Japanese actresses portray Kasumi and Ayane " but the film 's director Corey Yuen " believed strongly in his casting choices . " Itagaki said he would have chosen Aya Ueto to play Ayane . The film 's producer Mark A. Altman said that he " was such a fan " of Malthe being " threatening and enigmatic as Ayane " that he cast her in Dead and Deader .
= = Merchandise and promotion = =
Licensed merchandise items featuring Ayane include a variety of statuettes and action figures for the Dead or Alive and Ninja Gaiden series , including the figures by Kotobukiya , Mr Big , Sega , Shunya Yamashita , and Volks . Other merchandise include " 3D " coffee mugs for Banpresto 's arcade redemption games , posters , swimwear for women , 3D mousepads and body towels , wall scrolls , arcade sticks by Hori decorated with a graphic of Ayane and Kasumi ( released in two versions , for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 ) , credit cards , and Dead or Alive talking clock that was bundled with another figure of either Ayane or Kasumi . More Ayane @-@ themed 3D mousepads were released as merchandise for DOA5 , along with dakimakura pillow cases , and for the Senran Kagura collaboration . She was also featured in a special edition of Playboy magazine in 2004 .
A high @-@ quality statuette of Ayane came with the limited edition Japanese release of Ninja Gaiden . Dead or Alive 4 pre @-@ order bonuses in Japan included " the most beautiful slipcase in the world " and " the most beautiful poster in the world " , the slipcase having an almost @-@ naked Kasumi on one side and Ayane in her standard fighting outfit on the other . In 2011 , Ayane 's Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 costume parts were made available as exclusive DLC for Dynasty Warriors Online during the game 's first anniversary promotion campaign . The first batch of the unreleased Dynasty Warriors Vs. was supposed to contain DLC codes for Ayane 's judo and volleyball outfit costumes . Free downloadable costumes for Ayane were offered as pre @-@ order bonuses for 2013 's Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate at Amazon . First @-@ print copies of Koei Tecmo 's Musou Orochi 2 Ultimate ( Japanese version of Warriors Orochi 3 Ultimate ) were bundled with DLC codes for blond haired Ayane 's special “ Orochi ” themed costume in DOA5 . Dead or Alive 5 Last Round pre @-@ order bonuses included Ayane 's special " Ninja 2015 " masked outfit at Amazon , Best Buy and GameStop , with an additional skimpy " Aloha " costume available at GameStop only .
A demo version of Dead or Alive 5 featuring Ayane and Hayate as playable characters was added as a downloadable bonus to the pre @-@ order version of Ninja Gaiden 3 for the PlayStation 3 , as well as the collector 's edition release for both the PS3 and Xbox 360 . A demo version of Ninja Gaiden 3 : Razor 's Edge available at the New York Comic Con 2012 featured Ayane fighting against an endless stream of enemies inside a closed room ; a different playable demo , also featuring Ayane , was shown at Tecmo Koei press event in Tokyo . She is one of the four playable characters available from the start in the free @-@ to @-@ play game Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate : Core Fighters .
= = Reception = =
= = = Praise and popularity = = =
Since her introduction , Ayane has remained a popular face of the series alongside her older half @-@ sister . Ayane was described as a fan @-@ favourite by GMR in 2003 , and was called " everyone 's favorite purple haired ninja " by GameAxis in 2006 . In 2012 , Angelo M. D 'Argenio of Cheat Code Central , listing Ayane among the top ten hidden characters in fighting games , noted that she " is now one of the poster characters for both series , and it seems she becomes more popular by the day . " Regarding the preferences of Dead or Alive online multiplayer players , Official Xbox Magazine wrote in 2005 : " Of all the stats and figures , one of the most unusual is a rating for the most popular characters in America , Asia and the rest of the world . At the moment , Ayane is the most popular character to use by a long way . " In QMI Agency 's 2012 poll for the title of the Ultimate Fighting Game Champion , Ayane wqas the only DOA character to make the second round , as she defeated Morrigan Aensland before losing to Scorpion , the winner of the title . She was voted the DOA series ' third most popular female character in Japan in the publisher Koei Tecmo 's own poll in 2014 , also placing fourth in another popular vote in 2015 .
Ayane become a popular character among audience of both genders for various reasons . Model and actress Jaime Bergman chose the " quick and bold " Ayane as a Dead or Alive 2 character she would partner with . While awarding the Annual GameSpy E3 Award to Dead or Alive Ultimate in 2004 , Raymond ' Psylancer ' Padilla wrote , " Ayane should be my new girlfriend . " He later elaborated : " To be honest , I always thought Ayane was an uptight bitch with a massive chip on her shoulder . I always rooted for Kasumi in their feud . Then a funny thing happened when I saw the trailer for Dead or Alive Ultimate during E3 2004 -- I started to care about Ayane . Learning more about her story , her upbringing , and the root of her feud with Kasumi made me change sides . " Kotaku 's Mike Fahey also described himself as " more of an Ayane sort of guy . " In 2005 , she was described as his favourite Dead or Alive character by James Mielke from 1UP.com. Featuring Ayane as a " videogame babe of the day " in 2009 , IGN 's Chris Carle commented : " After that awkward goth stage in high school , not many people continue to rock the violet locks , but Ayane is different … she 's hot enough to get away with it . " " Kayane " , pseudonym of the professional gamer Marie @-@ Laure Norindr comes from a mix of " Kasumi " and " Ayane " . Kayane said : " She has a lot of charisma and is pretty . She ’ s full of anger but has a sweet heart in fact . I think she has the most interesting story and personality in the game . "
Ayane was ranked as the seventh top fictional ninja in a 2009 list by Fandomania . In 2010 , Mikel Reparaz of GamesRadar ranked hers , Ryu 's and Momiji 's guest appearance in Strikeforce as the 49th " most awesome " character cameo in gaming history . In 2012 , Gelo Gonzales of FHM listed Ayane among the nine " sexiest ninja babes in games " , commenting that she is " like Kasumi , only moodier ... about as punk as ninjas get , and carries a get @-@ the @-@ fuck @-@ outta @-@ my @-@ way @-@ or @-@ I @-@ snap @-@ your @-@ arm @-@ in @-@ two @-@ places attitude , " comparing her to Ellen Adarna . In 2013 , Jon Ledford of Sushi Arcade included her among the ten best video game " ninjas " in all her roles , " whether she ’ s playing volleyball , fighting her sister or helping Ryu Hayabusa save the world . " In a 2015 article " The Truth About Ninjas " , Kotaku 's Matthew Burns included Kasumi , Ayane , and Mai Shiranui from The King of Fighters among " the ' fan favourite ' lady ninjas " .
Numerous publications commented noted Ayane 's sex appeal , often including her among the most attractive female characters in video games . Spanish magazine PlanetStation put Dead or Alive 2 among the five sexiest PlayStation games for any fight between Ayane and Kasumi . In 2000 , Geman magazine Video Games featured Ayane in their " Console Pageant " article , rating her " VG Sexy Factor " at 85 % . In 2003 , Bryan ' Sir Crossforge ' Johnson collectively placed her with the other Dead or Alive girls at second spot on GameSpy 's list of " top babes in games " . The Polish edition of GameStar included her as one of 20 candidates in a poll for the title of Miss of the Video Game World ( Miss Świata Gier ) 2006 . In 2011 , Complex ranked her as the 14th best looking " sideline chick " of video games , stating , " Kasumi 's cool and all , but we definitely prefer Ayane 's cold and killer demeanor . " That same year , Jeremy Render of Cheat Code Central featured her among the top ten sexiest female video game characters , where Ayane shared number six spot with Hitomi . Together with Hitomi as well as Kasumi and Leifang , Ayane also placed tenth on the list " video game hotties " by the Spanish edition of IGN . In 2012 , Kristie Bertucci of Gadget Review ranked this " underage ninja that can kick ass while wearing skimpy clothing " as the 19th " hottest " female video game character . Also in 2012 , Ayane and the other DOA girls were collectively placed at number ten spot on the list of the " hottest women in video games " by Complex . That same year in Poland , Ayane was included among the 20 " sexiest girls in games " by Wirtualna Polska , as well as among the " sexiest game heroines " of the year by Interia.pl. Austin Wood of Cheat Code Central declared this " one awesome female ninja with an unique fighting style " as number one sexiest game character of 2012 for her appearance in Razor 's Edge , noting her as a " remarkably interesting character given the somewhat shallow plot of the Ninja Gaiden games . "
In 2009 , Gelo Gonzales of FHM listed her among the nine " sexiest bad girls of videogame land " , commenting that " with her cute suplada looks , this deadly ninja soon became a mainstay of the series . Dead or Alive is one of the pioneers of boob @-@ bouncing technology , and thankfully , Ayane has the curves to take full advantage of that . " Some also commented on her breasts specifically , such as when Gavin Mackenzie of PLAY joked them to be two of the top ten best things one could expect to see in Dead or Alive 5 . Ayane and Rachel shared the seventh place on the 2011 list of " most incredible chests " by Joystick Division . In 2012 , ZoominGames rated Ayane 's bosom in Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 as number one in gaming .
= = = Criticism , controversies and fan content = = =
Official PlayStation Magazine ( Australia ) criticized Janice Kawaye 's English voice acting in Ninja Gaiden Sigma , stating " she whimpers away like an eight @-@ year @-@ old brat at show and tell . " Az Elias of Cubed3 expressed disappointment regarding Ayane 's limited role in Warriors Orochi 3 . Ayane 's portrayal by Natassia Malthe in the film DOA : Dead or Alive was panned by many fans and critics alike ( even as , prior to the premiere , IGN stated that " DOA is HOT ... and Nastassia Malthe proves it " ) . Mikel Reparaz of GamesRadar dubbed the motion picture version of Ayane as " White Girl Who is Somehow Also Japanese " , Roger Moore wrote in Orlando Sentinel that Malthe 's purple hair " makes her look even less Japanese than [ Kasumi 's actress ] Aoki " , and UGO.com wrote about Malthe 's role as Ayane : " Defining Moment : Zzzzzzzz . "
Some criticised the visual allure of the character , up to allegations of sexual objectification . Mentioning " the subject of unlockable gym slips for Ayane " in 2002 , Edge magazine stated that while it " remains opposed to videogame censorship , the Dead or Alive franchise has certainly challenged the boundaries of taste in games . " In 2009 , Joe Newman of GamesRadar ranked the series of Team Ninja 's controversial Sigma 2 commercials , designed to draw attention to the fact that the " notoriously big @-@ breasted " Ayane was a playable character ( one of which was called by Destructoid " the best and worst thing to have ever been created " ) , as the fourth most blatantly sexist game advertisement ever , adding : " God forbid a moment goes by where any part of her body might be covered up . " Team Ninja 's post @-@ Itagaki head Yosuke Hayashi dismissed the criticism , stating in 2012 : " With the representation of female characters in the Dead or Alive franchise , we 've always wanted to make the girls look as attractive as possible , and that 's something that 's not going to change for us at all . " Hayashi explained : " We are a Japanese developer , and we 're making the female characters with our common sense and our creative sense . When you take that to countries outside of Japan , it tends to be very misinterpreted in some cases , people considering it sexist or derogatory , etc . " The issue was also dismissed in 2015 by Team Ninja creative director Tom Lee , who said they as well as most of their " fans around the world don ’ t share the same sentiments " as their critics .
As with Kasumi 's , Ayane 's age has not been listed in the Western versions of the games to avoid backlash regarding characters portrayed as underage ; according to Itagaki , Ayane 's age in Ninja Gaiden would " cause problems with the ESRB . " Nevertheless , some outlets raised this issue and questioned the extent of adolescent Ayane 's sexualization in the games ( in Ninja Gaiden Sigma 2 players were even given control over the movement of her breasts through use of the Sixaxis game controller ) . Destructoid 's Jim Sterling has voiced concern about how a supposedly 14 @-@ year @-@ old character ( Ayane 's Sigma 2 age ) has such " huge busters " , as well as joking he was " worried that this now means I 'm a pedophile . " In 2011 , Nintendo of Europe decided to not distribute Dead or Alive : Dimensions in Sweden ( this also meant the game would not be released in Norway and Denmark ) , apparently because of a local child pornography law encompassing drawn and animated characters ( and despite the age of consent in Sweden being only 15 ) . ABC News mistakenly used GamesRadar 's joke image of Ayane " with the newly attached pterodactyl head and wings of Metroid boss Ridley " as an illustration for their article while reporting on this story . Reacting to the Nordic ban , Sterling ( writing for GameFront ) called her a " big @-@ eyed lump of grade @-@ A jailbait " and added : " Would it murder the fantasy of the fanbase if the girl was canonically 21 , despite still looking like an eleven @-@ year @-@ old hormone pill addict ? Instead , 21 @-@ year @-@ olds are designated as ' old ' women in Japanese games , usually playing a villainous , antagonistic role compared to the sweet , innocent , sexually desirable teenager . " He further wrote that his proposed practice of " bumping up the age be part of the localization process , " besides helping to avoid " silly controversies like we ’ ve seen in Sweden , " would have " the added benefit of narratives that are far more sensible — having Ayane as an accomplished ninja at sixteen just doesn ’ t make much sense . " Ayane became canonically 18 @-@ year @-@ old in Dead or Alive 5 . Regarding the other changes in DOA5 , according to Kotaku , director Yohei Shimbori received a lot of " fan backlash from Ayane 's breast reduction . " Previously , one of her new costumes for Dimensions also severely upset some fans when the game was announced in 2010 .
Despite a warning from Team Ninja that no more DOA games would be released for the PC if the modding community released DOA5 mods that are not designed for " good and moral " play , nude models of Ayane were quickly created by members of the forum Lustful Illumination . Ayane was featured through Monty Oum 's computer @-@ animated fan series Dead Fantasy from the start . A fan mod also brought Ayane to Ultra Street Fighter IV , mapping her over Ibuki , and another removes Ayane 's makeup in DOA5 to make her look more like she did in DOA2 .
= Swim Good =
" Swim Good " is a song by American recording artist Frank Ocean , released as the second single from his mixtape Nostalgia , Ultra ( 2011 ) . The song was written by Nick Cobey & Ocean and produced by Midi Mafia . It features additional vocals by fellow Odd Future member Tyler , The Creator . The song explores the topic of romantic baggage , guilt and utilizes several metaphors . Lyrically , the song expresses a narrative about a man who , burdened with many failed relationships , ends his life by driving into the ocean . The track explores tropes of the tragic love story and suicide . The song received positive reviews from music critics , who praised Ocean 's vocals and the song 's dark subject matter .
When Nostalgia , Ultra was expected to be released as an EP by Def Jam , " Swim Good " was released as the second single , though the EP release was later cancelled . The song peaked at number 70 on the US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . The song received a music video directed by Australian director Nabil Elderkin . The anime @-@ inspired music video features Ocean driving down remote roads in a Samurai costume and eventually setting his car on fire . Ocean performed the track during his seven show tour through North America and Europe in November 2011 and other notable concerts such as Coachella . On July 31 , 2012 , the music video was nominated for three MTV Video Music Awards .
= = Background = =
" Swim Good " was written by Frank Ocean , Waynne Nugent and Kevin Risto of the duo Midi Mafia , who also produced the track . The song appears on his debut mixtape Nostalgia , Ultra , which was released on February 18 , 2011 . When asked by The Quietus about his own interpretation of the character in the song it was noted that Ocean " politely withdrew , saying he 'd enjoy that discussion but he doesn 't want to spoil his audience 's experience of his songs " . He further commented " but you have fun with the imagery , and for me the whole concept that everything has to be ... Like , nobody gets upset with a director when a director 's film isn 't about his life . People think that with a recording artist that shit has to be like a fucking play by play of their whole life , but it 's not . It 's imagery , and a little bit of satire . " The track was released as the second single from Nostalgia , Ultra digitally on October 18 , 2011 by Def Jam Recordings .
= = Composition = =
" Swim Good " tells the story of a murder suicide through extended metaphors and a first @-@ person debate about killing yourself " . The track has been called an " astonishing suicide song " and that " Ocean finds himself dressed in black ( ' Like I 'm ready for a funeral ' ) , tormented by heartbreak and on the verge of driving his car into the sea . " The song is a " grim escape fantasy " describing a murder suicide , which " has the singer driving his car to the shore , his trunk “ bleeding ” with “ broken hearts ” . The hook of the song ends with the refrain of " I feel like a ghost , no Swayze , ever since I lost my baby . " Pitchfork Media described the singing as " heart @-@ battered . " The Quietus states that the song " makes you realise the ocean means a lot more to this songwriter than the reference to Ocean 's Eleven that he 's cited in interviews , he is mysterious and tragic . " Yahoo ! Music stated that " in his calm , ultra controlled tone , Ocean sings about feeling like he 's on his way to a funeral as he drives around town in a black suit , and a body in the trunk . "
= = Reception = =
" Swim Good " received positive reviews from music critics and was widely considered to be one of the best tracks off Nostalgia Ultra . Sam Hockley @-@ Smith of The Fader commented that " Swim Good " was one of the " highs off of record " , as did Anthony Osei of Complex magazine . Pitchfork Media commented that the track was a " brooding highlight " off the record . In addition , Yahoo ! Music 's Billy Jounhson described it as a " breakout " song " . AbsolutePunk stated the song was " hard @-@ hitting " and " proved that Ocean 's voice is as great as his knack for writing thoughtful pop songs . " NPR 's Andrew Noz commented that " in the standout " Swim Good , " he sings of putting broken hearts in the trunk of a Lincoln Town Car and driving to the ocean as they bleed through . " Several critics noted the song for its dark subject matter . On the week of September 10 , 2011 the song debuted at number eighty @-@ one on Billboard 's Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs , and peaked at position number seventy .
On July 31 , 2012 , the music video was nominated for three MTV Video Music Awards : Best Direction and Best Male Video , with Ocean being nominated for Best New Artist for his work with the video .
= = Promotion = =
Ocean released a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes video promoting a music video for the track . It was filmed by his cousin , and released on Ocean 's tumblr on August 11 , 2011 . The video , directed by Nabil Elderkin , was officially released on September 16 , 2011 . The video was released on Frank Ocean 's Vevo on September 23 , 2011 and was available for purchase on iTunes September 24 , 2011 . The Fader commented that " Elderkin serves up a fairly literal interpretation of “ Swim Good , ” Nostalgia , Ultra ‘ s most heart @-@ wrenching metaphor . It does however feature an explosion , a panda mask and the second appearance of Ninja Frank Ocean . " The video features " Frank Ocean and his samurai sword star " and it " blends Asian and aquatic vibes with impressive cinematography . " Rap @-@ Up reported " tanquility turns traumatic in Frank Ocean ’ s suspenseful video . "
The clip opens with a dazed Ocean " going through the motions of eating popcorn though he 's wearing an Odd Future mask that does not have a mouth opening . " It features a " ' 70s orange and black Lincoln limousine " and Ocean in an orange samurai robe " mysteriously driving along the coastline and deep into the forest . " He then whips out his sword and " draws blood from his unsuspecting female victim . He sets fire to the vehicle and watches it burn on the cliff during the explosive conclusion . " In the closing moments , " viewers are lead [ sic ] to believe that the mystery woman was also the passenger of the rear compartment " and the video ends when the " camera zooms in on Ocean 's blood @-@ stained sword . " The video " adds color to the already chilling , and unusual storyline for alternative R & B song " according to Yahoo .
Ocean embarked on a solo tour through North America and Europe to promote both the mixtape and his other musical projects . The set lists to the various shows varied , though " Swim Good " was performed at all shows . The track was included during Ocean 's setlist at the April 2012 Coachella Musical Festival . Complex magazine stated the audience " sang every word of ULTRA ’ s suicidal serenade “ Swim Good , ” which closed with the same seagull chirps it does on the tape . "
= = Chart performance = =
= Music of the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles series =
The Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles video game series consists of Crystal Chronicles , a spin @-@ off of the main Final Fantasy series , its sequels My Life as a King and My Life as a Darklord , and their spin @-@ offs , Ring of Fates , Echoes of Time and The Crystal Bearers . Crystal Chronicles , Ring of Fates , and Echoes of Time have had released soundtrack albums to date , and Crystal Chronicles and Ring of Fates each have an associated single . Kumi Tanioka is the main composer for the series , having composed the three released soundtracks as well as the music for My Life as a King and My Life as a Darklord . Hidenori Iwasaki is filling that role for The Crystal Bearers . Nobuo Uematsu , the main composer for the regular Final Fantasy series , contributed one track to the Ring of Fates soundtrack . Yae and Donna Burke sang the Japanese and English versions of the theme song for Crystal Chronicles , respectively , while Aiko sang the theme song for Ring of Fates .
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles Original Soundtrack was released by Pony Canyon in 2003 , as was its single , " Kaze no Ne " , and a promotional album Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles - A Musical Journey . Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Ring of Fates Original Soundtrack and the double A @-@ side " Hoshi no Nai Sekai " / " Yokogao " were released by Pony Canyon in 2007 . The latest release is that of Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Echoes of Time Original Soundtrack by Square Enix in 2009 . All the albums and the singles received generally positive reviews , although the Crystal Chronicles album was the most universally appreciated of the three soundtracks . Unlike the soundtracks to the numbered Final Fantasy games , no compositions from the Crystal Chronicles soundtracks have appeared in any compilation albums produced by Square Enix or any official Final Fantasy concerts . " Morning Sky " , the opening theme for Crystal Chronicles , was played in the first Games in Concert performance in Utrecht , Netherlands on November 26 , 2006 .
= = Creation and influence = =
Kumi Tanioka has described the musical style for the soundtrack to Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles as being based on " ancient instruments " . She says that the idea came to her while looking at illustrations of the game world , which gave her the idea of making " world music " , where the tracks would " not [ be ] limited to a single country or culture " . She also credits Hidenori Iwasaki , the synthesizer operator for the game , with doing " fantastic technical work " that brought her vision to life . For the soundtrack to Ring of Fates , Tanioka purposefully did not focus on " world music " , instead focusing on " creating a new landscape containing the same atmosphere " . The piano performances in the Ring of Fates soundtrack were done by Kumi Tanioka . She did the performances herself rather than use an outside performer as most Final Fantasy soundtracks have done primarily because she " likes to play piano " , and were done without any sheet music , as she preferred instead to improvise . She took extensive piano lessons as a child , and lists piano and choral music as the biggest influences on her musical style . She also claims to have been influenced by music from a wide variety of cultures , such as Indonesian , Irish and Balinese music . She will not be composing the soundtrack for The Crystal Bearers ; this role will be performed by Hidenori Iwasaki .
Tanioka has said that in composing the soundtrack for Echoes of Time she tried to " paint the world in an ethnic manner once again " . She has said that she tried throughout the soundtracks of the first four Crystal Chronicles games to " maintain a common atmosphere between each installment , [ but ] always introduce a new concept " . With Echoes of Time Tanioka wanted to go back to the " tribal " concept of the original Crystal Chronicles . She has said in regards to the soundtrack that " instead of the traditional sound endemic to the specific areas , I wanted to use them as one flavor and blend many colors just like Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles " and that many of the tracks she created would be " actually impossible to perform " in real life .
= = Albums = =
= = = Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles Original Soundtrack = = =
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles , containing the majority of the musical tracks from the game , and was composed by Kumi Tanioka . It was released on the Pony Canyon label on August 20 , 2003 . The album did not include the English versions of the opening song , " Sound of the Wind " and the ending theme , " Moonless Starry Night " , all sung by Donna Burke . The style of the music on this album is not defined , but was described by Kumi Tanioka as being based on " ancient instruments " . The soundtrack has extensive use of many medieval and Renaissance musical instruments such as the recorder , the crumhorn and the lute , creating a distinctively rustic feel , and also follows the practices and styles of medieval music . The soundtrack spans 52 tracks over 2 discs , covering a duration of 2 : 11 : 38 , and has the catalog number PCCG @-@ 00613 .
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : A Musical Journey was a European promotional album which was given alongside the game on March 11 , 2004 if the game had been pre @-@ ordered . It contains six tracks from the soundtrack , including " Kaze no Ne " in both Japanese and English , the only time the English version has been released . It was published by Nintendo of Europe , and covers a duration of 17 : 37 .
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles Original Soundtrack was well received ; Daniel Space of RPGFan praised it , saying that " the music is fun , extremely well written and interesting to hear " . He enjoyed the alternative instruments used in the tunes , calling them " successful in providing imagery of renaissance times " , although he felt that much more of them would have begun to drag the soundtrack down . Chris of Square Enix Music Online also enjoyed the soundtrack , although he noted that it was " not for everyone " . He did , however , feel that the constant use of Renaissance @-@ themed music resulted in a " lack of diversity of styles " that made several of the tracks " bland and indistinctive " . Jared of Square Enix Music Online was more enthusiastic about the soundtrack , terming it " a stunning soundtrack full of feeling and emotion " and praising its " unique " style . As a promotional album , Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles - A Musical Journey was not as noted by critics . Jared felt that it was " a decent look into the soundtrack of Crystal Chronicles " , but not as good of a sampler disc as it could have been due to the track selection .
Track listing
= = = Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Ring of Fates Original Soundtrack = = =
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Ring of Fates Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Ring of Fates , containing all of the musical tracks from the game , and was composed and produced by Kumi Tanioka . The ending theme song for the game , " A World Without Stars " ( 星のない世界 , Hoshi no Nai Sekai ) , was sung by Aiko , though it was not included in the album , and Nobuo Uematsu contributed one track to the soundtrack . The soundtrack continues the musical theme of " ancient instruments " prevalent in the Crystal Chronicles soundtrack , but additionally incorporates more modern orchestral instruments such as string and horn pieces . The tracks on the album cover a wide range of emotional themes , from " joyful and whimsical tracks " to " lugubrious emotional tracks " to " bombastic battle tracks " . In keeping with the lighthearted nature of the game , any darker @-@ themed tracks are exaggerated to make them less serious . The soundtrack spans 57 tracks , covering a duration of 1 : 16 : 06 . It was released on September 19 , 2007 in Japan by Square Enix bearing the catalog number SQEX @-@ 10101 .
Ring of Fates was well received by reviewers ; Neal Chandran of RPGFan , although finding the original soundtrack to be " bland " , felt that the Crystal Chronicles soundtrack was " quite varied , exciting , and dare I say really freaking good " and praised the variety of styles and moods of the tracks . Chris was also enthusiastic about the soundtrack , praising it as " one of the finest accompaniments to a Final Fantasy game ever produced " . He noted , however , that the soundtrack works best as a " flowing " work or accompaniment to the game , with a lack of individual tracks that stood out as memorable . Don of Square Enix Music Online was much harsher towards the soundtrack , terming it an " extremely underwhelming album " . He disapproved of the change from the medieval instrumentation to a more orchestral score , and felt that the pieces had much less emotional intensity than the Crystal Chronicles soundtrack .
= = = Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Echoes of Time Original Soundtrack = = =
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Echoes of Time Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Echoes of Time , containing the majority of the musical tracks from the game , and was composed by Kumi Tanioka . It was released by Square Enix on February 18 , 2009 . Like previous Crystal Chronicles soundtracks , Echoes incorporates a variety of instruments , including oboes , xylophones , marimbas and Latin guitars . Unlike the previous Crystal Chronicles soundtracks , the Echoes does not include a theme song . The soundtrack spans 51 tracks over 2 discs , covering a duration of 2 : 07 : 30 , and has the catalog numbers SQEX @-@ 10137 ~ 8 .
Track listing
= = = Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Crystal Bearers Original Soundtrack = = =
Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Crystal Bearers Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album of Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Crystal Bearers , containing the majority of the musical tracks from the game , composed by Hidenori Iwasaki and Ryo Yamazaki , with the vocal talent of Donna Burke . The soundtrack spans 70 tracks over 2 discs .
Track listing
= = Singles = =
= = = Kaze no Ne = = =
" Sound of the Wind " ( カゼノネ , Kaze no Ne ) is the opening song of Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles , composed by Kumi Tanioka and performed by Yae . It was released as a single by Pony Canyon , featuring the " Kaze No Ne " song , an arranged version , and two other songs by Yae from her album Blue Line , " Carol ( scat ) " and " Flower of Love " ( 恋の花 , Koin no Hana ) . The single was released on July 30 , 2003 , has a length of 14 : 12 , and has a catalog number of PCCA @-@ 01915 . While " Kaze No Ne " follows the medieval theme of the rest of the Crystal Chronicles soundtrack , the arranged version is a more " produced " techno @-@ sounding track . The two unrelated tracks are vocal and instrumental pieces , with " Carol " as a scat song , and " Flower of Love " more of a slower " ethnic / world " piece .
Patrick Gann of RPGFan called " Kaze no Ne " one of the few singles he had purchased that was " worth holding onto " . He described all of the tracks as " beautiful " , and felt that the arranged version of " Sound of the Wind " was " charming and enigmatic " . Dave of Square Enix Music Online concurred , calling the single " a potentially excellent addition to anyone 's discography " . He described Yae 's voice as " angelic " " mature " and " fresh " and summed up the album as " a definitive Yae experience accessible to game music fans " .
= = = Hoshi no Nai Sekai / Yokogao = = =
" Hoshi no Nai Sekai " / " Yokogao " is double A @-@ side containing the theme song to Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles : Ring of Fates " A World Without Stars " ( 星のない世界 , Hoshi no Nai Sekai ) , as well as two original tracks , " Profile " ( 横顔 , Yokogao ) and " Love " ( 恋愛 , Renai ) , and instrumental versions of " A World Without Stars " and " Profile " . The single is performed by Aiko . All of the songs are primarily focused on the vocals along with piano and electric guitar accompaniments . " A World Without Stars " is a primarily piano @-@ based song with lyrics in Japanese , while " Profile " and " Love " are mid @-@ tempo pop songs . The album was released on August 22 , 2007 by Pony Canyon , covers a duration of 24 : 40 , and has the catalog number PCCA @-@ 02546 .
Neal Chandran approved of " Hoshi no Nai Sekai " / " Yokogao " , finding it to be enjoyable despite its short length . He felt that " A World Without Stars " was a " terrific piece , and that the other two songs , while " not as strong " , were " still decent tracks that were easy on the ears " , and approved of the instrumental versions included in the single . Don also appreciated the soundtrack , calling it " a nice choice " and saying that it " complements a rather weak original soundtrack " . He felt that the balance in the songs between the piano and electric guitar was well done .
= = Legacy = =
Unlike the soundtracks to the numbered Final Fantasy games , no songs from the Crystal Chronicles soundtracks have appeared in any compilation albums produced by Square Enix . Songs from the series have also not appeared in any of the official Final Fantasy music concerts , although " Morning Sky " from the Crystal Chronicles soundtrack was played in the first Games in Concert performance in Utrecht , Netherlands on November 26 , 2006 . It was performed by Floor Jansen of the band After Forever and the Metropole Orchestra .
= Battle of the Miljevci Plateau =
The Battle of the Miljevci Plateau was a clash of the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska - HV ) and forces of the Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) , fought on 21 – 23 June 1992 , during the Croatian War of Independence . The battle represented the culmination of a series of skirmishes between the HV and the RSK forces in Northern Dalmatia , after the implementation of the Vance plan and deployment of the United Nations Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) began . The skirmishes occurred in the pink zones — areas under control of the RSK , but outside the UN Protected Areas established by the Vance plan .
Elements of two HV brigades advanced several kilometres north of Šibenik and captured the Miljevci Plateau , encompassing 108 square kilometres ( 42 square miles ) of territory and seven villages . After the battle , the UNPROFOR requested the HV to pull back to its positions prior to 21 June , and the request was followed by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 762 urging Croatia to withdraw from the plateau , but the HV remained in place . In the immediate aftermath , Croatian authorities claimed the offensive was not ordered by the General Staff and that the advance was made in response to a series of provocations . After the battle , some bodies of the killed RSK soldiers were thrown into a karst pit and were not retrieved until August , when the released prisoners of war informed the UNPROFOR of the location of the bodies .
= = Background = =
In 1990 , following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , ethnic tensions worsened . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija – JNA ) confiscated Croatia 's Territorial Defence Force 's ( Teritorijalna obrana – TO ) weapons to minimize resistance . On 17 August , the tensions escalated into an open revolt by Croatian Serbs , centred on the predominantly Serb @-@ populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around Knin , parts of the Lika , Kordun , Banovina regions and eastern Croatia .
Following the Pakrac clash between Serb insurgents and Croatian special police in March 1991 , the conflict had escalated into the Croatian War of Independence . The JNA stepped in , increasingly supporting the Croatian Serb insurgents . In early April , the leaders of the Croatian Serb revolt declared their intention to integrate the area under their control , known as SAO Krajina , with Serbia . In May , the Croatian government responded by forming the Croatian National Guard ( Zbor narodne garde – ZNG ) , but its development was hampered by a United Nations ( UN ) arms embargo introduced in September .
On 8 October , Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia , and a month later the ZNG was renamed the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) . Late 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war , as the 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia culminated in the Siege of Dubrovnik , and the Battle of Vukovar . In November , Croatia , Serbia and the JNA agreed upon the Vance plan , contained in the Geneva Accord . The plan entailed a ceasefire , protection of civilians in specific areas designated as United Nations Protected Areas and UN peacekeepers in Croatia . The ceasefire came into effect on 3 January 1992 . In December 1991 , the European Community announced its decision to grant a diplomatic recognition to Croatia on 15 January 1992 . SAO Krajina renamed itself the Republic of Serbian Krajina ( RSK ) on 19 December 1991 .
Despite the Geneva Accord requiring an immediate withdrawal of JNA personnel and equipment from Croatia , the JNA stayed behind for up to eight months in some areas . When its troops eventually pulled out , JNA left their equipment to the RSK . As a consequence of organisational problems and breaches of ceasefire , the UN peacekeepers , named the United Nations Protection Force ( UNPROFOR ) , did not start to deploy until 8 March . The UNPROFOR took two months to fully assemble in the UN Protected Areas ( UNPAs ) . Furthermore , the RSK forces remained in areas outside designated UNPAs which were under RSK control at the time of the
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Later , he helped found the Stratford County Council and served as its first clerk and treasurer from 1891 to 1900 .
Malone took up the study of law , becoming a solicitor in 1894 and a barrister five years later . In 1903 , the same year that he and his family moved to New Plymouth , he formed a partnership dealing mostly with land transactions with James McVeagh and W. D. Anderson . The partners would open several law offices around the Taranaki region .
On 18 June 1904 , Malone suffered the loss of his wife Elinor in childbirth . Their baby son also died . The following year , Malone married Ida Katharine Withers , and would go on to have three more children . Ida had been a friend of Elinor 's and had also tutored the Malone children .
Malone became politically active and unsuccessfully stood as an Independent Liberal in a by @-@ election for the Taranaki electorate in 1907 ; of the three candidates , he came last . The following year , Joseph Ward , the leader of the Liberal Party , invited Malone to be the party 's candidate in the 1908 general election . He declined ; Malone had views that in some respects were incompatible with those of the Liberal Party , and he instead stood as an independent . Although unsuccessful , he gained nearly 30 % of the electorate vote . In both 1907 and 1908 , he was defeated by the conservative politician Henry Okey , who was to hold the Taranaki electorate until his death in 1918 .
In 1911 , after selling his share of the law practice , Malone returned to Stratford . He started his own law firm in partnership with another practitioner . With a reduced work load , he began focus on his other interests , which included the military . Malone participated in New Zealand 's militia , the Volunteer Force . In 1900 , he helped raise the Stratford Rifle Volunteers , one of many units formed in the enthusiasm for the military during the Second Boer War , with himself as its captain . When he moved to New Plymouth in 1903 , he relinquished his command . As a result of a request by his Volunteer Force battalion commander , Malone was made adjutant of the 4th Battalion of the Wellington ( Taranaki ) Rifle Volunteers . In 1905 he was second @-@ in @-@ command and by 1910 , and now a lieutenant @-@ colonel , he was the commander of the battalion .
The following year , the Volunteer Force was abolished and replaced with the Territorial Force . Malone was placed in command of a new Territorial unit , the 11th Regiment ( Taranaki Rifles ) . It was during this time that he introduced the use of the " lemon squeezer " hat to the Territorial Force . By having his troops push out its crown and indenting its sides , the hat mirrored the outline of Mount Taranaki , thereby providing a link for the regiment to its parent region , and , more practically , allowed rain to easily run off the hat . In later years , the lemon squeezer hat was formally adopted by the New Zealand Military Forces .
= = First World War = =
Malone had been convinced for some time that war was on the horizon and prepared himself accordingly . He studied military history and practices intensively , and underwent a physical fitness and conditioning programme in preparation for military service . This reputedly included his sleeping on a military camp bed . Upon the outbreak of the First World War , he volunteered for service either in New Zealand or overseas . Well regarded by his superiors in the Territorial Force , he was made commander of the Wellington Infantry Battalion of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) .
The battalion embarked from Wellington in October 1914 for Egypt , and upon arrival , was primarily engaged in training before it was deployed along the Suez Canal late in January 1915 to support Indian troops stationed to guard against a rumoured Turkish attack . Three weeks of sentry duty ensued for the battalion before it returned to Cairo .
= = = Gallipoli = = =
By this time , the New Zealand and Australian Division , under the command of Major General Alexander Godley , was being formed for operations in the Dardanelles , and the battalion was attached to the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , one of the two infantry brigades ( the other was the Australian 4th brigade ) that formed the bulk of the division . In April , the division , now part of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) embarked for Gallipoli . The Wellington Battalion was landed at Anzac Cove on the afternoon of 25 April , and made its way up to Plugge 's Plateau .
On 27 April , the battalion was called upon to reinforce positions held by the Australian 2nd Battalion along a feature that would later be known as Walker 's Ridge . A Turkish counterattack had been launched , threatening the flank of the ANZAC position . By nightfall , Malone had established a new defensive line along the ridge although he was frustrated by the poor decisions by the commander of 2nd Battalion , Colonel George Braund . Malone believed Braund 's actions had wasted the lives of his men . He consequently made a request to the acting commander of the New Zealand Infantry Brigade , Brigadier General Harold Walker that the Wellington Battalion take sole charge of the position , a request which was approved . In the following days , Malone worked his men hard to improve the defensive positions and ensure the stability of the Walker 's Ridge positions .
In early May , the ANZAC positions had sufficiently stabilised such that the New Zealand Infantry Brigade was transferred to Cape Helles for operations there . Malone led his battalion during the Second Battle of Krithia , during which he came into conflict with his brigade commander , Colonel Francis Johnston , who had taken over command of the brigade from Walker . Johnston ordered a bayonet charge by the Wellington Battalion although Malone pointed out to Johnston the lack of flanking support for such a charge . Johnston was a British Army officer seconded to the NZEF , and in his private correspondence , Malone was beginning to express frustration at the inflexibility of such officers in the face of a fluid battlefield situation . Malone was later mentioned in dispatches for his work at Cape Helles .
By late May , the brigade was back at ANZAC Cove and in reserve . On 1 June , the Wellington Battalion moved into the front lines , taking over Courtney 's Post , previously held by the Australian 4th Brigade . Malone was post commander , and it was planned that he would stay in command at Courtney 's Post while his battalion rotated with the Otago Infantry Battalion in eight @-@ day spells . He immediately set about improving the position , which overlooked the Turkish lines . As well as rectifying the position 's neglected field works , he established a squad of snipers and this proved instrumental in gaining ascendency over the Turks in no @-@ man 's land .
Malone had impressed his senior commanders with his efforts at Courtney 's Post and on 9 June the Wellington Battalion was tasked with holding Quinn 's Post , previously held by the Auckland and Canterbury Infantry Battalions , both of which were exhausted from offensive operations . Quinn 's was a more exposed position than Courtney 's and had been neglected defensively . With the Turkish trenches often only 10 metres ( 33 ft ) away , Quinn 's Post was a weak spot in the ANZAC lines . Malone immediately set about rectifying this . Terraces and dugouts were built and extensive sandbagging protecting the previously exposed areas of the position were erected . He implemented measures to dominate the no @-@ man 's land between the opposing forces at Quinn 's , ordering construction of machine gun posts and loops to try and increase his men 's ability to direct firepower onto the enemy . Although he placed high demands on his men , he was well respected for he also showed concern and interest in their welfare . His efforts at Quinn 's Post did not go unrecognised . The commander of the ANZAC Corps , General William Birdwood complimented Malone on his work .
= = = Battle of Chunuk Bair = = =
In August , plans were in place for the Allied forces to break out of the ANZAC foothold . Key to this was seizing the Sari Bair Range . On 7 August , the New Zealand Infantry Brigade commenced its assault on Chunuk Bair , the crest of the range , along what was known as Rhododendron Ridge . However , delays in getting the infantry battalions to their starting positions meant that the attack was launched in daylight rather than in the planned night time attack . As a result , heavy losses were incurred amongst the Auckland Infantry Battalion . Johnston , still in command of the brigade despite being clearly unfit for it , ordered Malone to take his battalion forward . Malone refused , arguing that his battalion could take Chunuk Bair that night . His refusal to advance in daylight meant that by the end of the day , his battalion was the only intact battalion in the brigade .
In the early hours of 8 August , supported by the 7th Battalion of the Gloucesters and by extensive artillery and naval fire , the Wellington Battalion succeeded in capturing Chunuk Bair with relatively little resistance . Malone set about securing the crest of Chunuk Bair , but it proved difficult to deepen the relatively shallow Turkish trenches that had been captured by his men , and the work was made even more difficult as the sun rose , allowing the Turks on neighbouring Hill Q to focus their gunfire on the positions occupied by the Wellingtons . The Gloucesters , also on the crest , were forced to retreat to the reverse slope . The Turkish gunfire caused heavy casualties amongst the infantry holding Chunuk Bair , but crucially also prevented substantive reinforcements from reaching the crest in daylight . Instead , those soldiers that made it up Chunuk Bair tended to be positioned on its rearward slopes and thus had difficulty observing any approaches made by the Turks . Malone continued to co @-@ ordinate the defences but a portion of the crest was lost . He remained in constant action , and led bayonet charges to counter numerous Turkish attacks . The trenches on the crest became filled with the bodies of dead , further reducing what little cover was available .
In the early evening , at around 5 pm , Malone was killed in his headquarters trench by friendly fire , either from supporting artillery or possibly naval gunfire . Reinforcements , in the form of the Otago Battalion and two squadrons of the Wellington Mounted Rifles arrived later that evening , and the remnants of Malone 's battalion withdrew , having suffered 690 men killed or wounded of its original complement of 760 . Malone , along with 300 of his men , has no known grave . Two days later , Chunuk Bair , now held by British units , was lost to the Turks . With the battalion out of the line , a memorial service for Malone was held on 21 August . The service was attended by nearly all of the surviving men of the battalion . Malone was also mentioned in despatches for his leadership during the August offensive .
Malone was survived by his wife Ida and his eight children . Although initially well provided with income from his farming estate , the depression of the 1920s impacted on the earnings of the farmland and Ida struggled financially . She eventually moved to England with her three children and a daughter from Malone 's previous marriage and died there in 1946 . His four oldest sons all served in the NZEF , and one , Maurice , was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . Another son , Edmond , received the Military Cross while serving with the Wellington Regiment on the Western Front . He died on 6 April 1918 , a few days after being wounded .
= = Legacy = =
After the Battle of Chunuk Bair , while his bravery was not questioned , Malone initially came in for criticism of his handling of the defences , particularly the placement of his defence trenches . In the planning for the battle , and earlier in the Gallipoli Campaign , he had clashed with Major Arthur Temperley , Johnston 's brigade major . Temperley , a British Army officer like Johnston , was one of the foremost critics of Malone 's defensive arrangements and may have unduly influenced the subsequent official reports on the battle . However , recent studies have demonstrated that this criticism was misplaced and there were a number of crucial failures higher up in the chain of command . In particular , Johnston 's delay in getting reinforcements to Chunuk Bair once it was captured likely led to the failure to hold the gains made by Malone 's battalion .
In New Zealand , Malone 's death was widely reported and keenly felt , particularly in the Taranaki region . The soldiers of the Wellington Regiment held their former commander in high regard and paid for the construction of the Malone Memorial Gate , white marble gates at the entrance to King Edward Park in Stratford . The gate , one of New Zealand 's largest war memorials that commemorates an individual soldier , was officially opened on 8 August 1923 in front of a large crowd . The gate is the scene of an annual ceremony held on 8 August to commemorate the memory of Malone . A fictionalised colonel based on Malone was a major character in a 1982 play written by Maurice Shadbolt , Once on Chunuk Bair , which told the story of the Wellington Battalion 's battle of 8 August . In 1992 , the play was filmed as Chunuk Bair . A plaque in his honour was unveiled in the New Zealand Parliament 's Grand Hall in 2005 .
= Trans Polar =
Trans Polar A / S was a Norwegian charter airline which operated between June 1970 and May 1971 . The airline operated a fleet of three Boeing 720s and had a close cooperation with Aer Lingus for maintenance . Trans Polar was established by Thor Tjøntveit , although he never held any management positions . The airline was headquartered in Oslo , although most of the flights operated out of Copenhagen , Denmark , which was the base of Spies Rejser , Trans Polar 's largest customer . The airline held operating permission from Norway and Denmark , but not Sweden ; nevertheless , they operated several illegal flights out of Stockholm .
Trans Polar ceased operations on 16 May 1971 when Boeing Commercial Airplanes seized one of their aircraft for failing to pay installments . After the company 's bankruptcy on 23 June , the police undertook a seven @-@ year investigation of the company . The airline had operated eight months with insolvency ; with a debt of 33 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) it was at the time the largest bankruptcy case in Norwegian history . Tjøntveit was acquitted of charges of deceit in 1978 .
= = Establishment = =
Trans Polar was a continuation of Tjøntveit 's United States @-@ based Trans Polar International , a retailer of general aviation aircraft . Born in Grimstad , Tjøntviet emigrated to the US in 1961 after receiving his pilot 's license and became an American citizen in 1965 . Trans Polar International agreed on 25 November 1969 to purchase two Boeing aircraft from Eastern Air Lines . The original plans called for transporting new general aviation aircraft to customers around the world . Tjøntveit stated that the first aircraft would be delivered in May 1970 and followed by a second in December , and that Erik Sandberg would start working as vice president in May . The airline planned to hire ten pilots and had signed an agreement with Pan Am for ground handling services . Trans Polar International stated they had made agreements to operate the aircraft transport flights for at least five years .
The plans changed dramatically and Trans Polar was instead incorporated in Norway . It took delivery of the Boeing 720s from Eastern Air Lines with registration on 4 June 1970 . The airline received an operating license on 11 June to fly both cargo and passenger charter services from Norway . The original plans called for passenger flights in and around the weekends to the Mediterranean and freight and maintenance the other days , including transporting strawberries from Belgium to Norway . A maintenance contract was signed with Aer Lingus of Ireland .
= = Fleet = =
The airline operated a fleet of three Boeing 720s . The first aircraft was registered on 16 June 1970 and the last two on 16 October . They were named for famous aviators ; the first aircraft was named Richard Evelyn Byrd and the last two Roald Amundsen and Hjalmar Riiser @-@ Larsen . The aircraft had a seating capacity of 156 or 149 .
= = Operations = =
= = = Securing contracts = = =
Trans Polar made a demonstration trip to Stockholm on 13 June 1970 — legal because it was without paying customers . The airline applied for permission to operate out of Sweden , but this was rejected by the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration ( CAA ) and appeals were rejected by the Ministry of Enterprise , Energy and Communications . The reason was that it lacked a permanent organization , did not have sufficient experience in large @-@ scale charter operations and could not document that its charter operations would be based on their own resources . Despite the lack of permission , Trans Polar sub @-@ chartered a round trip from Stockholm to London on 28 June . It then operated four flights from Stockholm to Rhodes , Palma de Mallorca and London between 4 and 6 July . Trans Polar claimed that they were flying courtesy trips and that the passengers had agreed to be compensated the part of the package trip which would have been paid to Trans Polar . The arguments were rejected by the CAA , who stated that this was a typical post @-@ excuse and that in case of a courtesy trip the airline should not be collecting the fare in the first place . The incident was investigated by both Norwegian and Swedish police .
The airline started negotiating a charter contract agreement with the Danish tour operator Spies Rejser in July 1970 . Trans Polar offered the operator the use of two Boeing 720s for 55 million Danish krone ( DKK ) , 10 million lower than the incumbent Scanair was bidding , which would allow Spies to transport 140 @,@ 000 of their annual 250 @,@ 000 passengers . As the first aircraft was bound to existing operations , Trans Polar would have to procure two additional aircraft for the contract , as well as receive operating permission in Denmark . Trans Polar and Spies signed a contract in mid @-@ August for one weekly service from Copenhagen to Gran Canaria , while another weekly contract was awarded to Maersk Air . Negotiations for the main contract started on 5 September ; Scanair had stated a minimum price it could accept , largely based on the fact that Spies did not have an alternative operator . The successful negotiations with Trans Polar also included an agreement with Spantax , who each could offer Spies 70 @,@ 000 seats for the season . The contract brought annual revenue of DKK 25 million to Trans Polar . To fly the operations , two ex @-@ Aer Lingus Boeing 720s were registered on 16 October . The company later signed agreements with the Danish tour operators Karavan @-@ rejser and Danmarks Internasjonale Studentkomite ( DIS ) .
Trans Polar issued new shares worth NOK 825 @,@ 000 on 25 November 1970 . At the same time , the airline 's shareholders issued guarantees to the bank for NOK 1 @.@ 2 million . This was increased by NOK 300 @,@ 000 in December . The company was insolvent at this time , but the creditors chose to instate a lawyer as chairman and continue operations . The airline met with its largest creditors on 25 February in an unsuccessful attempt to refinance the company 's debt .
= = = Demise = = =
Simon Spies , owner of Spies Rejser , speculated in February 1971 that he might merge his airline Conair of Scandinavia with Trans Polar , although he also stated that once his airline received new aircraft it would no longer necessarily need to charter aircraft from other airlines . Trans Polar was subject to a lawsuit by a laid @-@ off pilot which the airline owed NOK 26 @,@ 600 in pay and compensation for him paying his own connection flights to reach Trans Polar charters . The company had issued several cheques and bills of exchange that had bounced and the pilot threatened to bankrupt the airline unless he was paid . The company responded that he would have a very difficult time bankrupting them and the press should instead write about the airline 's future , which they regarded as very bright .
The airline also owed NOK 15 million in installments to Boeing Commercial Airplanes for the first Boeing 720 aircraft . Representatives from Boeing met up at Copenhagen Airport on the evening of 17 May 1971 and removed the altimeter from the aircraft and informed the airport police that they had seized the aircraft by making it not airworthy . The 170 passengers who had bought trips through Spies were only marginally delayed because Conair was able to ready one of their own aircraft in three hours . The preparedness was due to Spies ' concern of the Norwegian airline 's inability to perform . Trans Polar 's managing director Knut Borgen called Boeing 's seizure " a misunderstanding , " but nevertheless Boeing took over formal ownership of the aircraft two days later , and the aircraft was re @-@ registered on 24 May . The other two aircraft were at the time stationed at Dublin Airport where they were undergoing maintenance and could not be used as reserves .
Spies canceled their contract with Trans Polar on 21 May 1971 . Simon Spies stated that they had been " endlessly generous " towards the Norwegian airline , and that they had suffered numerous delays ultimately caused by the airline 's financial shortcomings . Conair had taken delivery of five equivalent aircraft and the company was therefore able to operate its own flights . Trans Polar had plans to quickly return to operations : the two remaining aircraft would be returned to Aer Lingus and three new aircraft would be purchased . This would be financed through conversion of debt to share capital and new investments from various shipping companies . Borgen emphasized that the market price for leasing aircraft had fallen and that the airline therefore could operate at a lower cost with new leasing contract . Once the airline was back on its feet , he believed Spies would return as a customer . Trans Polar informed its remaining customers on 22 May that it would terminate its flights .
The airline unsuccessfully scrambled to continue operations . A contract with Drammen @-@ based Hercules and its Hamburg , West Germany @-@ based subsidiary secured Trans Polar new operations , this time flying guest workers between West Germany and Turkey four times per week . Tjøntveit claimed on 2 June 1971 that he had secured new financing from British investors , who along with Norwegian shipping companies would purchase newly issued shares in the company . He also confirmed that the two Boeing 720s would return to Aer Lingus and plans for two new Boeing 707 aircraft to be purchased in time for planned operations to commence on 2 July .
= = Bankruptcy = =
Boeing issued a petition for bankruptcy 22 June 1971 , which was carried out by Oslo District Court the following day . The two remaining Boeing aircraft were re @-@ registered with Aer Lingus on 10 June . By late August the debt in the company had been assessed to NOK 30 million , making it the largest bankruptcy till then in Norwegian history . The largest creditor was Boeing , which was owed NOK 7 million . The creditors and shareholders lost all of their investments in the company because the airline 's limited assets were used to pay outstanding wages . Tjøntveit stated on 8 September that he intended to sue Boeing for damages from the seizure of the aircraft , but by October no writ of summons had been received by the manufacturer .
A police investigation was initiated in October 1971 to uncover any criminal action taken by the company . Tjøntveit announced in December 1971 that he had established a new airline — Norwegian Overseas Airways ( NOA ) — which intended to operate freight routes using the Lockheed L @-@ 100 Hercules . The police investigation quickly established that there were shortcomings in Trans Polar 's bookkeeping and that there were several violations of aviation regulations . However , they police had difficulty establishing who was responsible in the company . As Tjøntveit was no longer a Norwegian citizen , he was prohibited from holding management and board positions in the airline . Still , it was obvious that he had been calling the shots . Because NOA could not obtain Scandinavian operating permits , it moved its operations to Bangladesh — hindering the police from interviewing Tjøntveit and other central managers in Trans Polar who had joined the new airline . The police also stated that the investigation took too long because they had too few investigators with expertise in financial crime .
The long investigation time span was causing problems for the prosecutors as an increasing number of the counts were meeting their statutes of limitations . The police announced in September 1973 that they were working on indictments towards Tjøntveit and two of the creditors who placed their representatives on the board after the company was insolvent . The police investigation was concluded in May 1975 . By then , the statutes of limitations for the accounting issues had passed , and the police focused on the more serious charge of debt manipulation . Tjøntveit and two board members were indicted in 1976 . The managing committee for the winding @-@ up released its report in November 1977 ; the report concluded that although the company 's books showed assets of NOK 8 @.@ 6 million , in reality it only had fifty Norwegian krone . The committee further criticized the company for having too low a share capital , lack of qualified management and insufficient competence in operation and management of large aircraft .
The indictment against the two board members was dropped in 1977 , and only a single issue , regarding the disappearance of NOK 1 @.@ 8 million from the books though a cheque swindle , was retained against Tjøntveit . The long waiting time caused Verdens Gang to describe the case as a " justice scandal . " The court case started at Oslo District Court on 13 November 1978 . Only two of the seven counts were related to Trans Polar ; the others regarded other business transaction undertaken by Tjøntveit , such as selling aircraft he did not own . During the court proceedings , the prosecutor withdrew all counts related to Trans Polar . Tjøntveit was acquitted on 30 November , but the court stated that the police had good reason to investigate the airline and had understanding of the long time frame , pointing to the fact that there were practically no accounts and difficulties interviewing the involved parties . The court also took into consideration that Tjøntveit was an aviator and had no education in management . Tjøntveit followed up by suing the state for NOK 2 @.@ 8 million in damages , but the case was dismissed by Oslo District Court in September 1979 .
= Sinclair C5 =
The Sinclair C5 is a small one @-@ person battery electric vehicle , technically an " electrically assisted pedal cycle " . ( Although widely described as an " electric car " , Sinclair characterised it as a " vehicle , not a car " . ) It was the culmination of Sir Clive Sinclair 's long @-@ running interest in electric vehicles . Sinclair had become one of the UK 's best @-@ known millionaires and earned a knighthood on the back of the highly successful Sinclair Research range of home computers in the early 1980s . He now hoped to repeat his success in the electric vehicle market , which he saw as ripe for a new approach . The C5 emerged from an earlier project to produce a Renault Twizy @-@ style electric car called the C1 . After a change in the law prompted by lobbying from bicycle manufacturers , Sinclair developed the C5 as an electrically powered tricycle with a polypropylene body and a chassis designed by Lotus Cars . It was intended to be the first in a series of increasingly ambitious electric vehicles , but in the event the planned development of the followup C10 and C15 electric cars never got further than the drawing board .
On 10 January 1985 , the C5 was unveiled at a glitzy launch event but it received a less than enthusiastic reception from the British media . Its sales prospects were blighted by poor reviews and safety concerns expressed by consumer and motoring organisations . The vehicle 's limitations – a short range , a maximum speed of only 15 miles per hour ( 24 km / h ) , a battery that ran down quickly and a lack of weatherproofing – made it impractical for most people 's needs . It was marketed as an alternative to cars and bicycles , but ended up appealing to neither group of owners , and it was not available in shops until several months after its launch . Within three months of the launch , production had been slashed by 90 % . Sales never picked up despite Sinclair 's optimistic forecasts and production ceased entirely by August 1985 . Out of 14 @,@ 000 C5s made , only 5 @,@ 000 were sold before its manufacturer , Sinclair Vehicles , went into receivership .
The C5 became known as " one of the great marketing bombs of postwar British industry " and a " notorious ... example of failure " . Despite its commercial failure , the C5 went on to become a cult item for collectors . Thousands of unsold C5s were purchased by investors and sold for hugely inflated prices – as much as £ 5 @,@ 000 , compared to the original retail value of £ 399 . Enthusiasts have established owners ' clubs and some have modified their vehicles substantially , adding monster wheels , jet engines , and high @-@ powered electric motors to propel their C5s at speeds of up to 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) .
= = Design = =
The C5 is made predominately of polypropylene , measuring 174 @.@ 4 cm ( 68 @.@ 7 in ) long , 74 @.@ 4 cm ( 29 @.@ 3 in ) wide , and 79 @.@ 5 cm ( 31 @.@ 3 in ) high . It weighs approximately 30 kg ( 66 lb ) without a battery and 45 kg ( 99 lb ) with one . The chassis consists of a single Y @-@ shaped steel component with a cross @-@ section of about 5 @.@ 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) by 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) The vehicle has three wheels , one of 317 mm ( 12 @.@ 5 in ) diameter at the front and two of 406 mm ( 16 @.@ 0 in ) at the rear .
The driver sits in a recumbent position in an open cockpit , steering via a handlebar that is located under the knees . A power switch and front and rear brake levers are positioned on the handlebar . As a supplement to or replacement for electric power , the C5 can also be propelled via bicycle @-@ style pedals located at the front of the cockpit . The maximum speed of an unmodified C5 is 15 miles per hour ( 24 km / h ) . At the rear of the vehicle is a small luggage compartment with a capacity of 28 litres ( 1 cu ft ) . As the C5 does not have a reverse gear , reversing direction is done by getting out , picking up the front end and turning it around by hand .
The C5 is powered by a 12 @-@ volt lead @-@ acid electric battery which drives a motor with a continuous rating of 250 watts and a maximum speed of 4 @,@ 100 revolutions per minute . It is coupled with a two @-@ stage gear @-@ drive that increases torque by a factor of 13 , without which the motor would not be able to move the vehicle when a person is on board . However , the motor is vulnerable to overheating . The torque increases as the load on the vehicle increases , for instance by going up too steep a gradient . Sinclair 's tests showed that it could cope under power with a maximum slope of 1 in 12 ( 8 % ) and could manage a 1 in 7 ( 14 % ) slope using the pedals . As the speed of the motor reduces , the current flow through its windings increases , drawing up to 140 amps at stall speed . This would very quickly burn the motor out if sustained , so the motor 's load is constantly monitored by the C5 's electronics . If it stalls under full load the electronics disable the motor after 4 seconds , while if it is under heavy load ( around 80 or 90 amps ) it trips after two or three minutes . A heat @-@ sensitive resistor inside the motor warns the driver if the vehicle is beginning to overheat and disconnects the motor after a short time , and a third line of defence is provided by a metallic strip mounted on the motor . If an excessive temperature is reached the strip distorts and the power is disconnected .
Although it was usually billed as an electric vehicle , the C5 also depends significantly on pedal power . The vehicle 's battery is designed to provide 35 amps per hour when fully charged or half that for two hours , giving the C5 a claimed range of 20 miles ( 32 km ) . A display in the cockpit uses green , amber , and red LEDs to display the state of the battery charge . The segments are extinguished one after the other to indicate how much driving time is left . The last light indicates that only ten minutes of power are left , after which the motor is switched off and the driver is left to rely on the pedals . Another display indicates via green , amber , and red LEDs how much current is being used . The C5 is in its most economical running mode when a low amount of current , indicated by the green LEDs , is being used . When the lights are red , the motor is under a high load and the driver needs to use pedal power to avoid overheating and shutdown .
The C5 was initially sold at a cost of £ 399 , but to keep the cost under the £ 400 mark a number of components were sold as optional accessories . These included indicator lights , mirrors , mud flaps , a horn , and a " High @-@ Vis Mast " consisting of a reflective strip on a pole , designed to make the C5 more visible in traffic . Sinclair 's C5 accessories brochure noted that " the British climate isn 't always ideal for wind @-@ in @-@ the @-@ hair driving " and offered a range of waterproofs to keep C5 drivers dry in the vehicle 's open cockpit . Other accessories included seat cushions and spare batteries .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
Sir Clive Sinclair 's interest in the possibilities of electric vehicles originated in the late 1950s during a holiday job for the electronics company Solatron . Fifteen years later , in the early 1970s , he was the head of his own successful electronics company , Sinclair Radionics , based in St Ives in Cambridgeshire . He tasked one of his employees , Chris Curry – later a co @-@ founder of Acorn Computers – to carry out some preliminary research into electric vehicle design .
Sinclair took the view that an electric vehicle needed to be designed from the ground up , completely rethinking the principles of automotive design rather than simply dropping electric components into an established model . He believed that the motor was the key to the design . Sinclair and Curry developed a wafer @-@ thin motor that was mounted on a child 's scooter , with a button on the handlebars to activate it . The research got no further , however , as Sinclair 's development of the first " slimline " pocket calculator – the Sinclair Executive and its successors – took precedence . No further work on electric vehicles took place for most of the rest of the 1970s .
= = = Early development : the C1 = = =
It was not until late 1979 that Sinclair returned to electric vehicle development . Around Christmas that year , he approached Tony Wood Rogers , an ex @-@ Radionics employee , to carry out consultancy work on " a preliminary investigation into a personal electric vehicle . " The brief was to assess the options for producing a one @-@ person vehicle which would be a replacement for a moped and would have a maximum speed of 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) . Although Wood Rogers was initially reluctant , he was intrigued by the idea of an electric vehicle and agreed to help Sinclair . The vehicle was dubbed the C1 ( the C standing for Clive ) . He built a number of prototypes to demonstrate various design principles and clarify the final specifications .
A specification of the C1 emerged by the end of the year . It would address short @-@ distance transportation needs , with a minimum range of 30 miles ( 48 km ) on a fully charged battery . This reflected official figures showing that the average daily car journey was only 13 miles ( 21 km ) , while the average moped or pedal cycle journey was just 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) . The users were envisaged as being housewives , urban commuters , and young people , who might otherwise use cycles or mopeds to travel . The electric vehicle would be safer , more weather @-@ proof , and would offer space to carry items . It would be easy to drive and park and for the driver to enter or exit , and it would require minimum maintenance . The vehicle would be engineered for simplicity using injection @-@ moulded plastic components and a polypropylene body . It would also be much cheaper than a car , costing £ 500 ( now £ 1400 ) at the most .
One area of development that Sinclair purposefully avoided was battery technology . Electric vehicles powered by lead @-@ acid batteries had once actually outnumbered internal combustion engine vehicles ; in 1912 nearly 34 @,@ 000 electric cars were registered in the U.S. However , the efficiency of internal combustion engines greatly improved while battery technology advanced much more slowly , leading to petrol and diesel @-@ driven vehicles dominating the market . By 1978 , out of 17 @.@ 6 million registered vehicles on Britain 's roads , only 45 @,@ 000 were electric vehicles in day @-@ to @-@ day use and of those , 90 % were milkfloats . Sinclair chose to rely on existing lead @-@ acid battery technology , avoiding the great expense of developing a more efficient type . His rationale was that if the electric vehicle market took off , battery manufacturers would step up to develop better batteries . Wood Rogers recalls :
We were stuck with the standard technology of the time . A car battery was out of the question because it couldn 't stand constant charge / discharge cycles , a traction battery , similar to the kind used in milk floats , could be recharged from flat and a semi @-@ traction battery , often used by caravanners , offered a good compromise . Sadly , though , we had very little freedom of choice .
The development programme moved to the University of Exeter in 1982 , where the C1 chassis was fitted with fibreglass shells and tested in a wind tunnel . It was recognised at an early stage that the vehicle would have to be aerodynamic ; although it was only ever intended to be small and relatively slow , reducing wind resistance was seen as essential for the vehicle 's efficiency . By March 1982 the basic design of the C1 had been
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them for considerably more than their original retail price . One such investor , Adam Harper , bought 600 C5s from a film company as a speculative investment in 1987 . He sold all but four within two years , selling them to customers who wanted a novel or more environmentally friendly form of transportation . He also found willing customers among drivers who had been banned from the road , as the C5 did not need a driving licence or vehicle tax . According to Harper , C5s could be resold for as much as £ 2 @,@ 500 – more than six times the original retail price . By 1996 , a Special Edition C5 in its original box was reported to be worth more than £ 5 @,@ 000 to collectors .
C5 owners began modifying their vehicles to achieve levels of performance far beyond anything envisaged by Sinclair . Adam Harper used one C5 as a stunt vehicle , driving it through a 70 ft ( 21 m ) tunnel of fire , and adapted another to run at 150 miles per hour ( 240 km / h ) , aiming to break a world land speed record for a three @-@ wheeled electric vehicle and the British record for any type of electric vehicle . He said later : " Up to 100 mph it 's like you 're running on rails , it 's really stable . Then at about 110 to 120 mph it starts getting tricky . At that point if a tyre blew up or something happened you would be surely dead . "
As quoted in the 1987 Guinness Book of Records under battery powered vehicle ; ' John W. Owen and Roy Harvey travelled 919 miles 1479 km from John O 'Groats to Land 's End in a Sinclair C5 in 103 hr 15 min on 30 Apr @-@ 4 May 1985 . ' ( 8 @.@ 9 mph avg . )
Chris Crosskey , an engineer from Abingdon , set a record for the longest journey completed on a C5 on a trip to Glastonbury – 103 miles ( 166 km ) miles away ( " I nearly died of exhaustion " ) – and tried three times to drive one from Land 's End to John o ' Groats , a distance of 874 miles ( 1 @,@ 407 km ) . Another engineer , Adrian Bennett , fitted a jet engine to his C5 , while plumber Colin Furze turned one into a 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) -high " monster trike " with 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) wheels and a petrol engine capable of propelling it at 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) .
= = = Videos = = =
" Sir Clive Sinclair on the C5 " – BBC News report from the January 1985 launch of the C5
" Sinclair C5 electric car ' ahead of its time ' " – BBC News report from January 1985 showing reporter Elfyn Thomas driving a C5 in Cardiff city centre
= = = Owners ' clubs = = =
C5 Alive – includes info about the C5 , spare parts shop and forum
C5 Owners – includes C5 history , documentation and forum
= Hart Lake ( Oregon ) =
Hart Lake is a shallow lake in the Warner Valley of eastern Lake County , Oregon , United States . The lake covers 7 @,@ 324 acres ( 29 @.@ 64 km2 ) and has the most stable water level within the valley 's Warner Lakes chain . The lake is named for the heart @-@ shaped brand used by the pioneer Wilson and Alexander cattle ranch established near the lake . Much of the land around Hart Lake is administered by the Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) . The lake and the surrounding wetlands support a wide variety of birds and other wildlife . Recreational opportunities on and near Hart Lake include hunting , fishing , bird watching , and boating .
= = Geography and geology = =
Hart Lake is located in the Warner Valley in south @-@ central Oregon . It is a natural lake that covers 7 @,@ 324 acres ( 29 @.@ 64 km2 ) and is approximately 6 @.@ 5 miles ( 10 @.@ 5 km ) long and 2 miles ( 3 km ) wide . Annual precipitation in the Hart Lake basin averages from 15 to 25 inches ( 380 to 640 mm ) . The valley is approximately 60 miles ( 97 km ) long and 8 miles ( 13 km ) wide . Most of the valley is in Lake County ; however , the north end extends about 10 miles ( 16 km ) into Harney County . It is an alluvial basin containing numerous lakes , remnants of a single lake that covered the valley floor up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) deep during the Pleistocene epoch . Today , steep cliffs rise above a chain of endorheic lakes , such as Hart Lake , known collectively as the Warner Lakes . The valley has two regions commonly referred to as the South Warner Valley and the North Warner Valley . The two areas transition between Crump Lake and Hart Lake at a point where the valley narrows to about 5 miles ( 8 km ) in width .
= = = Hydrology = = =
The entire lake has an average depth of 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) and a maximum depth of 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) at a normal water level . The deepest part of the lake is at its north end , while the south half is comparatively shallow . Hart Lake not only gets the overflow from Crump Lake , but also receives a steady flow of fresh water from Honey Creek . As a result , Hart Lake has the most stable water level within the Warner Lakes chain . Any outflow during high water drains into Anderson Lake , just north of Hart Lake .
The water in Hart Lake is quite murky due to suspended particles stirred up from the shallow bottom by wave action . However , water clarity is not a good indicator of the lake 's trophic state . The amount of nutrients in the lake is very high ; nitrate and phosphorus levels indicate a hypereutrophic condition . This is counterbalanced by the chlorophyll level and related phytoplankton growth , which are typical of a mesotrophic lake . This is due to the reduced light level in the lake 's cloudy waters , so overall , the lake is classified as eutrophic , with very high turbidity .
= = Ecology = =
In addition to the lake 's fish population , Hart Lake provides a unique habitat for plants and animals along the shore . The west @-@ facing slope of Hart Mountain runs along the eastern shore of the lake . This area is typical high desert scrubland dominated by big sagebrush and desert grasses . The areas to the north , south , and west of the lake are mostly meadows and marshland , where marsh grasses are common along lake shores . In addition , willow , cottonwood , choke cherry , and wild roses are found near the lake . Local wildlife includes common high desert mammals , resident birds , and migrant waterfowl .
Hart Lake 's native fish species include the Warner sucker , tui chub , and Great Basin redband trout . The redband trout and small populations of the other species are also found in Honey Creek . These stream @-@ dwelling populations have likely been the source for re @-@ colonizing Hart Lake after extended drought killed the lake populations . In addition to the native fish , rainbow trout , crappie , smallmouth bass , and bullhead catfish have been introduced into the lake . These non @-@ native species have put significant pressure on some of the native fish , which is why the Warner sucker is classified as threatened species . A 1996 fish survey estimated the total population of adult Warner suckers resident in Hart Lake at only 493 individuals . To help preserve and restore the lake 's threatened fish populations , the Fish and Wildlife Service developed a species recovery plan in 1998 .
There are 42 mammal species that live in the areas around Hart Lake . Mammals common in the Hart Lake shoreline and marshes include raccoons , striped skunks , and muskrats .
There are 264 species of birds that inhabit the area around Hart Lake or stop at the lake during migration . Species that nest near the lake include sandhill cranes , American white pelicans , double @-@ crested cormorants , willets , Wilson 's phalaropes , gadwalls , northern shovelers , American coots , western grebes , Clark 's grebes , black @-@ crowned night herons , Canada geese , mallards , and numerous other varieties of ducks and terns . In addition , white @-@ faced ibis , great white egrets , great blue herons , and American avocets are found in the marshes and along the lake shores . Just north of Hart Lake , at the Warner Wetlands Interpretive Site , there are bird observation blinds maintained by the Bureau of Land Management where American bitterns , black @-@ necked stilts , cinnamon teal , tundra swans , Brewer 's blackbirds , western meadowlarks , nighthawks , and several swallow varieties are commonly observed .
In the meadows and marshes around Hart Lake , dusky flycatchers , yellow warblers , orange @-@ crowned warblers , house wrens , and spotted towhees are common in the summer months . The larger birds common to the Hart Lake area include great horned owls , long @-@ eared owls , turkey vultures , prairie falcons , red @-@ tailed hawks , marsh hawks , golden eagles , and bald eagles .
= = History = =
Native Americans used the Warner Valley 's lakes and wetlands for thousands of years before the first white explorers arrived . The natives made petroglyphs along the eastern shore of Hart Lake , some of which are dated to 12 @,@ 000 years ago . The Greaser Petroglyph Site , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) southeast of Hart Lake , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
In December 1843 , Captain John C. Fremont led a party of explorers through the Warner Valley . Fremont and his party spent Christmas Day camped near Hart Lake . In honor of the date , Fremont named it " Christmas Valley " and the lake " Christmas Lake " . However , early mapmakers mistakenly plotted Christmas Valley 60 miles ( 97 km ) northwest of its actual location , leaving the valley and its lakes unnamed on early maps .
In 1867 , General George Crook decided to build a fort in the Warner Valley to prevent Indian raiding parties from passing through the area . To get his wagons across the wetlands , he had a bridge built across a narrow , marshy channel between Hart Lake and Crump Lake . Known as the Stone Bridge , the structure is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
Hart Lake is named for the heart @-@ shaped brand used by the pioneer Wilson and Alexander cattle ranch . The ranch was established in the Warner Valley near Hart Lake prior to 1878 by Henry C. Wilson and his son @-@ in @-@ law C.G. Alexander . Later in the 19th century , much of the private land near Hart Lake was acquired by physician Bernard Daly and became part of his " 7T Ranch " . By 1916 , the 7T Ranch encompassed more than 7 @,@ 000 acres ( 28 km2 ) north and west of Hart Lake .
Beginning with the earliest pioneer ranchers , water from Honey Creek was diverted for irrigation . By the 1930s , irrigation canals had significantly reduced the flow of water into Hart Lake . In most years , the diversions did not stop the flow into the lake . However , during periods of drought , the entire flow of fresh water was diverted , visibly lowering the water level in Hart Lake . The canal structures also impeded fish migration between the lake and Honey Creek 's habitat . In 1950 , a dike was constructed at the north end of the lake to increase its water holding capacity .
In the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Warner Valley experienced an extended drought , reducing the water in Hart Lake to a dangerously low level . In 1992 , the lake dried up completely . Before the lake water had disappeared , the Fish and Wildlife Service captured a number of Warner suckers for temporary relocation . Upon the end of the drought , the fish were reintroduced in the lake . In 1998 , the FWS published a recovery plan for threatened fish species in the Warner Lakes system .
= = Recreation = =
Most of the land to the south and east of Hart Lake is privately owned . However , the Bureau of Land Management administers the 52 @,@ 033 @-@ acre ( 210 @.@ 57 km2 ) Warner Wetlands north of the lake . In addition , the land along the east shore is part of the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge , which is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . These public lands offer numerous recreational opportunities such as hunting , fishing , bird watching , boating , and camping . However , some of these activities are dependent on the water levels of the Warner Lakes , which can fluctuate dramatically .
Due to Hart Lake 's stable water level , it is usually available for fishing and boating . There are no developed campgrounds near Hart Lake , although dispersed camping is allowed on BLM @-@ administered lands adjacent to the lake . There is a day @-@ use recreation site at the north end of Hart Lake at Hart Bar . There are also public restrooms , sheltered picnic tables , and hiking trails at the Warner Wetlands Interpretive Site , north of Hart Lake .
= Bill Johnston with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 =
Bill Johnston was a key member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team , which toured England in 1948 . The Australians went undefeated in their 34 matches during the English summer ; this unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England earned them the sobriquet The Invincibles .
Johnston was a left @-@ arm bowler who engaged in fast bowling when the ball was new and conducive to pacemen , before reverting to orthodox spin when the ball became old . He was Australia 's third fast bowler in the Tests , reinforcing the new ball attack of Keith Miller and Ray Lindwall , who were regarded as one of the finest pace pairings of all time . Bradman typically used Miller and Lindwall in short bursts against the English batsmen with the new ball . The hosts had agreed to make a new ball available every 55 overs , more frequently than usual . This allowed the Australian pacemen more frequent use of a shiny ball that swung at high pace . Johnston typically delivered pace after the Lindwall and Miller had first use of the new ball , before resorting to spin later in the innings . In order to keep Lindwall and Miller fresh , Bradman had Johnston deliver the most overs by any bowler .
Johnston was the equal @-@ leading wicket @-@ taker in the Tests ( 27 along with Lindwall ) and Australia 's most prolific wicket @-@ taker in the first @-@ class matches with 102 . The latter feat made him the last Australian to take a century of wickets on an Ashes tour . In recognition of his achievements , Johnston was chosen as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year . Wisden said " no Australian made a greater personal contribution to the playing success of the 1948 side " .
= = Background = =
During the Australian summer of 1947 – 48 , Johnston played in four of the five Tests against the touring Indian cricket team . He was a major part in Australia 's 4 – 0 series win ; the second highest wicket @-@ taker with 16 scalps , Johnston had the best bowling average of 11 @.@ 37 . Ray Lindwall led the wicket @-@ takers with 18 . As a result , Johnston was selected for the 1948 tour of England . During the trip , Johnston roomed with Doug Ring who was a team @-@ mate in the Richmond and Victorian cricket teams . As Ring was a leg spinner , he and Johnston were in direct competition for a place in the playing XI .
= = Early tour = =
Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . When Johnston was omitted for the opening match , it appeared he would not be in Bradman 's Test plans . Australia went on to win by an innings , setting the tone for their tour .
Bradman brought Johnston into the team for the second tour match against Leicestershire . He made 12 runs and was the last man out as Australia ended on 448 . After a lower order collapse of 5 / 38 against the local spin attack , Johnston came in and put on 37 in partnership with Keith Miller , allowing his colleague to reach his double century . Johnston bowled six wicketless overs for 15 as the hosts fell for 130 . Made to follow on , Leicestershire made 147 to lose by an innings . Johnston took his first wicket of the tour , trapping Jack Walsh leg before wicket ( lbw ) to end with 1 / 42 from 27 overs . Johnston played a leading role in Australia 's victory in the next match , against Yorkshire , on a damp pitch favourable to slower bowling . In this match , Johnston resorted to bowling left arm orthodox spin . The hosts elected to bat and he bowled almost unchanged , sending down 26 of the 54 @.@ 3 overs , 14 of which were maidens . He took 4 / 18 as Yorkshire were bowled out in difficult batting conditions for 71 . His wickets included batsmen Alec Coxon and Willie Watson , who went on to become England Test cricketers . The match remained finely balanced after Australia made 101 , with Johnston unbeaten on five . He was again miserly in the second innings , bowling 15 @.@ 2 overs with seven maidens and taking 6 / 18 . His victims included leading English batsman Len Hutton , and Coxon and Watson for the second time as the hosts were bowled out for 89 . Johnston had ended the match with 10 / 40 . After collapsing to 6 / 31 — effectively seven wickets down as Sam Loxton was injured and unable to bat — Australia scraped home by four wickets . It was the closest Australia would come to defeat for the whole tour .
The tourists travelled to London to play Surrey at The Oval , and they amassed 632 after batting first . Johnston bowled without success in the first innings . In the second innings he claimed both openers to reduce the hosts to 2 / 11 after Bradman had forced them to follow on . He returned later in the innings to remove Alec Bedser and Jim Laker , ending with 4 / 40 as Surrey were defeated by an innings . Johnston was rested for the following match against Cambridge University , which Australia won by an innings .
Johnston returned as Australia crushed Essex by an innings and 451 runs , their largest winning margin for the summer . After setting a world record for the most number of first @-@ class runs in one day ’ s play ( 721 ) , of which Johnston contributed nine , Bradman ’ s men bowled Essex out for 83 and 187 after enforcing the follow on . Johnston managed a match total of only 1 / 36 . This was followed by another innings victory , this time over Oxford University . After scoring 13 in Australia 's 431 , Johnston bowled the most overs by an Australian in the match , taking 2 / 40 and 2 / 44 across a total of 42 overs .
Johnston was the left out for the next fixture , which was against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and were basically a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team , with Johnston omitted . It was a chance for the Australian bowlers to gain a psychological advantage , with Len Hutton , Denis Compton and Bill Edrich — three of England 's first four batsmen — all playing . Australia won by an innings to give an indication of their strength .
Four county matches remained before the Tests , giving the players more chances to press their claims for selection . Johnston was recalled for Australia 'a first non @-@ victory of the tour , which was against Lancashire . After the first day was washed out , Johnston made 24 in a 25 @-@ run ninth @-@ wicket partnership with wicket @-@ keeper Ron Saggers , which took Australia from 8 / 170 to 9 / 195 . The tourists were eventually bowled out for 204 . During his innings , Johnston swung lustily and hit three sixes . In reply , Lancashire reached 4 / 144 before Johnston took five of the last six wickets to help dismiss the home side for 182 , securing a slender lead for the tourists . Johnston ended with 5 / 49 from 29 overs , the most by any of the Australians , and was not required to bat in the second innings .
Johnston was rested for the subsequent match against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge , which was drawn . He returned against Hampshire and played a major role in Australia 's eight @-@ wicket win . The home team were put into bat on a drying pitch by vice @-@ captain Lindsay Hassett — Bradman had rested himself for the match . Johnston bowled for almost the whole innings , sending down 38 @.@ 4 of 85 @.@ 4 overs . He took wickets at regular intervals to end with 6 / 74 as Hampshire were bowled out for 195 . Johnston was unbeaten on two as Australia lost 8 / 47 and collapsed to 117 all out , trailing by 78 runs . It was the first time that the tourists had conceded a first innings lead for the season . In the second innings , Johnston bowled unchanged at his end for the entire innings , providing steady breakthroughs to end with 5 / 43 as Hampshire were bowled out for 103 . This left Australia a target of 182 , and they batted fluently in their second innings to win by eight wickets . Johnston ended with match figures of 11 / 117 . He was rested in the innings win over Sussex , in the last fixture before the First Test .
= = First Test = =
Johnston was not in Bradman 's planned Test team . However , the Australian skipper changed his mind on the morning of the First Test in Trent Bridge when rain was forecast . Johnston was played in the hope of exploiting a wet wicket . Johnston had taken 10 / 40 against Yorkshire and 11 / 117 against Hampshire on similar surfaces . He showed his credentials by taking a match total of 9 / 183 from 84 overs to help Australia to grind out a victory by eight wickets . England elected to bat first and after strike bowler Ray Lindwall broke down on the first day , the burden on Johnston grew .
England had reached 2 / 46 when Johnston was brought into the attack for his first over . He bowled Bill Edrich , knocking out the off stump while the batsman was on the front foot . Two balls later , Johnston removed Joe Hardstaff junior without scoring , caught by Miller in slips after attempting a cut shot ; the catch was described by Wisden as " dazzling " . Miller dived and balanced himself on his spine before catching the ball to leave England at 4 / 46 . Journalist and former Australian Test leg spinner Bill O 'Reilly said : " Johnston had trimmed and embroidered the efforts of his opening bowlers and had swung the fortunes of the game completely in Australia 's favour " .
Johnston then knocked over Charlie Barnett 's stumps as the batsman leaned onto the front foot and inside edged the ball into his stumps for eight ; this brought Godfrey Evans — who was given two lives — to the crease at 6 / 60 . Evans hit Johnston hard in the air to cover , where the ball went through Bradman for a boundary . The second catching opportunity went in the same direction before traveling through Bradman 's hand and striking him in the abdomen . However , Johnston eventually snared Evans , who hit a ball strongly , but straight to short leg where Arthur Morris took the catch close in , as England reached 8 / 74 .
However , a rearguard action took England to a total of 165 , before Johnston removed Alec Bedser to end the innings . Johnston finished with 5 / 36 , in a display characterised by his accuracy and variations in pace and swing . When Australia batted , Johnston and Ernie Toshack wagged a last @-@ wicket partnership of 33 runs in only 18 minutes . They played in a free @-@ wheeling manner before Bedser trapped Toshack lbw to end the home team ’ s innings on 509 , leaving the tourists with a 344 @-@ run lead and Johnston unbeaten on 17 .
Johnston took the new ball with Miller and delivered 59 overs in the second innings to take 4 / 147 in Lindwall 's absence . Johnston bowled without success in the first half of the innings ; the closest he came to a wicket on the third afternoon when Len Hutton and Denis Compton were putting on a century partnership was when Compton aimed an uppish square drive from Johnston that flew in the air wide of cover point . On the fourth day , England continued to make steady progress and Johnston was unsuccessful although he was able to make the ball move sideways in the morning under cloudy conditions . He was then attacked by Hardstaff , who drove several fours through the off side and forced Bradman to remove Johnston . He returned to remove Barnett and English captain Norman Yardley late on the fourth day as the hosts ’ neared 300 . Barnett was caught by Miller in the slips and Johnston took a return catch to remove the English skipper . Johnston bowled 30 overs , the most of any bowler for the day , as England reached the penultimate evening on 345 / 6 , a lead of one run . The next morning , Johnston removed Evans and bowled Jack Young to end England 's innings at 441 on the final day . Johnston bowled the most overs of any player and was the leading wicket @-@ taker for the match as Australia took a 1 – 0 lead — the Australian batsmen reached the target of 98 with eight wickets in hand .
After the First Test , Johnston was the leading wicket @-@ taker as Australia completed an innings victory over Northamptonshire . He took 3 / 25 in the first innings , before dismissing the home side 's top four batsmen in the second innings to reduce them to 4 / 108 ; they were eventually bowled out for 169 . Johnston ended with 4 / 49 . This was followed by a drawn match against Yorkshire , in which Johnston scored an unbeaten 15 , before bowling almost unchanged in the home side 's first innings . Johnston bowled 41 @.@ 1 out of 90 @.@ 1 overs and ended with 3 / 101 , including the wickets of Test players Alec Coxon and Watson . The match ended in a draw . Johnston bowled three overs for 15 in the second innings ; Bradman chose not to push for a win and declared late in the second innings so that his bowlers would not have to exert themselves to any significant extent before the next Test .
= = Second Test = =
In the Second Test at Lord 's , Australia batted first and Johnston scored his Test career best of 29 in another tail @-@ wagging performance in the first innings . After coming to the crease with the score at 8 / 275 on the second morning , Johnston added 45 runs with wicket @-@ keeper Don Tallon before the latter fell to Bedser . He was joined by last man Toshack and they put on 30 before Johnston was stumped — having overbalanced while leaning onto the front foot and trying to hit a ball for six — from the bowling of Doug Wright to end Australia 's innings at 350 . Both Johnston and Toshack threw the bat at the ball , which often went in vastly different directions compared to where they had aimed their shots . Both men — not known for their batting ability — played without inhibitions , joyfully revelling in their luck . One sequence of two overs from Edrich was taken for 28 runs , with many balls being unintentionally spooned over the slips or the covers .
With Keith Miller injured and playing purely as a batsman , Johnston took the new ball , sharing it with Lindwall . He was unable to take a wicket initially , but the English openers were uncomfortable when he and Lindwall were taking the new ball . Following the tea break , he returned with the second new ball after Compton and Yardley had put on an 87 @-@ run partnership to stabilise the middle @-@ order . Johnston took Compton 's outside edge and Miller completed the catch in slips . The left armer then claimed Evans , caught by a diving Miller after the Englishman had taken a swing of the bat wide outside off stump ; this left the hosts at 7 / 145 . Johnston ended with 2 / 43 from 22 overs as England were bowled for at 215 early on the third morning . After Australia declared at 7 / 460 on the fourth afternoon to leave the home side a target of 596 , Johnston troubled the English openers with the new ball , but did not take a wicket .
Lindwall and Johnston extracted steep bounce with the new ball , troubling the English batsmen . Fielding in the slips , Lindwall dropped Hutton from Johnston 's bowling before the English batsman had scored . Johnston usually moved the ball into the right @-@ handed batsmen , but on this occasion the ball went straight on and took the outside of the edge of Hutton 's bat . Hutton had trouble with both Australian pacemen , and played and missed multiple times in the deteriorating light . In a fidgety display , he played loosely outside the off stump and missed four times in one Johnston over , before Lindwall dismissed him .
Yardley ’ s men resumed at 3 / 106 on the final day . On the second ball of the final morning , bowled by Johnston , Compton aimed a square drive , but the delivery was Johnston 's variation ball , which went away instead of into the batsman . The ball flew off the outside edge to a diving Miller , who knocked the ball up before falling on his back and completing the catch as the ball came down . Compton stood his ground and waited for the umpire to confirm whether Miller had caught the ball cleanly , and was duly given out by the unhesitating official . O 'Reilly described Miller 's effort as " perhaps the very best slips catch of the whole series and … a real match @-@ winner . " Johnston then removed Bedser for nine to end with 2 / 62 as Australia won by 409 runs and took a 2 – 0 series lead .
After 16 days of cricket in 20 days , from the First to the Second Test , Johnston was rested from the next two matches against Surrey and Gloucestershire , which Australia won by ten wickets and an innings respectively .
= = Third Test = =
Johnston returned for the Third Test at Old Trafford , where the home team elected to bat first . In an effective containing performance , Johnston took 3 / 67 from 45 @.@ 5 overs in the first innings . England had looked assured in the first hour , before Johnston — again taking the new ball with Lindwall — bowled Cyril Washbrook with a yorker to leave England at 1 / 22 . Johnston had been bowling from over the wicket , and his left @-@ arm deliveries had generally been swinging back into the right @-@ handed Washbrook . However , the opening batsman did not detect Johnston ’ s variation ball , which was released from wide of the crease and angled across more sharply without curling back in . Washbrook played inside the line of the ball , which hit his stumps . Australia nearly had two wickets in the same over as the new batsman Edrich struggled . He played loosely outside the off stump to the first ball from Johnston but did not get an edge , and on the third delivery , Edrich survived again . Receiving a ball on middle and leg stump , he tried to defend it straight back down the pitch , rather than the conventional stroke to the leg side , and managed to edge the ball past the slips for four . Johnston repeatedly hurried Edrich with his pace , forcing the batsman to make many last @-@ moment movements to either hit the ball or withdraw from a shot during the formative stage of his innings .
Johnston returned with the second new ball after lunch to remove Tom Dollery with another yorker , leaving England at 4 / 97 . This dismissal mirrored that of Washbrook ’ s in that Dollery failed to detect Johnston ’ s variation ball , and thus played for swing when there was none . Late in the day , Johnston took the catch as Lindwall removed Evans , who had taken a wild slash to leave England at 7 / 216 . In the final minutes of play , Johnston extracted an edge from Compton on 64 , but Tallon dropped the catch . On the second morning , Tallon dropped Compton — then on 73 — for the third time , off the bowling of Johnston , who eventually ended the England innings on 363 by removing Young . Compton had added a further 81 after being dropped from Johnston 's bowling to end unbeaten on 145 . Johnston had bowled the most overs of the Australians and been the most economical .
In reply , Australia were in trouble at 7 / 208 when Johnston came to the crease to join Lindwall , with five more runs needed to avoid the follow on . As Sid Barnes was unable to bat due to injury , Australia were effectively eight wickets down . Johnston helped Lindwall advance Australia beyond the follow @-@ on before Bedser removed both . Johnston was reprieved in his brief innings when he edged a delivery from Dick Pollard in the direction of Edrich at first slip , but Evans dived across , trying to catch the ball at full stretch in his right hand . The wicket @-@ keeper could not hold onto the ball , and the resulting deflection further to the right wrong @-@ footed Edrich , who was moving the other way , and it went past him . From second slip , Jack Crapp dived left behind Edrich but the ball landed a few centimetres beyond his fingers . However , in the next over Bedser , Johnston edged the ball in the same manner and Crapp caught the ball easily . Johnston was out for three as Australia ended with 221 to narrowly avoid the follow on by eight runs . He was wicketless in the second innings , taking 0 / 34 as England declared at 3 / 174 and set Australia 317 for victory on the last day after the fourth day was completely washed out by rain . The match ended in a draw with Australia at 1 / 92 , after many rain interruptions .
Johnston played in Australia 's only match before the Fourth Test , which was against Middlesex . He dismissed Jack Robertson , Edrich and John Dewes to leave the hosts at 4 / 92 and ended with 3 / 43 as they were bowled out for 203 . In the second innings , he took two early wicket — including Compton — to reduce the hosts to 3 / 27 before ending with 2 / 28 as Australia bowled Middlesex out for 135 . Bradman ’ s men went on to win by ten wickets .
= = Fourth Test = =
In the Fourth Test at Headingley , England batted first on a pitch regarded as being ideal for strokeplay , and Australia 's bowlers had little success on the first day . Early in the day , Johnston appeared to be having back problems . He had bowled the most overs of any bowler on the tour and his loss would have meant a heavy workload for his remaining colleagues . His apparent discomfort led onlookers to opine that he should have been given more rest in the county matches . After an opening partnership of 143 , England consolidated to reach 1 / 268 in the last over of the day before Johnston removed Washbrook for 143 . Johnston did not taste further success in the first innings and ended with 1 / 86 from 38 overs as the home team ended on 496 , their highest score of the series .
In reply , Australia were still more than 100 runs behind when Johnston joined Lindwall with the score at 8 / 355 , late on the third day . Lindwall hit out , scoring 77 in an innings marked by powerful driving and pulling , dominating the stand of 48 with Johnston , who made only 13 . Johnston accompanied Lindwall for 80 minutes , before the injured Ernie Toshack survived the last 50 minutes until stumps , with Johnston running for him . Despite Toshack and Johnston ’ s lack of familiarity with having and acting as a runner respectively , and the resulting disorders in running between the wickets , Lindwall was able to manipulate the strike so he faced most of the balls . Johnston able to survive against the English pacemen with relative ease when he was batting , leading O ’ Reilly to lament the absence of leg spinner Doug Wright , whose guile and flight was held in high regard by the Australians . Lindwall was the last man out on the fourth morning with the total on 458 , leaving Australia 38 runs in arrears on the first innings .
Australia lost the services of Toshack after he broke down with a knee injury in the first innings , increasing the burden on the remaining bowlers as England sought to extend their lead on the fourth day . For the second time in the match , Washbrook and Hutton put on a century opening partnership . After reaching 50 , Washbrook hooked a short ball from Johnston and top edged it , but Bradman failed to take the catch . However , Washbrook soon repeated the shot from the bowling of Johnston with fatal results . The ball again went in the air , and Neil Harvey quickly ran across the ground and bent over to catch it at feet height while on the run , removing the opener for 65 . Fingleton said that Harvey ’ s effort " was the catch of the season — or , indeed , would have been had Harvey not turned on several magnificent aerial performances down at The Oval [ in the match against Surrey ] " . O ’ Reilly doubted " whether any other player on either side could have made the distance to get to the ball , let alone make a neat catch of it " . He further said the " hook was a beauty and the catch was a classic " .
England moved to 4 / 277 when a mini @-@ collapse occurred . Yardley made seven before he was removed by Johnston , caught by a leaping Harvey while attempting a big shot . Johnston then removed Ken Cranston , caught behind for a duck to leave England at 6 / 278 . When Johnston removed Compton for 66 , caught by Miller at cover , the hosts were 7 / 293 with no recognised batsmen remaining , having lost 4 / 33 . England recovered to reach 8 / 362 at the close of the fourth day . The next day , Yardley declared at 8 / 365 , leaving Johnston with the pick of the bowling figures , 4 / 95 from 29 overs . This left the tourists a target of 404 from 345 minutes . Australia went on to break the world record Test run @-@ chase record by scoring 3 / 404 to take a 3 – 0 lead with 15 minutes to spare .
Johnston went on to play in the match against Derbyshire immediately after the Headingley Test , taking 3 / 41 and 1 / 35 as Australia enforced the follow on and won by an innings . He was rested for the next game against Glamorgan , which ended in a rain @-@ affected draw without reaching the second innings . Johnston returned and took 2 / 41 in the first innings against Warwickshire , before taking 4 / 32 in the second innings , including three of the last five wickets , as the hosts fell from 5 / 118 to 155 all out . The left armer bowled almost unchanged during the second innings , sending down 39 of the 85 @.@ 5 overs , including 16 maidens . His wickets included New Zealand Test batsman Martin Donnelly and Indian and Pakistani dual international Abdul Hafeez Kardar , as Australia went on to win by nine wickets . Johnston was then rested from two consecutive matches , against Lancashire
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perceive depth seeing surroundings either one @-@ eyed or two @-@ eyed , acuity and limits of peripheral vision , apparent motion , afterimages impressed on the eye when a person stares at an object for long and then looks away , and problems with sight in half the visual field ( hemianopsia ) . He both reviewed earlier studies on motion and conducted two of his own , concluding perceiving movement was more than the sum of seeing successive sequential images . He also surveyed and reported in reviews in the Psychological Bulletin experiments at various labs , including those in Europe , on matters related to sensation and perception .
= = = = List of special lectures = = = =
= = = Philosophical and educational psychology and sociology = = =
Stratton was exposed to multiple influences through his life . As an undergraduate student of Howison , he learned about philosophy and religion . At Yale and later at Wundt 's lab , he switched to experimental psychology and studied perception , memory and emotion . His exposure to World War I , serving in the Army then , focused his mind on issues of war and peace and international relations . Stratton 's later work reflected these elements of his experience . He was also a scholar of the classics and translated some Greek philosophers .
Stratton saw humans not as machines to be analyzed mechanistically , but also as seating will , emotion and drives , all of which had to analyzed as scientifically as the traditional psychological concepts of sensation , perception and memory . He also believed in a supreme actuality behind the world registered by our senses . This was the theme of his last published book , Man @-@ Creator or Destroyer , completed in 1952 when he was eighty @-@ seven years old . His book Developing Mental Power was a foray into educational psychology , addressing the question of general versus specific training in terms teachers could understand and use . Stratton aimed at this goal via a simple and generally applicable look at the basic workings of mental life . John F. Dashiell , writing in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology , found this a failure . Dashiell saw the path from the psychological concepts — emotion , intelligence , and will — to teaching methodology , not clearly described in the book . Stratton also applied psychological concepts to figure out how to avert war . He was optimistic it was possible to harness the creative and destructive facets of individuals to get nations to coexist peacefully . He saw nations as consisting of ethnicities and races which had to coexist in harmony . In line with the prevailing view in his field , he did not see the races as inherently equally intelligent .
= = = Psychology of religion and emotions = = =
Stratton also contributed to the psychological study of religion . Along with other founders of the psychology of religion , he saw religion as including both personal faith and historical traditions . He used religious texts as supporting data . In The Psychology of the Religious Life he explored the epics and sacred texts of a large set of ethnicities to understand the traditions and rituals symbolizing the concrete parts of faiths to understand the goals and concept of religion as a whole . His psychology sought to explain how our need to grasp , accept and live with conceptual opposites such as the sublime and the devilish , the humble and the proud , and the docile and the energetic , led us in the direction of religion . He also tied human emotions , especially anger and pugnacity , to religious faith . To understand the linkage , Stratton collected data on religious writings and the rites and traditions of civilizations then considered not as advanced . In Anger : Its Religious and Moral Significance he listed exhaustively and studied the major religions of the world and classified them into three categories . The combative religions , such as Islam , per him , glorified anger , while those such as Buddhism were " unangry " . Christianity he saw as an example of an anger @-@ supported @-@ love based religion . He concluded Western civilization was trending toward denying rage as good and accepting love and goodwill as desirable , but cautioned anger was at times needed to fight evil .
As a professor at Berkeley , Stratton visited Philippines , China , Japan , and Hawaii , coordinating with the University of the Philippines to study the psychology of both races and oriental religions . He also explored anger and emotions in animals . He was one of the scientists who were invited to attend , and confirmed attendance , at a conference to discuss human emotions and feelings . The conference , scheduled for October 21 – 23 , 1927 at Wittenberg College , Springfield , Ohio also was to focus on the experimental psychology of religion .
Stratton articulated his own beliefs about religion as well . He did not subscribe to the view religious feeling was primarily a social need , believing it to be a need for seeing a cause and logic to the world along with a harmony to things . A believer in dualism , he held the theory of a separate biological psyche and something beyond it . To him the most important aspects of the psyche lay beyond objective science , at least in his time . He sought to explore those boundaries where the methods of science had to stop and declare what was beyond as unknown , limited by the tools of the times . In The Psychology of the Religious Life he laid out his definition of religion as an appreciative feeling toward an unseen entity marked the best or the greatest .
Stratton suggested music had healing powers . In an address on the " Nature and training of the emotions " delivered to a group of nurses at the Baltimore hospitals , he predicted music would be used to treat the sick in the future , and held that nurses had to know how to sing to patients under their care .
= = Books = =
Stratton wrote eight books , and contributed to collections honoring his mentors , writing an obituary on Wundt and a biography of Howison . His PhD thesis , Uber die Wahrnehmung von Druckiinderungen bei verschiedenen Geschwindigkeiten , was in German and published in Leipzig in Wundt 's Philosophische Studien , XII Band , IV Heft . His first book . Experimental Psychology and its Bearing upon Culture covered the scope and practice of experimental psychology , and later books turned more toward sociology and international relations .
= = = Experimental Psychology and its Bearing upon Culture = = =
Stratton wrote Experimental Psychology and its Bearing upon Culture to explain both typical psychological experiment methodology and how the results obtained answered philosophical problems . The book covered experimental results in psychology and how they influenced overall social behavior and the everyday cultural life of people . It did so by looking at the history of experimental psychology , and then surveying experimental methods covering both their applications and limits . Stratton pointed out how psychological experiments differed from the ones in physiology . The survey of experiments also included studies on mental perception , including among the blind . Stratton noted that the blind did have a sense of space . He also described how measurements of mental phenomena were both possible and being done in practice , though he did believe the results had to be interpreted on a psychic scale different from the usual physical ones used for measures such as lengths and weights . He rejected the argument the mind was unitary and could not be studied by splitting it into parts , by drawing on the analogy of studying a tree by looking at its constituent parts , themselves not functionally trees . He presumed sensations were akin to trees in how they could be split up into parts .
The book had chapters on memory , imitation and suggestion , perceptual illusions , and esthetics . In these he refuted the idea that experience was just the external environment acting on and molding a mind working as a passive recipient . Stratton saw the sensation of time as being multidimensional , in analogy with perception of space . That we could simultaneously hear separately , without synthesizing , multiple mixed tones meant our experiences did not necessarily come in single file temporally . To Stratton this meant time had multiple dimensions , since simultaneous events could not be distinguished on the one past @-@ present @-@ future dimension of time alone . He did not address how the other dimensions could be in temporal @-@ space if the events were indistinguishable temporally to begin with . He also analyzed poetic measure as mathematically connected to the waxing and waning span of attention , tying the arts to psychology . This last was rebutted by Charles Samuel Myers , writing in Nature , who saw poetry and its rhythm as too complex a subject to be reduced to the arithmetic of attention spans .
In later chapters , Stratton covered the topics of the unconscious mind , the mind – body connection , and spiritual aspects of psychology . He attacked the standard dualist view of a separate homuncular entity driving the biology of mental processes . Still he concluded , from observations that people were not always aware of how their own perception differed from sensory reality , that a diluted form of the dualist theory was tenable . In his final chapter , the author posited experimental psychology neither needed nor ruled out the idea of a soul . Myers critiqued the book 's treatment of illusions , memory , and relationship of psychology to body and soul , as not addressing the broader aspect of " culture " . Myers saw the work as appealing more to the educated reader than the specialist , the many deviations from experimental topics into subjective arenas a distraction .
= = = Social Psychology for International Conduct = = =
Stratton wrote Social Psychology for International Conduct for social science teachers who wanted to use psychology to analyze international affairs . The book 's first part evaluated races . Stratton concluded the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races were innately more intelligent enabling them to build strong cultures . He also stated the prejudice of other people was from the social and political advantages it brought . Stratton saw nations as made up of individuals and possessing a national character similar to what individuals had . Reviewing the book in the American Journal of Sociology , Ellsworth Faris objected to the author concluding the Northern and Central Europeans were more intelligent than Southern and Eastern Europeans , noting intelligence measures correlated also with length of stay in America .
In the chapter on " Taking national profits out of war " the author hypothesized nations often went to war because it paid , bringing both national rewards and helping achieve policy goals . He suggested nations be blocked from enjoying any fruits of war , and instead be penalized for waging it . In a review in the Political Science Quarterly , Walter Sandelius concluded enforcing such a position meant an international enforcement force with judicial and police powers , the formation of which would need an appeal to both reason and desire on the part of the international community . Sandelius also saw Stratton as pushing more for re @-@ educating the mind rather than training people to control emotions and passions in the efforts to avert war .
= = = What Starts Wars : Intentional Delusions = = =
In What Starts Wars : Intentional Delusions Stratton presented nations , themselves collections of people , as triggering war from several delusions . Three of those delusions held by citizens were that their own country was a paragon of peace , that its arms were only to defend the land , and that when it fought , it fought only for what was right . Blaming the enemy rounded out this list justifying war . Stratton believed and stated people could be freed of these delusions and that there was no will to war integral to human nature . He saw both the need for and the ways to eliminate war in individuals and in their ways , and not in abstract or innate traits . Florence Finch Kelly , reviewing the book for the New York Times , saw Stratton 's placing of both the blame and the responsibility on persons , of identifying the roots of war in the psyches of the men and women his readers , as an action likely to discomfit those readers .
= = Legacy = =
Stratton became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1928 , president of the American Psychological Association in 1908 , chair of its division on anthropology and psychology in 1925- – 1926 , was a member of its National Research Council , an honorary member of the National Institute of Psychology , and a corresponding member of the American Institute of Czechoslovakia . He published eight full @-@ length books , and 125 papers . He was an honorary lecturer at Yale , delivering the Nathaniel W. Taylor Lectures at the Yale School of Religion beginning April 19 , 1920 .
Stratton 's earlier work on sensation and perception and the book based on them stayed influential among researchers in psychology . Many of his other books and articles which dealt with philosophical and sociological issues either beyond , or treated via perspectives beyond , exact and objective investigation had lost appeal to psychology researchers by the time of his death .
Of the various fields Stratton studied , it is his experimentation in binocular vision and perception that has had the most impact . Whether during the inversion experiment people really see an upside @-@ down world as being normal , or whether they adapt to it only behaviorally , has been debated for a long time . Neuroimaging studies done a century after the original experiment have shown no difference in early levels of visual processing , which indicates the perceptual world stays inverted at that level of cognition . The research has been put to use in both practical and esthetic ways . The mirror @-@ experiment experience of disconnect between vision and feeling has parallels in , and applications for researching , phantom limb syndrome . The art exhibit Upside @-@ down Mushroom Room by Belgian artist Carsten Höller , a tunnel installation with an inverted environment , builds on Stratton 's work .
Stratton provided encouragement to both his students and his children . Early at Berkeley , he encouraged young students to pursue graduate study in psychology , writing personal letters to students who scored an A grade in his introductory psychology course . The stamp of Stratton 's legacy can be seen in his doctoral students . Knight Dunlap was one of his earliest students at Berkeley and he became the twenty @-@ second president of the American Psychological Association . Dunlap was one of those who saw Stratton as a guide and mentor . Another of his early students , Warner Brown , would be the chair of the psychology department at Berkeley for sixteen years . A third , Olga Bridgman , would serve on the faculty at University of California — Berkeley and San Francisco — for over forty years .
= = Committees = =
Standing Committees of the Academic Council for Scholarships , University of California , 1902 – 1903
Standing Committees of the Graduate Council : University of California , 1902 – 1903
One of the first group of members of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology ( SSFY ) , 1904
President of the American Psychological Association , 1908
Committee of Arrangements for Administering the Beale Prizes instituted by Regent Truxtun Beale , 1911
Chair of Board of Research , University of California , 1920 – 1921
Chair of the University of California Meeting , October 7 , 1921
Standing Committee of the Academic Senate , Administrative Committee on International Relations , 1921 – 1922
Elected member of the National Academy of Sciences , 1928 . Stratton served in various capacities with the NAS :
Member of the National Research Council , 1925 – 1926
Chair of Division of Anthropology and Psychology , National Research Council , 1926
Member of the Board for administering the Rockefeller Foundation fellowships in the biological sciences , 19245 – 1926
Representative on Editorial board of PNAS , 1926
Advisory board of the Bureau of Public Personnel Administration of the Institute for Government Research , 1926
Committee on Tactual Interpretation of Oral Speech and Vocal control by the Deaf , 1926
Committee on National fellowships in Child Development , 1927
= = List of books = =
Experimental Psychology and its Bearing upon Culture . New York , NY : MacMillan . 1903 @.@ p . 331 .
Psychology of the Religious Life . New York , New York : Macmillan . 1911 @.@ p . 376 .
Double Standard with Regard to Fighting . New York , New York : American Association for International Conciliation . 1912 @.@ p . 14 .
Control of the Fighting Instinct . New York , New York : American Association for International Conciliation . 1913 @.@ p . 13 .
Theophrastus and the Greek Physiological Psychology before Aristotle . New York , New York : Macmillan ; London , Allen and Unwin . 1917 @.@ p . 227 .
Developing Mental Power . Boston , MA : Houghton . 1922 @.@ p . 77 .
Anger : Its Religious and Moral Significance . New York , New York : Macmillan . 1923 @.@ p . 277 .
Social Psychology of International Conduct . New York , New York : D. Appleton and Company . 1929 @.@ p . 387 .
What Starts Wars : International Delusions . New York , New York : Houghton Mifflin company . 1936 @.@ p . 221 .
Man , Creator or Destroyer . London : Allen and Unwin . 1952 @.@ p . 170 .
= Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc =
Cambridge Water Co Ltd v Eastern Counties Leather plc [ 1994 ] 1 All ER 53 is a case in English tort law that established the principle that claims under nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher must include a requirement that the damage be foreseeable ; it also suggested that Rylands was a sub @-@ set of nuisance rather than an independent tort , a debate eventually laid to rest in Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council .
The Cambridge Water Company were a company responsible for providing potable water to the inhabitants of Cambridge and the surrounding areas . In 1976 , they purchased a borehole outside Sawston to deal with rising demand . In 1980 , a European Directive was issued requiring nations of the European Community to establish standards on the presence of perchloroethene ( PCE ) in water , which the United Kingdom did in 1982 . It was found that the Sawston borehole was contaminated with PCE that had originated in a tannery owned by Eastern Counties Leather . Prior to 1980 , there was no knowledge that PCE should be avoided or that it could cause harm , but the Cambridge Water Company brought a case against Eastern Counties Leather anyway .
The case first went to the High Court of Justice , where Kennedy J dismissed claims under nuisance , negligence and Rylands v Fletcher because the harm was not foreseeable . His decision was reversed by the Court of Appeal of England and Wales , who cited an " obscure decision " to justify doing so . The case then went to the House of Lords , where a decision was read by Lord Goff on 9 December 1993 . Goff first countered the Court of Appeal decision , restoring Kennedy 's dismissal of the case , before moving on to the deeper legal points . Based on the original decision in Rylands , Goff argued that it had always been intended for foreseeability of harm to be a factor , something not previously put into law by the English judiciary . He then stated that Rylands was arguably a sub @-@ set of nuisance , not an independent tort , and as such the factors which led him to including a test of foreseeability of harm in Rylands cases also imposed such a test on all nuisance cases .
The decision in Cambridge Water Co made an immediate change to the law , for the first time requiring foreseeability of harm to be considered in cases brought under Rylands v Fletcher and the general tort of nuisance . It was also significant in implying that Rylands was not an independent tort , something later concluded in the Transco case . Goff 's judgment has been criticised on several points by academics , who highlight flaws in wording which leave parts of the judgment ambiguous and a selective assessment of Rylands that ignores outside influences .
= = Facts = =
The Cambridge Water Company Ltd was established by a private Act of Parliament in 1853 to provide water to the residents of Cambridge and the surrounding area ; by 1976 , the population served had risen to approximately 275 @,@ 000 . With the rising demand , the company purchased a borehole outside Sawston , constructing pumping equipment and integrating the water from that borehole into their system in 1979 . Tests undertaken both before the purchase , and in 1979 , had demonstrated that the water was safe for public consumption . During the late 1970s , concerns were expressed about the presence of perchloroethene ( PCE ) in water , and as a result a European Directive was issued in 1980 requiring nations of the European Community to establish maximum acceptable levels of PCE in water ; the United Kingdom did this in 1982 . PCE was discovered in the borehole ; it was not tested for earlier because there was no need to regulate the levels . As a result , the Cambridge Water Company was forced to cease pumping the water , and instead find a new borehole elsewhere .
An investigation immediately ensued . The investigators concluded that the PCE had come from Eastern Counties Leather plc , a leather tannery in Sawston . The tannery used PCE as a degreasing agent , beginning in the 1960s ; by 1976 , 100 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 380 @,@ 000 L ) of this chemical were used by the tannery each year , with up to 25 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 95 @,@ 000 L ) on the premises at any one time . PCE was leaking out of the drums it was carried in , first by being spilt when it was tipped into the degreasing machines and second by leaking from near @-@ empty drums . Although these spills were individually small , it was estimated around 3 @,@ 200 US gallons ( 12 @,@ 000 L ) of PCE were spilled each year . These spills collected in the chalk underlying Sawston until groundwater swept them into the Cambridge Water Company 's borehole .
= = Judgment = =
= = = High Court and Court of Appeal = = =
The Cambridge Water Company brought a case against Eastern Counties Leather in the High Court of Justice , wanting £ 1 million in damages for the cost of finding a new borehole and an unsuccessful attempt to decontaminate the original one , and an injunction to prevent any more use of PCE . They argued that Eastern Counties Leather were liable in three ways ; first , in negligence , second , in nuisance , and third , under the rule developed in Rylands v Fletcher . The case came before Kennedy J , who dismissed all three of the Company 's claims . On the matter of negligence , he held that the damage had to be reasonably foreseeable , as was required under Overseas Tankship ( UK ) Ltd v Morts Dock and Engineering Co Ltd ; he applied this same test to the claim under nuisance . Applying the case of Hughes v Lord Advocate , Kennedy found that the harm was not reasonably foreseeable , and both actions under nuisance and negligence must fail .
Rylands v Fletcher contained the principle that " the person who for his own purposes brings on his lands and collects and keeps there anything likely to do mischief if it escapes , must keep it at his peril , and , if he does not do so , is prima facie answerable for all the damage which is the natural consequence of its escape " , with a requirement that this use of land be " non @-@ natural " . On the Cambridge Water Company 's third claim , Kennedy was forced to consider the meaning of " non @-@ natural " in this setting . He held that the use of industrial chemicals was not " non @-@ natural " , given that it was on an industrial site , and that for a claim to succeed under Rylands the use must be " some special use bringing increased danger to others , and must not merely be the ordinary use of the land or such a use as is proper for the general benefit of the community " ; Eastern Counties Leather created jobs in Sawston , and was thus providing a benefit for the community . As such , the Company 's claim under Rylands was not valid . Kennedy also chose to consider foreseeability of harm a factor in cases brought under Rylands , and stated the fact that harm was not foreseeable was a factor in his decision .
The Cambridge Water Company then appealed to the Court of Appeal of England and Wales , but only on the claim under Rylands v Fletcher . The court , composed of Nolan LJ , Mann LJ and Sir Stephen Brown , reversed Kennedy 's decision . Despite a lack of comment by the appellants on the claim under nuisance , the court addressed this ground , relying on the " obscure decision " found in Ballard v Tomlinson , concluding that " where the nuisance is an interference with a natural right incident to ownership then the liability is a strict one " . As such , Kennedy should have applied Ballard , and it was unnecessary to consider Rylands because the claim under nuisance was valid .
= = = House of Lords = = =
The case was again appealed , this time to the House of Lords , where it was heard by Lord Templeman , Lord Goff , Lord Jauncey , Lord Lowry and Lord Woolf . The judgment was given by Lord Goff on 9 December 1993 , and reinstated the decision of Kennedy J in the High Court of Justice ; unlike the Court of Appeal decision , it directly addressed the issue of Rylands v Fletcher . Goff first addressed the Court of Appeal 's use of Ballard v Tomlinson , stating that the decision there as based on the facts of the case , and did not establish either a rule that there was a right to clear water , nor that there was strict liability attached to that right .
Goff looked at the relationship between nuisance and Rylands v Fletcher , particularly how they treat strict liability . In nuisance , liability is strict in that the defendant can be liable even if he has taken reasonable care , but this is kept " under control " by the principle that a defendant is not liable for actions a reasonable user takes on his land . He took into consideration an article published by F.H. Newark in 1949 , in which Newark called the decision in Rylands " a simple case of nuisance " rather than a revolutionary doctrine that established strict liability outside nuisance . Goff also found similarities between the principle of " non @-@ natural use " under Rylands and that of the " reasonable user " requirement in nuisance , concluding that " [ I ] t would lead to a more coherent body of common law principles if the rule [ in Rylands ] were to be regarded essentially as an extension of the law of nuisance " .
Lord Goff 's judgment was primarily based on whether or not foreseeability of damage should be a factor in Rylands cases , and was that the matter was " open for consideration " , saying that the need for foreseeability of damage to be a criterion was " a matter of principle " . He considered the case of Overseas Tankship ( UK ) Ltd v The Miller Steamship Co , in which the Privy Council concluded that foreseeability of damage was an essential part of determining liability in nuisance . The Council stated that " It could not be right to discriminate between different cases of nuisance so as to make foreseeability a necessary element in determining damages in those cases where it is a necessary element in determining liability , but not in others " . If , as Goff was stating , Rylands was an element of nuisance , this decision should apply to it . In the original judgment in Rylands , the judge had stated that it covered " anything likely to do mischief if it escapes " , and that liability should be to " answer for the natural and anticipated consequences " ; this wording implies that he intended for " knowledge to be a prerequisite for liability " .
= = Significance = =
Goff 's judgment made several significant and immediate changes to the law . First , it was the first decision which imposed a requirement of foreseeability of harm to cases brought under Rylands v Fletcher ; " it must be shown that the defendant has done something which he recognised , or judged by the standards appropriate at the relevant place or time , or ought reasonably to have recognised , as giving rise to an exceptionally high risk of danger or mischief if there should be an escape , however unlikely an escape may have been thought to be " . Secondly , it was the first decision to state that Rylands may be a sub @-@ set of nuisance , and as such applied the same requirement of foreseeability of harm to nuisance , where previously such a requirement had not existed .
Academic Tom Clearwater criticises some of the language Lord Goff picked out of Rylands v Fletcher for his judgment . In particular , Goff 's use of " anything likely to do mischief if it escapes " and " answer for the natural and anticipated consequences " to justify his argument that Rylands had always intended foreseeability to be a factor suggests Goff " [ overstepped ] an appropriate reach of interpretation in drawing his conclusion ... most cases gloss silently over the [ wording ] ... three cases imply that foreseeability of damage is not a relevant consideration at all " . The reliance on Newark 's article was also criticised , since " Neither he nor Goff attempted to justify their opinion with reference to anything external to [ the Rylands ] judgment " . Clearwater points out that the original judgment in Rylands required modification " the price paid for which was legal uncertainty " to make it socially acceptable , which he sees as evidence that Rylands was , despite what Newark says , a significant change to the law .
Peter Kutner , a professor of law at the University of Oklahoma , argues that there is a significant ambiguity in Goff 's judgment . Cases brought under Rylands v Fletcher now have a requirement that the harm was foreseeable , but it was not defined whether or not it was sufficient that it be foreseeable that harm could occur , or that it be foreseeable that the use of land is " non @-@ natural " , that the substance be capable of doing " mischief " , and all the other requirements of Rylands . He also states that the decision did not explain precisely whether Rylands should be treated as a development within the law of nuisance , or something which sprung from nuisance and retains a separate existence . He interpreted the Cambridge Water Company decision as not being sufficient to completely write out Rylands as a distinct doctrine ; this was later done by the House of Lords in Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council .
= United Abominations =
United Abominations is the eleventh studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth . Released on May 8 , 2007 , United Abominations is the first Megadeth release distributed through Roadrunner Records , and with the exception of the band 's frontman Dave Mustaine , was recorded with an all @-@ new line @-@ up . While touring to promote the album , guitarist Glen Drover left the band for personal reasons and was replaced by Chris Broderick , leaving this as the only Megadeth studio album to which he contributed .
United Abominations was well received by critics and debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 , the highest chart position for the band since 1994 's Youthanasia until it was succeeded by 2013 's Super Collider . Greg Prato of AllMusic stated Megadeth " sound reborn " on United Abominations . The lyrics of the album deal with politics and the state the world is in , with Ed Thompson of IGN stating the album is the band 's most politically charged . The album was named the number one metal album of 2007 by Guitar World .
= = Background = =
Prior to the release of United Abominations , Megadeth signed a recording contract with Roadrunner Records . The band had troubles with music rights involving two former labels that carried Megadeth , Capitol and Sanctuary Records . This is the first Megadeth album since the 2004 album The System Has Failed , which was released through Sanctuary . While on tour to support The System Has Failed , Megadeth frontman , guitarist , and vocalist Dave Mustaine contemplated breaking up Megadeth to record as a solo artist . At a sold @-@ out concert in Buenos Aires , Mustaine stated the band would stay together . The show in Buenos Aires , at which this information was announced , was recorded and released on CD and DVD as That One Night : Live in Buenos Aires .
Megadeth had a new band lineup , aside from Mustaine , comprising Glen Drover ( guitar ) , James LoMenzo ( bass guitar ) , and Shawn Drover ( drums ) . Mustaine chose these people for full @-@ time members rather than session musicians . He stated that he liked the Drovers ' " sibling chemistry " and that LoMenzo was a " legend " .
= = Writing and recording = =
Mustaine stated he did not " go into making this record with any pre @-@ conceived notions " . He said some of the lyrics on United Abominations were written about his frustration with his past record labels , stating " a lot of that translated into the intensity on the record . " Mustaine wrote the songs for the album in an attempt to " stir something in the minds of the listener " . The lyrics of the album were mostly about choices the American government were making at the time , which Mustaine found to be foolish . Mustaine stated recording the new songs was " super fun " , despite having troubles with some of the complex music and vocal arrangements . All of the lyrics and music , with the exception of one song , were written by Mustaine . " Never Walk Alone ... A Call to Arms " was co @-@ written by Mustaine and guitarist Glen Drover . When bassist James LoMenzo was asked about the lyrics of the album , he said to " talk to Dave about that " . Although most of the band had no writing credits on the album , they stated that they were excited about recording the music .
United Abominations was recorded in 2006 at SARM Hook End Studios , London , England ; the Steakhouse , Studio City , California ; Big Fish Encinitas , California and Backstage Productions . Additional overdubs were recorded at S.I.R. rehearsal studio , Hollywood , California and Mustaine Music , Fallbrook , California . Most of the record was tracked in England because Mustaine admired the fact that his favorite band , Led Zeppelin , previously recorded there many times . Mustaine produced the album , with additional production handled by Jeff Balding and Andy Sneap .
" À Tout le Monde ( Set Me Free ) " , is a remake of " A Tout le Monde " which originally appeared on the 1994 album Youthanasia . The song is a more uptempo version of the original song , and features Lacuna Coil vocalist Cristina Scabbia singing backing vocals . Scabbia stated she was " really surprised about it because ' A Tout le Monde ' is a song that I 've always loved . It was a big surprise for me to get this invitation — I was really honored to be part of it . " Mustaine chose Scabbia over three other choices because of her " reign in the heavy metal business " . Mustaine later stated that he originally intended for the song to be a B @-@ side for Japan , but the president of Roadrunner Records ( Megadeth 's label for this release ) wanted " À Tout le Monde ( Set Me Free ) " released as the album 's first single .
The song " Gears of War " is featured on the soundtrack to the video game of the same name . Initially , the song had no lyrics ; however , Microsoft approached Megadeth , asking to use the song in Gears of War . The band accepted the offer and wrote lyrics for the song , but it was too late to use the lyrics in the version for the video game , as the game was near completion .
= = = Album artwork = = =
All artwork for the album was selected from a contest held by DeviantArt . The contestants were asked to design a new version of Vic Rattlehead , the band mascot which appears on nearly every Megadeth album cover . Mustaine chose from the top 11 finalists to be included in the CD booklet . The cover was unveiled in August 2006 , of which the image depicts the United Nations headquarters in flames and being destroyed by flying oil barrels . Vic Rattlehead ( the Megadeth mascot ) and the ' Angel of Deth ' are pictured in the foreground . Although the cover of the CD was not the winner of the contest , Mustaine chose it as his favorite picture , and wanted it for the cover . No photographs of the band were taken for the CD booklet , leaving the entire design as fan @-@ made artwork .
= = Release and promotion = =
United Abominations was originally set for an October 2006 release , but with the scheduled release date rapidly approaching , Mustaine told Billboard magazine in August 2006 , " We 're putting the finishing touches on it . We 've got a little more work before it 's finished , but it should be out some time next year . " The completed album was leaked on to the internet in April 2007 and the first official pressing of the album was released exclusively in Japan on May 8 and contained a cover of the 1970 Led Zeppelin song " Out on the Tiles " . The album was released internationally on May 15 , and a day later in the United States . The album had sold nearly 60 @,@ 000 copies in the US in its first week and debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 , 10 places higher than the band 's previous album , 2004s The System Has Failed . The album debuted at number two in Finland , five in Canada , and the top 30 in seven other countries . As of August 19 , 2007 , the album had managed to sell about 122 @,@ 000 copies in the US .
Megadeth started touring in March 2007 in support of the album in Canada opening for Heaven & Hell and Down , followed by a North American tour opening for Heaven and Hell and touring with Machine Head . On this tour , which lasted until May , the band debuted the songs " Gears Of War " , " Washington Is Next ! " and " Sleepwalker " . After the Heaven and Hell tour , Megadeth started the worldwide Tour of Duty , which lasted until March 2008 . Megadeth also toured in Australia on Gigantour with Static @-@ X , DevilDriver , Lacuna Coil , and Bring Me the Horizon as supporting acts . At one concert in Australia and in Italy ( Milan ) , Cristina Scabbia performed on stage with Megadeth for " À Tout le Monde ( Set Me Free ) " .
= = Critical reception = =
United Abominations received generally positive reviews , and was thought of as a return to form for Megadeth by critics . Don Kaye of Blabbermouth.net said the album " is an unabashedly guitar @-@ driven album , stuffed with riffs and leads coming from all directions . The sense of explosive instrumentation under precise control that was a hallmark of early Megadeth efforts is back , which means that Megadeth , in many ways , is back too . " About.com reviewer Chad Bowar stated the album " is the best Megadeth album in at least a decade . " Greg Prato of AllMusic praised the album , stating " Megadeth 's crunchy , venomous thrash has remained intact . Megadeth were never afraid to show off their prog @-@ worthy chops , and the 2007 lineup appears custom @-@ made for tackling ' tricky bits ' . Mustaine and company certainly sound reborn . " Rolling Stone reviewer Evan Serpick noted a downside to the album , stating it sounded too much like all of the band 's previous albums . Ed Thompson of IGN praised the album and its political lyrics , saying it " cranks out so much attitude , so much opinion , and so much firebranded speech that the album could be mistaken for a political rally . " Commenting on the Megadeth 's new lineup , Jon Weiderhorn from MTV said " Once again , the system is fully operational . " In a less enthusiastic review , BBC Music 's Eamonn Stack wrote that even though the thrash musicianship is evident , the edge has been " sacrificed for the sake of speed and technical playing " . United Abominations was voted the best metal album of 2007 by the reader 's poll in the June 2008 issue of Guitar World and the Brave Pick of 2007 by Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles .
On July 10 , 2007 , a rebuttal was posted by Mark Leon Goldberg on the United Nations affairs blog against the accusations made in the title track of the album , " United Abominations " . Goldberg reviewed the song verse @-@ by @-@ verse , pointing out what he believed were false accusations . The blog stated that " we at UN Dispatch refuse to let Megadeth 's witless screed go unchallenged . We listened [ to the song ] so you don 't have to " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes .
= = Chart performance = =
= Huginn and Muninn =
In Norse mythology , Huginn ( from Old Norse " thought " ) and Muninn ( Old Norse " memory " or " mind " ) are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world , Midgard , and bring information to the god Odin . Huginn and Muninn are attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources : the Prose Edda and Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; in the Third Grammatical Treatise , compiled in the 13th century by Óláfr Þórðarson ; and in the poetry of skalds . The names of the ravens are sometimes modernly anglicized as Hugin and Munin .
In the Poetic Edda , a disguised Odin expresses that he fears that they may not return from their daily flights . The Prose Edda explains that Odin is referred to as " raven @-@ god " due to his association with Huginn and Muninn . In the Prose Edda and the Third Grammatical Treatise , the two ravens are described as perching on Odin 's shoulders . Heimskringla details that Odin gave Huginn and Muninn the ability to speak .
Migration Period golden bracteates , Vendel era helmet plates , a pair of identical Germanic Iron Age bird @-@ shaped brooches , Viking Age objects depicting a moustached man wearing a helmet , and a portion of the 10th or 11th century Thorwald 's Cross may depict Odin with one of the ravens . Huginn and Muninn 's role as Odin 's messengers has been linked to shamanic practices , the Norse raven banner , general raven symbolism among the Germanic peoples , and the Norse concepts of the fylgja and the hamingja .
= = Attestations = =
In the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál , the god Odin ( disguised as Grímnir ) provides the young Agnarr with information about Odin 's companions . He tells the prince about Odin 's wolves Geri and Freki , and , in the next stanza of the poem , states that Huginn and Muninn fly daily across the entire world , Midgard . Grímnir says that he worries Huginn may not come back , yet more does he fear for Muninn :
In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning ( chapter 38 ) , the enthroned figure of High tells Gangleri ( king Gylfi in disguise ) that two ravens named Huginn and Muninn sit on Odin 's shoulders . The ravens tell Odin everything they see and hear . Odin sends Huginn and Muninn out at dawn , and the birds fly all over the world before returning at dinner @-@ time . As a result , Odin is kept informed of many events . High adds that it is from this association that Odin is referred to as " raven @-@ god " . The above @-@ mentioned stanza from Grímnismál is then quoted .
In the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál ( chapter 60 ) , Huginn and Muninn appear in a list of poetic names for ravens . In the same chapter , excerpts from a work by the skald Einarr Skúlason are provided . In these excerpts Muninn is referenced in a common noun for ' raven ' and Huginn is referenced in a kenning for ' carrion ' .
In the Heimskringla book Ynglinga saga , an euhemerized account of the life of Odin is provided . Chapter 7 describes that Odin had two ravens , and upon these ravens he bestowed the gift of speech . These ravens flew all over the land and brought him information , causing Odin to become " very wise in his lore . "
In the Third Grammatical Treatise an anonymous verse is recorded that mentions the ravens flying from Odin 's shoulders ; Huginn seeking hanged men , and Muninn slain bodies . The verse reads :
Two ravens flew from Hnikar ’ s [ Óðinn ’ s ]
shoulders ; Huginn to the hanged and
Muninn to the slain [ lit. corpses ] .
= = Archaeological record = =
Migration Period ( 5th and 6th centuries AD ) gold bracteates ( types A , B , and C ) feature a depiction of a human figure above a horse , holding a spear and flanked by one or more often two birds . The presence of the birds has led to the iconographic identification of the human figure as the god Odin , flanked by Huginn and Muninn . Like Snorri 's Prose Edda description of the ravens , a bird is sometimes depicted at the ear of the human , or at the ear of the horse . Bracteates have been found in Denmark , Sweden , Norway and , in smaller numbers , England and areas south of Denmark . Austrian Germanist Rudolf Simek states that these bracteates may depict Odin and his ravens healing a horse and may indicate that the birds were originally not simply his battlefield companions but also " Odin 's helpers in his veterinary function . "
Vendel era helmet plates ( from the 6th or 7th century ) found in grave in Sweden depict a helmeted figure holding a spear and a shield while riding a horse , flanked by two birds . The plate has been interpreted as Odin accompanied by two birds : his ravens .
A pair of identical Germanic Iron Age bird @-@ shaped brooches from Bejsebakke in northern Denmark may be depictions of Huginn and Muninn . The back of each bird features a mask motif , and the feet of the birds are shaped like the heads of animals . The feathers of the birds are also composed of animal heads . Together , the animal heads on the feathers form a mask on the back of the bird . The birds have powerful beaks and fan @-@ shaped tails , indicating that they are ravens . The brooches were intended to be worn on each shoulder , after Germanic Iron Age fashion . Archaeologist Peter Vang Petersen comments that while the symbolism of the brooches is open to debate , the shape of the beaks and tail feathers confirm that the brooch depictions are ravens . Petersen notes that " raven @-@ shaped ornaments worn as a pair , after the fashion of the day , one on each shoulder , makes one 's thoughts turn towards Odin 's ravens and the cult of Odin in the Germanic Iron Age . " Petersen says that Odin is associated with disguise and that the masks on the ravens may be portraits of Odin .
The Oseberg tapestry fragments , discovered within the Viking Age Oseberg ship burial in Norway , feature a scene containing two black birds hovering over a horse , possibly originally leading a wagon ( as a part of a procession of horse @-@ led wagons on the tapestry ) . In her examination of the tapestry , scholar Anne Stine Ingstad interprets these birds as Huginn and Muninn flying over a covered cart containing an image of Odin , drawing comparison with the images of Nerthus attested by Tacitus in 1 CE .
Excavations in Ribe in Denmark have recovered a Viking Age lead metal @-@ caster 's mould and 11 identical casting @-@ moulds . These objects depict a moustached man wearing a helmet that features two head @-@ ornaments . Archaeologist Stig Jensen proposes that these ornaments should be interpreted as Huginn and Muninn , and the wearer as Odin . He notes that " similar depictions occur everywhere the Vikings went — from eastern England to Russia and naturally also in the rest of Scandinavia . "
A portion of Thorwald 's Cross ( a partly surviving runestone erected at Kirk Andreas on the Isle of Man ) depicts a bearded human holding a spear downward at a wolf , his right foot in its mouth , and a large bird on his shoulder . Andy Orchard comments that this bird may be either Huginn or Muninn . Rundata dates the cross to 940 , while Pluskowski dates it to the 11th century . This depiction has been interpreted as Odin , with a raven or eagle at his shoulder , being consumed by the monstrous wolf Fenrir during the events of Ragnarök .
In November 2009 , the Roskilde Museum announced the discovery and subsequent display of a niello @-@ inlaid silver figurine found in Lejre , Denmark , which they dubbed " Odin from Lejre " . The silver object depicts a person sitting on a throne . The throne features the heads of animals and is flanked by two birds . The Roskilde Museum identifies the figure as Odin sitting on his throne Hliðskjálf , flanked by the ravens Huginn and Muninn .
= = Theories = =
The Heliand , an Old Saxon adaptation of the New Testament from the 9th century , differs from the New Testament in that an explicit reference is made to a dove sitting on the shoulder of Christ . Regarding this , G. Ronald Murphy says " In placing the powerful white dove not just above Christ , but right on his shoulder , the Heliand author has portrayed Christ , not only as the Son of the All @-@ Ruler , but also as a new Woden . This deliberate image of Christ triumphantly astride the land with the magnificent bird on his shoulders ( the author is perhaps a bit embarrassed that the bird is an unwarlike dove ! ) is an image intended to calm the fears and longings of those who mourn the loss of Woden and who want to return to the old religion 's symbols and ways . With this image , Christ becomes a Germanic god , one into whose ears the Spirit of the Almighty whispers " .
Scholars have linked Odin 's relation to Huginn and Muninn to shamanic practice . John Lindow relates Odin 's ability to send his " thought " ( Huginn ) and " mind " ( Muninn ) to the trance @-@ state journey of shamans . Lindow says the Grímnismál stanza where Odin worries about the return of Huginn and Muninn " would be consistent with the danger that the shaman faces on the trance @-@ state journey . "
Rudolf Simek is critical of the approach , stating that " attempts have been made to interpret Odin 's ravens as a personification of the god 's intellectual powers , but this can only be assumed from the names Huginn and Muninn themselves which were unlikely to have been invented much before the 9th or 10th centuries " yet that the two ravens , as Odin 's companions , appear to derive from much earlier times . Instead , Simek connects Huginn and Muninn with wider raven symbolism in the Germanic world , including the raven banner ( described in English chronicles and Scandinavian sagas ) , a banner which was woven in a method that allowed it , when fluttering in the wind , to appear as if the raven depicted upon it was beating its wings .
Anthony Winterbourne connects Huginn and Muninn to the Norse concepts of the fylgja — a concept with three characteristics ; shape @-@ shifting abilities , good fortune , and the guardian spirit — and the hamingja — the ghostly double of a person that may appear in the form of an animal . Winterbourne states that " The shaman 's journey through the different parts of the cosmos is symbolized by the hamingja concept of the shape @-@ shifting soul , and gains another symbolic dimension for the Norse soul in the account of Oðin 's ravens , Huginn and Muninn . " In response to Simek 's criticism of attempts to interpret the ravens " philosophically " , Winterbourne says that " such speculations [ ... ] simply strengthen the conceptual significance made plausible by other features of the mythology " and that the names Huginn and Muninn " demand more explanation than is usually provided . "
Bernd Heinrich theorizes that Huginn and Muninn , along with Odin and his wolves Geri and Freki , reflect a symbiosis observed in the natural world among ravens , wolves , and humans on the hunt :
In a biological symbiosis one organism typically shores up some weakness or deficiency of the other ( s ) . As in such a symbiosis , Odin the father of all humans and gods , though in human form was imperfect by himself . As a separate entity he lacked depth perception ( being one @-@ eyed ) and he was apparently also uninformed and forgetful . But his weaknesses were compensated by his ravens , Hugin ( mind ) and Munin ( memory ) who were part of him . They perched on his shoulders and reconnoitered to the ends of the earth each day to return in the evening and tell him the news . He also had two wolves at his side , and the man / god @-@ raven @-@ wolf association was like one single organism in which the ravens were the eyes , mind , and memory , and the wolves the providers of meat and nourishment . As god , Odin was the ethereal part — he only drank wine and spoke only in poetry . I wondered if the Odin myth was a metaphor that playfully and poetically encapsulates ancient knowledge of our prehistoric past as hunters in association with two allies to produce a powerful hunting alliance . It would reflect a past that we have long forgotten and whose meaning has been obscured and badly frayed as we abandoned our hunting cultures to become herders and agriculturists , to whom ravens act as competitors .
= Military service of Ian Smith =
The future Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith served in the British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) during the Second World War , interrupting his studies at Rhodes University in South Africa to join up in 1941 . Following a year 's pilot instruction in Rhodesia under the Empire Air Training Scheme , he was posted to No. 237 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron , then stationed in the Middle East , in late 1942 . Smith received six weeks ' operational training in the Levant , then entered active service as a pilot officer in Iran and Iraq . No. 237 Squadron , which had operated in the Western Desert from 1941 to early 1942 , returned to that front in March 1943 . Smith flew in the Western Desert until October that year , when a crash during a night takeoff resulted in a number of serious injuries , including facial disfigurements and a broken jaw . Following reconstructive plastic surgery to his face , other operations and five months ' convalescence , Smith rejoined No. 237 Squadron in Corsica in May 1944 . While there , he attained his highest rank , flight lieutenant .
In late June 1944 , during a strafing attack on a railway yard in the Po Valley in northern Italy , Smith was shot down by flak . Parachuting from his aircraft , he landed without serious injury in the Ligurian Alps , in an area that was behind German lines , but largely under the control of anti @-@ German Italian partisans . Smith spent three months working with the local resistance movement before trekking westwards , across the Maritime Alps , with three other Allied personnel , hoping to join up with the Allied forces that had just invaded southern France . After 23 days ' hiking , he and his companions were recovered by American troops and repatriated .
Smith was briefly stationed in Britain before he was posted to No. 130 ( Punjab ) Squadron in western Germany in April 1945 . He flew combat missions there until Germany surrendered in May . He remained with No. 130 Squadron for the rest of his service , and returned home at the end of 1945 . After completing his studies at Rhodes , he was elected Member of Parliament for his birthplace , Selukwe , in 1948 . Becoming Prime Minister in 1964 amid his country 's dispute with Britain regarding the terms for independence , he was influenced as a politician by his wartime experiences . Rhodesia 's military record on the mother country 's behalf became central to his sense of betrayal by post @-@ war British governments , which partly motivated his administration 's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965 . His status as a Second World War RAF veteran thereafter helped him win support , both domestically and internationally .
= = Background = =
Ian Smith was born in 1919 , the son of British settlers in Selukwe , Southern Rhodesia . He attended Chaplin School in Gwelo , where he was head prefect , recipient of the Victor Ludorum in athletics , captain of the school teams in cricket , rugby and tennis , and successful academically . After graduating in 1937 , he attended Rhodes University College , in Grahamstown , South Africa , which was often attended by Rhodesian students , partly because Rhodesia then had no university of its own . Enrolling at the start of 1938 , Smith read for a Bachelor of Commerce degree . He was about halfway through his course when the Second World War broke out in September 1939 .
= = Enlisting and training in Rhodesia = =
Smith was fascinated by the idea of being a fighter pilot , and particularly excited by the prospect of flying a Spitfire . He wanted to leave Rhodes immediately to join the Southern Rhodesian Air Force , but did not because military recruiters in the colony had been told not to accept university students until after they graduated . As in the First World War , white Rhodesians in general were very keen to enlist ; because it was feared that the absence of these men might adversely affect the strategically important mines , manpower controls were introduced to keep certain whites out of the military and in their civilian occupations . One of Southern Rhodesia 's main contributions to the Allied war effort proved to be its participation , from 1940 , in the Empire Air Training Scheme . The Southern Rhodesian Air Force was absorbed into the British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in April 1940 , becoming No. 237 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron RAF . Two more RAF squadrons , No. 44 and No. 266 , were subsequently also designated " Rhodesian " formations .
Remaining at Rhodes during the 1940 academic year , Smith secretly made plans to leave for military service in spite of his instructions to finish studying . In June 1940 , during the mid @-@ year break from studies , he quietly travelled to the Southern Rhodesian capital , Salisbury , to tell the colony 's director of manpower , William Addison , that he wanted to join the air force ; to avoid being barred from enlistment , Smith did not mention his university attendance , and gave his Selukwe address . During his Christmas vacation at the end of 1940 , Smith went to Salisbury again , and was successful in a second interview with an air force official and a physical examination . Early in 1941 , having received his pilot course call @-@ up papers , Smith underwent a final interview , during which it emerged that he was a university student ; the interviewer briefly demurred , but accepted Smith when he insisted that he wanted to sign up .
In September 1941 Smith formally enlisted in the Royal Air Force . He began his instruction with Initial Training Wing in Bulawayo , Southern Rhodesia 's second city , and after six weeks there transferred to Elementary Flying Training School at Guinea Fowl , just outside Gwelo . The majority of the men he trained alongside were Australians , and many others were British . Smith was glad to find himself in a course that would ultimately lead to flying fighters as opposed to bombers — at Guinea Fowl , he learned to pilot Tiger Moths , then Harvards — and was also pleased to have been posted only a half @-@ hour car ride from Selukwe . Late in the course he was picked out to undergo instruction as an officer cadet , which meant he was transferred to Thornhill , another Gwelo airbase . He passed out in September 1942 with the rank of pilot officer ; his training in Southern Rhodesia had taken a year in all .
= = Service = =
= = = Middle East and North Africa = = =
Smith hoped to be posted to Britain at the end of his training , and was initially told that this was going to happen , but he was ultimately sent to the Middle East . He was despatched to Idku , a small RAF base near Cairo , in late 1942 , from where he was posted to an operational training unit based at Baalbek , in Lebanon . He spent six weeks there , flying over much of the Levant in a Hawker Hurricane fighter , before being posted to No. 237 ( Rhodesia ) Squadron to begin active service , again piloting Hurricanes . The squadron was stationed near the Iranian capital of Tehran when Smith joined it , but it almost immediately transferred to Kirkuk , in Iraq , to help guard the oil wells and pipelines there . In March 1943 , it was again committed to the Western Desert Campaign in North Africa , having previously served there during 1941 – 1942 , and Smith proceeded to serve on this front as a Hurricane pilot . He was promoted to flying officer on 25 March 1943 .
On 4 October 1943 , Smith took off from Idku at dawn in a Hurricane Mk IIC to escort a shipping convoy . Light was extremely poor , and Smith 's throttle malfunctioned ; he failed to take off quickly enough to clear a blast wall at the end of the runway . The undercarriage of the aircraft scraped against some sandbags on the wall , causing Smith to lose control of the plane and crash . The shoulder straps on his harness , built to withstand stress of up to 1 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) , snapped , and his face was smashed against the Hurricane 's gyrosight . Smith suffered serious facial injuries , and broke his jaw , a leg and a shoulder . Doctors thought at first that his back had also been broken , but it had actually only been buckled .
A team of doctors and surgeons at the Fifteenth Scottish Hospital in Cairo worked extensively on Smith , putting his jaw back together with a complicated assembly of bandage , plaster , nuts , bolts and wire , and rebuilt his face through skin grafts and other plastic surgery . In March 1944 , after about five months ' convalescence , he was passed fit for flying . He turned down the offer of a posting home to Southern Rhodesia as an instructor and , after a refresher course in Egypt , travelled to Corsica to rejoin No. 237 Squadron , which was by now flying Spitfire Mk IXs .
= = = Italy = = =
Smith reported for duty with No. 237 Squadron in Corsica on 10 May 1944 , and resumed operational flying two days later . Soon after , he was promoted in the field to flight lieutenant . At this time the unit was attached to an American bomber group , and assigned to cover it during attacks on northern Italian cities such as Genoa . The fighters also embarked on strafing raids into the Po Valley , attacking railway traffic and heavy vehicles . Smith flew ten sorties with the squadron over the next month , and during the last of these , on 22 June , led a strafing raid against a large railway yard . Having destroyed a number of engines and fuel tanks , Smith went back for a second run , and his aircraft was hit by flak . He shouted over the radio to the other pilots , telling them not to attempt a second pass on the railway yard , and turned towards the coast , hoping to ditch in the sea . Smith 's wingman , Alan Douglas , then told him by radio first that black smoke was emanating from the aircraft , then that the engine was ablaze . Realising his fighter would explode if the fire reached the fuel tanks , Smith decided to bail out . He had never parachuted before , but had been often been through relevant drills . He turned his Spitfire upside down , thrust the stick forward , released the cockpit 's canopy , fell out of the plane and opened his parachute . He landed without serious injuries on the side of a mountain .
According to Smith 's account , he initially hid in a large bush , but soon decided this was too obvious , and so moved to a smaller piece of foliage . A German patrol came to the area after about an hour , examined the bush in which Smith had originally hidden , and attacked it with bursts of automatic gunfire before leaving . " Somebody was keeping an eye on me when I thought I 'd better get out of that bush ... " he later told biographer Phillippa Berlyn . Luckily for Smith , the area in which he had landed was predominantly anti @-@ German , and largely under the control of pro @-@ Allied Italian partisans ; one of these saw the Rhodesian 's descent and retrieved his parachute to stop the Germans from finding it . Smith hid for a while longer before coming out to greet a boy of about 12 who had passed by his hiding place with some livestock . The boy , whose name was Leo , knew no English ; using sign language , he told Smith to sit and wait , then went off and shortly returned with his elder brother , Lorenzo . Again using sign language , Lorenzo proposed that Smith come to their home to eat . The Rhodesian gratefully accepted . The boys ' parents , peasant farmers named Zunino , happily took Smith in , but decided it was too risky to keep him at the house so soon after the crash , and so hid him in a cave on the mountain . The next day , the Germans came to the Zunino house , looking for Smith . After about a week , the danger had subsided , and the Zuninos gave Smith a room in the house .
Smith worked on the Zuninos ' farm and began rigorously studying the Italian language , which he realised he would need to learn if he was to travel through enemy territory to the Allied lines . After a month , the local partisan commander , Antonio Bozzano ( nicknamed " Barbetta " because of his beard ) , came to the house to meet him , and asked him to join his ranks . Smith said he would more than happy to , and went with Barbetta to his headquarters , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) away in a village called Piancastagna . When Barbetta asked the Rhodesian his rank , Smith , deciding it would be too complicated to explain the air force ranks , said he was a captain . " Oh well , " Barbetta replied , tapping the Rhodesian on the shoulder ; " you are now a major . I make you a major . " It quickly became clear to Smith that Barbetta had given him this " promotion " in the hope of elevating his own reputation in the resistance movement — " none of the other regiments in the area could boast an Inglesi pilote and a majore to boot " , he explained in his memoirs . The pilot got on well with Barbetta , and took part in his partisans ' sabotage operations for about three months during late 1944 . Meanwhile , he became proficient in Italian . After the Germans pulled out of their local garrison at Sassello in October 1944 , Smith told Barbetta that he was going to attempt to return to the Allied lines . The partisans tried to talk him out of it , telling him it was too risky , but when Smith insisted , they gave him letters to take with him , endorsing him to other Italian partisan groups he might encounter on his way . A British Army corporal known to Smith as " Bill " , who had been hiding in a nearby village , asked if he could come as well , and the Rhodesian agreed .
Smith resolved to head west , across the Ligurian Alps , towards southern France , which he knew had just been invaded by Allied troops , principally Americans , Free French and British . He and Bill were assisted along the way by Italian partisan groups and other friendly locals . After ten days on the road , three other Allied personnel — a Frenchman , an Austrian and a Pole — joined the trek , having met Smith and Bill at a partisan camp . The lingua franca of the group having changed to Italian , the five men hiked to the border , where they were taken in by an old farmer , Jean Batiste Chambrin , who gave them instructions on how to pass the German sentries guarding the border with France . The soldiers decided that because it would be too risky to try to cross all together , Smith and Bill would go first , with the Frenchman , Austrian and Pole following the next day .
Chambrin did not speak English , and so summoned his brother , an anglophone hotelier from across the border , to ascertain that Smith and Bill were really British , and not Germans testing his sympathies . At Bill 's suggestion , Smith produced his RAF rank insignia as proof of his identity . Smith and Bill duly made their way to the border crossing , guided by Chambrin , who told them that his brother would meet them on the other side of the border . There was only one way over : a bridge , manned by German sentries , who occasionally stopped people for interrogation . The pilot observed the checkpoint for a while from behind cover , and noticed that pedestrians crossing alone or in pairs were rarely stopped , while larger groups generally were . Smith decided that it might be possible for them to simply walk across , and told Bill to " just look straight ahead and walk quietly on " . Fortunately for them , they were not challenged , and they met up with Chambrin 's brother a few miles away . The Austrian and Frenchman joined them the next day ; the Polish soldier , who had appeared to Smith to be underage , had lost his nerve on seeing the Germans and had gone back .
They had now crossed the border into France , but there was still the matter of finding friendly troops . They decided that to do so without being discovered they would have to bypass the German positions by crossing the Maritime Alps . They found a local guide , and crossed the mountains , doing so over the course of two days . They were without the proper equipment and clothing for mountaineering . Shivering in the snow during the night , Smith took off his shoes , and found in the morning that they had frozen and that he could not put them on . He continued in his socks , which soon wore through , forcing him to finish the journey walking barefoot on the ice and snow . As they made their way downhill , they saw a group of soldiers in American uniforms . It had been 23 days since Smith and Bill set off from Piancastagna . They called to the soldiers and , once the Americans had been satisfied that they were who they claimed , Smith and his comrades were taken to a local base camp , where they were split up and sent back to their respective forces . The Americans took Smith to Marseille , from where he was flown to the RAF transit camp at Naples . On arriving in late November 1944 , Smith sent a brief telegram home to Selukwe : " Alive and well . Love to you all — Ian . "
= = = Late war and demobilisation = = =
It was well known to British servicemen that spending three months or more missing behind enemy lines resulted in an automatic posting back home , which Smith did not want ; he was therefore wary as he entered his interview at the Naples transit base . When passage back to Rhodesia via Egypt was offered , Smith successfully requested permission to go to Britain instead , saying that he had many relatives there and considered it a second home . He thereupon travelled to England , where he was posted to a six @-@ week refresher course in Shropshire , flying Spitfires . Smith performed very strongly in the exercises and , at his own request , was posted back to active service after only three weeks in the course . He was attached to No. 130 ( Punjab ) Squadron , part of No. 125 Wing , which was commanded by Group Captain ( later Air Vice Marshal ) Johnnie Johnson , one of the most successful RAF flying aces of the war . Reporting for duty with No. 130 Squadron at Celle , in western Germany , on 23 April 1945 , he flew combat missions there , " [ having ] a little bit of fun shooting up odd things " , he recalled , until the European war ended on 7 May with Germany 's surrender .
Smith remained with No. 130 Squadron for the rest of his service , flying with it to Copenhagen , and then , via Britain , to Norway . The Rhodesian spent around five months in Norway as part of the post @-@ war occupation forces , but did not learn Norwegian , later telling Berlyn that it seemed much harder to him than Italian , " and they all spoke English , you see " . After No. 130 Squadron returned to Britain in November 1945 , Smith was demobilised and sent home . He was met at RAF Kumalo in Bulawayo by his family , with whom he drove back to Selukwe .
= = War wounds = =
The plastic surgery used to reconstruct Smith 's face following his crash in the Western Desert in 1943 left his face somewhat lopsided , with partial paralysis . In her 1978 biography of Smith , Berlyn writes that the grafted skin on his face " almost hides the injuries even today , though it has left him with a slightly blank expression " . This was often commented on by observers , and when Smith died in 2007 , it was prominent in many of his obituaries . " It was Ian Smith 's war @-@ damaged left eye that drew people 's attention first , " began the report printed in the London Times : " wide open , heavy @-@ lidded and impassive from experimental plastic surgery , it hinted at a dull , characterless nature . The other was narrow , slanting and slightly hooded . Being watched by it was an uncomfortable experience . Each eye could have belonged to a different person . " The Daily Telegraph took a similar line , reporting that the operation to reconstruct Smith 's face had " left him with a somewhat menacing stare " .
Smith 's injuries also made him permanently unable to sit for long periods without pain , so when he attended conferences as a politician , he would briefly rise from his seat from time to time . During his talks with British Prime Minister Harold Wilson aboard HMS Tiger in 1966 , Smith regularly got up and looked out of a porthole ; the British incorrectly interpreted this as Smith feeling intimidated by Wilson , or seasick .
= = Influence on political career = =
Smith completed his studies at Rhodes during 1946 , and entered politics in 1948 , when he successfully contested the Selukwe seat on behalf of the Liberal Party , becoming his home town 's Member of Parliament at the age of 29 . He rose through the political ranks with the United Federal Party during the 1950s , and in 196
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illa . The song 's composition and arrangement was compared by Spin magazine 's Garrett Kamps to the works of Boards of Canada , while other listeners compared the track 's use of soul samples to that of " The Glory , " a track from Kanye West 's third album Graduation ( 2007 ) .
= = Release and promotion = =
" Flicker " premiered on July 28 , 2014 by Vogue magazine for streaming as World ' ' s fourth and final single . The song was initially planned to be the album 's second single after " Sea of Voices , " but Robinson replaced it with " Sad Machine " three days before its release . Robinson wanted Flicker to be the LP 's last single , given that it presented the record 's " cuter " aspect . Upon its release , it debuted at number 37 on the Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs chart in the United States on the issue week of August 16 , 2014 , later re @-@ appearing at its peak of number 34 on the week of August 30 .
A remix by Robinson 's friend Mat Zo , which he said was “ One of the best remixes I 've ever gotten in my life ” , was first heard at his performance at the Monstercat label showcase , and was released on September 9 , 2015 as a single off the official remix album for Worlds . The re @-@ cut was ranked number seven on Billboard 's " The 15 Best Dance / Electronic Remixes of 2015 , " Matt Medved writing that " What Mat Zo 's meandering revision of the Worlds fan @-@ favorite lacks in cohesion , it more than makes up in imagination . " An official animated music video for " Flicker " premiered on August 14 , 2014 . Lucas Villa described the video as " like seeing Japan on a train ride , " where " scenes of the area fly by with an abounding amount of digital alterations . " Footage of Japan in the video is filtered with " stunning visuals " and 8 @-@ bit video game effects . The video was well received , with Villa calling it " as awe @-@ inspiring as the track itself . "
= = Critical reception = =
" Flicker " was very well @-@ received by critics . Elissa Stolman praised Robinson on the track for not being " overwhelmed by his influences , which seem to extend farther back into history than most producers in his field " , while joking that " it 's just a bit of a shame that disco is one of them . " In his mixed review of Worlds , Derek Staples of Consequence of Sound praised “ Flicker ” and “ Goodbye to a World ” for highlighting " Robinson ’ s more intricate big room capabilities " in an album where " Robinson hides his former bass @-@ fueled self behind the album ’ s sheen . " Allmusic journalist Andy Kellman said in his review of the album that " Flicker " , along with " Lionhearted " and " Years of War " " have sections muscular and bold enough to move large crowds " , while Las Vegas Weekly critic Mike Prevatt described the track 's hook as having an " emotional payoff . "
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
= Philosophy of science =
Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations , methods , and implications of science . The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science , the reliability of scientific theories , and the ultimate purpose of science . This discipline overlaps with metaphysics , ontology , and epistemology , for example , when it explores the relationship between science and truth .
There is no consensus among philosophers about many of the central problems concerned with the philosophy of science , including whether science can reveal the truth about unobservable things and whether scientific reasoning can be justified at all . In addition to these general questions about science as a whole , philosophers of science consider problems that apply to particular sciences ( such as biology or physics ) . Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to reach conclusions about philosophy itself .
While philosophical thought pertaining to science dates back at least to the time of Aristotle , philosophy of science emerged as a distinct discipline only in the middle of the 20th century in the wake of the logical positivism movement , which aimed to formulate criteria for ensuring all philosophical statements ' meaningfulness and objectively assessing them . Thomas Kuhn 's landmark 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was also formative , challenging the view of scientific progress as steady , cumulative acquisition of knowledge based on a fixed method of systematic experimentation and instead arguing that any progress is relative to a " paradigm , " the set of questions , concepts , and practices that define a scientific discipline in a particular historical period .
Subsequently , the coherentist approach to science , in which a theory is validated if it makes sense of observations as part of a coherent whole , became prominent due to W. V. Quine and others . Some thinkers such as Stephen Jay Gould seek to ground science in axiomatic assumptions , such as the uniformity of nature . A vocal minority of philosophers , and Paul Feyerabend ( 1924 – 1994 ) in particular , argue that there is no such thing as the " scientific method " , so all approaches to science should be allowed , including explicitly supernatural ones . Another approach to thinking about science involves studying how knowledge is created from a sociological perspective , an approach represented by scholars like David Bloor and Barry Barnes . Finally , a tradition in continental philosophy approaches science from the perspective of a rigorous analysis of human experience .
Philosophies of the particular sciences range from questions about the nature of time raised by Einstein 's general relativity , to the implications of economics for public policy . A central theme is whether one scientific discipline can be reduced to the terms of another . That is , can chemistry be reduced to physics , or can sociology be reduced to individual psychology ? The general questions of philosophy of science also arise with greater specificity in some particular sciences . For instance , the question of the validity of scientific reasoning is seen in a different guise in the foundations of statistics . The question of what counts as science and what should be excluded arises as a life @-@ or @-@ death matter in the philosophy of medicine . Additionally , the philosophies of biology , of psychology , and of the social sciences explore whether the scientific studies of human nature can achieve objectivity or are inevitably shaped by values and by social relations .
= = Introduction = =
= = = Defining science = = =
Distinguishing between science and non @-@ science is referred to as the demarcation problem . For example , should psychoanalysis be considered science ? How about so @-@ called creation science , the inflationary multiverse hypothesis , or macroeconomics ? Karl Popper called this the central question in the philosophy of science . However , no unified account of the problem has won acceptance among philosophers , and some regard the problem as unsolvable or uninteresting . Martin Gardner has argued for the use of a Potter Stewart standard ( " I know it when I see it " ) for recognizing pseudoscience .
Early attempts by the logical positivists grounded science in observation while non @-@ science was non @-@ observational and hence meaningless . Popper argued that the central property of science is falsifiability . That is , every genuinely scientific claim is capable of being proven false , at least in principle .
An area of study or speculation that masquerades as science in an attempt to claim a legitimacy that it would not otherwise be able to achieve is referred to as pseudoscience , fringe science , or junk science . Physicist Richard Feynman coined the term " cargo cult science " for cases in which researchers believe they are doing science because their activities have the outward appearance of it but actually lack the " kind of utter honesty " that allows their results to be rigorously evaluated .
= = = Scientific explanation = = =
A closely related question is what counts as a good scientific explanation . In addition to providing predictions about future events , society often takes scientific theories to provide explanations for events that occur regularly or have already occurred . Philosophers have investigated the criteria by which a scientific theory can be said to have successfully explained a phenomenon , as well as what it means to say a scientific theory has explanatory power .
One early and influential theory of scientific explanation is the deductive @-@ nomological model . It says that a successful scientific explanation must deduce the occurrence of the phenomena in question from a scientific law . This view has been subjected to substantial criticism , resulting in several widely acknowledged counterexamples to the theory . It is especially challenging to characterize what is meant by an explanation when the thing to be explained cannot be deduced from any law because it is a matter of chance , or otherwise cannot be perfectly predicted from what is known . Wesley Salmon developed a model in which a good scientific explanation must be statistically relevant to the outcome to be explained . Others have argued that the key to a good explanation is unifying disparate phenomena or providing a causal mechanism .
= = = Justifying science = = =
Although it is often taken for granted , it is not at all clear how one can infer the validity of a general statement from a number of specific instances or infer the truth of a theory from a series of successful tests . For example , a chicken observes that each morning the farmer comes and gives it food , for hundreds of days in a row . The chicken may therefore use inductive reasoning to infer that the farmer will bring food every morning . However , one morning , the farmer comes and kills the chicken . How is scientific reasoning more trustworthy than the chicken 's reasoning ?
One approach is to acknowledge that induction cannot achieve certainty , but observing more instances of a general statement can at least make the general statement more probable . So the chicken would be right to conclude from all those mornings that it is likely the farmer will come with food again the next morning , even if it cannot be certain . However , there remain difficult questions about what precise probability any given evidence justifies putting on the general statement . One way out of these particular difficulties is to declare that all beliefs about scientific theories are subjective , or personal , and correct reasoning is merely about how evidence should change one 's subjective beliefs over time .
Some argue that what scientists do is not inductive reasoning at all but rather abductive reasoning , or inference to the best explanation . In this account , science is not about generalizing specific instances but rather about hypothesizing explanations for what is observed . As discussed in the previous section , it is not always clear what is meant by the " best explanation . " Ockham 's razor , which counsels choosing the simplest available explanation , thus plays an important role in some versions of this approach . To return to the example of the chicken , would it be simpler to suppose that the farmer cares about it and will continue taking care of it indefinitely or that the farmer is fattening it up for slaughter ? Philosophers have tried to make this heuristic principle more precise in terms of theoretical parsimony or other measures . Yet , although various measures of simplicity have been brought forward as potential candidates , it is generally accepted that there is no such thing as a theory @-@ independent measure of simplicity . In other words , there appear to be as many different measures of simplicity as there are theories themselves , and the task of choosing between measures of simplicity appears to be every bit as problematic as the job of choosing between theories .
= = = Observation inseparable from theory = = =
When making observations , scientists look through telescopes , study images on electronic screens , record meter readings , and so on . Generally , on a basic level , they can agree on what they see , e.g. , the thermometer shows 37 @.@ 9 degrees C. But , if these scientists have different ideas about the theories that have been developed to explain these basic observations , they may disagree about what they are observing . For example , before Albert Einstein 's general theory of relativity , observers would have likely interpreted the image at left as five different objects in space . In light of that theory , however , astronomers will tell you that is actually only two objects , one in the center and four different images of the same object around the sides . Alternatively , if other scientists suspect that something is wrong with the telescope and only one object is actually being observed , they are operating under yet another theory . Observations that cannot be separated from theoretical interpretation are said to be theory @-@ laden .
All observation involves both perception and cognition . That is , one does not make an observation passively , but rather is actively engaged in distinguishing the phenomenon being observed from surrounding sensory data . Therefore , observations are affected by one 's underlying understanding of the way in which the world functions , and that understanding may influence what is perceived , noticed , or deemed worthy of consideration . In this sense , it can be argued that all observation is theory @-@ laden .
= = = The purpose of science = = =
Should science aim to determine ultimate truth , or are there questions that science cannot answer ? Scientific realists claim that science aims at truth and that one ought to regard scientific theories as true , approximately true , or likely true . Conversely , scientific anti @-@ realists argue that science does not aim ( or at least does not succeed ) at truth , especially truth about unobservables like electrons or other universes . Instrumentalists argue that scientific theories should only be evaluated on whether they are useful . In their view , whether theories are true or not is beside the point , because the purpose of science is to make predictions and enable effective technology .
Realists often point to the success of recent scientific theories as evidence for the truth ( or near truth ) of current theories . Antirealists point to either the many false theories in the history of science , epistemic morals , the success of false modeling assumptions , or widely termed postmodern criticisms of objectivity as evidence against scientific realism . Antirealists attempt to explain the success of scientific theories without reference to truth . Some antirealists claim that scientific theories aim at being accurate only about observable objects and argue that their success is primarily judged by that criterion .
= = = Values and science = = =
Values intersect with science in different ways . There are epistemic values that mainly guide the scientific research . The scientific enterprise is embedded in particular culture and values through individual practitioners . Values emerge from science , both as product and process and can be distributed among several cultures in the society .
If it is unclear what counts as science , how the process of confirming theories works , and what the purpose of science is , there is considerable scope for values and other social influences to shape science . Indeed , values can play a role ranging from determining which research gets funded to influencing which theories achieve scientific consensus . For example , in the 19th century , cultural values held by scientists about race shaped research on evolution , and values concerning social class influenced debates on phrenology ( considered scientific at the time ) . Feminist philosophers of science , sociologists of science , and others explore how social values affect science .
= = History = =
= = = Pre @-@ modern = = =
The origins of philosophy of science trace back to Plato and Aristotle who distinguished the forms of approximate and exact reasoning , set out the threefold scheme of abductive , deductive , and inductive inference , and also analyzed reasoning by analogy . The eleventh century Arab polymath Ibn al @-@ Haytham ( known in Latin as Alhazen ) conducted his research in optics by way of controlled experimental testing and applied geometry , especially in his investigations into the images resulting from the reflection and refraction of light . Roger Bacon ( 1214 – 1294 ) , an English thinker and experimenter heavily influenced by al @-@ Haytham , is recognized by many to be the father of modern scientific method . His view that mathematics was essential to a correct understanding of natural philosophy was considered to be 400 years ahead of its time .
= = = Modern = = =
Francis Bacon ( no direct relation to Roger , who lived 300 years earlier ) was a seminal figure in philosophy of science at the time of the Scientific Revolution . In his work Novum Organum ( 1620 ) – a reference to Aristotle 's Organon – Bacon outlined a new system of logic to improve upon the old philosophical process of syllogism . Bacon 's method relied on experimental histories to eliminate alternative theories . In 1637 , René Descartes established a new framework for grounding scientific knowledge in his treatise , Discourse on Method , advocating the central role of reason as opposed to sensory experience . By contrast , in 1713 , the 2nd edition of Isaac Newton 's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica argued that " ... hypotheses ... have no place in experimental philosophy . In this philosophy [ , ] propositions are deduced from the phenomena and rendered general by induction . " This passage influenced a " later generation of philosophically @-@ inclined readers to pronounce a ban on causal hypotheses in natural philosophy . " In particular , later in the 18th century , David Hume would famously articulate skepticism about the ability of science to determine causality and gave a definitive formulation of the problem of induction . The 19th century writings of John Stuart Mill are also considered important in the formation of current conceptions of the scientific method , as well as anticipating later accounts of scientific explanation .
= = = Logical positivism = = =
Instrumentalism became popular among physicists around the turn of the 20th century , after which logical positivism defined the field for several decades . Logical positivism accepts only testable statements as meaningful , rejects metaphysical interpretations , and embraces verificationism ( a set of theories of knowledge that combines logicism , empiricism , and linguistics to ground philosophy on a basis consistent with examples from the empirical sciences ) . Seeking to overhaul all of philosophy and convert it to a new scientific philosophy , the Berlin Circle and the Vienna Circle propounded logical positivism in the late 1920s .
Interpreting Ludwig Wittgenstein 's early philosophy of language , logical positivists identified a verifiability principle or criterion of cognitive meaningfulness . From Bertrand Russell 's logicism they sought reduction of mathematics to logic . They also embraced Russell 's logical atomism , Ernst Mach 's phenomenalism — whereby the mind knows only actual or potential sensory experience , which is the content of all sciences , whether physics or psychology — and Percy Bridgman 's operationalism . Thereby , only the verifiable was scientific and cognitively meaningful , whereas the unverifiable was unscientific , cognitively meaningless " pseudostatements " — metaphysical , emotive , or such — not worthy of further review by philosophers , who were newly tasked to organize knowledge rather than develop new knowledge .
Logical positivism is commonly portrayed as taking the extreme position that scientific language should never refer to anything unobservable — even the seemingly core notions of causality , mechanism , and principles — but that is an exaggeration . Talk of such unobservables could be allowed as metaphorical — direct observations viewed in the abstract — or at worst metaphysical or emotional . Theoretical laws would be reduced to empirical laws , while theoretical terms would garner meaning from observational terms via correspondence rules . Mathematics in physics would reduce to symbolic logic via logicism , while rational reconstruction would convert ordinary language into standardized equivalents , all networked and united by a logical syntax . A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification , whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth .
In the late 1930s , logical positivists fled Germany and Austria for Britain and America . By then , many had replaced Mach 's phenomenalism with Otto Neurath 's physicalism , and Rudolf Carnap had sought to replace verification with simply confirmation . With World War II 's close in 1945 , logical positivism became milder , logical empiricism , led largely by Carl Hempel , in America , who expounded the covering law model of scientific explanation as a way of identifying the logical form of explanations without any reference to the suspect notion of " causation " . The logical positivist movement became a major underpinning of analytic philosophy , and dominated Anglosphere philosophy , including philosophy of science , while influencing sciences , into the 1960s . Yet the movement failed to resolve its central problems , and its doctrines were increasingly assaulted . Nevertheless , it brought about the establishment of philosophy of science as a distinct subdiscipline of philosophy , with Carl Hempel playing a key role .
= = = Thomas Kuhn = = =
In his landmark 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , Thomas Kuhn crystallized the reaction against logical positivism . He argued that the process of observation and evaluation takes place within a paradigm . By paradigm he meant a logically consistent " portrait " of the world that is consistent with observations made from its point of view . A paradigm also encompasses the set of questions and practices that define a scientific discipline . He characterized normal science as the process of observation and " puzzle solving " which takes place within a paradigm , whereas revolutionary science occurs when one paradigm overtakes another in a paradigm shift .
Kuhn denied that it is ever possible to isolate the hypothesis being tested from the influence of the theory in which the observations are grounded , and he argued that it is not possible to evaluate competing paradigms independently . More than one logically consistent construct can paint a usable likeness of the world , but there is no common ground from which to pit two against each other , theory against theory . Each paradigm has its own distinct questions , aims , and interpretations . Neither provides a standard by which the other can be judged , so there is no clear way to measure scientific progress across paradigms .
For Kuhn , the choice of paradigm was sustained by rational processes , but not ultimately determined by them . The choice between paradigms involves setting two or more " portraits " against the world and deciding which likeness is most promising . For Kuhn , acceptance or rejection of a paradigm is a social process as much as a logical process . Kuhn 's position , however , is not one of relativism . According to Kuhn , a paradigm shift occurs when a significant number of observational anomalies arise in the old paradigm and a new paradigm makes sense of them . That is , the choice of a new paradigm is based on observations , even though those observations are made against the background of the old paradigm .
= = Current approaches = =
= = = Axiomatic assumptions = = =
Some thinkers seek to articulate axiomatic assumptions on which science may be based , a form of foundationalism . This is typically the implicit philosophy of working scientists , that the following basic assumptions that are needed to justify the scientific method : ( 1 ) that there is an objective reality shared by all rational observers ; ( 2 ) that this objective reality is governed by natural laws ; ( 3 ) that these laws can be discovered by means of systematic observation and experimentation . Proponents argue that these assumptions are reasonable and necessary for practicing science . For instance , Hugh Gauch argues that science presupposes that " the physical world is orderly and comprehensible . " Likewise , biologist Stephen Jay Gould cites the constancy of nature 's laws as an assumption which a scientist should assume before proceeding to do geology . In this view , the uniformity of scientific laws is an unprovable postulate which enables scientists to extrapolate into the unobservable past . In other words , the constancy of natural laws must be assumed in order to meaningfully study the past .
= = = Coherentism = = =
In contrast to the view that science rests on foundational assumptions , coherentism asserts that statements are justified by being a part of a coherent system . Or , rather , individual statements cannot be validated on their own : only coherent systems can be justified . A prediction of a transit of Venus is justified by its being coherent with broader beliefs about celestial mechanics and earlier observations . As explained above , observation is a cognitive act . That is , it relies on a pre @-@ existing understanding , a systematic set of beliefs . An observation of a transit of Venus requires a huge range of auxiliary beliefs , such as those that describe the optics of telescopes , the mechanics of the telescope mount , and an understanding of celestial mechanics . If the prediction fails and a transit is not observed , that is likely to occasion an adjustment in the system , a change in some auxiliary assumption , rather than a rejection of the theoretical system .
In fact , according to the Duhem – Quine thesis , after Pierre Duhem and W. V. Quine , it is impossible to test a theory in isolation . One must always add auxiliary hypotheses in order to make testable predictions . For example , to test Newton 's Law of Gravitation in the solar system , one needs information about the masses and positions of the Sun and all the planets . Famously , the failure to predict the orbit of Uranus in the 19th century led not to the rejection of Newton 's Law but rather to the rejection of the hypothesis that the solar system comprises only seven planets . The investigations that followed led to the discovery of an eighth planet , Neptune . If a test fails , something is wrong . But there is a problem in figuring out what that something is : a missing planet , badly calibrated test equipment , an unsuspected curvature of space , or something else .
One consequence of the Duhem – Quine thesis is that one can make any theory compatible with any empirical observation by the addition of a sufficient number of suitable ad hoc hypotheses . Karl Popper accepted this thesis , leading him to reject naïve falsification . Instead , he favored a " survival of the fittest " view in which the most falsifiable scientific theories are to be preferred .
= = = Anything goes = = =
Austrian philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend ( 1924 – 1994 ) argued that no description of scientific method could possibly be broad enough to encompass all the approaches and methods used by scientists . He claimed there are no useful and exception @-@ free methodological rules governing the progress of science . Feyerabend objected to prescriptive scientific method on the grounds that any such method would stifle and cramp scientific progress . Feyerabend claimed that " the only principle that does not inhibit progress is : anything goes " .
Feyerabend felt that science started as a liberating movement , but that over time it had become increasingly dogmatic and rigid , and therefore had become increasingly an ideology , and , despite its successes , science had started to attain some oppressive features . He argued it was not possible to come up with an unambiguous way to distinguish science from religion , magic , or mythology . He saw the exclusive dominance of science as a means of directing society as authoritarian and ungrounded . Promulgation of this epistemological anarchism earned Feyerabend the title of " the worst enemy of science " from his detractors .
= = = Sociology of scientific knowledge = = =
According to Kuhn , science is an inherently communal activity which can only be done as part of a community . For him , the fundamental difference between science and other disciplines is the way in which the communities function . Others , especially Feyerabend and some post @-@ modernist thinkers , have argued that there is insufficient difference between social practices in science and other disciplines to maintain this distinction . For them , social factors play an important and direct role in scientific method , but they do not serve to differentiate science from other disciplines . On this account , science is socially constructed , though this does not necessarily imply the more radical notion that reality itself is a social construct .
However , some such as Quine do maintain that scientific reality is a social construct :
Physical objects are conceptually imported into the situation as convenient intermediaries not by definition in terms of experience , but simply as irreducible posits comparable , epistemologically , to the gods of Homer ... For my part I do , qua lay physicist , believe in physical objects and not in Homer 's gods ; and I consider it a scientific error to believe otherwise . But in point of epistemological footing , the physical objects and the gods differ only in degree and not in kind . Both sorts of entities enter our conceptions only as cultural posits .
The public backlash of scientists against such views , particularly in the 1990s , came to be known as the science wars .
A major development in recent decades has been the study of the formation , structure , and evolution of scientific communities by sociologists and anthropologists including David Bloor , Harry Collins , Bruno Latour , and Anselm Strauss . Concepts and methods ( such as rational choice , social choice or game theory ) from economics have also been applied for understanding the efficiency of scientific communities in the production of knowledge . This interdisciplinary field has come to be known as science and technology studies . Here the approach to the philosophy of science is to study how scientific communities actually operate .
= = = Continental philosophy = = =
Philosophers in the continental philosophical tradition are not traditionally categorized as philosophers of science . However , they have much to say about science , some of which has anticipated themes in the analytical tradition . For example , Nietzsche advanced the thesis in his " The Genealogy of Morals " that the motive for search of truth in sciences is a kind of ascetic ideal .
In general , science in continental philosophy is viewed from a world @-@ historical perspective . One of the first philosophers who supported this view was Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . Philosophers such as Pierre Duhem and Gaston Bachelard also wrote their works with this world @-@ historical approach to science , predating Kuhn by a generation or more . All of these approaches involve a historical and sociological turn to science , with a priority on lived experience ( a kind of Husserlian " life @-@ world " ) , rather than a progress @-@ based or anti @-@ historical approach as done in the analytic tradition . This emphasis can be traced through Edmund Husserl 's phenomenology , the late works of Merleau @-@ Ponty ( Nature : Course Notes from the Collège de France , 1956 – 1960 ) , and Martin Heidegger 's hermeneutics .
The largest effect on the continental tradition with respect to science was Martin Heidegger 's critique of the theoretical attitude in general which of course includes the scientific attitude . For this reason the continental tradition has remained much more skeptical of the importance of science in human life and philosophical inquiry . Nonetheless , there have been a number of important works : especially a Kuhnian precursor , Alexandre Koyré . Another important development was that of Foucault 's analysis of the historical and scientific thought in The Order of Things and his study of power and corruption within the " science " of madness . Post @-@ Heideggerian authors contributing to the continental philosophy of science in the second half of the 20th century include Jürgen Habermas ( e.g. , " Truth and Justification " , 1998 ) , Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker ( " The Unity of Nature " , 1980 ) , and Wolfgang Stegmüller ( " Probleme und Resultate der Wissenschafttheorie und Analytischen Philosophie " , 1973 – 1986 ) .
= = Other topics = =
= = = Reductionism = = =
Analysis is the activity of breaking an observation or theory down into simpler concepts in order to understand it . Reductionism can refer to one of several philosophical positions related to this approach . One type of reductionism is the belief that all fields of study are ultimately amenable to scientific explanation . Perhaps a historical event might be explained in sociological and psychological terms , which in turn might be described in terms of human physiology , which in turn might be described in terms of chemistry and physics . Daniel Dennett distinguishes legitimate reductionism from what he calls greedy reductionism , which denies real complexities and leaps too quickly to sweeping generalizations .
= = = Social accountability = = =
A broad issue affecting the neutrality of science concerns the areas which science chooses to explore , that is , what part of the world and man is studied by science . Philip Kitcher in his " Science , Truth , and Democracy " argues that scientific studies that attempt to show one segment of the population as being less intelligent , successful or emotionally backward compared to others have a political feedback effect which further excludes such groups from access to science . Thus such studies undermine the broad consensus required for good science by excluding certain people , and so proving themselves in the end to be unscientific .
= = Philosophy of particular sciences = =
There is no such thing as philosophy @-@ free science ; there is only science whose philosophical baggage is taken on board without examination .
In addition to addressing the general questions regarding science and induction , many philosophers of science are occupied by investigating foundational problems in particular sciences . They also examine the implications of particular sciences for broader philosophical questions . The late 20th and early 21st century has seen a rise in the number of practitioners of philosophy of a particular science .
= = = Philosophy of statistics = = =
The problem of induction discussed above is seen in another form in debates over the foundations of statistics . The standard approach to statistical hypothesis testing avoids claims about whether evidence supports a hypothesis or makes it more probable . Instead , the typical test yields a p @-@ value , which is the probability of the evidence being such as it is , under the assumption that the hypothesis being tested is true . If the p @-@ value is too low , the hypothesis is rejected , in a way analogous to falsification . In contrast , Bayesian inference seeks to assign probabilities to hypotheses . Related topics in philosophy of statistics include probability interpretations , overfitting , and the difference between correlation and causation .
= = = Philosophy of mathematics = = =
Philosophy of mathematics is concerned with the philosophical foundations and implications of mathematics . The central questions are whether numbers , triangles , and other mathematical entities exist independently of the human mind and what is the nature of mathematical propositions . Is asking whether " 1 + 1 = 2 " is true fundamentally different from asking whether a ball is red ? Was calculus invented or discovered ? A related question is whether learning mathematics requires experience or reason alone . What does it mean to prove a mathematical theorem and how does one know whether a mathematical proof is correct ? Philosophers of mathematics also aim to clarify the relationships between mathematics and logic , human capabilities such as intuition , and the material universe .
= = = Philosophy of physics = = =
Philosophy of physics is the study of the fundamental , philosophical questions underlying modern physics , the study of matter and energy and how they interact . The main questions concern the nature of space and time , atoms and atomism . Also included are the predictions of cosmology , the interpretation of quantum mechanics , the foundations of statistical mechanics , causality , determinism , and the nature of physical laws . Classically , several of these questions were studied as part of metaphysics ( for example , those about causality , determinism , and space and time ) .
= = = Philosophy of chemistry = = =
Philosophy of chemistry is the philosophical study of the methodology and content of the science of chemistry . It is explored by philosophers , chemists , and philosopher @-@ chemist teams . It includes research on general philosophy of science issues as applied to chemistry . For example , can all chemical phenomena be explained by quantum mechanics or is it not possible to reduce chemistry to physics ? For another example , chemists have discussed the philosophy of how theories are confirmed in the context of confirming reaction mechanisms . Determining reaction mechanisms is difficult because they cannot be observed directly . Chemists can use a number of indirect measures as evidence to rule out certain mechanisms , but they are often unsure if the remaining mechanism is correct because there are many other possible mechanisms that they have not tested or even thought of . Philosophers have also sought to clarify the meaning of chemical concepts which do not refer to specific physical entities , such as chemical bonds .
= = = Philosophy of biology = = =
Philosophy of biology deals with epistemological , metaphysical , and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences . Although philosophers of science and philosophers generally have long been interested in biology ( e.g. , Aristotle , Descartes , Leibniz and even Kant ) , philosophy of biology only emerged as an independent field of philosophy in the 1960s and 1970s . Philosophers of science began to pay increasing attention to developments in biology , from the rise of the modern synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s to the discovery of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) in 1953 to more recent advances in genetic engineering . Other key ideas such as the reduction of all life processes to biochemical reactions as well as the incorporation of psychology into a broader neuroscience are also addressed . Research in current philosophy of biology includes investigation of the foundations of evolutionary theory , and the role of viruses as persistent symbionts in host genomes . As a consequence the evolution of genetic content order is seen as the result of competent genome editors in contrast to former narratives in which error replication events ( mutations ) dominated .
= = = Philosophy of medicine = = =
Beyond medical ethics and bioethics , the philosophy of medicine is a branch of philosophy that includes the epistemology and ontology / metaphysics of medicine . Within the epistemology of medicine , evidence @-@ based medicine ( EBM ) ( or evidence @-@ based practice ( EBP ) ) has attracted attention , most notably the roles of randomisation , blinding and placebo controls . Related to these areas of investigation , ontologies of specific interest to the philosophy of medicine include Cartesian dualism , the monogenetic conception of disease and the conceptualization of ' placebos ' and ' placebo effects ' . There is also a growing interest in the metaphysics of medicine , particularly the idea of causation . Philosophers of medicine might not only be interested in how medical knowledge is generated , but also in the nature of such phenomena . Causation is of interest because the purpose of much medical research is to establish causal relationships , e.g. what causes disease , or what causes people to get better .
= = = Philosophy of psychology = = =
Philosophy of psychology refers to issues at the theoretical foundations of modern psychology . Some of these issues are epistemological concerns about the methodology of psychological investigation . For example , is the best method for studying psychology to focus only on the response of behavior to external stimuli or should psychologists focus on mental perception and thought processes ? If the latter , an important question is how the internal experiences of others can be measured . Self @-@ reports of feelings and beliefs may not be reliable because , even in cases in which there is no apparent incentive for subjects to intentionally deceive in their answers , self @-@ deception or selective memory may affect their responses . Then even in the case of accurate self @-@ reports , how can responses be compared across individuals ? Even if two individuals respond with the same answer on a Likert scale , they may be experiencing very different things .
Other issues in philosophy of psychology are philosophical questions about the nature of mind , brain , and cognition , and are perhaps more commonly thought of as part of cognitive science , or philosophy of mind . For example , are humans rational creatures ? Is there any sense in which they have free will , and how does that relate to the experience of making choices ? Philosophy of psychology also closely monitors contemporary work conducted in cognitive neuroscience , evolutionary psychology , and artificial intelligence , questioning what they can and cannot explain in psychology .
Philosophy of psychology is a relatively young field , because psychology only became a discipline of its own in the late 1800s . In particular , neurophilosophy has just recently become its own field with the works of Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland . Philosophy of mind , by contrast , has been a well @-@ established discipline since before psychology was a field of study at all . It is concerned with questions about the very nature of mind , the qualities of experience , and particular issues like the debate between dualism and monism . Another related field is philosophy of language .
= = = Philosophy of economics = = =
Philosophy of economics is the branch of philosophy which studies philosophical issues relating to economics . It can also be defined as the branch of economics which studies its own foundations and morality . It can be categorized into three central topics . The first concerns the definition and scope of economics and by what methods it should be studied and whether these methods rise to the level of epistemic reliability associated with the other special sciences . For example , is it possible to research economics in such a way that it is value @-@ free , establishing facts that are independent of the normative views of the researcher ? The second topic is the meaning and implications of rationality . For example , can buying lottery tickets ( increasing the riskiness of your income ) at the same time as buying insurance ( decreasing the riskiness of your income ) be rational ? The third topic is the normative evaluation of economic policies and outcomes . What criteria should be used to determine whether a given public policy is beneficial for society ?
= = = Philosophy of social science = = =
The philosophy of social science is the study of the logic and method of the social sciences , such as sociology , anthropology , and political science . Philosophers of social science are concerned with the differences and similarities between the social and the natural sciences , causal relationships between social phenomena , the possible existence of social laws , and the ontological significance of structure and agency .
The French philosopher , Auguste Comte ( 1798 – 1857 ) , established the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in Positivist Philosophy , a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842 . The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence ( mathematics , astronomy , physics , chemistry , biology ) , whereas the latter two emphasised the inevitable coming of social science : " sociologie " . For Comte , the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first , before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex " Queen science " of human society itself . Comte offers an evolutionary system proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general ' law of three stages ' . These are ( 1 ) the theological , ( 2 ) the metaphysical , and ( 3 ) the positive .
Comte 's positivism established the initial philosophical foundations for formal sociology and social research . Durkheim , Marx , and Weber are more typically cited as the fathers of contemporary social science . In psychology , a positivistic approach has historically been favoured in behaviourism . Positivism has also been espoused by ' technocrats ' who believe in the inevitability of social progress through science and technology .
The positivist perspective has been associated with ' scientism ' ; the view that the methods of the natural sciences may be applied to all areas of investigation , be it philosophical , social scientific , or otherwise . Among most social scientists and historians , orthodox positivism has long since lost popular support . Today , practitioners of both social and physical sciences instead take into account the distorting effect of observer bias and structural limitations . This scepticism has been facilitated by a general weakening of deductivist accounts of science by philosophers such as Thomas Kuhn , and new philosophical movements such as critical realism and neopragmatism . The philosopher @-@ sociologist Jürgen Habermas has critiqued pure instrumental rationality as meaning that scientific @-@ thinking becomes something akin to ideology itself .
= John Beilein =
John Patrick Beilein ( pronounced bee @-@ line ; born February 5 , 1953 ) is an American college basketball coach and current men 's basketball head coach at the University of Michigan . He is the 16th head coach of the Michigan Wolverines . The 2015 – 16 season is his ninth at Michigan . Beilein has won 665 career games at four @-@ year universities ( including games that were not at the Division I level ) and 732 games altogether , including those at the junior @-@ college level . He has previously coached the West Virginia Mountaineers ( 2002 – 2007 ) , Richmond Spiders ( 1997 – 2002 ) , Canisius College Golden Griffins ( 1992 – 1997 ) in Division I as well as Le Moyne College ( 1983 – 1992 ) , Nazareth College ( 1982 – 1983 ) and Erie Community College ( 1978 – 1982 ) .
Beilein is the only active collegiate coach to have achieved 20 @-@ win seasons at four different levels — junior college , NCAA Division III , NCAA Division II and NCAA Division I. Beilein is one of only six active Division I coaches with 700 or more career wins . He has been recognized as conference coach of the year five times : in 1981 at Erie Community College , in 1988 at LeMoyne , in 1994 at Canisius , in 1998 at Richmond , and in 2014 at Michigan . In addition , Beilein was the seventh of only ten coaches to have taken four different schools to the NCAA Division I Tournament .
Beilein 's first Division I head coaching position was at Canisius , a hometown school of which he had been a fan . He turned around the school 's losing program and helped it earn two National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) and one NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Tournament invitation in five years . Then at Richmond he reached the NIT twice in five years . In five years at West Virginia , his teams twice advanced several rounds in the NCAA tournament and twice went to the NIT , including one championship . At Michigan , the school reached the NCAA tournament for the first time in over a decade and five times in his first seven seasons as coach . He has a 17 – 10 record in the NCAA tournament , with one Final Four appearance , and a 13 – 6 record in the NIT .
= = Education = =
Beilein was raised in Burt , New York . He is the eighth of nine children of a millworker and an apple farmer . His mother 's cousins were the inspiration for Saving Private Ryan , and two of his uncles ( Tom and Joe Niland ) were lifelong basketball coaches in the Western New York area . Beilein attended DeSales High School in Lockport , New York . He went on to attend Wheeling College ( now Wheeling Jesuit University ) where he competed on the school 's basketball team from 1971 to 1975 and served as team captain during the 1974 – 75 season . He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history in 1975 . After graduating , Beilein returned to Western New York where he began his coaching career at Newfane High School in 1975 . He remained there for three years . Beilein went on to earn a Master of Science degree in education from Niagara University in 1981 .
= = Early college coaching career = =
Beilein has never served as an assistant coach ; he has held head @-@ coaching positions throughout his career . He served as the coach of Erie Community College from 1978 to 1982 , Western New York 's Division III Nazareth College in Rochester , New York for the 1982 – 1983 school year , and Le Moyne College from 1983 to 1992 . Le Moyne was a Division II contestant in the Mideast Collegiate Conference ( MCC ) . Beilein first applied to coach Division I basketball at Canisius in 1987 , but he was not hired . During his time at Le Moyne , he held annual coaching clinics that welcomed coaches and athletes . Beilein was named the 1988 MCC Coach of the Year , when his team finished as Co @-@ League Champions with a 21 – 5 regular season record and number 14 national ranking . The team tied with Gannon University with an 8 – 2 conference record . Although it was Beilein 's third 20 @-@ win team at Le Moyne , they had never gone to the NCAA tournament before . The team captured the conference post @-@ season tournament after receiving a first round bye . As the number three seed , they faced the number one seeded California University of Pennsylvania in the NCAA Division II Eastern Regionals . They lost their first round game to fall to a 23 – 6 record , but won the consolation game against Kutztown University of Pennsylvania .
The MCC disbanded following the 1990 – 1991 season . In Beilein 's final season at Le Moyne , the team was an independent team unaffiliated with a conference . The team was scheduled to join the New England Collegiate Conference for the 1992 – 1993 season . After his first application for the job at Canisius , Beilein had tried to land other Division I jobs at schools such as Colgate University , where he had been a finalist in 1989 . In 1992 , he was finally hired to a Division I post at Canisius .
= = NCAA Division I coaching career = =
= = = Canisius = = =
During the 1991 – 92 season , Canisius compiled an 8 – 22 record prior to Beilein 's arrival . In 1992 , Beilein arrived at Canisius College as head coach for the 1992 – 93 season , and was able for the first time to hire assistant coaches . A Western New York native , he had grown up a Canisius basketball fan because his uncle , Joe Niland , had been a former player and coach there . At Canisius — his first Division I coaching position — Beilein reached the NCAA Tournament once and the NIT twice in his five seasons .
In his first two seasons at Canisius , Beilein turned a last place 1991 – 92 squad into a 1993 – 94 team that recorded the first undefeated home schedule ( 15 – 0 ) in the school 's modern era . The team entered the 1994 MAAC Tournament on a 15 @-@ game winning streak , and Beilein earned Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Coach of the Year . Beilein 's number one seeded Canisius team lost in the second round semi @-@ final contest against Loyola University and thus failed to make the 1994 NCAA Tournament . Although Canisius failed to be invited to participate in the NCAA tournament , Canisius was invited , along with two other schools from the MAAC , to the NIT tournament , and it was matched up against a taller , more experienced Villanova team . The eventual 1994 NIT champion Villanova prevailed in a 103 – 79 victory over Canisius in the first round .
During the 1994 – 95 season , the Golden Griffins were led by the team 's first MAAC Player of the Year , senior Craig Wise . In the first round of the MAAC tournament , a pair of future Michigan Wolverine coaches opposed each other when Canisius met Loyola , coached by Brian Ellerbe . Canisius won and reached the MAAC semi @-@ final for the fifth time in six years . The team lost in the semis for the third straight season , and it continued its record of never having won the conference tournament . Canisius earned the team 's first post @-@ season victory in 32 years against Seton Hall . A pair of subsequent wins enabled Canisius to earn a trip to the semifinals of the 1995 NIT at Madison Square Garden . Canisius lost in the semifinals against Virginia Tech by a 71 – 59 despite a school postseason record 32 points from Wise . Canisius lost the consolation game against Penn State . The three wins and two losses enabled Beilein to even up his NIT career record at 3 – 3 .
In 1995 – 96 , the team also was led by a MAAC Player of the Year , Darrell Barley . Beilein coached the 16 – 10 ( 7 – 7 MAAC ) team to the conference tournament championship to earn a birth in the 1996 NCAA Tournament despite the absence of the injured Barley for the tournament . Canisius earned a thirteen seed and matchup against the fourth @-@ seeded Utah Utes in the team 's first NCAA Tournament appearance since 1957 . Utah defeated Canisius in the game , 72 – 43 .
In Beilein 's final season coaching Canisius , the Golden Griffins were the top defensive team in the MAAC . The team 's season ended in the conference tournament finals . After the 1996 – 97 season , Beilein interviewed with the University of Richmond .
= = = Richmond = = =
In 1997 , Beilein moved to become the coach of the Richmond Spiders . There , he compiled a 100 – 53 record in five seasons , recording a winning record each season , and again reached the NCAA tournament once , where his 14th @-@ seeded team upset third @-@ seeded and nationally ranked South Carolina . His teams also reached the NIT twice .
During the 1997 – 98 season , A third Beilein player was named conference player of the year in six seasons when Jarod Stevenson was named Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) Player of the Year . The 1997 – 98 Spiders posted its first winning season since 1993 . The Spiders entered the 1998 CAA tournament as the third seed in the nine @-@ team conference . The team won the tournament , earning the school a 1998 NCAA Tournament selection , its first NCAA tournament berth since 1991 . Beilein won his fourth Coach of the Year award that season . This one was for the Richmond Times @-@ Dispatch Virginia Coach of the Year . Beilein was selected for the award over Charlie Woollum of William and Mary who beat Beilein for the CAA coach of the year award . During the NCAA Tournament , Richmond , which was seeded 14th upset the South Carolina team in the first round of the tournament . The Spiders lost their second game in the tournament to the Washington Huskies team . Beilein 's career NCAA tournament record was 1 – 2 .
Beilein relied on a nucleus that included two freshmen and two sophomores after two returning starters were removed from the team for disciplinary reason during the 1998 – 99 season . The team finished third in the CAA with a 15 – 11 ( 10 – 6 CAA ) record . However , they were upset in the 1999 CAA conference tournament by sixth @-@ seeded cross @-@ town rival Virginia Commonwealth .
Richmond again earned the third seed in the conference tournament over the course of the 1999 – 2000 season . In the 2000 CAA Conference tournament they ousted number @-@ six Old Dominion and number @-@ two James Madison . Then with the CAA conference 's automatic bid to the 2000 NCAA Tournament at stake , Richmond lost to fourth seeded UNC Wilmington in the championship game .
During the 2000 – 01 season , Richmond finished the regular season with a 21 – 6 record , finishing first in the CAA with a 12 – 4 record . The Spiders won ten of their final eleven games . However , since Richmond was going to change its athletic affiliation from the CAA to the Atlantic 10 the following season , it was ineligible for the 2001 CAA conference tournament . Only one team from the CAA had ever earned an at large bid to the NCAA tournament . The Spiders wound up playing in the 2001 NIT , where they defeated West Virginia before losing to Dayton . With one win and one loss Beilein stayed at .500 in the NIT , at 4 – 4 . At the end of the season , Beilein declined an offer to coach at Rutgers . The victory over West Virginia is credited with being a large part of why Beilein was eventually hired at West Virginia .
The following year during the 2001 – 02 season , Richmond finished in second place of the West Division of the 12 @-@ team Atlantic 10 Conference to earn a first @-@ round bye in the 2002 Atlantic 10 Tournament . In the tournament Richmond won its first two games to advance to the finals where it lost to Xavier . During the 2002 NIT , Richmond defeated Wagner , Montana State , and Minnesota before losing to Syracuse in the quarterfinals . This improved Beilein 's record to 7 – 5 in the NIT .
= = = West Virginia = = =
Dan Dakich was hired at West Virginia ( WVU ) of the Big East Conference and then quit 8 days later . In April 2002 , Beilein accepted the head coaching position at WVU . At WVU he posted a 104 – 60 record over five seasons . In the 2004 – 05 season , WVU went 24 – 11 and reached the " Elite Eight " ( fourth round ) of the NCAA tournament . The following year , WVU went 22 – 11 and reached the " Sweet Sixteen " ( third round ) . In 2006 – 07 , Beilein 's Mountaineers , despite losing about 80 % of their scoring from the previous season , went 27 – 9 and won the NIT championship .
Prior to 2009 , the Big East Tournament only included the top 12 teams . During the 2002 – 03 season , West Virginia qualified for the tournament in their final conference game of the season by beating Virginia Tech team to secure 6th place in the western division . The team had improved from 8 – 20 to finish the regular season at 14 – 14 ( 5 – 11 Big East ) under Beilein . The team lost in the first round of the 2003 Big East Tournament to Providence by a 73 – 50 margin to end their season .
Following the 2003 – 04 regular season , West Virginia qualified for the 2004 Big East Tournament as the number 10 seed . The team lost its first round match against Notre Dame team by a 65 – 64 margin on a three @-@ point shot with 15 seconds remaining . The team 's 15 – 13 record earned it an invitation to the 2004 NIT . In the first round of the tournament , the team traveled to play a 22 – 8 Kent State . Despite early foul trouble the team won 65 – 54 to advance to the second round . West Virginia defeated Rhode Island in the second game of the tournament by a 79 – 72 margin . The season ended with a 74 – 53 loss to Rutgers in the following game . Beilein 's career record in the NIT tournament was 8 – 6 after this tournament .
In 2004 – 05 , Beilein 's team entered the 2005 Big East Tournament with an 18 – 9 record as the eighth seed and as a team on the bubble for the 2005 NCAA Tournament . The team won its opening @-@ round game against number nine seed Providence 82 – 59 , its second @-@ round game against number one seed Boston College 78 – 72 , and its third @-@ round game against number four Villanova 78 – 72 . West Virginia lost the conference tournament finals to Syracuse 68 – 59 , but it earned a seven seed in the NCAA tournament against number ten seed Creighton of the Missouri Valley Conference . The loss gave Beilein his fifth loss in as many games against his mentor Syracuse coach Jim Boeheim , who had helped him acquire each of his first three Division I coaching positions . In the NCAA tournament , West Virginia beat Creighton 63 – 61 with a defensive stop and fast break dunk in the final five seconds . West Virginia then defeated the number two seed Wake Forest team led by Chris Paul in double overtime 111 – 105 . In the Sweet Sixteen round , West Virginia defeated Bobby Knight 's number six seeded Texas Tech 65 – 60 . In the elite eight round , they lost in overtime to Rick Pitino 's number four seeded Louisville , who were led by Taquan Dean and Larry O 'Bannon 93 – 85 @.@ with the three wins Beilein raised his career NCAA record to 4 – 3 .
During the 2005 – 06 season , West Virginia won its first eight Big East conference games and entered the top ten in the 2005 – 06 national rankings in February . It was the first time West Virginia had ranked in the top ten in the Coaches ' Poll which had been created in 1993 . They were the final unbeaten team in conference play . After the good start , the team lost four of its next five games to fall to 9 – 4 in conference play . They won their next two games to clinch a first @-@ round bye in the 2006 Big East Tournament . With seemingly little to play for , they lost their regular season finale to finish with a 20 – 9 (
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iskin IB separation and ullage motors , which separated and ignited seven seconds after the first stage had cut off . The interstage separated from the second stage six seconds later . The second stage , which was 2 @.@ 9 metres ( 9 ft 6 in ) long and measured 1 @.@ 37 metres ( 4 ft 6 in ) in diameter , was powered by a two @-@ chamber Gamma 2 engine which ignited shortly after the separation motors , and continued to burn for 123 seconds . Three minutes after launch , during the second stage burn , the payload fairing separated .
About 257 seconds into the flight , the second stage cut off , and the rocket entered a coast phase to apogee . Immediately after cut @-@ off , the second stage attitude control system was pressurised . During the coast the correct orientation for third stage separation was maintained by means of the attitude control system . Towards the end of the coast period , the third stage was spun up to a rate of 3 hertz ( 180 rpm ) by means of six Imp rockets . Five seconds later , the third stage separated , and following ten more seconds of coasting , it ignited . The third stage was a Waxwing solid rocket motor , which burned for 55 seconds .
Just over a minute after the third stage had burned out , the payload was released , and gas generators were used to push the spacecraft and spent upper stage apart . The delay between burnout and separation was intended to reduce the risk of recontact between the upper stage and payload due to residual thrust . Despite this , following spacecraft separation on the R3 launch , the upper stage collided with the Prospero satellite , damaging one of the spacecraft 's communications antennae ; however the spacecraft was still able to successfully complete its mission . On the R3 launch , the ascent took 710 seconds ( 11 @.@ 8 min ) from liftoff to spacecraft separation .
Although none were ever built , several derivatives of Black Arrow were also proposed , as ways of increasing its payload capacity . One proposal added eight Raven solid rocket motors from the Skylark programme to the first stage as booster rockets . Another suggestion was to mount the entire rocket atop a Blue Streak missile , while a third proposal involved replacing the Gamma engines with the more powerful Larch .
= = Launches = =
Four Black Arrows were launched between 1969 and 1971 . The first two launches were demonstration flights , with battleship third stages and a boilerplate payload . On the first flight an electrical fault caused a pair of first stage combustion chambers to pivot back and forth . Before it cleared the launch pad , the rocket was rolling erratically , and about a minute later it began to disintegrate . After the first stage engine failed , and the rocket began to fall back to earth , it was destroyed by range safety . The second launch was successful . The first all @-@ up launch on 2 September 1970 was the third launch of the Black Arrow , and Britain 's first attempt to launch a satellite . The launch failed due to a leak in the second stage oxidiser pressurisation system , which caused it to cut out early . The third stage fired , but the rocket did not reach orbit , and re @-@ entered over the Gulf of Carpentaria . The fourth launch successfully orbited the Prospero satellite , making the United Kingdom the sixth nation to place a satellite into orbit by means of an indigenously developed carrier rocket . The satellite , also known as X @-@ 3 , was named Prospero after the character Prospero in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . The name was chosen as a reference to events in the play , in which Prospero , a sorcerer , gives up his powers . Prior to the cancellation of the Black Arrow programme , the satellite was to be named after Puck from A Midsummer Night 's Dream .
All four launches were conducted from Launch Area 5B at the Woomera Prohibited Area in Australia , which had previously been used as a test site for the Black Knight rocket . During the development programme , launch sites in Barbados , Uist and Norfolk were also considered . The launch sites at Uist and Norfolk were rejected because the former was too remote , while there was a risk that a rocket launched from the latter might drop spent stages on an oil rig in the North Sea .
= = Cancellation = =
The Minister of State for Trade and Industry , Frederick Corfield , announced the cancellation of the Black Arrow project in the House of Commons on 29 July 1971 . As the R3 rocket had already been shipped to the launch site , the second stage having arrived three days earlier , permission was given for it to be launched .
The programme was cancelled on economic grounds , as the Ministry of Defence decided that it would be cheaper to use the American Scout rocket , which had a similar payload capacity , for future launches . Prior to the cancellation of Black Arrow , NASA had offered to launch British payloads for free ; however , this offer was withdrawn following the decision to cancel Black Arrow .
The final Black Arrow to be completed was R4 , which did not fly , and is preserved in the Science Museum , London , along with the flight spare for the Prospero satellite . A replica of the Black Arrow rocket stands in the Rocket Park at Woomera . In addition , the remains of the first stage of Black Arrow R3 were recovered from the Anna Creek cattle station and are displayed in the William Creek Memorial Park .
The launch facilities at Woomera were demolished within a year of the final flight , and half of the engineers who had worked on the programme were laid off . The X @-@ 4 satellite , which had been manifested for launch by Black Arrow R4 , was eventually launched on 9 March 1974 , by an American Scout D @-@ 1 rocket flying from Space Launch Complex 5 at the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California .
As of 2014 , the United Kingdom is the only country to have successfully developed and then abandoned a satellite launch capability . All other countries that have developed such a capability have retained it either through their own space programme or , in the case of France , through its involvement in the Ariane programme .
= Ngo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia =
The Ngo Dinh Diem presidential visit to Australia from 2 to 9 September 1957 was an official visit by the first president of the Republic of Vietnam . It was part of a year of travelling for Diem , who made official visits to the United States and other anti @-@ communist countries . As with his American trip , Diem was warmly and lavishly received during the height of the Cold War , garnering bipartisan praise from both the Liberal Party of Australia of Prime Minister Robert Menzies and the opposition Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) .
Diem addressed the Parliament of Australia and was made an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George , one of the highest imperial honours that can be bestowed on a non @-@ British subject — at the time , Australians were also British subjects . Diem did not engage in substantive political discussions with the Australian leaders and he spent most of his time at public functions . He was universally extolled by the media , which praised him for what they perceived to be a successful , charismatic , democratic and righteous rule in South Vietnam , overlooking his authoritarianism , election fraud and other corrupt practices . The Australian Catholic leadership and media were particularly glowing towards the South Vietnamese head of state . A member of Vietnam 's Catholic minority and the brother of Vietnam 's leading archbishop , Diem had pursued policies in Vietnam favoring his co @-@ religionists . He exempted the Catholic Church from land redistribution , gave them more aid and job promotions , and allowed Catholic paramilitaries to attack Buddhists , who formed the religious majority .
Diem 's visit was a highmark in relations between Australia and South Vietnam . Over time , Diem became unpopular with his foreign allies , who began to criticise his autocratic style and religious bias . By the time of his assassination , he had little support . Australia later sent troops to support South Vietnam in the anti @-@ communist fight , but the bipartisanship evaporated during the mid @-@ 1960s as the ALP began to sympathise with North Vietnam and opposition to the war grew . The ALP later withdrew support for and refused to accept refugees from South Vietnam after winning office , but on the return of the centre right Liberal @-@ National coalition to power in 1975 , Vietnamese refugees were allowed to resettle in Australia in large numbers .
= = Background = =
In 1933 , the devoutly Catholic Diem was appointed Interior Minister of Vietnam , serving under Emperor Bảo Đại . However , a few months thereafter he resigned and became a private citizen because the French colonialists would not give Vietnam any meaningful autonomy . During World War II , Imperial Japan attacked Indochina and wrested control from France , but when they were defeated by the Allies in 1945 , a power vacuum was created . The communist @-@ dominated Viet Minh of Ho Chi Minh fought for Vietnamese independence , while the French attempted to regain control of their colony by creating the French Union @-@ allied State of Vietnam under Bảo Đại . A staunch anti @-@ communist nationalist , Diem opposed both and attempted to create his own movement , with little success . With both the French and the communists hostile to him , Diem felt unsafe and went into self @-@ imposed exile in 1950 . He spent the next four years in the United States and Europe enlisting support , particularly among Vatican officials and fellow Catholic politicians in America . The success of the effort was helped by the fact that his elder brother Ngo Dinh Thuc was the leading Catholic cleric in Vietnam and had studied with high @-@ ranking Vatican officials in Rome a few decades earlier .
In 1954 , the French lost the Battle of Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference was held to determine the future of French Indochina . The Viet Minh were given control of North Vietnam , while the State of Vietnam controlled the territory south of the 17th parallel . The Geneva agreements , which the State of Vietnam did not sign , called for reunification elections to be held in 1956 . Bảo Đại appointed Diem as his prime minister , hoping that he would be able to attract American aid as the French withdrew from Southeast Asia . Diem then deposed Bảo Đại in a fraudulent referendum and declared himself president of the newly proclaimed Republic of Vietnam . Diem received support from the U.S. and other anti @-@ communist countries in the midst of the Cold War . He refused to hold the national elections and asserted that Ho Chi Minh would rig the ballots in the north , although he had done so himself in deposing Bảo Đại .
= = Meetings and ceremonies = =
Diem arrived in the capital Canberra on 2 September 1957 ; his visit was the first by a foreign incumbent head of state to Australia . He had visited the US in May , and the visit to Australia was the second of three legs in a tour of anti @-@ communist countries in the Asia Pacific region ; Diem had visited Thailand in August and went on to South Korea after leaving Australia . The magnitude of the ceremonial welcome accorded to Diem was unseen since the visit in 1954 by Queen Elizabeth II . According to Peter Edwards , a military historian at the Australian War Memorial specialising in the Vietnam War , " Everywhere he was feted as a man of courage , faith and vision " , and he noted that Diem was received with " more ceremony and pageantry " than the visit of Queen Elizabeth II in 1954 .
Upon disembarking from his plane , Diem was photographed for The Age and described as a " small but striking figure in a royal blue silk frock coat , long white trousers and black mandarin hat " . He was greeted by the Governor @-@ General of Australia Sir William Slim and the Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies . He was given a 21 @-@ gun salute and a guard of honour by the Royal Australian Air Force , whose fighter jets flew overhead . Diem visited the Royal Military College Duntroon in Canberra , where he watched and addressed a parade of Australian cadets , who were training to become officers . Diem told the students that they were " comrades of the Free World " and that they would help to defend like @-@ minded countries .
The centrepiece of Diem 's visit was a speech to a joint sitting of the Parliament of Australia , with both the House of Representatives and the Senate in attendance . After the speech , Menzies called for three cheers for Diem at an official parliamentary luncheon . Doc Evatt , the leader of the opposition Australian Labor Party joined in , proclaiming that peace , stability and democracy had been achieved in South Vietnam .
The guard of honour and a 21 @-@ gun salute was repeated in Sydney and Melbourne , where large crowds cheered Diem 's arrival at the airport and the passing of his motorcade . The South Vietnamese leader was taken outside the capital cities for two days so that he could see the Snowy Mountains Scheme , a large hydroelectricity project in highland Victoria .
Diem spent little time on detailed defence and policy discussions with Australian officials during the trip , because of his extensive meetings with Catholic leaders . Although Diem had signalled his intentions to discuss defence relations during the visit , these did not materialise . At the end of the visit , Diem and Menzies released a bilateral statement , announcing that they would increase the magnitude of the Colombo Plan , a program under which Asian students could study abroad in Western nations . However , there was little detail in the announcements relating to anti @-@ communism , with only general expressions of Australian support . Diem had previously stated that if North Vietnam attacked the south , he would send the Army of the Republic of Vietnam to land in the Red River Delta in the north and retaliate . This was contrary to the air attack plans of the South East Asian Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) , which had vowed to defend the south under the provisions of the Manila Treaty . Despite the public statements of support , the Australian government never shared the details of the SEATO plans with Diem .
At the end of the visit , Menzies bestowed on Diem an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George , one of the highest imperial honours that had been bestowed on someone who was not a British subject . Edwards said of the trip : " Australia had now associated Diem 's survival with its national interest , publicly and without restraint " , something that eventually extended to military support against the Vietnamese communists .
= = Media reception and support = =
The Australian media wrote uniformly glowing reports that heaped praise on Diem , and generally presented him as a courageous , selfless and wise leader . The Sydney Morning Herald described Diem as " One of the most remarkable men in the new Asia ... authoritarian in approach but liberal in principle " . The Age compared Diem favourably to Chiang Kai @-@ shek and Syngman Rhee , the Presidents of the Republic of China and South Korea respectively . The trio were the respective leaders of the anti @-@ communist halves of the three countries in Asia that had been divided along communist and anti @-@ communist lines . The Age opined that Diem was not " morally equivocal " but " incorruptible and intensely patriotic " compared to his anti @-@ communist counterparts , and " the type of Asian leader whose straight talk and courageous manner should be valued " . The Canberra Times noted that Diem 's visit coincided with that of Foreign Minister Richard Casey to Malaya for that country 's independence celebrations . Australia had supported Malaya 's successful fight against communism and the newspaper compared the two countries , predicting that they would succeed because " the leaders owe their authority to popular support " . Like the politicians , the press overlooked the negative aspects and reality of Diem 's rule , such as his authoritarianism . Although Diem was depicted as being extremely popular and democratic , he had made himself president when his brother rigged a 1955 referendum that allowed him to depose Bảo Đại ; Diem was subsequently credited with 133 % of the votes in Saigon . Diem 's family regime routinely engaged in corruption , ballot stuffing and arbitrary arrests of all opposition . The newspapers also failed to mention that the South Vietnamese economy was largely being propped up by the Commercial Import Program run by the United States and that land reform had failed .
The mainstream media depicted Diem as a friendly and charismatic leader who related well to the populace . The Herald showed photographs of the president eating cheese , and inspecting the foliage at the Botanic Gardens . Diem was depicted making friends with a young boy from a Collingwood public housing estate and having tea with South Vietnamese students studying abroad at the University of Melbourne , with the females wearing the traditional ao dai . In contrast , Diem was generally regarded as aloof and distant from the population , rarely heading outside the presidential palace to mingle with his people , and holding military processions in honour of his ascension to power in front of empty grandstands .
The strongest support for Diem came from the Australian Catholic media . Diem was a Catholic in a majority Buddhist country , and he had close religious links with the Vatican , who had helped him rise to power . He had stayed in a seminary run by Cardinal Francis Spellman in the United States in the early 1950s before his elevation to power . Diem 's elder brother Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc was the leading Catholic figure in Vietnam and a classmate of Spellman when the pair studied in Rome . Spellman was widely regarded as the most powerful Catholic figure in the United States and he helped to organise support for Diem among American politicians , particularly Catholics . In 1957 , Diem dedicated his country to the Virgin Mary and ruled on the basis of a Catholic doctrine known as personalism . His younger brother Ngo Dinh Nhu ran the secret and autocratic Catholic Can Lao Party ( Personalist Labor Party ) , which provided a clandestine network of support and police @-@ state mechanisms to protect Diem 's rule . It counted many leading public servants and military officers among its members . Diem also maintained land policies that were preferential to the Roman Catholic Church , the largest property owner in the country . Their holdings were exempt from redistribution under land reform schemes , while the construction of Buddhist temples was restricted ; military and civil service promotions were given preferentially to Catholics . Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies and in some areas , forced conversions , looting , shelling and demolition of pagodas occurred .
The Catholic Weekly described Diem as " his nation 's saviour from Red onslaught ... an ardent patriot of great courage and moral integrity and an able intellectual " . The paper also praised Diem 's Catholic links , pointing out that Thuc was a former classmate of the current Archbishop of Sydney Norman Thomas Gilroy when they studied at the Vatican .
Diem 's achievements and support for Catholics were particularly praised by Bob Santamaria , the unofficial leader and guiding influence of the Democratic Labor Party ( DLP ) . The DLP had broken away from the Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) , the nation 's main centre @-@ left social democratic party . The split occurred in the 1950s during the McCarthyism scares , as the Catholic factions broke away to form the DLP on the basis that the ALP was too lenient towards communists . One of the reasons that Menzies strongly backed Diem was to gain further favour with the DLP and accentuate the divisions among his left wing opponents .
Diem 's visit prompted increased interest in Vietnam by Australian Catholics , particularly supporters of the DLP . Australian Catholics came to see South Vietnam as an anti @-@ communist and Vatican stronghold in Asia and as a result , became strong supporters of the Vietnam War . Harold Lalor , a Jesuit priest and leading confidant of Santamaria , had studied with Thuc in Rome . During the trip , Diem met with Gilroy , the first Australian cardinal , as well as Santamaria and Archbishop of Melbourne Daniel Mannix , both of whom praised him strongly . Mannix was one of the most powerful men in Australia during the era , and had great political influence .
= = Aftermath = =
The positive reception accorded to Diem in 1957 contrasted with increasingly negative Australian attitudes towards Vietnam . Over time , the media in both Australia and the United States began to pay more attention to Diem 's autocratic style and religious bias , especially after the eruption of the Buddhist crisis in 1963 , and the iconic self @-@ immolation of Thích Quảng Đức . After six months of civil unrest , Diem was deposed and assassinated in November 1963 , and by that time , little goodwill remained . With new leadership in Saigon , and an escalation in the war against the communists , Australia sent in ground troops — including conscripts — to support South Vietnam , but over time , the bipartisanship of the 1950s evaporated . The centre @-@ left ALP became more sympathetic to the communists and Labor leader Arthur Calwell stridently denounced South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky as a " fascist dictator " and a " butcher " ahead of his 1967 visit — at the time Ky was the chief of the Vietnam Air Force and headed a military junta . Despite the controversy leading up to the visit , Ky 's trip was a success . He dealt with the media effectively , despite hostile sentiment from some sections of the press and public . However , with the war becoming increasing destructive , and the death toll rising , opposition to the Vietnam War grew . Edwards and his deputy Jim Cairns led large anti @-@ war protests . Labor won the 1972 federal election on an anti @-@ war platform , and Whitlam withdrew Australian troops and recognised North Vietnam , which welcomed his electoral success . Whitlam later refused to accept South Vietnamese refugees following the fall of Saigon to the communists in April 1975 . The Liberals — led by Malcolm Fraser — condemned Whitlam , and after defeating Labor , allowed South Vietnamese refugees to settle in Australia in large numbers .
= 2012 – 13 Vancouver Canucks season =
The 2012 – 13 Vancouver Canucks season was the franchise 's 43rd season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Canucks won their fifth straight Northwest Division title and finished third in the Western Conference . In the playoffs Vancouver was swept by the San Jose Sharks in the first round . Shortly after the Canucks ' playoff elimination , Head Coach Alain Vigneault was fired .
Prior to the beginning of the season the NHL 's collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) expired resulting in a lockout . The season was threatened with cancellation before the lockout ended , ultimately the length of the labor dispute resulted in the reduction of games from the standard 82 to a shortened 48 . Cory Schneider entered the season as the team 's new starting goaltender , while the Canucks attempted to trade incumbent Roberto Luongo . The two goaltenders battled for playing time early in the season resulting in a goaltender controversy . After a six @-@ game winning streak to start February the Canucks dealt with multiple injuries and suspensions resulting in the team slumping . In late March Schneider captured the starters job starting seven consecutive games helping the team to a second six @-@ game winning streak . Vancouver dueled the Minnesota Wild in the standings before pulling away in April and winning the division . Led by Henrik and Daniel Sedin the Canucks ' power play struggled dropping from fourth the previous season to twenty @-@ third , with the Sedin twins ' point production declining . Derek Roy was brought in through a trade to help deal with injuries at centre in the team 's only trade of the year . Schneider was injured late in the season and missed the first two games of the playoffs . Vancouver lost the fourth game of their playoff series on a controversial call on Daniel Sedin .
Three franchise records were set during the season . Henrik Sedin became the Canucks all @-@ time leading scorer , surpassing Markus Naslund . Alexandre Burrows scored six seconds into a game making it the fastest goal to start a game for Vancouver . Vigneault became the all @-@ time leader in games coached . As a way of celebrating 100 years of hockey in British Columbia , the Canucks wore a special patch on their jerseys with the logo of the Vancouver Millionaires , the first professional team in the city . They also wore replica jerseys of the Millionaires for one game .
= = Off @-@ season = =
Following an early exit from the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs , the off @-@ season began with speculation that Head Coach Alain Vigneault might be fired . There were also rumors that General Manager ( GM ) Mike Gillis could be removed from his position . After an end of the year meeting with Team Owner Francesco Aquilini , Gillis was given a five @-@ year contract extension . Fifteen days after his new deal , Gillis signed Vigneault to a two @-@ year contract extension .
The Canucks announced that they would be celebrating 100 years of hockey in British Columbia during the season . To that end , they would wear a special patch on their jerseys with the logo of the Vancouver Millionaires , the first professional team in the city . They also would wear replica jerseys of the Millionaires for their March 16 game against the Detroit Red Wings .
After being replaced as starter for the final three playoff games , Roberto Luongo stated he would be willing to waive his no @-@ trade clause if asked . Following the re @-@ signing of Cory Schneider to a three @-@ year $ 12 million extension , trade rumors increased . It was later reported that Luongo wanted to be traded and that " it was time to move on . " Though as training camp approached , Luongo had not been traded . He indicated that he would have no issues returning to the Canucks . Gillis further stated that although he had received several " strong " offers , the Canucks were not having a " fire sale " for Luongo . Doug MacLean on Sportsnet 's Hockey Central reported that a deal was in place to send Luongo to the Toronto Maple Leafs . However , Luongo , believing the Florida Panthers , his preferred destination , were going to make a deal for him , refused to waive his no trade clause . Luongo later stated that he never turned down a trade .
= = = 2012 – 13 lockout = = =
Prior to the NHL 's collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) expiring in September , teams reassigned players on two @-@ way or entry @-@ level contracts to minor league affiliates . The Canucks assigned 27 players , including Chris Tanev , Eddie Lack , Zack Kassian and 2012 second @-@ round draft pick Alexandre Mallet to the Chicago Wolves , while first round pick Brendan Gaunce was sent to his junior team , the Belleville Bulls . When the CBA expired on September 15 , the NHL enforced a lockout until a new agreement could be reached . Canucks management posted a message from the team to the fans stating that they would continue with community initiatives throughout the lockout , which they hoped would be resolved as soon as possible , and thanked fans for their loyalty and patience . They also reduced their employees work week to four days and instituted a 20 % pay reduction .
Four days into the lockout , the NHL cancelled all pre @-@ season games before September 30 , cutting the first four games from Vancouver 's schedule . A week later , with no further talks between the two sides , the remainder of the pre @-@ season was canceled . With no movement on a new deal , the NHL cancelled its first set of regular season games on October 4 . Games continued to be cancelled in blocks culminating in their cancellation through January 14 . As the lockout dragged on , NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman gave a self @-@ imposed a deadline of January 11 to agree to terms on a new CBA or the entire season would be cancelled . As the deadline approached , Bettman and the head of the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) , Donald Fehr , engaged in a 16 @-@ hour negotiation session that produced a tentative agreement to end the lockout . Both sides ratified the deal and a memorandum of understanding was signed on January 12 . This officially ended the lockout and allowed training camps to open the following day . Due to the length of the lockout , the NHL announced a new scheduled for a shortened 48 @-@ game season after it ended .
= = = Training camp = = =
Under the prior CBA , players could not be traded until after the lockout was resolved , meaning Roberto Luongo could not be moved . Once a new CBA was reached , the trade rumors returned , including one that alleged Maple Leafs GM Brian Burke was fired in order to help facilitate a trade . For his part , Luongo reiterated that he was willing to remain with the Canucks for the shortened season , but did not want to remain long @-@ term .
With training camp starting on January 13 , 2013 , Vancouver recalled 12 players from the Wolves . They also bolstered their defence corp by signing NHL veterans Jim Vandermeer and Cam Barker to one @-@ year contracts . At the forward position , the Canucks were dealing with injuries to their second line . Centre Ryan Kesler , who was recovering from off @-@ season surgeries to his shoulder and wrist , would be unable to start the season ; it was unknown how long he would be out rehabbing the injuries . Winger David Booth was injured during the team 's physicals to start camp . After having an MRI done on his injury , it was announced that Booth would miss four to six weeks recovering . Alain Vigneault stated that he hoped to keep his third and fourth lines intact , leaving the possible replacements as , Andrew Ebbett , Jordan Schroeder and Zack Kassian . Schroeder was a first @-@ round draft pick for Vancouver in 2009 , but had never played in an NHL game . Ebbett a utility , journeyman forward played in 18 games for Vancouver in 2011 – 12 . While the second @-@ year Kassian produced only four goals in his rookie campaign . Vancouver elected to start the season with Ebbett and put Kassian on their second line . In order to keep defensive depth , the Canucks decided to keep nine defenceman . Schroeder was sent back to the minors in order to comply with the 23 @-@ man roster and because he would not need to clear waivers .
= = Regular season = =
= = = January = = =
After winning back to back Presidents ' Trophies in prior seasons the Canucks were projected as Stanley Cup contenders . The prediction was based on Vancouver 's team depth , the offense provided by Daniel and Henrik Sedin , the two @-@ way play of Kesler and Alexandre Burrows , plus the versatility of the Canuck 's top four defenceman . The Hockey News predicted that the Canucks would win the Northwest Division and finish as the second place team in the Western Conference .
Schneider began the year as the team 's starting goaltender . In his first game against the Anaheim Ducks , Schneider allowed five goals on 14 shots and was pulled midway through the second period . When Luongo entered the game he was given a standing ovation from the crowd . Luongo gave up another two goals as the Canucks lost 7 – 3 . In the post @-@ game interview , Schneider took the blame for the loss , saying , " It was unacceptable to play that way and to put my team in that situation and not even give them a chance to win . " He also stated he would work hard to fix the mistakes . While Luongo said of this ovation that it was " a fun moment . " The situation quickly led to a goalie controversy . Luongo made the start the following night against the Edmonton Oilers . According to Vigneault , he had already determined the starting assignments for the opening two games , and Schneider did not factor into Luongo 's start . In the game , Luongo allowed two goals after Vancouver had taken a 2 – 0 lead . The Canucks lost the game 3 – 2 in a shootout . Luongo failed to stop either of the two shooters he faced , while Vancouver did not score . After losing their first two games , Vancouver added to their forward depth recalling Jordan Schroeder from the AHL and assigning Jim Vandermeer to the Wolves . Schroeder took over the second line duties after Andrew Ebbett went pointless in the first two contests .
Schneider started Vancouver 's next game against the Calgary Flames . For the second @-@ straight game , Vancouver lost a two @-@ goal lead in a game which eventually went to a shootout . In contrast to his first start , Schneider had a strong game , making 34 saves by the end of overtime . In the shootout , he stopped four of the five shooters he faced , earning the Canucks their first win of the season . Two nights later , as they began their first road trip , the Canucks played a rematch with the Ducks in Anaheim . Schneider made the start and earned some redemption , stopping all 30 Anaheim shots , helping the Canucks to the 5 – 0 win and earning his fifth career shutout . Following the win , Schneider started the next game , a 4 – 1 loss to the San Jose Sharks . Luongo started the next four games , finishing off the month of January and beginning February . Vigneault joked that he was making his starting goaltender decisions based on coin tosses . He further noted that the two goaltenders were team guys and they would do what was asked of them and never complain . The coin became a running joke for Vigneault and the Canucks in general , as Ryan Kesler stated he flipped it before announcing his return from injury .
= = = February = = =
At forward , Kassian began the year on the top line with the Sedin twins . Kassian scored five goals in the first seven games of the season . Partway through the Canucks ' second game of February , Kassian was replaced on the top line by Alexandre Burrows . Kassian was dropped to the third line . Despite Kassian surpassing his goal total from his rookie season , the Sedins started the year with their lowest output in nearly ten years , combining for 14 points in the first 10 games . Coinciding with the line changes , Vancouver went on a six @-@ game winning streak between the end of January and their February 12 game . After the last game of their winning streak , the Canucks were expecting Kesler to return to line @-@ up .
As Kesler was returning from injury , Vancouver placed centre Manny Malhotra on injured reserve ( IR ) for the remainder of the season . In regards to the move , Gillis stated he felt Malhotra was vulnerable to serious injury because of an eye injury he suffered in 2011 . The decision was made despite Malhotra playing in 78 games in the 2011 – 12 season and nine games in 2013 . Gillis further noted that he had reservation about him playing in the previous season , but wanted to give Malhotra a chance to adapt . After watching him play , Gillis did not see the types of changes that would not put him at a higher risk of injury . Upon placing Malhotra on IR , Gillis called it the hardest thing he had done as a GM . NHL Deputy Commissioner Bill Daly released a statement on the situation , saying " the League is satisfied and has approved the team 's and player 's joint decision to discontinue the player 's participation in NHL games at this time on the basis of the player ’ s current medical condition and the risk of injury that such condition poses . " The Canucks also announced that Malhotra would remain with the team in some capacity , but would not return to the ice including in the playoffs .
Kesler played his first game of the season on February 15 against the Dallas Stars . The game was also witness to a piece of Canucks history as Henrik Sedin recorded two assists to pass Markus Naslund as the franchise 's all @-@ time leading scorer , with 757 points . After recording the record setting point , Sedin was given a standing ovation that carried on as play continued . After three minutes the play stopped , and Sedin saluted the crowd . During a commercial break , the Canucks ran a tribute video for the accomplishment , featuring congratulations from Naslund and Trevor Linden , the third @-@ leading scorer in team history . As for Kesler , he registered an assist and blocked three shots in over 17 minutes of ice time of the 4 – 3 loss . After experiencing some discomfort in his right foot , Kesler had X @-@ rays taken . The X @-@ rays were negative and he continued to play .
Four days after Kesler 's return , Jannik Hansen was involved in a controversial hit on the Chicago Blackhawks ' Marian Hossa . As both players went up for an airborne puck , Hansen struck Hossa in the back of the head with his forearm and elbow . Hossa then laid on the ice for a few minutes , during which time the training staff examined him before he was able to leave under his own power . Hansen was given a two @-@ minute minor for roughing and Hossa did not return to the game . Opinions of the hit varied with former NHL referee Kerry Fraser , stating that he did not believe that there was any deliberate or malicious intent , and that he would be surprised if Hansen received a suspension for the play . Meanwhile , former Blackhawks analyst Ed Olczyk stated , " there ’ s no doubt in my mind , once he didn ’ t play the puck , he had one thing in his mind , and that was to put his forearm or elbow in the back of the head of Marian Hossa , " and he would be surprised if Hansen was not suspended . Hossa returned to practice the following day . Hansen was suspended for one game due to what Brendan Shanahan called " the carelessness and force of which the blow was delivered . "
With Kesler back in the lineup , the Canucks were inconstant posting a 2 – 3 – 2 record . [ note 1 ] Kesler registered five points in the seven games , but was playing with the discomfort steaming from a blocked shot in his first game back against Dallas . He was given a CT scan for his peace of mind . The results of the scan revealed a fracture in his foot . Though no time table for his return was given , the expectation was that he would be out of the line @-@ up for four @-@ to @-@ six weeks . Late in the month , Kevin Bieksa suffered a groin injury in a game versus the Nashville Predators . He missed the next two games as Vancouver finished the month with back @-@ to @-@ back losses . After being reunited with Burrows , the Sedin twins registered a combined 18 points in the final six games of February , while Kassian tallied only three assists in the 11 games after his demotion .
= = = March = = =
Bieksa returned for the first game in the month of March , a 5 – 2 win over the Los Angeles Kings . During the game , he re @-@ aggravated the injury and was listed as day @-@ to @-@ day . With Bieksa and Kesler out , Vancouver slumped dropping three straight games going 0 – 1 – 2 . Entering their March 10 game against the Minnesota Wild , the lead for the Northwest Division was at stake . A regulation win for the Wild would give them the lead based on tie breakers . Vancouver lost the game 4 – 2 and dropped to sixth place in the Western Conference . The Canucks reclaimed the division lead two days later with a win over the Columbus Blue Jackets . In the March 16 game against Detroit , Alexandre Burrows set a franchise record when he scored six seconds into the game , making it the fastest goal to start a game in team history . Vancouver failed to capitalize on the early lead , losing the game 5 – 2 and falling back into a tie with the Wild . The Canucks re @-@ matched the Wild two days later with a chance to take sole possession of the division lead . Vancouver took the lead in the second scoring on the power play . The goal marked the first power play tally in 11 games , ending a 0 – 36 slump , the worst in franchise history . Much like the Detroit game , the Canucks failed to take advantage of the early lead and lost the game 3 – 1 and fell to seventh in the Conference .
Schneider started Vancouver 's next game and earned the win against the St. Louis Blues . The win marked the beginning of a six @-@ game winning streak with Schneider as the starting goaltender each game . He allowed a total of six goals during the steak and posted two shutouts . The wins put the Canucks back into first in the Northwest . In the second game of their winning streak , defenceman Alexander Edler collided with Phoenix Coyotes ' goaltender Mike Smith and was given a five @-@ minute major for charging . The following day , Edler was given a two @-@ game suspension for his actions . Also during the Canucks ' winning streak , they began to have injury problems . Booth suffered a leg injury that required surgery which ended his season . In 12 games played , Booth scored only a single goal into an empty net . Winger Dale Weise injured a shoulder . Kassian suffered a back injury , and Steve Pinizzotto missed games due to an illness . With the forward corps depleted , defenceman Keith Ballard was moved to forward . He continued to play upfront until he suffered a broken foot .
In his seventh consecutive start , Schneider gave up two early goals to the Edmonton Oilers and was pulled in favor of Luongo . The goals were scored on Edmonton 's first two shots . Goals continued to come in quick succession as Taylor Hall scored his second goal , Edmonton 's third , 2 : 34 into the game , setting an Oilers franchise record for the fastest three goals to start a game . Hall set another Edmonton record minutes later when he completed the hat @-@ trick at 7 : 58 in the first . It marked the fastest hat @-@ trick to start a game , surpassing Wayne Gretzky 's previous record . Vancouver did not allow another goal , but failed to score , losing 4 – 0 . They were again passed by Minnesota for the division lead and finished March as the fourth @-@ placed team in the Western Conference .
= = = April = = =
In their first game of April , Vancouver attempted to improve its offensive production by re @-@ calling their 2011 first round draft choice , Nicklas Jensen , and forward Bill Sweatt . The recalls failed to produce , however , as the Canucks lost to the San Jose Sharks 3 – 2 . The following day , the Canucks acquired centre Derek Roy from the Dallas Stars for Kevin Connauton and a second @-@ round draft pick . The trade was believed to be an attempt to fill a hole at centre while Kesler was out with an injury . The expectation was that Roy would become the team 's third line center once Kesler returned to the line @-@ up , though the possibility of the two playing together was proposed . At the NHL trade deadline , Vancouver failed to trade Luongo . They were reportedly close to a deal with the Toronto Maple Leafs , which eventually fell through . In response to finding out that he would not be traded , Luongo stated , " My contract sucks — that 's what 's the problem , " and would " scrap it if I could now . " The Canucks felt they needed more size and grit in their line @-@ up and attempted to add some though trades . However , they missed out on acquiring Ryane Clowe and Raffi Torres . Clowe chose to waive his no @-@ trade clause to go to the New York Rangers so he could play in the Eastern Conference . The Coyotes traded Torres to the Sharks , as they considered San Jose 's third @-@ round pick more attractive than the Canucks ' third @-@ rounder .
In his first game as a Canuck , Roy tallied an assist helping Vancouver to a 4 – 0 win . The win moved the Canucks passed Minnesota for the division lead . The shutout marked Schneider 's fourth of the season , which doubled his career total . Two games later , Schneider registered his fifth shutout of the season in a 2 – 0 over the Coyotes , tying him for the League lead . The game also marked the return of Kesler , who scored the game @-@ winning goal . Minnesota slumped towards the end of the season and the Canucks won their fifth @-@ straight Northwest Division title with a 2 – 1 victory over the Blackhawks . In the game , Schneider suffered a groin injury and was unable to play the last two games of the season ; he was listed by the Canucks as day @-@ to @-@ day with a " body " injury . With Schneider out , the Canucks lost their final two regular season games . In their final loss , Vigneault rested many of his regulars , though he received criticism for playing Henrik Sedin for only 22 seconds . Furthermore , Sedin left the bench after his one shift . The Los Angeles Times ' Helene Elliott called it a cheap way of keeping Sedin 's ironman streak intact . For his part , Henrik Sedin told Vigneault that " he would be okay with sitting out the game " and to him the streak is just " a number in the paper . " Vigneault responded by telling Sedin that " he 's not going to be the one that breaks the streak , " and he gave him the choice to remain on the bench or return to the locker room . Sedin felt remaining on the bench would have been a further distraction and chose to leave . By season 's end , the Sedin twins ' point production dropped from the previous years . Henrik 's point points @-@ per @-@ game average was the lowest it had been since 2007 – 08 , while Daniel 's was his worst since 2003 – 04 . The Cauncks ' power play also struggled throughout the year dropping from fourth in 2011 – 12 to 23rd in the League .
= = Playoffs = =
Vancouver entered the playoffs as the Western Conference 's third seed by virtue of winning the Northwest Division . As a result , they faced the sixth @-@ seeded San Jose Sharks . The series was a rematch of the 2011 Western Conference Finals , in which Vancouver defeated the Sharks in five games to advance to the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals . However , the Sharks had won all three of the regular season games during the season .
With Schneider still injured , Luongo started the first game of the series . There was concern that Kesler would also be unable to play in Game 1 . When asked about Kesler , Vigneault joked , " We 've got him locked in a back room . We 're feeding him raw meat . The beast will be ready tonight . " Luongo started strong , holding the Sharks scoreless in the first period despite the Canucks being outshot 6 – 1 in the first 4 : 06 of the game . Vancouver took a 1 – 0 lead midway through the second , though San Jose tied the game shortly after and added two more goals in the third to win the game 3 – 1 . Luongo finished with 25 saves , Kesler played over 21 minutes , registering only two shots and finishing as a – 1 . Leading up to Game 2 , Kesler vowed to be better . It was also rumored he had the flu in Game 1 . Schneider was still unable to play , and there were concerns he would not be traveling with the team to San Jose for Game 3 . In Game 2 , the Canucks trailed 1 – 0 after two periods of play . In the third period , Kesler scored a power play goal to tie the game and six minutes later , capitalized on a Sharks turnover to put Vancouver up 2 – 1 . With Canucks leading late , San Jose pulled their goaltender for the extra attacker . With the net empty , Jannik Hansen had a chance to put the game away but missed the net . Shortly after with the play in Vancouver 's end , Henrik Sedin attempted to make a pass to the middle of the ice which resulted in a turnover . On the ensuing play , a Dan Boyle shot deflected off Alexander Edler and through the pads of Luongo . The puck stopped short of the goal line , but Patrick Marleau tapped the puck in to tie the game . In overtime , a blocked shot led to an odd man rush for the Sharks , resulting in Raffi Torres scoring the game @-@ winning goal . The loss put the Canucks down 2 – 0 in the series . Vancouver had never won a series after losing the first two games .
Schneider returned from injury to play in Game 3 after missing two weeks . After the first two periods , the Canucks trailed 2 – 1 . The Sharks scored quickly in the third period and by the 4 : 07 mark had scored three goals to make it a 5 – 1 game . After the fifth goal , Schneider was pulled and replaced by Luongo . Vancouver eventually lost the game 5 – 2 , with Schneider making 23 saves on 28 shots . Luongo stopped all 10 shots he faced . In the post @-@ game press conference , Schneider stated he felt good , but did not do enough to help out his teammates . Later , questions were raised about who would be the starter for Game 4 . Luongo stated he would be ready if asked to play , but also stated he would be supportive of Schneider if he was the starter . Sharks ' centre Joe Thornton stated that San Jose felt Luongo had played great in the first two games , and they were lucky not to have to face him in Game 3 . In Game 4 , Schneider made the start and after two periods , the Canucks trailed 2 – 1 . Midway through the third period , Vancouver had taken the lead , but late in the period , San Jose tied the game with a power play goal to force overtime . In the extra period , Daniel Sedin checked Tommy Wingels , which sent the Sharks winger 's head into the boards . Sedin was given a controversial boarding penalty on the play . On the ensuing power play , San Jose scored to win the game and complete the series sweep . After the goal was scored , Daniel voiced his opinion of the call to the referees and was given a game misconduct penalty for abusive language . When asked about the call after the game , he replied , " It 's the playoffs . It 's shoulder to shoulder , " and it was a bad call , though he further noted that the Canucks did not lose the series on the call . Brother Henrik noted that it was " a bullshit call " also pointing out that it was shoulder to shoulder . Referee Kelly Sutherland explained the call by stating he deemed it a violent shove into the boards where the player could not defend himself . For his part , Schneider made 43 saves on 47 shots in Game 4 , he stated that he was 100 % healthy and his groin injury was not a factor in his play .
= = Post @-@ season = =
At an end of the season press conference , GM Mike Gillis stated the Canucks would " hit the reset button on a number of different fronts . " Days later Vigneault was fired , along with assistant coaches , Rick Bowness and Newell Brown . Vigneault left as the all @-@ time winningest coach in Canucks history , while winning two Presidents ' Trophies and six Northwest Division titles . A month later , John Tortorella was hired as the new head coach . Tortorella had been fired by the New York Rangers earlier in the off @-@ season following a second round playoff loss to the Boston Bruins .
After the coaching situation had been settled , Gillis next turned his attention back to trading Luongo . The Canucks were hoping to make a deal at the 2013 NHL Entry Draft . As the draft approached , it was reported the Canucks were also shopping Schneider . Originally , it was believed the rumors were an attempt by Gillis to gain leverage for any potential Luongo deals . However , in a surprise move , Schneider was trade to the New Jersey Devils for the ninth overall pick in the draft , which Vancouver used to select Bo Horvat . Fans , as well as both Luongo and Schneider , were shocked by the news . Luongo stated , " I have to let this sink in and figure out what I 'm going to do . " While Schneider stated he was not sure what to say or think and he was speechless , adding , " it was nice to have resolution to the situation . "
= = Standings = =
= = = Divisional standings = = =
= = = Conference standings = = =
Divisions : CE – Central , NW – Northwest , PA – Pacific
bold – Qualified for playoffs , y – Won division , p – Won Presidents ' Trophy ( best record in NHL )
= = Schedule and results = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
= = = Detailed records = = =
= = Player statistics = =
= = = Skaters = = =
= = = Goaltenders = = =
† Traded to Canucks mid @-@ season . Stats reflect time with Canucks only . ‡ Traded to another team mid @-@ season . Stats reflect time with Canucks only .
Bold / italics denotes franchise record
= = Awards and honours = =
= = = Awards = = =
= = = Milestones = = =
= = = Records = = =
= = Transactions = =
During the off @-@ season Vancouver signed defenceman Jason Garrison to a six @-@ year contract worth $ 27 @.@ 6 million . While the Canucks brought in Garrison , they lost longtime defenceman Sami Salo . The Canucks wanted to re @-@ sign Salo , though they were unwilling to sign him to a two @-@ year contract and offered only a one @-@ year deal . Salo chose to leave and signed a two @-@ year $ 7 @.@ 5 million contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning . It was believed that Garrison would step in and contribute to the power play and replace the departed Salo , who had performed a similar role . However , he struggled to adjust with his new team . He was taken off the power play unit and dropped to the third paring within the first month . After the injuries to Bieksa , Garrison was moved from left defenceman to the right side paring with Dan Hamhuis . The coaching staff came to consider this paring to be the best and most trusted . Garrison finished the season with eight goals and eight assists , scoring three goals and three assists on the power play , and registering a + 18 rating . His plus @-@ minus was second on the team and led all defenceman .
= = = Trades = = =
= Born to Make You Happy =
" Born to Make You Happy " is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her debut studio album , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) . It was released on December 6 , 1999 , by JIVE Records , as the fourth single from the album . Before recording the song , Spears had to ask the writers of the song , Andreas Carlsson and Kristian Lundin , to re @-@ write it , since it was a sexual song . The singer first recorded her vocals in March 1998 , and re @-@ recorded them later on the same year . The dance @-@ pop and teen pop song alludes to a relationship that a woman desires to correct , not quite understanding what went wrong , as she comes to realize that she was " born to make [ her lover ] happy " .
" Born to Make You Happy " received mixed reviews from critics
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47 million for previous new episode , " Pot o ' Gold " , which was broadcast on November 1 , 2011 , the rating in the 18 – 49 demographic increased slightly from the 3 @.@ 0 / 8 rating / share received by that episode .
Viewership also decreased in other countries , and hit season lows in the United Kingdom and Australia as well . In the United Kingdom , " The First Time " was watched on Sky1 by 973 @,@ 000 viewers , down 7 % compared to " Pot o ' Gold " the previous week , when 1 @.@ 05 million viewers were watching . In Australia , " The First Time " was watched by 660 @,@ 000 viewers , which made Glee the fourteenth most @-@ watched program of the night . The viewership was down almost 9 % from " Pot o ' Gold " , which was seen by 724 @,@ 000 viewers . In Canada , however , viewership was up slightly and 1 @.@ 66 million viewers watched the episode , which made it the fifteenth most @-@ viewed show of the week , up three slots and over 2 % from the 1 @.@ 62 million viewers who watched " Pot o ' Gold " the week before .
= = = Pre @-@ broadcast reception = = =
Like " Asian F " before it , screener copies of this episode were sent to a number of critics before the show aired . Michael Ausiello of TVLine called it " stellar " and a " standout episode " , and Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack wrote that it was " one of Glee 's best installments ever " and an " exceptional episode " . Both articles headlined the sexual theme of the episode , and made prominent mention of the fact that both couples would be " having sex for the first time " .
Prior to broadcast , Colfer anticipated that the episode 's sexual themes and content would prove controversial among television watchdog groups . He said , " I absolutely expect to hear from them , but I think it 's handled very sweetly and very emotionally . They 're expecting this big , raunchy , suggestive , brainwashing storyline when , really , it 's very sweet . " Before the episode aired , the conservative Parents Television Council called the show " reprehensible " and the Fox network reckless for " celebrating teen sex " .
= = = Critical reception = = =
When the show aired , the reviewers were not as uniformly enthusiastic as the screeners . Bobby Hankinson of The Houston Chronicle called this " one of the better episodes in the show ’ s three @-@ season run , though not as good as ' Asian F ' " . Time 's James Poniewozik weighted them differently , calling " The First Time " the " best episode , overall , of Glee season three " . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal said it had " tasteful restraint , subtle playfulness and smoothly woven storylines " , and The Atlantic 's Kevin Fallon said the episode " treats its characters realistically and send an important message " . Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode a " good " grade of 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 . Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman wrote that it was " clinical and awkward " , and the " second flatline " episode in a row , though she complimented the four actors playing the two couples as " genuine and relatable " . John Kubicek of BuddyTV said that the episode infuriated him " on a grand scale " . Amy Reiter of The Los Angeles Times wrote that the episode was " far more nuanced , gentle @-@ hearted and romantic than it sounds — much more about love than about sex " , and a number of reviewers agreed , including AOLTV 's Crystal Bell . For Hankinson , however , " the teenage lust was played a touch too safe , a bit too romanticized " .
Canning said that Kurt and Blaine 's " attempts to get a little wild " , and " trying to grow up faster than they should " , were " the better parts of the episode as they felt the most realistic " . Futterman praised their departure from the bar as a " very faithful and honest scene " . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club and Kubicek both had issues with Blaine 's characterization . The latter asserted that he " just behaves however the writers need him to behave in order for the scene to work " , while the former said that Blaine 's season three storyline " hasn ’ t been bad by any means , but it does feel like Darren Criss is playing someone who ’ s quite a bit different from the guy he was playing last season " . Bell was impressed by the way the characters ' relationship " inspires gay youth in a way that we haven 't seen on network television yet " and called them " amazing role models for all teens " , and Fallon said it was " remarkable " and a " milestone " that " the decision by gay teen characters to lose their virginities is given equal weight to that of a straight couple " . Anthony Benigno of The Faster Times characterized the scene with Kurt and Karofsky as " subtle " and " a home run " , and Entertainment Weekly 's Abby West called it a " perfect little nuanced scene " , while Ausiello said it was his " favorite scene of the episode " .
Poniewozik complimented the way " Monteith really sold Finn ’ s feeling of being helpless and overmatched " , and Canning said that Finn 's reaction to Rachel 's admission that she wanted to have sex because of the play was a " solid and true moment " . Rachel 's reasoning , however , came in for harsh criticism : Brett Berk of Vanity Fair said it was " neither believable nor even amusing " that she would try intercourse for such a reason , Bell called her a " dunce " , and VanDerWerff didn 't believe that she would just blurt it out to Finn . The Star @-@ Ledger 's Vicki Hyman felt her decision to go all the way did not " ring quite true " , and Poniewozik called it " essentially pity sex " . Ausiello had a different view — " I would hardly call it pity sex " — and West said she was " going to choose to believe " that Rachel did not have her first time " just to make him feel better " .
Several of Artie 's scenes came in for criticism . The scene where he advised Rachel and Blaine to have sex was viewed by Poniewozik as " a forced conflict designed to drive the plot " and highly implausible for a number of reasons . Kubicek stated that " acting is about pretending , and if Rachel is really a great actress , she 'd be able to play the emotion without needing to have sex " . Bell and West made similar points . Rae Votta of Billboard commented on the " weird " plotline that involved Artie and Coach Beiste , for which Kubicek called Artie 's actions " inappropriate " . While Hyman " liked Artie coming into his own as a director " , she called his pre @-@ show jitters " jarring " , though she called his final speech " a nice moment " , and Benigno characterized it as " a kind of cheesy but actually appropriate speech " . Futterman felt it was a " valid and heartwarming point " , but " awkwardly slotted in " . Poniewozik credited Jones as Coach Beiste with " stunning work " , and Kubicek said Beiste 's " fragile lack of self @-@ esteem " was " believable and heartfelt " and that Jones was " brilliant " .
The scene where Mike is disowned by his father was characterized as " weird " and " tonally off " by VanDerWerff and " abrupt and unlikely " by Hyman . Kubicek was even more critical : " the most over @-@ the @-@ top , terribly cliched scene ever " . However , Votta gave " kudos to Glee for sticking with Mike 's story this season as he figures out his path " , and West wrote that Shum " played it well " , while Canning said it and the later scene with his mother " were mighty effective , if a bit stereotypical " . Hyman and West also approved of the latter scene .
Sue 's absence from the episode was applauded by Bell , who called it " exactly what the show needed " . Michael Slezak of TVLine said " the show might be at its best " when Sue and Will " are relegated to benchwarmer status " , and Poniewozik " did not miss them one bit " . The new Warbler , Sebastian , was said to be " instantly loathsome " by Benigno . His scene with Blaine that was blended with Santana and Rachel singing " A Boy Like That " was variously described as " savvily intercut " by Hyman , " heavy @-@ handed " by Votta , and bringing " the dangers of teen love " to " ferocious life " by Slezak .
Of the ending , Futterman noted that " the final scenes actually wound up truthful to these characters " , and Kevin Sullivan of MTV wrote that " when the two separate moments finally did arrive at the end of the episode , it felt like the natural end and was quite touching " .
= = = Music and performances = = =
Supervising Music Editor David Klotz received a Best Sound Editing : Short Form Musical in Television nomination at the 2012 Golden Reel Awards for his work on the episode . The musical performances were generally well received by reviewers , though a few songs came in for some criticism . One that was given near @-@ universal plaudits was " America " , from Hankinson 's " awesome " to Hyman 's " killer rendition " to VanDerWerff 's " one of the best production numbers the show has ever done " . The most frequent caveat seemed to be the accents used by the singers ; Flandez thought they " could 've used a little finesse " , and Futterman characterized them as " questionable " , though both complimented the performance 's dance moves . Santana 's performance in the number and the show came in for particular comment : The Hollywood Reporter 's Lesley Goldberg called her " completely captivating as Anita " , and Rae Votta of Billboard mentioned her " two stand out vocal performances " .
Of the four other songs from West Side Story , " Tonight " was given an " A − " and called " pretty wonderful " by Benigno , while Futterman thought it " very sweet , yet very vanilla " and West gave it a " B " and noted it " was lacking something " . Slezak gave the musical 's songs a collective grade of " A " . Although others praised Santana as Anita , Futterman was not impressed with her rendition of " A Boy Like That " and wrote , " Santana 's part of the song is not nearly angry or urgent enough and sounds like a watered @-@ down version of what Santana is capable of " . West gave the song a " B + " , and stated that the song was " stellar for Rachel 's fire " . Futterman singled out Rachel for " I Have a Love " : " Rachel delivers the best vocals of the night with her powerful , yet incredibly high soprano that sounds effortless despite being out of her normal range . " Benigno and West both gave " One Hand , One Heart " an " A " ; the former called it " wonderful " , although he railed about the prevalence of show tunes in the episode , and the latter wrote , " This was the perfect soundtrack to the trio of first times . "
The one song that did not come from the musical was " Uptown Girl " . Votta said the performance by the Dalton Academy Warblers , with " leads by minor Warbler Nick , played by Curt Mega " , was " refreshing and nostalgic all at once , a bright pop musical spot in an episode devoted to Broadway and a reminder of the dominant Dalton presence last season " . Bell wrote that the " Warblers were totally born to sing ' Uptown Girl ' " , and Goldberg called it " among the young season ’ s best " performances . Flandez said it was a " terrific performance " , though Benigno was more restrained , and gave it a " B + " despite there being " less innovation " in the a cappella " gimmick " , and noted that " the barbershop @-@ quartet finish is actually pretty good " . Slezak , however , said the song was the only musical " weak link " in the episode , and Canning called it " too polished " . Futterman thought the lead singers were " grating and over @-@ the @-@ top " , and Poniewozik characterized the performance as " unfortunate " .
= = = Chart history = = =
One of the six cover versions released as five singles — the " A Boy Like That " single also contained " I Have a Love " — debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 : " Uptown Girl " debuted at number sixty @-@ eight . It also debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number eighty @-@ three . The other singles , all from West Side Story , did not chart . Two of these singles , " Uptown Girl " and " Tonight " , are included on the soundtrack album Glee : The Music , Volume 7 .
= Alpine chough =
The Alpine chough / ˈtʃʌf / , or yellow @-@ billed chough , ( Pyrrhocorax graculus ) is a bird in the crow family , one of only two species in the genus Pyrrhocorax . Its two subspecies breed in high mountains from Spain eastwards through southern Europe and North Africa to Central Asia and Nepal , and it may nest at a higher altitude than any other bird . The eggs have adaptations to the thin atmosphere that improve oxygen take @-@ up and reduce water loss .
This bird has glossy black plumage , a yellow beak , red legs , and distinctive calls . It has a buoyant acrobatic flight with widely spread flight feathers . The Alpine chough pairs for life and displays fidelity to its breeding site , which is usually a cave or crevice in a cliff face . It builds a lined stick nest and lays three to five brown @-@ blotched whitish eggs . It feeds , usually in flocks , on short grazed grassland , taking mainly invertebrate prey in summer and fruit in winter ; it will readily approach tourist sites to find supplementary food .
Although it is subject to predation and parasitism , and changes in agricultural practices have caused local population declines , this widespread and abundant species is not threatened globally . Climate change may present a long @-@ term threat , by shifting the necessary Alpine habitat to higher altitudes .
= = Taxonomy = =
The Alpine chough was first described as Corvus graculus by Linnaeus in the Systema Naturae in 1766 . It was moved to its current genus , Pyrrhocorax , by English ornithologist Marmaduke Tunstall in his 1771 Ornithologia Britannica , along with the only other member of the genus , the red @-@ billed chough , P. pyrrhocorax . The closest relatives of the choughs were formerly thought to be the typical crows , Corvus , especially the jackdaws in the subgenus Coloeus , but DNA and cytochrome b analysis shows that the genus Pyrrhocorax , along with the ratchet @-@ tailed treepie ( genus Temnurus ) , diverged early from the rest of the Corvidae .
The genus name is derived from Greek πύρρος ( purrhos ) , " flame @-@ coloured " , and κόραξ ( korax ) , " raven " . The species epithet graculus is Latin for a jackdaw . The current binomial name of the Alpine chough was formerly sometimes applied to the red @-@ billed chough . The English word " chough " was originally an alternative onomatopoeic name for the jackdaw , Corvus monedula , based on its call . The red @-@ billed chough , formerly particularly common in Cornwall and known initially as the " Cornish chough " , eventually became just " chough " , the name transferring from one genus to another .
The Alpine chough has two extant subspecies .
P. g. graculus , the nominate subspecies in Europe , north Africa , Turkey , the Caucasus and northern Iran .
P. g. digitatus , described by the German naturalists Wilhelm Hemprich and Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg as P. alpinus var. digitatus in 1833 , is larger and has stronger feet than the nominate race . It breeds in the rest of the depicted Asian range , mainly in the Himalayas .
Moravian palaeontologist Ferdinand Stoliczka separated the Himalayan population as a third subspecies , P. g. forsythi , but this has not been widely accepted and is usually treated as synonymous with digitatus . A Pleistocene form from Europe was similar to the extant subspecies , and is sometimes categorised as P. g. vetus .
The Australian white @-@ winged chough , Corcorax melanorhamphos , despite its similar bill shape and black plumage , is only distantly related to the true choughs .
= = Description = =
The adult of the nominate subspecies of the Alpine chough has glossy black plumage , a short yellow bill , dark brown irises , and red legs . It is slightly smaller than red @-@ billed chough , at 37 – 39 centimetres ( 14 @.@ 6 – 15 @.@ 3 in ) length with a 12 – 14 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 5 in ) tail and a 75 – 85 cm ( 30 – 33 in ) wingspan , but has a proportionally longer tail and shorter wings than its relative . It has a similar buoyant and easy flight . The sexes are identical in appearance although the male averages slightly larger than the female . The juvenile is duller than the adult with a dull yellow bill and brownish legs . The Alpine chough is unlikely to be confused with any other species ; although the jackdaw and red @-@ billed chough share its range , the jackdaw is smaller and has unglossed grey plumage , and the red @-@ billed chough has a long red bill .
The subspecies P. g. digitatus averages slightly larger than the nominate form , weighing 191 – 244 grams ( 6 @.@ 8 – 8 @.@ 7 oz ) against 188 – 252 g ( 6 @.@ 7 – 9 @.@ 0 oz ) for P. g. graculus , and it has stronger feet . This is in accordance with Bergmann 's rule , which predicts that the largest birds should be found higher elevations or in colder and more arid regions . The extremities of the body , the bill and tarsus , were longer in warmer areas , in line with Allen 's rule . Temperature seemed to be the most important cause of body variation in the Alpine chough .
The flight of the Alpine chough is swift and acrobatic with loose deep wing beats . Its high manoeuvrability is accomplished by fanning the tail , folding its wings , and soaring in the updraughts at cliff faces . Even in flight , it can be distinguished from the red @-@ billed chough by its less rectangular wings , and longer , less square @-@ ended tail .
The rippling preep and whistled sweeeooo calls of the Alpine chough are quite different from the more typically crow @-@ like chee @-@ ow vocalisations of the jackdaw and the red @-@ billed chough . It also has a rolling churr alarm call , and a variety of quiet warbles and squeaks given by resting or feeding birds . In a study of chough calls throughout the Palearctic region it was found that call frequencies in the Alpine chough showed an inverse relationship between body size and frequency , being higher @-@ pitched in smaller @-@ bodied populations .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Alpine Chough breeds in mountains from Spain eastwards through southern Europe and the Alps across Central Asia and the Himalayas to western China . There are also populations in Morocco , Corsica and Crete . It is a non @-@ migratory resident throughout its range , although Moroccan birds have established a small colony near Málaga in southern Spain , and wanderers have reached Czechoslovakia , Gibraltar , Hungary and Cyprus .
This is a high @-@ altitude species normally breeding between 1 @,@ 260 – 2 @,@ 880 metres ( 4 @,@ 130 – 9 @,@ 450 ft ) in Europe , 2 @,@ 880 – 3 @,@ 900 m ( 9 @,@ 450 – 12 @,@ 800 ft ) in Morocco , and 3 @,@ 500 – 5 @,@ 000 m ( 11 @,@ 500 – 16 @,@ 400 ft ) in the Himalayas . It has nested at 6 @,@ 500 m ( 21 @,@ 300 ft ) , higher than any other bird species , even surpassing the Red @-@ billed chough which has a diet less well adapted to the highest altitudes . It has been observed following mountaineers ascending Mount Everest at an altitude of 8 @,@ 200 m ( 26 @,@ 900 ft ) . It usually nests in cavities and fissures on inaccessible rock faces , although locally it will use holes between rocks in fields , and forages in open habitats such as alpine meadows and scree slopes to the tree line or lower , and in winter will often congregate around human settlements , ski resorts , hotels and other tourist facilities . Its penchant for waiting by hotel windows for food is popular with tourists , but less so with hotel owners .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
= = = Breeding = = =
The Alpine chough is socially monogamous , showing high partner fidelity in summer and winter and from year to year . Nesting typically starts in early May , and is non @-@ colonial , although in suitable habitat several pairs may nest in close proximity . The bulky nests are composed of roots , sticks and plant stems lined with grass , fine twiglets or hair , and may be constructed on ledges , in a cave or similar fissure in a cliff face , or in an abandoned building . The clutch is 3 – 5 glossy whitish eggs , averaging 33 @.@ 9 by 24 @.@ 9 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 33 in × 0 @.@ 98 in ) in size , which are tinged with buff , cream or light @-@ green and marked with small brown blotches ; they are incubated by the female for 14 – 21 days before hatching . The chicks hatch with a dense covering of natal down , in contrast to those of the red @-@ billed chough which are almost naked , and fledge in a further 29 – 31 days from hatching . The young birds are fed by both parents , and may also be fed by other adults when they have fledged and joined the flock . Breeding is possible in the high mountains because chough eggs have relatively fewer pores than those of lowland species , and lose less water by evaporation at low atmospheric pressure . The embryos of bird species that breed at high altitude also have haemoglobin with a genetically determined high affinity for oxygen .
In the western Italian Alps , the Alpine chough nests in a greater variety of sites than red @-@ billed chough , using natural cliffs , pot @-@ holes and abandoned buildings , whereas the red @-@ billed uses only natural cliffs ( although it nests in old buildings elsewhere ) . The Alpine chough lays its eggs about one month later than its relative , although breeding success and reproductive behaviour are similar . The similarities between the two species presumably arose because of the same strong environmental constraints on breeding behaviour .
A study of three different European populations showed a mean clutch size of 3 @.@ 6 eggs , producing 2 @.@ 6 chicks , of which 1 @.@ 9 fledged . Adult survival rate varied from 83 to 92 % , with no significant difference detected between males and females . Survival of first @-@ year birds was , at 77 % , lower than that of adults . The availability or otherwise of human food supplied from tourist activities did not affect breeding success .
= = = Feeding = = =
In the summer , the Alpine chough feeds mainly on invertebrates collected from pasture , such as beetles ( Selatosomus aeneus and Otiorhynchus morio have been recorded from pellets ) , snails , grasshoppers , caterpillars and fly larvae . The diet in autumn , winter and early spring becomes mainly fruit , including berries such as the European Hackberry ( Celtis australis ) and Sea @-@ buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides ) , rose hips , and domesticated crops such as apples , grapes and pears where available . It has been observed eating flowers of Crocus vernus albiflorus , including the pistils , perhaps as a source of carotenoids . The chough will readily supplement its winter diet with food provided by tourist activities in mountain regions , including ski resorts , refuse dumps and picnic areas . Where additional food is available , winter flocks are larger and contain a high proportion of immature birds . The young birds principally frequent the sites with the greatest food availability , such as refuse dumps . Both chough species will hide food in cracks and fissures , concealing the cache with a few pebbles .
This bird always forages in groups , which are larger in winter than summer , and have constant composition in each season . Where food resources are restricted , adults dominate young birds , and males outrank females . Foraging areas change altitudinally through the year , depending on climatic factors , food availability and food quality . During the breeding season , birds remain above the tree line , although they may use food provided by tourists at refuges and picnic areas .
Movement to lower levels begins after the first snowfalls , and feeding by day is mainly in or near valley bottoms when the snow cover deepens , although the birds return to the mountains to roost . In March and April the choughs frequent villages at valley tops or forage in snow @-@ free patches prior to their return to the high meadows . Feeding trips may cover 20 km ( 12 mi ) distance and 1 @,@ 600 m ( 5 @,@ 200 ft ) in altitude . In the Alps , the development of skiing above 3 @,@ 000 m ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) has enabled more birds to remain at high levels in winter .
Where their ranges overlap , the two chough species may feed together in the summer , although there is only limited competition for food . An Italian study showed that the vegetable part of the winter diet for the red @-@ billed chough was almost exclusively Gagea bulbs dug from the ground , whilst the Alpine chough took berries and hips . In June , red @-@ billed choughs fed mainly on caterpillars whereas Alpine choughs ate crane fly pupae . Later in the summer , the Alpine chough consumed large numbers of grasshoppers , while the red @-@ billed chough added cranefly pupae , fly larvae and beetles to its diet . In the eastern Himalayas in November , Alpine choughs occur mainly in juniper forests where they feed on juniper berries , differing ecologically from the red @-@ billed choughs in the same region and at the same time of year , which feed by digging in the soil of terraced pastures of villages .
= = = Natural threats = = =
Predators of the choughs include the peregrine falcon , golden eagle and Eurasian eagle @-@ owl , while the common raven will take nestlings . Alpine choughs have been observed diving at a Tibetan red fox . It seems likely that this " mobbing " behaviour may be play activity to give practice for when genuine defensive measures may be needed to protect eggs or young .
The Alpine chough is a host of the widespread bird flea Ceratophyllus vagabunda , two specialist chough fleas Frontopsylla frontalis and F. laetus , a cestode Choanotaenia pirinica , and various species of chewing lice in the genera Brueelia , Menacanthus and Philopterus .
= = Status = =
The Alpine chough has an extensive though sometimes fragmented range , estimated at 1 – 10 million square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 8 million sq mi ) , and a large population , including an estimated 260 @,@ 000 to 620 @,@ 000 individuals in Europe . The Corsican population has been estimated to comprise about 2 @,@ 500 birds . Over its range as a whole , the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the global population decline criteria of the IUCN Red List ( i.e. , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) , and is therefore evaluated as Least Concern .
At the greatest extent of the last glacial period around 18 @,@ 000 years ago , southern Europe was characterised by cold open habitats , and the Alpine chough was found as far as south as southern Italy , well outside its current range . Some of these peripheral prehistoric populations persisted until recently , only to disappear within the last couple of centuries . In the Polish Tatra Mountains , where a population had survived since the glacial period , it was not found as a breeding bird after the 19th century . In Bulgaria , the number of breeding sites fell from 77 between 1950 and 1981 to just 14 in the 1996 to 2006 period , and the number of pairs in the remaining colonies were much smaller . The decline was thought to be due to the loss of former open grasslands which had reverted to scrubby vegetation once extensive cattle grazing ceased . Foraging habitat can also be lost to human activities such as the construction of ski resorts and other tourist development on former alpine meadows . Populations of choughs are stable or increasing in areas where traditional pastoral or other low intensity agriculture persists , but are declining or have become locally extinct where intensive farming methods have been introduced , such as Brittany , England , south @-@ west Portugal and mainland Scotland .
Choughs can be locally threatened by the accumulation of pesticides and heavy metals in the mountain soils , heavy rain , shooting and other human disturbances , but a longer @-@ term threat comes from global warming , which would cause the species ' preferred Alpine climate zone to shift to higher , more restricted areas , or locally to disappear entirely . Fossils of both chough species were found in the mountains of the Canary Islands . The local extinction of the Alpine chough and the reduced range of red @-@ billed chough in the islands may have been due to climate change or human activity .
= British contribution to the Manhattan Project =
Britain contributed to the Manhattan Project by helping initiate the effort to build the first atomic bombs in the United States during World War II , and helped carry it through to completion in August 1945 by supplying crucial expertise . Following the discovery of nuclear fission in uranium , scientists Rudolf Peierls and Otto Frisch at the University of Birmingham calculated , in March 1940 , that the critical mass of a metallic sphere of pure uranium @-@ 235 was as little as 1 to 10 kilograms ( 2 @.@ 2 to 22 @.@ 0 lb ) , and would explode with the power of thousands of tons of dynamite . The Frisch – Peierls memorandum prompted Britain to create its own atomic bomb project , known as Tube Alloys . Mark Oliphant , an Australian physicist working in Britain , was instrumental in making the British results known in the United States , and this encouraged the expansion of the American Manhattan Project . Initially the British project was larger and more advanced , but after the United States entered the war , the American project soon outstripped and dwarfed its British counterpart . The British government then decided to shelve its own nuclear ambitions , and participate in the American project .
In August 1943 , the prime minister , Winston Churchill , and President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Quebec Agreement , which provided for cooperation between the two countries . The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee and the Combined Development Trust to coordinate the efforts of the United States , the United Kingdom and Canada . A British Mission led by Wallace Akers assisted in the development of gaseous diffusion technology in New York . Britain also produced the powdered nickel required by the gaseous diffusion process . Another mission , led by Oliphant who acted as deputy director at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory , assisted with the electromagnetic separation process . As head of the British Mission to the Los Alamos Laboratory , James Chadwick led a multinational team of distinguished scientists that included Sir Geoffrey Taylor , James Tuck , Niels Bohr , Peierls , Frisch , and Klaus Fuchs , who was later revealed to be a Soviet atomic spy . Four members of the British Mission became group leaders at Los Alamos . William Penney observed the bombing of Nagasaki and participated in the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests in 1946 .
Cooperation ended with the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , known as the McMahon Act , and Ernest Titterton , the last British government employee , left Los Alamos on 12 April 1947 . Britain then proceeded with its own nuclear weapons programme , and became the third country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon in October 1952 .
= = Origins = =
The 1938 discovery of nuclear fission in uranium , by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn , raised the possibility that an extremely powerful atomic bomb could be created . Refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries were particularly alarmed by the notion of a German nuclear weapon project . In the United States , three of them , Leo Szilard , Eugene Wigner and Albert Einstein , were moved to write the Einstein – Szilárd letter to United States President Roosevelt warning of the danger . This led to the President creating the Briggs Advisory Committee on Uranium . In Britain , Nobel Prize in Physics laureates George Paget Thomson and William Lawrence Bragg were sufficiently concerned to take up the matter . Their concerns reached the Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence , Major General Hastings Ismay , who consulted with Sir Henry Tizard . Like many scientists , Tizard was sceptical of the likelihood of an atomic bomb being developed , reckoning the odds against success at 100 @,@ 000 to 1 .
Even at such long odds , the danger was sufficiently great to be taken seriously . Thomson , at Imperial College London , and Mark Oliphant , an Australian physicist at the University of Birmingham , were tasked with carrying out a series of experiments on uranium . By February 1940 , Thomson 's team had failed to create a chain reaction in natural uranium , and he had decided that it was not worth pursuing . But at Birmingham , Oliphant 's team had reached a strikingly different conclusion . Oliphant had delegated the task to two German refugee scientists , Rudolf Peierls and Otto Frisch , who could not work on the University 's radar project because they were enemy aliens and therefore lacked the necessary security clearance . They calculated the critical mass of a metallic sphere of pure uranium @-@ 235 , the only fissile isotope found in significant quantity in nature , and found that instead of tons , as everyone had assumed , as little as 1 to 10 kilograms ( 2 @.@ 2 to 22 @.@ 0 lb ) would suffice , which would explode with the power of thousands of tons of dynamite .
Oliphant took the Frisch – Peierls memorandum to Tizard , and the MAUD Committee was established to investigate further . It directed an intensive research effort , and in July 1941 , produced two comprehensive reports that reached the conclusion that an atomic bomb was not only technically feasible , but could be produced before the war ended , perhaps in as little as two years . The Committee unanimously recommended pursuing the development of an atomic bomb as a matter of urgency , although it recognised that the resources required might be beyond those available to Britain . A new directorate known as Tube Alloys was created to coordinate this effort . Sir John Anderson , the Lord President of the Council , became the minister responsible , and Wallace Akers from Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI ) was appointed the director of Tube Alloys .
= = Early Anglo @-@ American cooperation = =
In July 1940 , Britain had offered to give the United States access to its scientific research , and the Tizard Mission 's John Cockcroft briefed American scientists on British developments . He discovered that the American project was smaller than the British , and not as far advanced . As part of the scientific exchange , the Maud Committee 's findings were conveyed to the United States . Oliphant , one of the Maud Committee 's members , flew to the United States in late August 1941 , and discovered that vital information had not reached key American physicists . He met the Uranium Committee , and visited Berkeley , California , where he spoke persuasively to Ernest O. Lawrence , who was sufficiently impressed to commence his own research into uranium at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory . Lawrence in turn spoke to James B. Conant , Arthur H. Compton and George B. Pegram . Oliphant 's mission was a success ; key American physicists became aware of the potential power of an atomic bomb . Armed with British data , Vannevar Bush , the director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) , briefed Roosevelt and Vice President Henry A. Wallace in a meeting at the White House on 9 October 1941 .
The British and Americans exchanged nuclear information , but did not initially combine their efforts . British officials did not reply to an August 1941 offer by Bush and Conant to create a combined British and American project . In November 1941 , Frederick L. Hovde , the head of the London liaison office of OSRD , raised the issue of cooperation and exchange of information with Anderson and Lord Cherwell , who demurred , ostensibly over concerns about American security . Ironically , it was the British project that had already been penetrated by atomic spies for the Soviet Union .
Yet the United Kingdom did not have the manpower or resources of the United States , and despite its early and promising start , Tube Alloys fell behind its American counterpart and was dwarfed by it . Britain was spending around £ 430 @,@ 000 per year on research and development , and Metropolitan @-@ Vickers was building gaseous diffusion units for uranium enrichment worth £ 150 @,@ 000 ; but the Manhattan Project was spending £ 8 @,@ 750 @,@ 000 on research and development , and had let construction contracts worth £ 100 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 at the fixed wartime rate of four dollars to the pound . On 30 July 1942 , Anderson advised the prime minister , Winston Churchill , that : " We must face the fact that ... [ our ] pioneering work ... is a dwindling asset and that , unless we capitalise it quickly , we shall be outstripped . We now have a real contribution to make to a ' merger . ' Soon we shall have little or none . "
By then , the positions of the two countries had reversed from what they were in 1941 . The Americans had become suspicious that the British were seeking commercial advantages after the war , and Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , who took over command of the Manhattan Project on 23 September 1942 , wanted to tighten security with a policy of strict compartmentalisation similar to the one that the British had imposed on radar . American officials decided that the United States no longer needed outside help . The Secretary of War , Henry L. Stimson , felt that since the United States was doing " ninety percent of the work " on the bomb , it would be " better for us to go along for the present without sharing anything more than we could help " . In December 1942 , Roosevelt agreed to restricting the flow of information to what Britain could use during the war , even if doing so slowed down the American project . In retaliation , the British stopped sending information and scientists to America , and the Americans then stopped all information sharing .
The British considered how they would produce a bomb without American help . A gaseous diffusion plant to produce 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) of weapons @-@ grade uranium per day was estimated to cost up to £ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in research and development , and anything up to £ 50 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to build in wartime Britain . A nuclear reactor to produce 1 kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) of plutonium per day would have to be built in Canada . It would take up to five years to build and cost £ 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . The project would also require facilities for producing the required heavy water for the reactor costing between £ 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and £ 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , and for producing uranium metal £ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 . The project would need overwhelming priority , as it was estimated to require 20 @,@ 000 workers , many of them highly skilled , 500 @,@ 000 tons of steel , and 500 @,@ 000 kW of electricity . Disruption to other wartime projects would be inevitable , and it was unlikely to be ready in time to affect the outcome of the war in Europe . The unanimous response was that before embarking on this , another effort should be made to obtain American cooperation .
= = Cooperation resumes = =
By March 1943 Conant decided that British help would benefit some areas of the project . In particular , the Manhattan Project could benefit enough from assistance from James Chadwick , the discoverer of the neutron , and one or two other British scientists to warrant the risk of revealing weapon design secrets . Bush , Conant and Groves wanted Chadwick and Peierls to discuss bomb design with Robert Oppenheimer , and Kellogg still wanted British comments on the design of the gaseous diffusion plant .
Churchill took up the matter with Roosevelt at the Washington Conference on 25 May 1943 , and Churchill thought that Roosevelt gave the reassurances he sought ; but there was no follow @-@ up . Bush , Stimson and William Bundy met Churchill , Cherwell and Anderson at 10 Downing Street in London . None of them were aware that Roosevelt had already made his decision , writing to Bush on 20 July 1943 with instructions to " renew , in an inclusive manner , the full exchange with the British Government regarding Tube Alloys . "
Stimson , who had just finished a series of arguments with the British about the need for an invasion of France , was reluctant to appear to disagree with them about everything , and spoke in conciliatory terms about the need for good post @-@ war relations between the two countries . For his part , Churchill disavowed interest in the commercial applications of nuclear technology . The reason for British concern about the post @-@ war cooperation , Cherwell explained , was not commercial concerns , but so that Britain would have nuclear weapons after the war . Anderson then drafted an agreement for full interchange , which Churchill re @-@ worded " in more majestic language " . News arrived in London of Roosevelt 's decision on 27 July , and Anderson was dispatched to Washington with the draft agreement . Churchill and Roosevelt signed what became known as the Quebec Agreement at the Quebec Conference on 19 August 1943 .
The Quebec Agreement established the Combined Policy Committee to coordinate the efforts of the United States , United Kingdom and Canada . Stimson , Bush and Conant served as the American members of the Combined Policy Committee , Field Marshal Sir John Dill and Colonel J. J. Llewellin were the British members , and C. D. Howe was the Canadian member . Llewellin returned to the United Kingdom at the end of 1943 and was replaced on the committee by Sir Ronald Ian Campbell , who in turn was replaced by the British Ambassador to the United States , Lord Halifax , in early 1945 . Dill died in Washington , D.C. , in November 1944 and was replaced both as Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission and as a member of the Combined Policy Committee by Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson .
Even before the Quebec Agreement was signed , Akers had already cabled London with instructions that Chadwick , Peierls , Oliphant and Francis Simon should leave immediately for North America . They arrived on 19 August , the day it was signed , expecting to be able to talk to American scientists , but were unable to do so . Two weeks would pass before American officials learnt of the contents of the Quebec Agreement . Over the next two years , the Combined Policy Committee met only eight times .
The first occasion was on 8 September 1943 , on the afternoon after Stimson discovered that he was the chairman . The first meeting established a Technical Subcommittee chaired by Major General Wilhelm D. Styer . Because the Americans did not want Akers on the Technical Subcommittee due to his ICI background , Llewellin nominated Chadwick , whom he also wanted to be Head of the British Mission to the Manhattan Project . The other members were Richard C. Tolman , who was Groves 's scientific adviser , and C. J. Mackenzie , the president of the Canadian National Research Council . It was agreed that the Technical Committee could act without consulting the Combined Policy Committee whenever its decision was unanimous . The Technical Subcommittee held its first meeting on 10 September , but negotiations dragged on . The Combined Policy Committee ratified the proposals in December 1943 , by which time several British scientists had already commenced working on the Manhattan Project in the United States .
There remained the issue of cooperation between the Manhattan 's Project 's Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago and the Montreal Laboratory . At the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 17 February 1944 , Chadwick pressed for resources to build a nuclear reactor at what is now known as the Chalk River Laboratories . Britain and Canada agreed to pay the cost of this project , but the United States had to supply the heavy water . At that time , the United States controlled , by a supply contract , the only major production site on the continent , that of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company at Trail , British Columbia . Given that it was unlikely to have any impact on the war , Conant in particular was cool about the proposal , but heavy water reactors were of great interest . Groves was willing to support the effort and supply the heavy water required , but with certain restrictions . The Montreal Laboratory would have access to data from the research reactors at Argonne and the X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge , but not from the production reactors at the Hanford Site ; nor would they be given any information about plutonium . This arrangement was formally approved by the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 19 September 1944 . The Canadian ZEEP ( Zero Energy Experimental Pile ) reactor went critical on 5 September 1945 .
Chadwick supported British involvement in the Manhattan Project to the fullest extent , abandoning any hopes of a British project during the war . With Churchill 's backing , he attempted to ensure that every request from Groves for assistance was honoured . While the pace of research was easing as the war entered its final phase , these scientists were still in great demand , and it fell to Anderson , Cherwell and Sir Edward Appleton , the Permanent Secretary of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research , which was responsible for Tube Alloys , to prise them away from the wartime projects in which they were invariably engaged .
The September 1944 Hyde Park Agreement extended both commercial and military cooperation into the post @-@ war period . Part of the Quebec Agreement specified that nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . In June 1945 , Wilson agreed that the use of nuclear weapons against Japan would be recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee .
= = Gaseous diffusion project = =
Tube Alloys made its greatest advances in gaseous diffusion technology , and Chadwick had originally hoped that the pilot plant at least would be built in Britain . Gaseous diffusion technology was devised by Simon and three expatriates , Nicholas Kurti from Hungary , Heinrich Kuhn from Germany , and Henry Arms from the United States , at the Clarendon Laboratory in 1940 . The prototype gaseous diffusion equipment , two two @-@ stage models and two ten @-@ stage models , was manufactured by Metropolitan @-@ Vickers at a cost of £ 150 @,@ 000 for the four units . Two single @-@ stage machines were later added . Delays in delivery meant that experiments with the single @-@ stage machine did not commence until June 1943 , and with the two @-@ stage machine until August 1943 . The two ten @-@ stage machines were delivered in August and November 1943 , but by this time the research programme they had been built for had been overtaken by events .
The Quebec Agreement allowed Simon and Peierls to meet with representatives of Kellex , who were designing and building K @-@ 25 , the American gaseous diffusion plant , Union Carbide and Carbon , who would operate it , and Harold Urey 's Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories at Columbia University , the Manhattan Project 's centre tasked with research and development of the process . The year 's loss of cooperation cost the Manhattan Project dearly . The corporations were committed to tight schedules , and the engineers were unable to incorporate British proposals that would involve major changes . Nor would it be possible to build a second plant . Nonetheless , the Americans were still eager for British assistance , and Groves asked for a British mission to be sent to assist the gaseous diffusion project . In the meantime , Simon and Peierls were attached to Kellex .
The British mission consisting of Akers and fifteen British experts arrived in December 1943 . This was a critical time . Severe problems had been encountered with the Norris @-@ Adler barrier . Nickel powder and electro @-@ deposited nickel mesh diffusion barriers were pioneered by American chemist Edward Adler and British interior decorator Edward Norris at the SAM Laboratories . A decision had to be made whether to persevere with it or switch to a powdered nickel barrier based upon British technology that had been developed by Kellex . Up to this point , both were under development . The SAM Laboratory had 700 people working on gaseous diffusion and Kellex had about 900 . The British experts conducted a thorough review , and agreed that the Kellex barrier was superior , but felt that it would be unlikely to be ready in time . Kellex 's technical director , Percival C. Keith , disagreed , arguing that his company could get it ready and produce it more quickly than the Norris @-@ Adler barrier . Groves listened to the British experts before he formally adopted the Kellex barrier on 5 January 1944 .
The United States Army assumed responsibility for procuring sufficient quantities of the right type of powdered nickel . In this , the British were able to help . The only company that manufactured it was the Mond Nickel Company at Clydach in Wales . By the end of June 1945 , it had supplied the Manhattan Project with 5 @,@ 000 long tons ( 5 @,@ 100 t ) of nickel powder , paid for by the British government and supplied to the United States under Reverse Lend @-@ Lease .
The Americans planned to have the K @-@ 25 plant in full production by June or July 1945 . Having taken two years to get the prototype stages working , the British experts regarded this as incredibly optimistic , and felt that , barring a miracle , it would be unlikely to reach that point before the end of 1946 . This opinion offended their American counterparts and dampened the enthusiasm for cooperation , and the British mission returned to the United Kingdom in January 1944 . Armed with the British Mission 's report , Chadwick and Oliphant were able to persuade Groves to reduce K @-@ 25 's enrichment target ; the output of K @-@ 25 would be enriched to weapons grade by being fed into the electromagnetic plant . Despite the British Mission 's pessimistic forecasts , K @-@ 25 was producing enriched uranium in June 1945 .
After the rest of the mission departed , Peierls , Kurti and Fuchs remained in New York , where they worked with Kellex . They were joined there by Tony Skyrme and Frank Kearton , who arrived in March 1944 . Kurti returned to England in April 1944 and Kearton in September . Peierls moved on to the Los Alamos Laboratory in February 1944 ; Skyrme followed in July , and Fuchs in August .
= = Electromagnetic project = =
On 26 May 1943 , Oliphant wrote to Appleton to say that he had been considering the problem of electromagnetic isotope separation , and believed that he had devised a better method than Lawrence 's , one which would result in a five to tenfold improvement in efficiency , and make it more practical to use the process in Britain . His proposal was reviewed by Akers , Chadwick , Peierls and Simon , who agreed that it was sound . While the majority of scientific opinion in Britain favoured the gaseous diffusion method , there was still a possibility that electromagnetic separation might be useful as a final stage in the enrichment process , taking uranium that had already been enriched to 50 per cent by the gaseous process , and enriching it to pure uranium @-@ 235 . Accordingly , Oliphant was released from the radar project to work on Tube Alloys , conducting experiments on his method at the University of Birmingham .
Oliphant met Groves and Oppenheimer in Washington , D.C. , on 18 September 1943 , and they attempted to persuade him to join the Los Alamos Laboratory , but Oliphant felt that he would be of more use assisting Lawrence on the electromagnetic project . Accordingly , the Technical Subcommittee directed that Oliphant and six assistants would go to Berkeley , and later move on to Los Alamos . Oliphant found that he and Lawrence had quite different designs , and that the American one was frozen , but Lawrence , who had expressed a desire for Oliphant to join him on the electromagnetic project as early as 1942 , was eager for Oliphant 's assistance . Oliphant secured the services of a fellow Australian physicist , Harrie Massey , who had been working for the Admiralty on magnetic mines , along with James Stayers and Stanley Duke , who had worked with him on the cavity magnetron . This initial group set out for Berkeley in a B @-@ 24 Liberator bomber in November 1943 . Oliphant found that Berkeley had shortages of key skills , particularly physicists , chemists and engineers . He prevailed on Sir David Rivett , the head of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Australia , to release Eric Burhop to work on the project . His requests for personnel were met , and the British mission at Berkeley grew in number to 35 , two of whom , Robin Williams and George Page , were New Zealanders .
Members of the British mission occupied several key positions in the electromagnetic project . Oliphant became Lawrence 's de facto deputy , and was in charge of the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory when Lawrence was absent . His enthusiasm for the electromagnetic project was rivalled only by Lawrence 's , and his involvement went beyond scientific problems , extending to policy questions such as whether to expand the electromagnetic plant , although in this he was unsuccessful . The British chemists made important contributions , particularly Harry Emeléus and Philip Baxter , a chemist who had been research manager at ICI , was sent to the Manhattan Project 's Clinton Engineering Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee , in 1944 in response to a request for assistance with uranium chemistry , and became personal assistant to the general manager . His status as an ICI employee was of no concern to Groves . The British mission was given complete access to the electromagnetic project , both in Berkeley and at the Y @-@ 12 electromagnetic separation plant in Oak Ridge . While some of the British mission remained at Berkeley or Oak Ridge only for a few weeks , most stayed until the end of the war . Oliphant returned to Britain in March 1945 , and was replaced as head of the British mission in Berkeley by Massey .
= = Los Alamos Laboratory = =
When cooperation resumed in September 1943 , Groves and Oppenheimer revealed the existence of the Los Alamos Laboratory to Chadwick , Peierls and Oliphant . Oppenheimer wanted all three to proceed to Los Alamos as soon as possible , but it was decided that Oliphant would go to Berkeley to work on the electromagnetic process and Peierls would go to New York to work on the gaseous diffusion process . The task then fell to Chadwick . The original idea , favoured by Groves , was that the British scientists would work as a group under Chadwick , who would farm out work to them . This was soon discarded in favour of having the British Mission fully integrated into the laboratory . They worked in most of its divisions , only being excluded from plutonium chemistry and metallurgy .
First to arrive was Otto Frisch and Ernest Titterton and his wife Peggy , who reached Los Alamos on 13 December 1943 . At Los Alamos Frisch continued his work on critical mass studies , for which Titterton developed electronic circuitry for high voltage generators , X @-@ ray generators , timers and firing circuits . Peggy Titterton , a trained physics and metallurgy laboratory assistant , was one of the few women working at Los Alamos in a technical role . Chadwick arrived on 12 January 1944 , but only stayed for a few months before returning to Washington , D.C.
When Oppenheimer appointed Hans Bethe as the head of the laboratory 's prestigious Theoretical ( T ) Division , he offended Edward Teller , who was given his own group , tasked with investigating Teller 's " Super " bomb , and eventually assigned to Enrico Fermi 's F Division . Oppenheimer then wrote to Groves requesting that Peierls be sent to take Teller 's place in T Division . Peierls arrived from New York on 8 February 1944 , and subsequently succeeded Chadwick as head of the British Mission at Los Alamos . Egon Bretscher worked in Teller 's Super group , as did Anthony French , who later recalled that " never at any time did I have anything to do with the fission bomb once I went to Los Alamos . " Four members of the British Mission became group leaders : Bretscher ( Super Experimentation ) , Frisch ( Critical Assemblies and Nuclear Specifications ) , Peierls ( Implosion Hydrodynamics ) and George Placzek ( Composite Weapon ) .
Niels Bohr and his son Aage , a physicist who acted as his father 's assistant , arrived on 30 December on the first of several visits as a consultant . Bohr and his family had escaped from occupied Denmark to Sweden . A De Havilland Mosquito bomber brought him to England where he joined Tube Alloys . In America , he was able to visit Oak Ridge and Los Alamos , where he found many of his former students . Bohr acted as a critic , a facilitator and a role model for younger scientists . He arrived at a critical time , and several nuclear fission studies and experiments were conducted at his instigation . He played an important role in the development of the uranium tamper , and in the design and adoption of the modulated neutron initiator . His presence boosted morale , and helped improve the administration of the laboratory to strengthen ties with the Army .
Nuclear physicists knew about fission , but not the hydrodynamics of conventional explosions . As a result , there were two additions to the team that made significant contributions in this area of physics . First was James Tuck whose field of expertise was in shaped charges used in anti tank weapons for armour piercing . In terms of the plutonium bomb the scientists at Los Alamos were trying to wrestle with the idea of the implosion issue . Tuck was sent to Los Alamos in April 1944 and used a radical concept of explosive lensing which was then put into place . Tuck also designed the Urchin initiator for the bomb working closely with Seth Neddermeyer . This work was crucial to the success of the plutonium atomic bomb : Italian @-@ American scientist Bruno Rossi later stated that without Tuck 's work the plutonium bomb could not have exploded in August 1945 . The other was Sir Geoffrey Taylor , an important consultant who arrived a month later to also work on the issue . Taylor 's presence was desired so much at Los Alamos , Chadwick informed London , " that anything short of kidnapping would be justified " . He was sent , and provided crucial insights into the Rayleigh – Taylor instability . The acute need for scientists with an understanding of explosives also led Chadwick to obtain the release of William Penney from the Admiralty , and William Marley from the Road Research Laboratory . Peierls and Fuchs worked on the hydrodynamics of the explosive lenses . Bethe considered Fuchs " one of the most valuable men in my division " and " one of the best theoretical physicists we had . "
William Penney worked on means to assess the effects of a nuclear explosion , and wrote a paper on what height the bombs should be detonated at for maximum effect in attacks on Germany and Japan . He served as a member of the target committee established by Groves to select Japanese cities for atomic bombing , and on Tinian with Project Alberta as a special consultant . Along with Group Captain Leonard Cheshire , sent by Wilson as a British representative , he watched the bombing of Nagasaki from the observation plane Big Stink . He also formed part of the Manhattan Project 's post @-@ war scientific mission to Hiroshima and Nagasaki that assessed the extent of the damage caused by the bombs .
Bethe declared that :
For the work of the theoretical division of the Los Alamos Project during the war the collaboration of the British Mission was absolutely essential ... It is very difficult to say what would have happened under different conditions . However , at least , the work of the Theoretical Division would have been very much more difficult and very much less effective without the members of the British Mission , and it is not unlikely that our final weapon would have been considerably less efficient in this case .
From December 1945 on , members of the British Mission began returning home . Peierls left in January 1946 . At the request of Norris Bradbury , who had replaced Oppenheimer as laboratory director , Fuchs remained until 15 June 1946 . Eight British scientists , three from Los Alamos and five from the United Kingdom , participated in Operation Crossroads , the nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific . With the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , known as the McMahon Act , all British government employees had to leave . Titterton was granted a special dispensation , and remained until 12 April 1947 . The British Mission ended when he departed . Carson Mark remained , as he was a Canadian government employee . He remained at Los Alamos , becoming head of its Theoretical Division in 1947 , a position he held until he retired in 1973 . He became a United States citizen in the 1950s .
= = Feed materials = =
The Combined Development Trust was proposed by the Combined Policy Committee on 17 February 1944 . The declaration of trust was signed by Churchill and Roosevelt on 13 June 1944 . The trustees were approved at the Combined Policy Committee meeting on 19 September 1944 . The United States trustees were Groves , who was elected chairman , geologist Charles K. Leith , and George L. Harrison . The British trustees were Sir Charles Hambro , the head of the British Raw Materials Mission in Washington , D.C. , and Frank Lee from HM Treasury . Canada was represented by George C. Bateman , a deputy minister and member of the Canadian Combined Resources Board . Each of the three governments had its own raw materials resources staff , and the Combined Development Trust was a means of coordinating their efforts .
The role of the Combined Development Trust was to purchase or control the mineral resources needed by the Manhattan Project , and to avoid competition between the three . Britain had little need for uranium ores while the war continued , but was anxious to secure adequate supplies for its own nuclear weapons programme when it ended . Half the funding was to come from the United States and half from Britain and Canada . The initial $ 12 @.@ 5 million was transferred to Groves from an account in the office of the United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau , Jr . , that was not subject to the usual accounting auditing and oversight . By the time Groves resigned from the Trust at the end of 1947 , he had deposited $ 37 @.@ 5 million into an account he controlled at the Bankers Trust . Payments were then made from this account .
Britain took the lead in securing control of the world 's major source of ore in the Belgian Congo . They also negotiated deals with Swedish companies to acquire ore from there . Oliphant had approached the Australian High Commissioner in London , Sir Stanley Bruce , in August 1943 about uranium supplies from Australia , and Anderson made a direct request to the prime minister of Australia , John Curtin , during the latter 's visit to Britain in May 1944 to initiate mineral exploration in Australia in places where uranium deposits were believed to exist . As well as uranium , the Combined Development Trust secured supplies of thorium from Brazil , Netherlands East Indies , Sweden and Portugal . At the time uranium was believed to be a rare mineral , and the more abundant thorium was seen as a possible alternative , as it could be irradiated to produce uranium @-@ 233 , another isotope of uranium suitable for making atomic bombs .
= = Intelligence = =
In December 1943 , Groves sent Robert R. Furman to Britain to establish a London Liaison Office for the Manhattan Project to coordinate scientific intelligence with the British government . Groves selected the head of the Manhattan District 's security activities , Captain Horace K. Calvert , to head the London Liaison Office with the title of Assistant Military Attaché . He worked in cooperation with Lieutenant Commander Eric Welsh , the head of the Norwegian Section of MI6 , and Michael Perrin from Tube Alloys . An Anglo @-@ American intelligence committee was formed by Groves and Anderson in November 1944 , consisting of Perrin , Welsh , Calvert , Furman and R. V. Jones .
At the urging of Groves and Furman , the Alsos Mission was created on 4 April 1944 under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Boris Pash to conduct intelligence in the field relating to the German nuclear energy project . The more experienced British considered creating a rival mission , but in the end agreed to participate in the Alsos Mission as a junior partner . In June 1945 , Welsh reported that the German nuclear physicists captured by the Alsos Mission were in danger of being executed by the Americans , and Jones arranged for them to be moved to Farm Hall , a country house in Huntingdonshire used for training by MI6 and the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) . The house was bugged , and the conversations of the scientists were recorded .
= = Results = =
Groves appreciated the early British atomic research and the British scientists ' contributions to the Manhattan Project , but stated that the United States would have succeeded without them . He considered British assistance " helpful but not vital " , but at the same time , acknowledged that " without active and continuing British interest , there probably would have been no atomic bomb to drop on Hiroshima . " He considered Britain 's key contributions to have been encouragement and support at the intergovernmental level , scientific aid , the production of powdered nickel in Wales , and preliminary studies and laboratory work .
Cooperation did not long survive the war . Roosevelt died on 12 April 1945 , and the Hyde Park Agreement was not binding on subsequent administrations . In fact , it was physically lost . When Wilson raised the matter in a Combined Policy Committee meeting in June , the American copy could not be found . The British sent Stimson a photocopy on 18 July 1945 . Even then , Groves questioned the document 's authenticity until the American copy was located years later in the papers of Vice Admiral Wilson Brown , Jr . , Roosevelt 's naval aide , apparently misfiled by someone unaware of what Tube Alloys was , who thought it had something to do with naval guns .
Harry S. Truman , who had succeeded Roosevelt on the latter 's death , Clement Attlee , who had replaced Churchill as prime minister in July 1945 , Anderson and United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes conferred while on a boat cruise on the Potomac River , and agreed to revise the Quebec Agreement . On 15 November 1945 , Groves , Robert P. Patterson and George L. Harrison met a British delegation consisting of Anderson , Wilson , Malcolm MacDonald , Roger Makins and Denis Rickett to draw up a communiqué . They agreed to retain the Combined Policy Committee and the Combined Development Trust . The Quebec Agreement 's requirement for " mutual consent " before using nuclear weapons was replaced with one for " prior consultation " , and there was to be " full and effective cooperation in the field of atomic energy " , but in the longer Memorandum of Intention , signed by Groves and Anderson , this was only " in the field of basic scientific research " . Patterson took the communiqué to the White House , where Truman and Attlee signed it on 16 November 1945 .
The next meeting of the Combined Policy Committee on 15 April 1946 produced no accord on collaboration , and resulted in an exchange of cables between Truman and Attlee . Truman cabled on 20 April that he did not see the communiqué he had signed as obligating the United States to assist Britain in designing , constructing and operating an atomic energy plant . Attlee 's response on 6 June 1946 " did not mince words nor conceal his displeasure behind the nuances of diplomatic language . " At issue was not just technical cooperation , which was fast disappearing , but the allocation of uranium ore . During the war this was of little concern , as Britain had not needed any ore , so all the production of the Congo mines and all the ore seized by the Alsos Mission had gone to the United States , but now it was also required by the British atomic project . Chadwick and Groves reached an agreement by which ore would be shared equally .
The McMahon Act , which was signed by Truman on 1 August 1946 , and went into effect at midnight on 1 January 1947 , ended technical cooperation . Its control of " restricted data " prevented the United States ' allies from receiving any information . The remaining scientists were denied access to papers that they had written just days before . The terms of the Quebec Agreement remained secret ,
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time of their commissioning , the ships had a top speed of 28 knots ( 32 mph ; 52 km / h ) , though by 1945 , with the addition of other equipment , such as anti @-@ aircraft weaponry , their maximum speed was reduced to 26 @.@ 8 knots ( 30 @.@ 8 mph ; 49 @.@ 6 km / h ) . The increases in weight also reduced the ships ' cruising range . In 1941 , the ships could steam for 17 @,@ 450 nautical miles ( 32 @,@ 320 km ; 20 @,@ 080 mi ) at a cruising speed of 15 knots ( 17 mph ; 28 km / h ) ; by 1945 , the range at that speed was reduced to 16 @,@ 320 nmi ( 30 @,@ 220 km ; 18 @,@ 780 mi ) . At 25 knots ( 29 mph ; 46 km / h ) , the range was considerably lower , at 5 @,@ 740 nmi ( 10 @,@ 630 km ; 6 @,@ 610 mi ) .
Electrical power was supplied by eight generators . Four were turbo @-@ generators designed for naval use ; these provided 1 @,@ 250 kilowatts each . The other four were diesel generators that supplied 850 kilowatts each . Two smaller diesel generators — each provided 200 kilowatts — supplied emergency power should the main system be damaged . Total electrical output was 8 @,@ 400 kilowatts , not including the emergency generators , at 450 volts on an alternating current .
= = = Armor = = =
North Carolina and Washington incorporated " all or nothing " armor which weighed 41 % of the total displacement ; it consisted of an " armored raft " that extended from just forward of the first gun turret to just aft of the rear gun turret . They had a main armored belt that was 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) thick amidships , inclined at 15 ° , and backed by 0 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 19 mm ) Special Treatment Steel ( STS ) . This tapered down to 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) on the lower edge of the belt . The ships had three armored decks ; the main deck was 1 @.@ 45 @-@ inch ( 37 mm ) thick , the second , thickest deck was 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) , and the third and thinnest deck was 0 @.@ 62 @-@ inch ( 16 mm ) thick . The first deck was designed to cause delay @-@ fuzed projectiles to detonate , while the thicker second belt would protect the ships ' internals . The third deck was intended to protect against shell splinters that might have penetrated the second deck ; it also acted as the upper support for the torpedo bulkheads . The conning tower was connected to the armored citadel by a 14 @-@ inch ( 360 mm ) thick communications tube . Armor thickness for the conning tower itself ranged from 16 inches ( 410 mm ) on both sides to 14 @.@ 7 inches ( 370 mm ) on the front and rear . The roof was 7 inches ( 180 mm ) thick and the bottom was 3 @.@ 9 inches ( 99 mm ) thick .
The main battery turrets were heavily armored : the turret faces were 16 @-@ inch ( 410 mm ) thick , the sides were 9 @-@ inch ( 230 mm ) thick , the rear sides were 11 @.@ 8 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) thick , and the roofs were 7 @-@ inch ( 180 mm ) thick . 16 @-@ inch @-@ thick ( 410 mm ) armor was the maximum width factories were able to produce at the time of the ships ' design ; by 1939 , however , it was possible to create 18 in @-@ thick plates . These were not installed because it was estimated that the conversion would delay completion of the ships by 6 to 8 months . The barbettes that held the turrets were also strongly protected . The front portion was 14 @.@ 7 inches ( 370 mm ) , the sides increased to 16 inches ( 410 mm ) , and the rear portion reduced to 11 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 290 mm ) . The 5 @-@ inch gun turrets , along with their ammunition magazines , were armored with 1 @.@ 95 @-@ inch ( 50 mm ) STS plates .
The side protection system incorporated five compartments divided by torpedo bulkheads and a large anti @-@ torpedo bulge that ran the length of the " armored raft " . The outer two compartments , the innermost compartment and the bulge would remain empty , while the third and fourth compartments would be filled with liquid . The system was reduced in depth at either end by the forward and rear gun turrets . In these areas , the fifth compartment was deleted ; instead , there was an outer empty compartment and two liquid @-@ filled spaces , backed by another empty compartment . To compensate for the reduced underwater protection system , these sections received additional armor plating , up to 3 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 95 mm ) in thickness . The complete system was designed to withstand warheads of up to 700 lb ( 320 kg ) of TNT . Underwater protection was rounded out by a triple bottom that was 5 @.@ 75 ft ( 1 @.@ 75 m ) deep . The bottom layer was 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) thick and was kept filled with fluid , while the upper 2 @.@ 75 @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 84 m ) thick layer was kept empty . The triple bottom was also heavily subdivided to prevent catastrophic flooding should the upper layer be penetrated .
= = Service = =
= = = Construction = = =
Two ships , each to cost about $ 50 million , were authorized in January 1937 . Five shipyards submitted bids to build one of the two planned ships . Three were privately run corporations : Bethlehem Shipbuilding , New York Shipbuilding and Newport News Shipbuilding . The other two , the New York Naval Shipyard and Philadelphia Naval Shipyard , were run by the government . When bids were reviewed , the privately run shipyards ' submissions ranged from $ 46 to 50 million , while their government counterparts came in at $ 37 million . Newport News was unique among these in refusing any fixed monetary value in favor of a " cost @-@ plus 3 1 ⁄ 2 % " price , but this led to the rejection of their bid out of hand .
The bids from private companies were heavily influenced by the legislation of the New Deal . The Vinson @-@ Trammell Act limited profit from a ship 's construction to 10 percent , while the Walsh @-@ Healey Public Contracts Act specified a minimum wage and required working conditions for workers . The latter act greatly affected the ability of the navy to acquire steel , as the text of the law caused friction between executives in the industry , who greatly disliked the forty @-@ hour work week and minimum wage requirements , and their workers — who themselves were embroiled in a separate dispute pitting the union of the skilled workers , the American Federation of Labor , against the union of the unskilled , the Congress of Industrial Organizations . Amid the unrest , the navy ran into difficulties trying to acquire 18 million pounds of steel to build six destroyers and three submarines ; many more pounds than this would be needed for the new battleships .
The private shipyards , however , had their own labor problems , so much so that one author described the navy 's issues as " minimal " compared to their shipbuilding counterparts . This increased the price of the battleships to $ 60 million each , so the Bureau of Steam Engineering and Bureau of Construction and Repair recommended to their superiors that the $ 37 million tenders from the two navy yards be accepted . This was confirmed by Roosevelt , as the private shipyards ' bids were seen as unjustly inflated . The contracts for North Carolina and Washington — names had been officially chosen on 3 May 1937 — were sent to the New York and Philadelphia yards , respectively , on 24 June 1937 . Shortly after this announcement , Roosevelt was bombarded with heavy lobbying from citizens and politicians from Camden and the state of New Jersey , in an ultimately futile attempt to have the construction of North Carolina shifted to Camden 's New York Shipbuilding ; such a contract would keep many men employed in that area . Roosevelt refused , saying that the disparity in price was too great . Instead , the company was awarded two destroyer tenders in December 1937 , Dixie and Prairie .
Construction of the North Carolina class was slowed by the aforementioned material issues , the changes made to the basic design after this date — namely the substitution of 16 @-@ inch for 14 @-@ inch guns — and the need to add both length and strength to the slipways already present in the navy yards . Increased use of welding was proposed as a possible way to reduce weight and bolster the structural design , as it could have reduced the ships ' structural weight by 10 % , but it was only utilized in about 30 % of the ship . The costs associated with welding and an increase in the time of construction made it impractical .
= = = North Carolina = = =
USS North Carolina ( BB @-@ 55 ) was laid down on 27 October 1937 , the first battleship begun by the United States since the never @-@ completed South Dakota class of the early 1920s . Although North Carolina was launched on 13 June 1940 and commissioned on 9 April 1941 , it did not go on active duty because of acute longitudinal vibrations from its propeller shafts . A problem shared with its sister Washington and some other ships like Atlanta , it was only cured after different propellers were tested aboard North Carolina , including four @-@ bladed and cut @-@ down versions of the original three @-@ bladed . This testing required it to be at sea , and the many resulting trips out of New York Harbor to the Atlantic Ocean caused it to be nicknamed " The Showboat " .
After a shakedown cruise in the Caribbean Sea and participation in war exercises , North Carolina transited the Panama Canal en route to the Pacific War . Joining Task Force ( TF ) 16 , the battleship escorted the aircraft carrier Enterprise during the invasions of Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 7 August 1942 , and continued to accompany the carrier when it moved to be southeast of the Solomons . The Battle of the Eastern Solomons began when Japanese carriers were spotted on 24 August ; although American planes were able to strike first by sinking the light carrier Ryūjō , a strike group from a different force , formed around the fleet carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku , attacked TF 16 . In an intense eight @-@ minute battle , North Carolina shot down 7 – 14 aircraft and was relatively undamaged , though there were seven near @-@ misses and one crewman was killed by strafing . Enterprise took three bomb hits .
North Carolina then joined the carrier Saratoga 's screen , and protected it while support was rendered to American troops fighting on Guadalcanal . Although it dodged one torpedo on 6 September , it was not able to avoid another on the 15th . Out of a six @-@ torpedo salvo from a Japanese submarine , three hit the carrier Wasp , one hit O 'Brien , one missed , and one struck North Carolina . A 660 lb ( 300 kg ) warhead hit on the port side 20 ft ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) below the waterline at a point that was just behind the number one turret . It created a 32 x 18 ft ( 9 @.@ 8 x 5 @.@ 5 m ) hole , allowed about 970 long tons ( 990 t ) of water into the ship — which had to be offset with counter @-@ flooding , meaning that another 480 long tons ( 490 t ) entered — killed five men , and wounded twenty . Although North Carolina could steam at 24 knots ( 28 mph ; 44 km / h ) soon after the explosion , it was later forced to slow to 18 knots ( 21 mph ; 33 km / h ) to ensure that temporary shoring did not fail . Structural damage beneath the first turret rendered it unable to fire unless in absolute need , and the main search radar failed . As this was the first torpedo to strike a modern American battleship , it elicited a large amount of interest from various officers and bureaus within the navy . It was seen as a vindication by some who believed that too much had been sacrificed in the design of the ships — the torpedo defense system had come close to breaking near one of the most important areas of the ship ( a magazine ) , after all — and the General Board called for the fifth and sixth Iowa @-@ class battleships , Illinois and Kentucky , to have a torpedo bulge added outside its magazines . However , the new Bureau of Ships opposed this on the basis that the system performed as it was supposed to ; in any case , no modifications were made .
Repaired and refitted at the facilities in Pearl Harbor , North Carolina operated as a carrier escort for Enterprise and Saratoga for the remainder of 1942 and the majority of 1943 while they provided cover for supply and troop movements in the Solomons . In between , it received advanced fire control and radar gear in March , April and September 1943 at Pearl Harbor . In November , North Carolina escorted Enterprise while the carrier launched strikes upon Makin , Tarawa and Abemama . On 1 – 8 December it bombarded Nauru before returning to carrier screening ; it accompanied Bunker Hill while that carrier launched attacks on Kavieng and New Ireland .
Joining Task Force 58 in January 1944 , North Carolina escorted aircraft carriers as the flagship of Admiral Willis A. Lee for much of the year , providing support for airborne strikes on Kwajalein , Namur , Truk ( twice ) , Saipan , Tinian , Guam , Palau , Woleai , and Hollandia in January – April . Also in April , North Carolina destroyed defensive installations on Ponape before setting course for Pearl Harbor for repairs to a damaged rudder . With repairs completed , the battleship joined with Enterprise on 6 June for assaults within the Marianas ; as part of these , North Carolina used its main battery to bombard Saipan and Tanapag .
In late June , North Carolina was one of the American ships which took part in the so @-@ called " Marianas Turkey Shoot " , where a majority of attacking Japanese aircraft were shot down out of the air at little cost to the American defenders . Problems with its propeller shafts then caused the battleship to sail to the Puget Sound Navy Yard to receive an overhaul . It returned to active duty in November and to its carrier escort tasks in time to be hit by a typhoon . North Carolina protected carriers while they provided air cover for invasion fleets and launched attacks on Leyte , Luzon , and the Visayas . Surviving another typhoon , one which sank three destroyers , North Carolina continued escort duty when naval aircraft struck Formosa , Indo @-@ China , China , the Ryukyus and Honshu in January and February 1945 . During the invasion of Iwo Jima , the battleship provided bombardment support for troops ashore .
During the assault on Okinawa , North Carolina screened carriers and bombarded targets ashore . Although it was able to shoot down three kamikazes on 6 April , it also was struck by a 5 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) shell during that time in a friendly fire incident ; three were killed and forty @-@ four injured . The battleship shot down a plane on the 7th and two on the 17th . After receiving another overhaul from 9 May to 28 June , this one in the naval yard at Pearl Harbor , North Carolina operated as both a carrier escort and shore bombardier for the remainder of the war . Of note was a 17 July bombardment of the industrial area in Hitachi , Ibaraki in company with fellow battleships Alabama , Missouri , Wisconsin and HMS King George V , along with smaller warships .
In August , members of North Carolina 's crew and Marine contingent were sent ashore to assist in occupying Japan . After the official surrender , these men were brought back aboard and the battleship sailed to Okinawa . As part of Operation " Magic Carpet " , soldiers were embarked to be returned to the United States . Passing through the locks of Panama Canal on 8 October , it weighed anchor in Boston on the 17th . After an overhaul in the New York Naval Yard , it participated in exercises off New England before beginning a midshipman training cruise in the Caribbean .
North Carolina was decommissioned in Bayonne , New Jersey on 27 June 1947 ; it remained in the reserve fleet in until 1 June 1960 , when it was struck from the Naval Vessel Register . Instead of the scrapping that faced most of the United States ' battleships , North Carolina was sold to the state of North Carolina for $ 250 @,@ 000 on 8 August 1961 to be a museum ship. it was dedicated in Wilmington on 29 April 1962 as a memorial to the citizens of the state who died in the Second World War . Listed on the United States ' National Register of Historic Places and designated as a National Historic Landmark on 1 January 1986 , it remains there today , maintained by the USS North Carolina Battleship Commission .
= = = Washington = = =
USS Washington ( BB @-@ 56 ) was laid down on 14 June 1938 , launched on 1 June 1940 and commissioned on 15 May 1941 at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard . Although commissioned , its engine had not been run at full power — like its sister , Washington had major problems with longitudinal vibrations , which were only tempered after many tests conducted aboard North Carolina . The fixes made it possible to run builder 's trials , which Washington did on 3 August 1941 ; loaded at about 44 @,@ 400 long tons ( 45 @,@ 100 t ) , the propulsion plant was run up to 123 @,@ 850 shp , and repeated the performance again in February 1942 , achieving 127 @,@ 100 and 121 @,@ 000 shp .
In early 1942 Rear Admiral John W. Wilcox chose Washington as the flagship of Task Force 39 . On 26 March 1942 , Washington , along with Wasp , Wichita , Tuscaloosa and various smaller ships , sailed to bolster the British Home Fleet . During the voyage , Wilcox fell into the ocean ; he was seen soon after by the destroyer Wilson , face down in the water , but due to rough seas was unable to retrieve the body . It is not known what exactly happened ; he could have simply been caught by a wave and washed overboard , but there has been speculation that he suffered a heart attack . The force reached the main anchorage of the Home Fleet , Scapa Flow , on 4 April .
Washington and the other ships of TF 39 participated in exercises with the Home Fleet until late April . Along with certain British units , the task force departed the British Isles as TF 99 . They escorted some of the Arctic convoys which were carrying vital cargo to the Soviet Union . While carrying out this duty , an accompanying British battleship , HMS King George V , accidentally rammed a destroyer , cutting it in two . Directly behind King George V , Washington passed through the same stretch of sea and received damage from exploding depth charges . Though damage to the hull was minimal — limited to only one leaking fuel tank — many devices on board the ship were damaged , including main battery range finders , circuit breakers , three fire @-@ control and the search radars . The American ships then put in at an Icelandic port , Hvalfjörður , until 15 May ; they returned to Scapa Flow on 3 June . On 4 June , Washington hosted the commander of naval forces in Europe , Admiral Harold Rainsford Stark , who set up a temporary headquarters on the ship for the next few days . On 7 June , King George VI of the United Kingdom inspected the battleship .
Washington left the North Sea bound for the United States on 14 July with an escort of four destroyers ; upon arrival at the New York Naval Yard on the 23rd , it was given a full overhaul which took a month to be completed. it set sail for the Panama Canal and the Pacific Ocean on 23 August and reached its destination , Tonga Island , on 14 September , where it became the flagship of Admiral Willis " Ching " Lee . Over the coming months , Washington would be focused upon the safe arrival of supply convoys to the men fighting on Guadalcanal . On 13 November , three formations of Japanese ships were discovered on course for Guadalcanal , one of them aiming to bombard Henderson Field while night gave them protection from aircraft . The first Japanese bombardment force was driven back by an American cruiser @-@ destroyer force . On 14 November , the Japanese organized another sortie to neutralize the airfield . Washington , South Dakota , and four destroyers were sent to intercept the Japanese force that night . The Japanese , composed of the fast battleship Kirishima , two heavy cruisers , two light cruisers , and nine destroyers , initially sank three US destroyers and inflicted significant topside damage to South Dakota . However , Washington remained undetected and at midnight fired on Kirishima from 5 @,@ 800 yards ( 5 @,@ 300 m ) , point blank range for Washington 's 16 @-@ inch / 45 @-@ caliber guns . Washington fired seventy @-@ five 16 @-@ inch and one hundred and seven 5 @-@ inch rounds during the melee , scoring 20 main and seventeen secondary battery hits , knocking out its steering and main battery and causing uncontrollable progressive flooding . Kirishima capsized at 03 : 25 on the morning of 15 November 1942 , with 212 crewmen lost . Radar @-@ directed fire from Washington 's secondary battery also damaged destroyer Ayanami so severely it had to be scuttled . Soon after the battle , the Japanese began evacuating Guadalcanal .
Until April 1943 , Washington stayed near its base in New Caledonia , providing protection for convoys and battle groups that were supporting the Solomons campaign . Returning to Pearl Harbor , it practiced for battle and underwent an overhaul before returning to the combat zone in late July . From August to the end of October , Washington operated out of Efate. it then joined with four battleships and six destroyers as Task Group ( TG ) 53 @.@ 2 for exercises ; Enterprise , Essex and Independence also participated . TG 52 @.@ 2 then voyaged to the Gilbert Islands to add additional firepower to the strikes currently hitting them . Departing in late November , Washington steamed to first Makin to provide protection for ships there , then Ocean Island to prepare to bombard Nauru with its sister North Carolina , all four South Dakota @-@ class battleships , and the carriers Bunker Hill and Monterey . All of the capital ships struck before dawn on 8 December ; the aircraft carriers struck again soon after . The ships then sailed back to Efate , arriving on 12 December . On Christmas , Washington , North Carolina , and four destroyers left Efate for gunnery practice . By late January , it was made part of TG 50 @.@ 1 to escort the fast carriers in that group as they launched strikes on Taroa and Kwajalein. it also moved in to hit Kwajalein with its guns on 30 January .
Before dawn on 1 February , with the sky still shrouded in darkness , Washington collided with Indiana when the latter left formation to fuel four destroyers . Indiana had radioed that it was going to make a turn to port out of the formation , but soon after starting the turn , its captain ordered a reversal , back to starboard . About seven minutes later , it came into view of lookouts aboard Washington at a range of 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ; 910 m ) . Although crews on both ships frantically tried to avoid the other , it was to no avail ; Washington gave Indiana a glancing blow , scraping down a large aft portion of the ship 's starboard side . Washington 's fore end was severely damaged , with about 60 ft ( 18 m ) of its bow hanging down and into the water . Ten men , six from Washington , were killed or listed as missing . After temporary reinforcements to the damaged section , it was forced to sail to Pearl Harbor to be fitted with a false bow to make possible a voyage to Puget Sound . Once there , it received a full overhaul , along with a new bow ; this work lasted from March until April . Washington did not enter the war zone again until late May .
Washington next participated in the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign , serving again as a carrier escort ship , though it was detached on the 13th to fire on Japanese positions on Saipan and Tinian . With the sortie of a majority of the remaining ships in the Imperial Japanese Navy spotted by American submarines , Washington , along with six other battleships , four heavy cruisers and fourteen destroyers covered the aircraft carriers of TF 58 ; on the 19th , with the attack of many aircraft , the Battle of the Philippine Sea began . Able to beat off the attacks , Washington refueled and continued escorting carriers until she , with three battleships and escorts , formed a new task group . After a lengthy stop at Enewetak Atoll , it supported troops assaulting Peleliu and Angaur before returning to screening duties . This duty lasted from 10 October to 17 February 1945 .
The battleship bombarded Iwo Jima from 19 – 22 February in support of the invasion there before escorting carriers which sent aircraft raids against Tokyo and targets on the island of Kyūshū . On 24 March and 19 April , Washington bombarded Okinawa ; it then departed for Puget Sound to receive a refit , having been in action for the majority of the time since its refit in March – April 1944 . This lasted through V @-@ J Day and the subsequent formal ceremony aboard Missouri , so Washington received orders to voyage to Philadelphia , where it arrived on 17 October . Here it was modified to have an additional 145 bunks , so that it could participate in Operation Magic Carpet . Sailing to Southampton with a reduced crew of 84 officers and 835 crew , it brought 185 army officers and 1 @,@ 479 enlisted men back to the United States ; this was the only voyage it would make in support of the operation . The battleship was placed into reserve at Bayonne , New Jersey on 27 June 1947 , after only a little more than six years of service . Washington was never reactivated . Struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 June 1960 — exactly 21 years to the day since its launch — she was sold on 24 May 1961 to be scrapped .
= = Post @-@ war alterations and proposals = =
North Carolina and Washington remained in active duty in the years immediately after the war , possibly because they were more comfortable and less cramped than the four South Dakotas . The ships received alterations during this period ; the Ship Characteristics Board ( SCB ) directed in June 1946 that four of the quadruple @-@ mounted 40 mm guns be removed , though only two were actually taken off each ship . The 20 mm weapons were also reduced at some point so that both ships were decommissioned with sixteen twin mounts . North Carolina and Washington were decommissioned on 27 June 1947 and subsequently moved to the reserve fleet .
In May 1954 , SCB created a class improvement plan for the North Carolinas which included twenty @-@ four 3 in / 50 guns directed by six Mark 56s . A month later , the SCB chairman voiced his belief that the North Carolinas and South Dakotas would be excellent additions to task forces — if they could be faster . The Bureau of Ships then considered and discarded designs that would move these ships at 31 knots ( 36 mph ; 57 km / h ) , four knots faster than their current attainable speed . In order for a North Carolina to obtain 31 knots , 240 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( shp ) would be required . This , in turn , would necessitate the installation of an extremely large power plant , one which would not fit into the ship even if the third turret was removed . If the outer external belt armor were removed , 216 @,@ 000 shp would still be required . However , no matter if the belt was taken off or not , all of the hull form aft would have to be greatly modified to accept larger propellers . The last strike against the project was the high estimated cost of $ 40 million — which did not include the cost of activating battleships that had been out of commission for ten years .
Later calculations proved that the North Carolinas could be lightened from 44 @,@ 377 to around 40 @,@ 541 long tons ( 41 @,@ 192 t ) , at which 210 @,@ 000 shp would suffice . At the trial displacement figure of 38 @,@ 400 long tons ( 39 @,@ 000 t ) , even 186 @,@ 000 shp would be enough ; the 210 @,@ 000 figure was derived from a 12 @.@ 5 % overestimation to account for a fouled bottom or bad weather . A similar power plant to the one used in the Iowa class ( generating 212 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ) would be enough , and if the third turret was removed there would be no problems with weight , but there was not enough space within the North Carolinas . When compared , the current power plant measured 176 × 70 × 24 , but the Iowa 's was 256 × 72 × 26 . Lastly , there would be an issue with the propellers ; the Iowa class ' were 19 ft ( 5 @.@ 8 m ) wide , while the North Carolina 's were 17 ft ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) . In the end , no conversions were undertaken .
Designs for helicopter carriers also contained a plan for a conversion of the North Carolinas . At a cost of $ 30 @,@ 790 @,@ 000 , the ships would have been able to embark 28 helicopters , 1 @,@ 880 troops , 530 long tons ( 540 t ) of cargo and 200 @,@ 000 US gal ( 760 @,@ 000 L ) of oil . All of the 16 @-@ inch and 5 @-@ inch guns would have been removed , though the number one turret would have remained so that weights added on the stern half of the ship could be balanced . In place , the ships would have received sixteen 3 @-@ inch guns in twin mounts . Displacement would be lowered slightly to a fully loaded weight of about 41 @,@ 930 long tons ( 42 @,@ 600 t ) , while speed would not have changed . It was estimated that the ships could serve for about fifteen to twenty years at a cost of about $ 440 @,@ 000 a year for maintenance . However , it was found that a purpose @-@ built helicopter carrier would be more economical , so the plans were shelved .
= = Endnotes = =
= = = Web = = =
DiGiulian , Tony . " United States of America 16 " / 45 ( 40 @.@ 6 cm ) Mark 6 . " NavWeaps . Accessed 15 November 2009 .
DiGiulian , Tony . " United States of America 5 " / 38 ( 12 @.@ 7 cm ) Mark 12 . " NavWeaps . Accessed 15 November 2009 .
Haworth , R.B. " Single Ship Report for " 6112175 " ( North Carolina ) . " ( subscription required ) . Miramar Ship Index . Accessed 15 November 2009 .
Haworth , R.B. " Single Ship Report for " 6112726 " ( Washington ) . " ( subscription required ) . Miramar Ship Index . Accessed 15 November 2009 .
" Marshall Islands Campaign , Jan. – Feb. 1944 – USS Washington and USS Indiana Collide , 1 February 1944 . " Online Library of Selected Images , Naval History & Heritage Command . Accessed 15 November 2009 .
" North Carolina ( BB @-@ 55 ) ; battleship . " Naval Vessel Register , Department of the Navy . Accessed on 15 November 2009 .
" Washington ( BB @-@ 56 ) ; battleship . " Naval Vessel Register , Department of the Navy . Accessed 15 November 2009 .
= = = Primary = = =
" Treaty for the Limitation of Naval Armament [ Second London Naval Treaty ] " . London : Third London Naval Conference , 25 March 1936 .
= Shadow of the Colossus =
Shadow of the Colossus , released in Japan as Wander and the Colossus ( Japanese : ワンダと巨像 , Hepburn : Wanda to Kyozō ) , is an action @-@ adventure video game published by Sony Computer Entertainment ( SCEI ) for the PlayStation 2 . The game was released in North America and Japan in October 2005 and PAL territories in February 2006 . It was directed by Fumito Ueda and developed at SCEI 's International Production Studio 1 , also known as Team Ico ; the same development team responsible for the cult hit Ico . , which the game is considered a spiritual successor to . An HD remastered version developed by Bluepoint Games , that collects both games was released as The Ico & Shadow of the Colossus Collection ( ICO & Shadow of the Colossus Classics HD in the PAL region ) for the PlayStation 3 in September 2011 ; it features high @-@ definition ( HD ) graphics , content previously missing from the North American version , PlayStation Network Trophies , and 3D support . The HD version was released separately in Japan .
The game 's storyline focuses on a young man named Wander who enters a forbidden land . Wander must travel across a vast expanse on horseback and defeat sixteen massive beings , known simply as colossi , in order to restore the life of a girl named Mono . The game is unusual within the action @-@ adventure genre in that there are no towns or dungeons to explore , no characters with which to interact , and no enemies to defeat other than the colossi . Shadow of the Colossus has been described as a puzzle game , as each colossus ' weakness must be identified and exploited before it can be defeated .
Cited as an influential title in the video game industry , Shadow of the Colossus is often regarded as an important example of video game as art due to its minimalist landscape designs , immersive gameplay and emotional journey . It received wide critical acclaim by the media and was met with strong sales compared to Ico , due in part to a larger marketing campaign . The soundtrack was also widely praised . The game won several awards for its audio , design , and overall quality . Today , the game is widely regarded as one of the greatest video games of all time . Shadow of the Colossus is also referenced numerous times in debates regarding the art quality and emotional perspectives of video games .
= = Gameplay = =
= = = Basics = = =
Progression through Shadow of the Colossus occurs in cycles . Beginning at a central point in an expansive landscape , the player seeks out and defeats a colossus , and is then returned to the central point to repeat the process . To find each colossus , Wander may raise his sword while in a sunlit area to reflect beams of light , which will converge when the sword is pointed in the right direction of the next encounter . The journey to a colossus is seldom a straightforward matter : stretches of varied terrain often require that a detour be taken along the way . Most colossi are located in remote areas , such as atop cliffs or within ancient structures .
Once a colossus is found , the player must discover its weaknesses to defeat it . Each colossus dwells in a unique lair , and many colossi cannot be defeated without making use of the surrounding environment . Every colossus has at least one weak point , indicated by a glowing sigil that can be illuminated and identified by the sword 's reflected light . Each colossus has areas covered with fur or protruding ledges , which Wander may use to grip and scale the colossus while it thrashes about in an attempt to dislodge him . While scaling a colossus , the player must act quickly , as Wander has a limited stamina gauge that decreases while he hangs onto the creature .
Wander and the colossi have life bars to indicate their remaining health . A colossus ' health will decrease significantly when its weak points are attacked , while Wander can be harmed by a colossus ' attacks or a fall from great height . Throughout the game , Wander is equipped with only a sword and a bow with arrows , but may obtain other weapons from completing the Time Attack trials .
While the colossi are the only enemies , there are natural animals in the environment . Only one species , however , has any effect on gameplay : eating the tail of a certain kind of lizard increases Wander 's stamina gauge . Likewise , the player may find fruit that increases Wander 's maximum health .
= = = Agro and the environment = = =
Wander 's horse , Agro , plays a large role in the game . In addition to serving as a means of transportation , fighting from horseback is vital to defeat some of the colossi . There are , however , many environments that cannot be traversed by horse , and colossi often inhabit areas within deep water or beyond large obstacles that must be scaled . Agro cannot travel beyond these , and when separated from Wander by such obstacles , cannot participate in the following battle . Agro is referred to as a male in the English @-@ language version of the game , though director Fumito Ueda said that he saw Wander 's horse as female .
The environment must be used to the player 's advantage more often as the game progresses . The first two battles take place on simple , large , flat areas of land , with the only goal being to discover how to scale the colossi and attack their weak points . However , the majority of the following fourteen battles require that some aspect of the battlefield be used .
= = Plot and setting = =
During Shadow of the Colossus , the player receives little information concerning the backstories of the characters and their relationships with one another . The game takes place in a fantasy setting , with most of the game 's events occurring within a vast and unpopulated peninsula , known as the Forbidden Land , separated from the outside world by a mountain range to its north and sea to the south and east . The presence of ruins and other ancient structures indicate the area was once a settlement .
The region is only accessible via a small cleft in the mountains to the north , leading to a massive stone bridge . This bridge spans half the distance of the landscape and terminates at a large temple called the " Shrine of Worship " located at its center . It is , however , forbidden to enter the land , which is characterized by diverse geographical features , such as lakes , plateaus , canyons , caves , and deserts in addition to human @-@ made structures .
= = = Characters = = =
The protagonist of the game is Wander ( ワンダ , Wanda , voiced by Kenji Nojima ) , a young man whose goal is to resurrect a girl named Mono ( モノ , voiced by Hitomi Nabatame ) . Little is known about Mono other than that she was a maiden who was somehow sacrificed because she was believed to have a cursed destiny . Wander and Mono were designed with long hair from the start of the design process , with Mono 's long hair specifically as a contrast to Yorda of Ico , who has short hair . Assisting Wander in his quest to revive her is his loyal horse , Agro ( アグロ , Aguro ) , who serves as his only ally in defeating the colossi . Wander also receives aid from an entity called Dormin ( ドルミン , Dorumin , voiced by Kazuhiro Nakata and Kyōko Hikami ) . The story revolves around these characters but features a small supporting cast including Lord Emon ( エモン , voiced by Naoki Bandō ) .
Speaking with two voices at once ( one male and one female ) , Dormin is a mysterious , disembodied entity . In legends of the game 's world , it is said that Dormin has the power to revive the dead ; it is for this reason that Wander enters the forbidden land , seeking its assistance in reviving Mono . Dormin offers to revive her in exchange for Wander destroying the sixteen colossi . " Dormin " , which spells " Nimrod " backwards , has been speculated to be a reference to the body of the biblical King Nimrod which was cut up and scattered .
Lord Emon is a shaman who narrates a vision in the game 's introduction , vaguely explaining the origin of the land Wander has come to , and emphasising that entry to this place is forbidden . He is portrayed as having extensive knowledge regarding the containment of Dormin , and the ability to use powerful magic . He has a small group of warriors at his command , and is pursuing Wander to prevent the use of " the forbidden spell " , the ritual involving the destruction of the sixteen colossi and the restoration of Dormin 's power .
The colossi are armored , most often enormous creatures with forms ranging from various humanoids to predatory animals , and live in all manner of surroundings and environments including beneath water and flying through the air . Their bodies are a fusion of organic and inorganic parts such as rock , earth , fur , and architectural elements , some of which are weathered or fractured . Some colossi are peaceful and will only attack when provoked , while others are aggressive and will attack on sight . Inhabiting specific locations in the forbidden land , they do not venture outside their own territory . Once slain they will remain where fallen , as a mound of earth and rock vaguely resembling the original colossus .
= = = Story = = =
The story of Shadow of the Colossus begins as Wander enters the forbidden land , traveling across the long bridge at its entrance on his horse , Agro . According to Lord Emon later in the game , prior to entering the forbidden land Wander had stolen an ancient sword , which is the only weapon capable of slaying the colossi of the forbidden land . Led to the massive Shrine of Worship at the center of the region , Wander carries with him the body of a maiden named Mono . A moment later , several man @-@ like shadowy creatures appear and prepare to attack Wander before he easily dismisses them with a wave of the ancient sword in his possession . After vanquishing the shadow creatures , the voice of the disembodied entity known as " Dormin " echoes from above , expressing surprise that Wander possesses the weapon . Wander requests that Dormin return Mono 's soul to her body , which it states may be possible on the condition that Wander can destroy the sixteen idols lining the temple 's hall by using the ancient sword to kill the sixteen colossi located throughout the land . Despite being warned by Dormin that he may have to pay a great price to revive Mono , Wander sets out to search the land for the colossi and destroy them .
What Wander does not know is that the colossi contain portions of Dormin 's own essence that was scattered long ago to render the entity powerless . As Wander kills each colossus , a released fragment of Dormin enters his body . In time , after slaying his eighth colossus , the signs of Wander 's deterioration from the gathered essence is shown clearly — his skin becoming paler , his hair darker , and dark streaks growing across his face . After the death of the twelfth colossus , it is revealed to the player that Wander is being pursued by a group of warriors led by Emon . Urged to hurry with his task by Dormin , Wander soon heads off to defeat the sixteenth and final colossus . On the way to this confrontation , he travels on horseback across a long bridge which begins to collapse as he is halfway across . At the last second when it seems he will not make it , Wander is thrown to the other side by Agro as the steed saves her master while falling into the river hundreds of feet below as the bridge finally gives way .
Soon after , Wander goes on to defeat the final colossus as Emon 's company arrives in the Shrine of Worship to witness the last temple idol crumble . With a paled and horned Wander appearing soon , Emon orders his warriors to kill the " possessed " man as he approaches Mono and finally falls once stabbed through the heart . However , Emon finds a newly whole Dormin possessing Wander 's body and transforming its host into a shadowy giant . While his men flee , Lord Emon casts the ancient sword into a small pool at the back of the temple 's hall to evoke a whirlwind of light that consumes Dormin and Wander . After fleeing with the bridge connecting to the temple collapsing behind them , forever isolating the forbidden land from the rest of the world , Emon expresses hope that Wander may be able to atone for his crimes should he have survived . Back in the temple , the revived Mono awakens and finds Agro limping into the temple with an injured hind leg . Mono follows Agro to the pool into which Wander and Dormin were pulled by Emon 's spell , finding a male infant with tiny horns on his head . She takes the child with her , following the horse to higher levels of the Shrine of Worship , and arrives at a secret garden within the shrine as the game ends .
= = = Connections to Ico = = =
Shadow of the Colossus is considered both a spiritual successor and prequel to Ico . For several months during and after the game 's release , the game 's director and lead designer , Fumito Ueda , maintained that the game 's status as a prequel was simply his personal take on the game and not necessarily its canon nature , as he largely intended for players to decide the specifics of the story for themselves , but he confirmed the two do have a connection . Moreover , the shadowy figures which appear in the Shrine of Worship are connected to the shadows which the player must fight in Ico . Both games feature " horned " characters for protagonists ( Wander sprouts horns at the end of the game ) . The Queen 's Sword from Ico is also available as a bonus unlockable item . Both games also use unique fictional languages .
= = Development = =
With a team of thirty @-@ five people , Shadow of the Colossus began development in 2002 under the project name Nico ( a portmanteau of " Next Ico " ) and was intended to be a sequel to Ico . An early technology demo for the project shown at the DICE Summit in 2003 depicted a group of masked , horned boys riding horses while attacking and defeating a colossus . However , Fumito Ueda expressed that , at the time , it was simpler to reuse the character design of Ico 's protagonist , and that he never explicitly desired a sequel to Ico . Japanese pre @-@ orders of Shadow of the Colossus later included a bonus DVD with the concept video , a trailer describing Nico 's plot , and an introduction the development team states they wanted to use in Shadow of the Colossus .
Ueda and producer Kenji Kaido held their team to a high standard throughout production . An admitted perfectionist , Ueda felt that only one or two out of 500 artists who applied to work on Shadow of the Colossus met his criteria , and often demanded thorough changes in design until it matched his vision . For his part , Kaido challenged the programmers to meet the concept of realistic physics in relation to the movement of the colossi and the subsequent effect this movement would have for Wander , both in terms of how he might be displaced and how he may be able to use this movement to his advantage . For instance , if a colossus were to shake , Kaido wanted Wander 's position to shift realistically in response . Additionally , if a colossus ' limb was currently horizontal , Kaido wanted the player to be able to run across the limb as though it were any other flat surface . He referred to these two concepts as " player dynamics and reactions " and " organic collision deformation " . The realistic physics engine produced as a result required that faster colossi had to be smaller as well .
Ueda wished the game to have a unique presentation and change how both players and developers perceived the idea of what bosses should be in video games . To achieve this , he ensured that the game 's only enemies would be the sixteen colossi , that they could only be approached one at a time , and that they would have various behavior patterns . Though limiting the presence of enemies to only bosses was partly intended to differentiate the game from others , Ueda also expressed that it was to ensure that the programmers ' focus was entirely on the colossi so that their quality would be as high as possible . In accordance with this focus upon the colossi — and his preference for simple controls — he intended that one button on the game controller be used solely for targeting the colossi during battles .
A theme of companionship between the player and an AI @-@ controlled partner was a concern for Ueda . In Ico , this theme was presented through the protagonist and the character Yorda , whom the player was required to work with and protect while navigating the game 's environments . Similarly , a key element in Shadow of the Colossus is the relationship between Wander and his horse , Agro . Intended to be a realistic representation of a horse , Agro will occasionally ignore commands . In Ueda 's words , " a real horse ... doesn 't always obey . It 's not like a car or a motorcycle , it won 't always turn when you say ' turn ! ' " However , he has admitted that the team had to seek a balance in how often Agro did not respond to commands so as to not sacrifice playability in the pursuit of realism .
All elements of the game — including audio , gameplay and visuals — were used to achieve an atmosphere of a " lonely hero " , which Ueda considered important in the development of the game . Lighting , in particular , was used to establish a dark , fearsome setting for the forbidden land , while the protagonist 's sword would provide a means of navigation that was " direct and only expressible visually " . Like Ico , Shadow of the Colossus uses a distinct style of lighting . The game 's engine uses elements such as desaturated colors , motion blur and partial high dynamic range rendering , with a heavy emphasis on bloom lighting .
A PlayStation 3 remastered version of Ico and Shadow of the Colossus was announced at Tokyo Game Show 2010 and released in September 2011 . Developed by Bluepoint Games , both were improved graphically to take advantage of the PlayStation 3 's hardware and HDTVs , and now run in up to 1920x1080 ( Ico ) or upscaled from 960x1080 ( Shadow of the Colossus ) , with numerous other improvements implemented .
= = Audio = =
While the game has an extensive orchestral soundtrack , the music is only heard during cut scenes and colossus encounters , while time spent at the Shrine of Worship and traversing the landscape is silent save for the sounds made by the protagonist , his horse and their surroundings . The open nature of the game world and lack of life , coupled with this limited use of music , aids in establishing an atmosphere of solitude , similar to that of Ico .
On December 7 , 2005 , a soundtrack album containing music from the game was released only in Japan , titled Wander and the Colossus Original Soundtrack : Roar of the Earth ( Japanese : ワンダと巨像 オリジナル サウンドトラック大地の咆哮 , Hepburn : Wanda to Kyozō Original Soundtrack : Daichi no Hōkō ) . There are currently no announced plans to release the album in other territories . The game 's score was composed by Kow Otani , whose previous video game work included the soundtracks to the PlayStation 2 flight simulator Sky Odyssey and the PlayStation shooter Philosoma . He has also worked on several of the 1990s @-@ era Gamera films , as well as a variety of anime . Roar of the Earth won the award for " Soundtrack of the Year " in the US @-@ based video game magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly .
All music composed by Kow Otani .
= = PAL release = =
The PAL version of the game was released in February 2006 . Much like the PAL release for Ico , the game came in cardboard packaging displaying various pieces of artwork from the game , and contained four art cards .
The game also came with a " making of " documentary , a trailer for Ico and a gallery of concept art , accessible from the game 's main menu . Sony Computer Entertainment also re @-@ released Ico in PAL territories at the time of Shadow of the Colossus 's release , both to promote the game through Ico 's reputation , and to allow players who did not buy Ico during its original limited release to " complete their collections " .
Some confusion has arisen in PAL regions concerning the official name of the protagonist primarily because of the manual 's usage of " Wanda " , while the North American manual and the game itself uses the name " Wander " . In fact , the Japanese version of the game spells the name " Wander " as ワンダ ( Wanda ) , which is also the common transliteration of the English name " Wanda " , hence the mistake in the manual .
= = Reception = =
Shadow of the Colossus 's commercial reception was positive , with sales of 140 @,@ 000 copies in its first week at retail in Japan , reaching number one in the charts . Almost 80 % of the initial Japanese shipment was sold within two days . These figures compare favorably with Ico , which was well received by critics but failed to sell a significant number of units . The game was placed on Sony 's list of Greatest Hits titles on August 6 , 2006 .
Unlike Ico , Shadow of the Colossus received far more exposure , due in part to Sony putting its weight behind a massive advertising campaign . It was advertised in game magazines , on television and on the internet , including a viral marketing campaign launched in October 2005 . The site posted links to several websites claiming that the remains of five giants resembling certain colossi had been discovered in various parts of the world . The website has since been taken down . Some speculate that Ico 's sales figures could have been improved if similar advertising efforts were made before its release .
= = = Critical response = = =
Shadow of the Colossus received critical acclaim , with an average critic score of 91 % at GameRankings , making it the 11th @-@ highest rated game of 2005 . These include the Japanese magazine Famitsu , who rated the game 37 / 40 , the UK @-@ based Edge , who awarded an 8 / 10 , and Electronic Gaming Monthly
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with Edward Sainsbury . His batting average for the season was almost half that of the previous year , and despite playing two additional innings he scored two less half @-@ centuries than in 1882 . In his first match for Somerset in 1884 , Newton claimed his only wickets in first @-@ class cricket . Bowling with a style that is not recorded on CricketArchive or Cricinfo , he claimed the wickets of Hampshire 's Arthur Richards and HH Armstrong , both batsmen being caught off his bowling . Newton utilised himself as a bowler only after using every other member of the side , with the exception of wicket @-@ keeper Francis Terry . In his next match , Newton avoided a pair against Lancashire by top @-@ scoring in Somerset 's second innings with 62 . That score was to be the last half @-@ century of Newton 's season , and his last in first @-@ class cricket for Somerset . He added two further scores above 30 against Kent , scoring 46 and 31 , He played three less innings than in the previous season , but surpassed his total runs from that season , and improved his average to 24 @.@ 22 . In his three years of first @-@ class cricket for Somerset , he scored no centuries , five half @-@ centuries , and averaged 24 @.@ 56 with the bat , higher than he finished with any other first @-@ class cricket side .
= = Playing at Lord 's = =
From the 1885 season , all of Newton 's first @-@ class appearances were made for either Middlesex or the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's cricket ground in St John 's Wood , London . Having been a member of the MCC since 1878 , Newton made his debut for the club in first @-@ class competition against Nottinghamshire in May 1885 . He appeared for the club five times during 1885 . In contrast to his time at Somerset , he did not restrict himself to playing only during late @-@ July and August . Playing for the side against Lancashire , Newton made his highest total in first @-@ class cricket , scoring 86 in the second @-@ innings of the match . This score was the only half @-@ century that Newton scored for a side other than Somerset . Newton appeared three times for Middlesex during 1885 , for whom he qualified under the residential criterion . He averaged 5 @.@ 33 for the county with the bat , and did not appear again after 1885 . He appeared once for the MCC in first @-@ class cricket in each of the 1887 , 1888 , 1889 and 1890 seasons , after which he did not play first @-@ class cricket again . His final first @-@ class match was in May 1890 when he scored 1 and 21 during a seven wicket loss to Lancashire .
= = Later playing days = =
Newton returned to play three further matches for Somerset in 1887 and 1890 , when they did not hold first @-@ class status . He opened the innings for the county twice in 1887 , passing 20 on three out of four occasions . During Somerset 's successful 1890 season , when they remained unbeaten against other county opposition , Newton batted at number four , scoring 3 and 0 , his final recorded appearance for Somerset . CricketArchive records one further appearance for Newton , playing in Felixstowe for the MCC against Suffolk in 1905 , aged 52 . Opening the batting , he scored 87 to help his side to a nine wicket victory .
= = Teaching and later life = =
On graduating Newton worked as a schoolmaster at Highgate School in Highgate , London from 1876 – 1884 and from 1888 he was headmaster of Loudon House School in St John 's Wood , London . He died on 16 August 1916 in a nursing home in Ipswich , Suffolk after an operation .
= Hillsboro Civic Center =
The Hillsboro Civic Center is a government @-@ built , mixed @-@ use development in downtown Hillsboro , Oregon , United States . The development includes the city hall for the county seat of Washington County , located west of Portland , Oregon . Covering 6 acres ( 24 @,@ 000 m2 ) , the Civic Center has a total of over 165 @,@ 000 square feet ( 15 @,@ 300 m2 ) in the complex . The total of six stories for the main structure makes the building the tallest in the city , tied with Tuality Community Hospital . In addition to government offices , the Civic Center includes retail space , public plazas , and residential housing . The complex was built to centralize city government functions under one roof .
Design of the complex began in 2002 , with construction beginning in 2003 . After completion in 2005 , the building was awarded the LEED Gold certification for sustainability , the second city hall in the United States to earn that distinction . Environmentally friendly technologies used include occupancy sensors , ventilation that monitors carbon dioxide levels to determine when to activate , high performance exterior glass to reduce heat loss , and solar panels to generate electricity .
= = History = =
Plans for the 6 @-@ acre ( 24 @,@ 000 m2 ) complex began as part of the city ’ s 2020 comprehensive plan . Development plans from six teams of developers and architects were submitted to the city in October 2001 . These plans included designs for public plazas , a library branch , residential units , retail space , and a new city hall . Formal design proposals were submitted in early 2002 . The project was designed to consolidate city government and to anchor redevelopment of the downtown core that would reinvigorate downtown . This included the plan to turn the area into a zone with 18 hours of activity each day , instead of businesses closing at 5 : 00 pm when the city and county governments closed . Additionally , conference space was planned to accommodate use by both city and county governments , and by private groups .
In April 2002 , Specht Properties was selected as the developer of the project after scoring higher with the council appointed committee formed to rate each of three developer 's proposals , with Gerding / Edlen Development and Trammell Crow Company losing out to Specht . Construction on the complex began in June 2003 when an old grain store at the site was demolished to make room for the center . A total of eight buildings were torn down to make room the complex as part of a redevelopment of a brownfield site .
Plans also called for retail space , housing units , and a library branch . Though the library section was built , a library branch did not open at the site . LRS Architects designed the complex with Skanska USA serving as the general contractor . The structural engineering was done by KPFF Consulting Engineers , services engineering was completed by Interface Engineering , and civil engineering for the project was handled by WRG Design .
The building was finished in January 2005 with city officials and employees moving into the buildings by the end of March . A public grand opening was held on July 16 , 2005 , to officially open the center . Total cost of the public portion of the project was $ 34 million , with construction totaling $ 23 @.@ 5 million . Prior to completion the city leased space in several downtown buildings , including the county 's Public Services Building where Hillsboro also held city council meetings . Later in 2005 a coffee shop was added as a tenant in part of the retail space , and in 2007 the restaurant space in the building was leased to NW Hayden Enterprises for a restaurant scheduled to open in 2008 . In April 2009 , the plaza was renamed as the Tom Hughes Civic Center Plaza in honor of former mayor Tom Hughes who was mayor when the building was constructed .
= = Architecture = =
Hillsboro 's Civic Center is a modern glass building with a stone base and brick highlights . There are two main buildings , the Civic Center housing government offices and the Plaza Building housing retail space . The plazas surrounding the structures contain an inlaid quartzite river , basalt planters , and Victorian style benches . Additionally , it was designed with large windows facing the north in order to reflect the giant sequoia trees located across the street at the Washington County Courthouse , with the trees dating back to the 1880s .
At a total of six stories tall , the building is tied for the tallest building in Hillsboro with Tuality Community Hospital standing 78 feet ( 24 m ) tall . Inside the building features high ceilings on the first floor and a large , open public space . Daylight and exterior views are present in 90 % of the offices in city hall .
= = = Awards = = =
Hillsboro Civic Center won the award for Best Public Project in the state of Oregon for 2005 from Northwest Construction magazine for the general contractor Skanska USA . It is the first municipal headquarters in Oregon to meet all its energy needs with renewable sources . During development , the project first aimed for attaining a Silver certification from the United States Green Building Council . Instead , the project was awarded the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold certification for environmental sustainability by the U.S. Green Building Council 's Leadership . This was the second Gold rating given to a city hall in the U.S. after Seattle ’ s city hall earned the distinction , and the seventh building in Oregon to earn that level of certification .
Contributing factors leading to this award included that during construction , 92 % of construction waste was recycled , and non @-@ wood wheat board was used in some of the walls . Additionally , 18 solar panels were installed on the building to generate power for use in the building , with the city purchasing all additional power through renewable power sources , funded in part by Portland General Electric and the Bonneville Environmental Foundation , while the building is 42 % more energy efficient than comparable buildings . Other environmental friendly amenities include occupancy sensors , ventilation that monitors carbon dioxide levels to determine when to activate , high performance exterior glass to reduce heat loss , infrared bathroom fixtures , and the use of recycled building materials among other items .
= = Amenities and use = =
The Civic Center was built over three city blocks in downtown . The complex has a total of 168 @,@ 436 square feet ( 15 @,@ 648 @.@ 2 m2 ) . The complex has two plazas , with the northern plaza designed to create an outdoor amphitheater with seating for 700 . Dedicated as the Tom Hughes Civic Center Plaza , the buildings of the Civic Center serve as a backdrop to the amphitheater , and by using Main Street to increase the space , the amphitheater can accommodate crowds of 5 @,@ 000 people . South Plaza connects the government portions of the complex to the 120 unit residential component of the development to the south . Both plazas have water features , including a fountain in the 24 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 200 m2 ) North Plaza .
On the ground floor is a Starbucks coffee shop in a 1 @,@ 600 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 150 m2 ) space , while the 20 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 900 m2 ) designed for the library branch remain open for future government use . In the government areas there is a 3 @,@ 800 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 350 m2 ) conference center and the city council chambers . This includes a 250 @-@ seat auditorium . The Civic Center hosts the seasonal , weekly farmer ’ s market on Saturdays , and a marketplace on Tuesdays that features various vendors , both utilizing the center ’ s plaza area . Plans call for an upscale restaurant in a 3 @,@ 800 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 350 m2 ) space . City services at the site include the Administration Department , city planning , the office of the city recorder , and the municipal court among others . The Civic Center also houses the office of the mayor and is the site of the twice @-@ monthly city council meetings .
= Tropical Depression One ( 1993 ) =
Tropical Depression One was a weak tropical cyclone that struck Cuba and the Bahamas in May and June 1993 . It formed in the western Caribbean Sea on May 31 and produced heavy rainfall along its path . In Cuba , the precipitation reached 12 @.@ 4 inches ( 31 @.@ 5 cm ) , which caused widespread flooding and damage in nine provinces . Over 16 @,@ 500 houses were damaged , and a further 1 @,@ 860 were destroyed . At least seven people were killed in the country . In neighboring Haiti , the flooding killed thirteen people , as well as thousands of livestock . Rainfall was also reported in southern Florida , which eased drought conditions . The depression eventually crossed the Bahamas and became extratropical .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origins of the tropical depression were from a tropical wave that exited the coast of Africa on May 13 . It crossed the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea , reaching a position east of the Yucatan Peninsula by May 25 . The system interacted with a monsoon @-@ type circulation over Central America , and a broad low @-@ level circulation developed near Cozumel , Mexico . Atmospheric pressure in the region fell gradually as the system organized , and on May 31 , the National Hurricane Center classified it as Tropical Depression One near the Isle of Youth . At the time of being upgraded , the circulation was located on the northwest side of the convection due to wind shear .
Throughout its duration , the depression maintained a northeast track , due to an approaching shortwave trough to its north . Late on May 31 , the poorly organized center crossed western Cuba , accompanied by heavy rainfall but light winds . By the time the circulation reached the Florida Straits , it was exposed and removed from the convection , although slight intensification was anticipated . The depression accelerated northeastward through the Bahamas , passing near Nassau . Based on Hurricane Hunters observations , it maintained stronger winds in squalls away from the center , and the pressure deepened to 999 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 5 inHg ) . By June 2 , reconnaissance flights into the system had difficulty discerning a circulation . Later that day , the National Hurricane Center discontinued advisories , as the depression had become extratropical . It strengthened slightly to reach gale force winds as an extratropical storm , and persisted until early on June 3 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
In its first advisory on the depression , the National Hurricane Center emphasized the threat for heavy rainfall in Jamaica , Cuba , Haiti , south Florida , and the Bahamas . The agency also advised small craft in Cuba and the Cayman Islands to remain at port . The depression was the first tropical cyclone threat to south Florida since Hurricane Andrew nine months prior , although officials noted the depression 's winds were no cause for concern .
The precursor to the disturbance brought locally heavy rainfall to the Yucatán Peninsula , with a maximum of 7 @.@ 09 inches ( 18 cm ) in Lázaro Cárdenas , Quintana Roo . The depression produced intense precipitation across central and eastern Cuba , peaking at 12 @.@ 4 inches ( 31 @.@ 5 cm ) in Topes de Collantes . In Victoria de Las Tunas , a rainfall total of 8 @.@ 6 inches ( 21 @.@ 8 cm ) set the new record most rainfall in 24 hours . The rainfall caused flooding of rivers and lakes behind dams , and in some places , residents required rescue from the roofs of their houses . Officials forced the evacuation of 40 @,@ 000 people in several provinces , and across the country , the storm destroyed 1 @,@ 860 homes and damaged 16 @,@ 500 more . The flooding blocked mountainous highways in Santiago de Cuba Province , and in Las Tunas Province railway lines were damaged . Widespread crop damage occurred just two months after the Storm of the Century left similar heavy damage . The flooding damaged 87 sugar production centers . The depression killed seven people in the country with another five missing , as reported by a newspaper on the day after the depression left the island . After the storm passed , the Cuban government activated the Civil Defense , while National Relief Services worked to rescue all people affected by the flooding .
Elsewhere along its path , heavy rainfall was reported in Jamaica , Hispaniola , and southern Florida . In Haiti , the rainfall caused 13 deaths and left thousands of livestock killed . In Florida , the precipitation peaked at 9 @.@ 99 inches ( 25 @.@ 4 cm ) in Canal Point near Lake Okeechobee . Another high total was 9 @.@ 4 inches ( 23 @.@ 9 cm ) in Tavernier , and the precipitation as a whole alleviated drought conditions .
= Abyssal plain =
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor , usually found at depths between 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 9 @,@ 800 ft ) and 6 @,@ 000 metres ( 20 @,@ 000 ft ) . Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid @-@ ocean ridge , abyssal plains cover more than 50 % of the Earth ’ s surface . They are among the flattest , smoothest and least explored regions on Earth . Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins ( the other elements being an elevated mid @-@ ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills ) . In addition to these elements , active oceanic basins ( those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary ) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone .
Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and , until very recently , none had been studied on a systematic basis . They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record , because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process . The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor ( plate tectonics ) and melting of the lower oceanic crust . Magma rises from above the asthenosphere ( a layer of the upper mantle ) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid @-@ ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust . This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor . Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine @-@ grained sediments , mainly clay and silt . Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water . The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments . Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains , with varying concentrations of metals , including manganese , iron , nickel , cobalt , and copper . These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures .
Owing in part to their vast size , abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity . The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling , dissolution of calcium carbonate , and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100 – 1000 years . The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles . Factors such as climate change , fishing practices , and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone . This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure , function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems .
= = Oceanic zones = =
The ocean can be conceptualized as being divided into various zones , depending on depth , and presence or absence of sunlight . Nearly all life forms in the ocean depend on the photosynthetic activities of phytoplankton and other marine plants to convert carbon dioxide into organic carbon , which is the basic building block of organic matter . Photosynthesis in turn requires energy from sunlight to drive the chemical reactions that produce organic carbon .
The stratum of the water column nearest the surface of the ocean ( sea level ) is referred to as the photic zone . The photic zone can be subdivided into two different vertical regions . The uppermost portion of the photic zone , where there is adequate light to support photosynthesis by phytoplankton and plants , is referred to as the euphotic zone ( also referred to as the epipelagic zone , or surface zone ) . The lower portion of the photic zone , where the light intensity is insufficient for photosynthesis , is called the dysphotic zone ( dysphotic means " poorly lit " in Greek ) . The dysphotic zone is also referred to as the mesopelagic zone , or the twilight zone . Its lowermost boundary is at a thermocline of 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) , which , in the tropics generally lies between 200 and 1000 metres .
The euphotic zone is somewhat arbitrarily defined as extending from the surface to the depth where the light intensity is approximately 0 @.@ 1 – 1 % of surface sunlight irradiance , depending on season , latitude and degree of water turbidity . In the clearest ocean water , the euphotic zone may extend to a depth of about 150 metres , or rarely , up to 200 metres . Dissolved substances and solid particles absorb and scatter light , and in coastal regions the high concentration of these substances causes light to be attenuated rapidly with depth . In such areas the euphotic zone may be only a few tens of metres deep or less . The dysphotic zone , where light intensity is considerably less than 1 % of surface irradiance , extends from the base of the euphotic zone to about 1000 metres . Extending from the bottom of the photic zone down to the seabed is the aphotic zone , a region of perpetual darkness .
Since the average depth of the ocean is about 4300 metres , the photic zone represents only a tiny fraction of the ocean ’ s total volume . However , due to its capacity for photosynthesis , the photic zone has the greatest biodiversity and biomass of all oceanic zones . Nearly all primary production in the ocean occurs here . Life forms which inhabit the aphotic zone are often capable of movement upwards through the water column into the photic zone for feeding . Otherwise , they must rely on material sinking from above , or find another source of energy and nutrition , such as occurs in chemosynthetic archaea found near hydrothermal vents and cold seeps .
The aphotic zone can be subdivided into three different vertical regions , based on depth and temperature . First is the bathyal zone , extending from a depth of 1000 metres down to 3000 metres , with water temperature decreasing from 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) to 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) as depth increases . Next is the abyssal zone , extending from a depth of 3000 metres down to 6000 metres . The final zone includes the deep oceanic trenches , and is known as the hadal zone . This , the deepest oceanic zone , extends from a depth of 6000 metres down to approximately 11000 metres . Abyssal plains are typically located in the abyssal zone , at depths ranging from 3000 to 6000 metres .
The table below illustrates the classification of oceanic zones :
= = Formation = =
Oceanic crust , which forms the bedrock of abyssal plains , is continuously being created at mid @-@ ocean ridges ( a type of divergent boundary ) by a process known as decompression melting . Plume @-@ related decompression melting of solid mantle is responsible for creating ocean islands like the Hawaiian islands , as well as the ocean crust at mid @-@ ocean ridges . This phenomenon is also the most common explanation for flood basalts and oceanic plateaus ( two types of large igneous provinces ) . Decompression melting occurs when the upper mantle is partially melted into magma as it moves upwards under mid @-@ ocean ridges . This upwelling magma then cools and solidifies by conduction and convection of heat to form new oceanic crust . Accretion occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a tectonic plate , usually associated with seafloor spreading . The age of oceanic crust is therefore a function of distance from the mid @-@ ocean ridge . The youngest oceanic crust is at the mid @-@ ocean ridges , and it becomes progressively older , cooler and denser as it migrates outwards from the mid @-@ ocean ridges as part of the process called mantle convection .
The lithosphere , which rides atop the asthenosphere , is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries . Oceanic crust and tectonic plates are formed and move apart at mid @-@ ocean ridges . Abyssal hills are formed by stretching of the oceanic lithosphere . Consumption or destruction of the oceanic lithosphere occurs at oceanic trenches ( a type of convergent boundary , also known as a destructive plate boundary ) by a process known as subduction . Oceanic trenches are found at places where the oceanic lithospheric slabs of two different plates meet , and the denser ( older ) slab begins to descend back into the mantle . At the consumption edge of the plate ( the oceanic trench ) , the oceanic lithosphere has thermally contracted to become quite dense , and it sinks under its own weight in the process of subduction . The subduction process consumes older oceanic lithosphere , so oceanic crust is seldom more than 200 million years old . The overall process of repeated cycles of creation and destruction of oceanic crust is known as the Supercontinent cycle , first proposed by Canadian geophysicist and geologist John Tuzo Wilson .
New oceanic crust , closest to the mid @-@ oceanic ridges , is mostly basalt at shallow levels and has a rugged topography . The roughness of this topography is a function of the rate at which the mid @-@ ocean ridge is spreading ( the spreading rate ) . Magnitudes of spreading rates vary quite significantly . Typical values for fast @-@ spreading ridges are greater than 100 mm / yr , while slow @-@ spreading ridges are typically less than 20 mm / yr . Studies have shown that the slower the spreading rate , the rougher the new oceanic crust will be , and vice versa . It is thought this phenomenon is due to faulting at the mid @-@ ocean ridge when the new oceanic crust was formed . These faults pervading the oceanic crust , along with their bounding abyssal hills , are the most common tectonic and topographic features on the surface of the Earth . The process of seafloor spreading helps to explain the concept of continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics .
The flat appearance of mature abyssal plains results from the blanketing of this originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine @-@ grained sediments , mainly clay and silt . Much of this sediment is deposited from turbidity currents that have been channeled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water . The remainder of the sediment comprises chiefly dust ( clay particles ) blown out to sea from land , and the remains of small marine plants and animals which sink from the upper layer of the ocean , known as pelagic sediments . The total sediment deposition rate in remote areas is estimated at two to three centimeters per thousand years . Sediment @-@ covered abyssal plains are less common in the Pacific Ocean than in other major ocean basins because sediments from turbidity currents are trapped in oceanic trenches that border the Pacific Ocean .
Abyssal plains are typically covered by very deep sea , but during parts of the Messinian salinity crisis much of the Mediterranean Sea 's abyssal plain was exposed to air as an empty hot dry salt @-@ floored sink .
= = Discovery = =
The landmark scientific expedition ( December 1872 – May 1876 ) of the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger yielded a tremendous amount of bathymetric data , much of which has been confirmed by subsequent researchers . Bathymetric data obtained during the course of the Challenger expedition enabled scientists to draw maps , which provided a rough outline of certain major submarine terrain features , such as the edge of the continental shelves and the Mid @-@ Atlantic Ridge . This discontinuous set of data points was obtained by the simple technique of taking soundings by lowering long lines from the ship to the seabed .
The Challenger expedition was followed by the 1879 – 1881 expedition of the Jeannette , led by United States Navy Lieutenant George Washington DeLong . The team sailed across the Chukchi Sea and recorded meteorological and astronomical data in addition to taking soundings of the seabed . The ship became trapped in the ice pack near Wrangel Island in September 1879 , and was ultimately crushed and sunk in June 1881 .
The Jeannette expedition was followed by the 1893 – 1896 Arctic expedition of Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen aboard the Fram , which proved that the Arctic Ocean was a deep oceanic basin , uninterrupted by any significant land masses north of the Eurasian continent .
Beginning in 1916 , Canadian physicist Robert William Boyle and other scientists of the Anti @-@ Submarine Detection Investigation Committee ( ASDIC ) undertook research which ultimately led to the development of sonar technology . Acoustic sounding equipment was developed which could be operated much more rapidly than the sounding lines , thus enabling the German Meteor expedition aboard the German research vessel Meteor ( 1925 – 27 ) to take frequent soundings on east @-@ west Atlantic transects . Maps produced from these techniques show the major Atlantic basins , but the depth precision of these early instruments was not sufficient to reveal the flat featureless abyssal plains .
As technology improved , measurement of depth , latitude and longitude became more precise and it became possible to collect more or less continuous sets of data points . This allowed researchers to draw accurate and detailed maps of large areas of the ocean floor . Use of a continuously recording fathometer enabled Tolstoy & Ewing in the summer of 1947 to identify and describe the first abyssal plain . This plain , located to the south of Newfoundland , is now known as the Sohm Abyssal Plain . Following this discovery many other examples were found in all the oceans .
The Challenger Deep is the deepest surveyed point of all of Earth 's oceans ; it is located at the southern end of the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands group . The depression is named after HMS Challenger , whose researchers made the first recordings of its depth on 23 March 1875 at station 225 . The reported depth was 4 @,@ 475 fathoms ( 8184 meters ) based on two separate soundings . On 1 June 2009 , sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 multibeam sonar bathymetry system aboard the R / V Kilo Moana indicated a maximum depth of 10971 meters ( 6 @.@ 82 miles ) . The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection , with an accuracy of better than 0 @.@ 2 % of water depth ( this is an error of about 22 meters at this depth ) .
= = Terrain features = =
= = = Hydrothermal vents = = =
A rare but important terrain feature found in the abyssal and hadal zones is the hydrothermal vent . In contrast to the approximately 2 ° C ambient water temperature at these depths , water emerges from these vents at temperatures ranging from 60 ° C up to as high as 464 ° C. Due to the high barometric pressure at these depths , water may exist in either its liquid form or as a supercritical fluid at such temperatures .
At a barometric pressure of 218 atmospheres , the critical point of water is 375 ° C. At a depth of 3 @,@ 000 meters , the barometric pressure of sea water is more than 300 atmospheres ( as salt water is denser than fresh water ) . At this depth and pressure , seawater becomes supercritical at a temperature of 407 ° C ( see image ) . However the increase in salinity at this depth pushes the water closer to its critical point . Thus , water emerging from the hottest parts of some hydrothermal vents , black smokers and submarine volcanoes can be a supercritical fluid , possessing physical properties between those of a gas and those of a liquid .
Sister Peak ( Comfortless Cove Hydrothermal Field , 4 ° 48 ′ S 12 ° 22 ′ W , elevation − 2996 m ) , Shrimp Farm and Mephisto ( Red Lion Hydrothermal Field , 4 ° 48 ′ S 12 ° 23 ′ W , elevation − 3047 m ) , are three hydrothermal vents of the black smoker category , located on the Mid @-@ Atlantic Ridge near Ascension Island . They are presumed to have been active since an earthquake shook the region in 2002 . These vents have been observed to vent phase @-@ separated , vapor @-@ type fluids . In 2008 , sustained exit temperatures of up to 407 ° C were recorded at one of these vents , with a peak recorded temperature of up to 464 ° C. These thermodynamic conditions exceed the critical point of seawater , and are the highest temperatures recorded to date from the seafloor . This is the first reported evidence for direct magmatic @-@ hydrothermal interaction on a slow @-@ spreading mid @-@ ocean ridge .
= = = Cold seeps = = =
Another unusual feature found in the abyssal and hadal zones is the cold seep , sometimes called a cold vent . This is an area of the seabed where seepage of hydrogen sulfide , methane and other hydrocarbon @-@ rich fluid occurs , often in the form of a deep @-@ sea brine pool . The first cold seeps were discovered in 1983 , at a depth of 3200 meters in the Gulf of Mexico . Since then , cold seeps have been discovered in many other areas of the World Ocean , including the Monterey Submarine Canyon just off Monterey Bay , California , the Sea of Japan , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , off the Atlantic coast of Africa , off the coast of Alaska , and under an ice shelf in Antarctica .
= = Biodiversity = =
Though the plains were once assumed to be vast , desert @-@ like habitats , research over the past decade or so shows that they teem with a wide variety of microbial life . However , ecosystem structure and function at the deep seafloor have historically been very poorly studied because of the size and remoteness of the abyss . Recent oceanographic expeditions conducted by an international group of scientists from the Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life ( CeDAMar ) have found an extremely high level of biodiversity on abyssal plains , with up to 2000 species of bacteria , 250 species of protozoans , and 500 species of invertebrates ( worms , crustaceans and molluscs ) , typically found at single abyssal sites . New species make up more than 80 % of the thousands of seafloor invertebrate species collected at any abyssal station , highlighting our heretofore poor understanding of abyssal diversity and evolution . Richer biodiversity is associated with areas of known phytodetritus input and higher organic carbon flux .
Abyssobrotula galatheae , a species of cusk eel in the family Ophidiidae , is among the deepest @-@ living species of fish . In 1970 , one specimen was trawled from a depth of 8370 meters in the Puerto Rico Trench . The animal was dead , however , upon arrival at the surface . In 2008 , the hadal snailfish ( Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis ) was observed and recorded at a depth of 7700 meters in the Japan Trench . These are , to date , the deepest living fish ever recorded . Other fish of the abyssal zone include the fishes of the Ipnopidae family , which includes the abyssal spiderfish ( Bathypterois longipes ) , tripodfish ( Bathypterois grallator ) , feeler fish ( Bathypterois longifilis ) , and the black lizardfish ( Bathysauropsis gracilis ) . Some members of this family have been recorded from depths of more than 6000 meters .
CeDAMar scientists have demonstrated that some abyssal and hadal species have a cosmopolitan distribution . One example of this would be protozoan foraminiferans , certain species of which are distributed from the Arctic to the Antarctic . Other faunal groups , such as the polychaete worms and isopod crustaceans , appear to be endemic to certain specific plains and basins . Many apparently unique taxa of nematode worms have also been recently discovered on abyssal plains . This suggests that the very deep ocean has fostered adaptive radiations . The taxonomic composition of the nematode fauna in the abyssal Pacific is similar , but not identical to , that of the North Atlantic . A list of some of the species that have been discovered or redescribed by CeDAMar can be found here .
Eleven of the 31 described species of Monoplacophora ( a class of mollusks ) live below 2000 meters . Of these 11 species , two live exclusively in the hadal zone . The greatest number of monoplacophorans are from the eastern Pacific Ocean along the oceanic trenches . However , no abyssal monoplacophorans have yet been found in the Western Pacific and only one abyssal species has been identified in the Indian Ocean . Of the 922 known species of chitons ( from the Polyplacophora class of mollusks ) , 22 species ( 2 @.@ 4 % ) are reported to live below 2000 meters and two of them are restricted to the abyssal plain . Although genetic studies are lacking , at least six of these species are thought to be eurybathic ( capable of living in a wide range of depths ) , having been reported as occurring from the sublittoral to abyssal depths . A large number of the polyplacophorans from great depths are herbivorous or xylophagous , which could explain the difference between the distribution of monoplacophorans and polyplacophorans in the world 's oceans .
Peracarid crustaceans , including isopods , are known to form a significant part of the macrobenthic community that is responsible for scavenging on large food falls onto the sea floor . In 2000 , scientists of the Diversity of the deep Atlantic benthos ( DIVA 1 ) expedition ( cruise M48 / 1 of the German research vessel RV Meteor III ) discovered and collected three new species of the Asellota suborder of benthic isopods from the abyssal plains of the Angola Basin in the South Atlantic Ocean . In 2003 , De Broyer et al. collected some 68 @,@ 000 peracarid crustaceans from 62 species from baited traps deployed in the Weddell Sea , Scotia Sea , and off the South Shetland Islands . They found that about 98 % of the specimens belonged to the amphipod superfamily Lysianassoidea , and 2 % to the isopod family Cirolanidae . Half of these species were collected from depths of greater than 1000 meters .
In 2005 , the Japan Agency for Marine @-@ Earth Science and Technology ( JAMSTEC ) remotely operated vehicle , KAIKO , collected sediment core from the Challenger Deep . 432 living specimens of soft @-@ walled foraminifera were identified in the sediment samples . Foraminifera are single @-@ celled protists that construct shells . There are an estimated 4 @,@ 000 species of living foraminifera . Out of the 432 organisms collected , the overwhelming majority of the sample consisted of simple , soft @-@ shelled foraminifera , with others representing species of the complex , multi @-@ chambered genera Leptohalysis and Reophax . Overall , 85 % of the specimens consisted of soft @-@ shelled allogromids . This is unusual compared to samples of sediment @-@ dwelling organisms from other deep @-@ sea environments , where the percentage of organic @-@ walled foraminifera ranges from 5 % to 20 % of the total . Small organisms with hard calciferous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because the water at that depth is severely lacking in calcium carbonate .
While similar lifeforms have been known to exist in shallower oceanic trenches ( > 7 @,@ 000 m ) and on the abyssal plain , the lifeforms discovered in the Challenger Deep may represent independent taxa from those shallower ecosystems . This preponderance of soft @-@ shelled organisms at the Challenger Deep may be a result of selection pressure . Millions of years ago , the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now . Over the past six to nine million years , as the Challenger Deep grew to its present depth , many of the species present in the sediment of that ancient biosphere were unable to adapt to the increasing water pressure and changing environment . Those species that were able to adapt may have been the ancestors of the organisms currently endemic to the Challenger Deep .
Polychaetes occur throughout the Earth 's oceans at all depths , from forms that live as plankton near the surface , to the deepest oceanic trenches . The robot ocean probe Nereus observed a 2 – 3 cm specimen ( still unclassified ) of polychaete at the bottom of the Challenger Deep on 31 May 2009 . There are more than 10 @,@ 000 described species of polychaetes ; they can be found
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The resulting litigation between WVU and the Big East produced a $ 20 million settlement , allowing the Mountaineers to depart from the Big East for the 2012 season . Despite starting its inaugural season in the Big 12 at 5 – 0 and climbing into the top 5 in the AP and Coaches Polls after upsetting No. 11 Texas in Austin , WVU lost six of its final eight games en route to a 7 – 6 finish . The season culminated in a loss to rival Syracuse in the Pinstripe Bowl . The season ended WVU 's run of 10 consecutive seasons with at least eight victories .
The 2013 season brought WVU 's first losing campaign since 2001 . After a 4 – 5 start and an opportunity to secure bowl eligibility with two victories , WVU faltered in its final three games to finish 4 – 8 . The Mountaineers rebounded in the 2014 season , posting a 7 – 6 record against a schedule featuring five opponents ranked in the top 15 . WVU raced to a 6 – 2 start , highlighted by an upset of eventual Big 12 champion Baylor , only to lose four of its final five games . The Mountaineers returned to a bowl game in 2014 , losing to Texas A & M in the Liberty Bowl . WVU returned to the eight @-@ win plateau in 2015 season , posting a 7 @-@ 5 record during the regular season and winning the Cactus Bowl , to finish at 8 @-@ 5 .
= = Facilities = =
See also : Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium , Mountaineer Field ( 1924 )
= = = Mountaineer Field = = =
Since 1891 , the Mountaineers have played their home games in Morgantown , West Virginia along with neutral @-@ site games at numerous locations throughout West Virginia , most notably in Charleston , Clarksburg , Fairmont , Parkersburg and Wheeling . The construction of Old Mountaineer Field in 1924 gave WVU its first permanent home facility . Located next to Woodburn Hall in what is now considered the Downtown portion of the WVU campus , the first incarnation of Mountaineer Field consisted of a horseshoe @-@ type seating arrangement . The stadium eventually grew in capacity to its peak of 38 @,@ 000 by 1979 . The physical location of the stadium made it impossible for further expansion to take place , however , and led to the relocation of the football program to the new Mountaineer Field in 1980 . The old stadium was razed in 1987 . At the southwest corner where the stadium once stood , there is a horseshoe @-@ shaped monument commemorating the stadium . From 1924 – 1979 the Mountaineers played 267 games at Old Mountaineer Field , compiling a 171 – 82 – 14 record .
The Mountaineers have played their home games at the second incarnation of Mountaineer Field since 1980 . The bowl @-@ shaped stadium is located on the Evansdale portion of the WVU campus . Originally constructed with an east @-@ west configuration of the seating areas and a capacity of 50 @,@ 000 , subsequent seating additions at the north and south ends of the facility increased the capacity to over 63 @,@ 000 by 1986 through the 2003 season . Suites were first introduced to Mountaineer Field in 1994 , with 12 suites being constructed in the first row of the press box on the stadium 's west end . General admission seating in the north end zone was replaced with 19 suites in 2004 to create the " Touchdown Terrace " section , while four additional suites were added in the south end zone in 2007 . The construction of Touchdown Terrace in 2004 brought the stadium 's capacity to 60 @,@ 000 , where it currently stands .
As of November 29 , 2003 , the stadium has been named " Milan Puskar Stadium " in honor of Milan Puskar , the founder of Morgantown @-@ based Mylan Pharmaceuticals , in recognition of his $ 20 million donation to the University .
Due to Mountaineer Field 's capacity and the relatively smaller populations of West Virginia 's largest cities , it has been suggested that Morgantown becomes the largest " city " in the state on game days due to the influx of spectators at the stadium . Crowds at Mountaineer Field have earned the reputation of being loud and boisterous , creating a hostile atmosphere for opposing teams .
The largest crowd to ever attend a game at the stadium was 70 @,@ 222 , set on November 20 , 1993 . The Mountaineers have enjoyed relative success in their 33 seasons at Mountaineer Field , compiling a 154 – 58 – 4 home record .
= = = Milan Puskar Center = = =
Also constructed in 1980 was the " Facilities Building " ( now the Milan Puskar Center ) to house the program 's football offices . Originally located south of Mountaineer Field , in 1985 the facility was connected to the stadium when a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ seat expansion enclosed the South end zone bowl . The 39 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot facility houses the team 's locker room and training facilities , including a 23 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot weight training facility on the first floor of the complex . The second floor of the Puskar Center houses the offensive and defensive wings for the coaching staffs , the team meeting room , player position rooms , the football staff conference room , and the Reynolds Family Academic Performance Center . Also located on the second floor of the Puskar Center is the Donald J. Brohard Hall of Traditions . Made possible through a gift by WVU alumnus and Datatel , Inc. founder Ken Kendrick , the Hall of Traditions opened in 2006 to honor the history of the WVU football program . The Hall of Traditions houses interactive displays , videos , photos , records and information on the program , including featured displays of the 2005 Sugar Bowl and 2007 Fiesta Bowl seasons . The Hall is open to the public on weekdays throughout the year . The Puskar Center is also home to the Robert and Erma Hartley Club Level , featuring upscale amenities for Mountaineer fans on game days . The facility underwent significant renovations in 2012 and 2013 , aimed specifically at improving the weight room , the aesthetics of the facility 's interior , and the coaches ' meeting areas . The renovation also included the construction of a lounge area for WVU 's football players .
= = Traditions = =
See also : WVU Pageantry , WVU Sports Traditions , and WVU Band Traditions
= = = Pregame show = = =
Performed by the Pride of West Virginia marching band , the pregame show includes such traditions as the 220 @-@ beat per minute run @-@ on introductory drum cadence , the formation of the " Flying WV " logo to the tune of " Fight Mountaineers , " and the forming of the state of West Virginia while playing the university fight song " Hail , West Virginia . " The band also performs the University 's theme song , John Denver 's " Take Me Home , Country Roads , " as well as Aaron Copland 's " Simple Gifts . " The fans participate in several cheers during the pregame show , notably chanting " W @-@ V @-@ U " to the roll of the band 's drum line prior to the playing of " Fight Mountaineers , " as well as chanting " Let 's Go Mountaineers " in between playings of " Hail , West Virginia . "
= = = Stadium chants = = =
WVU students encompassing the " Mountaineer Maniacs " section and fans alike participate in several chants during WVU home games . The " Let 's Go ... Mountaineers " chant , with the east end of the stadium shouting " Let 's Go ... " and the west end responding with " Mountaineers , " is the most popular amongst those in attendance . West Virginia fans also participate in the " 1st Down " and " 3rd Down " cheers . The " 1st Down " cheer can be heard at both home and away games prior to the announcement of a Mountaineer first down . Mountaineer fans raise their hands and hold a cheer of " OH ! " in unison until the first down call is made by the public address announcer . Following the call , the fans lift their arms up and down three times to a chant of " W @-@ V @-@ U , " clap and then signal to the end zone chanting " first down ! " The " 3rd Down " cheer is similar , with Mountaineer fans raising their arms and waving three fingers upon the announcement of " third down " by the public address . After every home win , West Virginia fans link arm @-@ in @-@ arm and sing along to an audio version of " Take Me Home , Country Roads . "
= = = The Mountaineer = = =
WVU incorporated the Mountaineers nickname in 1905 after the coining of West Virginia 's state motto , " Mountaineers are Always Free . " Prior to 1905 , the team was referred to as the " Snakes . " The Mountaineer mascot first appeared at WVU sporting events during the 1934 – 35 school year and has been a fixture ever since . The Mountaineer is selected each year by the Mountain Honorary , composed of members of West Virginia University 's senior class . The Mountaineer 's costume is tailored to fit each winner , and male Mountaineers customarily grow beards during their tenure to go along with the coonskin cap and rifle , although the beard is not a requirement for the mascot position . The mascot is modeled after the Mountaineer bronze statute located in front of the Mountainlair student union building on the WVU campus . During football games , the Mountaineer mascot will fire his musket upon the team 's entrance prior to kickoff , at the conclusion of each quarter and following every score .
= = = Gold Rush = = =
Introduced by head coach Rich Rodriguez during the 2007 season , the " Gold Rush " is an ongoing tradition with WVU fans at Mountaineer Field . Partially inspired by the Penn State " whiteout " tradition , as well as the " black @-@ out " effect created by Louisville Cardinals fans dressed in black during their game against WVU in 2006 , Rodriguez encouraged Mountaineer fans to dress entirely in gold for the rematch between WVU and Louisville in 2007 . WVU 's home schedule has featured a Gold Rush home game in each of its subsequent seasons . Since 2008 , West Virginia University has worked in conjunction with the United Way to promote the event , selling gold T @-@ shirts to fans with the proceeds benefiting the WVU United Way Campaign . As of the 2013 season , the Mountaineers are 5 – 2 in Gold Rush games .
= = = Mountaineer Mantrip = = =
Instituted during the 2011 season by head coach Dana Holgorsen , the Mountaineer Mantrip is a recent addition to WVU 's game day football traditions as well as a recognition of the significance of West Virginia 's coal industry . Named for the shuttle that transports coalminers into and out of an underground mine at the start and end of their shift , the Mountaineer players and coaching staff walk along the pathway dividing the parking lot outside of Mountaineer Field . They are accompanied by the Mountaineer mascot , the Pride of West Virginia Marching Band , and the Mountaineer cheerleaders . WVU students and fans line the path to create a tunnel @-@ like effect for the passing team members , providing for an interactive and enthusiastic environment . When the team reaches the east end of Mountaineer Field , they stop to rub a 350 @-@ pound chunk of coal donated by Alpha Natural Resources from the Upper Big Branch coal mine .
= = Logos = =
Beginning in 1970 , the Mountaineers donned the program 's first official logo — the WVU " state outline " — on their helmets through the 1979 season . West Virginia used a white helmet with the state outline logo from 1970 – 72 , a gold helmet with the same logo from 1973 – 78 , and reverted to the white helmet and state outline logo in 1979 .
The " Flying WV " is the trademark logo for West Virginia Mountaineer football , adorning the team 's helmet and uniform . It debuted in 1980 along with the current gold and blue color scheme as a part of a football uniform redesign by head coach Don Nehlen , and has since become one of the most widely recognized logos in collegiate athletics . In adopting the Flying WV logo on the team 's helmets , Nehlen wanted to create a distinct image for the football program that could be easily identified . When Nehlen began his tenure as head coach in 1980 , he initially had difficulty in distinguishing between WVU and its opponents while watching game film . The logo itself was created by sports artist John Martin , brother of then @-@ Athletic Director Dick Martin . John Martin 's primary inspiration for the logo was the depiction of mountains created with the combination of the state initials ' W ' and ' V ' . The surge in the logo 's popularity led to its adoption as the official logo of West Virginia University in 1985 .
= = Uniforms = =
Since 1980 , West Virginia 's standard uniform has consisted of a dark blue jersey ( home ) or a white jersey ( away ) with gold pants and a dark blue helmet adorned by the gold " Flying WV " logo on both sides . West Virginia 's uniform scheme has also included a gold helmet , white helmet , gold jersey , dark blue pants , and white pants at various stages throughout its history . WVU also added a gray uniform and helmet combination to its rotation exclusively for the 2012 season .
WVU introduced new uniforms for the 2013 season . The helmets , jerseys , and pants each feature blue , gold , and white primary color sets , creating 27 different possible uniform combinations . The reintroduction of the gold and white helmets to the uniform scheme marked the first time each have been used since the late 1970s . All of the helmets feature a matte , non @-@ glossy paint finish and the " Flying WV " logo adorned on each side . WVU introduced a white throwback helmet during the 2013 season , featuring the 1970s " state outline " logo . The West Virginia state motto , Montani Semper Liberi , ( “ Mountaineers are Always Free ” ) , is stitched inside the back collar of all three jerseys . A canary image is stitched inside the front collar , representative of West Virginia ’ s coal mining heritage for their use in testing toxicity levels in the mines . The jerseys also have a unique number style exclusive to WVU , featuring sharp points and edges inspired by a miner ’ s pickaxe .
The Mountaineers wore a Nike Pro Combat uniform , specifically designed to pay tribute to West Virginia 's coal mining industry , for the 2010 season edition of the Backyard Brawl . The uniform consisted of a shade of white accented by a layer of coal dust , along with accents of university gold that referenced canaries utilized in coal mining . The helmet also implemented the coal dust accent , along with a yellow line down the center designed to embody the beam of light emitted by a miner 's headlamp . West Virginia also donned the Pro Combat uniforms later that season for its Champs Sports Bowl match up with North Carolina State .
= = Rivalries = =
= = = Traditional = = =
In terms of competitiveness , intensity and longevity , the Backyard Brawl with the Pittsburgh Panthers is West Virginia 's fiercest and most storied rivalry . Separated by only 70 miles , the two universities have competed on a mostly annual basis since 1895 ( beginning in 1920 and resuming again in 1943 after World War II ) , generating some of the most exciting and memorable games in college football history . Although Pitt holds a 61 – 40 – 3 series lead , more than half of its victories in the Backyard Brawl came prior to 1952 when the Panthers dominated the series 34 – 9 – 1 . The Mountaineers hold a 26 – 22 – 2 edge over the Panthers since 1962 when the series began to interchange annually between Morgantown and Pittsburgh . West Virginia has also won seven of the last ten meetings . Put on hiatus following the 2011 season due to conference realignment , the series will resume with four games running from 2022 @-@ 2025 .
West Virginia also enjoyed a long @-@ standing rivalry with the Syracuse Orange . The schools have competed annually since 1955 , with the 1993 addition of the Ben Schwartzwalder Trophy being awarded to the victor . The significance of the trophy resides in the fact that Ben Schwartzwalder was a West Virginia native , former WVU player , and legendary head coach at Syracuse . While Syracuse holds a 33 – 27 lead in the series , WVU has won eight of the last ten games between the schools . Much like the status of the Backyard Brawl , Syracuse 's departure from the Big East for the Atlantic Coast Conference and WVU 's joining of the Big 12 Conference casts doubt over the future of the series .
The Mountaineers and Maryland Terrapins have met on a semi @-@ annual basis since 1919 , recently rekindling a cross @-@ border rivalry that was once the longest continuous non @-@ conference series for these geographical neighbors . The Mountaineers lead the series 28 – 22 – 2 .
The Mountaineers also once enjoyed a fierce rivalry with their Appalachia counterparts , the Virginia Tech Hokies . The schools once competed on an annual basis from 1973 to 2005 , doing so as Big East Conference rivals starting in 1991 . Beginning in 1997 , West Virginia and Virginia Tech competed for the Black Diamond Trophy , symbolizing the Appalachian region ’ s rich coal heritage . While West Virginia held a 28 – 22 – 1 advantage in the series , Virginia Tech won nine of the last twelve meetings between the schools . Since the Hokies departed the Big East for the ACC in 2004 and ended the series in 2006 , the rivalry has been dormant . The rivalry is set to be renewed with a neutral @-@ site game in 2017 and with a set of games for the 2021 and 2022 seasons .
= = = Other = = =
Much less competitive was the one @-@ sided series between West Virginia and Penn State . They met annually from 1947 – 1992 . Penn State leads the series 48 – 9 – 2 . At one point , from 1959 to 1983 , Penn State had won 25 consecutive meetings between the two . Mountaineer victories in the series were so rare that any defeat of the Nittany Lions was cause for celebration amongst the West Virginia faithful . The series ended in 1992 with Penn State commencing Big Ten Conference play in 1993 . On Sept . 19 , 2013 , the schools announced that they would renew the series with two games in 2023 and 2024 .
The Friends of Coal Bowl between West Virginia and the Marshall Thundering Herd has also been uncompetitive . Rather , the series traces its origin back to West Virginia governmental intervention by former state Governor Joe Manchin , coupled with supposed political pressure . It is debatable as to whether the series constitutes a true " rivalry " ( Marshall has never beaten the Mountaineers in twelve meetings ) . Consequently , there is considerable doubt for the future of the Friends of Coal Bowl as the final game of the series was played in 2012 and there are no plans to renew the series .
= = Coaches = =
= = = Current coaching staff = = =
Head Coach
Dana Holgorsen
Assistant Coaches
Blue Adams - Cornerbacks
Matt Caponi - Safeties
Tyron Carrier - Receivers
Ron Crook - Offensive Line
Tony Gibson - Defensive Coordinator , Linebackers
Mark Scott - Defense , Special Teams
Ja 'Juan Seider - Running Backs
Bruce Tall - Defensive Line
Joe Wickline - Offensive Coordinator
= = = Head coaches = = =
The West Virginia Mountaineers have had 33 head coaches throughout the program 's history . With 149 victories , Don Nehlen is first overall in the program 's history , followed by Rich Rodriguez ( 60 wins ) and Art Lewis ( 58 ) .
= = Team accomplishments = =
= = = Championships = = =
West Virginia has won or shared a conference championship on 15 occasions , including eight Southern Conference ( SoCon ) titles and seven Big East Conference titles . As members of the SoCon and the Big East , the Mountaineers have amassed a record of 154 – 64 – 3 ( .703 winning percentage ) in conference play .
The ECAC Lambert @-@ Meadowlands Trophy is an annual award given to the best team in the Eastern Region of FBS @-@ level college football . West Virginia has received the award as Eastern Champion on four occasions .
= = = Bowl games = = =
West Virginia has participated in 34 bowl games throughout its history , compiling a 15 – 19 record . The Mountaineers endured a dubious string of post @-@ season futility from 1987 to 2004 , losing 11 of 12 bowl games including eight consecutive losses between 1987 and 1998 . As of 2012 , however , WVU has won five of its last seven bowl games . Of those 32 bowl appearances , the Mountaineers have participated in 12 " major " Division I @-@ A / FBS bowl games , including three BCS Bowl Games , one Bowl Coalition Game and one National Championship Game .
= = = Rankings = = =
West Virginia has finished a season ranked in at least one of the Associated Press ( AP ) or Coaches polls on 19 occasions . The Mountaineers have finished ranked amongst the top 10 in college football on five occasions . West Virginia attained its highest @-@ ever ranking in the polls during week 14 of the 2007 season , when they were ranked # 1 in the Coaches Poll and # 2 in the AP Poll . Since the implementation of the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) in 1998 , West Virginia has finished the regular season ranked seven times in the final BCS standings . The Bowl Coalition , a predecessor to the current BCS system , ranked WVU at # 3 in its final standings at the conclusion of the 1993 regular season . While the Mountaineers are 43 – 101 – 2 against opponents ranked in the AP Poll , they have an all @-@ time record of 146 – 67 – 1 when ranked in the AP Poll themselves .
= = Individual accolades = =
= = = Retired numbers = = =
Ira Errett Rodgers - # 21
Sam Huff - # 75
= = = Heisman Trophy candidates = = =
West Virginia has produced six Heisman Trophy candidates . Major Harris is the only Mountaineer to be considered as a finalist for the award , garnering consideration in the 1988 and 1989 seasons .
= = = National award winners and finalists = = =
A total of 20 Mountaineer players and coaches have been finalists for numerous college football awards . Don Nehlen and Calvin Magee have won awards as coaches , while Dan Mozes , Pat White , and Tavon Austin have earned awards as players .
= = = All @-@ Americans = = =
A total of 38 Mountaineers have been recognized as First @-@ Team All @-@ Americans by various media selectors . Among those selections , eleven have achieved Consensus All @-@ American status . Of those consensus All @-@ Americans , four were unanimous selections .
= = = Conference award winners = = =
During WVU 's 18 @-@ season tenure in the Southern Conference , a total of seven Mountaineers were recognized with superlative conference honors . Art Lewis received Coach of the Year distinction on consecutive occasions ( 1953 & 1954 ) while Bruce Bosley was named the SoCon Player of the Year and Jacobs Blocking Award winner in 1955 . During WVU 's 21 seasons in the Big East , a total of 12 Mountaineers were recognized with superlative conference honors . Don Nehlen ( 1993 ) and Rich Rodriguez ( 2003 ) were unanimous selections for Big East Coach of the Year , while Todd Sauerbrun was the unanimous selection for Big East Special Teams Player of the Year in 1994 and Amos Zereoué was the unanimous selection for Big East Rookie of the Year in 1996 . Tavon Austin was WVU 's first Big 12 Conference award recipient , garnering Co @-@ Special Teams Player of the Year honors in 2012 .
= = = All @-@ Conference selections = = =
= = = = Southern Conference = = = =
From 1950 to 1967 , West Virginia competed in the Southern Conference . During their 18 seasons in the SoCon , a total of 35 Mountaineers were recognized as First @-@ Team All @-@ Southern Conference selections .
= = = = Big East = = = =
The Mountaineers competed in the Big East Conference from 1991 to 2011 . During their 21 seasons in the Big East , a total of 61 Mountaineers were recognized as First @-@ Team All @-@ Big East selections . Among those players , Tavon Austin ( as a Return Specialist , 2011 ) , Noel Devine , Pat White ( 2007 ) , Eric Wicks ( 2006 ) , Adam " Pac @-@ Man " Jones ( as a Cornerback , 2004 ) , Grant Wiley ( 2003 ) , Barrett Green , Canute Curtis , Aaron Beasley ( 1995 ) , Todd Sauerbrun ( 1994 ) and Adrian Murrell ( 1992 ) were unanimous selections by the conference .
= = = = Big 12 = = = =
Since joining the Big 12 Conference in 2012 , eight Mountaineers have been recognized as First @-@ Team All @-@ Big 12 selections .
= = Hall of Fame inductees = =
= = = College Football Hall of Fame = = =
The National Football Foundation , overseer of the College Football Hall of Fame , recognizes ten individuals as WVU inductees . Conversely , the Mountaineer football program recognizes 13 individuals as inductees .
= = = Pro Football Hall of Fame = = =
Two Mountaineers hold the distinguished title of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees . Joe Stydahar , an offensive tackle , was inducted in 1967 . Despite Stydahar 's impressive collegiate career , Chicago Bears owner / coach George Halas took a chance in selecting the little @-@ known tackle with the Bears ' first ever draft selection in the 1936 NFL Draft . Halas 's gamble paid off as " Jumbo Joe " produced an illustrious playing career with the Bears , earning four NFL All @-@ Star selections , six All @-@ Pro selections , three NFL championships , and an induction into the NFL 's All @-@ Decade Team for the 1930s . Stydahar also served as head coach of the Los Angeles Rams and the Chicago Cardinals , winning the 1951 NFL Championship with the Rams . During his Hall of Fame enshrinement speech , Stydahar thanked his family and friends from his " dear state , West Virginia . "
Sam Huff , a linebacker , was inducted in 1982 . Originally a third round selection by the New York Giants in the 1956 NFL Draft , Huff played for the Giants from 1956 – 1963 and later for the Washington Redskins from 1964 @-@ 1969 . Huff 's football career , let alone his future in the NFL , almost never came to pass , however . As a junior in high school , WVU head coach Art Lewis came to Huff 's town to look at another prospect . Luckily for Huff ( and for the Mountaineers ) , Lewis wound up recruiting Sam instead . Fate intervened once more for Huff at the end of his collegiate career , as Giants scout Al DeRogatis came to Morgantown to look at All @-@ American guard Bruce Bosley . DeRogatis instead discovered Huff , proclaiming that " there 's another guard here who will be even greater . His name is Sam Huff . " Huff became a five @-@ time Pro Bowl selection , a four @-@ time First @-@ Team All @-@ Pro selection , an inductee in the NFL 1950s All @-@ Decade Team , and was named as one of the 70 Greatest Redskins of all @-@ time . Huff was also recognized as the NFL 's Top Linebacker in 1959 .
= = = WVU Sports Hall of Fame = = =
Since 1991 , the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame recognizes outstanding Mountaineer athletes . Former athletes , coaches and administrators are eligible for selection 10 years following their association with WVU athletics . The following individuals have been inducted into the WVU Sports Hall of Fame for their contributions to the Mountaineer football program :
= = Mountaineers in the NFL = =
WVU has produced a total of 180 NFL draft selections . This section accounts for past and present West Virginia University football players that have participated in the National Football League .
= = = Active alumni = = =
As of June 2016 , a total of 29 Mountaineers were listed on team rosters in the NFL .
= = = All @-@ star and Pro Bowl honorees = = =
Among the numerous Mountaineers that have participated in the NFL , a total of 32 have received all @-@ star or Pro Bowl recognition .
= = = NFL first round draft selections = = =
Of West Virginia 's 181 players selected in the NFL draft , 12 Mountaineers have been selected in the first round .
= = Future non @-@ conference opponents = =
Announced schedules as of September 10 , 2015
= You Really Got Me =
" You Really Got Me " is a song written by Ray Davies for English rock band the Kinks . The song , originally performed in a more blues @-@ oriented style , was inspired by artists such as Lead Belly and Big Bill Broonzy . Two versions of the song were recorded , with the second performance being used for the final single . Although it was rumoured that future Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page had performed the song 's guitar solo , the myth has since been proven false .
" You Really Got Me " was built around power chords ( perfect fifths and octaves ) and heavily influenced later rock musicians , particularly in the genres of heavy metal and punk rock . Built around a guitar riff played by Dave Davies , the song 's lyrics were described by Dave as " a love song for street kids . "
" You Really Got Me " was released on 4 August 1964 as the group 's third single , and reached number one on the UK singles chart the next month , remaining for two weeks . The song became the group 's breakthrough hit ; it established them as one of the top British Invasion acts in the United States , reaching number seven there later in the year . " You Really Got Me " was later included on the Kinks ' debut album , Kinks . The song was covered by American rock band Van Halen in 1978 , reaching the Billboard Top 40 .
= = Background = =
" You Really Got Me " was written by Ray Davies , the Kinks ' vocalist and main songwriter , sometime between 9 and 12 March 1964 . Created on the piano in the front room of the Davies ' home , the song was stylistically very different from the finished product , being much lighter and somewhat jazz @-@ oriented . Ray said of the song 's writing , " When I came up with [ ' You Really Got Me ' ] I hadn 't been writing songs very long at all . It was one of the first five I ever came up with . "
During the spring of 1964 , Ray Davies played an early version of " You Really Got Me " on piano to rock photographer Allan Ballard during a photo shoot . Ballard later remembered , " It was quite a small , pokey , Victorian Terrace , a bit scruffy , and in the hallway they had an upright piano . Ray sat down and plonked out , ' Der @-@ der , der , Der @-@ der ! ' He said , ' What do you reckon to this ? ' It meant nothing to me at the time , but it ended up as ' You Really Got Me ' . "
Ray , initially planning for the song to be a " more laid @-@ back number " , later played the chords of the song to brother Dave Davies , the Kinks ' lead guitarist . However , upon hearing the track , Dave decided that the riff would be much more powerful on a guitar . Ray said of the track 's change to a guitar @-@ centred track , " I wanted it to be a jazz @-@ type tune , because that 's what I liked at the time . It 's written originally around a sax line ... Dave ended up playing the sax line in fuzz guitar and it took the song a step further . " The band then began to perform the new track in some of their live shows , where it was well received .
In 1998 , Ray said , " I 'd written ' You Really Got Me ' as tribute to all those great blues people I love : Lead Belly and Big Bill Broonzy . " Dave cited Gerry Mulligan as an inspiration , saying , " Ray was a great fan of Gerry Mulligan , who was in [ the Jazz on a Summer 's Day movie ] , and as he sat at the piano at home , he sort of messed around in a vein similar to Mulligan and came up with this figure based on a 12 @-@ bar blues " . Dave has also said that song had been inspired by Jimmy Giuffre 's song " The Train and the River " . According to the band 's manager , Larry Page , the song 's characteristic riff came about while working out the chords of the Kingsmen 's " Louie Louie " . Lyrically , the song was said to be influenced by an encounter with one of the band 's " first serious female fans . "
= = Recording = =
The song was recorded by the Kinks at least twice in the summer of 1964 . The band 's demo was in a " bluesy " style , while a full studio version recorded in June was slower and less emphatic than the final single . Although the band wanted to rerecord the song , their record company Pye refused to fund another session on the ground that the band 's first two singles had failed to chart . Ray Davies , however , hated the original recording of the track , threatening that he would refuse to perform or promote the single unless it was rerecorded . Manager Larry Page also refused to publish the original recording . When Pye stood its ground , the band 's own management broke the stalemate by funding the session themselves . Ray Davies ' adamant attitude on behalf of the career @-@ making song effectively established him as the leader and chief songwriter of the Kinks . Davies later said , " I was floundering around trying to find an identity . It was in 1964 that I managed to do that , to be able to justify myself and say , ' I exist , I 'm here . ' I was literally born when that song hit . "
The influential distortion sound of the guitar track was created after guitarist Dave Davies sliced the speaker cone of his guitar amplifier with a razor blade and poked it with a pin . The amplifier was affectionately called " little green " , after the name of the amplifier made by the Elpico company , and purchased in Davies ' neighbourhood music shop , linked to a Vox AC @-@ 30 . In 2014 , Dave Davies accused brother Ray of lying about participating in Dave 's guitar distortion sound . Dave wrote on his Facebook page , " My brother is lying . I don 't know why he does this but it was my Elpico amp that I bought and out of frustration I cut the speaker cone up with a razor blade and I was so shocked and surprised and excited that it worked that I demonstrated the sound to Ray and [ Kinks bassist ] Pete [ Quaife ] … Ray liked the sound and he had written a riff on the piano which formed the basis of the song ' You Really Got Me ' and I played the riff on my guitar with my new sound . I alone created this sound . "
According to recent Kinks ' releases that give full official performance credits of the track , group members Ray Davies ( vocals and rhythm guitar ) , Dave Davies ( lead guitar ) , Pete Quaife ( bass ) are joined by session men Bobby Graham ( drums ) , and Arthur Greenslade ( piano ) . Regular Kinks drummer Mick Avory plays the tambourine .
= = Guitar solo = =
The guitar solo on the recording has been the subject of the persistent myth that it was not played by the Kinks ' lead guitarist Dave Davies , but by then @-@ session player Jimmy Page , who later joined the Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin . Among those claiming Page played lead guitar was Jon Lord of Deep Purple , who also claimed to play piano on the track . Page has always denied playing the song 's guitar solo , going so far as to state in a 1970s interview cited in Sound on Sound magazine that " I didn 't play on ' You Really Got Me ' and that 's what pisses him [ Ray Davies ] off . " Rock historian and author Doug Hinman makes a case that the rumour was begun and fostered by the established British rhythm and blues community , many of whose members were resentful that an upstart band of teenagers such as the Kinks could produce such a powerful and influential blues @-@ based recording , seemingly out of nowhere .
Shel Talmy , the producer on the track , has gone on record and put the
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senior officers including a senior figure in the coup , whom he did not name , were " explicit in charging American encouragement of the rebels " .
In the wake of the failed coup , Diệm blamed Durbrow for a perceived lack of US support , while his brother Nhu further accused the ambassador of colluding with the rebels . Durbrow denied this in later years , saying that he had been " 100 % in support of Diệm " . In January 1961 , Diệm told Kahin of his belief the US had been involved , while Nhu told Karnow " the principal culprits in the revolt were the ' western embassies ' and individual Americans in particular ... American military advisers were helping the paratroopers during the revolt . " In May 1961 , Nhu said " [ t ] he least you can say ... is that the State Department was neutral between a friendly government and rebels who tried to put that government down ... and the official attitude of the Americans during that coup was not at all the attitude the President would have expected " . For Diệm , that Durbrow had called for restraint was an indication he saw Diệm and the rebels as equals , something Diệm saw as anathema . Durbrow called for Diệm to treat the remaining rebel leaders leniently , stressing the need for Diệm to " unify all elements of the country " , but Diệm was adamantly opposed to this , angrily rebuffing the ambassador , saying " You apparently do not understand that the rebels caused much blood @-@ letting " , accusing them having " duped " innocent people . Diệm also sent Gene Gregory , an American supporter who edited the Times of Vietnam — an English @-@ language newspaper operated as a mouthpiece for the Nhus and known for stridently attacking Ngô family opponents — to meet Durbrow with concrete evidence of " American support of and complicity in the coup " . From the coup onwards , Diệm became increasingly suspicious of Washington 's policies . He was also angry with US media coverage of the coup , which depicted Diệm as authoritarian and the revolt as a manifestation of widespread discontent . Diệm instead viewed opposition simply as troublemakers .
The American military establishment strongly backed Diệm . Colonel Edward Lansdale , a CIA agent who helped entrench Diệm in power in 1955 , ridiculed Durbrow 's comments and called on the Eisenhower administration to recall the ambassador . Lansdale said that " It is most doubtful that Ambassador Durbrow has any personal stature remaining . Diệm must feel that Durbrow sided with the rebels emotionally . Perhaps he feels that Durbrow 's remarks over the months helped incite the revolt . " Lansdale criticised Durbrow : " At the most critical moment of the coup , the U.S. Ambassador urged Diệm to give in to rebel demands to avoid bloodshed . " Lieutenant General Lionel McGarr , the new commander of the Military Assistance Advisory Group , agreed with Lansdale . McGarr had been in contact with both the rebel and loyalist units during the standoff and credited the failure of the coup to the " courageous action of Diệm coupled with loyalty and versatility of commanders bringing troops into Saigon " . McGarr asserted that " Diệm has emerged from this severe test in position of greater strength with visible proof of sincere support behind him both in armed forces and civilian population . " General Lyman Lemnitzer , the chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff said that " When you have rebellious forces against you , you have to act forcibly and not restrain your friends . The main point is that sometimes bloodshed can 't be avoided and that those in power must act decisively . " The State Department advised President Dwight David Eisenhower to send Diệm a congratulatory message , but Durbrow objected , arguing that Diệm would interpret the message as an unqualified endorsement of his rule and prevent him from " grasping and heeding lessons of [ the ] coup " .
Diệm later implicated two Americans , George Carver and Russ Miller for involvement in the plot . Both had spent the coup attempt with the rebel officers . Durbrow had sent them there to keep track of the situation , but Diệm felt that they were there to encourage the uprising ; the coup group 's desired changes were very similar to those advocated by Durbrow in previous months . It was later revealed that Carver had friendly relations with the coup leaders and then arranged for Thuy to be evacuated from South Vietnam when the loyalists overwhelmed the paratroopers . Carver had also spent some of the coup period in a meeting with civilian rebel leaders at Thuy 's house , although it is not known if he pro @-@ actively encouraged Diệm opponents . The Ngô brothers indicated to the Americans that Carver should be deported , and soon after , Carver received a death warrant . The threat was supposedly signed by the coup leaders , who were ostensibly angry because Carver had abandoned them and withdrawn American support for them . The Americans thought that Nhu was the real culprit , but told the Ngô family that they were removing Carver from the country for his own safety , thereby allowing all parties to avoid embarrassment . Years later , Carver said he agreed with the rebels ' thinking that Diệm was doing poorly and needed to be replaced , saying he was " absolutely convinced " that a regime change was needed to " achieve American objective in Vietnam " . In his memoir , Don claimed Miller had cryptically encouraged him to overthrow Diệm a few months before the coup attempt .
The rift between American diplomatic and military representatives in South Vietnam began to grow . In the meantime , Durbrow continued his policy of pressuring Diệm to liberalize his regime . Durbrow saw the coup as a sign that Diệm was unpopular and with the South Vietnamese president making only token changes , the ambassador informed Washington that Diệm might have to be removed . However , in December , the Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs J. Graham Parsons told Durbrow to stop , cabling " Believe for present Embassy has gone as far as feasible in pushing for liberalization and future exhortation likely to be counterproductive . " This was mirrored in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam and Diệm . The paratroopers had been regarded as the most loyal of the ARVN 's units , so Diệm intensified his policy of promoting officers based on loyalty rather than competence . Khiêm was made a general and appointed Army Chief of Staff . The Ngô brothers were so paranoid that they felt that Khanh was suspect as he had broken through the rebel lines too easily . Khanh 's action gained him a reputation of having helped the president , but he was later criticised for having a foot in both camps . Critics claimed that Khanh had been on good terms with the rebels and decided against rebelling when it was clear that Diệm would win . Khanh was later dispatched to the Central Highlands as the commander of the II Corps . General Dương Văn Minh , who did not come to Diệm 's defense during the siege and instead stayed at home , was demoted . During the revolt , the plotters had nominated Minh to become their Defence Minister , but he refused when Diệm contacted him , claiming that he would willingly fight for Diệm on the battlefield , but was neither interested in nor suited for politics . However , Minh did not come to assist Diệm , and the president responded by appointing him to the post of Presidential Military Advisor , where he had no influence or troops to command in case the thought of coup ever crossed his mind .
Lansdale continued to be critical of Durbrow , and wanted to replace him as ambassador . Two months later , the incoming US President John F. Kennedy started a review of Washington 's stance with regards to Saigon . Lansdale 's report predicted South Vietnam 's demise , and along with it , the rest of South East Asia and US preeminence in global affairs , unless a new direction was found . He blamed what he saw as Durbrow 's poor judgement for the problems in the alliance , and that the current ambassador could not work effectively anymore because he had " sympathized strongly " with the coup . Without explicitly suggesting himself , Lansdale said that Durbrow had to be replaced with someone " with marked leadership talents " and the ability to " influence Asians through understanding them sympathetically " . Lansdale called Diệm " the only Vietnamese with executive ability and the required determination to be an effective President " and said the new ambassador needed thus needed to have a rapport with him . Lansdale said Diệm was comfortable with MAAG and the CIA , but felt that diplomats were " very close to those who tried to kill him on November 11 " . During the meeting at which these matters were discussed , there was strong agreement that Durbrow 's position in Saigon had become untenable . Lansdale 's submissions were seen as being important in Kennedy 's decision to replace Durbrow with Frederick Nolting in May 1961 . Nolting was a mild man who was seen as unlikely to pressure Diệm to reform and therefore upset him . Kennedy was thought to have seriously contemplated the appointment of Lansdale , before encountering complaints from sections of the State and Defense Departments , among them Defense Secretary Robert McNamara . Kennedy also increased funding for Diệm immediately and made a show of support for the Vietnamese leader at the advice of Lansdale .
= = Trial = =
The trial of those charged with involvement in the coup occurred more than two years later in mid @-@ 1963 . Diệm scheduled the hearing in the middle of the Buddhist crisis , a move that was interpreted as an attempt to deter the populace from further dissent . Nineteen officers and 34 civilians were accused of complicity in the coup and called before the Special Military Court .
Diệm 's officials gave the Americans an unsubtle warning not to interfere . The official prosecutor claimed to have documents proving that a foreign power was behind the failed coup but said that he could not publicly name the nation in question . It was later revealed in secret proceedings that he pinpointed two Americans : George Carver , an employee of the United States Operations Mission ( an economic mission ) who was later revealed to be a CIA agent , and Howard C. Elting , described as the deputy chief of the American mission in Saigon .
One of the prominent civilians summoned to appear before the military tribunal was a well @-@ known novelist who wrote under the pen name of Nhat Linh . He was the VNQDĐ leader Nguyễn Tường Tam , who had been Ho Chi Minh 's foreign affairs minister in 1946 . Tam had abandoned his post rather than lead the delegation to the Fontainebleau Conference and make concessions to the French Union . In the 30 months since the failed putsch , the police had not taken the conspiracy claims seriously enough to arrest Tam , but when Tam learned of the trial , he committed suicide by ingesting cyanide . He left a death note stating " I also will kill myself as a warning to those people who are trampling on all freedom " , referring to Thích Quảng Đức , the monk who self @-@ immolated in protest against Diệm 's persecution of Buddhism . Tam 's suicide was greeted with a mixed reception . Although some felt that it upheld the Vietnamese tradition of choosing death over humiliation , some VNQDĐ members considered Tam 's actions to be romantic and sentimental .
The brief trial opened on July 8 , 1963 . The seven officers and two civilians who had fled the country after the failed coup were found guilty and sentenced to death in absentia . Five officers were acquitted , while the remainder were imprisoned for terms ranging from five to ten years . Another VNQDĐ leader Vũ Hồng Khanh was given six years in prison . Former Diệm cabinet minister Phan Khắc Sửu was sentenced to eight years , mainly for being a signatory of the Caravelle Group which called on Diệm to reform . Dan , the spokesman was sentenced to seven years . Fourteen of the civilians were acquitted , including Tam .
However , the prisoners ' time in prison was brief , as Diệm was deposed and killed in a coup in November 1963 . On November 8 , political opponents who had been imprisoned on the island of Poulo Condore were released by the military junta . Đán was garlanded and taken to military headquarters , and on November 10 , Suu was released and welcomed by a large crowd at the town hall . Suu later served as president for a brief period and Dan as a deputy prime minister . Thi , Đông and Lieu returned to South Vietnam and resumed their service in the ARVN .
= Elmo Tanner =
William Elmo Tanner , known as Elmo Tanner ( August 8 , 1904 – December 20 , 1990 ) was an American whistler , singer , bandleader and disc jockey , best known for his whistling on the chart @-@ topping song “ Heartaches ” with the Ted Weems Orchestra . Tanner and Weems recorded the song for two different record companies within a period of five years . Neither recording was successful originally . The song became a hit for both record companies after a Charlotte , North Carolina disk jockey played it at random in 1947 .
Tanner was originally hired by Weems as a vocalist ; the bandleader discovered Tanner 's whistling ability while the band was traveling to an engagement . Like Bing Crosby , he was able to whistle from his throat due to the muscles in his larynx . He subsequently became a featured performer as a whistler , earning the nicknames " Whistler ’ s Mother ’ s Boy " , " The Whistling Troubador , " and " the nation ’ s best @-@ known whistler " . He began appearing in films as part of the Ted Weems Orchestra in 1936 ; his first film role was in The Hatfields and McCoys , and he later appeared in the movie Swing , Sister , Swing ( 1938 ) and the musical film short , Swing Frolic ( 1942 ) . Weems considered Tanner 's whistling important enough to his orchestra that in 1939 he insured Tanner 's throat for $ 10 @,@ 000 . Besides musical whistling , he also imitated birds for Disney .
After a failed attempt at running a restaurant in his native Nashville in the early 1950s , he toured with the Elmo Tanner Quartet until 1958 , when he found work as a disc jockey in Florida . After working as an auto dealer in the 1960s , in the early 1970s he resumed musical activity , singing with a St. Petersburg , Florida @-@ based quartet .
= = Early life = =
Tanner was born on August 8 , 1904 in Nashville , Tennessee . He grew up in Detroit , and moved to Memphis with his family by 1926 . As a young boy , Tanner studied the violin and was successful with it until eye trouble made it difficult for him to read notes . His musical training helped Tanner to develop the ability to scan music or lyrics quickly and then either sing or whistle what he had just read . On his walk home from work , Tanner passed a cemetery each night and started whistling as he passed by . Not everyone appreciated Tanner 's whistling in the evening ; he was once jailed in Albuquerque , New Mexico for whistling after 10pm . A graduate of the University of Tennessee , Tanner raced automobiles and worked as a mechanic in Memphis . While performing the duties of his employment he liked to whistle and sing . One day in 1928 , he had a repair job for a customer who happened to work at WMC radio . After hearing Tanner singing while working on his car , the announcer suggested Tanner audition for the radio station . His consequent on @-@ air appearance brought a call from Paramount Records , which had offices in Chicago .
= = Career = =
By the late 1920s , Elmo Tanner had moved to the Chicago area and had established himself as a professional musician . Although Elmo Tanner never gained a large reputation as a singer , he was occasionally featured as such with Weems . It was as a vocalist that he made his initial recordings . He recorded a few dozen sides as a soloist for Paramount and Vocalion in 1927 through 1929 . Interestingly , the Paramount discs appeared in the Race record series , and the Vocalion sides were likewise marketed to African Americans . His versatility was noted by Vocalion , who utilized him to provide vocals for jazz outfits such as Jimmie Noone and for more sedate recordings with the Victor Young orchestra and with organist Eddie House . Not having signed an exclusive contract with any recording company , he was able to appear on the prestigious Victor label with Nathaniel Shilkret . In 1928 he formed a duet with Fred Rose as " The Tune Peddlers " and appeared on radio stations WLS , KYW , and WBBM .
While working at KYW with Rose , Tanner received an offer from Ted Weems . Weems offered a higher salary than Tanner was making at the radio station , but Tanner was hesitant because the job with Weems involved substantial travel . The KYW station manager offered to match the $ 50 per week salary . A few days later , Weems made a higher offer which was met by the station manager 's offer to match it . This continued until only Fred Rose came to work . When he arrived , Rose told the station manager that Weems now offered Tanner $ 100 a week and he had accepted it .
= = = Ted Weems Orchestra and “ Heartaches ” = = =
Tanner joined the Ted Weems band as a singer in 1929 and became a prominent feature of the group . Tanner 's whistling talent was unveiled by accident . In high spirits on their way to their next performance , the band members were singing , yelling and whistling on the bus . When Tanner joined in , Weems was impressed enough to add a whistling segment to one of the band 's sets . Tanner whistled the Show Boat song , " Make Believe " ; the audience asked for an encore . Tanner 's whistling became so popular that Perry Como , another featured performer in the band , said “ The whistler was the whole band . ” On occasion , Tanner ’ s lips would pucker up , interfering with his whistling . Although generally noted for his graciousness as a bandleader , Weems would have fun at Tanner ’ s expense , running him through the most difficult songs in his repertoire when he noticed Tanner was struggling . Tanner became known as " Whistler ’ s Mother ’ s Boy " , " The Whistling Troubador , " and " the nation ’ s best @-@ known whistler " . Tanner was noted for the ease with which he hit high notes and performed trills . He had the ability to whistle while triple @-@ tonguing , and like Bing Crosby , he was able to whistle from his throat due to the muscles in his larynx . His range was from low G to high B ♭ . Professional whistler Joel Brandon has named Tanner as a " top pick " . Ted Weems considered Tanner 's whistling so important to his band , he insured the musician 's throat with Lloyd 's of London for $ 10 @,@ 000 in 1939 . The policy provided payment for any medical expenses related to Tanner 's possible inability to whistle and included payment to the holder if Tanner was unable to perform .
In an era when whistling was commonly featured on popular recordings , Tanner was often confused with Fred Lowery , who was blind and worked with Horace Heidt and his Musical Knights . People would come up to Tanner and ask if it was true that he was blind . “ Only on Saturday night , ” he would reply . When not singing or whistling , Elmo played guitar in the band . The primary purpose was evidently to show Tanner was " doing something " while keeping him in view , as it became a standard joke that the guitar he was playing had rubber bands in place of strings .
Tanner began appearing in films as part of the Ted Weems Orchestra in 1936 ; his first film role was in The Hatfields and McCoys , In 1938 he appeared in the movie Swing , Sister , Swing with the Weems outfit . Tanner also featured with Ted Weems and his Orchestra in a 1942 musical film short , Swing Frolic . During this time period Tanner appeared on the popular radio show Beat the Band with Weems ; the program ran from January 28 , 1940 until February 23 , 1941 .
Tanner , Ted Weems , and the rest of his orchestra joined the Merchant Marine in 1942 . At ( and intermittently before ) his discharge in 1944 he pursued a solo career . He headlined in various nightclubs and theaters such as Chicago ’ s Oriental and Colosimo ’ s and at the Orpheum in Los Angeles alongside the King Sisters and Maurice Rocco . Besides musical whistling , he also imitated birds for Disney . He continued to perform songs that were associated with Weems , such as “ Nola ” . Tanner announced he would be fronting a twelve @-@ piece band in September 1946 ; the band 's theme was " Heartaches " . He took over the Andy Anderson unit that was based in Atlanta and signed on with the William Morris Agency . His orchestra featured his whistling and vocals by Carol Bridges . However , this proved to be short @-@ lived because of the surprise success of an old recording .
= = = = The delayed success of " Heartaches " = = = =
“ Heartaches ” , composed by Al Hoffman and John Klenner in 1931 , was recorded as an unusual half @-@ rumba , half washboard rhythm . In 1933 , Victor had assigned the recording of the song to Ted Weems and his Orchestra , and wanted it recorded quickly . Weems and his band had time for only one rehearsal before recording the song . Initially , Weems did not like the song ; he decided to omit the lyrics by way of having Tanner whistle instead . While running through the song at rehearsal , someone thought of trying it with a speedier tempo than initially written . It was not a large seller , and the master was filed away . In 1938 , Weems was now working with Decca Records and was preparing to make another record . When someone had forgotten to assign a song for the " B " side of the record , Weems and Tanner made another recording of " Heartaches " ; the Decca version was not any more successful than the Victor one had been five years earlier .
In 1947 , a young disk jockey in Charlotte , North Carolina who worked the overnight shift had recently received some older records which he brought to work with him . He chose one at random and put it on the turntable . Shortly after the record had finished , the radio station 's telephones began ringing with people asking about the song and requesting to hear it again . By afternoon , the city 's music stores were calling the radio station , hoping to learn where they could order copies of " Heartaches " . Both Victor and Decca went into their vaults to find their masters of the record and began pressing them for southern United States sales . As disk jockeys in other parts of the US began obtaining copies of the record and playing it , the demand for " Heartaches " went from coast to coast . This older recording went to the top of all the main charts in 1947 , including sales , juke box play , and airplay .
Unusually , two separate recordings were given equal credit in the charts . Victor ’ s version was recorded on August 4 , 1933 and issued on Bluebird B5131 . Decca ’ s recording was made on August 23 , 1938 and originally appeared on catalog number 2020B . The hit records were credited to RCA Victor 20 @-@ 2175 and Decca 25017 , respectively . Altogether the recordings were credited with selling 8 @.@ 5 million copies . Tanner said in a 1960 interview that neither he nor Ted Weems received any compensation for the " Heartaches " re @-@ issue as they both had let the contracts on the song expire while they were in the Merchant Marine . Tanner and Weems missed collecting an estimated $ 250 @,@ 000 in royalties because of the expired contracts .
Because of the renewed success of “ Heartaches ” , Tanner joined the re @-@ formed Weems outfit in March 1947 , and both were signed to Mercury Records . This later outfit often received poor reviews , with the exception of Elmo ’ s “ outstanding ” whistling ; it was Tanner ’ s whistling that audiences most responded to . Tanner made one more recording of " Heartaches " in 1953 with Billy Vaughn for Dot Records .
= = = Later life = = =
Tanner left Weems in 1950 to open a restaurant in Nashville . This occupied him for a year and a half , but it proved to be a failure and Tanner suffered financially . He formed the Elmo Tanner Quartet and resumed touring for the next few years , until , tired of travel , he broke up his group in Seattle in 1958 . He spent the next fourteen months in Birmingham as a disk jockey and leading a musical combo . He reunited briefly with Weems , then settled in the St. Petersburg , Florida area in Treasure Island . In 1959 , Tanner began working as a disc jockey on radio station WILZ in St. Pete Beach , Florida , a position which lasted several years . During this time he continued to make recordings with orchestras such as David Carroll and Billy Vaughn to continued positive reviews . His association continued with Weems , making the occasional guest appearance with the band he was closely connected to . In the early 1960s , Tanner was also selling Datsuns at a local St. Petersburg auto dealership . In the early 1970s he resumed musical activity , singing with a St. Petersburg @-@ based quartet .
= = Personal life and death = =
In 1936 , while Tanner was living in Chicago , he was divorced from his first wife , Verne . Tanner married Eleanor Jones of Birmingham on January 31 , 1939 in Indianapolis . While playing an engagement with Weems , Tanner got his marriage license between the first and second acts on the bill , bought a wedding ring between the second and third acts and was married between the third and fourth acts . He met his second wife while working with the Weems band on Catalina Island . They had four children together : Elmo Jr . , twins Margaret and Patricia , and John Emmet . By 1969 he was retired . Tanner underwent gall bladder surgery in 1985 and was able to recover at his home in St. Petersburg . He died on December 20 , 1990 in St. Petersburg , Florida . Tanner is buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery , Nashville , Tennessee . He was posthumously inducted into the Whistlers ' Hall of Fame in 1991 , joining previous inductees Bing Crosby and Fred Lowery .
= = Discography = =
= Poole =
Poole / puːl / is a large coastal town and seaport in the county of Dorset , on the south coast of England . The town is 33 kilometres ( 21 mi ) east of Dorchester , and adjoins Bournemouth to the east . The local council is Borough of Poole and was made a unitary authority in 1997 , gaining administrative independence from Dorset County Council . The borough had a population of 147 @,@ 645 at the 2011 census , making it the second largest in Dorset . Together with Bournemouth and Christchurch , the town forms the South East Dorset conurbation with a total population of over 465 @,@ 000 .
Human settlement in the area dates back to before the Iron Age . The earliest recorded use of the town 's name was in the 12th century when the town began to emerge as an important port , prospering with the introduction of the wool trade . In later centuries , the town had important trade links with North America and at its peak in the 18th century it was one of the busiest ports in Britain . In the Second World War , the town was one of the main departing points for the Normandy landings .
Poole is a tourist resort , attracting visitors with its large natural harbour , history , the Lighthouse arts centre and Blue Flag beaches . The town has a busy commercial port with cross @-@ Channel freight and passenger ferry services . The headquarters of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) are in Poole , and the Royal Marines have a base in the town 's harbour . Despite their names , Poole is the home of The Arts University Bournemouth , the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and a significant part of Bournemouth University .
= = History = =
The town 's name derives from a corruption of the Celtic word bol and the Old English word pool meaning a place near a pool or creek . Variants include Pool , Pole , Poles , Poll , Polle , Polman , and Poolman . The area around modern Poole has been inhabited for the past 2 @,@ 500 years . During the 3rd century BC , Celts known as the Durotriges moved from hilltop settlements at Maiden Castle and Badbury Rings to heathland around the River Frome and Poole Harbour . The Romans landed at Poole during their conquest of Britain in the 1st century and took over an Iron Age settlement at Hamworthy , an area just west of the modern town centre . In Anglo @-@ Saxon times , Poole was included in the Kingdom of Wessex . The settlement was used as a base for fishing and the harbour a place for ships to anchor on their way to the River Frome and the important Anglo @-@ Saxon town of Wareham . Poole experienced two large @-@ scale Viking invasions during this era : in 876 , Guthrum sailed his fleet through the harbour to attack Wareham , and in 1015 , Canute began his conquest of England in Poole Harbour , using it as a base to raid and pillage Wessex .
Following the Norman conquest of England , Poole rapidly grew into a busy port as the importance of Wareham declined . The town was part of the manor of Canford , but does not exist as an identifiable entry in the Domesday Book . The earliest written mention of Poole occurred on a document from 1196 describing the newly built St James 's Chapel in " La Pole " . The Lord of the Manor , Sir William Longspée , sold a charter of liberties to the burgesses of Poole in 1248 to raise funds for his participation in the Seventh Crusade . Consequently , Poole gained a small measure of freedom from feudal rule and acquired the right to appoint a mayor and hold a court within town . Poole 's growing importance was recognised in 1433 when it was awarded staple port status by King Henry VI , enabling the port to begin exporting wool and in turn granting a licence for the construction of a town wall . In 1568 , Poole gained further autonomy when it was granted legal independence from Dorset and made a county corporate by the Great Charter of Elizabeth I. During the English Civil War , Poole 's puritan stance and its merchants ' opposition to the ship money tax introduced by King Charles I led to the town declaring for Parliament . Poole escaped any large @-@ scale attack and with the Royalists on the brink of defeat in 1646 , the Parliamentary garrison from Poole laid siege to and captured the nearby Royalist stronghold at Corfe Castle .
Poole established successful commerce with the North American colonies in the 16th century , including the important fisheries of Newfoundland . The trade with Newfoundland grew steadily to meet the demand for fish from the Catholic countries of Europe . Poole 's share of this trade varied but the most prosperous period started in the early 18th century and lasted until the early 19th century . The trade was a three @-@ cornered route ; ships sailed to Newfoundland with salt and provisions , then carried dried and salted fish to Europe before returning to Poole with wine , olive oil , and salt . By the early 18th century Poole had more ships trading with North America than any other English port and vast wealth was brought to Poole 's merchants . This prosperity supported much of the development which now characterises the Old Town where many of the medieval buildings were replaced with Georgian mansions and terraced housing . The end of the Napoleonic Wars and the conclusion of the War of 1812 ended Britain 's monopoly over the Newfoundland fisheries and other nations took over services provided by Poole 's merchants at a lower cost . Poole 's Newfoundland trade rapidly declined and within a decade most merchants had ceased trading .
The town grew rapidly during the industrial revolution as urbanisation took place and the town became an area of mercantile prosperity and overcrowded poverty . At the turn of the 19th century , nine out of ten workers were engaged in harbour activities , but as the century progressed ships became too large for the shallow harbour and the port lost business to the deep water ports at Liverpool , Southampton and Plymouth . Poole 's first railway station opened in Hamworthy in 1847 and later extended to the centre of Poole in 1872 , effectively ending the port 's busy coastal shipping trade . The beaches and landscape of southern Dorset and south @-@ west Hampshire began to attract tourists during the 19th century and the villages to the east of Poole began to grow and merge until the seaside resort of Bournemouth emerged . Although Poole did not become a resort like many of its neighbours , it continued to prosper as the rapid expansion of Bournemouth created a large demand for goods manufactured in Poole .
During World War II , Poole was the third largest embarkation point for D @-@ Day landings of Operation Overlord and afterwards served as a base for supplies to the allied forces in Europe . Eighty @-@ one landing craft containing American troops from the 29th Infantry Division and the US Army Rangers departed Poole Harbour for Omaha Beach . Poole was also an important centre for the development of Combined Operations and the base for a US Coast Guard rescue flotilla of 60 cutters . Much of the town suffered from German bombing during the war and years of neglect in the post @-@ war economic decline . Major redevelopment projects began in the 1950s and 1960s and large areas of slum properties were demolished and replaced with modern public housing and facilities . Many of Poole 's historic buildings were demolished during this period , particularly in the Old Town area of Poole . Consequently , a 6 @-@ hectare ( 15 @-@ acre ) Conservation Area was created in the town centre in 1975 to preserve Poole 's most notable buildings .
= = Governance = =
= = = Council = = =
On 1 April 1997 , the town was made a unitary authority following a review by the Local Government Commission for England , and became once again administratively independent from Dorset . The borough reverted to its previous title of the Borough and County of the Town of Poole , which recalled its status as a county corporate before the implementation of the Local Government Act 1888 . For local elections , 42 councillors are elected across 16 wards and elections take place every four years . The last election took place in May 2015 , giving a Council made up of 32 Conservative , 6 Liberal Democrat , 3 Poole People and 1 UKIP councillors . Poole 's Mayor is Peter Adams ( Conservative ) .
= = = Parliamentary representation = = =
Poole is represented by three parliamentary constituencies in the House of Commons ; Poole , Mid Dorset and North Poole , and Bournemouth West , Alderney and Branksome East . The borough constituency of Poole has existed since 1950 . Previously the town had been a parliamentary borough , electing two members of parliament from 1455 until 1865 when representation was reduced to one member . In 1885 the constituency was abolished altogether and absorbed into the East Dorset constituency until its reintroduction in 1950 . Robert Syms ( Conservative ) has been the Member of Parliament since 1997 . At the 2010 general election , the Conservatives won a majority of 7 @,@ 541 and 47 @.@ 5 % of the vote . The Liberal Democrats won 31 @.@ 6 % of the vote , Labour 12 @.@ 7 % , the UK Independence Party 5 @.@ 3 % and the British National Party 2 @.@ 5 % . The county constituency of Mid Dorset and North Poole was created in 1997 and includes the north east of Poole , Wimborne Minster , Wareham and extends into rural Dorset . Annette Brooke ( Liberal Democrat ) has been the Member of Parliament since 2001 . At the 2010 general election , the Liberal Democrats won with a majority of 269 and 45 @.@ 1 % of the vote in Mid Dorset and North Poole . The Conservatives won 44 @.@ 5 % of the vote , Labour 5 @.@ 9 % and the UK Independence Party 4 @.@ 15 % . Poole is included in the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament .
= = = Coat of arms = = =
The design of the coat of arms originated in a seal from the late 14th century and were recorded by Clarenceux King of Arms during the heraldic visitation of Dorset in 1563 . The wavy bars of black and gold represent the sea and the dolphin is sign of Poole 's maritime interests . The scallop shells are the emblem of Saint James and are associated with his shrine at Santiago de Compostela – a popular destination for Christian pilgrims departing from Poole Harbour in the Middle Ages .
The arms were confirmed by the College of Arms on 19 June 1948 , and at the same time the crest ( a mermaid supporting an anchor and holding a cannonball ) was granted . Following local government reorganisation in 1974 , the 1948 arms were transferred to Poole Borough Council . In 1976 , the council received the grant of supporters for the coat of arms . The supporters refer to important charters given to the town ; to the left is a gold lion holding a long sword representing William Longespee who in 1248 granted the town 's first charter ; on the right is a dragon derived from the Royal Arms of Elizabeth I who granted Poole county corporate status in 1568 . The Latin motto – Ad Morem Villae De Poole , means : According to the Custom of the Town of Poole , and derives from the Great Charter of 1568 .
= = Geography = =
Poole is located on the shore of the English Channel and lies on the northern and eastern edges of Poole Harbour , 179 kilometres ( 111 mi ) west @-@ southwest of London , at 50 @.@ 72 ° N 1 @.@ 98 ° W / 50 @.@ 72 ; -1.98 . The oldest part of the town ( including the historic Old Town , Poole Quay and the Dolphin Shopping Centre ) lies to the south @-@ east of Holes Bay on a peninsula jutting into the harbour , although much of the land to the east of the peninsula has been reclaimed from the harbour since the mid 20th century . To the west is Upton and Corfe Mullen and across the northern border at the River Stour lies Wimborne Minster . At the eastern edge of Poole , the town abuts Bournemouth and the settlements of Kinson , Winton and Westbourne . To the south of Poole along the coast lies Poole Bay , featuring 4 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 0 mi ) of sandy beaches from Sandbanks in the west to Bournemouth in the east .
Urban areas and districts of the townPoole is made up of numerous suburbs and neighbourhoods , many of which developed from villages or hamlets that were absorbed into Poole as the town grew.Alderney – Bearwood – Branksome – Branksome Park – Broadstone – Canford Cliffs – Canford Heath – Creekmoor – Fleetsbridge – Hamworthy – Lilliput – Longfleet – Merley – Newtown – Oakdale – Parkstone – Penn Hill – Sandbanks – Sterte – Talbot Village – Wallisdown – Waterloo – Whitecliff
The natural environment of Poole is characterised by lowland heathland to the north and wooded chines and coastline to the south . The heathland habitat supports the six native British reptile species and provides a home for a range of dragonflies and rare birds . Development has destroyed much of the heath but scattered fragments remain to the north of Poole and have been designated Special Protection Areas . The town lies on unresistant beds of Eocene clays ( mainly London Clay and Gault Clay ) , sands and gravels . The River Frome runs through this weak rock , and its many tributaries have carved out a wide estuary . At the mouth of the estuary sand spits have been deposited , enclosing the estuary to create Poole Harbour .
The harbour is the largest natural harbour in Europe and the claimant of the title of second largest natural harbour in the world after Sydney Harbour . It is an area of international importance for nature conservation and is noted for its ecology , supporting salt marshes , mudflats and an internationally important habitat for several species of migrating bird . It has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , a Special Protection Area and a Ramsar site as well as falling within an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The harbour covers an area of 38 square kilometres ( 15 sq mi ) and is extremely shallow : although the main shipping channels are 7 @.@ 5 metres ( 25 ft ) deep the average depth of the harbour is 48 centimetres ( 1 @.@ 57 ft ) . It contains several small islands , the largest is Brownsea Island , a nature reserve owned by the National Trust and the birthplace of the Scouting movement and location of the first Scout Camp . Britain 's largest onshore oil field operates from Wytch Farm on the south shore of the harbour . The oil reservoirs extend under the harbour and eastwards from Sandbanks and Studland for 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) under the sea to the south of Bournemouth .
Situated directly to the east of the Jurassic Coast , Poole is a gateway town to the UNESCO World Heritage Site , which includes 153 kilometres ( 95 mi ) of the Dorset and east Devon coast important for its geology , landforms and rich fossil record . The South West Coast Path stretches for 1 @,@ 014 kilometres ( 630 mi ) from Minehead in Somerset , along the coast of Devon and Cornwall and on to Poole . The path is the England 's longest national trail at 1 @,@ 014 kilometres ( 630 mi ) .
= = = Climate = = =
Due to its location on the south coast of England , Poole has a temperate climate with a small variation in daily and annual temperatures . The average annual mean temperature from 1971 to 2000 was 10 @.@ 2 to 12 ° C ( 50 @.@ 4 to 53 @.@ 6 ° F ) . The warmest months in Poole are July and August , which have an average temperature range of 12 to 22 ° C ( 54 to 72 ° F ) , and the coolest months are January and February , which have a range of 2 to 8 @.@ 3 ° C ( 35 @.@ 6 to 46 @.@ 9 ° F ) . Mean sea surface temperatures range from 6 @.@ 9 ° C ( 44 @.@ 4 ° F ) in February to 18 @.@ 5 ° C ( 65 @.@ 3 ° F ) in August . The average annual rainfall of 592 @.@ 6 millimetres ( 23 @.@ 33 in ) is well below the UK average of 1 @,@ 126 millimetres ( 44 @.@ 3 in ) .
= = Demography = =
Poole merges with several other towns to form the South East Dorset conurbation which has a combined population of over 465 @,@ 000 , forming one of the South Coast 's major urban areas . In the 2011 census the population of the borough of Poole was 147 @,@ 645 , an increase from 138 @,@ 288 in 2001 . The town has a built @-@ up area of 65 square kilometres ( 25 sq mi ) , giving an approximate population density of 2 @,@ 128 residents per square kilometre ( 5 @,@ 532 per sq mi ) in 60 @,@ 512 dwellings . The population has grown steadily since the 1960s , inward migration has accounted for most of the town 's growth and a significant part of this has been for retirement . Housing stock has increased by over 100 % in the past 40 years from 30 @,@ 000 in 1961 to approximately 62 @,@ 700 in 2004 . Compared to the rest of England and Wales , Poole has an above average number of residents aged 65 + ( 20 @.@ 3 % ) , but this is less than the Dorset average of 22 @.@ 2 % . The largest proportion of the population ( 24 @.@ 8 % ) is between the ages of 45 to 64 , slightly above the national average of 23 @.@ 8 % . Population projections have predicted a continual growth ; a population of 151 @,@ 481 is estimated by 2016 .
The district is overwhelmingly populated by people of a white ethnic background , 95 @.@ 98 % of residents are of White British ethnicity , well above the rest of England at 86 @.@ 99 % . Minority ethnic groups ( including those in white ethnic groups who did not classify themselves as British ) represent 4 @.@ 0 % of Poole 's population . The largest religion in Poole is Christianity , at almost 74 @.@ 34 % , slightly above the United Kingdom average of 71 @.@ 6 % . The next @-@ largest sector is those with no religion , at almost 16 @.@ 23 % , also above the UK average of 15 @.@ 5 % .
The average house price in Poole is high compared to the rest of the UK and the surrounding south west region . The average price of a property in Poole in 2008 was £ 274 @,@ 011 ; detached houses were on average £ 374 @,@ 150 , semi @-@ detached and terraced houses were cheaper at £ 226 @,@ 465 and £ 217 @,@ 128 respectively . An apartment or flat costs on average £ 216 @,@ 097 , more than any other part of Dorset . The average house prices in Poole are boosted by those in Sandbanks which had the fourth most expensive house prices in the world in 2000 ; in 2007 the average house price was £ 488 @,@ 761 . A study in 2006 by the National Housing Federation reported that Poole was the most unaffordable town in which to live in the UK .
= = Economy = =
Poole 's economy is more balanced than the rest of Dorset . In the 1960s prosperity was fuelled by growth in the manufacturing sector , whereas the 1980s and 1990s saw expansion in the service sector as office based employers relocated to the area . The importance of manufacturing has declined since the 1960s but still employed approximately 17 % of the workforce in 2002 and remains more prominent than in the economy of Great Britain as a whole . Sunseeker , the world 's largest privately owned builder of motor yachts and the UK 's largest manufacturer , is based in Poole and employs over 1 @,@ 800 people in its Poole shipyards . It was estimated in 2004 that Sunseeker generates £ 160 million for the local economy . Other major employers in the local manufacturing industry include Faerch Plast , Hamworthy Heating , Hamworthy Combustion , Lush , Mathmos , Penske Cars Ltd ( who build racing cars for Penske Racing ) , Kerry Foods , Transmission Developments , Precision Disc Casting , Siemens , Southernprint and Ryvita . Poole has the largest number of industrial estates in South East Dorset , including the Nuffield Industrial estate , Mannings Heath , Arena Business Park , Poole Trade Park and the Branksome Business Centre .
The service sector is the principal economy of Poole ; a large number of employees work for the service economy of local residents or for the tourist economy . During the 1970s , Poole 's less restrictive regional planning policies attracted businesses wishing to relocate from London . These included employers in the banking and financial sector , such as Barclays Bank ( who operate a regional headquarters in Poole ) , American Express Bank and the corporate trust division of Bank of New York Mellon . Other important service sector employers include the national headquarters and college of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution ( RNLI ) , the UK headquarters of Fitness First , Bournemouth University and Arts University Bournemouth . Poole is also the headquarters for clothing company Animal , cosmetics manufacturer , Lush , and Merlin Entertainments , the world 's second @-@ largest theme park operator after Disney . The Dolphin Shopping Centre is Poole 's main retail area , and the largest indoor shopping centre in Dorset . It opened in 1969 as an Arndale Centre , and underwent three major refurbishments in 1980 , 1989 and 2004 . The centre provides 47 @,@ 000 square metres ( 510 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of retail space with 110 stores and two multi @-@ storey car parks with 1 @,@ 400 parking spaces . A pedestrianised high street containing shops , bars , public houses and restaurants connects the Dolphin Centre with the historic Old Town area and Poole Quay . Tourism is important to the Poole 's economy and was worth an estimated £ 158 million in 2002 . Poole 's Harbour , Quay , Poole Pottery and the beaches are some of the main attractions for visitors . Visitor accommodation consists of hotels , guest houses and bed and breakfast rooms located around the town , particularly in Sandbanks and the town centre . Rockley Park , a large caravan site in Hamworthy , is owned and operated by Haven and British Holidays .
Since the 1970s , Poole has become one of Britain 's busiest ports . Investment in new port facilities in Hamworthy , and the deepening of shipping channels allowed considerable growth in cross @-@ channel freight and passenger traffic . The port is a destination for bulk cargo imports such as steel , timber , bricks , fertiliser , grain , aggregates and palletised traffic . Export cargoes include clay , sand , fragmented steel and grain . Commercial ferry operators run regular passenger and freight services from Poole to Cherbourg , St Malo and the Channel Islands . The Royal Marines operate out of the harbour at RM Poole , established in Hamworthy in 1954 . The base is home to 1 Assault Group Royal Marines ( responsible for landing craft and small boat training ) , a detachment of the Royal Marines Reserve and special forces unit the Special Boat Service . In 2008 , 105 fishing boats were registered and licensed to the port and held a permit issued by the Southern Sea Fisheries District Committee ( SSFDC ) to fish commercially . It is the largest port in terms of licences in the SSFDC district which covers the coastline of Dorset , Hampshire and the Isle of Wight , and one of the largest registered fishing fleets in the UK . However , the fleet is gradually declining because of rising fuel costs and restrictive fishing quotas introduced by the European Union . A large number of unlicensed boats also operate charted or private angling excursions .
= = Landmarks = =
Poole Quay is a visitor attraction to the south of the town centre lined with a mixture of traditional public houses , new bars , redeveloped warehouses , modern apartment blocks and historic listed buildings . Once the busy centre of Poole 's maritime industry , all port activities moved to Hamworthy in the 1970s as the Quay became increasingly popular with tourists . The Grade II * listed Customs House on the quay @-@ front was built in 1814 and now functions as a restaurant and bar . Nearby the Grade I listed Town Cellars , a medieval warehouse built in the 15th century on the foundations of a 14th @-@ century stone building , houses a local history centre . Scaplen 's Court , another Grade I listed building , also dates from the medieval era . The Poole Pottery production factory once stood on the eastern end of the Quay but the site was redeveloped into a luxury apartment block and marina in 2001 , although an outlet store remains on the site . Boats regularly depart from the quay during the summer and provide cruises around the harbour and to Brownsea Island , the River Frome and Swanage . Public artworks along the Quay include Sea Music – a large metal sculpture designed by Sir Anthony Caro , and a life @-@ size bronze sculpture of Robert Baden @-@ Powell created to celebrate the founding of the Scout Movement on Brownsea Island . At the western end of the quay near the mouth of Holes Bay is Poole Bridge . Built in 1927 , it is the third bridge to be located on the site since 1834 .
Poole 's Guildhall has played a varied part in the history of the town . A Grade II * listed building , the Guildhall was built in 1761 at a cost of £ 2 @,@ 250 . The new building included an open market house on the ground floor and a courtroom and offices for the town council on the first floor and has also been used as a Court of Record , Magistrates ' Court , Court of Admiralty and a venue for Quarter Sessions . Between 1819 and 1821 the building was consecrated as a Parish Church while the old St. James Church was pulled down and replaced with the present church . During the Second World War the building was used as a canteen and meeting room for American soldiers prior to the invasion of France . The showers and washing facilities installed at this time were later converted into public baths which were used until the 1960s . The building was converted for use as the town museum between 1971 and 1991 but stood empty for the next 16 years . After a renovation project funded by Poole Borough Council , the restored Guildhall opened in June 2007 as a Register Office for weddings , civil partnerships and other civic ceremonies .
Poole has several urban parks – the largest is Poole Park adjacent to Poole Harbour and the town centre . It opened in 1890 and is one of two Victorian parks in Poole . Designated a Conservation Area in 1995 and awarded a Green Flag in 2008 , the park comprises 44 @.@ 3 hectares ( 109 acres ) of which 24 hectares ( 59 acres ) include the park 's man @-@ made lake and ponds . The park contains two children 's play areas , a miniature railway , tennis courts , a bowling green , a miniature golf course , an Italian restaurant and an indoor ice rink for children . A cricket field and pavilion at the eastern end are home to Poole Town Cricket Club and water sport activities such as sailing , windsurfing , kayaking and rowing take place on the large lake . A war memorial stands in the centre of the park as a monument to Poole citizens killed during the First and Second World Wars . The park hosts several road races such as the Race for Life and the annual Poole Festival of Running .
Poole 's sandy beaches are a popular tourist destination extending 4 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 3 @.@
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widely recognized periodic table . He developed his table to illustrate periodic trends in the properties of the then @-@ known elements . Mendeleev also predicted some properties of then @-@ unknown elements that would be expected to fill gaps in this table . Most of his predictions were proved correct when the elements in question were subsequently discovered . Mendeleev 's periodic table has since been expanded and refined with the discovery or synthesis of further new elements and the development of new theoretical models to explain chemical behavior .
All elements from atomic numbers 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( ununoctium ) have been discovered or synthesized , with the most recent additions ( elements 113 , 115 , 117 , and 118 ) being confirmed by the IUPAC on December 30 , 2015 . The first 94 elements exist naturally , although some are found only in trace amounts and were synthesized in laboratories before being found in nature . Elements with atomic numbers from 95 to 118 have only been synthesized in laboratories or nuclear reactors . Synthesis of elements having higher atomic numbers is being pursued . Numerous synthetic radionuclides of naturally occurring elements have also been produced in laboratories .
= = Overview = =
Each chemical element has a unique atomic number ( Z ) representing the number of protons in its nucleus . Most elements have differing numbers of neutrons among different atoms , with these variants being referred to as isotopes . For example , carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes : all of its atoms have six protons and most have six neutrons as well , but about one per cent have seven neutrons , and a very small fraction have eight neutrons . Isotopes are never separated in the periodic table ; they are always grouped together under a single element . Elements with no stable isotopes have the atomic masses of their most stable isotopes , where such masses are shown , listed in parentheses .
In the standard periodic table , the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number ( the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom ) . A new row ( period ) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron . Columns ( groups ) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom ; elements with the same number of electrons in a particular subshell fall into the same columns ( e.g. oxygen and selenium are in the same column because they both have four electrons in the outermost p @-@ subshell ) . Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same group in the periodic table , although in the f @-@ block , and to some respect in the d @-@ block , the elements in the same period tend to have similar properties , as well . Thus , it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it .
As of 2016 , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements , from element 1 ( hydrogen ) to 118 ( ununoctium ) . Elements 113 , 115 , 117 and 118 were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) in December 2015 . Their proposed names , nihonium ( Nh ) , moscovium ( Mc ) , tennessine ( Ts ) and oganesson ( Og ) respectively , were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 . These names will not be formally approved until after the five @-@ month public comment period ends in November 2016 . Until then , they are formally identified by their atomic number ( e.g. , " element 113 " ) , or by their provisional systematic name ( " ununtrium " , symbol " Uut " ) .
The first 94 elements occur naturally ; the remaining 24 , americium to ununoctium ( 95 – 118 ) occur only when synthesised in laboratories . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 84 are primordial and 10 occur only in decay chains of primordial elements . No element heavier than einsteinium ( element 99 ) has ever been observed in macroscopic quantities in its pure form , nor has astatine ( element 85 ) ; francium ( element 87 ) has been only photographed in the form of light emitted from microscopic quantities ( 300 @,@ 000 atoms ) .
= = Grouping methods = =
= = = Groups = = =
A group or family is a vertical column in the periodic table . Groups usually have more significant periodic trends than periods and blocks , explained below . Modern quantum mechanical theories of atomic structure explain group trends by proposing that elements within the same group generally have the same electron configurations in their valence shell . Consequently , elements in the same group tend to have a shared chemistry and exhibit a clear trend in properties with increasing atomic number . However , in some parts of the periodic table , such as the d @-@ block and the f @-@ block , horizontal similarities can be as important as , or more pronounced than , vertical similarities .
Under an international naming convention , the groups are numbered numerically from 1 to 18 from the leftmost column ( the alkali metals ) to the rightmost column ( the noble gases ) . Previously , they were known by roman numerals . In America , the roman numerals were followed by either an " A " if the group was in the s- or p @-@ block , or a " B " if the group was in the d @-@ block . The roman numerals used correspond to the last digit of today 's naming convention ( e.g. the group 4 elements were group IVB , and the group 14 elements were group IVA ) . In Europe , the lettering was similar , except that " A " was used if the group was before group 10 , and " B " was used for groups including and after group 10 . In addition , groups 8 , 9 and 10 used to be treated as one triple @-@ sized group , known collectively in both notations as group VIII . In 1988 , the new IUPAC naming system was put into use , and the old group names were deprecated .
Some of these groups have been given trivial ( unsystematic ) names , as seen in the table below , although some are rarely used . Groups 3 – 10 have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers or by the name of the first member of their group ( such as " the scandium group " for Group 3 ) , since they display fewer similarities and / or vertical trends .
Elements in the same group tend to show patterns in atomic radius , ionization energy , and electronegativity . From top to bottom in a group , the atomic radii of the elements increase . Since there are more filled energy levels , valence electrons are found farther from the nucleus . From the top , each successive element has a lower ionization energy because it is easier to remove an electron since the atoms are less tightly bound . Similarly , a group has a top to bottom decrease in electronegativity due to an increasing distance between valence electrons and the nucleus . There are exceptions to these trends , however , an example of which occurs in group 11 where electronegativity increases farther down the group .
= = = Periods = = =
A period is a horizontal row in the periodic table . Although groups generally have more significant periodic trends , there are regions where horizontal trends are more significant than vertical group trends , such as the f @-@ block , where the lanthanides and actinides form two substantial horizontal series of elements .
Elements in the same period show trends in atomic radius , ionization energy , electron affinity , and electronegativity . Moving left to right across a period , atomic radius usually decreases . This occurs because each successive element has an added proton and electron , which causes the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus . This decrease in atomic radius also causes the ionization energy to increase when moving from left to right across a period . The more tightly bound an element is , the more energy is required to remove an electron . Electronegativity increases in the same manner as ionization energy because of the pull exerted on the electrons by the nucleus . Electron affinity also shows a slight trend across a period . Metals ( left side of a period ) generally have a lower electron affinity than nonmetals ( right side of a period ) , with the exception of the noble gases .
= = = Blocks = = =
Specific regions of the periodic table can be referred to as blocks in recognition of the sequence in which the electron shells of the elements are filled . Each block is named according to the subshell in which the " last " electron notionally resides . The s @-@ block comprises the first two groups ( alkali metals and alkaline earth metals ) as well as hydrogen and helium . The p @-@ block comprises the last six groups , which are groups 13 to 18 in IUPAC group numbering ( 3A to 8A in American group numbering ) and contains , among other elements , all of the metalloids . The d @-@ block comprises groups 3 to 12 ( or 3B to 2B in American group numbering ) and contains all of the transition metals . The f @-@ block , often offset below the rest of the periodic table , has no group numbers and comprises lanthanides and actinides .
= = = Metals , metalloids and nonmetals = = =
According to their shared physical and chemical properties , the elements can be classified into the major categories of metals , metalloids and nonmetals . Metals are generally shiny , highly conducting solids that form alloys with one another and salt @-@ like ionic compounds with nonmetals ( other than the noble gases ) . The majority of nonmetals are colored or colorless insulating gases ; nonmetals that form compounds with other nonmetals feature covalent bonding . In between metals and nonmetals are metalloids , which have intermediate or mixed properties .
Metal and nonmetals can be further classified into subcategories that show a gradation from metallic to non @-@ metallic properties , when going left to right in the rows . The metals are subdivided into the highly reactive alkali metals , through the less reactive alkaline earth metals , lanthanides and actinides , via the archetypal transition metals , and ending in the physically and chemically weak post @-@ transition metals . The nonmetals are simply subdivided into the polyatomic nonmetals , which , being nearest to the metalloids , show some incipient metallic character ; the diatomic nonmetals , which are essentially nonmetallic ; and the monatomic noble gases , which are nonmetallic and almost completely inert . Specialized groupings such as the refractory metals and the noble metals , which are subsets ( in this example ) of the transition metals , are also known and occasionally denoted .
Placing the elements into categories and subcategories based on shared properties is imperfect . There is a spectrum of properties within each category and it is not hard to find overlaps at the boundaries , as is the case with most classification schemes . Beryllium , for example , is classified as an alkaline earth metal although its amphoteric chemistry and tendency to mostly form covalent compounds are both attributes of a chemically weak or post transition metal . Radon is classified as a nonmetal and a noble gas yet has some cationic chemistry that is more characteristic of a metal . Other classification schemes are possible such as the division of the elements into mineralogical occurrence categories , or crystalline structures . Categorising the elements in this fashion dates back to at least 1869 when Hinrichs wrote that simple boundary lines could be drawn on the periodic table to show elements having like properties , such as the metals and the nonmetals , or the gaseous elements .
= = Periodic trends = =
= = = Electron configuration = = =
The electron configuration or organisation of electrons orbiting neutral atoms shows a recurring pattern or periodicity . The electrons occupy a series of electron shells ( numbered shell 1 , shell 2 , and so on ) . Each shell consists of one or more subshells ( named s , p , d , f and g ) . As atomic number increases , electrons progressively fill these shells and subshells more or less according to the Madelung rule or energy ordering rule , as shown in the diagram . The electron configuration for neon , for example , is 1s2 2s2 2p6 . With an atomic number of ten , neon has two electrons in the first shell , and eight electrons in the second shell — two in the s subshell and six in the p subshell . In periodic table terms , the first time an electron occupies a new shell corresponds to the start of each new period , these positions being occupied by hydrogen and the alkali metals .
Since the properties of an element are mostly determined by its electron configuration , the properties of the elements likewise show recurring patterns or periodic behaviour , some examples of which are shown in the diagrams below for atomic radii , ionization energy and electron affinity . It is this periodicity of properties , manifestations of which were noticed well before the underlying theory was developed , that led to the establishment of the periodic law ( the properties of the elements recur at varying intervals ) and the formulation of the first periodic tables .
= = = Atomic radii = = =
Atomic radii vary in a predictable and explainable manner across the periodic table . For instance , the radii generally decrease along each period of the table , from the alkali metals to the noble gases ; and increase down each group . The radius increases sharply between the noble gas at the end of each period and the alkali metal at the beginning of the next period . These trends of the atomic radii ( and of various other chemical and physical properties of the elements ) can be explained by the electron shell theory of the atom ; they provided important evidence for the development and confirmation of quantum theory .
The electrons in the 4f @-@ subshell , which is progressively filled from cerium ( element 58 ) to ytterbium ( element 70 ) , are not particularly effective at shielding the increasing nuclear charge from the sub @-@ shells further out . The elements immediately following the lanthanides have atomic radii that are smaller than would be expected and that are almost identical to the atomic radii of the elements immediately above them . Hence hafnium has virtually the same atomic radius ( and chemistry ) as zirconium , and tantalum has an atomic radius similar to niobium , and so forth . This is known as the lanthanide contraction . The effect of the lanthanide contraction is noticeable up to platinum ( element 78 ) , after which it is masked by a relativistic effect known as the inert pair effect . The d @-@ block contraction , which is a similar effect between the d @-@ block and p @-@ block , is less pronounced than the lanthanide contraction but arises from a similar cause .
= = = Ionization energy = = =
The first ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove one electron from an atom , the second ionization energy is the energy it takes to remove a second electron from the atom , and so on . For a given atom , successive ionization energies increase with the degree of ionization . For magnesium as an example , the first ionization energy is 738 kJ / mol and the second is 1450 kJ / mol . Electrons in the closer orbitals experience greater forces of electrostatic attraction ; thus , their removal requires increasingly more energy . Ionization energy becomes greater up and to the right of the periodic table .
Large jumps in the successive molar ionization energies occur when removing an electron from a noble gas ( complete electron shell ) configuration . For magnesium again , the first two molar ionization energies of magnesium given above correspond to removing the two 3s electrons , and the third ionization energy is a much larger 7730 kJ / mol , for the removal of a 2p electron from the very stable neon @-@ like configuration of Mg2 + . Similar jumps occur in the ionization energies of other third @-@ row atoms .
= = = Electronegativity = = =
Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons . An atom 's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance between the valence electrons and the nucleus . The higher its electronegativity , the more an element attracts electrons . It was first proposed by Linus Pauling in 1932 . In general , electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period , and decreases on descending a group . Hence , fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements , while caesium is the least , at least of those elements for which substantial data is available .
There are some exceptions to this general rule . Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon respectively because of the d @-@ block contraction . Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d @-@ electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge , and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity . The anomalously high electronegativity of lead , particularly when compared to thallium and bismuth , appears to be an artifact of data selection ( and data availability ) — methods of calculation other than the Pauling method show the normal periodic trends for these elements .
= = = Electron affinity = = =
The electron affinity of an atom is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom to form a negative ion . Although electron affinity varies greatly , some patterns emerge . Generally , nonmetals have more positive electron affinity values than metals . Chlorine most strongly attracts an extra electron . The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been measured conclusively , so they may or may not have slightly negative values .
Electron affinity generally increases across a period . This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom ; a group 17 atom releases more energy than a group 1 atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and is therefore more stable .
A trend of decreasing electron affinity going down groups would be expected . The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus . As such this electron would be less attracted to the nucleus and would release less energy when added . However , in going down a group , around one @-@ third of elements are anomalous , with heavier elements having higher electron affinities than their next lighter congenors . Largely , this is due to the poor shielding by d and f electrons . A uniform decrease in electron affinity only applies to group 1 atoms .
= = = Metallic character = = =
The lower the values of ionization energy , electronegativity and electron affinity , the more metallic character the element has . Conversely , nonmetallic character increases with higher values of these properties . Given the periodic trends of these three properties , metallic character tends to decrease going across a period ( or row ) and , with some irregularities ( mostly ) due to poor screening of the nucleus by d and f electrons , and relativistic effects , tends to increase going down a group ( or column or family ) . Thus , the most metallic elements ( such as caesium and francium ) are found at the bottom left of traditional periodic tables and the most nonmetallic elements ( oxygen , fluorine , chlorine ) at the top right . The combination of horizontal and vertical trends in metallic character explains the stair @-@ shaped dividing line between metals and nonmetals found on some periodic tables , and the practice of sometimes categorizing several elements adjacent to that line , or elements adjacent to those elements , as metalloids .
= = History = =
= = = First systemization attempts = = =
In 1789 , Antoine Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements , grouping them into gases , metals , nonmetals , and earths . Chemists spent the following century searching for a more precise classification scheme . In 1829 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner observed that many of the elements could be grouped into triads based on their chemical properties . Lithium , sodium , and potassium , for example , were grouped together in a triad as soft , reactive metals . Döbereiner also observed that , when arranged by atomic weight , the second member of each triad was roughly the average of the first and the third ; this became known as the Law of Triads . German chemist Leopold Gmelin worked with this system , and by 1843 he had identified ten triads , three groups of four , and one group of five . Jean @-@ Baptiste Dumas published work in 1857 describing relationships between various groups of metals . Although various chemists were able to identify relationships between small groups of elements , they had yet to build one scheme that encompassed them all .
In 1857 , German chemist August Kekulé observed that carbon often has four other atoms bonded to it . Methane , for example , has one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms . This concept eventually became known as valency ; different elements bond with different numbers of atoms .
In 1862 , Alexandre @-@ Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , published an early form of periodic table , which he called the telluric helix or screw . He was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois showed that elements with similar properties seemed to occur at regular intervals . His chart included some ions and compounds in addition to elements . His paper also used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram ; as a result , it received little attention until the work of Dmitri Mendeleev .
In 1864 , Julius Lothar Meyer , a German chemist , published a table with 44 elements arranged by valency . The table showed that elements with similar properties often shared the same valency . Concurrently , William Odling ( an English chemist ) published an arrangement of 57 elements , ordered on the basis of their atomic weights . With some irregularities and gaps , he noticed what appeared to be a periodicity of atomic weights among the elements and that this accorded with " their usually received groupings " . Odling alluded to the idea of a periodic law but did not pursue it . He subsequently proposed ( in 1870 ) a valence @-@ based classification of the elements .
English chemist John Newlands produced a series of papers from 1863 to 1866 noting that when the elements were listed in order of increasing atomic weight , similar physical and chemical properties recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music . This so termed Law of Octaves , however , was ridiculed by Newlands ' contemporaries , and the Chemical Society refused to publish his work . Newlands was nonetheless able to draft a table of the elements and used it to predict the existence of missing elements , such as germanium . The Chemical Society only acknowledged the significance of his discoveries five years after they credited Mendeleev .
In 1867 , Gustavus Hinrichs , a Danish born academic chemist based in America , published a spiral periodic system based on atomic spectra and weights , and chemical similarities . His work was regarded as idiosyncratic , ostentatious and labyrinthine and this may have militated against its recognition and acceptance .
= = = Mendeleev 's table = = =
Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev and German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their periodic tables in 1869 and 1870 , respectively . Mendeleev 's table was his first published version ; that of Meyer was an expanded version of his ( Meyer 's ) table of 1864 . They both constructed their tables by listing the elements in rows or columns in order of atomic weight and starting a new row or column when the characteristics of the elements began to repeat .
The recognition and acceptance afforded to Mendeleev 's table came from two decisions he made . The first was to leave gaps in the table when it seemed that the corresponding element had not yet been discovered . Mendeleev was not the first chemist to do so , but he was the first to be recognized as using the trends in his periodic table to predict the properties of those missing elements , such as gallium and germanium . The second decision was to occasionally ignore the order suggested by the atomic weights and switch adjacent elements , such as tellurium and iodine , to better classify them into chemical families . Later in 1913 , Henry Moseley determined experimental values of the nuclear charge or atomic number of each element , and showed that Mendeleev 's ordering actually corresponds to the order of increasing atomic number .
The significance of atomic numbers to the organization of the periodic table was not appreciated until the existence and properties of protons and neutrons became understood . Mendeleev 's periodic tables used atomic weight instead of atomic number to organize the elements , information determinable to fair precision in his time . Atomic weight worked well enough in most cases to ( as noted ) give a presentation that was able to predict the properties of missing elements more accurately than any other method then known . Substitution of atomic numbers , once understood , gave a definitive , integer @-@ based sequence for the elements , and Moseley predicted ( in 1913 ) that the only elements still missing between aluminium ( Z = 13 ) and gold ( Z = 79 ) were Z = 43 , 61 , 72 and 75 , all of which were later discovered . The sequence of atomic numbers is still used today even as new synthetic elements are being produced and studied .
= = = Second version and further development = = =
In 1871 , Mendeleev published his periodic table in a new form , with groups of similar elements arranged in columns rather than in rows , and those columns numbered I to VIII corresponding with the element 's oxidation state . He also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing , but should exist . These gaps were subsequently filled as chemists discovered additional naturally occurring elements . It is often stated that the last naturally occurring element to be discovered was francium ( referred to by Mendeleev as eka @-@ caesium ) in 1939 . However , plutonium , produced synthetically in 1940 , was identified in trace quantities as a naturally occurring primordial element in 1971 .
The popular periodic table layout , also known as the common or standard form ( as shown at various other points in this article ) , is attributable to Horace Groves Deming . In 1923 , Deming , an American chemist , published short ( Mendeleev style ) and medium ( 18 @-@ column ) form periodic tables . Merck and Company prepared a handout form of Deming 's 18 @-@ column medium table , in 1928 , which was widely circulated in American schools . By the 1930s Deming 's table was appearing in handbooks and encyclopaedias of chemistry . It was also distributed for many years by the Sargent @-@ Welch Scientific Company .
With the development of modern quantum mechanical theories of electron configurations within atoms , it became apparent that each period ( row ) in the table corresponded to the filling of a quantum shell of electrons . Larger atoms have more electron sub @-@ shells , so later tables have required progressively longer periods .
In 1945 , Glenn Seaborg , an American scientist , made the suggestion that the actinide elements , like the lanthanides , were filling an f sub @-@ level . Before this time the actinides were thought to be forming a fourth d @-@ block row . Seaborg 's colleagues advised him not to publish such a radical suggestion as it would most likely ruin his career . As Seaborg considered he did not then have a career to bring into disrepute , he published anyway . Seaborg 's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements .
Although minute quantities of some transuranic elements occur naturally , they were all first discovered in laboratories . Their production has expanded the periodic table significantly , the first of these being neptunium , synthesized in 1939 . Because many of the transuranic elements are highly unstable and decay quickly , they are challenging to detect and characterize when produced . There have been controversies concerning the acceptance of competing discovery claims for some elements , requiring independent review to determine which party has priority , and hence naming rights . The most recently accepted and named elements are flerovium ( element 114 ) and livermorium ( element 116 ) , both named on 31 May 2012 . In 2010 , a joint Russia – US collaboration at Dubna , Moscow Oblast , Russia , claimed to have synthesized six atoms of ununseptium ( element 117 ) , making it the most recently claimed discovery .
On December 30 , 2015 , elements 113 , 115 , 117 , and 118 were formally recognized by IUPAC , completing the seventh row of the periodic table . Official names and symbols for each of these elements , which will replace temporary designations such as ununpentium ( Uup ) in the case of element 115 , are expected to be announced later in 2016 . On June 8 , 2016 , IUPAC announced the proposed names for each element . Nihonium ( Nh ) is the proposed name for element 113 due to its discovery at RIKEN in Japan . It will be the first element to be named after a location in East Asia . Element 115 has the proposed name of moscovium ( Mc ) after the location of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Moscow , Russia . Element 117 has the proposed name of tennessine ( Ts ) , referencing the state of Tennessee in the United States which is home to Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Lastly , element 118 has the proposed name of oganesson ( Og ) , after in honour of the Russian nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian who led the team that synthesized it .
= = Different periodic tables = =
= = = Group 3 constitution variants = = =
There are three main variants of periodic table , each differing as to the constitution of group 3 . Scandium and yttrium are uniformly shown as the first two members of this group ; the differences hinge on the identity of the remaining members .
Group 3 is Sc , Y , and La , Ac . Lanthanum ( La ) and actinium ( Ac ) occupy the two positions below yttrium . This variant is the most common . It emphasizes similarities in periodic trends going down groups 1 , 2 and 3 , at the expense of discontinuities in periodic trends between groups 3 and 4 and fragmenting the lanthanides and actinides .
Group 3 is Sc , Y , and Lu , Lr . Lutetium ( Lu ) and lawrencium ( Lr ) occupy the two positions below yttrium . This variant retains a 14 @-@ column wide f @-@ block while fragmenting the lanthanides and actinides . It emphasizes similarities in periodic trends between group 3 and the following groups at the expense of discontinuities in periodic trends between groups 2 and 3 .
Group 3 is Sc , Y , and 15 lanthanides and 15 actinides . The two positions below yttrium contain the lanthanides and the actinides ( possibly by footnote markers ) . This variant emphasizes similarities in the chemistry of the 15 lanthanide elements ( La – Lu ) , at the expense of ambiguity as to which elements occupy the two group 3 positions below yttrium , and seemingly a 15 @-@ column wide f block ( there can only be 14 elements in any row of the f block ) .
The three variants originate from historical difficulties in placing the lanthanides in the periodic table , and arguments as to where the f block elements start and end . It has been claimed that such arguments are proof that , " it is a mistake to break the [ periodic ] system into sharply delimited blocks " . Equally , some versions of the two markers table have been criticized for implying that all 15 lanthanides occupy the single box or place below yttrium , in breach of the basic principle of one place , one element . The controversy over which two elements occupy the Group 3 positions below scandium and yttrium is further discussed in the Open questions and controversies section of this article .
The Lu and Lr table is shown in the lead and overview section of this article . When compared to the La and Ac variant , there are fewer apparent exceptions to the regular filling of the 4f orbitals among the subsequent members of the series . Unlike the two markers variant , there is no ambiguity on the composition of group 3 .
= = = Periodic tables by different structure = = =
Within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev 's table in 1869 it has been estimated that around 700 different periodic table versions were published . As well as numerous rectangular variations , other periodic table formats have been shaped , for example , like a circle , cube , cylinder , building , spiral , lemniscate , octagonal prism , pyramid , sphere , or triangle . Such alternatives are often developed to highlight or emphasize chemical or physical properties of the elements that are not as apparent in traditional periodic tables .
The modern periodic table is sometimes expanded into its long or 32 @-@ column form by reinstating the footnoted f @-@ block elements into their natural position between the s- and d @-@ blocks . Unlike the 18 @-@ column form this arrangement results in " no interruptions to the sequence [ of ] increasing atomic numbers " . The relationship of the f @-@ block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see . Jensen advocates a form of table with 32 columns on the grounds that the lanthanides and actinides are otherwise relegated in the minds of students as dull , unimportant elements that can be quarantined and ignored . Despite these advantages the 32 @-@ column form is generally avoided by editors on account of its undue rectangular ratio ( compared to a book page ratio ) .
A popular alternative structure is that of Theodor Benfey ( 1960 ) . The elements are arranged in a continuous spiral , with hydrogen at the center and the transition metals , lanthanides , and actinides occupying peninsulas .
Most periodic tables are two @-@ dimensional ; however , three @-@ dimensional tables are known to as far back as at least 1862 ( pre @-@ dating Mendeleev 's two @-@ dimensional table of 1869 ) . More recent examples include Courtines ' Periodic Classification ( 1925 ) , Wringley 's Lamina System ( 1949 ) , Giguère 's Periodic helix ( 1965 ) and Dufour 's Periodic Tree ( 1996 ) . Going one further , Stowe 's Physicist 's Periodic Table ( 1989 ) has been described as being four @-@ dimensional ( having three spatial dimensions and one color dimension ) .
The various forms of periodic tables can be thought of as lying on a chemistry – physics continuum . Towards the chemistry end of the continuum can be found , as an example , Rayner @-@ Canham 's " unruly " Inorganic Chemist 's Periodic Table ( 2002 ) , which emphasizes trends and patterns , and unusual chemical relationships and properties . Near the physics end of the continuum is Janet 's Left @-@ Step Periodic Table ( 1928 ) . This has a structure that shows a closer connection to the order of electron @-@ shell filling and , by association , quantum mechanics . A somewhat similar approach has been taken by Alper , albeit criticized by Scerri as disregarding the need to display chemical and physical periodicity . Somewhere in the middle of the continuum is the ubiquitous common or standard form of periodic table . This is regarded as better expressing empirical trends in physical state , electrical and thermal conductivity , and oxidation numbers , and other properties easily inferred from traditional techniques of the chemical laboratory .
= = Open questions and controversies = =
= = = Elements with unknown chemical properties = = =
Although all elements up to ununoctium have been discovered , of the elements above hassium ( element 108 ) , only copernicium ( element 112 ) and flerovium ( element 114 ) have known chemical properties . The other elements may behave differently from what would be predicted by extrapolation , due to relativistic effects ; for example , flerovium has been predicted to possibly exhibit some noble @-@ gas @-@ like properties , even though it is currently placed in the carbon group . More recent experiments have suggested , however , that flerovium behaves chemically like lead , as expected from its periodic table position .
= = = Further periodic table extensions = = =
It is unclear whether new elements will continue the pattern of the current periodic table as period 8 , or require further adaptations or adjustments . Seaborg expected the eighth period to follow the previously established pattern exactly , so that it would include a two @-@ element s @-@ block for elements 119 and 120 , a new g @-@ block for the next 18 elements , and 30 additional elements continuing the current f- , d- , and p @-@ blocks . More recently , physicists such as Pekka Pyykkö have theorized that these additional elements do not follow the Madelung rule , which predicts how electron shells are filled and thus affects the appearance of the present periodic table .
= = = Element with the highest possible atomic number = = =
The number of possible elements is not known . A very early suggestion made by Elliot Adams in 1911 , and based on the arrangement of elements in each horizontal periodic table row , was that elements of atomic weight greater than 256 ± ( which would equate to between elements 99 and 100 in modern @-@ day terms ) did not exist . A higher — more recent — estimate is that the periodic table may end soon after the island of stability , which is expected to center around element 126 , as the extension of the periodic and nuclides tables is restricted by proton and neutron drip lines . Other predictions of an end to the periodic table include at element 128 by John Emsley , at element 137 by Richard Feynman , and at element 155 by Albert Khazan .
Bohr model
The Bohr model exhibits difficulty for atoms with atomic number greater than 137 , as any element with an atomic number greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be traveling faster than c , the speed of light . Hence the non @-@ relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate when applied to such an element .
Relativistic Dirac equation
The relativistic Dirac equation has problems for elements with more than 137 protons . For such elements , the wave function of the Dirac ground state is oscillatory rather than bound , and there is no gap between the positive and negative energy spectra , as in the Klein paradox . More accurate calculations taking into account the effects of the finite size of the nucleus indicate that the binding energy first exceeds the limit for elements with more than 173 protons . For heavier elements , if the innermost orbital ( 1s ) is not filled , the electric field of the nucleus will pull an electron out of the vacuum , resulting in the spontaneous emission of a positron ; however , this does not happen if the innermost orbital is filled , so that element 173 is not necessarily the end of the periodic table .
= = = Placement of hydrogen and helium = = =
Simply following electron configurations , hydrogen ( electronic configuration 1s1 ) and helium ( 1s2 ) should be placed in groups 1 and 2 , above lithium ( [ He ] 2s1 ) and beryllium ( [ He ] 2s2 ) . However , such placing is rarely used outside of the context of electron configurations : When the noble gases ( then called " inert gases " ) were first discovered around 1900 , they were known as " group 0 " , reflecting no chemical reactivity of these elements known at that point , and helium was placed on the top that group , as it did share the extreme chemical inertness seen throughout the group . As the group changed its formal number , many authors continued to assign helium directly above neon , in group 18 ; one of the examples of such placing is the current IUPAC table .
Hydrogen 's chemical properties are not very close to those of the alkali metals , which occupy group 1 , and on that basis hydrogen is sometimes placed elsewhere : one of the most common alternatives is in group 17 ; one of the factors behind it is the strictly univalent predominantly non @-@ metallic chemistry of hydrogen , and that of fluorine ( the element placed on the top of group 17 ) is strictly univalent and non @-@ metallic . Sometimes , to show how hydrogen has properties both corresponding to those of the alkali metals and the halogens , it may be shown in two columns simultaneously . Another suggestion is above carbon in group 14 : placed that way , it fits well into the trend of increasing trends of ionization potential values and electron affinity values , and is not too stray from the electronegativity trend . Finally , hydrogen is sometimes placed separately from any group ; this is based on how general properties of hydrogen differ from that of any group : unlike hydrogen , the other group 1 elements show extremely metallic behavior ; the group 17 elements commonly form salts ( hence the term " halogen " ) ; elements of any other group show some multivalent chemistry . The other period 1 element , helium , is sometimes placed separately from any group as well . The property that distinguishes helium from the rest of the noble gases ( even though the extraordinary inertness of helium is extremely close to that of neon and argon ) is that in its closed electron shell , helium has only two electrons in the outermost electron orbital , while the rest of the noble gases have eight .
= = = Groups included in the transition metals = = =
The definition of a transition metal , as given by IUPAC , is an element whose atom has an incomplete d sub @-@ shell , or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub @-@ shell . By this definition all of the elements in groups 3 – 11 are transition metals . The IUPAC definition therefore excludes group 12 , comprising zinc , cadmium and mercury , from the transition metals category .
Some chemists treat the categories " d @-@ block elements " and " transition metals " interchangeably , thereby including groups 3 – 12 among the transition metals . In this instance the group 12 elements are treated as a special case of transition metal in which the d electrons are not ordinarily involved in chemical bonding . The recent discovery that mercury can use its d electrons in the formation of mercury ( IV ) fluoride ( HgF4 ) has prompted some commentators to suggest that mercury can be regarded as a transition metal . Other commentators , such as Jensen , have argued that the formation of a compound like HgF4 can occur only under highly abnormal conditions . As such , mercury could not be regarded as a transition metal by any reasonable interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the term .
Still other chemists further exclude the group 3 elements from the definition of a transition metal . They do so on the basis that the group 3 elements do not form any ions having a partially occupied d shell and do not therefore exhibit any properties characteristic of transition metal chemistry . In this case , only groups 4 – 11 are regarded as transition metals .
= = = Period 6 and 7 elements in group 3 = = =
Although scandium and yttrium are always the first two elements in group 3 the identity of the next two elements is not settled . They are either lanthanum and actinium ; or lutetium and lawrencium . Physical and chemical arguments have been made in support of the latter arrangement but not all authors have been convinced . Most working chemists are not aware there is any controversy . In December 2015 an IUPAC project was established to make a recommendation on the matter .
Lanthanum and actinium are traditionally depicted as the remaining group 3 members . It has been suggested that this layout originated in the 1940s , with the appearance of periodic tables relying on the electron configurations of the elements and the notion of the differentiating electron . The configurations of caesium , barium and lanthanum are [ Xe ] 6s1 , [ Xe ] 6s2 and [ Xe ] 5d16s2 . Lanthanum thus has a 5d differentiating electron and this establishes " it in group 3 as the first member of the d @-@ block for period 6 " . A consistent set of electron configurations is then seen in group 3 : scandium [ Ar ] 3d14s2 , yttrium [ Kr ] 4d15s2 and lanthanum [ Xe ] 5d16s2 . Still in period 6 , ytterbium was assigned an electron configuration of [ Xe ] 4f135d16s2 and lutetium [ Xe ] 4f145d16s2 , " resulting in a 4f differentiating electron for lutetium and firmly establishing it as the last member of the f @-@ block for period 6 " . Matthias described the placement of lanthanum under yttrium as , " a mistake in the periodic system — unfortunately mostly propagated by the Welsh [ Sargent @-@ Welch ] Company … and … everybody copied it " . Lavelle further argued for the retention of lanthanum under yttrium given several well @-@ known reference books featured periodic tables with such an arrangement .
In other tables , lutetium and lawrencium are the remaining group 3 members . Early techniques for chemically separating scandium , yttrium and lutetium relied on the fact that these elements occurred together in the so @-@ called " yttrium group " whereas La and Ac occurred together in the " cerium group " . Accordingly , lutetium rather than lanthanum was assigned to group 3 by some chemists in the 1920s and 30s . Later spectroscopic work found that the electron configuration of ytterbium was in fact [ Xe ] 4f146s2 . This meant that ytterbium and lutetium — the latter with [ Xe ] 4f145d16s2 — both had 14 f @-@ electrons , " resulting in a d- rather than an f- differentiating electron " for lutetium and making it an " equally valid candidate " with [ Xe ] 5d16s2 lanthanum , for the group 3 periodic table position below yttrium . Several physicists in the 1950s and 60s opted for lutetium , in light of a comparison of several of its physical properties with those of lanthanum . This arrangement , in which lanthanum is the first member of the f @-@ block , is disputed by some authors since lanthanum lacks any f @-@ electrons . However , it has been argued that this is not valid concern given other periodic table anomalies — thorium , for example , has no f @-@ electrons yet is part of the f @-@ block . As for lawrencium , its electron configuration was confirmed in 2015 as [ Rn ] 5f147s27p1 . Such a configuration represents another periodic table anomaly , regardless of whether lawrencium is located in the f @-@ block or the d @-@ block , as the only potentially applicable p @-@ block position has been reserved for ununtrium with its predicted electron configuration of [ Rn ] 5f146d107s27p1 .
= = = Optimal form = = =
The many different forms of periodic table have prompted the question of whether there is an optimal or definitive form of periodic table . The answer to this question is thought to depend on whether the chemical periodicity seen to occur among the elements has an underlying truth , effectively hard @-@ wired into the universe , or if any such periodicity is instead the product of subjective human interpretation , contingent upon the circumstances , beliefs and predilections of human observers . An objective basis for chemical periodicity would settle the questions about the location of hydrogen and helium , and the composition of group 3 . Such an underlying truth , if it exists , is thought to have not yet been discovered . In its absence , the many different forms of periodic table can be regarded as variations on the theme of chemical periodicity , each of which explores and emphasizes different aspects , properties , perspectives and relationships of and among the elements . The ubiquity of the standard or medium @-@ long periodic table is thought to be a result of this layout having a good balance of features in terms of ease of construction and size , and its depiction of atomic order and periodic trends .
= He Loves to Fly and He D 'ohs =
" He Loves to Fly " , also known as " He Loves to Fly and He D 'ohs " , is the season premiere of The Simpsons ’ nineteenth season and first aired on September 23 , 2007 . It was the first episode to air after the release of The Simpsons Movie on July 27 , 2007 . Homer gets to fly in Mr. Burns 's private jet and likes it so much that he decides never to fly commercial again . He tries to find a job that involves flying in a corporate jet , and hires a life coach named Colby Kraus to assist him with his goal . It was written by Joel H. Cohen and directed by Mark Kirkland , while Lionel Richie guest stars as himself and Stephen Colbert guests as the voice of Colby Kraus . The episode averaged 9 @.@ 7 million viewers and a 4 @.@ 7 overnight Nielsen rating and a 12 percent audience share , making the highest rated episode of The Simpsons since " The Wife Aquatic " , which aired January 7 , 2007 .
= = Plot = =
While on a shopping trip to the Springfield Mall , Mr. Burns finds a penny in a water fountain and reaches in to grab it ( Fearing Ralph might take it ) and falls in . The rushing water nearly drowns him , but Homer arrives and pulls him out of the water , saving Mr. Burns 's life . To reward him , Mr. Burns offers to take Homer out to dinner . Homer says he likes Chicago deep dish pizza , so Mr. Burns takes him to Chicago on his private plane . On the plane , Homer is treated with luxury and gets serenaded by Lionel Richie . Homer has the time of his life in Chicago , but he becomes depressed on the return trip because he does not have the plane . Back in Springfield , Homer tells Marge that he is tired of being a normal person and becomes depressed . Marge , pitying for Homer , decides to help and hires him a life coach named Colby Kraus ( Stephen Colbert ) , who will help with Homer 's dream . Colby starts right away in his treatment with Homer by videotaping his every move . At the bowling alley and after watching Homer 's daily habits for a few days , Colby realizes that bowling is the one thing Homer is good at and enjoys doing . He instructs Homer to wear his bowling shoes everywhere he goes to help instill confidence in everything he does . The bowling shoes work , Homer becomes a new man , and as a result he receives numerous new job offers . Homer decides to only go for an interview at Handyman 's Choice Copper Tubing because he would be required to fly in the company jet as part of his new job , however , the Rich Texan does not hire him .
Homer decides not to tell his family and pretends to go to work every day , although he is actually just going to the local Krusty Burger . The next day , Bart 's class stops at the Krusty Burger after a field trip and Bart is shocked to discover Homer sitting at a booth alone . Homer comes clean and explains to Bart that his job interview did not go so well when his interviewer , the Rich Texan , discovered that Homer knows nothing about copper tubing . Bart convinces Homer that he should tell Marge what has happened and Homer calls her from a pay phone . But when Homer hears Marge ’ s happy voice he cannot bring himself to disappoint her and tell her the truth about his " new " job . Instead he concocts a story about him having to fly on the " company " jet for work and instructs Marge to meet him at the airport in an hour . Homer pays a Marine to fly him into the air , so he can tell Marge up in the air with luxury so she would not get upset . Once in the air , Marge cannot believe all the luxuries the private jet has to offer . Homer sits Marge down to tell her the truth , but just before he can , the plane endures turbulence . Homer and Marge head into the cockpit to see what the problem is , only to discover that the pilot had passed out . Homer shoves the pilot aside and takes hold of the jet ’ s controls . As the jet is about to hit the ocean , Marge pulls the jet 's yoke up giving the jet altitude . Marge pulls out her cell phone and calls Colby Kraus and frantically asks for his guidance . Thanks to Colby 's motivation , Homer manages to land the plane safely on the ground , however , his attempt to taxi back to the terminal fails and the plane falls into the ocean . After being airlifted out of the plane , Homer explains to Marge that flying in private jets is simply too dangerous and that he plans to go back to work at the Power Plant .
= = Production = =
This was the first new episode to air following the release of The Simpsons Movie , and the episode 's opening sequence is a callback to the film . Bart writes " I will not wait 20 years to make another movie " on the chalkboard and skateboards through Springfield , which is still recovering from the dome incident . Several movie characters reappear , including president Schwarzenegger , the Multi @-@ Eyed Squirrel , Colin , Russ Cargill , and the Medicine Woman . We also see that the Simpsons house is still under construction and the silo is strapped to Homer 's car . Plopper the pig is also featured for the first time in the series , during the couch gag and Homer refers to him as " my summer love . "
= = = Casting = = =
When asked to appear on the show , Stephen Colbert believed that he was merely going to an audition , but was " thrilled " when the production staff told him he actually had a part in the episode . Colbert was pleased that his character was named Colby and that his appearance was similar to that of his own , although he had not expected the animators to retain his glasses for the design . He based his performance on Tony Robbins , and described the recording sessions as " the hardest job . "
= = Cultural references = =
While in Chicago , Mr. Burns and Homer walk into a salon called " Ferris Bueller 's Day of Beauty " in a reference to Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . When they exit the salon , they are dressed as Ferris ( Burns ) and his friend Cameron ( Homer ) , respectively . Lionel Richie sings " Say You , Say Me " on the flight . He makes it about beer at Homer 's requests . The two titles , when changed , are " Hey You , Beer Me " and " Beer Beer , Beer Beer , " the latter of which Homer forgets the words to . Mr. Burns and Homer catch a show at the real @-@ life Second City Theater . Both Dan Castellaneta and guest star Stephen Colbert were members of Second City early in their careers .
Throughout the episode , in scenes where Homer is coping with his loneliness and sorrow , " Clair de Lune " , the third movement of Claude Debussy Suite bergamasque , plays as the background music .
The episode 's title is a reference to " We Love to Fly and It Shows " , a long @-@ time slogan for Delta Air Lines .
= = Reception = =
The episode averaged 9 @.@ 7 million viewers and a 4 @.@ 7 overnight Nielsen rating and a 12 percent audience share . The episode had the highest demo ratings of any Simpsons episode since " The Wife Aquatic " , which aired January 7 , 2007 . However , the ratings were down 13 % from last season 's premiere , " The Mook , the Chef , the Wife and Her Homer " , which had a 5 @.@ 3 Nielsen rating , but did better than the eighteenth season 's average of 4 @.@ 1 . Combined with the King of the Hill episode " Suite Smells of Excess " , the show finished second in the 8 PM hour , trailing NBC 's Sunday Night Football , but achieving higher ratings than the second hour of ABC 's Extreme Makeover : Home Edition and CBS 's Power of 10 . For the overall Sunday night primetime averages , FOX finished third behind NBC and CBS , with an average 10 @.@ 5 million viewers and a 4 @.@ 9 rating .
Brian Tallerico of UGO gave the episode a mixed review ( a C ) , expressing disappointment after the well received The Simpsons Movie . He felt the writers went " right back to their old clichés and sadly repetitive jokes " . He did praise the altered opening sequence . Robert Canning of IGN also gave the episode 5 / 10 , praising the opening sequence but found most of the episode mediocre , especially Stephen Colbert 's appearance . Nonetheless , " even a mediocre episode will have a few comic gems hidden inside . The time spent in Chicago is quite enjoyable , including a great Ferris Bueller sight gag , and life coach Colby delivers a zinger of a line comparing Homer 's attitude to that of the United States of America . " Richard Keller of TV Squad praised the episode , saying " after watching so many recent ones where Homer seemed like a barely functioning mental patient , I wasn 't used to a Homer that was actually fairly normal . " Al Jean , the current executive producer of The Simpsons , has called the episode one of his personal favorites . Prefix Mag 's Andrew Martin named Lionel Richie his ninth favorite musical guest on The Simpsons out of a list of ten .
= Imperial War Museum =
Imperial War Museums ( IWM ) is a British national museum organisation with branches at five locations in England , three of which are in London . Founded as the Imperial War Museum in 1917 , the museum was intended to record the civil and military war effort and sacrifice of Britain and its Empire during the First World War . The museum 's remit has since expanded to include all conflicts in which British or Commonwealth forces have been involved since 1914 . As of 2012 , the museum aims ' to provide for , and to encourage , the study and understanding of the history of modern war and " wartime experience " ' .
Originally housed in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill , the museum opened to the public in 1920 . In 1924 the museum moved to space in the Imperial Institute in South Kensington , and finally in 1936 the museum acquired a permanent home which was previously the Bethlem Royal Hospital in Southwark . The outbreak of the Second World War saw the museum expand both its collections and its terms of reference , but in the post @-@ war period the museum entered a period of decline . The 1960s saw the museum redevelop its Southwark building , now referred to as Imperial War Museum London , which serves as the organisation 's corporate headquarters . During the 1970s the museum began to expand onto other sites . The first , in 1976 , was a historic airfield in Cambridgeshire now referred to as IWM Duxford . In 1978 the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Belfast became a branch of the museum , having previously been preserved for the nation by a private trust . In 1984 the Cabinet War Rooms , an underground wartime command centre , was opened to the public . From the 1980s onwards the museum 's Bethlem building underwent a series of multimillion @-@ pound redevelopments , completed in 2000 . Finally , 2002 saw the opening of IWM North in Trafford , Greater Manchester , the fifth branch of the museum and the first in the north of England . In 2011 the museum rebranded itself as IWM , standing for ' Imperial War Museums ' .
The museum 's collections include archives of personal and official documents , photographs , film and video material , and oral history recordings ; an extensive library , a large art collection , and examples of military vehicles and aircraft , equipment and other artefacts .
The museum is funded by government grants , charitable donations and revenue generation through commercial activity such as retailing , licensing , and publishing . Admission is free to IWM London and IWM North , but an admission fee is levied at the other branches . The museum is an exempt charity under the Charities Act 1993 and a non @-@ departmental public body under the Department for Culture , Media and Sport . As of January 2012 the Chairman of the Trustees is Sir Francis Richards . Since October 2008 , the museum 's Director General has been Diane Lees .
= = History = =
= = = Establishment : 1917 – 1924 = = =
On 27 February 1917 Sir Alfred Mond , a Liberal MP and First Commissioner of Works , wrote to the Prime Minister David Lloyd George to propose the establishment of a National War Museum . This proposal was accepted by the War Cabinet on 5 March 1917 and the decision announced in The Times on 26 March . A committee was established , chaired by Mond , to oversee the collection of material to be exhibited in the new museum .
This National War Museum Committee set about collecting material to illustrate Britain 's war effort by dividing into subcommittees examining such subjects as the Army , the Navy , the production of munitions , and women 's war work . There was an early appreciation of the need for exhibits to reflect personal experience in order to prevent the collections becoming dead relics . Sir Martin Conway , the Museum 's first Director General , said that exhibits must ' be vitalised by contributions expressive of the action , the experiences , the valour and the endurance of individuals ' . The museum 's first curator and secretary was Charles ffoulkes , who had previously been curator of the Royal Armouries at the Tower of London . In July 1917 Mond made a visit to the Western Front in order to study how best to organise the museum 's growing collection . While in France he met French government ministers , and Field Marshal Haig , who reportedly took great interest in his work . In December 1917 the name was changed to the Imperial War Museum after a resolution from the India and Dominions Committee of the museum .
The museum was opened by The King at the Crystal Palace on 9 June 1920 . During the opening ceremony , Sir Alfred Mond addressed the King on behalf of the committee , saying that ' it was hoped to make the museum so complete that every one who took part in the war , however obscurely , would find therein an example or illustration of the sacrifice he or she made ' and that the museum ' was not a monument of military glory , but a record of toil and sacrifice ' . Shortly afterwards the Imperial War Museum Act 1920 was passed and established a Board of Trustees to oversee the governance of the museum . To reflect the museum 's Imperial remit the board included appointees of the governments of India , South Africa , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . While the Act was being debated , some Parliamentarians felt that the museum would perpetuate an undesirable war spirit and Commander Joseph Kenworthy MP said that he would ' refuse to vote a penny of public money to commemorate such suicidal madness of civilisation as that which was shown in the late War ' . On the August Bank Holiday 1920 , the first public holiday since the museum 's opening , 94 @,@ 179 visitors were received , and by November 1921 , 2 @,@ 290 @,@ 719 had visited the museum .
= = = Relocation 1924 – 1936 = = =
In 1924 the museum moved to the Imperial Institute building ( demolished in the 1950s and 1960s to make way for Imperial College ) in South Kensington . While this location was more central and in a prestigious area for museums , the accommodation itself proved cramped and inadequate and in 1936 a new permanent location was found south of the River Thames in Southwark .
The building , designed by James Lewis was the former Bethlem Royal Hospital which had been vacated following the hospital 's relocation to Beckenham in Kent . The site was owned by Lord Rothermere , who had originally intended to demolish the building entirely in order to provide a public park in what was a severely overcrowded area of London . Eventually the central portion of the hospital building was retained while its two extensive wings were removed and the resulting space named Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park , after Lord Rothermere 's mother . Sir Martin Conway described the building as ' ... a fine building , really quite noble building , with a great portico , a distinguishing dome , and two great wings added to it for the accommodation of lunatics no longer required . This particular building can be made to contain our collection admirably , and we shall preserve from destruction quite a fine building which otherwise will disappear ' . The ' distinguishing dome ' was added by Sydney Smirke in 1846 and housed the hospital 's chapel . The museum was reopened by the Duke of York ( later King George VI ) in its new accommodation on 7 July 1936 .
= = = Second World War and after : 1939 – 1966 = = =
With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , the museum began to collect material documenting the conflict . In November 1939 , during the so @-@ called ' Phoney War ' , the museum appeared in the opening sequence of the GPO Film Unit production The First Days , in which children are seen playing on some of the museum 's German artillery pieces captured during the First World War . With the evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk in May / June 1940 , however , the British Army 's shortage of equipment saw eighteen of the museum 's artillery pieces return to military service . The museum 's trench clubs were used by the Home Guard , while other items such as sights and optical instruments were returned to the Ministry of Supply . The museum refused , however , to return some historic items such as a naval gun from HMS Lance ( which had fired Britain 's first shot of the First World War ) or a gun served by Victoria Cross @-@ winning boy seaman Jack Cornwell . The museum initially remained open but was closed for the duration of the war in September 1940 with the onset of the Blitz . On 31 January 1941 the museum was struck by a Luftwaffe bomb which fell on the naval gallery . A number of ship models were damaged by the blast and a Short Seaplane , which had flown at the Battle of Jutland , was destroyed . While closed to the public the museum 's building was used for a variety of purposes connected to the war effort , such as a repair garage for government motor vehicles , a centre for Air Raid Precautions civil defence lectures and a fire fighting training school . In October 1945 the museum mounted a temporary exhibition , the first since the end of the war in August , which showcased technologies developed by the Petroleum Warfare Department . These included the submarine fuel pipeline PLUTO , the fog dispersal method FIDO , and flame weapons such as the Churchill Crocodile and Wasp Universal Carrier . However , due to bomb damage to both the building and exhibits , the museum was obliged to reopen its galleries piecemeal . The museum reopened a portion of its galleries in November 1946 . A third of the galleries were opened in 1948 and a further wing opened in 1949 .
In 1953 , with Commonwealth forces engaged in Korea and Malaya the museum began its current policy of collecting material from all modern conflicts in which British or Commonwealth forces were involved . However , despite this expansion of remit , the early postwar period was a period of decline for the museum . Dr Noble Frankland , the museum 's Director from 1960 to 1982 , described the museum 's galleries in 1955 as appearing ' dingy and neglected [ and in a ] dismal state of decay ' the museum 's ' numerous stunning exhibits ' notwithstanding .
= = = Redevelopment and expansion : 1966 – 2012 = = =
In 1966 the Museum 's Southwark building was extended to provide collections storage and other facilities , the first major expansion since the Museum had moved to the site . The development also included a purpose @-@ built cinema . In 1967 the museum acquired a pair of 15 @-@ inch naval guns . One had been mounted on the Royal Navy 's HMS Ramillies and the other on both HMS Resolution and HMS Roberts . Both had been fired in action during the Second World War . They went on permanent display outside the museum in May 1968 . The acquisition of these guns , representative of the dreadnought era of British battleships , led the museum to seek to acquire a 6 @-@ inch triple turret that would be representative of a number of classes of British cruisers . This would eventually lead to the preservation of the Royal Navy light cruiser HMS Belfast , which became a branch of the museum in 1978 .
Later in 1968 on 13 October the Museum was attacked by an arsonist , Timothy John Daly , who claimed he was acting in protest against the exhibition of militarism to children . He caused damage valued at approximately £
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200 @,@ 000 , not counting the loss of irreplaceable books and documents . On his conviction in 1969 he was sentenced to four years in prison .
In 1969 RAF Duxford , a Royal Air Force fighter airfield in Cambridgeshire was declared surplus to requirements by the Ministry of Defence . Needing further space , the museum duly requested permission to use part of the site as temporary storage . The entire site was later transferred to the museum in February 1976 and Duxford , now referred to as Imperial War Museum Duxford became the museum 's first branch . Also during the 1970s the government raised the possibility of the museum taking over the historic Cabinet War Rooms in Whitehall . The museum was reluctant due to its new commitments related to Duxford and HMS Belfast , but agreed in 1982 .
By 1983 the museum was again looking to redevelop the Southwark site and approached engineering firm Arup to plan a phased programme of works that would expand the building 's exhibition space , provide appropriate environmental controls to protect collections , and improve facilities for visitors . The following year , in April 1984 , the Cabinet War Rooms were opened to the public as a branch of the museum .
The first phase of the works to the Southwark building started in 1986 and were completed in 1989 , during which time the museum was closed to the public . The work included the conversion of what was previously the hospital 's courtyard into a centrepiece Large Exhibits Gallery . This gallery featured a strengthened ground floor ( to support the weight of very heavy exhibits ) , a first floor mezzanine and second storey viewing balcony . Into this space were placed tanks , artillery pieces , vehicles , ordnance and aircraft from the First World War to the Falklands War . For some years the museum was marketed as ' The new Imperial War Museum ' . This atrium , with its concentration of military hardware , has been described as ' the biggest boys ' bedroom in London ' . This first phase cost £ 16 @.@ 7 million ( of which £ 12 million was provided by the government ) and the museum was reopened by The Queen on 29 June 1989 .
In September 1992 the museum was the target of a Provisional Irish Republican Army attack against London tourist attractions . Two incendiary devices were found in a basement gallery , but were extinguished by staff before the arrival of the fire brigade , and caused only minor damage .
The second stage of the redevelopment of the Southwark building , during which the museum remained open to the public , was completed in 1994 . During the 1990s , while these works were going on , the museum was also seeking to open a branch in the north of England . Seventy @-@ one sites were offered for consideration by 36 local councils and in January 1999 the then Culture Secretary Chris Smith formally launched a project to construct a new branch of the museum , Imperial War Museum North , in Trafford , Greater Manchester .
The following year , 2000 , the final phase of the Southwark redevelopment was completed . The development included the installation of the museum 's Holocaust Exhibition which was opened by the Queen on 6 June 2000 . This was the first permanent exhibition dedicated to the Holocaust in a UK museum ; its development had taken five years at a cost of £ 5 million . Two years later , in July 2002 , Imperial War Museum North was opened .
Between 2004 – 2010 the museum was a partner in a national learning project entitled ' Their Past Your Future ' ( TPYF ) , part of the Big Lottery Fund 's Veterans Reunited programme to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the end of the Second World War . A partnership between the IWM , the Museums , Libraries and Archives Council , and Scottish , Northern Irish and Welsh museum authorities , phase one included a touring exhibition seen by more than two million people , overseas educational visits and further activities run by local authorities . A second phase took a wider 20th century historical remit ; it comprised a learning programme using overseas visits and social media , and a professional development scheme for educators . A digital archive of the project , online exhibitions and learning resources were also produced .
In October 2011 the museum rebranded itself as Imperial War Museums , the initials IWM forming the basis of a new corporate logo .
In September 2011 the museum secured funding from NESTA , the Arts and Humanities Research Council and Arts Council England to develop ' social interpretation ' systems to allow visitors to comment on , collect , and share museum objects via social media . These systems were incorporated in ' A Family in Wartime ' an exhibition at IWM London depicting British family life during the Second World War , which opened in April 2012 .
= = = First World War centenary : 2014 = = =
In August 2009 the Museum announced the creation of the Imperial War Museum Foundation . Chaired by Jonathon Harmsworth the foundation was charged with raising funds to support the redevelopment of Imperial War Museum London 's permanent galleries . In December 2010 plans were announced to redevelop IWM London 's First World War gallery in time for the conflict 's centenary in 2014 , and Prince William , Duke of Cambridge became the foundation 's patron . In a speech at IWM London on 11 October 2012 , Prime Minister David Cameron announced an additional £ 5 million of government funding to support the museum 's redevelopment , as part of funding arrangements to facilitate national centenary commemorations . The £ 40 million redevelopment , designed by Foster and Partners , provides new gallery spaces dedicated to the history of the First World War , a new central hall , easier navigation and improved visitor facilities , access and circulation . In preparation for building work , a number of galleries were closed during September 2012 , and by December 2012 over sixty large objects had been removed from the IWM London atrium for conservation at Duxford . To allow building work to go ahead , IWM London closed to the public on 2 January 2013 . The museum partially reopened on 29 July 2013 .
IWM London was formally reopened on 17 July 2014 by Prince William , Duke of Cambridge .
= = Branches = =
From the 1970s onwards the Imperial War Museum began to expand onto other sites . The first branch , Imperial War Museum Duxford opened to the public on a regular basis in June 1976 . HMS Belfast became a branch of the museum in 1978 . The Cabinet War Rooms opened in 1984 , and Imperial War Museum North in 2002 .
= = = Imperial War Museum London = = =
= = = = Architecture and layout = = = =
The museum has occupied the former Bethlem Royal Hospital on Lambeth Road since 1936 . The hospital building was designed by the hospital surveyor , James Lewis , from plans submitted by John Gandy and other architects , and construction completed in October 1814 . The hospital consisted of a range of buildings 580 feet long with a basement and three storeys , parallel to Lambeth Road , with a central entrance under a portico .
The building was substantially altered in 1835 by architect Sydney Smirke . In order to provide more space , he added blocks at either end of the frontage , and galleried wings on either side of the central portion . He also added a small single @-@ storey lodge , still in existence , at the Lambeth Road gate . Later , between 1844 – 46 , the central cupola was replaced with a copper @-@ clad dome in order to expand the chapel beneath . The building also featured a theatre in a building to the rear of the site .
The building remained substantially unchanged until vacated by the hospital in 1930 . After the freehold was purchased by Lord Rothermere , the wings were demolished to leave the original central portion ( with the dome now appearing disproportionately tall ) and Smirke 's later wings . When the museum moved into the building in 1936 the ground floor of the central portion was occupied by the principal art gallery , with the east wing housing the Naval gallery and the west wing the Army gallery . The Air Force gallery was housed in the former theatre . The first floor comprised further art galleries ( including rooms dedicated to William Orpen and John Lavery ) , a gallery on women 's war work , and exhibits relating to transport and signals . The first floor also housed the museum 's photograph collection . The second floor housed the museum 's library in its west wing , and in the east wing the map collection and stored pictures and drawings . This division of exhibits by service , and by civil or military activity , persisted until a wide @-@ ranging redisplay of the galleries from the 1960s onwards . In September 1972 the building received Grade II listed building status .
The original hospital building is now largely occupied by corporate offices . The 1966 extension houses the library , art store , and document archives while the 1980s redevelopments created exhibition space over five floors . The first stage created 8 @,@ 000 m2 of gallery space of which 4 @,@ 600 m2 was new , and the second provided a further 1 @,@ 600 m2 . The final phase , the Southwest Infill , was partly funded by a £ 12 @.@ 6 million grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund and provided 5,860m2 of gallery space and educational facilities over six floors . Before the 2013 @-@ 14 redevelopment , the basement was occupied by permanent galleries on the First and Second World Wars , and of conflicts after 1945 . The ground floor comprised the atrium , cinema , temporary exhibition spaces , and visitor facilities . The first floor included the atrium mezzanine , education facilities , and a permanent gallery , Secret War , exploring special forces , espionage and covert operations . The second floor included the atrium viewing balcony , two art galleries , a temporary exhibition area and the permanent Crimes against Humanity exhibition . The third floor housed the permanent Holocaust Exhibition , and the fourth floor , a vaulted roof space , accommodated the Lord Ashcroft Gallery . Opened in November 2010 the gallery exhibits the museum 's Victoria Cross ( VC ) and George Cross collection , alongside the private VC collection amassed by Michael Ashcroft , 241 medals in total .
= = = = All Saints Annexe = = = =
In 1989 the museum acquired the All Saints Annexe , a former hospital building in Austral Street off West Square . The 1867 building , which backs onto Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park , was originally an orphanage opened by local philanthropist Charlotte Sharman , then later used as a hospital . It houses the museum 's photographic , film and sound archives , and offices .
= = = Imperial War Museum Duxford = = =
Imperial War Museum Duxford , near the village of Duxford in Cambridgeshire , is Britain 's largest aviation museum . Duxford houses the museum 's large exhibits , including nearly 200 aircraft , military vehicles , artillery and minor naval vessels in seven main exhibitions buildings . The site also provides storage space for the museum 's collections of film , photographs , documents , books and artefacts . The site accommodates a number of British Army regimental museums , including those of the Parachute Regiment and the Royal Anglian Regiment .
Based on the historic Duxford Aerodrome , the site was originally operated by the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) during the First World War . During the Second World War Duxford played a prominent role during the Battle of Britain and was later used by United States Army Air Forces fighter units in support of the daylight bombing of Germany . Duxford remained an active RAF airfield until 1961 . Many of Duxford 's original buildings , such as hangars used during the Battle of Britain , are still in use . A number of these buildings are of architectural or historic significance and over thirty have listed building status . The site also features a number of purpose @-@ built exhibition buildings , such as the Stirling Prize @-@ winning American Air Museum , designed by Sir Norman Foster . The site remains an active airfield and is used by a number of civilian flying companies , and hosts regular air shows . The site is operated in partnership with Cambridgeshire County Council and the Duxford Aviation Society , a charity formed in 1975 to preserve civil aircraft and promote appreciation of British civil aviation history .
= = = HMS Belfast = = =
HMS Belfast , a Town class cruiser , was launched in 1938 and served throughout the Second World War , participating in the December 1943 Battle of North Cape and firing some of the first shots of Operation Overlord , the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944 . She saw further combat in the Korean War . Expected to be disposed of as scrap after she was decommissioned in 1963 , in 1967 efforts were initiated to preserve Belfast as a museum ship . A joint committee of the Imperial War Museum , the National Maritime Museum and the Ministry of Defence was established , and reported in June 1968 that preservation was practical . In 1971 the government decided against preservation , prompting the formation of the private HMS Belfast Trust to campaign for her to be saved for the nation . The Trust was successful in its efforts , and the government transferred the ship to the Trust in July 1971 . Brought to London , she was moored on the River Thames near Tower Bridge in the Pool of London . Opened to the public in October 1971 Belfast became a branch of the Imperial War Museum on 1 March 1978 , being acknowledged by the then Secretary of State for Education and Science , Shirley Williams , as ' a unique demonstration of an important phase of our history and technology ' . In service for 24 years HMS Belfast was in Frankland 's opinion , capable of representing ' a whole generation of [ historical evidence ] ' .
= = = Churchill War Rooms = = =
The Cabinet War Rooms is an underground complex that served as a British government command centre throughout the Second World War . Located beneath the Treasury building in the Whitehall area of Westminster , the facilities became operational in 1939 and were in constant use until their abandonment in August 1945 after the surrender of Japan . Their historical value was recognised early on , and the public were able to visit by appointment . However , the practicalities of allowing public access to a site beneath a working government office meant that only 4 @,@ 500 of 30 – 40 @,@ 000 annual applicants to visit the War Rooms could be admitted . The museum agreed to take over the administration of the site in 1982 , a development keenly supported by the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , an admirer of Britain 's wartime Prime Minister Winston Churchill . Thatcher opened the War Rooms in April 1984 . In 2003 a further suite of rooms , used as accommodation by Churchill , his wife and close associates , were added to the museum . The restoration of these rooms , which since the war had been stripped out and used for storage , cost £ 7 @.@ 5 million . In 2005 the War Rooms were rebranded as the Churchill Museum and Cabinet War Rooms , with 850 m2 of the site redeveloped as a biographical museum exploring Churchill 's life . The development of the Churchill Museum cost a further £ 6 million . The centrepiece is a 15m interactive table which enables visitors to access digitised material , particularly from the Churchill Archives Centre , via an ' electronic filing cabinet ' . The museum was renamed the Churchill War Rooms in 2010 .
= = = Imperial War Museum North = = =
The Imperial War Museum North was opened in Trafford , Greater Manchester in 2002 . It was the first branch of the museum outside southeast England , and the first to be purpose @-@ built as a museum . Designed by architect Daniel Libeskind , Imperial War Museum North was his first building in Britain . Libeskind ’ s building , overlooking the Manchester Ship Canal at Salford Quays , was based on the concept of a globe shattered by conflict into shards and reassembled . These shards , representing earth , air and water , give the building its shape . Originally budgeted at £ 40 million , the museum was eventually completed for £ 28 @.@ 5 million after anticipated funding was not forthcoming . The museum was funded by local , national and European development agencies , by private donations and by Peel Holdings , a local transport and property company which contributed £ 12 @.@ 5 million .
The museum 's first floor main gallery space houses the permanent exhibitions . These consist of a chronological display which runs around the gallery 's 200m perimeter and six thematic displays in ' silos ' within the space . The walls of the gallery space are used as screens for the projection of an hourly audiovisual presentation , the Big Picture . The main gallery , described as cavernous and dramatic , includes objects such as a Russian T @-@ 34 tank , a United States Marine Corps AV @-@ 8A Harrier jet , and a British 13 @-@ pounder field gun which fired the British Army 's first shot of the First World War . The museum also hosts a programme of temporary exhibitions , mounted in a separate gallery .
= = Collections = =
The Imperial War Museum 's original collections date back to the material amassed by the National War Museum Committee . The present departmental organisation came into being during the 1960s as part of Frankland 's reorganisation of the museum . The 1970s saw oral history gain increasing prominence and in 1972 the museum created the Department of Sound Records ( now the Sound Archive ) to record interviews with individuals who had experienced the First World War . The museum maintains an online database of its collections .
= = = Documents = = =
The museum 's documents archive seeks to collect and preserve the private papers of individuals who have experienced modern warfare . The archive 's holdings range from the papers of senior British and Commonwealth army , navy and air officers , to the letters , diaries and memoirs of lower @-@ ranked servicemen and of civilians . The collection includes the papers of Field Marshals Bernard Montgomery , and Sir John French . The archive also includes large collections of foreign documents , such as captured German Second World War documents previously held by the Cabinet Office Historical Section , Air Historical Branch and other British government bodies . The foreign collection also includes captured Japanese material transferred from the Cabinet Office . The collection also includes files on Victoria and George Cross recipients , and correspondence relating to the BBC documentary The Great War . The documents collection also includes the UK National Inventory of War Memorials . In 2012 the museum reported its documents collection to contain 24 @,@ 800 collections of papers .
= = = Art = = =
The museum 's art collection includes paintings , prints , drawings , sculpture , and works in film , photography and sound . The collection originated during the First World War , when the museum acquired works that it had itself commissioned , as well as works commissioned by the Ministry of Information 's British War Memorials Committee . As early as 1920 the art collection held over 3 @,@ 000 works and included pieces by John Singer Sargent , Wyndham Lewis , John Nash and Christopher Nevinson . Notable First World War works include Sargent 's Gassed and other works commissioned for an , unbuilt , Hall of Remembrance . The collection expanded again after the Second World War , receiving thousands of works sponsored by the Ministry of Information 's War Artists ' Advisory Committee . In 1972 the museum established the Artistic Records Committee ( since renamed the Art Commissions Committee ) to commission artists to cover contemporary conflicts . Commissioned artists include Ken Howard , Linda Kitson , John Keane , Peter Howson , Steve McQueen ( see Queen and Country ) and Langlands & Bell , responding to conflicts in Northern Ireland , the Falklands , the Persian Gulf , Bosnia , Iraq and Afghanistan . The collection also includes over twenty thousand items of publicity material such as posters , postcards , and proclamations from both world wars , and more recent material such as posters issued by anti @-@ war organisations such as the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the Stop the War Coalition . The museum 's collection is represented in digital resources such as the Visual Arts Data Service ( VADS ) , and Google Art Project . In 2012 the museum reported the total size of its art collection as 84 @,@ 980 items .
= = = Film = = =
The museum 's Film and Video Archive is one of the oldest film archives in the world . The archive preserves a range of historically significant film and video material , including the official British film record of the First World War . Notable among the archive 's First World War holdings is The Battle of the Somme , a pioneering 1916 documentary film ( which was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 2005 ) , and Der Magische Gürtel , a German 1917 propaganda film about the submarine U @-@ 35 . The archive 's Second World War holdings include unedited film shot by British military cameramen , which document combat actions such as the British landings on D @-@ Day in June 1944 , and the liberation of the Bergen @-@ Belsen concentration camp in April 1945 . The archive also holds government information films and propaganda features such as Target for Tonight and Desert Victory . The archive 's post @-@ Second World War collections include material from the Korean War , Cold War material , the former film library of NATO , and material produced by the United Nations UNTV service in Bosnia . As an official repository under the 1958 Public Records Act , the archive continues to receive material from the Ministry of Defence . The archive also seeks to acquire amateur film taken by both service personnel and civilian cameramen . Material from the collection was used to make a number of well @-@ known TV documentary series including The Great War and The World at War . In 2012 the museum reported the size of its film archive as being in excess of 23 @,@ 000 hours of film , video and digital footage .
= = = Photographs = = =
The museum 's Photograph Archive preserves photographs by official , amateur and professional photographers . The collection includes the official British photographic record of the two world wars ; the First World War collection includes the work of photographers such as Ernest Brooks and John Warwick Brooke . The archive also holds 150 @,@ 000 British aerial photographs from the First World War , the largest collection of its kind . The Second World War collection includes the work of photographers such as Bill Brandt , Cecil Beaton and Bert Hardy . Like the Film Archive , the Photograph Archive is an official repository under the 1958 Public Records Act , and as such continues to receive material from the Ministry of Defence . In 2012 the museum reported the size of its photographic holdings as approximately 11 million images in 17 @,@ 263 collections .
= = = Exhibits = = =
The museum 's exhibits collection includes a wide range of objects , organised into numerous smaller collections such as uniforms , badges , insignia and flags ( including a Canadian Red Ensign carried at Vimy Ridge in 1917 , a Union flag from the 1942 British surrender of Singapore , and another found among the wreckage of the World Trade Center following the September 11 attacks ) ; personal mementoes , souvenirs and miscellanea such as trench art ; orders , medals and decorations ( including collections of Victoria and George Crosses ) ; military equipment ; firearms and ammunition , ordnance , edged weapons , clubs ( such as trench clubs ) and other weapons , and vehicles , aircraft and ships . The museum holds the national collection of modern firearms . The firearms collection includes a rifle used by T. E. Lawrence , and an automatic pistol owned by Winston Churchill . The ordnance collection includes artillery pieces that participated in notable battles , such as the Néry gun , a field gun that was used during the 1914 action at Néry , and equipment captured from enemy forces . The museum 's vehicles collection includes Ole Bill , a bus used by British forces in the First World War , and a number of vehicles used by Field Marshal Montgomery during the Second World War . The museum 's aircraft collection includes aircraft that are notable for their rarity , such as the only complete and original Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.8 in existence and one of only two surviving TSR @-@ 2 strike aircraft , and aircraft associated with particular actions , such as a Supermarine Spitfire flown during the Battle of Britain . The museum 's naval collection includes HM Coastal Motor Boat 4 and a midget submarine HMS XE8 . In 2012 the museum reported its exhibits collection to contain 155 @,@ 000 objects and a further 357 vehicles and aircraft .
= = = Library = = =
The museum 's library is a national reference collection on modern conflict , and holds works on all aspects of warfare , including regimental or unit histories ( such as 789 rare German unit histories from the First World War ) , technical manuals , biographical material and works on war 's social , cultural , economic , political and military aspects . The library also holds printed ephemera such as the Imperial War Museum Stamp Collection , leaflets and ration books , printed proclamations , newspapers , trench magazines ( such the Wipers Times ) and trench maps . In 2012 the museum reported its library collection to contain over 80 @,@ 000 items of historic importance ( such as maps , proclamations and rare books ) and a further 254 @,@ 000 items of reference material .
= = = Sound = = =
The museum 's Sound Archive holds 33 @,@ 000 sound recordings , including a large collection of oral history recordings of witnesses to conflicts since 1914 . The museum 's sound collection originated in 1972 with the creation of the Department of Sound Records and the instigation of an oral history recording programme . The sound collection opened to the public in July 1977 . The collection also includes recordings made by the BBC during the Second World War , actuality sound effects , broadcasts , speeches and poetry . As part of the museum 's First World War centenary programme , the museum is producing Voices of the First World War , a podcast series drawing upon the museum 's oral history recordings . In 2012 the museum reported the size of its sound collection as 37 @,@ 000 hours .
= = Governance = =
The Imperial War Museum is an executive non @-@ departmental public body under the Department for Culture , Media and Sport , from which it receives financial support in the form of a grant @-@ in @-@ aid . The governance of the museum is the responsibility of a Board of Trustees , originally established by the Imperial War Museum Act 1920 , later amended by the Imperial War Museum Act 1955 and the Museums and Galleries Act 1992 and other relevant legislation . The board comprises a president ( currently Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ) who is appointed by the sovereign , and fourteen members appointed in varying proportions by the Prime Minister , and the Foreign , Defence , and Culture Secretaries . Seven further members are Commonwealth High Commissioners appointed ex officio by their respective governments . As of January 2012 the Chairman of the Trustees is Sir Francis Richards and his deputy is Lieutenant @-@ General Sir John Kiszely . Past chairmen have included Admiral Sir Deric Holland @-@ Martin ( 1967 – 77 ) , Admiral of the Fleet Sir Algernon Willis and Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir John Grandy ( trustee 1971 – 78 , Chairman 1978 – 89 ) . During the Second World War Grandy had commanded RAF Duxford , and was chairman during the planning of Duxford 's American Air Museum , which opened in 1997 .
The museum 's Director @-@ General is answerable to the trustees and acts as accounting officer . Since 1917 the museum has had six directors . The first was Sir Martin Conway , a noted art historian , mountaineer and explorer . He was knighted in 1895 for his efforts to map the Karakoram mountain range of the Himalayas , and was Slade Professor of Fine Arts at the University of Cambridge from 1901 to 1904 . Conway held the post of Director until his death in 1937 , when he was succeeded by Leslie Bradley . Bradley had served in the First World War in the Middlesex Regiment before being invalided out in 1917 . He later became acquainted with Charles ffoulkes , who invited him to join the museum where he was initially engaged in assembling the museum 's poster collection . Bradley retired in 1960 and was succeeded by Dr Noble Frankland . Frankland had served as a navigator in RAF Bomber Command , winning a Distinguished Flying Cross . While a Cabinet Office official historian he co @-@ authored a controversial official history of the RAF strategic air campaign against Germany . Frankland retired in 1982 and was succeeded by Dr Alan Borg who had previously been at the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts . In 1995 Borg moved to the Victoria and Albert Museum and was succeeded by Sir Robert Crawford , who had originally been recruited by Frankland as a research assistant in 1968 . Upon Crawford 's retirement in 2008 he was succeeded by Diane Lees , previously Director of the V & A Museum of Childhood . She was noted in the media as the first woman appointed to lead a British national museum .
= Michael Dokeianos =
Michael Dokeianos ( Greek : Μιχαήλ Δοκειανός ) , erroneously called Doukeianos by some modern writers , was a Byzantine nobleman and military leader , who married into the Komnenos family . He was active in Sicily under George Maniakes before going to Southern Italy as Catepan of Italy in 1040 – 41 . He was recalled after being twice defeated in battle during the Lombard @-@ Norman revolt of 1041 , a decisive moment in the eventual Norman conquest of southern Italy . He is next recorded in 1050 , fighting against a Pecheneg raid in Thrace . He was captured during battle but managed to maim the Pecheneg leader , after which he was put to death and mutilated .
= = Biography = =
The family name of Dokeianos is considered to derive from Dok [ e ] ia in the Armeniac Theme . The family only came into prominence in the mid @-@ 11th century , with Michael one of the first to be mentioned . He is generally considered as the Dokeianos who married an unnamed daughter of Manuel Erotikos Komnenos and sister of the future emperor Isaac I Komnenos ( reigned 1057 – 59 ) , probably ca . 1030 . Together , they had a son , Theodore Dokeianos . According to John Skylitzes , Michael Dokeianos was a simple man and not suited for command , and according to Konstantinos Varzos he owed his rise to high office to his family ties with the Komnenoi . It is known that he was wealthy , and possessed estates in Paphlagonia , possibly adjacent or part of the Komnenos family estates in the same region .
= = = In Italy = = =
Michael Dokeianos is first mentioned in 1040 , as protospatharios and doux , when he was sent to southern Italy to assume command of the local Byzantine province as Catepan of Italy . Prior to that , he was apparently a member of George Maniakes ' expeditionary force sent to conquer Sicily in 1038 . Dokeianos arrived in the mainland in November 1040 , and the situation he found was critical : his predecessor Nikephoros Dokeianos , probably a relative , had been killed in January at Ascoli in a mutiny of his troops , which was followed by a revolt in Taranto and the capture of the capital , Bari , by Argyrus , son of the Lombard leader Melus . Dokeianos hanged or blinded the ringleaders of the various revolts , but he failed to address the underlying cause , the widespread resentment at the oppressive taxation imposed by the Empire as part of the preparations for the Sicilian expedition under Maniakes . Dokeianos also offered the rule of strategic fortress of Melfi to the Milanese mercenary Arduin , with the title of topoteretes . Arduin had served under previous Byzantine commanders as part of a Norman contingent , but had been flogged in a dispute about the distribution of booty taken from the Muslims in Sicily ( William of Apulia claims this was done by Dokeianos , but it is possible that it was done by one of his predecessors , perhaps George Maniakes ) . Arduin 's grudge against the Byzantines now bore fruit . He sought the aid of the Normans who had been established at nearby Aversa since 1030 , and received a contingent of 300 men , upon a promise to share his gains equally with them . Thus in March 1041 he and his men seized Melfi . The inhabitants initially opposed him , but eventually were won over by Arduin .
The rebels quickly extended their control over the neighbouring towns of Venosa , Ascoli , and Lavello . Dokeianos , who had just reimposed order in Bari and the surrounding region , marched to meet them with a hastily assembled and incomplete force : most of the imperial army was still in Sicily , so that Skylitzes writes that Dokeianos only took the Opsician and part of the Thracesian contingents with him , while other sources also add that his army comprised elements of the Varangian Guard . The two armies met at the Olivento river , where Dokeianos was defeated in a battle fought on 17 March . The rebels then moved south towards the coast , and on 4 May defeated another Byzantine force under Dokeianos in another battle near Cannae , a field that had served as the site for the famous battle of 216 BC and the first Norman engagement in southern Italy in 1018 . The Annales Barenses claims , with obvious exaggeration , that 2 @,@ 000 Normans defeated 18 @,@ 000 Byzantines , but whatever the true numbers it does appear that the Byzantines considerably outnumbered the rebel forces . Dokeianos himself fell from his horse during the battle and was almost captured , until rescued by a squire . In the aftermath of the battle , both sides remained quiescent . The Lombards and Normans were probably exhausted and may have suffered heavy casualties , while the Byzantines regrouped : Dokeianos was recalled and replaced by Exaugustus Boioannes , while the garrisons in Sicily were withdrawn to the Italian mainland to face the rebel threat .
The withdrawal of the imperial forces from Sicily resulted in the rapid collapse of the imperial position there . Under Maniakes , the Byzantines had conquered the eastern portion of the island , but by 1042 , only Messina remained in Byzantine hands . On the mainland , Boioannes did not fare better than his predecessor , as he was defeated and taken prisoner at the Battle of Montepeloso in September . This succession of defeats signalled the beginning of the end for Byzantine rule in southern Italy , a process which was completed three decades later with the fall of Bari to the Normans under Robert Guiscard .
= = = In Thrace = = =
Dokeianos re @-@ appears in 1050 , when he held the titles of patrikios and vestarches , as part of an imperial expedition against the Pechenegs who raided Thrace . The imperial commander @-@ in @-@ chief , the eunuch praipositos Constantine , a militarily inexperienced court favourite of Emperor Constantine IX ( r . 1042 – 55 ) , listened to his advice on fortifying the army 's encampment , but when the Pechenegs appeared before Adrianople , he refused to heed the opinion of the magistros Constantine Arianites to wait and attack the Pechenegs on their return journey , and instead marched to meet them in the open field of Basilike Libas , resulting in a devastating defeat : Arianites fell , while Dokeianos was taken prisoner . As he was brought before the Pecheneg leader , however , Dokeianos seized a sword from one of his guards and slashed at the leader , cutting off one of his arms , whereupon the enraged Pechenegs killed him and , according to Michael Attaleiates , opened his belly , cut off his arms and legs and placed them in it .
= Sea of Japan naming dispute =
The international name for the body of water which is bordered by Japan , North Korea , Russia , and South Korea is disputed . In 1992 , objections to the name Sea of Japan were first raised by North Korea and South Korea at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names . The Japanese government supports the use of the name " Sea of Japan " , while South Korea supports the name " East Sea " , and North Korea supports the name " East Sea of Korea " . Currently , most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan ( or equivalent translation ) by itself , or include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea , often with East Sea listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as a secondary name . The International Hydrographic Organization , the international governing body for the naming of bodies of water around the world , in 2012 decided not to change the current single name " Sea of Japan " rejecting South Korea 's request to use " East Sea " together with " Sea of Japan " .
The involved countries ( especially Japan and South Korea ) have advanced a variety of arguments to support their preferred name ( s ) . Many of the arguments revolve around determining when the name Sea of Japan became the common name . South Korea argues that historically the more common name was East Sea , Sea of Korea , or another similar variant . South Korea further argues that the name Sea of Japan did not become common until Korea was under Japanese rule , at which time it had no ability to influence international affairs . Japan argues that the name Sea of Japan has been the most common international name since at least the beginning of the 19th century , long before its annexation of Korea . Both sides have conducted studies of antiquarian maps , but the two countries have produced divergent research results . Additional arguments have been raised regarding the underlying geography of the sea as well as potential problems regarding the ambiguity of one name or the other .
= = Arguments = =
Both sides in the dispute have put forward a number of arguments to support their claims .
= = = Arguments based on historical maps = = =
= = = = Arguments from South Korea = = = =
According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for South Korea , the name Donghae ( 동해 , literally East Sea ) has been used in Korea for over 2 @,@ 000 years , including in History of the Three Kingdoms ( 三國史記 , 1145 ) , the monument of King Gwanggaeto , and " Map of Eight Provinces of Korea " ( 八道總圖 , 1530 ) . The first documented map to name the area the Sea of Japan was the world map drawn by the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci in China ( 1602 ) named Kunyu Wanguo Quantu ( 坤輿萬國全圖 ) . No Japanese record published up to the late @-@ 18th century indicated any name for the body of water . Furthermore , South Korea has pointed out that a few 19th @-@ century Japanese maps referred to the sea as Chōsenkai ( 朝鮮海 , literally Sea of Joseon ) , including the " Simplified Map of Japan 's Periphery " ( 日本邊界略圖 , 1809 ) and " New World Map " ( 新製輿地全圖 , 1844 ) . South Korea argues there was no standard name prior to Japan 's military expansion in the region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Additionally , it specifically states that the name Sea of Japan was not widely used , even in Japan , as late as the mid 19th century . Thus , South Korea argues that the current name reflects active promotion by Japan during a time when Korea could not represent its interests internationally .
= = = = Arguments from Japan = = = =
The Japanese government claims that the name Sea of Japan was internationally used since the 17th century and established by the early 19th century , during a period in which Japan was under an isolationist policy ( Sakoku ) of the Tokugawa shogunate , which restricted cultural exchange and commerce with foreign countries except China and the Netherlands until 1854 . Accordingly , they state , Japan could not have , at that time , had an influence on the international community regarding the naming of the sea .
The invention of the marine chronometer in the late 18th century enabled Western explorers , such as Jean @-@ François de Galaup from France , William Robert Broughton from Britain , and Adam Johann von Krusenstern ( Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern ) from Russia , to measure time and longitudes on the sea precisely and map the detailed shape of the Sea of Japan . Krusenstern was an admiral and explorer , who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe . According to Japanese records , it was Krusenstern who popularized the name " Mer du Japon " ( Sea of Japan ) in the West . In his work " Reise um die Welt in den Jahren " ( 1812 ) , he wrote , " People also call this sea area the Sea of Korea , but because only a small part of this sea touches the Korean coast , it is better to name it the Sea of Japan . " The original book was published in St. Petersburg in German and Russian , translated into Dutch , French , Swedish , Italian and English , and distributed widely among Europe . As a result , the international name of the sea changed from no name to the Sea of Japan , on the maps drawn by countries other than Japan or Korea during the 17th to 20th centuries . Thus , the Japanese side argues that the South Koreans misunderstand the history of the name .
= = = = Surveys of antiquarian maps = = = =
To provide evidence for the date when Sea of Japan came to be used internationally , both South Korea and Japan have undertaken surveys of various historical maps .
In 2004 , South Korea surveyed ancient maps archived in the British Library , the Cambridge University Library , the University of Southern California ( USC ) East Asian Map Collection , the U.S. Library of Congress , the National Library of Russia , and the French National Library examined 762 maps . They found that 440 maps had used Sea of Korea ( Corea ) , Oriental Sea / East Sea , 122 had used Sea of Japan , and 200 had used other terms . In the French language , the word orientale includes both the meaning of " eastern " related to compass direction and the meaning of " oriental " , the Asiatic region . The same ambiguity is present in the Russian language , with both " eastern " and " oriental " indicated by one word .
From 2003 to 2008 , Japan conducted a number of surveys of different collections . In 2010 , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( MOFA ) published their conclusions ; they found that among 1 @,@ 332 maps from the Berlin Library , 279 used Sea of Korea , Oriental Sea , or East Sea ( or some combination thereof ) , 579 used Sea of Japan exclusively , 47 used China Sea ( with or without other names ) , 33 used another term , and 384 used no term . MOFA said the Struck collection ( a collection of antiquarian maps owned by a European map collector ) showed that out of 79 maps , 35 used Sea of Japan , 9 used the Sea of Korea , 2 used Oriental Sea , and 33 were unmarked . MOFA reported that among four Russian libraries and document archives holding 51 maps , 29 used Sea of Japan , 8 used Sea of Korea , 1 used Korea Strait , 1 used East Sea , 1 used Sea of China , and 11 used no name . MOFA said that 1 @,@ 213 maps from the U.S. Library of Congress , ones that gave a name for this body of water , showed that 87 percent used Sea of Japan , 8 percent used Sea of Korea , 5 percent used other terms , and none used Oriental Sea or East Sea . Similarly , MOFA said that 58 maps from the British Library and the University of Cambridge showed 86 percent used Sea of Japan , 14 percent used Sea of Korea , and none used Oriental Sea , East Sea , or other terms . MOFA said that they looked at 1 @,@ 485 maps in the French National Library . They reported that 95 percent of 215 French maps used Sea of Japan .
In November 2007 , the National Geographic Information Institute of South Korea published a report on a survey of 400 ancient maps . According to the report , nine maps used East Sea for the water currently called Sea of Japan , while 31 maps used East Sea for the water currently called East China Sea . The number of maps used Sea of Japan is not disclosed . Furthermore , the report says " In the late 18th century ( 1790 – 1830 ) the name Sea of Japan emerged . From the 19th century ( 1830 onward ) , there was a rapid increase in the use of the name Sea of Japan . " Japan stated , " This clearly shows the fallacy of the ROK 's assertion that the name Sea of Japan was the result of the Japanese policy of expansionism and colonial rule , and can be interpreted as affirming that the name Sea of Japan was in widespread use well before Japan 's colonial rule over the Korean Peninsula " .
= = = Geographical arguments = = =
Japan argues that , the name Sea of Japan has been and should be used because the marginal sea is separated from the Pacific Ocean by the Japanese Archipelago . Korea argues that the adjective " East " describes its geographical position east of the Asian continent , although it is west of Japan and south of Russia . It states that this is analogous to the North Sea , which lies north of the European continent , but west of Scandinavian countries and east of Great Britain . However Koreans call the sea on their east side the East Sea ( 동해 , Donghae ) , on their south side the South Sea ( 남해 , Namhae ) , and on their west side the West Sea ( 서해 , Seohae ) .
= = = Arguments relating to ambiguity = = =
The Japanese Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japanese Coast Guard has claimed that the name East Sea is confusing and unsuitable as an international geographic name , because the local name for a variety of seas can be translated into English as East Sea . Examples include Dōng Hǎi ( 东海 ) , the Chinese name for the East China Sea ; Biển Đông , the Vietnamese name for the South China Sea ; and the Baltic Sea , which means East Sea in several European languages such as German ( Ostsee ) , Swedish ( Östersjön ) and Finnish ( Itämeri ) . East Sea is officially used as an English name for the water by the Government of Vietnam . Thus the Government of Vietnam uses East Sea for South China Sea in its English publications . Also the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China uses East Sea for East China Sea in its English publications . In addition , East Sea ( 東海 , Tōkai ) is not the Sea of Japan but the Pacific Ocean in the Japanese context . The regions on the east coast of Japan were named accordingly as the Tōkaidō region and the Tōkai region . The Japanese government is concerned that the name change could set a bad precedent and cause more naming disputes worldwide .
= = Position of international bodies = =
The main two international organizations which have been involved in the naming dispute are the International Hydrographic Organization and the United Nations .
= = = International Hydrographic Organization = = =
The International Hydrographic Organization is an organization that coordinates with member countries over hydrographic issues . One of the organization 's functions is to help set international standards on the naming and delineation of nautical regions . In 1929 , the organization ( then called the International Hydrographic Bureau ) published " IHO Special Publication 23 " ( IHO SP 23 ) , which established the name of the sea as Sea of Japan ; however , at that time , Korea could not participate in the IHO because it was under Japanese rule . South Korea officially joined the IHO in 1957 .
In 1974 , IHO released Technical Resolution A.4.2.6. This resolution stated that :
It is recommended that where two or more countries share a given geographical feature ( such as a bay , a strait , channel or archipelago ) under different names , they should endeavor to reach agreement on a single name for the feature concerned . If they have different official languages and cannot agree on a common name form , it is recommended that the name forms of each of the languages in question should be accepted for charts and publications unless technical reasons prevent this practice on small scale charts .
South Korea has argued that this resolution is relevant to the debate about the Sea of Japan and implies that both names should be used ; Japan , however , argues that the resolution does not apply to the Sea of Japan , because it does not specify this body of water and only applies to geographical features for which sovereignty is shared between two or more countries .
The IHO agreed to conduct a survey of available evidence in 2011 . Previously , South Korea had been pushing the IHO to recommend only using the term East Sea , but announced on 2 May 2011 , that it now preferred the gradual approach of using both names now , and eventually dropping the Sea of Japan name .
On 26 April 2012 , the IHO announced that it had decided to use only " Sea of Japan " in its governing publication Limits of Oceans and Seas and rejected the alternative use of " East Sea " as proposed by South Korea . According to the South Korean government , the organization will again discuss the issue of the name when it reconvenes in 2017 .
= = = United Nations = = =
While the United Nations has never directly addressed the issue of establishing an official , standardized name for the sea , several resolutions and statements by the UN have had relevance to the topic . Japan joined the United Nations in 1956 , while South and North Korea both joined in 1991 .
In 1977 , the third U.N. Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names ( UNCSGN ) adopted Resolution III / 20 , entitled " Names of Features beyond a Single Sovereignty " . The resolution recommended that " when countries sharing a given geographical feature do not agree on a common name , it should be a general rule of cartography that the name used by each of the countries concerned will be accepted . A policy of accepting only one or some of such names while excluding the rest would be inconsistent as well as inexpedient in practice . " As with IHO Technical Resolution A.4.2.6 , South Korea and Japan disagree about whether or not this policy applies to the Sea of Japan .
In 1992 , during the 1992 Sixth UNCSGN , the South Korean government , in their first time participating in UNCSGN , requested that the name of the sea be determined through consultation , which the North Korean representative concurred with . The Japanese representative stated that the name of the Sea of Japan had already been accepted worldwide and that any change would introduce confusion . The conference recommended that the parties work together on the issue outside of the conference .
In 1998 , South Korea raised the issue again at the Seventh UNCSGN . Japan , however , opposed the method by which the South Korean government proposed the issue , arguing that they had not followed the proper procedure for doing so . Following some debate , South Korea withdrew the issue , and instead recommended that the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names work so that a resolution could be submitted to the Eighth UNSCGN conference . The president of the conference urged that Japan , South Korea , and North Korea work towards a mutually acceptable agreement .
At the Eighth UNCSGN in 2002 , South Korea and Japan presented a number of papers to the conference regarding their positions on the naming issue . South Korea asked for a resolution to adjudicate the name , while Japan asked that the name be decided through resolution outside of the conference . No resolution was passed , and the Committee again urged the countries to develop a mutually agreeable solution . The chairman further noted that standardization could only occur after consensus had been reached . The same situation occurred at the Ninth conference in 2007 . South Korea and North Korea both proposed a resolution by the UNCSGN , while Japan expressed a desire to settle the matter outside of the conference , and the Committee urged the members to seek a mutual agreement .
On 23 April 2004 , the United Nations affirmed in a written document to the Japanese government that it will continue using the name Sea of Japan in its official documents . However , it agreed to leave the topic open for further discussion . In a letter to South Korea , it was explained that the UN was not determining the validity of either name , but wished to use the term most widely used until the parties resolved the disagreement . The letter further stated , " The use of an appellation by the Secretariat based on the practice is without prejudice to any negotiations or agreements between the interested parties and should not be interpreted as advocating or endorsing any party 's position , and can in no way be invoked by any party in support of a particular position in the matter . "
On 6 August 2012 , representatives from North and South Korea addressed an assembly at the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names , asking that the names " East Sea " and " Sea of Japan " be used concurrently for the sea . Ferjan Ormeling , chairman of the conference , responded that the organization had no authority to decide the issue and requested that the involved countries resolve the differences over the name amongst themselves .
= = Other countries = =
Russia calls this sea " Япо ́ нское мо ́ ре " ( Yapónskoye móre , Japanese Sea ) . Japan believes that Russia played a major role in establishing this name internationally , as mentioned above . Chinese government websites exclusively use the name 日本海 ( rìběnhǎi , Japan Sea ) . In 2003 , the French Defense Ministry issued nautical maps that included both terms Sea of Japan and East Sea . It reverted to Sea of Japan as a single name in the map issued in 2004 . The United Kingdom and Germany officially use the Sea of Japan .
The United States Board on Geographic Names ( BGN ) continues to advocate the use of Sea of Japan without qualification in U.S. government publications . The World Factbook published by the Central Intelligence Agency follows the BGN 's guidance . On 8 August 2011 , a spokesman for the United States Department of State stated that the United States Board on Geographic Names considered the official name of the sea to be " Sea of Japan . " According to Yonhap , the U.S. has officially recommended to the IHO that " Sea of Japan " remain as the official name for the sea . In response to this failure of the South Korean campaign , South Korean foreign minister Kim Sung @-@ hwan suggested advocating other historical names , such as " Sea of Korea " .
In 2011 , Virginia state lawmaker David W. Marsden , acting on behalf of Korean @-@ American voters , introduced a bill to the education panel of the Senate of Virginia that would have required public school textbooks to include both " Sea of Japan " and " East Sea " as names . The panel rejected the bill by an 8 – 7 vote on 26 January 2012 . The issue was revisited two years later on 3 February 2014 , with the Education Committee of the Virginia House of Delegates passing legislation to use both " Sea of Japan " and " East Sea " in school textbooks .
On 29 June 2012 , Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt M. Campbell affirmed the BGN 's position in his response , published on the White House website , to a We the People petition concerning the usage of " Sea of Japan " , in which he stated , " It is longstanding United States policy to refer to each sea or ocean by a single name . This policy applies to all seas , including those bordered by multiple countries that may each have their own names for such bodies of water . Concerning the body of water between the Japanese archipelago and the Korean peninsula , longstanding U.S. policy is to refer to it as the " Sea of Japan " . He also stated , " We are aware the Republic of Korea refers to the body of water as the ' East Sea , ' and the United States is not asking the Republic of Korea to change its nomenclature . U.S. usage of the ' Sea of Japan ' in no way implies an opinion regarding any issue related to sovereignty . "
= = Compromise names = =
On 18 November 2006 , during the APEC summit in Hanoi , South Korean President Roh Moo @-@ hyun informally proposed to the Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe that the sea be called instead the " Sea of Peace " or " Sea of Friendship " , which Abe rejected . In January 2007 Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yasuhisa Shiozaki opposed the idea , saying that there was no need to change the name of the Sea of Japan .
= = Response of media and publishers = =
A number of maps , encyclopedias , and other publications have switched to using both names . For example , the Manual of Style of the National Geographic Society states that disputed place @-@ names in international waters or jointly controlled by two or more countries should use the conventional name first with other names following in parentheses . As such , their policy on this sea states that " The internationally accepted name is Sea of Japan , although Korea prefers East Sea . When scale permits , Geographic maps show the alternative name East Sea in parentheses after Sea of Japan . "
In 2006 , Google put both names on Google Earth , using East Sea near the Korean coast and Sea of Japan near the Japanese coast . In the 2007 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica , the primary article is called " Sea of Japan " . A secondary article called " East Sea " notes " see Japan , Sea of " . On the encyclopedia 's map of Japan and other Asia maps , Sea of Japan appears as the primary label and East Sea appears as a secondary label in parentheses . However , on the map of Korea the name East Sea appears as the primary label and Sea of Japan appears as a secondary label in parentheses . Other examples of publishers who use similar systems include Microsoft Encarta , the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia , and About.com.
In 2012 , French encyclopedia publisher Larousse replaced " Mer du Japon " ( " Sea of Japan " ) with " Mer de L 'est ( Mer du Japon ) " ( " East Sea ( Sea of Japan ) " ) in maps of South Korea and North Korea in two of its books . However other maps such as those of Asia , China , Japan , and Russia continue to use " Mer du Japon " . Furthermore , the article " Mer du Japon " does not mention " East Sea " at all .
= A Short History of Progress =
A Short History of Progress is a non @-@ fiction book and lecture series by Ronald Wright about societal collapse . The lectures were delivered as a series of five speeches , each taking place in different cities across Canada as part of the 2004 Massey Lectures which were broadcast on the CBC Radio program , Ideas . The book version was published by House of Anansi Press and released at the same time as the lectures . The book spent more than a year on Canadian best @-@ seller lists , won the Canadian Book Association 's Libris Award for Non @-@ Fiction Book of the Year , and was nominated for the British Columbia 's National Award for Canadian Non @-@ Fiction . It has since been reprinted in a hardcover format with illustrations .
Wright , an author of fiction and non @-@ fiction works , uses the fallen civilisations of Easter Island , Sumer , Rome , and Maya , as well as examples from the Stone Age , to see what conditions led to the downfall of those societies . He examines the meaning of progress and its implications for civilizations — past and present — arguing that the twentieth century was a time of runaway growth in human population , consumption , and technology that has now placed an unsustainable burden on all natural systems .
In his analysis of the four cases of fallen civilizations , he notes that two ( Easter Island and Sumer ) failed due to depletion of natural resources — " their ecologies were unable to regenerate . " The other two failed in their heartlands , " where ecological demand was highest , " but left remnant populations that survived . He asks the question : " Why , if civilizations so often destroy themselves , has the overall experiment of civilization done so well . " For the answer , he says , we must look to natural regeneration and human migration ( Wright , 102 ) . While some ancient civilizations were depleting their ecologies and failing , others were rising . Large expanses of the planet were unsettled . The other factor , evident in both Egypt and China , was that due to abundant resources ( e.g. , topsoil ) , farming methods ( ones that worked with , rather than against , natural cycles ) , and settlement patterns , these civilizations had greater longevity ( 103 @-@ 104 ) .
Changes brought on by the exponential growth of human population ( at the time of the book 's publication , over 6 billion and adding more than 200 million people every three years ) and the worldwide scale of resource consumption , have altered the picture , however . Ecological markers indicate that human civilization has now surpassed ( since the 1980s ) nature 's capacity for regeneration . We are now using more than 125 % of nature 's yearly output . " If civilization is to survive , it must live on the interest , not the capital of nature " ( 129 ) . He concludes that " now is our chance to get the future right " — the collapse of human civilization is imminent if we do not act now to prevent it ( 132 ) .
= = Background = =
Prior to being selected to deliver the Massey Lectures , Wright had written award @-@ winning fiction and non @-@ fiction books that deal with anthropology and civilizations . His 1992 non @-@ fiction book Stolen Continents : The " New World " Through Indian Eyes was awarded the 1993 Gordon Montador Award from the Writers ' Trust of Canada and his 1998 novel A Scientific Romance , about a museum curator who travels into the future and investigates the fate of the human race , won the David Higham Prize for Fiction for first @-@ time novelists . Wright traces the origins of the ideas behind A Short History of Progress to the material he studied while writing A Scientific Romance and his 2000 essay for The Globe and Mail titled " Civilization is a Pyramid Scheme " about the fall of the ninth @-@ century Mayan civilisation .
= = Synopsis = =
The first chapter , " Gauguin 's Questions " , poses the questions that provide a framework for the book . Referring to Paul Gauguin 's painting of the same name the questions are : Where do we come from ? What are we ? Where are we going ? Wright defines progress using the Victorian terms " the assumption that a pattern of change exists in the history of mankind ... that it consists of irreversible changes in one direction only , and that this direction is towards improvement " . Despite the extended time
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ucci 's collection in 1806 , and donations . The department opened on 5 August 1797 , with 415 pieces displayed in the Galerie d 'Apollon . The collection is organized into three sections : the core Cabinet du Roi , 14 @,@ 000 royal copper printing @-@ plates , and the donations of Edmond de Rothschild , which include 40 @,@ 000 prints , 3 @,@ 000 drawings , and 5 @,@ 000 illustrated books . The holdings are displayed in the Pavillon de Flore ; due to the fragility of the paper medium , only a portion are displayed at one time .
= = Location , access , and facilities = =
The museum lies in the center of Paris on the Right Bank . The neighborhood , known as the 1st arrondissement , was home to the former Tuileries Palace , which closed off the western end of the Louvre entrance courtyard , but was heavily damaged by fire during the Paris Commune of 1871 and later demolished . The adjacent Tuileries Gardens , created in 1564 by Catherine de ' Medici , was designed in 1664 by André Le Nôtre . The gardens house the Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume , a contemporary art exhibition space which was used to store confiscated Jewish cultural property during the 1940 to 1944 German occupation of France . Parallel to the Jeu de Paume is the Orangerie , home to the famous Water Lilies paintings by Claude Monet .
The Louvre is slightly askew of the Historic Axis ( Axe historique ) , a roughly eight @-@ kilometre ( five @-@ mile ) architectural line bisecting the city . It begins on the east in the Louvre courtyard and runs west along the Champs @-@ Élysées . In 1871 , the burning of the Tuileries Palace by the Paris Commune revealed that the Louvre was slightly askew of the Axe despite past appearances to the contrary . The Louvre can be reached by the Palais Royal – Musée du Louvre Métro or the Louvre @-@ Rivoli stations .
The Louvre has three entrances : the main entrance at the pyramid , an entrance from the Carrousel du Louvre underground shopping mall , and an entrance at the Porte des Lions ( near the western end of the Denon wing ) .
Under the main entrance to the museum is the Carrousel du Louvre , a shopping mall operated by Unibail @-@ Rodamco . Among other stores , it has the first Apple Store in France , and a McDonald 's restaurant , the presence of which has created controversy .
The use of cameras and video recorders is permitted inside , but flash photography is forbidden .
= = Gallery = =
= Two Birds ( Awake ) =
" Two Birds " is the twelfth episode of the American television police procedural fantasy drama Awake . The episode premiered on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , Michael learns more about the truth of the accident . He tries to get evidence that Ed Hawkins ( Kevin Weisman ) tried to kill him , and finds out that Hawkins ' commanding officer Carl Kessel ( Mark Harelik ) was also in on this setup .
The story and concept of the episode was written by Evan Katz , with teleplay by Howard Gordon and Davey Holmes . It was directed by Milan Cheylov . " Two Birds " was well received by critics , who praised its storylines . Commentators noted that the script was well @-@ written . Upon airing , " Two Birds " obtained 2 @.@ 1 million viewers in the United States and a 0 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings .
= = Plot = =
The episode starts with Michael Britten ( Jason Isaacs ) trying to convince therapists Dr. Jonathan Lee ( BD Wong ) and Dr. Judith Evans ( Cherry Jones ) that Ed Hawkins ( Kevin Weisman ) tried to kill him . The therapists claim that he is imagining the plot to cope .
Later , Michael tells Rex he must stay with his Aunt Carol , as Michael is working on a case with a dangerous suspect . His partner , Bird , goes to his house , after trying to call him to make sure he is alright , but then looks in the garage and finds Michael 's work on his accident and Detective Hawkins . Bird goes to Dr. Judith Evans , who reluctantly advises Bird to check on Michael . Michael goes to Ed Hawkins ' house , shoots Hawkins in the leg , and asks him for evidence . Hawkins says heroin was taken from various evidence lockers and sent out for sale through Westfield Distribution , and further evidence is on his laptop . Hawkins tries to overpower Michael , forcing him to kill Hawkins , right before Bird enters the house . Michael takes Bird 's gun and handcuffs him . Bird suggests that to get into Hawkins ' laptop , they use a hacker they both worked with previously , right before he knocks out Michael , who wakes up in the red reality .
Michael tells his wife to stay somewhere safe , and then tells the red reality Bird to meet him in the park . He tells Bird what he found out in the green reality ( where his son is alive and his wife is dead ) regarding Hawkins , his accident and the encrypted file and convinces Bird to copy it from Hawkins ' computer , though neither of them know Hawkins has been watching them . Hawkins meets immediately with Tricia Harper and Carl Kessel ( revealed to be Bird and Hawkins ' precinct chief in this reality ) and Kessel says they will kill both Michael and Bird and make it look like Michael did it , given his recently unstable behavior . Captain Harper shows doubts and remorse at this idea , but agrees .
Still in the red reality ( where his son is dead and his wife is alive ) , Michael visits the hacker suggested in the green reality. he gains Hawkins ' password and unlocks the file . The files tell Michael that Hawkins and Kessel had a shipping container where they had been storing the heroin . Bird tells Michael that they will meet at his house , but when Michael gets there , Hawkins has killed Bird and tries to kill Michael . Hawkins , however , only manages to injure him . Hawkins calls in that Michael killed Bird and Captain Harper tells her precinct to use deadly force to bring Michael in , much to Detective Vega 's surprise . Vega tries to tell Harper that , even deranged , Michael would never kill Bird , but Harper emotionally rebuts him , saying he is showing sympathy for a killer . This leaves Vega confused and suspicious . Michael manages to escape Hawkins , but passes out from his wound and wakes up back in the green reality .
He finds himself back in his car , handcuffed , but relieved to see that the green reality Bird is still alive . He gives Bird Hawkins ' password ( " tulip " ) , and the information regarding Kessel and the shipping container convinces Bird that something is wrong . He takes Michael to Harper still in cuffs but they both tell her what they have learned . Harper approves Bird 's plan to send a team to the storage container but sends Michael to a cell , saying that if they do not find any evidence of his accusations , he 'll go to jail for killing Hawkins .
= = Production = =
The story and concept of the episode was written by consulting producer Evan Katz , with teleplay by executive producer Howard Gordon and co @-@ executive producer Davey Holmes ; it was Katz 's third writing credit , Gordon 's fourth writing credit , and Holmes ' second writing credit . It was directed by Milan Cheylov , his first directing credit for the series .
In January 2012 , it was announced that Kevin Weisman would appear in multiple episodes of Awake . This is Weisman 's second appearance on the series as Ed Hawkins . Other guest stars included Laura Innes as Tricia Harper and Daniela Bobadilla as Emma .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Two Birds " was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 @-@ 05 @-@ 17 ) in the United States on NBC between 10 : 00 p.m. and 11 : 00 p.m. , and obtained 2 @.@ 1 million viewers in the United States , slightly down from the previous episode . It acquired a 0 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings , meaning that it was seen by 0 @.@ 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds .
= = = Critical response = = =
The episode was met with praise from most critics . IGN rated it 9 of 10 as " amazing " , and wrote that " it really ramped up the intensity " . Alan Sepinwall from HitFix complimented parts of the episode , notably the " excellent work from Jason Isaacs , Steve Harris and Laura Innes in both realities " , despite claiming that they did not particularly care for the script . TV Fanatic rated it 4 @.@ 6 out of 5 , and noted that " Awake works so much better when there ’ s one unifying case " . Screenrant praised the episode , claiming that there was " some fantastic editing and writing that allows two conversations between three people to appear as one cohesive interchange , basically setting up the remainder of the episode " . ScreenCrush claimed that " a conspiracy that saw NBC running this great show off the road , or a simple unfortunate accident . " . The Voice of TV graded the episode a " A- " , despite claiming that it is annoying that he doesn 't tell his family members about his new knowledge . The TV.com official blog claimed the episode was " impossible to sustain " . The A.V. Club graded the episode " B + " , claiming that it was " completely entertaining and engrossing " , and that " it 's just a slight tick down from last week 's " Say Hello to My Little Friend " , which was the best episode since Awake 's pilot , and the most surreal since the hallucinations of " That 's Not My Penguin . "
= Typhoon Nabi =
Typhoon Nabi , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Jolina , was a powerful typhoon that struck southwestern Japan in September 2005 . The 14th named storm of the 2005 Pacific typhoon season , Nabi formed on August 29 to the east of the Northern Mariana Islands . It moved westward and passed about 55 km ( 35 mi ) north of Saipan on August 31 as an intensifying typhoon . On the next day , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the storm to super typhoon status , with winds equivalent to that of a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The Japan Meteorological Agency estimated peak ten @-@ minute winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) on September 2 . Nabi weakened while curving to the north , striking the Japanese island of Kyushu on September 6 . After brushing South Korea , the storm turned to the northeast , passing over Hokkaido before becoming extratropical on September 8 .
The typhoon first affected the Northern Marianas Islands , where it left US $ 2 @.@ 5 million in damage , while damaging or destroying 114 homes . The damage was enough to warrant a disaster declaration from the United States government . While passing near Okinawa , Nabi produced gusty winds and caused minor damage . Later , the western fringe of the storm caused several traffic accidents in Busan , South Korea , and throughout the country Nabi killed six people and caused US $ 115 @.@ 4 million in damage . About 250 @,@ 000 people evacuated along the Japanese island of Kyushu ahead of the storm , and there were disruptions to train , ferry , and airline services . In Kyushu , the storm left ¥ 4 @.@ 08 billion ( US $ 36 @.@ 9 million ) in crop damage after dropping 1 @,@ 322 mm ( 52 @.@ 0 in ) of rain over three days . During the storm 's passage , there were 61 daily rainfall records broken by Nabi 's precipitation . The rains caused flooding and landslides , forcing people to evacuate their homes and for businesses to close . Across Japan , Nabi killed 29 people and caused ¥ 94 @.@ 9 billion ( US $ 854 million ) in damage . Soldiers , local governments , and insurance companies helped residents recover from the storm damage . After affecting Japan , the typhoon affected the Kuril Islands of Russia , where it dropped the equivalent of the monthly precipitation , while also causing road damage due to high waves . Overall , Nabi killed 35 people , and its effects were significant enough for the name to be retired .
= = Meteorological history = =
On August 28 , a large area of convection persisted about 1 @,@ 035 km ( 645 mi ) east of Guam . Located within an area of moderate wind shear , the system quickly organized while moving westward , its track influenced by a ridge to the north . At 00 : 00 UTC on August 29 , a tropical depression formed from the system , classified by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) as Tropical Depression 14W . In initial forecasts , the agency anticipated steady strengthening , due to warm sea surface temperatures in the area . At 12 : 00 UTC on August 29 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) upgraded it to a tropical storm . As such , the JMA named the storm Nabi . About 12 hours later , the JMA upgraded Nabi further to a severe tropical storm , after the convection organized into spiral rainbands . At 18 : 00 UTC , Nabi intensified to typhoon status , reaching ten @-@ minute sustained winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) .
On August 31 , Nabi passed about 55 km ( 35 mi ) north @-@ northeast of Saipan in the Northern Mariana Islands during its closest approach . The typhoon continued to intensify quickly as it moved to the west @-@ northwest . On September 1 , the JTWC upgraded the storm to a super typhoon and later estimated peak one @-@ minute winds of 260 km / h ( 160 mph ) ; this is the equivalent of a Category 5 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . By contrast , the JMA estimated peak ten @-@ minute winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) on September 2 , with a barometric pressure of 925 mbar ( 27 @.@ 3 inHg ) . While at peak intensity , the typhoon developed a large 95 km ( 60 mi ) wide eye . For about 36 hours , Nabi maintained its peak winds , during which it crossed into the area of responsibility of PAGASA ; the Philippine @-@ based agency gave it the local name " Jolina " , although the storm remained away from the country .
On September 3 , Nabi began weakening as it turned more to the north , the result of an approaching trough weakening the ridge . Later that day , the winds leveled off at 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) , according to the JMA . On September 5 , Nabi passed near Minamidaitōjima and Yakushima , part of the Daitō and Ōsumi island groups offshore southern Japan . Around that time , the JTWC estimated that the typhoon reintensified slightly to a secondary peak of 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) . After turning due north , Nabi made landfall near Isahaya , Nagasaki around 05 : 00 UTC on September 6 , after passing through the Izumi District of Kagoshima . Shortly thereafter , the storm entered the Sea of Japan . The typhoon turned to the northeast into the mid @-@ latitude flow , influenced by a low over the Kamchatka Peninsula . At 18 : 00 UTC on September 6 , the JTWC discontinued advisories on Nabi , declaring it extratropical , although the JMA continued tracking the storm . On the next day , Nabi moved across northern Hokkaido into the Sea of Okhotsk . The JMA declared the storm as extratropical on September 8 , which continued eastward until dissipating on September 10 south of the Aleutian Islands . The remnants of Nabi weakened and later moved into southwestern Alaska on September 12 .
= = Preparations = =
After Nabi formed as a tropical depression on August 29 , the local National Weather Service office on Guam issued a tropical storm watch for the islands Tinian , Rota , Sapian , and Agrihan . On August 30 , the watch was upgraded to a tropical storm warning for Rota and Agrihan , while a typhoon warning was issued for Tinian and Saipan . On all four islands , a Condition of Readiness 1 was declared . The government of the Northern Mariana Islands advised Tinian and Saipan residents along the coast and in poorly @-@ built buildings to evacuate , and several schools operated as shelters . About 700 people evacuated on Saipan , and the airport was closed , stranding about 1 @,@ 000 travelers . As a precaution , schools were closed on Guam on August 31 , after a tropical storm warning was issued for the island the night prior . The island 's governor , Felix Perez Camacho , also declared a condition of readiness 2 , as well as a state of emergency . Due to the typhoon , several flights were canceled or delayed at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport on Guam .
Ahead of the storm , United States Forces Japan evacuated planes from Okinawa to either Guam or mainland Japan to prevent damage . Officials at the military bases on Okinawa advised residents to remain inside during the storm 's passage . While Nabi was turning to the north , the island was placed under a Condition of Readiness 2 . At the military base in Sasebo , ships also evacuated , and several buildings were closed after a Condition of Readiness 1 was declared .
In Kyushu , officials evacuated over a quarter of a million people in fear of Typhoon Nabi affecting Japan . These continued after the storm made landfall to protect residents from flood waters and landslides . The first order during the storm took place in the Arita district . In Miyazaki City , 21 @,@ 483 households were evacuated following reports of significant overflow on the nearby river . Another 10 @,@ 000 residences were vacated in Nobeoka following similar reports . The entirety of the West Japan Railway Company was shut down . Canceled train services affected 77 @,@ 800 people on Shikoku . Ferry service was also shut down , cutting off transportation for tens of thousands of people . In addition , at least 723 flights were cancelled because of the storm . Japan 's second @-@ largest refinery , Idemitsu Kosan , stopped shipments to other refineries across the area , and Japan 's largest refinery , Nippon Oil , stopped all sea shipments . The Cosmo Oil Company , Japan 's fourth largest refinery , stopped all shipments to Yokkaichi and Sakaide refineries . About 700 schools in the country were closed . Approximately 1 @,@ 500 soldiers were dispatched to Tokyo to help coastal areas prepare for Typhoon Nabi 's arrival , and to clean up after the storm . Officials in the Miyazaki Prefecture issued a flood warning for expected heavy rains in the area .
In South Korea , the government issued a typhoon warning for the southern portion of the country along the coast , prompting the airport at Pohang to close , and forcing 162 flights to be canceled . Ferry service was also disrupted , and thousands of boats returned to port . The storm also prompted 138 schools to close in the region . Earlier , the storm spurred fears of a possible repeat of either typhoon Rusa in 2002 or Maemi in 2003 , both of which were devastating storms in South Korea . Officials in the Russian Far East issued a storm warning for Vladivostok , advising boats to remain at port .
= = Impact = =
While passing between Saipan and the volcanic island of Anatahan , Nabi brought tropical storm force winds to several islands in the Northern Mariana Islands . Saipan International Airport reported sustained winds of 95 km / h ( 59 mph ) , with gusts to 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . Also on the island , Nabi produced 173 mm ( 6 @.@ 82 in ) of rainfall . The storm destroyed two houses and left 26 others uninhabitable , while 77 homes sustained minor damage , largely from flooding or roof damage . Nabi damaged 70 – 80 % of the crops on Saipan and also knocked down many trees , leaving behind 544 tonnes ( 600 tons ) of debris . The entire island was left without power , some without water , after the storm . On Tinian to the south , Nabi damaged or destroyed nine homes , with heavy crop damage . On Rota , there was minor flooding and scattered power outages . Farther south , the outer reaches of the storm produced sustained winds of 69 km / h ( 43 mph ) at Apra Harbor on Guam , while gusts peaked at 101 km / h ( 63 mph ) at Mangilao . Gusts reached 72 km / h ( 45 mph ) at the international airport on Guam , the highest during 2005 . The storm dropped 115 mm ( 4 @.@ 53 in ) of rainfall in 24 hours on the island . Flooding covered roads for several hours and entered classrooms at Untalan Middle School , forcing hundreds of students to evacuate . Damage in the region was estimated US $ 2 @.@ 5 million . After Nabi exited the region , it produced high surf for several days on Guam and Saipan .
Later in its duration , Nabi brushed southeastern South Korea with rainbands . Ulsan recorded a 24 ‑ hour rainfall total of 319 mm ( 12 @.@ 6 in ) , while Pohang recorded a record 24 ‑ hour total of 540 @.@ 5 mm ( 21 @.@ 28 in ) . The highest total was 622 @.@ 5 mm ( 24 @.@ 5 in ) of rainfall . The periphery of the storm produced gusts of 121 km / h ( 75 mph ) in the port city of Busan , strong enough to damage eight billboards and knock trees over . Heavy rains caused several traffic accidents and injuries in Busan , while strong waves washed a cargo ship ashore in Pohang . Throughout South Korea , the storm led to six fatalities and caused US $ 115 @.@ 4 million in damages .
In the Kuril Islands of Russia , Nabi dropped about 75 mm ( 3 in ) of rain , equivalent to the monthly average . Gusts reached 83 km / h ( 51 mph ) , weak enough not to cause major damage . During the storm 's passage , high waves washed away unpaved roads in Severo @-@ Kurilsk .
= = = Japan = = =
The outer rainbands of Nabi began affecting Okinawa on September 3 . The storm 's strongest winds ended up bypassing the island , and wind gusts peaked at 85 km / h ( 53 mph ) . Two elderly women were injured from the wind gusts . There were minor power outages and some houses were damaged . In the Amami Islands between Okinawa and mainland Japan , Nabi produced gusts of 122 km / h ( 76 mph ) in Kikaijima . Waves of 9 m ( 30 ft ) in height affected Amami Ōshima .
While moving through western Japan , Nabi dropped heavy rainfall that totaled 1 @,@ 322 mm ( 52 @.@ 0 in ) over a three @-@ day period in Miyazaki Prefecture , the equivalent to nearly three times the average annual precipitation . The same station in Miyazaki reported a 24 ‑ hour rainfall total of 932 mm ( 36 @.@ 7 in ) , as well as an hourly total of 66 mm ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) . Within the main islands of Japan , Nabi dropped 228 @.@ 6 mm ( 9 in ) of rainfall per hour in the capital Tokyo .
During the storm 's passage , there were 61 daily rainfall records broken by Nabi 's precipitation across Japan . The rains from Nabi caused significant slope failures and large accumulations of driftwood . The amount of sediment displaced by the rains was estimated at 4 @,@ 456 m3 / km2 , over four times the yearly average . A total of 630 m3 ( 2 @,@ 066 ft3 ) of driftwood was recorded . However , the rainfall also helped to end water restrictions in Kagawa and Tokushima prefectures . In addition to the heavy rainfall , Nabi produced gusty winds on the Japan mainland , peaking at 115 km / h ( 72 mph ) in Muroto . A station on Tobishima in the Sea of Japan recorded a gust of 119 km / h ( 74 mph ) . The typhoon spawned a F1 tornado in Miyazaki , which damaged several buildings . In Wajima , Ishikawa , Nabi produced a Foehn wind , causing temperatures to rise quickly .
Throughout Japan , Nabi caused damage in 31 of the 47 prefectures , leaving over 270 @,@ 000 residences without power . Torrential rains caused flooding and landslides throughout the country . The storm destroyed 7 @,@ 452 houses and flooded 21 @,@ 160 others . Several car assembly plants were damaged in southwestern Japan , while others were closed due to power outages , such as Toyota , Mazda , and Mitsubishi . In addition , the storm wrecked about 81 ships along the coast . On the island of Kyushu , damage in Ōita Prefecture on Kyushu reached ¥ 11 @.@ 7 billion ( US $ 106 million ) , the fifth highest of any typhoon in the preceding 10 years ; about 20 % of the total there was related to road damages . In nearby Saga Prefecture , crop damage totaled about ¥ 1 @.@ 06 billion ( US $ 9 @.@ 6 million ) , mostly to rice but also to soybeans and various other vegetables . Crop damage as a whole on Kyushu totaled ¥ 4 @.@ 08 billion ( US $ 36 @.@ 9 million ) .
In the capital city of Tokyo , heavy rainfall increased levels along several rivers , which inundated several houses . Strong winds damaged ¥ 28 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 259 @,@ 000 ) in crop damage in Gifu Prefecture , and ¥ 27 @.@ 1 million ( US $ 244 @,@ 000 ) in crop damage in Osaka . In Yamaguchi Prefecture on western Honshu , Nabi damaged a portion of the historical Kintai Bridge , originally built in 1674 . In Yamagata Prefecture , the winds damaged a window in a school , injuring several boys from the debris . One person was seriously injured in Kitakata , Fukushima after strong winds blew a worker from scaffolding of a building under construction . Effects from Nabi spread as far north as Hokkaido , where heavy rainfall damaged roads and caused hundreds of schools to close . In Ashoro , an overflown river flooded a hotel , and a minor power outage occurred in Teshikaga .
Ahead of the storm , high waves and gusty winds led to one drowning when a woman was knocked off a ferry in Takamatsu , Kagawa . A landslide in Miyazaki destroyed five homes , killing three people . A man who was listed as missing was found dead in a flooded rice field . In Tarumi , a landslide buried a home in mud , killing two people . Nabi caused a portion of the San 'yō Expressway to collapse in Yamaguchi Prefecture , killing three people . In Fukui Prefecture , the winds knocked an elderly man off a bicycle , killing him . Overall , Nabi killed 29 people in Japan and injured 179 others , 45 of them severely . Damage was estimated at ¥ 94 @.@ 9 billion ( US $ 854 million ) .
= = Aftermath = =
After the storm , members of Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni provided $ 2 @,@ 500 to the town of Iwakuni toward cleanup and disaster relief . Soldiers also helped nearby residents and farmers to complete the rice harvest , after floods from the typhoon damaged harvesting machines . The local government of Iwakunda distributed disinfectant chemicals to flooded houses . Closed markets and decreased supplies caused the price of beef to reach record levels in the country . Following the storm , the General Insurance Association of Japan reported that insurance claims from the typhoon totaled ¥ 58 @.@ 8 billion ( US $ 53 million ) , the tenth @-@ highest for any natural disaster in the country . Miyazaki Prefecture reported the highest claims with ¥ 12 @.@ 6 billion ( US $ 11 @.@ 4 million ) . The total was split between ¥ 49 billion ( US $ 44 million ) in housing claims and ¥ 7 @.@ 9 billion ( US $ 71 million ) in car claims . The Japanese government provided food , water , and rescue workers to the affected areas in the days after the storm , along with Japan Post , the local post system ; trucks were mobilized to affected towns , accompanied by a mobile bank and insurance agent .
On November 8 , nearly two months after the dissipation of Typhoon Nabi , President George W. Bush declared a major disaster declaration for the Northern Mariana islands . The declaration allocated aid from the United States to help restore damaged buildings , pay for debris removal , and other emergency services . Federal funding was also made available on a cost @-@ sharing basis for the islands to mitigate against future disasters . The government ultimately provided $ 1 @,@ 046 @,@ 074 @.@ 03 to the commonwealth .
Due to the damage of the storm in Japan , the Typhoon Committee of the World Meteorological Organization agreed to retire the name Nabi . The agency replaced it with the name Doksuri , effective January 1 , 2007 .
= The Plays of William Shakespeare =
The Plays of William Shakespeare was an 18th @-@ century edition of the dramatic works of William Shakespeare , edited by Samuel Johnson and George Steevens . Johnson announced his intention to edit Shakespeare 's plays in his Miscellaneous Observations on Macbeth ( 1745 ) , and a full Proposal for the edition was published in 1756 . The edition was finally published in 1765 .
In the " Preface " to his edition , Johnson justifies trying to determine the original language of the Shakespearean plays . To benefit the reading audience , he added explanatory notes to various passages . Later editors followed Johnson 's lead and sought to determine an authoritative text of Shakespeare .
= = Background = =
Johnson began reading Shakespeare 's plays and poetry when he was a young boy . He would involve himself so closely with the plays that he was once terrified by the Ghost in Hamlet and had to " have people about him " . Johnson 's fascination with Shakespeare continued throughout his life , and Johnson focused his time on Shakespeare 's plays while preparing A Dictionary of the English Language , so it is no wonder that Shakespeare is the most quoted author in it .
Johnson came to believe that there was a problem with the collections of Shakespearean plays that were available during his lifetime . He believed that they lacked authoritativeness , because they :
were transcribed for the players by those who may be supposed to have seldom understood them ; they were transmitted by copiers equally unskillful , who still multiplied errors ; they were perhaps sometimes mutilated by the actors , for the sake of shortening the speeches ; and were at last printed without correction of the press .
Although Johnson was friends with actors such as David Garrick who had performed Shakespeare onstage , he did not believe that performance was vital to the plays , nor did he ever acknowledge the presence of an audience as a factor in the reception of the work . Instead , Johnson believed that the reader of Shakespeare was the true audience of the play .
Furthermore , Johnson believed that later editors both misunderstood the historical context of Shakespeare and his plays , and underestimated the degree of textual corruption that the plays exhibit . He believed that this was because " The style of Shakespeare was in itself perplexed , ungrammatical , and obscure " . To correct these problems , Johnson believed that the original works would need to be examined , and this became an issue in his Proposal . Johnson also believed that an edition of Shakespeare could provide him with the income and recognition that he needed . However , a full edition of Shakespeare would require a publisher to make a large commitment of time and money , so Johnson decided to begin by focusing on a single play , Macbeth .
= = = Miscellaneous Observations = = =
Johnson began work on Macbeth to provide a sample of what he thought could be achieved in a new edition of Shakespeare . He got much of his information while working on the Harleian Catalogue , a catalogue of the collection of works and pamphlets owned by Robert Harley , 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer . He published this work , along with a commentary on Sir Thomas Hanmer , 4th Baronet 's edition of Shakespeare 's plays , as Miscellaneous Observations or Miscellaneous Observations on the Tragedy of Macbeth on 6 April 1745 by Edward Cave .
Hanmer produced an edition of Shakespeare 's plays for the Clarendon Press in October 1744 , and Johnson felt that he could attract more attention to his own work by challenging some of Hanmer 's points . Johnson criticised Hanmer for editing Shakespeare 's words based on subjective opinion instead of objective fact . In particular , Johnson writes :
He appears to find no difficulty in most of those passages which I have represented as unintelligible , and has therefore passed smoothly over them , without any attempt to alter or explain them ... Such harmless industry may surely be forgiven if it cannot be praised ; may he therefore never want a monosyllable who can use it with such wonderful dexterity . Rumpature quisquis rumpitur invidia ! ( " If anyone is going to burst with envy , let him do so ! " – Martial )
He then continues :
The rest of this edition I have not read , but , from the little that I have seen , I think it not dangerous to declare that , in my opinion , its pomp recommends it more than its accuracy . There is no distinction made between the ancient reading , and the innovations of the editor ; there is no reason given for any of the alterations which are made ; the emendations of former editions are adopted without any acknowledgement , and few of the difficulties are removed which have hitherto embarrassed the readers of Shakespeare .
The Miscellaneous Observations contains many of Johnson 's early thoughts and theories on Shakespeare . For instance , Johnson thought that there was an uncanny power in Shakespeare 's supernatural scenes and wrote , " He that peruses Shakespeare looks round alarmed and starts to find himself alone " .
At the end of the work , Johnson announced that he would produce a new edition of Shakespeare :
Proposals for printing a new edition of the plays of William Shakespeare , with notes , critical and explanatory , in which the text will be corrected : the various readings remarked : the conjuectures of former editors examined , and their omissions supplied . By the author of the Miscellaneous Observations on the Tragedy of Macbeth .
In response , Jacob Tonson and his associates , who controlled the copyright of the current edition of Shakespeare , threatened to sue Johnson and Cave in a letter written on 11 April 1745 . They did so to protect their new edition , edited by the Shakespeare scholar William Warburton .
= = = Proposal = = =
On 1 June 1756 , Johnson reprinted his Miscellaneous Observations but attached his Proposal or Proposals for Printing , by Subscription , the Dramatick Works of William Shakespeare , Corrected and Illustrated . On 2 June 1756 , he signed a contract to edit an eight @-@ volume set of Shakespeare 's writings including a preface , and on 8 June 1756 Johnson printed his Proposal , now called Proposals for an Edition of Shakespeare . The Proposal sold subscriptions for Johnson 's future edition at the cost of two guineas , the first paid before and the second upon printing . When Johnson achieved scholarly renown for his A Dictionary of the English Language , Warburton 's publishers , Tonson et al . , granted him permission to work on Shakespeare .
In the Proposal , Johnson describes the various problems with previous editions of Shakespeare and argues how a new edition , written by himself , would correct these problems . In particular , Johnson promised to " correct what is corrupt , and to explain what is obscure " . He would accomplish this by relying on " a careful collation of all the oldest copies " and to read " the same story in the very book which Shakespeare consulted " . Unlike other editors who " slight their predecessors " , Johnson claimed that " all that is valuable will be adopted from every commentator , that posterity may consider it as including all the rest , and exhibiting whatever is hitherto known of the great father of the English drama " . Later in the work , he promised that it would be ready by December 1757 .
Johnson was contracted to finish the edition in 18 months but as the months passed , his pace slowed . He told Charles Burney in December 1757 that it would take him until the following March to complete it . Before that could happen , in February 1758 he was arrested again for an unpaid debt of £ 40 . The debt was soon repaid by Tonson , who had contracted Johnson to publish the work ; this motivated Johnson to finish the edition to repay the favour . Although it took him another seven years to finish , Johnson completed a few volumes of his Shakespeare to prove his commitment to the project .
= = Johnson 's Shakespeare = =
Johnson admitted to John Hawkins , " my inducement to it is not love or desire of fame , but the want of money , which is the only motive to writing that I know of . " However , the money was not a strong enough motivator and in 1758 , partly as a way to avoid having to finish his Shakespeare , Johnson began to write a weekly series , The Idler , which ran from 15 April 1758 to 5 April 1760 .
By 1762 , Johnson had gained a reputation for being a slow worker . Contemporary poet Charles Churchill teased Johnson for the delay in producing his long @-@ promised edition of Shakespeare : " He for subscribers baits his hook / and takes your cash , but where 's the book ? " The comments soon stung Johnson into renewed work . It was only in 20 July 1762 , when he received the first payment on a government pension of 300 pounds a year , that he no longer had to worry about money and was finally able to dedicate most of his time to finishing the work .
On 10 January 1765 , the day after Johnson was introduced to Henry and Hester Thrale , Johnson noted in his diary that he " Corrected a sheet . " Afterwards , he began visiting his friend Richard Farmer who was writing his Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare to aid in his completely revising the work . During this time , Johnson added more than 550 notes as he began to revise the work for publication . In June , Johnson advertised that his edition would be published on 1 August 1765 . However , he was unable to work on the Preface until August and it was not printed until 29 September . George Steevens volunteered to help Johnson work on the Preface during this time .
Johnson 's edition of Shakespeare 's plays was finally published on 10 October 1765 as The Plays of William Shakespeare , in Eight Volumes ... To which are added Notes by Sam . Johnson in a printing of 1 @,@ 000 copies . The edition sold quickly and a second edition was soon printed , with an expanded edition to follow in 1773 and a further revised edition in 1778 .
= = = Preface = = =
There are four components to Johnson 's Preface to Shakespeare : a discussion of Shakespeare 's " greatness " especially in his " portrayal of human nature " ; the " faults or weakness " of Shakespeare ; Shakespeare 's plays in relationship to contemporary poetry and drama ; and a history of " Shakespearean criticism and editing down to the mid @-@ 1700 's " and what his work intends to do .
Johnson begins :
That praises are without reason lavished on the dead , and that the honours due only to excellence are paid to antiquity , is a complaint likely to be always continued by those , who , being able to add nothing to truth , hope for eminence from the heresies of paradox ; or those , who , being forced by disappointment upon consolatory expedients , are willing to hope from posterity what the present age refuses , and flatter themselves that the regard which is yet denied by envy , will be at last bestowed by time . Antiquity , like every other quality that attracts the notice of mankind , has undoubtedly votaries that reverence it , not from reason , but from prejudice . Some seem to admire indiscriminately whatever has been long preserved , without considering that time has sometimes co @-@ operated with chance ; all perhaps are more willing to honour past than present excellence ; and the mind contemplates genius through the shades of age , as the eye surveys the sun through artificial opacity . The great contention of criticism is to find the faults of the moderns , and the beauties of the ancients . While an authour is yet living we estimate his powers by his worst performance , and when he is dead we rate them by his best .
To works , however , of which the excellence is not absolute and definite , but gradual and comparative ; to works not raised upon principles demonstrative and scientifick , but appealing wholly to observation and experience , no other test can be applied than length of duration and continuance of esteem . What mankind have long possessed they have often examined and compared , and if they persist to value the possession , it is because frequent comparisons have confirmed opinion in its favour . As among the works of nature no man can properly call a river deep or a mountain high , without the knowledge of many mountains and many rivers ; so in the productions of genius , nothing can be stiled excellent till it has been compared with other works of the same kind . Demonstration immediately displays its power , and has nothing to hope or fear from the flux of years ; but works tentative and experimental must be estimated by their proportion to the general and collective ability of man , as it is discovered in a long succession of endeavours . Of the first building that was raised , it might be with certainty determined that it was round or square , but whether it was spacious or lofty must have been referred to time . The Pythagorean scale of numbers was at once discovered to be perfect ; but the poems of Homer we yet know not to transcend the common limits of human intelligence , but by remarking , that nation after nation , and century after century , has been able to do little more than transpose his incidents , new name his characters , and paraphrase his sentiments .
The reverence due to writings that have long subsisted arises therefore not from any credulous confidence in the superior wisdom of past ages , or gloomy persuasion of the degeneracy of mankind , but is the consequence of acknowledged and indubitable positions , that what has been longest known has been most considered , and what is most considered is best understood .
Johnson then introduces Shakespeare :
The poet , of whose works I have undertaken the revision , may now begin to assume the dignity of an ancient , and claim the privilege of established fame and prescriptive veneration . He has long outlived his century , the term commonly fixed as the test of literature merit . Whatever advantages he might once derive from personal allusions , local customs , or temporary opinions , have for many years been lost ; and every topic of merriment , or motive of sorrow , which the modes of artificial life afforded him , now only obscure the scenes which they once illuminated . The effects of favour and competition are at an end ; the tradition of his friendships and his enmities has perished ; his works support no opinion with arguments , nor supply any faction with invectives ; they can neither indulge vanity nor gratify malignity ; but are read without any other reason than the desire of pleasure , and are therefore praised only as pleasure is obtained ; yet , thus unassisted by interest or passion , they have past through variation of taste and changes of manners , and , as they devolved from one generation to another , have received new honours at every transmission .
= = = Plays = = =
Johnson , in his Proposal , said that " the corruptions of the text will be corrected by a careful collation of the oldest copies " . Accordingly , Johnson attempted to obtain early texts of the plays but many people were unwilling to lend him their editions out of a fear that they might be destroyed . David Garrick offered Johnson access to his collection of Shakespeare texts but Johnson declined the offer , believing that Garrick would expect preferential treatment in return .
Johnson 's strength was to create a set of corresponding notes that allow readers to identify the meaning behind many of Shakespeare 's more complicated passages or ones that may have been transcribed incorrectly over time . Included within the notes are occasional attacks upon the rival editors of Shakespeare 's works and their editions .
In 1766 , Steevens published his own edition of Shakespeare 's plays that was " designed to transcend Johnson 's in proceeding further towards a sound text " , but it lacked the benefit of Johnson 's critical notes . The two worked together to create a revised edition of Shakespeare 's plays in ten volumes , published in 1773 with additional corrections in 1778 . Steevens provided most of the textual work , with Johnson contributing an additional eighty notes .
= = Critical response = =
After Johnson was forced to back down from producing his edition of Shakespeare in 1746 , his rival editor William Warburton praised Johnson 's Miscellaneous Observations as " some critical notes on Macbeth , given as a specimen of a projected edition , and written , as appears , by a man of parts and genius " . Years later , Edmond Malone , an important Shakespearean scholar and friend of Johnson 's , said that Johnson 's " vigorous and comprehensive understanding threw more light on his authour than all his predecessors had done " , and that the Preface was " the finest composition in our language " . Adam Smith said that the Preface was " the most manly piece of criticism that was ever published in any country . "
In 1908 , Walter Raleigh claimed that Johnson helped the reader to " go straight to Shakespeare 's meaning , while the philological and antiquarian commentators kill one another in the dark . " Raleigh then admitted that he " soon falls into the habit , when he meets with an obscure passage , of consulting Johnson 's note before the others . " T. S. Eliot wrote that " no poet can ask more of posterity than to be greatly honoured by the great ; and Johnson 's words about Shakespeare are great honour " .
Walter Jackson Bate , in his 1977 biography on Johnson , wrote :
the edition of Shakespeare – viewed with historical understanding of what it involved in 1765 – could seem a remarkable feat ; and we are not speaking of just the great Preface To see it in perspective , we have only to remind ourselves what Johnson brought to it – an assemblage of almost every qualification we should ideally like to have brought to this kind of work with the single exception of patience ... Operating in and through these qualities was his own extensive knowledge of human nature and life . No Shakespearean critic or editor has ever approached him in this respect .
John Wain , another of Johnson 's biographers , claimed , " There is no better statement of the reason why Shakespeare needs to be edited , and what aims an editor can reasonably set himself " than Johnson 's Proposal .
= Loughor Castle =
Loughor Castle is a ruined , medieval fortification located in the town of Loughor , Wales . The castle was built around 1106 by the Anglo @-@ Norman lord Henry de Beaumont , during the Norman invasion of Wales . The site overlooked the River Loughor and controlled a strategic road and ford running across the Gower Peninsula . The castle was designed as an oval ringwork , probably topped by wicker fence defences , and reused the remains of the former Roman fort of Leucarum .
Over the next two centuries , the castle was involved in many conflicts . It was attacked and burnt , probably in the Welsh uprising of 1151 , and was captured by the forces of Llywelyn the Great in 1215 . John de Braose acquired the castle in 1220 and repaired it , constructing a stone curtain wall to replace the older defences . Attacked again in 1251 , the castle was reinforced with a stone tower in the second half of the 13th century . It declined in importance during the late @-@ medieval period , and by the 19th century , the castle was ruinous and overgrown with ivy .
In the 21st century , Loughor Castle is controlled by the Welsh heritage agency Cadw and operated as a tourist attraction . The ruined tower and fragments of the curtain wall still survive on top of the ringwork 's earthwork defences , which now resemble a motte , or mound , and are part of the Loughor Castle Park .
= = History = =
= = = 1st – 4th centuries = = =
Loughor Castle is located 11 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) west of Swansea in South @-@ West Wales , overlooking the River Loughor . The site was first used by the Romans for a military fort , one of a sequence running across South @-@ West Wales . The fort , Leucarum , took its name from the Celtic name for the River Loughor . Its location provided good visibility across the region and enabled it to support naval units operating in the Bristol Channel . It also controlled a ford across the River Loughor ; this ford had probably emerged by the time of the Roman period , and was passable at high tide . The fort was built around 75 AD and was used until the middle of the 2nd century ; it was then reoccupied by the Romans during the late 3rd and early 4th century , before being abandoned by the military .
= = = 11th – 12th centuries = = =
The Normans began to make incursions into South Wales from the late @-@ 1060s onwards , pushing westwards from their bases in recently occupied England . Their advance was marked by the construction of castles , frequently on old Roman sites , for example those at Cardiff , Pevensey and Portchester , and the creation of regional lordships . Reusing former Roman sites in this way produced considerable savings in the manpower required to construct the large earth fortifications of the early castles .
Loughor Castle was constructed on the western edge of the Welsh commote , or land unit , of Gwyr . The castle was built shortly after 1106 , when Henry de Beaumont , the Earl of Warwick , was given the Gower Peninsula by Henry I. The Anglo @-@ Norman colonisation of the region followed , with Gower becoming a Marcher territory , enjoying extensive local independence . Loughor Castle was strategically important because it controlled the main road running through Gywr from Beaumont 's main base at Swansea Castle , and was a valuable coastal port . The castle took its name from a corruption of the title of the Roman fort .
In the 12th century , the castle would have been defended on its south side by a steep slope and the marshy ground running along the river . It was designed as an oval ringwork , which today is around 21 metres ( 69 ft ) by 18 metres ( 59 ft ) across and 12 metres ( 39 ft ) high , protected by a ditch 5 metres ( 16 ft ) wide and 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) deep . The Roman fort in this corner was only visible as earthworks in the 12th century , and the builders used part of these in the construction of the ringwork . The ringwork was made up of a core of river gravel and coarse sand , with finer sand and clay forming the surface layer . The ringwork had a protective wicker fence around the top of the earthworks and possibly some form of early stone or wooden tower , with a gateway just to the north side of it . It is unclear what kind of buildings were constructed inside the ringwork , although a kitchen was certainly built on the east side of the enclosure .
The first half of the 12th century was a violent period in Gower , with extensive fighting occurring between the Anglo @-@ Normans and the local Welsh . Loughor Castle was attacked and burnt down around the middle of the century , probably as a part of a Welsh rebellion that devastated the area in 1151 . Henry II and the Welsh prince Rhys ap Gruffydd later agreed peace terms , and the castle was rebuilt . The inside of the ringwork was partially filled by debris during the 1151 attack , and at some point in the next few decades the bank of the ringwork was also deliberately widened inwards in places , allowing buildings to be constructed on it . These changes started the process of filling in the middle of the ringwork which led to the castle today having a mound , or motte @-@ like , appearance .
At around the end of the 12th century , two stone buildings were constructed in the centre of the ringwork , one of them being around 8 metres ( 26 ft ) by 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) . The castle probably passed into the control of the King of England at around this time , in lieu of debts owed by the Earl of Warwick . War broke out again across South @-@ West Wales in 1189 on the death of Henry II , as Rhys and his sons attempted to reclaim the region .
= = = 13th – 14th centuries = = =
Gower continued to see extensive fighting in the 13th century . Loughor Castle was given by King John to his ally William de Braose in 1203 ; William was a powerful Marcher Lord , and related to Rhys ap Gruffudd and his extended family . In 1208 , however , John and William argued ; their relationship broke down and the king attempted to confiscate Loughor and William 's other lands in the region . William allied himself with the Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great and war broke out . William died in 1211 , but his son , Reginald , continued fighting and married Gwladus , Llywelyn 's daughter . In 1215 , the castle was captured by Llywelyn 's forces and control of Gower was granted to Reginald . Two years later , however , Reginald made peace with the English Crown and Llywelyn removed him from power , replacing him with the Welsh prince Rhys Gryg . Contemporary chroniclers recorded that Rhys Gryg deliberately destroyed all the castles in Gower as part of his campaign to dominate the area .
Llyweyln married another of his daughters , Margaret , to Reginald 's nephew , John de Braose , and in 1220 Llyweyln gave him Gower and Loughor Castle , which John appears to have set about repairing . As part of this work , a stone curtain wall was built around the castle . This included a sally port on the north side of the castle .
In 1232 the castle was inherited by John 's son , William de Braose , and in turn his son , also called William . In the second half of the century , Wales saw a renewal of fighting , and the castle was attacked again in 1251 . The decision was taken to improve the castle 's defences and , as part of this , a square , stone tower was added to the castle to provide living accommodation , with three chambers , the first floor containing a garderobe and a fireplace . A gateway was constructed through the curtain wall just to the south of the tower . Two further stone buildings were constructed within the castle walls .
In 1302 , William de Braose granted the Loughor estate to his seneschal , John Yweyn , for life , in exchange for an annual fee of a greyhound collar . On John Yweyn 's death in 1322 the lands were seized by John de Mowbray , William 's son @-@ in @-@ law . John was involved in the rebellion against Edward II , however , and was executed later in 1322 ; John Yweyn 's next of kin , Alice Roculf , successfully appealed to the king and was granted the lands instead . Edward fell from power in 1327 , and the Loughor lands were granted to John de Mowbray 's son , John .
= = = 15th – 21st centuries = = =
The importance of Loughor Castle and the surrounding town declined in the late @-@ medieval period , and by the 19th century the castle had been ruined for many years and was covered in ivy . The castle was painted by the artist William Butler in the 1850s , who depicted the ruins alongside the local industries and the new railway line that had been cut through the remains of the former Roman fort .
In the 1940s , the south @-@ east corner of the castle tower collapsed ; the corner fell to the ground intact and because of its archaeological value it was decided to leave the fallen stonework in place on the ground , rather than risk further damaging it by removing it . In 1946 the castle was given to the Ministry of Works , and is now in the control of the Welsh heritage agency Cadw and operated as a tourist attraction . The castle sits within the grounds of the small Loughor Castle Park .
Archaeological investigations were carried out between 1969 – 71 and in 1973 . The castle is protected as a scheduled monument under UK law . Much of the curtain wall has been stolen and destroyed since the medieval period , although fragments remain up to 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) high , and the ruins of the tower remain a prominent feature of the local area .
= SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 6 ) =
The sixth season of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants , created by former marine biologist and animator Stephen Hillenburg , aired on Nickelodeon from March 3 , 2008 to July 5 , 2010 , and contained 26 episodes , beginning with the episode " Krabby Road " . The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom . The season was executive produced by series creator Hillenburg , who also acted as the showrunner . In 2009 , the show celebrated its tenth anniversary on television . The documentary film titled Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on July 17 , 2009 , and marked the anniversary . SpongeBob 's Truth or Square , a television film , and the special episode " To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants " were broadcast on Nickelodeon , as part of the celebration .
The show itself received several recognition , including the Kids ' Choice Awards for Favorite Cartoon in 2009 and 2010 . At the 2009 ASTRA Awards , the show was nominated for the Favourite International Program category , but did not win . At the 37th Daytime Emmy Awards , the show won for Outstanding Special Class Animated Program , while the directors of the show were nominated for Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program . The show was also nominated at the 2009 and 2010 BAFTA Children 's Awards for the Kids ' Vote – Television and International category , respectively . The episode " SpongeBob vs. The Big One " was nominated at the 2010 Golden Reel Awards . At the 37th Annie Awards , SpongeBob SquarePants was nominated for Best Animated Television Production for Children , while Tom Kenny won Best Voice Acting in a Television Production for his work on SpongeBob 's Truth or Square . Furthermore , at the 38th Annie Awards , the show won for Best Animated Television Production for Children , while the crew members , Jeremy Wakefield , Sage Guyton , Nick Carr and Tuck Tucker , won the Music in a Television Production category . SpongeBob SquarePants also won at the 2011 ASCAP Film and Television Awards for Top Television Series .
Several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released . The SpongeBob SquarePants : Season 6 , Volume 1 and 2 DVDs were released in Region 1 on December 8 , 2009 and December 7 , 2010 , respectively , while the complete set was released in Region 2 on November 29 , 2010 and Region 4 on December 2 , 2010 . On November 13 , 2012 , The Complete Sixth Season DVD was released in Region 1 .
= = Production = =
The season aired on Nickelodeon , which is owned by Viacom , and was produced by United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon . The season 's executive producers were series creator Stephen Hillenburg and Paul Tibbitt , who also acted as the series ' showrunner . Upon the announcement of Nickelodeon signing the new show The Mighty B ! on December 12 , 2006 , it renewed SpongeBob SquarePants for a sixth season with 26 episodes in order , surpassing the 100 @-@ episode mark . Cym
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Though it aired in season three , " When Flanders Failed " was produced during the previous season . It was recorded in spring 1991 when the previous season came to an end , and was scheduled to air in autumn that year . The staff therefore had more time to fix the glitches during the summer .
" When Flanders Failed " features the second appearance of the character Akira , voiced by Hank Azaria . He was previously seen in the season two episode " One Fish , Two Fish , Blowfish , Blue Fish " , where he is a waiter at a Japanese restaurant . It is revealed in this episode that the characters Ned Flanders , Moe Szyslak and Montgomery Burns are left @-@ handed , just like The Simpsons creator Matt Groening . The Simpsons writer George Meyer came up with the idea of The Leftorium when the writers were trying to figure out what Ned 's failed business would be . The inspiration came from a friend of Meyer 's who opened a left @-@ handed store that was quickly forced to close down due to lack of business .
= = Cultural references = =
The title of the episode is a reference to the title of the poem " In Flanders Fields " . Homer watches the Canadian Football League Draft on television . The Simpsons writers Jay Kogen , Wallace Wolodarsky , and John Swartzwelder appear on the draft list . Akira 's school is located in the mall next to Shakespeare 's Fried Chicken , a reference to the English poet and playwright William Shakespeare . Akira gives Bart 's karate class the ancient Chinese military treatise The Art of War by Sun Tzu . The episode 's ending in which Homer gathers the citizens to The Leftorium is a reference to the film It 's a Wonderful Life , including Homer 's toast and the way Ned and his wife Maude are dressed . Richard Sakai is seen in one of the crowd shots at The Leftorium at the end of the episode . The word schadenfreude became increasingly known in popular culture after it appeared in this episode . Lisa asks Homer if he has ever heard of schadenfreude after he expresses delight that Ned 's business is failing . Defining it for him , she says , " It 's a German term for ' shameful joy ' , taking pleasure in the suffering of others . "
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " When Flanders Failed " finished 29th in the ratings for the week of September 30 – October 6 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 9 , equivalent to approximately 12 @.@ 8 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week .
In December 2002 , " When Flanders Failed " was utilized in a Roanoke Presbyterian Church Sunday School class , to stimulate a discussion among both children and adults , about why unfortunate things happen to good people . Phil Brown , the teacher of the class , said the reason they used episodes of The Simpsons was " to get something that would get the kids excited and be more than just a traditional Sunday School lecture series . "
Since airing , the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics . Kirk Baird of the Las Vegas Sun named it the fifth best episode of The Simpsons , and Central Michigan Life called it an " instant classic " .
Pete Oliva of North Texas Daily said the episode " proves that it is possible to laugh and cry at the same time without being able to control either response . " Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict said " When Flanders Failed " shows that even if The Simpsons is not dealing with famous celebrities or " high profile places " , the writers can still " wring uproarious comedy out of their cast of regulars . Flanders is a special creation in the canon of humor , a regular guy who is funny because of how hyper @-@ normal he is compared to his Neanderthal neighbors . The focus on people who are left @-@ handed , and the whole idea of being a lefty , is an unusual basis for a television show . But then again , nothing about The Simpsons is ever common . " Hock Guan Teh of DVD Town also praised the writers , stating that they " are able to craft a downtrodden tale for the perpetually clueless Flanders family that serves to illustrate how dark emotions can eventually be overcome by Homer 's guilt . A memorable episode . " Niel Harvey of The Roanoke Times called " When Flanders Failed " a " classic bit of Simpsonia . " The episode 's reference to It 's a Wonderful Life was named the 26th greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum .
Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed gave the episode a 3 @.@ 5 / 5 rating and commented that " perhaps it is not profound in its examination of jealousy causing people to behave irrationally , but it handles the topic in a serious manner while not compromising the show 's humor . The side story with Bart stems from the era of the series when Bart was the big star , but it still has some funny bits . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote : " Mean Homer equals Funny Homer , so ' When Flanders Failed ' presents an above average show . He seems unusually crude here , which makes him amusing . The subplot with Bart and his karate class also adds good material , especially when he threatens to turn the ' Touch of Death ' on Lisa . Another sappy finish slightly mars this one , but it remains generally solid . " Kimberly Potts of AOL named it tenth best episode of the show and commented : " Schadenfreude is the theme of this tight episode about Homer 's joy at the failure of Flanders ' Leftorium store . There are few times Homer is more shamelessly smug than he was while imitating Flanders and using Ned 's yard sale grill , and we haven 't even mentioned Bart 's ' Touch of Death ' subplot . " Winston @-@ Salem Journal 's Tim Clodfelter called it an " outstanding " episode .
= Characters of Final Fantasy VIII =
Square 's 1999 best @-@ selling role @-@ playing video game Final Fantasy VIII deals with an elite group of mercenaries called " SeeD " , as well as soldiers , rebels , and political leaders of various nations and cities . Thirteen weeks after its release , Final Fantasy VIII had earned more than US $ 50 million in sales , making it the fastest selling Final Fantasy title . Final Fantasy VIII has shipped 8 @.@ 15 million units worldwide as of March 2003 . Additionally , Final Fantasy VIII was voted the 22nd @-@ best game of all time by readers of the Japanese magazine Famitsu . The game 's characters were created by Tetsuya Nomura , and are the first in the series to be realistically proportioned in a consistent manner . This graphical shift , as well as the cast in general , has received generally positive reviews from gaming magazines and websites .
The six main playable characters in Final Fantasy VIII are Squall Leonhart , a loner who keeps his focus on duty ; Rinoa Heartilly , a passionate young woman who follows her heart in all situations ; Quistis Trepe , an instructor with a serious , patient attitude ; Zell Dincht , a martial artist with a passion for hot dogs ; Selphie Tilmitt , a cheerful girl who loves trains and flies the airship Ragnarok ; and Irvine Kinneas , a marksman and consummate ladies ' man . Playable supporting characters include Laguna Loire , Kiros Seagill , and Ward Zabac , who appear in " flashback " sequences ; and antagonists Seifer Almasy and Edea Kramer . Other characters such as the main villain Ultimecia make appearances throughout the story ; their significance and backstories are revealed as the game progresses .
= = Cast creation and influences = =
Scenario writer Kazushige Nojima stresses the dynamic of players ' relationships with the main character in Final Fantasy games ; thus , he puts significant thought into how that relationship will develop . With Final Fantasy VII , protagonist Cloud Strife 's reserved nature led Nojima to include scenarios in which the player can select Cloud 's responses to certain situations and dialogue . With Final Fantasy VIII , which also features a reserved lead protagonist in Squall , Nojima wanted to give players actual insight into what the protagonist is thinking , even while other characters remain uninformed : this led to the inner dialogues Squall has through the game .
Character designer Tetsuya Nomura , while exchanging e @-@ mails with director Yoshinori Kitase during the period between the development of Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy VIII , suggested that the game should have a " school days " feel . Because Nojima already had a story in mind in which the main characters were the same age , the idea worked . Thus , they created the concept of military academies , called " Gardens " , in which students would train to become " SeeD " mercenaries . Nojima also planned for the two playable parties featured in the game — Squall 's present day group and Laguna Loire 's group of twenty years in the past — to highly contrast with one another . Laguna 's group consists of characters in their late twenties and have a lot of combat experience . They are also close friends who have fought together for a long time and trust one another . On the other hand , Squall 's party is young and inexperienced , and Squall himself does not initially understand the value of friendship .
Kitase expressed a desire to give the game a foreign atmosphere ( " foreign " being in relation to Japan ) ; his objective with the environment was to create a largely European setting . The first character Nomura designed specifically for use in Final Fantasy VIII was Squall , initially giving him longer hair and a more feminine appearance . However , Yoshinori Kitase did not feel that this design worked and asked Nomura to shorten his hair and make him look more masculine , which led to the design seen in @-@ game . When designing Cloud Strife , Nomura gave him distinctly spiky , bright blonde hair to emphasize his role as that game 's protagonist . With Squall , Nomura wanted to try a unique angle to establish his role , giving him the characteristic gunblade scar across the bridge of his nose . A complete history was not yet conceived , so Nomura left the explanation for Squall 's scar to Nojima . Squall 's design was flourished by a fur lining along the collar of his jacket , included for the purpose of challenging the game 's full motion video designers . This is but one example of the demands he has consistently extended to the programmers of the Final Fantasy series as technology has advanced .
" Guardian Forces " , creatures who are brought into battle to attack enemies or support the party , are the version of summons appearing in Final Fantasy VIII . Nomura felt they should be unique beings , without clothes or other human @-@ like concepts . This was problematic , as he did not want them to " become the actual monsters " , so he took great care in their design . Ramuh — an old wizard from earlier Final Fantasy games — was replaced ; other human @-@ like designs were re @-@ imagined nude and with creature @-@ like elements . Nomura , also the director of the Guardian Force animation sequences , wanted to create a greater impact than the summons of Final Fantasy VII . Leviathan was created as a test and included in a game demo . Garnering a positive reaction from players , Nomura decided to create the remaining sequences in a similar fashion .
In a Famitsu Weekly interview with Kitase , Nomura , and Yuusuke Naoi , the team agreed that Final Fantasy VIII reflects Nomura 's preferred technique , as opposed to Final Fantasy VII , which featured characters that " weren 't really his style " . The team also decided to use realistically proportioned characters . The higher level of full motion video technology would have otherwise created an inconsistency between the in @-@ game graphics and the higher definition full motion video graphics . Additionally , Kitase explained that the main logo of the game — Squall and Rinoa embracing — was inspired by the team 's efforts to express emotion through body language .
= = Creatures and races = =
The world of Final Fantasy VIII is predominantly occupied by humans . Another prominent race is the " Shumi " , a small tribe of creatures with yellow skin and large arms . The tribe lives in an underground village on the Trabian continent . The Shumi frown upon showing off their large hands ; NORG , the owner of Balamb Garden , was exiled from the tribe for his ostentation . All Shumi undergo a biological metamorphosis at some point in their lives ; a qualified Shumi will become an Elder while another may become a mute " Moomba " . Moombas are covered in red fur , which the Shumi attribute to " the passionate ingenuity in their hearts " . Additionally , Moombas have appeared in several Final Fantasy spin @-@ offs , including Chocobo World and Chocobo Racing .
Chocobos — large galliform birds common throughout the Final Fantasy series — are featured in the game . In this title , Chocobos are generally undomesticated and can be found in various forests throughout the world . Each forest has a minigame where the player must corral baby Chocobos to locate the mother . If the player catches a bird , a baby Chocobo ( a Chicobo ) named Boko will follow the player around . Boko has his own game called Chocobo World that can be downloaded from the PlayStation disc onto a PocketStation game unit . Series composer Nobuo Uematsu created two Chocobo themes for Final Fantasy VIII : " Mods de Chocobo " and " Odeka de Chocobo " .
Final Fantasy VIII also features an array of common real world creatures , such as cats and dogs . The game also includes numerous monsters , many of which have appeared earlier in the series . Popular recurring monsters include Adamantoise , Behemoth , Bomb , Cactuar , Iron Giant , Malboro , and Tonberry .
= = Playable characters = =
= = = Squall Leonhart = = =
Squall Leonhart ( スコール ・ レオンハート , Sukōru Reonhāto ) is the main protagonist of Final Fantasy VIII . He is a young student at Balamb Garden who was identifiable by the scar on his face that a fellow student , Seifer , inflicted . He rarely speaks and has the reputation of being a lone wolf . As Squall 's story unfolds , he becomes fascinated with and falls in love with Rinoa , despite never outwardly expressing such until the ending . Squall is characterized by forlorn memories of standing out in the rain at the orphanage where he grew up , wondering where " Sis " went . Squall 's weapon is a gunblade , a sword that uses components of a revolver to send vibrations through the blade when triggered . His Limit Break is a series of sword strikes called Renzokuken .
= = = Rinoa Heartilly = = =
Rinoa Heartilly ( リノア ・ ハーティリー , Rinoa Hātirī ) is the primary female protagonist of Final Fantasy VIII . She is the 17 @-@ year @-@ old daughter of General Caraway , a high @-@ ranking officer in the Galbadian army , and Julia Heartilly , a successful pianist and singer . Rinoa is a member of the Forest Owls , a resistance faction seeking to liberate the small nation of Timber from Galbadian occupation . When Squall and his party of SeeD help the resistance movement fight Galbadia , Rinoa decides to stay with them ; as a result she ends up falling in love with Squall . She has black hair with brown highlights and dark eyes . Outspoken , spirited , emotional , and honest with her feelings , she speaks her mind without reservation . Because of her ambition , she can often be stubborn . The year before the game begins , she dated with Squall 's long @-@ standing rival Seifer Almasy .
Rinoa first meets Squall at the SeeD inauguration ball at Balamb Garden . During the dance , she manages to charm the usually antisocial Squall into dancing with her . Her purpose for visiting the Garden is revealed when the Forest Owls hire Squall , Zell Dincht , and Selphie Tilmitt as mercenaries . Later , Rinoa is possessed by Ultimecia when she loses her influence over Sorceress Edea , which causes Rinoa to fall into a coma @-@ like state . Consequently , Squall tries desperately to revive her , eventually traveling to the country of Esthar . However , Ultimecia manages to use Rinoa to release Sorceress Adel from her orbital prison . After Rinoa 's use expires , Ultimecia possesses Adel and leaves Rinoa to die in space . Squall rescues her , and the two attempt to share a personal moment on the Ragnarok spaceship while the game 's theme song , " Eyes On Me " , plays in the background . During the game 's ending , she reunites with Squall , and kisses him for the first time on the Balamb Garden balcony .
In battle , she uses a weapon called a " Blaster Edge " , which consists of an arm holster and a projectile that returns like a boomerang . In her Combine Limit Break , she attacks in unison with her dog , Angelo . When Rinoa gains Sorceress powers , she acquires a second Limit Break , Angel Wing , which increases her spell @-@ casting ability , along with rendering her in a state of " magic " berserk for the remainder of the battle .
Character artist Tetsuya Nomura found Rinoa the hardest character to design in Final Fantasy VIII . Nomura emphasized that he tried to avoid letting the possibilities presented by the recent advancements in full motion video technology become the entire focus , believing that these innovations might tempt developers to make their female characters " too beautiful " and focus more on physical appearance than personality . With this in mind , Nomura tried to make her " cute , not gorgeous " . To further emphasize this , he wrote a list of vocabulary traits and physical habits for Rinoa 's character that he felt conveyed this idea , and sent them to Kazushige Nojima along with the character 's design .
In addition to Final Fantasy VIII , Rinoa appears in a PlayStation 2 technology demo recreating the pre @-@ rendered music video cutscene sequence from the game in real @-@ time . She also appears in the 2004 board video game Itadaki Street Special and the 2012 rhythm video game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy , and is set to appear in the puzzle role @-@ playing video game Puzzle & Dragons as part of the Final Fantasy collaboration . Her outfits are available in the video games Gunslinger Stratos 2 and Star Ocean : Till the End of Time , and three of Rinoa 's weapon ( the Valkyrie , Cardinal and Shooting Star ) are Ultimecia 's exclusive weapons in Dissidia Final Fantasy .
= = = Laguna Loire = = =
Laguna Loire ( ラグナ ・ レウァール , Raguna Rewāru ) is a man whose past and relation to the main characters are revealed slowly throughout the game . Most of the sequences involving Laguna appear in the form of " dreams " experienced by the primary protagonists . Squall always experiences these dreams from Laguna 's point of view , although he does not think too highly of Laguna . Laguna attacks with a Machine gun and his Limit Break is Desperado , which involves a swinging rope , a grenade , and a barrage of bullets . During the dream segments , he is a twenty @-@ seven @-@ year @-@ old soldier in the Galbadian army who travels with his companions , Kiros Seagill and Ward Zabac . He is also an aspiring journalist .
During the first two dream segments , Laguna and his team are shown getting lost and visiting the hotel where singer Julia Heartilly , Laguna 's romantic interest , performs . After a scouting mission at Centra , the three soldiers are separated and Laguna is injured . A young woman named Raine nurses him back to health after he is brought to Winhill . He falls in love with and marries her . However , he is drawn away from his new home when a young girl in their care , Ellone , is kidnapped . Laguna tracks her down in Esthar , where he helps liberate the nation from the despotic rule of Sorceress Adel . The people of Esthar elect Laguna as their president and Ellone is sent back to Winhill without him . After Raine dies , her child ( whom Ward and Kiros imply to be Squall in a conversation aboard the Ragnarok ) and Ellone are sent to an orphanage . Laguna is unable to leave his post to visit her and remains president of Esthar to the present day . Ellone and Laguna are reunited in space , and Laguna helps the party prepare for their fight against Ultimecia .
The concept of two main characters was planned since the beginning of the game 's development . Nomura tried to create a contrast between Laguna 's and Squall 's occupations ; thus , Laguna became a soldier with a light @-@ hearted charisma , and Squall became a reserved mercenary student . The designers intended Laguna to be more similar to the previous protagonists in the series to complement Squall , who is different from previous main characters . Laguna is ranked seventh in Electronic Gaming Monthly 's list of the top ten video game politicians .
Laguna Loire appears in Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy , where he is voiced by Hiroaki Hirata in the Japanese version and Armando Valdes @-@ Kennedy in the English version . He is featured in his youthful Final Fantasy VIII appearance while his older and his Galbadian soldier forms . His costume of a knight is also available as downloadble content . Laguna was also planned to appear in Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep as the head of Mirage Arena .
= = = Seifer Almasy = = =
Seifer Almasy ( サイファー ・ アルマシー , Saifā Arumashī ) is a classmate and rival of Squall , who can only be controlled by the player during the Dollet sequence . He reappears as a boss later in the game . He acts as a foil to Squall in many respects , having dated Rinoa before she met Squall , and assuming a leadership position among his friends . Like Squall , Seifer wields a gunblade which he calls " Hyperion " . His Limit Break , Fire Cross , allows him to use an attack called No Mercy . He later uses the more powerful techniques Demon Slice and Bloodfest against the player . Seifer has a short temper and is often depicted as a bully who desires attention . He is also fiercely independent and is often punished for his recklessness . He is the leader of Balamb Garden 's disciplinary committee with his friends Fujin and Raijin . After joining Ultimecia , he becomes the leader of the Galbadian army .
During the introduction sequence , Seifer cuts Squall across the left side of his face with his gunblade , leaving a scar . Squall retaliates with a backhand slash that leaves Seifer with a mirrored scar . At the following field exam in Dollet , Seifer acts independently from his teammates Squall and Zell , abandoning them ; consequently , he fails and is not promoted to SeeD . Spurred by dreams of a brighter future , he defects to Sorceress Edea so he could be her " knight " . From his point of view , Squall and the others are " evil " and he recognizes himself as a hero . As Seifer is brainwashed by the sorceress , he alienates himself from his friends . Eventually , Fujin and Raijin abandon him and he is defeated shortly afterward . Following Edea 's defeat , the party confronts Seifer one last time as he now serves Ultimecia , and either they or Gilgamesh defeat him . Seifer escapes , kidnapping Rinoa and bringing her to Adel . At the end of the game , Seifer is seen fishing and having fun with Fujin and Raijin .
Nomura had originally intended Seifer not only as Squall 's rival , but also as part of the love triangle between him , Squall , and Rinoa . Although this concept was shelved in the final script , Seifer remains Squall 's rival and his appearance was designed to contrast with Squall 's . They have equivalent but mirrored scars on their faces and their jackets are of opposing color and length . Both characters use gunblades ; Squall 's gunblade is larger and requires two hands , while Seifer 's gunblade is lighter and can be wielded with one hand . A younger version of Seifer makes an appearance in Kingdom Hearts II as a member of the Twilight Town Disciplinary Committee with Fujin and Raijin . Seifer in the virtual Twilight Town is a rival of the main character , Roxas , and at one point mentions that he does not wish to cooperate with destiny . He is voiced by Takehito Koyasu and Will Friedle in the Japanese and English versions , respectively . He is also featured in the rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy as a subcharacter representing Final Fantasy VIII .
The book " Converging Traditions in the Digital Moving Image : Architectures of Illusion , Images of Truth " discusses that while Seifer is seen as a show @-@ off and a troublemaker , protagonist Squall Leonhart identifies with him . IGN listed Seifer as the 91st best video game villain , stating that he makes for a great rival due to the similarities between him and Squall .
= = = Quistis Trepe = = =
Quistis Trepe ( キスティス ・ トゥリープ , Kisutisu Turīpu ) is an eighteen @-@ year @-@ old instructor at Balamb Garden , where Squall , Zell , and Seifer are students . She uses a chain whip in battle , and her Limit Break , Blue Magic , a common ability found throughout the Final Fantasy games , allows her to imitate monsters ' attacks . Early in the game , Quistis is discharged as an instructor because she " [ lacks ] leadership qualities " . Afterwards , she maintains a more informal relationship with the other characters as a fellow member of SeeD .
As a child , Quistis stayed at an orphanage with most of the main characters . She then lived with foster parents , with whom she never developed any intimacy , before moving to Galbadia Garden at age ten . She became a SeeD at fifteen and an instructor two years later . Quistis initially joins Squall to prepare him for his upcoming field exam . She later takes Squall into her confidence and tells him personally about her demotion . As a result , Squall stops paying attention to her , which leads to Quistis asking if he is paying attention . Squall rudely tells her to go " talk to a wall " , a famous comical line in the game , and not to burden him with her problems . This furthers the player 's perception of Squall 's awkwardness and anti @-@ social tendencies . When Irvine refreshes the main characters ' memories about the orphanage , they remember that Squall 's asocial behavior began when Ellone , an older sister figure to Squall , left the orphanage unexpectedly . As a result of these revelations , Quistis recognizes that her feelings for Squall are more sisterly than romantic . Later , she criticizes Squall when he nearly abandons Rinoa , his romantic interest .
When designing the characters , Nomura had wanted at least one female character to wear a skirt . Quistis was originally supposed to fill this part , but Nomura decided a long skirt worn over pants would look better . The role was eventually passed to Selphie . Nomura was surprised when the writers cast her as a teacher , despite being around the same age as the rest of the group .
= = = Selphie Tilmitt = = =
Selphie Tilmitt ( セルフィ ・ ティルミット , Serufi Tirumitto ) is a student at Balamb Garden who recently transferred from Trabia Garden . She is active and energetic , although slightly clumsy . She participates in many extracurricular activities , such as planning the Garden Festival and running the school 's website . She wields nunchaku in battle , and her Limit Break Slot allows the player to cast a random spell numerous times as well as certain magic used exclusively in her limit break . In addition to battle , she pilots the Ragnarok starship .
Selphie first appears when running into Squall while late for class . She asks Squall to show her around because she recently transferred . During the Dollet exam , Selphie joins Squall 's team after Seifer abandons them . She becomes a SeeD with Squall and Zell , and the three are assigned to the same team . When Galbadia launches missiles at Trabia Garden , she reacts with outrage and helps destroy the missile base . Throughout the game , she revisits her childhood closeness with Irvine , who serves as her copilot on the Ragnarok .
Selphie was the second character that Nomura drew , after Squall , intentionally giving her an impractical hairstyle . When he first designed Selphie , Nomura drew her in overalls ; however , he realized that none of the characters would be wearing a skirt . In the end , he gave Selphie a mini @-@ skirt and let Quistis have pants . In the Kingdom Hearts series , Nomura included a younger version of Selphie as a resident of Destiny Islands , and uses a jump rope instead of nunchaku . She is voiced by Mayuko Aoki in the Japanese version , and by Molly Keck in the English version .
= = = Zell Dincht = = =
Zell Dincht ( ゼル ・ ディン , Zeru Din ) is a student at Balamb Garden with Squall and Seifer . Seventeen years old , Zell is a martial artist who fits the role of unarmed character , just like Tifa Lockhart did in the previous game , Final Fantasy VII . Zell attacks with punches and kicks , his weapons being gloves , and his Limit Break , Duel , requires the player to input button combinations on the controller to deal damage . Zell is slightly impulsive and overconfident in his own skill ; however , he is loyal to his friends . Seifer gives him the nickname " chicken @-@ wuss " . He also has a passion for hot dogs ; a recurring gag is that they are always sold out by the time he reaches the cafeteria .
Zell lived at the same orphanage as many of the other protagonists ; this is where Seifer first began to bully him . He was later adopted by the Dincht family in the town of Balamb . His motivation for enrolling at Garden is to live up to the memory of his grandfather , a famous soldier .
Zell was designed to look and act like the main character of a shōnen manga ( Japanese comic books intended primarily for boys ) ; his neighbors in Balamb describe him as a " ' comic @-@ bookish ' type of hero " . He also thinks of himself as Seifer 's rival , despite not being the main character . The inspiration for the tattoo on his face came from an MTV music video that featured a man with a full body tattoo .
Zell 's ultimate weapon is named Ehrgeiz , directly referencing the game of the same name which came out around the same time Final Fantasy VIII did . Also , continuing the similarities to Tifa Lockhart of Final Fantasy VII , Zell 's final limit break is My Final Heaven , while Tifa 's was called just Final Heaven .
= = = Irvine Kinneas = = =
Irvine Kinneas ( アーヴァイン ・ キニアス , Āvain Kiniasu ) is a student at Galbadia Garden , one of the three mercenary academies in the game . He is one of the Garden 's elite sharpshooters , always carrying his rifle . His Limit Break is Shot , which deals damage and inflicts status effects depending on the type of ammunition . Irvine is depicted as a cowboy , tall and fair @-@ skinned with long brown hair that he wears pulled back in a ponytail . He also enjoys flirting with the female characters , being known as well for his marksmanship as his charm . He acts like a carefree , but misunderstood loner ; however , this is merely a façade to charm women and hide his lack of confidence .
When Sorceress Edea becomes the Galbadian ambassador , Balamb and Galbadia Gardens order Squall 's team to assassinate her ; Irvine is introduced as the sniper for the mission . Moments before the assassination attempt , he explains to Squall that he always chokes under pressure . In spite of his nerves and under intense pressure , he fires an accurate shot , but Edea uses magic to stop the bullet . At Trabia Garden , Irvine reveals that he and most of the other party members had lived in the same orphanage , run by Cid and Edea Kramer . However , the others could not remember this because of their use of Guardian Forces ( GF ) , magical beings who cause severe long @-@ term memory loss as a side effect . Because Irvine had not used a GF until he joined the party , he is able to remember his past . During the game , Irvine gradually draws closer to Selphie , acting on the feeling he has had since living with her at the orphanage .
With Irvine , Nomura tried to strike a balance between not overshadowing Squall and not becoming too unattractive . He gave Irvine a handsome appearance , but a casual personality , hoping that this would make him less attractive than Squall . Keeping with this idea , Nomura gave him goggles ; however , this idea was abandoned in favor of an American cowboy @-@ like appearance to set him apart from other goggle @-@ wearing characters in the Final Fantasy series .
= = = Kiros Seagill = = =
Kiros Seagill ( キロス ・ シーゲル , Kirosu Shīgeru ) is one of Laguna 's comrades in the Galbadian Army . He wields a pair of katar ( कटार ) or gauntlet @-@ daggers , with which he repeatedly slices his enemies in his Limit Break , Blood Pain . His weapons ' name is given as " katal " in the English localization of the game . Following the failed mission in Centra , Kiros is separated from Laguna and Ward . He heals quickly and decides to leave the Galbadian army , but soon finds that life without Laguna lacks excitement . His subsequent search for Laguna brings him to Winhill after nearly a year . When Laguna is forced to leave Winhill to find Ellone , Kiros accompanies him , helping him earn money as an amateur actor to fund the expedition . Kiros remains by Laguna 's side throughout his adventures in Esthar , earning a place as Laguna 's advisor when he becomes president . Like Ward , Kiros ' interactions with Laguna are based on the staff 's interactions during development .
= = = Ward Zabac = = =
Ward Zabac ( ウォード ・ ザバック , Wōdo Zabakku ) is Laguna 's other comrade . An imposing man , he wields a large harpoon in battle ; in his Limit Break , Massive Anchor , he uses it to crush his opponents from above . During the incident at Centra , he loses his voice in a battle with Esthar soldiers . After being separated from Laguna and Kiros , he becomes a janitor at the D @-@ District Prison . When Laguna becomes president of Esthar , Ward joins Kiros as an advisor , directing affairs with gestures and ellipses . Laguna and Kiros can understand what he is saying by his reactions . Like Kiros , Ward 's interactions with Laguna are based on the staff 's interactions during development .
= = = Edea Kramer = = =
Edea Kramer ( イデア ・ クレイマー , Idea Kureimā ) is initially presented as a power @-@ hungry sorceress who seizes control of Galbadia from President Deling . Her motives are unknown , but SeeD is dispatched to assassinate her . Later , it is revealed that Edea is actually the wife of Headmaster Cid , and was known as " Matron " to Squall and the other kids that lived at the orphanage . It is eventually explained that Edea was not acting of her own will , but was possessed by a sorceress from the future named Ultimecia . When Ultimecia 's control is broken , Edea takes the side of the SeeDs in the struggle and joins Squall 's party for a short time . However , she accidentally gives her powers to Rinoa , making her a sorceress . Being a sorceress , Edea attacks with magical bursts of energy and her Limit Break , Ice Strike , consists of a magically conjured icicle , hurled like a javelin . This Limit Break is depicted in a cutscene during Edea 's coronation as head of Galbadia , when she ( possessed by Ultimecia ) attacks Squall with it .
Edea is one of three character concepts , along with Fujin and Raijin , to have been created before Final Fantasy VIII . Tetsuya Nomura had designed Edea even before the development of Final Fantasy VII , based on the style of Yoshitaka Amano , who was the character illustrator of Final Fantasy VI and previous games . In Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy , Edea 's design is used as an alternate costume of Ultimecia 's .
= = Other characters = =
= = = Adel = = =
Adel ( アデル , Aderu ) is a sorceress from Esthar who initiated the Sorceress War some years ago before the start of the game . As the ruler of Esthar , she ordered her soldiers to abduct every girl to find a suitable successor for her powers , including the young Ellone . During the Esthar revolution , Laguna and Dr. Odine devised an artifact to cancel the sorceress power , and placed her in suspended animation in outer space . In the present , after Edea is released from Ultimecia 's control , Ultimecia possesses the new sorceress , Rinoa , and commands her to free Adel , so she can become Ultimecia 's new and more powerful vessel . Adel is successfully freed , so Rinoa is discarded as a host . However , in order to defeat Ultimecia , Dr. Odine plans for Ultimecia to once again possess Rinoa . Eventually , Squall 's party defeats Adel when she tries to absorb Rinoa at the Lunatic Pandora , thus Adel 's powers transfer to Rinoa , Ultimecia possesses her again , and using Ellone 's powers , they start " Time Compression " , which leads to the final battle .
= = = Cid Kramer = = =
Cid Kramer ( シド ・ クレイマー , Shido Kureimā ) is the headmaster of Balamb Garden . After the failed assassination attempt on Edea , the Garden Master , NORG , attempts to seize power from Cid and reconcile with Edea . This sparks an internal conflict , in which the students and personnel side with either Cid or NORG . However , Squall and Xu quell the conflict and return Cid to power . Afterward , Cid aggressively confronts NORG , who started the conflict over financial issues . Cid is the husband of Sorceress Edea , with whom he ran an orphanage and founded the SeeD organization . They are estranged for most of the game , however , because they lead opposing factions until Ultimecia releases her magical possession of Edea .
Because most Final Fantasy titles include a character named " Cid " , Nomura wanted to design someone with differences from the past Cids in the series . He gave this version of Cid the appearance and personality of an older , benevolent character who would watch over Squall 's party and offer them advice and motivation . Nojima decided that this type of good @-@ natured character would work best as the headmaster of Balamb Garden .
= = = Ellone = = =
Ellone ( エルオーネ , Eruōne ) is a mysterious girl and the missing " Sis " of Squall 's past . She has the ability to send a person 's consciousness back in time and into the body of another , so they can experience the actions of that person . She uses this talent to send Squall 's party into Laguna 's past adventures , hoping that they would alter the past ; however , she eventually realizes that her abilities can only view history , not alter it . Ultimecia needs this power to achieve " Time Compression " , so she uses Edea and the Galbadian military to find her .
Ellone is an important character in the story , tying the relationships between some of the characters , and being the primary objective of Ultimecia . However , Ellone 's importance is mostly told in the flashbacks , and explained gradually . After Ellone 's parents were killed by Esthar soldiers , under orders of sorceress Adel , she lived with Raine in the small Winhill village , where she also developed a close relationship with her adoptive uncle , Laguna . These peaceful times lasted until she was finally captured by Esthar . Then , Laguna travelled to Esthar to rescue her , at the same time he participated in Esthar 's rebellion to overthrow Adel . After Adel 's incarceration in space , Laguna having to remain in Esthar as president , and then Raine 's death , Ellone moved to Cid and Edea 's orphanage , where she became an older sister figure to Squall and the other orphans , and eventually she also followed Cid to Balamb Garden . Early in the game , Squall 's party finds Ellone in the library of Balamb Garden , but the characters don 't have further interactions . It is later explained that the " Guardian Forces " ( GF ) which the SeeDs use in battle cause memory loss , thus explaining why Squall doesn 't remember Ellone , Edea and his past in the orphanage .
= = = Fujin = = =
Fujin ( 風神 , Fūjin ) is a young woman with pale skin , short silver hair and an eye patch . She is a member of Balamb Garden 's disciplinary committee with Seifer and Raijin ; the three of them form a close " posse " , even when Seifer leaves Garden . Fujin prefers to speak in terse sentences , often with only a single word , such as " RAGE ! " and " LIES ! " ( in the Japanese version she only spoke in Kanji ) . However , near the end of the game , she explains to Squall that she will temporarily break ties with Seifer because of his recent behavior . In battle , Fujin wields a chakram and uses wind @-@ based magic . She shares her name with the Japanese god of wind , Fūjin .
Fujin and Raijin were to appear in Final Fantasy VII ; however , the designers excluded them due to their similarity to the Turks . In Kingdom Hearts II , a younger version of Fujin , named " Fuu " ( フウ ) , appears as a member of Seifer 's gang . She is voiced by Rio Natsuki in the Japanese version and by Jillian Bowen in the English version .
= = = Raijin = = =
Raijin ( 雷神 , Rājin ) is a member of Balamb Garden 's disciplinary committee with Seifer and Fujin ; the three form a close " posse " , as he calls it . He has a habit of ending his sentences with " ya know " ( もんよ , mon 'yo , in the Japanese version ) . Like Fujin , he supports Seifer when he betrays SeeD and Garden to side with Edea . Near the end of the game , he stands by Fujin 's plea to the party to help save Seifer from himself . In the ending FMV , he celebrates catching a large fish until Fujin kicks him into the water . In battle , Raijin uses thunder @-@ based magic and a bō staff with large weights on either end . He shares his name with the Japanese god of thunder , Raijin .
Raijin and Fujin were to appear in Final Fantasy VII ; however , the designers decided against it due to their similarity to the Turks . In Kingdom Hearts II , a younger version of Raijin , named " Rai " ( ライ ) , appears as a member of Seifer 's gang . He is voiced by Kazuya Nakai in the Japanese version , and by Brandon Adams in the English version .
= = = Ultimecia = = =
Ultimecia ( アルティミシア , Arutimishia ) is the main antagonist of Final Fantasy VIII . Because she operates through the body of a possessed Edea to gain control of Galbadia , Ultimecia 's existence is revealed only after possessing Rinoa to release Sorceress Adel from her orbital prison to take as a new host . A sorceress from the future , Ultimecia is capable of reaching her consciousness into the distant past via a special " Junction Machine " to possess other sorceresses . She seeks to achieve " Time Compression " , which would cause all eras to merge ; this would extinguish all life but her own as she becomes an omnipresent goddess . This would give her power on a par to Hyne the Great , who , according to the background had created the world .
In fact , Squall and the heroes do help Ultimecia start Time Compression , but they do so to confront her in her own time . After Squall and his party defeat Sorceress Adel , Adel transfers her power to Rinoa , then Ultimecia possesses Rinoa again , and Ellone uses her power to send their consciousness to the past , at which point Ultimecia starts Time Compression . At that moment , the heroes are able to travel to Ultimecia 's distant future and defeat her . After the final battle , the defeated Ultimecia transfers her powers to Edea .
Ultimecia is the villainess representing Final Fantasy VIII in Dissidia : Final Fantasy and Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy , where she is voiced by Atsuko Tanaka ( Japanese ) and Tasia Valenza ( English ) .
= = = Minor characters = = =
= = = = Biggs and Wedge = = = =
Biggs and Wedge are members of the Galbadian Army . Biggs is a major and Wedge is a lieutenant . After the main characters defeat the duo at Dollet , they are demoted in rank to lieutenant and private respectively . The protagonists encounter them again at the D @-@ District Prison . A third meeting at the Lunatic Pandora does not result in conflict ; instead , they quit the Galbadian army . They continue the Final Fantasy tradition of including two minor characters with the names " Biggs " and " Wedge . "
= = = = General Fury Caraway = = = =
General Fury Caraway is a member of the Galbadian military who advises the main characters on their mission to assassinate Sorceress Edea . When Laguna left Galbadia , Caraway comforted Julia ; eventually , they married and had a child , Rinoa . Caraway and Rinoa have a problematic relationship ; he attempts to prevent her from participating in the assassination attempt . However , he later arranges her freedom from the D @-@ District Prison .
= = = = Vinzer Deling = = = =
Vinzer Deling is the President of Galbadia . He appoints Sorceress Edea as a supposed " peace ambassador " to resolve Galbadia 's political problems with other nations . His body double is defeated by SeeD and the Forest Owls resistance group . Edea kills him during her welcoming ceremony at Deling City and seizes power in Galbadia .
= = = = Mayor Dobe and Flo = = = =
Mayor Dobe is the leader of Fishermans Horizon , a town in the middle of a transoceanic highway between the continents of Galbadia and Esthar . He and his wife , Flo , detest violence and oppose the Garden 's presence in their territory . Squall and his party save the Mayor from certain death when the Galbadian army invades the town .
= = = = Forest Owls = = = =
The Forest Owls are a small resistance faction that oppose the Galbadian occupation of Timber , a town in the eastern part of the continent . A man named Zone is the leader , and Rinoa and Watts are members . Most people of Timber are affiliated with a resistance group , although the Forest Owls are the only active ones .
= = = = Julia Heartilly = = = =
Julia Heartilly ( ジュリア ・ ハーティリー , Juria Hātirī ) is a pianist at a Galbadian hotel frequented by Laguna during his days as a soldier . After being secretly admired by Laguna for some time , Julia introduces herself , as depicted in one of the flashback sequences . Julia reveals to Laguna her dream of writing her own songs and becoming a singer . Laguna is shipped out on new orders the following day and the ensuing circumstances prevent him from returning . Julia eventually marries Galbadian military officer General Caraway and has a daughter , Rinoa . She also finds success with her song " Eyes On Me " , which is also the game 's theme song . She is killed several years before the start of the game in a car accident . Julia is the only character in the game with an explicit character theme , named " Julia " , which is a piano arrangement of Eyes On Me .
= = = = Raine = = = =
Raine ( レイン , Rein ) , later Raine Loire ( レイン ・ レウァール , Rein Rewāru ) , is Laguna 's second love depicted in the flashbacks . She finds him injured at the bottom of a cliff and brings him to her hometown of Winhill to recover . She is irked at first by Laguna 's bad habits and reluctance to express himself outright , but the two grow close and marry . After Laguna becomes President of Esthar , his duties thwart his efforts to return to Winhill . Raine dies after giving birth to a child , who , along with Ellone , is taken away to Edea 's orphanage . It is strongly implied by Ward and Kiros , as well as by gaming writers and fans , that Squall is their child .
= = = = Martine = = = =
Martine is the head of Galbadia Garden . His superior , Balamb Garden 's master NORG , orders him to use SeeD members to carry out the assassination plot against Sorceress Edea . When Squall and his team travel to Galbadia Garden after fleeing Timber , Martine orders them to carry out the mission . He hopes that using Balamb Garden 's SeeDs would deflect responsibility for the plot onto NORG . His actions trigger the conflict within Balamb Garden when Garden Master NORG tries to kill Headmaster Cid to appease Sorceress Edea after the mission fails . Afterward , the Galbadian military seizes Galbadia Garden and Martine flees to the pacifist city of Fishermans Horizon .
= = = = NORG = = = =
NORG is an exiled Shumi who lent Cid the money to build and develop the Garden and took the position of Garden Master upon its completion . NORG is more concerned about the revenue acquired by SeeD as a mercenary organization rather than its noble duty of opposing the Sorceress ; he is considered a " black sheep " of the Shumi tribe . After hearing about a failed assassination attempt on Sorceress Edea , NORG begins to distrust Headmaster Cid and tries to seize control of Balamb Garden , causing a conflict between factions loyal to NORG and Cid . Feigning loyalty to the Sorceress , he attempts to kill the SeeDs who carried out the failed assassination . After he is defeated in battle , he enters a cocoon @-@ like state . Shumis from the Shumi village later appear at the site of his defeat . They appear to have removed him from his cocoon by cracking it open . They also apologize for NORG 's behaviour .
= = = = Dr. Odine = = = =
Dr. Odine is a scientist and magic researcher from Esthar . He discovered the GFs and junctioning and engineered a machine that mimics Ellone 's power . Seventeen years before the game , he developed the necessary technology to allow Laguna to entomb Adel . As a researcher of the Lunatic Pandora , he also helps to prevent it from reaching Tears ' Point and initiating a Lunar Cry . Odine also plays a role in the plot to destroy Ultimecia , explaining how to survive time compression .
= = = = Minor SeeD members = = = =
Several other SeeD members assist Squall 's party . Dr. Kadowaki is the Balamb Garden doctor who tends to Squall 's wounds after his fight with Seifer in the opening sequence . She also helps Headmaster Cid after his confrontation with NORG . Nida ( another Star Wars reference , along with Biggs and Wedge ) is a student at Balamb Garden who passes the SeeD exam along with Squall . He pilots Balamb Garden after it becomes a mobile base . Lastly , Xu is a high @-@ ranking SeeD who helps Squall during the Dollet mission and the Garden civil war between NORG and Cid . She is friends with Quistis and a member of Squall 's staff once he becomes the leader of Balamb Garden .
= = Merchandise = =
The characters of Final Fantasy VIII have spawned action figures , jewellery and other goods in their likeness . In 1999 , action figure lineups were distributed in Japan by Bandai , Kotobukiya , Banpresto , and Coca @-@ Cola . Bandai also released them to Europe and Australasia the same year . In 2004 , action figures of Squall , Rinoa and Selphie were distributed in North America by Diamond Comics . Posters of individual characters or a collage of characters are available on many fan websites , including Final Fantasy Spirit . Other products available include mouse pads , keychains , and pens depicting individual characters or sets of characters .
= = Reception = =
The characters of Final Fantasy VIII have received praise by reviewers . The Gaming Age reviewer was originally concerned with the shift to consistently realistically proportioned characters , but he ultimately found them more appealing . Moreover , the review stated that the character designs and graphical quality allowed the characters to " convey emotions much more dramatically " . Game Revolution cited similar praise , agreeing that the change " really makes the graphics impressive " . Jeff Lundigran of IGN commented that the " low @-@ polygon characters of Final Fantasy VII are gone , replaced with sometimes surprisingly realistic high @-@ polygon models that only look better the closer they get " . GameSpot agreed with the transition , claiming that " involving , personal , and emotional stories are far more believable when they come from , well , people , not short , bizarrely shaped cartoon characters " .
The cast itself has received criticism from reviews . Lundigran criticized the manner in which romantic interactions play out , stating that " considering that the love story is so integral to everything that happens — not to mention forming the central image of the box art — it 's incomprehensible why no one says ' I love you ' to anyone , ever " . With Squall , he felt that " FFVIII does break one cardinal rule : when your story is character centered , you 'd better center it on a character the audience can care about . Squall , unfortunately , just doesn 't fit the bill " . However , GameSpot felt that Final Fantasy VIII shifts the story from the " epic " concepts of Final Fantasy VII to the " personal " , in that " the characters and their relationships are all extremely believable and complex ; moreover , the core romance holds up even under the most pessimistic scrutiny " . A later editorial by IGN 's Ryan Clements echoed this sentiment , appreciating that Squall and Rinoa 's single kiss during the finale serves " one of the player 's main rewards for hours of dedication " . Although the reviewer at Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine acknowledged possible fears over a romantic storyline , he stated that " it 's only later in the game , once you are really attached to all the distinct and complex characters , that the more emotional themes are gradually introduced " .
= Bud Dunn =
Emerson " Bud " Dunn ( May 15 , 1918 – January 11 , 2001 ) was a Tennessee Walking Horse trainer from Kentucky who spent most of his career in northern Alabama . He trained horses for over forty years and won his first Tennessee Walking Horse World Grand Championship at age 74 with the horse Dark Spirit 's Rebel ; at the time , he was the oldest rider ever to win the honor . He was inducted into the Tennessee Walking Horse Hall of Fame in 1987 and was named trainer of the year twice , in 1980 and again in 1991 . At age 81 , in 1999 , Dunn won his second World Grand Championship on RPM , making him the oldest winning rider for the second time .
His son Steve was also a successful trainer who matched his father 's record . Bud and Steve Dunn remain the only father and son to win World Grand Championships within their breed . Dunn died of a heart attack in January 2001 .
= = Life and death = =
Dunn was born Emerson Dunn on May 15 , 1918 in Scott County , Kentucky , near Lexington , to Lucius Dunn and Sadie Burgess Dunn . He grew up on his family 's farm and was involved with horses from a young age . He moved to northwest Alabama in the 1950s . He and his wife Elaine ( née Lewis ) had three children , Billie Ann , David and Steve . Steve Dunn also became a successful horse trainer . Dunn died on January 11 , 2001 at the age of 82 , following two heart attacks brought about by complications from knee replacement surgery . He was buried in Oakwood Cemetery , Sheffield , Alabama .
Steve Dunn himself won two World Grand Championships , the first before his father won one . Steve Dunn 's winning horses were Motown Magic in 1989 , and Out On Parole in 2002 . Bud and Steve Dunn remain the only father and son to win World Grand Championships . When Bud won his first World Grand Championship in 1992 , three years after Steve 's first , Steve said , " I think him winning meant more to me than when I won it . " Bud Dunn said of his partnership with Steve , " I always wanted him to work out here . But ain 't many fathers and sons ever got along that long . "
= = Career = =
Dunn began training horses in his teens , and began training Tennessee Walking Horses specifically in 1951 . He participated in the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration almost every year for 50 years , beginning in 1950 , and at one time was so popular he signed autographs for several hours before performances . In total , he personally showed 108 horses at the Celebration over the years , not counting an estimated several hundred others that were trained by him and shown by other riders . Dunn 's training facility , Bud Dunn Stables ( later Bud Dunn & Son ) were located in Florence , Alabama and covered ten acres . At one point in the mid @-@ 1980s , Dunn had over 50 horses in training .
Dunn was given the Trainer of the Year award for the first time in 1980 , by the Professional Walking Horse Trainers Organization . He trained Tennessee Walking Horses for over 40 years , and during his career won two World Grand Championships , with the horses Dark Spirit 's Rebel and RPM , and 20 World Championships with various other horses . In 1991 Dunn was again named the Tennessee Walking Horse trainer of the year by his fellow trainers for consistently showing and training top @-@ quality horses . He was twice the oldest rider ever to win the World Grand Championship , which he did for the first time at age 74 . He also judged Tennessee Walking Horse shows . In 1987 , he was inducted into the Tennessee Walking Horse Hall of Fame .
= = = Notable horses = = =
Dunn trained the bay stallion Dark Spirit 's Rebel to a World Grand Championship in 1992 . Dunn had been training for 42 years and was 74 years old , making him the oldest trainer ever to win the class . The competition was held in front of a record crowd of 28 @,@ 000 . " Rebel " was the favorite horse going into the competition , out of a field of 13 , and the team of Dunn and the stallion was said to be the most popular in Celebration history . Dunn said after the win , " I 've been coming to the Celebration since 1950 and I 've never seen anything like it . That made it twice as good . It 's nice to know that I 've got that many friends and supporters . "
Dunn 's second World Grand Champion was RPM , a son of Dark Spirit 's Rebel . RPM won the Reserve World Grand Championship at the 1998 Celebration and Dunn had hopes of winning first the next year . In 1999 the horse was sold to L R & N Partners , LLC for $ 1 @.@ 25 million . The new owners moved RPM to trainer Sammy Day 's stable in Shelbyville , Tennessee with the intention of entering him in the Celebration . Shortly before the Celebration , Day was convicted of bribing a judge , fined , and put on a five @-@ year suspension . Dunn was given the task of riding RPM in the show , and won the World Grand Championship . Dunn was 81 , making him the oldest rider ever to win the class for the second time , and breaking his earlier record .
= SS El Oriente =
SS El Oriente was a cargo ship built in 1910 for the Morgan Line , a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Company . During World War I , she was known as USS El Oriente ( ID @-@ 4504 ) in service with the United States Navy . At the end of war , she reverted to her original name of SS El Oriente . During World War II she was chartered by the International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) as SS Henri Dunant ( sometimes also spelled Henry Dunant ) , but reverted to her original name of SS El Oriente at the end of the charter .
SS El Oriente was one of four sister ships that carried cargo and a limited number of passengers for the Morgan Line . She was acquired by the U.S. Navy in July 1918 , and converted to carry horses and mules to France , and after the Armistice , was converted again to carry American troops home from Europe .
El Oriente returned to the Morgan Line in 1919 and sailed with them until June 1941 , when the entire Morgan Line fleet was purchased by the United States Maritime Commission . El Oriente served as a civilian @-@ crewed cargo ship during World War II , sailing primarily between the United States and the United Kingdom . In September 1944 , she was chartered by the ICRC and sailed under the Swiss flag carrying food parcels to American prisoners of war held in German camps . Henri Dunant continued to sail under Swiss charter until October 1945 , when she was returned to the United States and reverted to her former name . El Oriente was placed in the James River Reserve Fleet in November 1945 , and was sold for scrapping in July 1946 .
= = Early career = =
SS El Oriente was a cargo and passenger steamship launched on 11 May 1910 by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. of Newport News , Virginia ( yard no . 132 ) , and delivered to the Atlantic division of the Morgan Line on 24 October 1910 . She was the third of four sister ships ; the other three being El Sol , El Mundo , and El Occidente . El Oriente was 6 @,@ 008 gross register tons ( GRT ) , was 430 feet 2 inches ( 131 @.@ 11 m ) long by 53 feet 1 inch ( 16 @.@ 18 m ) abeam , and made 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) . The vessel sailed for the Morgan Line , the brand name of the Southern Pacific Steamship Company ( a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Railroad ) , which employed her to carry cargo and a limited number of passengers between New York ; New Orleans , the eastern terminus of the Southern Pacific line ; and Galveston , Texas .
= = World War I = =
After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917 , it 's unclear what role , if any , El Oriente played early on in the war . Her sister ships El Occidente and El Sol were both requisitioned by the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) on behalf of the United States Army , and both were designated as animal transport ships . If El Oriente were used by the Army as an animal transport ship , she would have needed a refit which typically meant that any second- or third @-@ class passenger accommodations had to be ripped out and replaced with ramps and stalls for the horses and mules carried . It is known that El Oriente sailed in an American convoy to France on 16 April 1918 with U.S. Navy transports Maui , Calamares , Pocahontas , and Madawaska , British transports Czar and Czaritza , and U.S. cruiser Seattle , and reached France on 28 April .
The next recorded activity of El Oriente was on 29 July , when she was acquired by the U.S. Navy and commissioned the same day with Lieutenant Commander William Delahanty , USNRF , in command . El Oriente was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) and carried animals and supplies for the U.S. Army , joining her two sister ships , El Sol and El Occidente in that duty .
El Oriente 's first Navy voyage to France began when she sailed from Newport News with 500 animals on 11 August . Unlike earlier animal transport crossings for the Army , where there was as much as a 4 % mortality rate , the voyages in August 1918 and after carried a transport veterinarian and a permanent veterinary detachment to care for the animals while on board the ship . As part of this new program , El Oriente delivered her full load of horses and mules — suffering no losses — at Bordeaux on 2 September . El Oriente made an additional roundtrip with 500 more animals in October , losing only three of her equine cargo during the voyage . El Oriente continued sailing for the NOTS through April 1919 , sometimes carrying a small number of troops on return voyages to the United States . At that time El Oriente was converted to carry troops , and assigned to the Cruiser and Transport Force to help return larger numbers American servicemen from Europe .
She sailed on 11 June for Bordeaux and returned with officers and men of the 6th Cavalry Regiment on 4 July . She made additional voyages in July and August , returning 978 members of the 3rd Infantry Division to Philadelphia on the latter voyage . In all , El Oriente returned 2 @,@ 986 healthy and wounded American servicemen from France in three voyages . On 15 September at Philadelphia , El Orente was decommissioned , and returned to the Morgan Line soon after .
= = Interwar civilian service = =
El Oriente resumed cargo service with the Morgan Line , and enjoyed a quiet career , typically sailing between New York and Galveston . One event of note occurred in February 1922 when El Oriente came upon the wreck of the schooner , Caldwell H. Colt , which had run aground on a reef near the Tortugas Light during a gale . When El Oriente came upon the hulk , only her captain remained alive , surviving without food or water for several days before his rescue . El Oriente continued on to Galveston and landed the man there .
= = World War II = =
In June 1941 , the United States Maritime Commission ( USMC ) announced that it had requisitioned the entire Morgan Line fleet of ten ships , including El Oriente and her remaining sister ships , El Occidente and El Mundo . The ships were to finish previously scheduled cargo runs and be handed over to the USMC over the following six weeks . The USMC had been charged with assembling a 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 GRT U.S. fleet to " aid the democracies " fighting Germany in World War II , and paid $ 4 @.@ 7 million for the ships and a further $ 2 @.@ 6 million for repairs and refits .
El Oriente was handed over to the USMC and assigned to United States Lines , Inc . , for operation . The cargo ship was placed under Panamanian registry by U.S. Lines . Little is known of El Oriente 's movements over the next eight months , but on 17 February El Oriente sailed from Houston , Texas , to Philadelphia and on to Reykjavík . From Reykjavík , she sailed to the Clyde , arriving there at the end of July . Over the next 5 months , El Oriente sailed around the British Isles , calling at Kirkwall , Belfast Lough , Barrow @-@ in @-@ Furness , and Liverpool , and back to Clyde in late December . From there , she sailed on one trip to Murmansk where she arrived on 27 January 1943 .
Murmansk had limited port facilities and slow unloading of cargo ( often performed by Soviet women and political prisoners ) , which , coupled with inclement weather and long waits for convoy escorts , often required lengthy stays by Allied cargo ships . El Oriente was no exception , staying in Murmansk for nearly five weeks . To compound the lengthy wait ( and , often , accompanying boredom ) faced by cargo ships waiting to unload , the nearest German airfield was 35 miles ( 56 km ) away — about 7 to 10 minutes flying time — which gave almost no advance warning of air raids . German dive bombers would silently glide in below Soviet anti @-@ aircraft fire , drop their payloads , and fly away . El Oriente was caught in one such attack on 27 February , with four of the ship 's Naval Armed Guards men killed in the attack .
El Oriente departed Kola Inlet on 1 March and returned to Liverpool , from which she sailed in a convoy for New York on 6 April , and returned to Belfast Lough in late June . After calling at Barry and Milford Haven , El Oriente began two roundtrips to New York at the end of June . In October the ship visited Loch Ewe , Methil , and Immingham before returning to New York again in November . After another transatlantic crossing and circuit amongst British ports , El Oriente returned to New York in May 1944 .
In June , the cargo vessel sailed to Cuba , calling at Havana and Puerto Tarafa before returning to New York . She next sailed to La Guaira , Venezuela ; Maracaibo , Venezuela ; and Júcaro , Cuba , before returning to New York in mid August . El Oriente sailed to Philadelphia in mid September in preparation for a charter .
= = Red Cross ship = =
On 28 September 1944 , El Oriente was chartered by the International Committee of the Red Cross , reflagged as a Swiss ship , and renamed SS Henry Dunant ( sometimes erroneously spelled as Henri Dunant ) , after Red Cross movement founder Henry Dunant . She was last of 14 ships chartered by Swiss interests to sail under the Swiss flag during World War II . On 5 October , Henry Dunant departed Philadelphia with a cargo of mail and 900 @,@ 000 food parcels intended for Allied prisoners of war interned in German camps .
Henry Dunant continued sailing for the ICRC through 24 October 1945 . The ship returned to Norfolk , resumed her former name of El Oriente , and entered the James River Reserve Fleet on 7 November 1945 . On 3 July 1946 , El Oriente was sold for scrapping to the Patapsco Scrap Co . , of Baltimore , Maryland , for $ 12 @,@ 175 .
= USS Bennington ( PG @-@ 4 ) =
USS Bennington ( Gunboat No. 4 / PG @-@ 43 ) was a member of the Yorktown class of steel @-@ hulled , twin @-@ screw gunboats in the United States Navy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . She was the first U.S. Navy ship named in honor of the town of Bennington , Vermont , site of the Battle of Bennington in the American Revolutionary War .
The contract to build Bennington was awarded to N. F. Palmer & Co. of Philadelphia in November 1887 . Her hull was subcontracted to the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding & Engine Works which laid down Bennington '
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between the islands . Occasionally , Bennington did see action . On 10 September , she shelled a fort near Legaspi on the southeastern coast of Luzon . Two days later , she captured and destroyed the insurgent vessel Parao . Between 7 and 9 November , the warship supported an Army landing at San Fabian on the shores of Lingayen Gulf in northwestern Luzon . The gunboat began a four @-@ month assignment as station ship at Cebu on 26 November and concluded that duty on 19 March 1900 .
After visiting Cavite on Luzon , the gunboat headed for Japan on 3 April and underwent repairs there from 9 April to 19 May before heading back to the Philippines . The warship arrived at Cavite on 27 May and resumed patrols on 3 June . She spent another seven months conducting patrols in the Philippines and supporting the Army ’ s operations in the island chain . On 3 January 1901 , she departed Cavite and shaped a course for Hong Kong . The gunboat arrived in that British colony on the 6th and began over six months of repairs . At the completion of that work , she departed Hong Kong on 25 June . After a visit to Shanghai , the warship headed back to the United States in July and arrived at the Mare Island Navy Yard on 19 August . She was decommissioned there on 5 September 1901 .
While she was out of commission at Mare Island , Bennington was refitted . A pilothouse that had been added on top of her bridge and a spotlight platform on her bow – both added in 1893 – 94 – were removed . Bennington 's mainmast was also removed , leaving her as a two @-@ mast rig . In addition , two tall ventilation cowls were added immediately behind the bridge . After 18 months of inactivity , Bennington was recommissioned on 2 March 1903 under the command of Commander Chauncey Thomas .
Over the next 27 months , Bennington cruised in the eastern Pacific along the coasts of North and South America . The warship visited Alaskan ports in the summer of 1903 and the coast of Central America the following fall and winter . In May 1904 , she steamed to Hawaii and then proceeded to the Aleutians in June . The winter of 1904 and 1905 saw her voyage south for visits to Pacific ports in Central and South America . In February 1905 , she departed San Francisco for a two @-@ month cruise to the Hawaiian Islands , returning to San Diego on 19 July , after a difficult 17 @-@ day voyage .
= = Boiler explosion = =
On the morning of 21 July 1905 , Bennington 's crew was preparing her to sail to the aid of the monitor Wyoming which had broken down and was in need of a tow . After her crew had finished the difficult task of coaling the ship that morning , most of them were belowdecks cleaning themselves from the dirty job . Unbeknownst to anyone on board , three problems with one of Bennington 's boilers – oily feed water , an improperly closed steam valve , and a faulty steam gauge – were conspiring against them . At about 10 : 30 , excessive steam pressure in the boiler resulted in a boiler explosion that rocked the ship , sending men and equipment flying into the air . The escaping steam sprayed through the living compartments and decks . The explosion opened Bennington 's hull to the sea , and she began to list to starboard . Quick actions by the tug Santa Fe — taking Bennington under tow and beaching her – almost certainly saved the gunboat from sinking .
The combination of the explosion and the scalding steam killed a number of men outright and left others mortally wounded ; the final death toll was one officer and sixty @-@ five men , making it one of the U.S. Navy 's worst peacetime disasters . Nearly all of the forty @-@ six who survived had an injury of some sort ; eleven of the survivors were awarded the Medal of Honor for " extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion " . One of the survivors was John Henry Turpin , who had also survived the explosion of Maine in Havana in February 1898 and was , reportedly , the only man to survive both explosions . The sheer number of casualties – the death toll exceeded the U.S. Navy 's death toll for the entirety of the Spanish – American War – overwhelmed San Diego 's medical facilities , and many burn victims had to be cared for in makeshift facilities tended by volunteers .
The number of dead also taxed the morticians in San Diego , who were hard @-@ pressed to prepare all of the victims for burial . On 23 July , two days after the explosion , the majority of those killed were buried in the cemetery at Fort Rosecrans . The victims are commemorated by the USS Bennington Monument , a 60 @-@ foot ( 18 m ) granite obelisk dedicated in the cemetery on 7 January 1908 .
In spite of rumors of misconduct by Bennington 's engineering crewmen , an official investigation concluded that the explosion was not due to negligence on the part of the crew .
= = = List of Medal of Honor recipients from explosion = = =
The eleven men who were awarded the Medal of Honor for " extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion " were :
Edward William Boers , Seaman
George F. Brock , Carpenter 's Mate Second Class
Raymond E. Davis , Quartermaster Third Class
John J. Clausey , Chief Gunner 's Mate
Willie Cronan , Boatswain 's Mate ( retired as Lieutenant Commander ( O @-@ 4 ) during World War II )
Emil Fredericksen , Watertender
Rade Grbitch , Seaman
Frank E. Hill , Ship 's Cook First Class
Oscar Frederick Nelson , Machinist 's Mate First Class
Otto Diller Schmidt , Seaman
William Sidney Shacklette , Hospital Steward
= = Disposition = =
After the explosion , Bennington was refloated and towed to the Mare Island Navy Yard . Because of the extent of the damages and the age of the ship , Bennington was not repaired but was instead decommissioned on 31 October 1905 . After five years of inactivity , Bennington was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 10 September 1910 and sold for scrap on 14 November . Bennington was not scrapped but was purchased in 1913 by the Matson Line for use as a molasses barge . She was towed to Honolulu and remained in use there from 1913 until 1924 , when she was scuttled off Oahu .
= = Campaigns = =
= Diamonds Are Forever ( novel ) =
Diamonds Are Forever is the fourth novel by the English author Ian Fleming to feature his fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond . Fleming wrote the story at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica , inspired by a Sunday Times article on diamond smuggling . The book was first published by Jonathan Cape in the United Kingdom on 26 March 1956 .
The story centres on Bond 's investigation of a diamond @-@ smuggling ring originating in the mines of Sierra Leone and ends in Las Vegas . Along the way Bond meets and falls in love with one of the members of the smuggling gang , Tiffany Case . Much of Fleming 's background research formed the basis for his non @-@ fiction 1957 book The Diamond Smugglers . Diamonds Are Forever deals with international travel , marriage and the transitory nature of life .
As with Fleming 's previous novels , Diamonds Are Forever received broadly positive reviews at the time of publication . The story was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper , first in an abridged , multi @-@ part form and then as a comic strip . In 1971 it was adapted into the seventh Bond film in the series and was the last Eon Productions film to star Sean Connery as Bond .
= = Plot = =
The British Secret Service agent James Bond is sent on an assignment by his superior , M. Acting on information received from Special Branch , M tasks Bond with infiltrating a smuggling ring transporting diamonds from mines in the Crown colony of Sierra Leone to the United States . Bond must infiltrate the smugglers ' pipeline to uncover those responsible . Using the identity of " Peter Franks " , a country house burglar turned diamond smuggler , he meets Tiffany Case , an attractive gang member who has developed an antipathy towards men after being gang @-@ raped as a teenager .
Bond discovers that the ring is operated by the Spangled Mob , a ruthless American gang run by the brothers Jack and Seraffimo Spang . He follows the trail from London to New York . To earn his fee for carrying the diamonds he is instructed by a gang member , Shady Tree , to bet on a rigged horse race in nearby Saratoga . There Bond meets Felix Leiter , a former CIA agent working at Pinkertons as a private detective investigating crooked horse racing . Leiter bribes the jockey to ensure the failure of the plot to rig the race , and asks Bond to make the pay @-@ off . When he goes to make the payment , he witnesses two homosexual thugs , Wint and Kidd , attack the jockey .
Bond calls Tree to enquire further about the payment of his fee and is told to go to the Tiara Hotel in Las Vegas . The Tiara is owned by Seraffimo Spang and operates as the headquarters of the Spangled Mob . Spang also owns an old Western ghost town , named Spectreville , restored to be his own private holiday retreat . At the hotel Bond finally receives payment through a rigged blackjack game where the dealer is Tiffany . After winning the money he is owed he disobeys his orders from Tree by continuing to gamble in the casino and wins heavily . Spang suspects that Bond may be a ' plant ' and has him captured and tortured . With Tiffany 's help he escapes from Spectreville aboard a railway push @-@ car with Seraffimo Spang in pursuit aboard an old Western train . Bond changes the points and re @-@ routes the train onto a dead @-@ end , and shoots Spang before the resulting crash . Assisted by Leiter , Bond and Tiffany go via California to New York , where they board the RMS Queen Elizabeth to travel to London , a relationship developing between them as they go . Wint and Kidd observe their embarkation and follow them on board . They kidnap Tiffany , planning to kill her and throw her overboard . Bond rescues her and kills both gangsters ; he makes it look like a murder @-@ suicide .
Tiffany subsequently informs Bond of the details of the pipeline . The story begins in Africa where a dentist bribes miners to smuggle diamonds in their mouths ; he extracts the gems during routine appointments . From there , the dentist takes the diamonds to a rendezvous with a German helicopter pilot . Eventually the diamonds go to Paris and then on to London . There , after telephone instructions from a contact known as ABC , Tiffany meets a person who explains how the diamonds will be smuggled to New York City . After returning to London — where Tiffany moves into Bond 's flat — Bond flies to Freetown in Sierra Leone , and then to the next diamond rendezvous . With the collapse of the rest of the pipeline , Jack Spang ( who turns out to be ABC ) shuts down his diamond @-@ smuggling pipeline by killing its participants . Spang himself is killed when Bond shoots down his helicopter .
= = Background and writing history = =
By mid 1954 the author Ian Fleming had published two novels — Casino Royale ( 1953 ) and Live and Let Die ( 1954 ) — and had a third , Moonraker , being edited and prepared for production . That year he read a story in The Sunday Times about diamond smuggling from Sierra Leone . He considered this story as the possible basis for a new novel and , through an old school friend , he engineered a meeting with Sir Percy Sillitoe , the ex @-@ head of MI5 , then working in a security capacity for the diamond @-@ trading company De Beers . The material Fleming gathered was used in both Diamonds Are Forever and The Diamond Smugglers , a non @-@ fiction book published in 1957 .
After Fleming 's friend , William Stephenson , sent him a magazine article about the spa town of Saratoga Springs , Fleming flew to the US in August 1954 , where he met his friends Ivar Bryce and Ernest Cuneo ; the three travelled to the town in New York State . There , Fleming and Cuneo visited a mud @-@ bath : en route to an up @-@ market establishment they took the wrong directions and ended up at a run @-@ down outlet , which became the inspiration for the Acme Mud and Sulphur Baths scene in the book . Fleming met the rich socialite , William Woodward , Jr . , who drove a Studillac — a Studebaker with a powerful Cadillac engine . According to Henry Chancellor , " the speed and comfort of it impressed Ian , and he shamelessly appropriated this car " for the book . Woodward was killed by his wife shortly afterwards — she claimed she mistook him for a prowler — and when Diamonds Are Forever was published , it was dedicated to Bryce , Cuneo and " the memory of W. W. Jr . , at Saratoga , 1954 and 55 " .
Fleming also travelled to Los Angeles with Cuneo , visiting the Los Angeles Police Intelligence headquarters , where they met Captain James Hamilton , who provided Fleming with information on the Mafia organisation in the US . From Los Angeles Fleming travelled to Las Vegas , where he stayed at the Sands Hotel ; he interviewed the hotel owner , Jack Entratter , where he learnt the background to the security systems and methods of cheating that he used in the novel .
Fleming wrote Diamonds Are Forever at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica in January and February 1955 . He followed his usual practice , which he later outlined in Books and Bookmen magazine , in which he said : " I write for about three hours in the morning ... and I do another hour 's work between six and seven in the evening . I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written ... By following my formula , you write 2 @,@ 000 words a day . " On completion Fleming wrote to his friend Hilary Bray :
I baked a fresh cake in Jamaica this year which I think has finally exhausted my inventiveness as it contains every single method of escape and every variety of suspenseful action that I had omitted from my previous books — in fact everything except the kitchen sink , and if you can think up a good plot involving kitchen sinks , please send it along speedily .
He returned to London with the completed 183 @-@ page typescript in March that year ; he had earlier settled on a title , which he based on an advertisement slogan " A Diamond is Forever " in the American edition of Vogue .
Although Fleming provides no dates within his novels , John Griswold and Henry Chancellor — both of whom have written books on behalf of Ian Fleming Publications — have identified different timelines based on events and situations within the novel series as a whole . Chancellor put the events of Diamonds Are Forever in 1954 ; Griswold is more precise , and considers the story to have taken place in July and August 1953 .
= = Development = =
= = = Plot inspirations = = =
Fleming had previously travelled to the US on the RMS Queen Elizabeth ; the experience provided background information for the final four chapters of the novel . His trip had included a railway journey on the Super Chief , during which he and Cuneo had visited the cab to meet the driver and engineer , and an excursion on the 20th Century Limited , both of which gave information Fleming used for Spang 's train , the Cannonball . Fleming had a long @-@ standing interest in trains and following his involvement in a near @-@ fatal crash associated them with danger . In addition to Diamonds Are Forever , he used them in Live and Let Die , From Russia , with Love and The Man with the Golden Gun .
As with several others of his works , Fleming appropriated the names of people he knew for the story 's characters . The name of one of Fleming 's two travelling companions from the US , Ernest Cuneo , was used as Ernie Cureo , Bond 's taxi @-@ driving ally in Las Vegas , and one of the homosexual villains , " Boofy " Kidd , was named after one of Fleming 's close friends — and a relative of his wife — Arthur Gore , 8th Earl of Arran , known to his friends as " Boofy " . Arran , an advocate of the relaxation of the British laws relating to homosexuality , heard about the use of his name before publication and complained to Fleming about it , but was ignored and the name was retained for the novel . During his trip to America Fleming had come across the name Spang — old German for " maker of shoe buckles " — which he appropriated for the villainous brothers .
= = = Characters = = =
The writer Jonathan Kellerman 's introduction to the 2006 edition of Diamonds Are Forever describes Bond as a " surprisingly ... complex " character who , in contrast with the cinematic representation , is " nothing other than human . ... Fleming 's Bond makes mistakes and pays for them . He feels pain and regret . " The novelist Raymond Benson — who later wrote a series of Bond novels — writes that the character develops in Diamonds Are Forever , building on Fleming 's characterisation in his previous three novels . This growth arises through Bond 's burgeoning relationship with the book 's main female character , Tiffany Case . He falls in love ; the first time he has done so since Vesper Lynd in Casino Royale . According to Benson , Tiffany is portrayed as tough , but lonely and insecure , and " is Fleming 's first fully developed female character . " The cultural historians Janet Woollacott and Tony Bennett write that many of the main female characters in Fleming 's novels are uncommon , and Tiffany — along with Pussy Galore from Goldfinger and Honeychile Rider from Dr. No — has been " damaged ... sexually " having previously been raped . The effect of the trauma has led to Tiffany working for the villain , which allows Bond to complete his mission , and align her to a more honest lifestyle .
The literary analyst LeRoy L. Panek observes that Diamonds Are Forever along with Goldfinger and The Man with the Golden Gun have gangsters as antagonists rather than as spies ; the novel is the only one in the Bond canon without a connection to the Cold War . Panek , comparing the gangsters to Bond 's normal adversaries , identifies them as " merely incompetent gunsels " when compared with the British agent , who can eliminate them with relative ease . The essayist Umberto Eco sees the Spangs as being a forerunner of the SPECTRE organisation Fleming uses in his later novels . Kingsley Amis , who later wrote a Bond novel , considered that there was " no decent villain " , while Eco judges three of the villains — the two Spang brothers and Winter — as physically abnormal , as many of Bond 's adversaries are . Anthony Synnott , in his examination of aesthetics in the Bond novels , also considers that the gangster Michael " Shady " Tree fits into the abnormal category , as he is a red @-@ haired hunchback with " a pair of china eyes that were so empty and motionless that they might have been hired by a taxidermist " .
= = Style = =
Diamonds Are Forever opens with a passage in which a scorpion hunts and eats its prey , and is subsequently killed by one of the diamond couriers . Eco sees this " cleverly presented " beginning as similar to the opening of a film , remarking that " Fleming abounds in such passages of high technical skill " . When the writer William Plomer was proof @-@ reading the manuscript he saw literary merit , and wrote to Fleming that the passages relating to the racing stables at Saratoga were " the work of a serious writer " . Kellerman considers that " Fleming 's depiction of Las Vegas in the ' 50s is wickedly spot on and one of the finest renditions of time and place in contemporary crime fiction . The story is robust and complex . "
Fleming used well @-@ known brand names and everyday details to produce a sense of realism , which Amis called " the Fleming effect " . Amis describes " the imaginative use of information , whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond 's world ... [ is ] bolted down to some sort of reality , or at least counter @-@ balanced . " Benson considers that in Diamonds Are Forever the use of detail is " rich and flamboyant " which allows an " interesting and amusing " description of the US . Benson considers a weakness of the book to be a lack of structural development , although this is compensated by character development ; Kellerman also believes the novel to be " rich in characterization " .
Benson analyses Fleming 's writing style and identifies what he describes as the " Fleming Sweep " : a stylistic point that sweeps the reader from one chapter to another using ' hooks ' at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader into the next : Benson feels that the sweep in Diamonds Are Forever was " at full force " in the novel , which " maintain [ s ] a constant level of excitement " as a result .
= = Themes = =
According to Benson the main theme of Diamonds Are Forever is expressed in the title , with the permanency of the gemstones held in contrast to other aspects of the story , particularly love and life . Towards the end of the novel Fleming uses the lines " Death is forever . But so are diamonds " , and Benson sees the gems as a metaphor for death and Bond as the " messenger of death " .
The journalist and author Christopher Hitchens observes that " the central paradox of the classic Bond stories is that , although superficially devoted to the Anglo @-@ American war against communism , they are full of contempt and resentment for America and Americans " ; Benson sees that Diamonds Are Forever contains examples of Fleming 's feelings of superiority towards American culture , including his description of the sleaziness of Las Vegas . Amis , in his exploration of Bond in The James Bond Dossier , pointed out that Leiter is
... such a nonentity as a piece of characterization ... he , the American , takes orders from Bond , the Britisher , and that Bond is constantly doing better than he , showing himself , not braver or more devoted , but smarter , wittier , tougher , more resourceful , the incarnation of little old England .
The cultural historian Jeremy Black points to the theme of international travel in Diamonds Are Forever , which was still a novelty to most people in Britain at the time . This travel between a number of a locations exacerbates one of the problems identified by Black : that there was no centre to the story . In contrast to the other novels in the Bond canon , where Casino Royale had Royale , From Russia , with Love had Istanbul and Dr. No had Jamaica , Diamonds Are Forever had multiple locations and two villains and there was " no megalomaniac fervour , no weird self @-@ obsession , at the dark centre of the plot " .
According to Fleming 's biographer , Andrew Lycett , after the novel was completed , Fleming added four extra chapters " almost as an afterthought " , detailing the events on the Queen Elizabeth . This introduced the question of marriage , and allowed Fleming to discuss matrimony through his characters , with Bond telling case " Most marriages don 't add two people together . They subtract one from the other . " Lycett opines that the addition was because of the state of Fleming 's own marriage which was going through a bad time .
= = Publication and reception = =
= = = Publication history = = =
Diamonds Are Forever was published on 26 March 1956 by Jonathan Cape with a cover designed by Pat Marriott . As with the three previous Bond books , the first edition of 12 @,@ 500 copies sold out quickly ; the US edition was published in October 1956 by Macmillan . The novel was serialised in The Daily Express newspaper from 12 April 1956 onwards — the first of Fleming 's novels he had sold to the newspaper — which led to an overall rise in the sales of the novels . From November 1956 sales of Diamonds Are Forever , and Fleming 's other novels , all rose following the visit of the Prime Minister , Sir Anthony Eden , to Fleming 's Goldeneye estate to recuperate following the Suez Crisis ; Eden 's stay was much reported in the British press . The book received boosts in sales in 1962 when Eon Productions adapted Dr. No for the cinema , and in 1971 when Diamonds Are Forever was produced for the big screen . In February 1958 Pan Books published a paperback version of the novel in the UK , which sold 68 @,@ 000 copies before the end of the year . Since its initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions , translated into several languages and has never been out of print .
= = = Reception = = =
Julian Symons , reviewing Diamonds Are Forever in The Times Literary Supplement , thought that Fleming had some enviable qualities as a writer , including " a fine eye for places ... an ability to convey his own interest in the mechanics of gambling and an air of knowledgeableness " . Symons also saw defects in Fleming 's style , including " his inability to write convincing dialogue " . For Symons , the novel was Fleming 's " weakest book , a heavily padded story about diamond smuggling " , where " the exciting passages are few " .
Milward Kennedy of the The Manchester Guardian , thought that Fleming was " determined to be as tough as Chandler , if a little less lifelike " , while Maurice Richardson , in The Observer , considered Bond " one of the most cunningly synthesised heroes in crime @-@ fiction " . Richardson wrote how " Fleming 's method is worth noting , and recommending : he does not start indulging in his wilder fantasies until he has laid down a foundation of factual description . " Elements of a review by Raymond Chandler for The Sunday Times were used as advertising for the novel ; Chandler wrote that it was " about the nicest piece of book @-@ making in this type of literature which I have seen for a long time ... Mr. Fleming writes a journalistic style , neat , clean , spare and never pretentious " .
Writing in The New York Times , Anthony Boucher — described by Fleming 's biographer John Pearson as " throughout an avid anti @-@ Bond and an anti @-@ Fleming man " — was mixed in his review , thinking that " Mr. Fleming 's handling of American and Americans is well above the British average " , although he felt that " the narrative is loose @-@ jointed and weakly resolved " , while Bond resolves his assignments " more by muscles and luck than by any sign of operative intelligence " .
= = Adaptations = =
Diamonds Are Forever was adapted as a daily comic strip for the Daily Express newspaper , and syndicated around the world . The original adaptation ran from 10 August 1959 to 30 January 1960 . The strip was written by Henry Gammidge and illustrated by John McLusky .
The novel was loosely adapted in a 1971 film starring Sean Connery and directed by Guy Hamilton . Diamonds Are Forever was the final Bond film undertaken by Sean Connery with Eon Productions , although he returned to the role of Bond twelve years later with Kevin McClory 's Taliafilm company for Never Say Never Again .
In July 2015 Diamonds Are Forever was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 , starring Toby Stephens as Bond ; it was directed by Martin Jarvis .
= New York State Route 75 =
New York State Route 75 ( NY 75 ) is a north – south state highway in Erie County , New York , in the United States . It extends for 20 @.@ 85 miles ( 33 @.@ 55 km ) from an intersection with NY 39 in the Collins hamlet of Collins Center to an interchange with NY 5 in the town of Hamburg . The route passes through the village of Hamburg , which serves as the northern terminus of a 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) overlap between U.S. Route 62 ( US 62 ) and NY 75 . Past Hamburg , NY 75 connects to the New York State Thruway ( Interstate 90 or I @-@ 90 ) northwest of the village before ending a short distance from Lake Erie . The portion of NY 75 south of Hamburg is a two @-@ lane rural highway ; in contrast , the section north of the village is four lanes wide and serves commercial and residential areas .
The origins of NY 75 date back to 1930 when New York State Route 62 was assigned to an alignment extending from Great Valley to Buffalo via Hamburg and Athol Springs . NY 62 was renumbered to NY 75 c . 1932 to eliminate numerical duplication with US 62 , and the route was truncated to end in Hamburg in the late 1930s after most of it became part of US 219 . The section of modern NY 75 south of Hamburg was initially New York State Route 18A , an alternate route of then @-@ NY 18 through Collins and Eden . NY 18 was truncated c . 1962 to begin in Niagara County , at which time NY 18A became part of NY 75 .
= = Route description = =
NY 75 begins at an intersection with NY 39 in Collins Center , a small hamlet in the town of Collins . It initially heads northeastward as the two @-@ lane Sisson Highway , serving a handful of homes on the northern edge of the community prior to entering an open area dominated by farmland . About 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) from NY 39 , the road curves northward , taking on a due north alignment as it heads across the rolling terrain that comprises most of northern Collins . The highway serves just one community , the hamlet of Whites Corners , on its way into the adjacent town of North Collins . Here , development along NY 75 remains limited at first , consisting of only a handful of isolated farms situated among fields or one of several forested areas . It quickly passes through Marshfield , located just past the town line , on its way toward Langford . A brief stretch of homes begins about 3 miles ( 5 km ) into the town as the route enters Langford , located 5 @.@ 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) north of Collins Center .
In the center of the community , NY 75 intersects Langford Road , designated as NY 249 west of the junction and County Route 39 ( CR 39 ) east of NY 75 . Past NY 249 , the route exits Langford and heads across another stretch of fields and farms toward the Eden town line . NY 75 breaks from its due north routing just south of it , taking on a more westerly heading to avoid a valley surrounding the south branch of Eighteenmile Creek . It ultimately enters the valley , however , winding its way northward down the depression 's southwestern side to reach the creek floor . From here , NY 75 follows the base of the valley to the northwest for 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) , serving a handful of homes situated along the forested creekside . The route eventually climbs out of the gully and heads due north for a short distance across more fields to a junction with US 62 .
At this point , NY 75 turns northeastward , overlapping with US 62 into the nearby town of Hamburg along Gowanda State Road . Development along the highway quickly rises in density from a large farm and a pocket of homes at the start of the concurrency to a series of residential streets across the town line that make up the hamlet of Water Valley . The influx of homes brings US 62 and NY 75 across the main channel of Eighteenmile Creek and into the village of Hamburg , where the highway changes names to Pierce Avenue . The two routes remain concurrent for three blocks to an intersection with Lake Avenue , where Pierce Avenue becomes Main Street . While US 62 continues east into Hamburg 's central business district on Main Street , NY 75 follows Lake Street northward along the mostly residential western edge of the village .
Outside of the village , NY 75 becomes Camp Road and begins to parallel the Buffalo Southern Railroad , separated from NY 75 by only a row of homes and businesses . While on this stretch , the highway widens from two to four lanes . After 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) , the route makes a turn to the northwest , passing under the railroad and entering the southeastern portion of a commercial strip that follows NY 75 for 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 90 ) exit 57 . It continues past the Thruway for another 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) before ceasing at a junction with US 20 . Continuing on , the highway remains four lanes wide but serves primarily residential areas located in and around Athol Springs , a hamlet on the shores of Lake Erie .
Just outside Athol Springs , NY 75 passes under two railroad bridges , carrying the Norfolk Southern Railway @-@ owned Lake Erie District line and the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Lake Shore Subdivision line over the highway . On the other side of the overpasses , NY 75 curves northeastward as it becomes Saint Francis Drive , leaving Camp Road to continue northwestward to the lake as a two @-@ lane street . The route continues on , passing south of Saint Francis High School before ending shortly afterward at a partial interchange with NY 5 . NY 75 northbound merges directly into NY 5 eastbound , a limited @-@ access highway , while NY 75 southbound begins as an offshoot of NY 5 westbound . The remaining connections are made by way of a loop road leading from Big Tree Road , which NY 5 and NY 75 both intersect just south of the interchange .
= = History = =
All of what is now NY 75 was state @-@ maintained by 1926 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the portion of modern NY 75 north of the village of Hamburg was designated as part of NY 62 , a highway extending from Great Valley north to Buffalo . The section between Collins Center and Eden gained a designation c . 1931 when it became part of NY 18A , an alternate route of then @-@ NY 18 between Collins and Eden . NY 18A overlapped with NY 39 between the hamlets of Collins ( where NY 18A began at NY 18 ) and Collins Center , from where the route followed Sisson Highway north to rejoin NY 18 in Eden . US 62 was extended into New York c . 1932 . As a result , the portion of NY 62 south of the hamlet of Athol Springs was renumbered to NY 75 to eliminate numerical duplication with the new U.S. Highway . The remainder of old NY 62 became part of an extended NY 5 .
When US 219 was extended into New York c . 1935 , it was overlaid on the pre @-@ existing NY 75 from Great Valley to Hamburg , creating a lengthy overlap with the route . The overlap was eliminated in the late 1930s when NY 75 was truncated on its southern end to the village of Hamburg . Similarly , NY 18A was truncated to Collins Center on its southern end in the 1950s , eliminating its overlap with NY 39 . NY 18 continued to extend south of Niagara County until c . 1962 when it was truncated to begin 35 miles ( 56 km ) north of Hamburg in Lewiston . NY 18A , now separated from its parent route , became an extension of NY 75 , which connected to NY 18A 's former routing by way of an overlap with US 62 between Hamburg and Eden .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Erie County .
= Hayden Epstein =
Hayden Scott Epstein ( born November 16 , 1980 ) is a former American football placekicker and punter who played college football for the Michigan Wolverines from 1998 to 2001 and played professional football in the National Football League ( NFL ) , NFL Europa , and the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) .
Epstein attended Torrey Pines High School in San Diego , California . He kicked a 58 @-@ yard field goal in the 1997 California Interscholastic Federation ( CIF ) championship game and was rated by various ratings agencies and all @-@ star selection committees as the best kicker in the national high school class of 1998 .
As a senior , Epstein led the 2001 Michigan Wolverines in scoring and was selected by conference coaches as a second @-@ team selection on the All @-@ Big Ten team as a placekicker . He tied a Michigan record with a 56 @-@ yard field goal in 1999 and broke it with a 57 @-@ yard field goal in 2001 , both against Michigan State . He played for two Michigan teams that won Big Ten Conference championships .
He was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the seventh round of the 2002 NFL draft . He also played for the Minnesota Vikings , Berlin Thunder , Edmonton Eskimos and Rhein Fire . He played for a Thunder team that won a World Bowl championship .
= = Early life = =
Epstein , who is Jewish , was born in San Diego , California . He was a Parade All @-@ American at Torrey Pines High School and honored as the top kicker in the nation by Prep Football Report and PrepStar College Recruiting . In the 1997 CIF Championship game , he kicked a 58 @-@ yard field goal . Epstein 's 1997 kick was a San Diego section CIF record ( tied with Nate Tandberg 's 1995 kick ) until David Quintero posted a 59 @-@ yard kick on September 11 , 2015 . He participated in the July 25 , 1998 47th Annual Shrine All @-@ Star Football Classic of California All @-@ stars against Texas All @-@ stars , but missed two early field goal attempts in a 10 – 5 victory .
= = University of Michigan = =
Epstein enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1998 and played college football as a placekicker and punter for head coach Lloyd Carr 's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1998 to 2001 . He was successful on 26 of 42 field goals and 85 of 88 extra point attempts . Epstein also averaged 39 @.@ 9 yards on 167 punts ( 50 of which were downed inside the 20 yard line ) at Michigan . He was a two @-@ time finalist for both the Lou Groza and Ray Guy Awards at Michigan , according to some sources , but the University of Michigan seems to only recognize him as Guy Award finalist as a junior in 2000 .
Epstein 's freshman season for the 1998 Wolverines was the redshirt 5th year senior season for Michigan placekicker Jay Feely . His only point of the season was a PAT against Eastern Michigan on September 19 . Of Epstein 's 10 career tackles , his only 2 @-@ tackle performance came against Minnesota in the October 31 battle for the Little Brown Jug . Epstein performed punting duties for the team in its final two games against Hawaii and Arkansas ( in the 1999 Florida Citrus Bowl ) , landing 6 of his 9 punts inside the 20 yard line and averaging 40 @.@ 1 yards per punt . Michigan finished the season as Big Ten Co @-@ champions with Ohio State and Wisconsin .
Jeff Del Verne kicked field goals for the 1999 Wolverines early in the season . In fact , Del Verne led the team in scoring after 5 games . However , on October 9 ( in the team 's sixth game ) , Epstein tied Mike Gillette 's November 19 , 1988 Michigan record for longest field goal with a 56 @-@ yard kick against Michigan State in the Michigan – Michigan State football rivalry game . The kick was the longest ever by a Michigan State opponent at the time . It was the first successful field goal of Epstein 's Michigan career ( following two previous misses ) . On October 30 , 1999 , his 20 @-@ yard field goal with 18 seconds remaining clinched a 34 – 31 victory over Indiana for Michigan . That day would be Epstein 's highest scoring day as a Wolverine ( 2 – 2 FGs and 4 – 4 in PATs ) . The game marked the first time that he handled the placekicking , kickoff and punting responsibilities . Of his seven kickoffs 3 were touchbacks and 3 more were covered inside the 20 . Epstein punted six times , resulting in his first 50 @-@ yard punt and 2 punts landing inside the 20 yard line . For his efforts , he earned his first Big Ten Special Teams Player of the Week award . Epstein was the first player to handle placekicking , kickoff and punting responsibilities for Michigan since Mike Gillette in 1988 . In overtime in the January 1 , 2000 Orange Bowl against Alabama , his PAT provided the margin of victory ( after he missed a 36 @-@ yard field goal at the end of regulation time ) . Epstein finished the season with 36 points ( 5 – 8 FGs and 21 – 22 PATs ) and 32 punts for 1282 yards ( 40 @.@ 1 average / 7 inside 20 ) .
In 2000 , Epstein and Del Verne split kicking duties ( sometimes in the same game ) . On September 16 , 2000 , Epstein missed a 24 @-@ yard field goal for the 2000 team with 3 : 24 remaining against to UCLA . Although Michigan got back within field goal range , John Navarre was intercepted on the 15 @-@ yard line and the team lost 23 – 20 . In that game , Epstein , who totalled 400 punt yards on 9 attempts , had landed what would become his career high 5 punts inside UCLA 's 20 @-@ yard line and executed his first career 60 @-@ yard punt . On October 14 , he executed a 67 @-@ yard punt that was downed inside the 20 @-@ yard line and became his career long against Indiana . On November 4 , Epstein was thwarted on an attempt to tie the game at the end of regulation when a 57 @-@ yard field goal attempt went through the hands of his holder against Northwestern in a 54 – 51 loss after Northwestern scored a go @-@ ahead touchdown with 20 seconds left . Earlier in the game , he had completed a 6 @-@ yard forward pass and a 52 @-@ yard field goal . On November 18 against Ohio State in the Michigan – Ohio State football rivalry game , Epstein scored 8 points ( a 25 @-@ yard field goal and 5 PATs ) . He dropped 3 of his 6 punts inside the 20 yard line and posted a touchback when kicking off to Ohio State with 1 : 18 remaining to force them to attempt to drive from their own 20 . He earned his second Big Ten Special Teams Player of the Week recognition . Epstein finished the season with 50 points ( 8 – 14 FGs and 26 – 28 PATs ) and 55 punts for 2224 yards ( 40 @.@ 4 average / 19 inside 20 ) . He earned All @-@ Big Ten Conference honorable mention honors by both the coaches and media as a punter and placekicker . Epstein was one of 10 finalists for the inaugural Ray Guy Award . Michigan finished the season as Big Ten Co @-@ champions with Purdue and Northwestern .
When Epstein 's field goal attempt for the 2001 Wolverines was blocked on September 8 with 9 : 11 remaining against Washington and run back for a touchdown , it gave the Huskies a lead that they would not relinquish on the way to a 23 – 18 game . Epstein made a 51 @-@ yard field goal against Iowa on October 27 to give Michigan a 6 @-@ point lead with 3 : 57 remaining . The 32 – 26 score held up . He posted a school record 57 @-@ yard field goal against Michigan State in the November 3 , 2001 Michigan – Michigan State football rivalry game known as Clockgate . However , later in the game , Epstein 's short punt and two Michigan penalties , made way for Michigan State 's controversial game @-@ winning drive . He made the game @-@ winning 31 @-@ yard field goal against the Wisconsin on November 17 , 2001 with 10 seconds left . Epstein set up the field goal when his punt bounced off of Badger Brett Bell and was recovered by Brandon Williams with 14 seconds left . In the game 3 of his 8 punts were downed inside the 20 yard line , including a 48 @-@ yarder that was downed on the 1 @-@ yard @-@ line to set up Michigan 's first score . 3 of his 5 kickoffs were touchbacks and a fourth one into the end zone was just returned 15 yards . Epstein 's performance earned him Big Ten Special Teams Player of the Week recognition and his 8 points ( 2 FGs and 2 PATs ) gave him the team scoring lead with 69 points . He finished the season with 76 points ( 13 – 20 FGs and 37 – 37 PATs ) and 71 punts for 2790 yards ( 39 @.@ 3 average / 17 inside 20 ) . Epstein 's single @-@ season punt yardage total was a school record that was surpassed the following season by Adam Finley . His 76 points just edged out B. J. Askew 's 72 points and Marquise Walker 's 68 points . Epstein earned All @-@ Big Ten Conference second team honors as a placekicker from the coaches and honorable mention honors by both the coaches and media as a punter . He concluded his career by making 2 field goals in the January 26 , 2002 Senior Bowl .
= = Professional career = =
Epstein was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 2002 NFL Draft and played in six games with the Jaguars in the 2002 NFL season before being picked up off waivers by the Minnesota Vikings on October 23 , 2002 , where he was a kickoff specialist for the remainder of the season . Epstein tore his anterior cruciate ligament with one week remaining in the 2002 season and had offseason surgery . Despite being reactivated during the 2003 preseason , he was released before the 2003 season . 43 @-@ year @-@ old Gary Anderson performed the PATs and field goals for the 2002 Vikings . Anderson , had been brought out of retirement during the season to contribute to the Vikings ' special teams efforts as Doug Brien faltered . Epstein replaced Brien . As a Jaguar , Epstein made 5 out of 9 field goals ( with a long of 34 yards ) and 13 PATs . He was 0 – 4 on field goals of 39 yards or longer . Of his 72 career kickoffs , 10 of them were touchbacks and his average distance was 61 @.@ 7 yards . After Epstein was released , the Jaguars continued to have troubles as his successor Tim Seder was cut five games later . 8 of Epstein 's 28 career points came in a 28 – 25 October 6 , 2002 Jacksonville victory over Philadelphia . He was 2 @-@ for @-@ 2 on both field goals and PATs .
The Denver Broncos signed Epstein in February 2004 and assigned him to the Berlin Thunder of NFL Europe . He was released in September 2004 . He was the punter and performed kickoffs for the World Bowl XII champion 2004 Thunder team , although Jonathan Ruffin performed field goal attempts for them .
The Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League signed Epstein during the 2005 CFL season . He appeared in four regular season games for Edmonton , made 8 of 12 field goal attempts and punted 16 times for an average of 41 yards ( 37 m ) but that record and especially a blocked kick on September 18 , his final game for the Eskimos , resulted in his release on September 29 . Edmonton would go on to win the 93rd Grey Cup . The Houston Texans signed him in January 2006 and assigned him to the Rhein Fire of NFL Europe . He was released in May 2006 . On February 6 , 2008 , Hayden Epstein signed back on with the Edmonton Eskimos of the CFL , but he was released again on April 28 .
= Cape Verde at the 2008 Summer Olympics =
Cape Verde competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China . Their participation marked their fourth Olympic appearance . Two Cape Verdeans competed in the Olympic games : Nelson Cruz participated as a marathon runner , and Wania Monteiro participated in gymnastics . Another athlete , Lenira Santos , was selected to compete in athletics but was forced to pull out due to injury . Monteiro was selected as the flag bearer for both the opening and closing ceremonies . Neither of the Cape Verdeans progressed beyond the first round .
= = Background = =
Cape Verde had participated in three previous Summer Olympics , between its debut in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , United States and the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . At their debut , the country sent three athletes to the games , all in athletics . The most number of Cape Verde athletes participating in a summer games , is three in 1996 , 2004 and 2012 . No Cape Verde athlete has ever progressed out of the first round . Two athletes from Cape Verde were selected to compete in the 2008 games ; Nelson Cruz in the men 's marathon and Wania Monteiro in the women 's all @-@ round gymnastics .
= = Athletics = =
Cape Verde was represented by one athlete at the 2008 Olympics in athletics . This person was Nelson Cruz a marathon runner . It was Cruz 's Olympic debut but he had competed in two IAAF World Championships , in 2005 and in 2007 . He competed on the 24 August in Beijing , and finished 48th out of 95 in a time of 2 hours , 23 minutes and 47 seconds , more than 17 minutes behind the winner , Samuel Kamau Wanjiru .
= = Gymnastics = =
= = = Rhythmic = = =
In the sport of rhythmic gymnastics , Cape Verde was represented by Wania Monteiro , who competed in the individual all @-@ round . The Beijing Olympics was Monteiro second Olympic Games after competing in the individual all @-@ round in 2004 . In 2008 Montero finished last in the qualifying round , with a score of 49 @.@ 050 points .
= Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus =
The Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus ( Greek : Αὐτόνομος Δημοκρατία τῆς Βορείου Ἠπείρου , Aftónomos Dimokratía tis Voreíou Ipeírou ) was a short @-@ lived , self @-@ governing entity founded in the aftermath of the Balkan Wars on February 28 , 1914 by Greeks living in southern Albania ( Northern Epirotes ) .
The area , known as Northern Epirus ( Βόρειος Ήπειρος ) to Greeks and with a substantial Greek population , was taken by the Greek Army from the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War ( 1912 – 1913 ) . The Protocol of Florence however , had assigned it to the newly established Albanian state . This decision was rejected by the local Greeks , and as the Greek army withdrew to the new border , an autonomous government was set up at Argyrokastron ( Greek : Αργυρόκαστρον , today Gjirokastër ) , under the leadership of Georgios Christakis @-@ Zografos , a distinguished local Greek politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs , and with tacit support from Greece .
In May , the autonomy was confirmed by the Great Powers with the Protocol of Corfu . The agreement ensured that the region would have its own administration , recognized the rights of the local population and provided for self @-@ government under nominal Albanian sovereignty . However , it was never implemented because in August the Albanian government collapsed . The Greek Army reoccupied the area in October 1914 following the outbreak of World War I. It was planned that Northern Epirus would be ceded to Greece following the war , but withdrawal of Italian support and Greece 's defeat in the Asia Minor Campaign resulted in its final cession to Albania in November 1921 .
= = Background = =
= = = Northern Epirus and the Balkan Wars = = =
In March 1913 , during the First Balkan War , the Greek Army entered Ioannina after breaching the Ottoman fortifications at Bizani , and soon afterwards advanced further north . Himarë had already been under Greek control since 5 November 1912 , after a local Himariote , Gendarmerie Major Spyros Spyromilios , led a successful uprising that met no initial resistance . By the end of the war , Greek armed forces controlled most of the historical region of Epirus , from the Ceraunian mountains along the Ionian coast to Lake Prespa in the east .
At the same time , the Albanian independence movement gathered momentum . On 28 November 1912 in Vlorë , Ismail Qemali declared Albania 's independence , and a provisional government was soon formed that exercised its authority only in the immediate area of Vlorë . Elsewhere , the Ottoman general Essad Pasha formed the Republic of Central Albania at Durrës , while conservative Albanian tribesmen still hoped for an Ottoman ruler . Most of the area that would form the Albanian state was occupied at this time , by the Greeks in the south and the Serbs in the north .
The last Ottoman census , conducted in 1908 , counted 128 @,@ 000 Orthodox Christians and 95 @,@ 000 Muslims in the region . Of the Orthodox population , an estimated 30 @,@ 000 to 47 @,@ 000 spoke Greek exclusively . The rest of the Orthodox community spoke an Albanian patois at home , but was literate only in Greek , which was used in cultural , trading and economic activities . Moreover , they expressed a strong pro @-@ Greek feeling , and were the first to support the following breakaway autonomist movement . Considering these conditions , loyalty in Northern Epirus to an Albanian government competing in an anarchy , whose leaders were mostly Muslim , could not be guaranteed .
= = = Delineation of the Greek – Albanian border = = =
The concept of an independent Albanian state was supported by the Great European Powers , particularly Austro @-@ Hungary and Italy . Both powers were seeking to control Albania , which , in the words of Italian Foreign Minister Tommaso Tittoni , would give whichever managed this " incontestable supremacy in the Adriatic " . The Serbian possession of Shkodër and the possibility of the Greek border running a few miles south of Vlore was therefore strongly resisted by these states .
In September 1913 , an International Commission of the European Powers convened to determine the boundary between Greece and Albania . The delegates of the commission aligned themselves into two camps : those of Italy and Austro @-@ Hungary insisted that the Northern Epirus districts were Albanian , while those of the Triple Entente ( the United Kingdom , France , and Russia ) took the view that although the older generations in some villages spoke Albanian , the younger generation was Greek in intellectual outlook , sentiment , and aspirations . Under Italian and Austro @-@ Hungarian pressure , the commission determined that the region of Northern Epirus would be ceded to Albania .
= = = Protocol of Florence = = =
With the delineation of the exact boundaries of the new state , the region of Northern Epirus was awarded to Albania under the terms of the Protocol of Florence , signed on 17 December 1913 . On 21 February 1914 , the ambassadors of the Great Powers delivered a note to the Greek government asking for the Greek army 's evacuation of the
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that there 's ever any evading the truth . "
= = Reception = =
" Running to Stand Still " earned critical praise upon The Joshua Tree 's release , which itself received very favourable reviews and went on to become the group 's best @-@ selling album . Rolling Stone wrote , " After the first few times through [ it ] , you notice the remarkable music ... It sounds like a lovely , peaceful reverie – except that this is a junkie 's reverie , and when that realization hits home , the gentle acoustic lullaby acquires a corrosive power . " In Time magazine 's 1987 cover story on the band , Jay Cocks wrote that " A U2 tune like ' Running to Stand Still ' , with a trancelike melody that slips over the transom of consciousness , insinuates itself into your dreams . " The Uncut magazine Ultimate Music Guide to U2 described the character sketch in the song as one of Bono 's best . The 1991 Trouser Press Record Guide , however , said that the song " has mood but no presence " .
" Running to Stand Still " became a Dublin anthem of sorts , immortalizing the Ballymun towers . It has been considered by pop music writer Brent Mann as one of the more powerful songs written about drug addiction , joining the likes of Jefferson Airplane 's 1967 " White Rabbit " , Neil Young 's 1972 " The Needle and the Damage Done " , Martika 's 1989 " Toy Soldiers " , and Third Eye Blind 's 1997 " Semi @-@ Charmed Life " .
Irish music writer Niall Stokes considers " Running to Stand Still " to be one of the most important songs on The Joshua Tree , not only on its own merits as a " mature and compelling ... haunting , challenging piece of pop poetry " , but also because its moral ambiguity and lack of condemnation of its characters presaged the chaotic direction the band would take a few years later with Achtung Baby and the Zoo TV Tour . Rolling Stone 's 2003 list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " – which placed The Joshua Tree at 26th – said that while the album is remembered for the Edge 's trademark guitar sounds and the group 's spiritual quests , " Running to Stand Still " remains one of its most moving songs . This latter sentiment was echoed by the Irish Independent .
= = Live performances = =
Throughout its live history , " Running to Stand Still " has nearly always followed " Bullet the Blue Sky " , matching the order they appear on the album . It was first played live on the Joshua Tree Tour , with the Edge playing keyboards and Bono playing guitar , usually acoustic . During the 27 May 1987 show at Rome 's Stadio Flaminio – the opener of that tour 's second leg , and the first in Europe – 35 @,@ 000 people sang along to the song 's " Ha la la la de day " refrain , bringing a side @-@ of @-@ stage Brian Eno to tears . One performance of the song was captured on the 1988 filmed documentary of the tour , Rattle and Hum , but was not included on the accompanying album . A different tour performance was included on both the DVD and album Live from Paris , released in 2007 . On the Lovetown Tour , during one Dublin show that was broadcast worldwide , the song segued into a verse of Ewan MacColl 's classic ode to industrial bleakness , " Dirty Old Town " ; this show was released in 2004 as Live from the Point Depot .
During the Zoo TV Tour , the song 's performance was significantly altered . In these shows , the Edge played guitar on his Fender Stratocaster with the band on the main stage , while Bono sang the song on the B @-@ stage with a headset microphone . Bono mimed the actions of a heroin addict , rolling up his sleeves and then spiking his arm during the final lyric , after which he would sing " Hallelujah " over and over while reaching up into a pillar of white light . Writer Robyn Brothers sees the addition of the " Hallelujah " coda as indicating that while organized religion may act in the role of a sedative , a notion akin to other Zoo TV themes , the role of personal faith may still have a " desiring , affirming , and ' deterritorializing ' force . " At the culmination of the " Bullet to Blue Sky " to " Running to Stand Still " sequence , red and yellow smoke flares came out from either end of the stage ( an idea of U2 's security chief , who was a U.S. Vietnam veteran ) , as the coda segued into " Where the Streets Have No Name " . This arrangement and performance of " Running to Stand Still " was included in the 1994 concert film Zoo TV : Live from Sydney .
" Running to Stand Still " was not played on the PopMart Tour or Elevation Tour , but it returned to U2 concerts on the 2005 Vertigo Tour , with the original combination of the Edge on keyboards and Bono on guitar . During most of its performance on the Vertigo Tour , it once again followed " Bullet the Blue Sky " and culminated with a video clip of several articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights being read . ( After July 2005 , it was replaced in that role and in the set list by " Miss Sarajevo " . ) During the 19 June 2005 show on Burmese democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi 's birthday , " Running to Stand Still " included snippets of " Walk On " , a song originally written for her . Author Steve Stockman felt that in this tour 's uses , " Running to Stand Still " was one of the band 's songs from the 1980s that had lost its original meaning and was no longer about drug @-@ dealing in the Ballymun towers . Rather , it was now being used to develop the show 's theme that a belief in faith and in human potential could overcome the bleakest and most desperate situations ; in this , it fit within the Vertigo Tour 's emphasis on coexistence and the ONE Campaign . This assessment agreed to by an eFestivals review , and author John Jobling has called the new interpretation an " anti @-@ persecution paean " that was used to remove the sting of " Bullet the Blue Sky " being used to criticize American behavior during the Iraq War . In contrast , USA Today 's veteran rock writer Edna Gundersen found the song 's performance still established a " devastating " mood and the New York Daily News said that the group " thinned ' Running To Stand Still ' to give it a new mourning " . Two other U.S. reviewers remarked that the song was lesser known to audiences , with Variety saying its inclusion helped the band connect with the past while avoiding cliché . One tour performance of " Running to Stand Still " was included on the Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago DVD , during which Bono dedicated the Hallelujah coda to members of the American and British militaries fighting overseas . The song was not performed during the U2 360 ° Tour , with The Vancouver Sun bemoaning the absence of this " stone @-@ cold classic of the U2 canon " .
= = Legacy = =
The use of the phrase " running to stand still " dates to at least to the 1920s and 1930s . It comes from the image presented in Lewis Carroll 's 1871 children 's novel Through the Looking @-@ Glass . Since the album and song 's release , use of the phrase seems to have increased . Between 1851 and 1986 , the phrase occurred four times in The New York Times ; from 1987 to 2009 , the phrase has occurred ten times ( not counting mentions of the song itself ) . The phrase occurs many more times in Google News archive searches from 1987 on ( excluding those to the song itself ) than from 1986 and before . The phrase has been used in connection with drug addiction and closely related issues a number of times , including in academic papers and in New York magazine 's description of the heroin @-@ centric 1993 Irvine Welsh novel Trainspotting .
Future music video director Dave Meyers wrote a movie script to the song while a film student at Loyola Marymount University . The 2004 first @-@ season episode " Running to Stand Still " of the U.S. television series Desperate Housewives was named after the song . It featured the Lynette Scavo character resorting to taking her children 's ADD medication in order to cope with the overwhelming demands of her domestic life . A fifth @-@ season episode of the U.S. television series One Tree Hill , itself named after a U2 song , was called " Running to Stand Still " .
By mid @-@ 2000s , the Ballymun towers were in the process of being torn down , and the Ballymun area was the target of a € 1 @.@ 8 billion regeneration scheme intended to create a self @-@ sustaining community of 30 @,@ 000 people that would be more successful than the original 1960s plan . Despite their failure as housing , the towers had left a long cultural legacy , of which " Running to Stand Still " was the first and perhaps best @-@ known exemplar ; the link between the towers and the song was mentioned in some tourist books about Dublin . Former towers residents were not always happy with the song . Lynn Connolly , whose 2006 memoir The Mun : Growing Up in Ballymun detailed her raising there in the 1970s and 1980s , readily acknowledged the problems there and also wanted to get out at the time . But she later came to realize that there had been much that was good at the towers – in terms of a collective wit among residents and a helping sense of community – which had been ignored by the media . She thus wrote , " regardless of what U2 say in their song , ' Running to Stand Still ' , there was certainly more than one way out . " In a newspaper interview , Connolly suggested that the song might have had a deleterious effect : " It doesn 't take a lot of imagination to picture an unemployed person , living alone in a flat in Ballymun , listening to that song and agreeing with what their hero was saying . " She further noted that some websites erroneously state that Bono grew up in Ballymun itself , and said , " Perhaps it gave him a sort of street @-@ cred to associate himself with the estate he could see from his bedroom window in nice , safe , respectable Cedarwood Road in Glasnevin . "
The Ballymun area was still so associated with " Running to Stand Still " and the drug problem of the time , that local backers of the regeneration went to pains to point out the recent progress . A Bono remark that it was dangerous to walk in Ballymun at night found a good deal of publicity . A fansite listing U2 @-@ related Dublin area sights in 2004 mentioned Ballymun 's connection to the song , cautioning , " do not go here on foot – this is a bad area " . U2 's official website noted that the area was much changed now ; Bono himself said " he 's very proud to come from the Ballymun area " ; the fansite subsequently modified its listing and said an on @-@ foot visit to Ballymun was warranted .
= Diddy Kong Racing =
Diddy Kong Racing is a racing video game developed and published by Rare for the Nintendo 64 . It was first released on 14 November 1997 in Japan , 21 November 1997 in Europe and 24 November 1997 in North America . The game is set in " Timber 's Island " and revolves around Diddy Kong and his friends ' attempt to defeat the intergalactic pig @-@ wizard antagonist , Wizpig , through winning a series of races . The player can take control of any of the featured characters throughout the game . Diddy Kong Racing features five worlds with four racetracks each , and the ability to drive a car , hovercraft , or pilot an aeroplane .
Development of the game began after the release of Killer Instinct 2 , and was intended to be a real @-@ time strategy game known as " Wild Cartoon Kingdom " during early stages . As time progressed , the game shifted from a Walt Disney World @-@ influenced racing game to a unique title named " Pro @-@ Am 64 " , in which Nintendo had no involvement with . Due to the delays of Banjo @-@ Kazooie , Rare felt that they needed a stronger intellectual property to attract a wider audience for a game scheduled to release before Christmas 1997 , thus making the decision to revolve a game around the character of Diddy Kong .
Diddy Kong Racing received positive reviews from critics upon release . The graphics , audio and gameplay were the most praised aspects of the game , however minor criticism was directed at its repetitiveness . The game has sold 4 @.@ 5 million copies since release and stands as the Nintendo 64 's sixth best @-@ selling game . A cancelled sequel , Donkey Kong Racing , was in development for the GameCube , however it was abandoned after Microsoft 's purchase of Rare for £ 375 million in 2002 . An enhanced remake for the Nintendo DS titled Diddy Kong Racing DS was released worldwide in 2007 .
= = Gameplay = =
In Diddy Kong Racing , players can choose one of eight characters , who have access to three different vehicles : car , hovercraft and aeroplane . The car is an all @-@ round vehicle , however it is slowest on surfaces such as sand and water . The hovercraft is designed for both sand and water areas but lacks in acceleration and manoeuvrability . The aeroplane is designed to access aerial areas ; it is good at acceleration and manoeuvring , however it has the slowest speed . Each racetrack has a set of boosters known as " zippers " that temporarily boost the player 's speed , as well as featuring regenerating balloons of various colours that provide power @-@ ups . There are five different types of balloons : red , blue , green , yellow , and rainbow . Red balloons grant missiles to attack racers ahead , blue balloons grant a speed boost , yellow balloons grant shields to protect the player from attacks , green balloons grant deployable traps to delay other racers , and rainbow balloons grant a magnet ability that brings the player closer to the nearest racer . If multiple balloons of the same colour are picked up , the power @-@ up will be upgraded to a more powerful version . A total of two upgrades are available for each balloon . Additionally , racetracks contain non @-@ regenerating bananas that add to speed when they are picked up . A maximum of ten bananas will improve the speed but can also be obtained to prevent other players from gaining speed . If a racer gets hit , two bananas will be deducted .
In " Adventure Mode " , players control the racer of their choice to progress through the story . Players begin on Timber 's Island , which consists of five interconnected worlds ; Dino Domain , Snowflake Mountain , Sherbet Island , Dragon Forest , and Future Fun Land . Each world contains four race tracks , an unlockable battle stage and a race against a boss character . Depending on the race track , players may have a choice of using either a car , hovercraft or aeroplane . Each race track contains boosters to racers that cross them , and balloons of various colours that provide power @-@ ups to racers . If the player defeats Wizpig in Future Fun Land , obtains all amulet pieces and collect all of the gold medals , the player will be able to play in a mode called " Adventure 2 " . In this mode , all of the balloons change colour to platinum and the tracks are inverted from left to right . The game also features four battle modes which consist of two deathmatch maps , a capture @-@ the @-@ flag @-@ style battle and a mode which involves opponents capturing eggs .
= = Plot = =
Timber the Tiger 's parents go on holiday and leave their son in charge of the island they live on , leaving him and his friends to organise a race . Their enjoyment is derailed when an evil intergalactic pig @-@ wizard named Wizpig arrives at Timber 's Island and attempts to take it over after having conquered his own planet 's racetracks . He turns the island 's four guardians ( Tricky the Triceratops , Bubbler the Octopus , Bluey the Walrus and Smokey the Dragon ) into his henchmen . The only solution available to the island 's inhabitants is to defeat Wizpig in an elaborate series of races that involve cars , hovercrafts , and aeroplanes . Drumstick the Rooster , the best racer on the island , failed this challenge and was transformed into a frog by Wizpig 's black magic .
Timber recruits a team of eight racers : Diddy Kong , the first recruit ; Conker the Squirrel and Banjo the Bear , recruited by Diddy ; Krunch the Kremling , Diddy 's enemy who follows after him ; and Tiptup the Turtle , T.T. the Stopwatch , Pipsy the Mouse , and Bumper the Badger , inhabitants of Timber 's island . Aided by Taj , an Indian elephant genie residing on the island , they eventually complete all of Wizpig 's challenges and confront Wizpig himself to a race and defeat him . Shortly afterwards , Drumstick is turned back into a rooster , and Wizpig leaves for his home planet , Future Fun Land . Fearing that Wizpig would again attempt to invade Timber 's Island , the islanders travel to Future Fun Land for a second challenge . When Wizpig loses the second race , the rocket he rides on malfunctions and launches him to the moon . However , an additional cutscene reveals Wizpig 's spaceship flying through the sky , unscathed .
= = Development = =
Development of the game began after the release of Killer Instinct 2 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , in which a team was split into making Killer Instinct Gold for the Nintendo 64 and a new racing game for that console . At its first stage of development , Diddy Kong Racing was conceived as a real @-@ time strategy game with a caveman / time @-@ travel theme worked on by a team of four Rare members ; Chris Stamper , Lee Musgrave , Rob Harrison and Lee Schuneman . During later stages of development , the game became influenced by Walt Disney World and soon evolved into an adventure game called Wild Cartoon Kingdom , in which Nintendo had no involvement with . In June 1997 , the game was altered to Pro Am 64 , an unrelated follow @-@ up to the NES racing game R.C. Pro @-@ Am . According to Schuneman , the Pro Am 64 project featured three @-@ wheeled trikes in contrast to radio @-@ controlled cars .
Due to Banjo @-@ Kazooie being delayed until the summer of 1998 , the team was adamant for a release of an AAA video game in time for Christmas 1997 . Rare felt that Pro Am 64 did not have a strong enough intellectual property to capture the attention of consumers , and thus changed the licence to feature Diddy Kong . According to Musgrave , the decision to choose Diddy Kong rather than Donkey Kong was based on their own choice , a decision which Nintendo " enjoyed " . Once the intellectual property was changed , the team were left to adapt the visual aesthetics of the game and packaging before it could be released . Musgrave stated that the ultimate goal of the game was to make it " run as fast " as Mario Kart 64 , which proved difficult during development as the latter game utilised sprites of characters whereas Diddy Kong Racing used fully 3D models . Musgrave later attributed the success of the overall project due to the " small team " of 14 people who worked on it . In an October 2012 interview , Musgrave stated that Timber the Tiger would have been the main character of Pro Am 64 had the intellectual property for Diddy Kong Racing not been conceived . At least two of the characters who featured in Diddy Kong Racing , Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel , went on to feature in their own series , the Banjo @-@ Kazooie series and Conker series , respectively .
= = = Soundtrack = = =
The music for the game was composed by David Wise . The soundtrack was first released in Japan on 1 April 1998 , with 42 tracks , a German version of the album was released in Europe with the same number of tracks . For its United States release only 16 tracks were featured . The disc itself was specially shaped in the form of Diddy Kong 's head , which was unplayable in certain CD players .
= = Reception = =
The game received positive reviews from critics upon release . The Nintendo 64 version holds an aggregate score of 88 % at both GameRankings and Metacritic , whereas the Nintendo DS remake received a score of 66 % at GameRankings and a score of 63 at Metacritic , based on 39 reviews . Diddy Kong Racing sold approximately 4 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide ; which included 3 @.@ 78 million copies sold in the United States and PAL regions , and 653 @,@ 928 copies in Japan . It also stands as the Nintendo 64 's sixth best @-@ selling game .
The graphics and gameplay were the most praised aspects of the game . Scott McCall of AllGame asserted that Rare proved it was " the only developer " who offered no distance fog in their games . However , McCall acknowledged its only shortcoming was its " excessive " amount of clipping , although he admitted it was not " unbearable " . Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot stated that the game was a " pleasure to look at " and praised the detail of the tracks . Doug Perry of IGN heralded the visuals as the most " spectacular of its kind " , and praised Rare 's ability to master dynamic animation through enabling polygons to span larger surfaces without loss of framerate . Furthermore , Perry stated that the game 's technical achievements were enough to leave " even the most critical Japanese gamer [ to ] look upon with smiling eyes " . In a retrospective review , Andrew Donaldson of Nintendo Life stated that the game was visually " incredibly vibrant " and " captivating " for a game of the early Nintendo 64 era .
McCall praised the wide range of audio in the game , including its voice acting and soundtrack ; he heralded the music as " interesting " and " fitting " to its race tracks , also considering it superior to that of Mario Kart 64 . Although Gerstmann considered the gameplay to be similar to Mario Kart 64 and at times " repetitive " , he praised the game 's range of transportation and dynamics , which included utilising hovercrafts on water @-@ based tracks and flying an aeroplane . Perry felt that the vocals of characters in the game were " heartwarming " and " comical " , while also stating that the music in each environment was " charming " and " dynamic " . Donaldson criticised game 's presentation as too " cutesy " , especially in terms of the characters ' voices . However , he praised the " upbeat " and " catchy " soundtrack , saying that each track had its own unique tune to suit the distinct environment .
Diddy Kong Racing won the Console Racing Game of the Year at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences in 1998 , beating Mario Kart 64 , Moto Racer and NASCAR 98 .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Sequels = = =
After the release of Diddy Kong Racing , Rare began development on a sequel named Donkey Kong Racing for the GameCube , which featured Donkey Kong as the titular character . A pre @-@ rendered CGI video of the game was shown at E3 2001 , which displayed a parody of a scene from Star Wars : Return of the Jedi . According to Lee Musgrave , the game featured a unique mechanic which involved riding on animals rather than driving vehicles , in which the player could switch between different types of animals mid @-@ race ; larger animals could destroy obstacles whereas smaller ones allowed more manoeuvrability . Development of Donkey Kong Racing was cancelled when Nintendo turned down the opportunity to purchase its remaining 51 percent stake in Rare , and was eventually bought out by Microsoft for £ 375 million in 2002 .
After the cancellation of Donkey Kong Racing , Rare created a prototype for the GameCube which expanded into an adventure game similar to the original setup of Diddy Kong Racing . Musgrave stated that the concept was " built from scratch " and featured a limited multiplayer version at one point . The unnamed concept was in development over 18 months and evolved from being an animal @-@ orientated racing game to an open world game with Tamagotchi @-@ style features , in which nurturing animals was a " key mechanic " . During this time , the original concept for Donkey Kong Racing was reworked into Sabreman Stampede , which was eventually cancelled .
Aside from Donkey Kong Racing , another sequel to Diddy Kong Racing named Diddy Kong Pilot was planned for release on the Game Boy Advance . Originally announced alongside Donkey Kong Racing at E3 2001 , the game eventually became Banjo @-@ Pilot after Microsoft 's acquisition of Rare . At the time of its announcement , the game featured the ability to play using a tilt function as well as a D @-@ pad , and contained at least five available tracks .
= = = Remake = = =
Diddy Kong Racing was remade for the Nintendo DS as Diddy Kong Racing DS . Developed and published by Rare , it was released on 5 February 2007 in North America , and on 20 April 2007 in Europe . This version received enhanced visuals and framerate in addition to a touchscreen function . The DS version also features new modes which allows the player to create their own racetracks , customise their characters through recording voices and an online multiplayer function . The game was met with mixed reviews upon release , with critics asserting that the new additions were " gimmicky " and the touchscreen controls felt " horribly sensitive " .
= HMS Forester ( H74 ) =
HMS Forester was one of nine F @-@ class destroyers built for the Royal Navy during the early 1930s . Although assigned to the Home Fleet upon completion , the ship was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1935 – 36 during the Abyssinia Crisis . A few weeks after the start of World War II in September 1939 , she helped to sink one German submarine and then participated in the Second Battle of Narvik during the Norwegian Campaign of 1940 . Forester was sent to Gibraltar in mid @-@ 1940 and formed part of Force H where she participated in the attack on the Vichy French ships at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir and the Battle of Dakar between escorting the aircraft carriers of Force H as they flew off aircraft for Malta and covering convoys resupplying and reinforcing the island until late 1941 . During this time the ship helped to sink another German submarine .
Converted into an escort destroyer midway through the war , Forester was assigned to escort convoys to Russia for the next year and a half and then in the North Atlantic until mid @-@ 1944 . The ship helped to sink another German submarine before she was transferred to the English Channel to protect convoys during the Normandy landings . Forester assisted in sinking a German submarine before returning to the North Atlantic for a few months . The ship was under repair for the first half of 1945 and was then reduced to reserve in November before being scrapped in early 1946 .
= = Description = =
The F @-@ class ships were repeats of the preceding E class . They displaced 1 @,@ 405 long tons ( 1 @,@ 428 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 940 long tons ( 1 @,@ 970 t ) at deep load . The ships had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet 3 inches ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by three Admiralty three @-@ drum boilers . The turbines developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 @.@ 5 knots ( 65 @.@ 7 km / h ; 40 @.@ 9 mph ) . Forester carried a maximum of 470 long tons ( 480 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 6 @,@ 350 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 760 km ; 7 @,@ 310 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ships ' complement was 145 officers and ratings .
The ships mounted four 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' in sequence from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , they had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 @.@ 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . The F class was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted ; 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began .
= = = Wartime modifications = = =
Forester had her rear torpedo tubes replaced by a 12 @-@ pounder ( 76 mm ) AA gun when she returned to England in October 1941 . In April – June 1943 , she was converted into an escort destroyer . A Type 286 short @-@ range surface search radar was fitted and a Type 271 target indication radar was installed above the bridge , replacing the director @-@ control tower and rangefinder . The ship also received a HF / DF radio direction finder mounted on a pole mainmast . Her short @-@ range AA armament was augmented by four 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Oerlikon guns and the .50 @-@ calibre machine guns were replaced by a pair of Oerlikons . A split Hedgehog anti @-@ submarine spigot mortar was installed abreast ' A ' gun and stowage for a total of 70 depth charges meant that ' Y ' gun and the 12 @-@ pounder had to be removed to compensate for their weight . By 1944 the ship carried 115 depth charges .
= = Construction and career = =
Forester was built by J. Samuel White at its Cowes shipyard under the 1932 Naval Programme . The ship was laid down on 15 May 1933 , launched on 28 June 1934 , as the eleventh ship to carry the name , and completed on 19 April 1935 . The ship cost 248 @,@ 898 pounds , excluding Admiralty supplied equipment such as armaments and communications sets . Forester was initially assigned to the 6th Destroyer Flotilla ( DF ) of the Home Fleet , but was sent to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet , together with most of her sister ships , during the Abyssinian crisis in June and remained here until February 1936 . She was deployed to Gibraltar in September – October 1937 during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 1939 . The ship then returned home and spent the next two years with the 6th DF . The flotilla was renumbered the 8th Destroyer Flotilla in April 1939 , five months before the start of World War II . Forester remained assigned to it until June 1940 , escorting the larger ships of the fleet .
After a pair of fishing trawlers were sunk by a submarine off the Hebrides after the start of World War II in September 1939 , the 6th and 8th DFs were ordered to sweep the area on 19 September . The following day , Forester and three of her sisters sank the German submarine U @-@ 27 and then resumed their normal escort duties . On 11 February 1940 , she helped to tow the damaged tanker MV Imperial Transport to port after she was torpedoed by U @-@ 53 . Two months later , Forester escorted the battleship Warspite during the Second Battle of Narvik on 13 April and engaged several German destroyers . Only lightly damaged herself , she escorted the badly damaged destroyer Cossack to Skjelfjord for temporary repairs after the battle . Two days later , Forester was one of the screen for the battleship Rodney and the battlecruiser Renown as they sailed back to Scapa Flow to refuel . In early June , the ship was escorting the battlecruiser Repulse and two cruisers as they searched for illusory German commerce raiders off Iceland ; they were recalled to Norwegian waters on 9 June after the Germans launched Operation Juno , an attack on the Allied convoys evacuating Norway , but the Germans had already returned to base by the time the ships arrived .
= = = Force H = = =
In late June , the 8th DF was ordered to Gibraltar where they were to form the escorts for Force H. A few days later , they participated in the attack on Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir against the Vichy French ships stationed there . During Operation MA 5 , a planned air attack on Italian airfields in Sardinia , the destroyer Escort was torpedoed by the Italian submarine Guglielmo Marconi on 11 July after the attack had been cancelled due to lack of surprise . The torpedo blew a large hole in the ship , but the British tried to salvage her . Despite their efforts , she foundered later that morning after Forester and the flotilla leader Faulknor took off the survivors . A month later Forester was one of the escorts for Force H during Operation Hurry , a mission to fly off fighter aircraft for Malta and conduct an airstrike on Cagliari on 2 August . On 13 September , Force H rendezvoused with a convoy that was carrying troops intended to capture Dakar from the Vichy French . Ten days later , they attacked Dakar , but were driven off by the Vichy French defences . In early October , Forester escorted a troop convoy from Freetown , Sierra Leone , to French Cameroon .
She then returned to Gibraltar and escorted the aircraft carriers Argus and Ark Royal during Operations Coat and White in November . On 21 November , the light cruiser Despatch , Forester and Faulknor intercepted the Vichy French blockade runner MV Charles Plumier and escorted her to Gibraltar . The ship escorted Force F to Malta during Operation Collar later in the month and participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento on 27 November . In early January , she screened Force H during Operation Excess and rescued the crew of a shot @-@ down Italian bomber on 9 January .
Later that month , Forester and Faulknor temporarily relieved some of the escorts for Convoy WS 5B bound for Egypt via the Cape of Good Hope and stayed with the convoy to Freetown . Before arriving there on 26 January , they were detached from Force H to reinforce the Freetown Escort Force . This did not last long as they were ordered to escort Convoy SL 67 and the battleship Malaya en route back to Gibraltar . On 7 March , the German battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst spotted the convoy , but Admiral Günther Lütjens declines to attack when Malaya was spotted . Their report caused attacks by two U @-@ boats that sank five ships from the convoy before Force H rendezvoused with it three days later . The following month Forester was part of the escort screen , with five other destroyers , for the battleship Queen Elizabeth and the light cruisers Naiad , Fiji and Gloucester which were joining the Mediterranean Fleet . This was part of Operation Tiger which included a supply convoy taking tanks to Egypt and the transfer of warships to and from the Mediterranean Fleet . Forester and her sisters had their Two @-@ Speed Destroyer Sweep ( TSDS ) minesweeping gear rigged to allow them to serve as a fast minesweepers en route to Malta . Despite this , one merchant ship was sunk by mines and another damaged . Later that month , she participated in Operation Splice , another mission in which the carriers Ark Royal and Furious flew off fighters for Malta .
Force H was ordered to join the escort of Convoy WS 8B in the North Atlantic on 24 May , after the Battle of the Denmark Strait on 23 May , but they were directed to search for the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen on 25 May . Heavy seas increased fuel consumption for all of the escorts and Forester was forced to return to Gibraltar to refuel later that day before rejoining the capital ships of Force H on 29 May , after Bismarck had been tracked down and sunk . In early June the destroyer participated in two more aircraft delivery missions to Malta ( Operations Rocket and Tracer ) . While returning to Gibraltar to refuel , after covering another WS convoy west of Gibraltar , she participated in the sinking of U @-@ 138 , together with four of her sisters on 18 June . In late June , Forester screened Ark Royal and Furious as they flew off more fighters for Malta in Operation Railway .
On 23 July , during a Malta supply convoy ( Operation Substance ) , Forester rescued survivors from her sister Fearless , which had been attacked by Italian torpedo @-@ bombers , and then sank the wrecked and burning ship with torpedoes . A week later she screened the capital ships of Force H as they covered another Malta convoy ( Operation Style ) . Over the next several months , Forester participated in Operation Halberd , another Malta convoy and escorted Ark Royal and Furious as they made several trips to fly off aircraft for Malta ( Operations Status , Status II and Callboy ) . Upon her return to the UK on 26 October , the destroyer was briefly assigned to the 11th Escort Group before rejoining the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow in November . She then began a lengthy refit and work up that lasted until April 1942 .
= = = Russian convoys , 1942 = = =
In mid @-@ April , Forester was part of the close cover for Convoy PQ 14 to Murmansk . On 28 April , Forester joined the escort of returning Convoy QP 11 , and two days later , when the light cruiser Edinburgh was torpedoed , she and her sister Foresight were detached to escort the crippled cruiser back to Murmansk . On 1 May Edinburgh and her escorts were attacked by the German destroyers Z24 , Z25 and Z7 Hermann Schoemann . Forester fired her torpedoes at Z25 , but was almost simultaneously hit by three shells . They disabled ' B ' and ' X ' guns and the hit in No. 1 boiler room temporarily disabled her propulsion machinery . Twelve crewmen were killed , including her captain , and nine were wounded . Foresight was also temporarily disabled and the Germans put another torpedo into Edinburgh , crippling her , before breaking off the engagement to rescue the crew of the crippled Z7 Hermann Schoemann . The two British destroyers took off the survivors from the cruiser and Foresight scuttled the cruiser with a torpedo before heading back to Murmansk for temporary repairs . She sailed on 13 May with Foresight and the destroyers Somali and Matchless as escorts for the light cruiser Trinidad that had been damaged while escorting Convoy PQ 13 . The next day the ships came under heavy air attack , and Trinidad was further damaged and set on fire . Forester took off the wounded and other survivors , and Trinidad was sunk by Matchless . Forester arrived at Scapa Flow on 18 May and immediately took passage to a shipyard on the Tyne for repairs that lasted until October . That month , she rejoined the 8th DF and resumed escorting convoys to Russia until April 1943 . The ship was then refitted at Leith until June .
= = = Later service , 1943 – 45 = = =
In June 1943 , Forester joined the 1st Canadian Escort Group for Atlantic convoy duty . On 10 March 1944 , while escorting Convoy SC 154 , Forester , along with the destroyer HMCS St. Laurent , the frigate HMCS Swansea and the corvette HMCS Owen Sound sank the German submarine U @-@ 845 . The ship remained on convoy duty in the North Atlantic until 29 May when she was transferred to the English Channel to support the Normandy landings for the next several months . On 20 August , Forester , and the destroyers Wensleydale and Vidette sank the U @-@ 413 off Beachy Head . The next day she engaged and drove off E @-@ boats with the destroyers Melbreak and Watchman while defending a Channel coastal convoy . In October , the ship was transferred to the 14th Escort Group at Londonderry Port for convoy defence . On 1 December 1944 Forester arrived at Liverpool for repairs , returning to service in May 1945 , and joining the Rosyth Escort Force .
Forester was paid off in August and reduced to reserve at Dartmouth on 2 November . She was turned over to the British Iron and Scrap Company on 22 January 1946 for disposal and arrived at Rosyth to be broken up for scrap on 26 February by Metal Industries , Limited .
= Wilfred Arthur =
Wilfred Stanley ( Wilf ) Arthur , DSO , DFC ( 7 December 1919 – 23 December 2000 ) was a fighter ace and senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . Commonly known as " Woof " , and sometimes " Wolf " or " Wulf " , he was officially credited with ten aerial victories . As a commander , he led combat formations at squadron and wing level , becoming at 24 the youngest group captain in the history of the RAAF .
Arthur joined the Air Force the day after Australia declared war in September 1939 . He first saw action with No. 3 Squadron in North Africa , where he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for shooting down four aircraft in a single sortie . Posted to the South West Pacific , he commanded first No. 75 Squadron , and later Nos. 81 and 78 Wings . He earned the Distinguished Service Order for continuing to lead an attack on a formation of Japanese bombers after discovering that his guns were inoperable , and was twice mentioned in despatches . Arthur also played a leading part in — and gave name to — the " Morotai Mutiny " of April 1945 . Pursuing various interests in Australia and Vietnam following his discharge from the Air Force after the war , he died in 2000 at the age of 81 .
= = Education and early career = =
Wilfred Arthur was the son of stock inspector Stanley Oswald Darley Arthur from Goondiwindi , Queensland , a veteran of World War I who had served overseas for the duration of the conflict . His mother , Helena Elizabeth Chaffers , was from the Isle of Wight , of Welsh descent . Born in Sydney on 7 December 1919 , Wilf grew up around his father 's home town near the New South Wales border . The boy 's early education was by correspondence , but he later attended school at Yelarbon , Queensland , commuting on horseback . He then spent four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years at The Scots College in Warwick , where he matriculated .
At the age of 19 and still at The Scots College , Arthur applied to join the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He enlisted on 4 September 1939 , the day after Australia 's entry into World War II . Training at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , and RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , he was commissioned a pilot officer on 30 March 1940 , despite being prone to airsickness early on . He served initially with No. 22 ( City of Sydney ) Squadron at Richmond , operating Hawker Demons and Avro Ansons .
= = Combat service = =
= = = North Africa = = =
Promoted to flying officer , Arthur was posted to No. 3 ( Army Cooperation ) Squadron and departed with the unit for North Africa in July 1940 . Piloting a Gloster Gladiator biplane , he scored his first aerial victory by shooting down an Italian Fiat CR.42 north @-@ west of Sofafi , Egypt , on 12 December . The next day he himself was shot down by a CR.42 and had to bail out , narrowly avoiding disaster when he became entangled first with his oxygen hose and then with the Gladiator 's wing @-@ bracing wires ; he was only torn loose at a height of 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) by the force of rushing air as his stricken plane fell to earth . Arthur claimed one further victim in a Gladiator before his unit re @-@ equipped with Hawker Hurricanes in January 1941 . He was flying a Hurricane when he shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 110 in April .
No. 3 Squadron began replacing its Hurricanes with P @-@ 40 Tomahawks in May 1941 . In October , Arthur was promoted to flight lieutenant and appointed a flight commander . He shot down four enemy aircraft in a single sortie near Bir El Gubi on 30 November . Flying one of No. 3 Squadron 's new Tomahawks , he claimed two Junkers Ju 87 Stukas , one Fiat G.50 and one Macchi MC.200. He destroyed the last of the four after his plane had been damaged and he was on his way back to base ; he had to land in the desert and make his way to the airfield on foot . His " great skill and gallantry " in this action earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) , which was gazetted on 20 January 1942 .
Around this time , Arthur met his future wife , Lucille , in a shop in Alexandria . They married on 24 December 1941 and honeymooned in Palestine and Syria . The sudden romance came as a shock to Arthur 's parents ; he later recalled , " the first letter I got was a fair imitation of panic I think " . While on leave , he was also able to make contact with his brother Norman , who was serving as a military policeman in Beirut . Completing his tour with No. 3 Squadron , Arthur was repatriated to Australia with his new bride in March 1942 . Their ship journeyed to Melbourne via Bombay and Colombo , where it picked up many refugees following the recent fall of Singapore . The couple eventually had four children .
= = = South @-@ West Pacific = = =
As the Japanese advanced in the South West Pacific during early 1942 , the RAAF hurriedly established three new fighter units for Australia 's northern defence , Nos. 75 , 76 and 77 Squadrons . Arthur was posted to No. 76 Squadron in April , flying P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks in New Guinea . His brother Norman was killed in action on 9 November 1942 while serving with the 2 / 31st Infantry Battalion in Papua . Promoted to squadron leader , in February 1943 Wilf succeeded Les Jackson as commanding officer of No. 75 Squadron , based at Milne Bay under the control of No. 9 Operational Group RAAF . Arthur developed a reputation for diligence , courtesy , and concern for the welfare of his men . Despite the fact that , at 23 , he was the youngest officer in his new squadron , he commanded the respect of his fellows because , he believed , " they like that I work hard ; they like that I am not frightened of anything ( i.e. Pretends not to be ) and above those , they like that I don 't boast " . Having shot down a Mitsubishi G4M " Betty " bomber on 10 March , Arthur was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his " gallantry , matchless leadership and devotion to duty " on 14 April 1943 . On this occasion , in spite of his guns jamming , he led 34 Allied aircraft , including Kittyhawks of Nos. 75 and 77 Squadrons and P @-@ 38 Lightnings of the USAAF , in " a determined head @-@ on attack " to intercept 100 Japanese raiders , 14 of which were destroyed by the defenders . Arthur described the situation of being in combat but unable to shoot as " sort of awkward . Fortunately nobody else would know except me . " To compensate for his lack of offensive weaponry , he repeatedly made as though attempting to ram one of the raiders , to try and force it down into the sea .
Promoted acting wing commander in June 1943 , Arthur became wing leader of No. 71 Wing , which controlled No. 75 Squadron and three other combat units . On 5 November , he was involved in a collision at Kiriwina Airfield with a Spitfire of No. 79 Squadron . The Spitfire pilot was killed , and Arthur received serious burns . He later recalled , " ... I felt my hands disappear , felt my face go but the rest of my body was ... was just flames ... And then all of a sudden the flames dropped down a bit and I got out and went like mad and I was running away from the aircraft and trying to guess how far I could go before I 'd try to put the flames out ... " Although his family was informed that his injuries were " of a very slight nature " and that he had been " burnt but not badly " , Arthur was close to death for weeks while he was treated in Kiriwina . He was finally repatriated to Sydney where he underwent plastic surgery at Yaralla Military Hospital ( now Concord Hospital ) . After his recovery in April 1944 , he attended a staff course before taking over command of No. 2 Operational Training Unit at Mildura , Victoria . In August , at the age of 24 , he was promoted to temporary group captain , the youngest in the RAAF . That December he took command of No. 81 Wing of the Australian First Tactical Air Force ( No. 1 TAF ) , based at Noemfoor and Labuan in the Dutch East Indies .
In April 1945 , having recently assumed command of No. 1 TAF 's No. 78 Wing , Arthur helped trigger an incident that became known as the " Morotai Mutiny " ( a phrase originating in one of his aide memoires at the time ) . He was one of eight senior pilots , including Australia 's top @-@ scoring ace , Group Captain Clive Caldwell , and fellow veterans from the North African campaign , Bobby Gibbes and John Waddy , who attempted to resign their commissions in protest at the relegation of RAAF fighter squadrons to apparently worthless ground attack missions . Frustrated at the lack of attention paid by Headquarters No. 1 TAF to a " balance sheet " he produced showing that operational losses outweighed results , Arthur later said that his object for the " mutiny " was to " make as big a fuss as I possibly could with the object of getting the position corrected . " A government inquiry into the incident exonerated the pilots , finding their motives in tendering their resignations to be sincere . Arthur remained in charge of No. 78 Wing for the Battle of Tarakan , which commenced on 1 May . He handed over command of the wing on 24 May , but remained on Tarakan until the end of the war .
In addition to receiving the DFC and DSO , Arthur was twice mentioned in despatches during the war . His official final tally of victories was ten enemy aircraft destroyed , though this has also been reported as eight confirmed kills and two " probables " . Reflecting later on being a fighter pilot throughout his military career , Arthur said that he was glad to have flown single @-@ seat aircraft rather than bombers , because " I would always have felt very uncomfortable with anybody else for whom I 'd be responsible " .
= = Post @-@ war life = =
Arthur was discharged from the RAAF on 14 February 1946 , and took up residence in Darwin , Northern Territory . Initially working for the Repatriation Department , in 1950 he joined the Australian School of Pacific Administration , and later travelled to Vietnam to establish a dairy farm at Bến Cát under the Colombo Plan . He was captured by the Viet Cong in 1961 and was not released until a ransom was paid — reportedly an Olivetti typewriter . He continued to work in Vietnam after this incident , and by 1966 was running a business supplying duck feathers to the American military for use in life jackets . Returning to Australia , he was administration manager for Geopeko , the exploration unit responsible for discovering the Ranger uranium deposit at Jabiru . Wilf Arthur died on 23 December 2000 , at the age of 81 . The Kittyhawk " Polly " that he flew in his DSO @-@ winning action of 14 April 1943 was purchased by the Australian War Memorial , Canberra , in 1992 and put on display in its Aircraft Hall .
= Ronald Reagan Presidential Library =
The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Center for Public Affairs is the presidential library and final resting place of Ronald Wilson Reagan , the 40th President of the United States ( 1981 – 1989 ) , and his wife Nancy Reagan . Designed by Hugh Stubbins and Associates , the library is located in Simi Valley , California , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northwest of Downtown Los Angeles and 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Chatsworth .
The Reagan Library is the largest of the 13 federally operated presidential libraries . The street address , 40 Presidential Drive , is numbered in honor of Reagan 's place as the 40th President .
= = Dedication = =
It was initially planned to build the Reagan Library at Stanford University , and an agreement was reached with the university in 1984 . Those plans were canceled in 1987 , and the freestanding site in Simi Valley was chosen the same year . Construction of the library began in 1988 , and the center was dedicated on November 4 , 1991 . The dedication ceremonies were the first time in United States history that five United States Presidents gathered together in the same place : Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan himself , and George H. W. Bush . Six First Ladies also attended : Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , Betty Ford , Rosalynn Carter , Nancy Reagan , and Barbara Bush . Only Former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis did not attend ; but , her children Caroline Kennedy @-@ Schlossberg and John F. Kennedy Jr. were in attendance along with Luci Johnson Turpin , younger daughter of President Lyndon B. Johnson , as well as descendants of Franklin D. Roosevelt .
= = Facilities = =
When the Reagan Library opened it was the largest of the presidential libraries , at approximately 153 @,@ 000 square feet ( 14 @,@ 200 m2 ) . It held that title until the dedication of the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock , Arkansas , on November 18 , 2004 . With the opening of the 90 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 8 @,@ 400 m2 ) Air Force One Pavilion in October 2005 , the Reagan Library reclaimed the title in terms of physical size ; however , the Clinton Library remains the largest presidential library in terms of materials ( documents , artifacts , photographs , etc . ) . Like all presidential libraries since that of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Reagan Library was built entirely with private donations , at a cost of $ 60 million ( equivalent to $ 137 million in 2015 ) . Major donors included Walter Annenberg , Lew Wasserman , Lodwrick Cook , Joe Albritton , Rupert Murdoch , Richard Sills , and John P. McGovern . For fiscal year 2007 , the Reagan Library had 305 @,@ 331 visitors , making it the second @-@ most @-@ visited presidential library , following the Lyndon B. Johnson Library ; that was down from its fiscal year 2006 number of 440 @,@ 301 visitors , when it was the most visited library .
As a presidential library administered by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) , the Reagan Library , under the authority of the Presidential Records Act , is the repository of presidential records for Reagan 's administration . Holdings include 50 million pages of presidential documents , over 1 @.@ 6 million photographs , a half @-@ million feet of motion picture film and thousands of audio and video tapes . The library also houses personal papers collections including documents from Reagan 's eight years as Governor of California .
= = Exhibits and scenery = =
The museum features continually changing temporary exhibits and a permanent exhibit covering President Reagan 's life . This exhibit begins during Reagan 's childhood in Dixon , Illinois , and follows his life through his film career and military service , marriage to Nancy Davis Reagan , and political career . The " Citizen Governor " gallery shows footage of Reagan 's 1964 " A Time for Choosing " speech and contains displays on his eight years as governor . The gallery includes a 1965 Ford Mustang used by Reagan during his first gubernatorial campaign , as well as the desk he used as governor . His 1980 and 1984 presidential campaigns are also highlighted , as well as his inauguration suit and a table from the White House Situation Room is on display . News footage of the 1981 assassination attempt on his life is shown , and information about the proposed Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI , dubbed " Star Wars " ) is included .
A full @-@ scale replica of the Oval Office — a feature of most presidential libraries — is a prominent feature of this museum as well . Among the items Reagan kept on his desk was a 16 inches ( 41 cm ) copy of a bronze statue of " Old Bill Williams " , by B. R. Pettit ; Williams was a renowned mountain man of Arizona . Other parts of the exhibit focus on Reagan 's ranch , the presidential retreat Camp David , life in the White House , and First Lady Nancy Reagan . The most recent temporary exhibit ran from November 10 , 2007 , to November 10 , 2008 ; titled " Nancy Reagan : A First Lady 's Style , " it featured over 80 designer dresses belonging to Nancy Reagan .
The hilltop grounds provide expansive views of the area , a re @-@ creation of a portion of the White House Lawn , and a piece of the Berlin Wall . An F @-@ 14 Tomcat ( BuNo 162592 ) is also located on the grounds .
= = = Artifacts controversy = = =
On November 8 , 2007 , Reagan Library National Archives officials reported that due to poor record @-@ keeping , they are unable to say whether approximately 80 @,@ 000 artifacts have been stolen or are lost inside the massive museum complex . A " near @-@ universal " security breakdown was also blamed , leaving the artifacts vulnerable to theft . Many of the nation 's presidential libraries claim to be understaffed and underfunded . NARA labeled the Reagan Library as having the most serious problems with its inventory . In an audit , U.S. Archivist Allen Weinstein blamed the library 's poor inventory software for the mishap . Frederick J. Ryan Jr . , president of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation 's board of directors , said the allegations of poor management practices at the library reflect badly on the National Archives . The library has undertaken a massive inventory project that will take years to complete .
= = Air Force One Pavilion = =
A 90 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 8 @,@ 400 m2 ) exhibit hangar serves as the setting for the permanent display of the Boeing 707 aircraft utilized as Air Force One during Reagan 's administration . The aircraft , SAM 27000 , was also used by six other presidents in its active service life from 1973 until 2001 , including Richard Nixon during his second term , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush . In 1990 , it became a backup aircraft after the Boeing 747s entered into service and was retired in 2001 . The aircraft was flown to San Bernardino International Airport in September 2001 , where it was presented to the Reagan Foundation . In what was known as Operation Homeward Bound , Boeing , the plane 's manufacturer , disassembled the plane and transported it to the library in pieces . After the construction of the foundation of the pavilion itself , the plane was reassembled and restored to museum quality , as well as raised onto pedestals 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) above ground . The pavilion was dedicated on October 24 , 2005 , by Nancy Reagan , President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush .
SAM 27000 is part of a comprehensive display about presidential travel that also includes a Johnson @-@ era Sikorsky VH @-@ 3 Sea King , call sign Marine One , and a presidential motorcade — Reagan 's 1984 presidential parade limousine , a 1982 Los Angeles Police Department police car ( as well as two 1980s police motorcycles ) , and a 1986 Secret Service vehicle used in one of President Reagan 's motorcades in Los Angeles . The pavilion is also home to the original O 'Farrell 's pub from Ballyporeen in the Republic of Ireland that President and Mrs. Reagan visited in June 1984 , now called the " Ronald Reagan Pub . " Also featured are exhibits on the Cold War and Reagan 's extensive travels aboard Air Force One .
On June 9 , 2008 , Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings joined Nancy Reagan to dedicate the Reagan Library Discovery Center , located in the Air Force One Pavilion . The center is an interactive youth exhibit in which fifth through eighth grade students participate in role @-@ playing exercises based on events of the Reagan administration .
The pavilion has been used on several occasions as the venue for televised Republican Party primary @-@ related debates ( see below ) .
= = Center for Public Affairs = =
The Reagan Library has hosted many events , including the funeral of Ronald Reagan in June 2004 , and the first Republican presidential candidates ' debate of the 2008 primaries . On May 23 , 2007 , Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer held a brief private talk and a press conference . On July 17 , 2007 , Polish President Lech Kaczyński presented Poland 's highest distinction , the Order of the White Eagle , to Mrs. Reagan on behalf of her husband .
= = Ronald Reagan 's funeral = =
Following his death , Reagan 's casket was driven by hearse to the Reagan Library on June 7 , 2004 from Point Mugu through a 25 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 40 km / h ) procession down Las Posas Road to U.S. Highway 101 . Many people lined the streets and freeway overpasses to pay final respects . A memorial service was held in the library lobby with Nancy Reagan , Reagan 's children , close relatives , and friends . The Reverend Dr. Michael Wenning officiated at the service .
From June 7 to 9 , Reagan 's casket lay in repose in the library lobby , where approximately 105 @,@ 000 people viewed the casket to pay their respects . After flying the body to Washington , D.C. , lying in state in the Capitol rotunda , and a national funeral service in the Washington National Cathedral , Reagan 's casket was brought back to the library in California for a last memorial service and interment .
Construction plans for the library included a tomb for the eventual use of Reagan and his wife . Following a sunset service on the library grounds the previous evening , early on the morning of June 12 , 2004 , Reagan was laid to rest in the underground vault .
= = = Republican primary debates = = =
On May 3 , 2007 , the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Nancy Reagan hosted the first 2008 Republican primary debate in the Library 's Air Force One Pavilion . The candidates present included Kansas Senator Sam Brownback , former Virginia Governor Jim Gilmore , former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani , former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee , Representative Duncan Hunter of California , Senator John McCain of Arizona , Representative Ron Paul of Texas , former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , Representative Tom Tancredo of Colorado , and Tommy Thompson , former Governor of Wisconsin and President George W. Bush 's first Secretary of Health and Human Services . Mrs. Reagan , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , and Fred Ryan , Chairman of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation were among those in attendance . Candidates discussed the War in Iraq , the War on Terror , taxes , healthcare , abortion , stem @-@ cell research , gay rights , illegal immigration , and made at least 20 individual references directly or in passing , to Ronald Reagan and his presidency .
On January 30 , 2008 , after the Republican candidates were narrowed to four — Mitt Romney , Mike Huckabee , Ron Paul , and John McCain — the library was the scene of the final GOP debate , once again hosted by the Reagan Foundation and Mrs. Reagan .
The library announced that it would once again host the first Republican primary debate of future 2012 Republican candidates on May 2 , 2011 . The debate was co @-@ hosted by NBC News and Politico . The debate took place on September 7 , 2011 .
In September 2015 , the library hosted the second Republican presidential debate of the 2015 @-@ 2016 cycle , run by CNN . 15 candidates took part in two sessions .
= = = Centennial and library renovation = = =
The Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and General Electric ( GE ) announced a partnership beginning March 17 , 2010 , to support the two @-@ year @-@ long celebration of President Reagan 's 100th birthday on February 6 , 2011 . GE , for whom Reagan hosted General Electric Theater and served as a goodwill ambassador from 1954 to 1962 , prior to being elected Governor of California , served as the Presenting Sponsor of the historic Reagan Centennial Celebration .
GE 's overall participation as Presenting Sponsor of the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration included :
$ 10 million in the form of cash , advertising and promotion to support the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration , including funds to support the completely transformed , state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art museum at the Reagan Library that will be unveiled on February 5 , 2011 . This will include a new General Electric Theater that will focus on Reagan 's career in radio , television , and film .
An additional $ 5 million to the Reagan Presidential Foundation to launch and support the GE – Reagan Scholars Program , an effort that will begin in 2011 and that will provide 200 four @-@ year college scholarships over the next decade to " students who embody the vision and values personified by President Reagan . "
A donation from GE / NBC Universal to the Reagan Foundation of 208 restored episodes of General Electric Theater in which Ronald Reagan hosted or appeared from 1954 until 1962 . The episodes , many of which were thought to be lost and some of which were damaged , were recently uncovered and restored to broadcast quality for purposes of the renovated Reagan Museum .
An ad campaign and interactive Internet presence on GE 's web site to promote the centennial and celebrate Reagan 's political career and time with GE .
A series of public affairs lectures with Reagan @-@ era luminaries that focused on Reagan 's legacy .
The Reagan Centennial was also being led by the National Youth Leadership Committee . Notable members of the Committee include chairpersons Nick Jonas , Jordin Sparks and Austin Dillon , as well as famous non @-@ chairpersons , including actress Anna Maria Perez de Tagle , Olympic bronze medalist Bryon Wilson , Olympian and X @-@ Games medalist Hannah Teter , and recording artist Jordan Pruitt . Several other Olympians and athletes are also members of the Committee .
On March 6 , 2016 , Reagan 's widow Nancy Reagan died at the age of 94 of congestive heart failure . After the funeral , she was buried next to her husband at the library on March 11 , 2016 .
= Portland Castle =
Portland Castle is an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII on the Isle of Portland , Dorset , between 1539 and 1541 . It formed part of the King 's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire , and defended the Portland Roads anchorage . The fan @-@ shaped castle was built from Portland stone , with a curved central tower and a gun battery , flanked by two angular wings . Shortly after its construction it was armed with eleven artillery pieces , intended for use against enemy shipping , operating in partnership with its sister castle of Sandsfoot on the other side of the anchorage . During the English Civil War , Portland was taken by the Royalist supporters of King Charles I , and then survived two sieges before finally surrendering to Parliament in 1646 .
Portland continued in use as a fort until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , when it was converted into a private house . Fresh concerns over invasion led to the War Office taking it over once again in 1869 , but the castle was not rearmed and was instead formed accommodation for more modern neighbouring fortifications . During the First and Second World Wars it was used as offices , accommodation and as an ordnance store . In 1949 , the War Office relinquished control , and in 1955 it was opened to the public by the state . In the 21st century it is managed by English Heritage and operated as a tourist attraction , receiving 22 @,@ 207 visitors in 2010 . Historic England consider the castle to form " one of the best preserved and best known examples " of King Henry 's forts .
= = History = =
= = = 16th century = = =
Portland Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities , only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Basic defences , based around simple blockhouses and towers , existed in the south @-@ west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale .
In 1533 , Henry broke with Pope Paul III in order to annul the long @-@ standing marriage to his wife , Catherine of Aragon and remarry . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , and he took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England appeared certain . In response , Henry issued an order , called a " device " , in 1539 , giving instructions for the " defence of the realm in time of invasion " and the construction of forts along the English coastline .
As a consequence , Lord Russell inspected the coast along an anchorage known as Portland Roads , and concluded that two castles , Portland and Sandsfoot , should be constructed to protect it from naval attack . Work began that summer , with Oliver Lawrence acting as the royal paymaster for the project , and was completed by 1541 , at a cost of £ 4 @,@ 964 . Thomas Mervin was appointed as captain , with a garrison of four gunners and two other men . In 1545 , Mervin was replaced by John Leweston , who also took on responsibilities as the Lieutenant of Portland , along with a larger garrison of 13 men , paid for out of the proceeds of the recent Dissolution of the Monasteries . A survey between 1547 and 1548 reported that the castle was equipped with one brass demi @-@ cannon , two brass demi @-@ culverins , four breech @-@ loading portpieces and four slings ; it
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also held eight hagbushes – a type of early arquebus – along with twenty @-@ three bows , twenty @-@ nine bills and twelve pikes .
The threat of a French invasion passed , and peace was declared in 1558 . Attention shifted away from Portland , and a 1574 survey reported that the castle was in a poor condition , with similar concerns being repeated in 1583 . Tensions with Spain grew and military attention focused on the threat to the south @-@ west of England . War broke out in 1585 , and £ 228 was spent on renovating Portland Castle . In 1596 , the garrison still comprised a captain and 13 men .
= = = 17th – 19th centuries = = =
In the early 1600s , England was at peace with France and Spain and the coastal forts , included Portland , received little attention . A 1623 survey reported that the castle was equipped with three culverins , nine demi @-@ culverins and a saker , but that the fortifications had suffered badly from sea erosion and required extensive repairs . Fourteen years later , the castle had 15 guns and a garrison of a captain and 12 men .
When the English Civil War broke out in 1642 , Portland was initially controlled by Parliamentary forces . The castle was captured in 1643 by a group of Royalists who gained access by pretending to be Parliamentary soldiers . As the war turned against the King in the south @-@ west , Parliamentary forces besieged the castle for four months in 1644 , and once again the following year . The castle finally surrendered to Vice @-@ Admiral William Batten in April 1646 . It is uncertain why the castle , which was not easily defensible on the landward side , proved so difficult to take ; the historian Peter Harrington has suggested that its low @-@ lying position may have made it difficult for Parliament to bombard it from the sea .
During the Interregnum , Portland Castle continued to be garrisoned and used a prison , with a unit of 103 men attached to it in 1651 . It was used to defend the Portland Roads during the First Anglo @-@ Dutch War of 1653 , seeing action in a three @-@ day long naval battle between English and Dutch forces . When Charles II returned to the throne in 1660 , he reduced the garrison to its pre @-@ war levels but repaired the fortifications in the light of the continuing Dutch threat ; in 1676 the castle was equipped with 16 guns .
Portland Castle continued in use through the 18th century , primarily protecting vessels against privateers , including merchant vessels carrying stone from the local Portland quarries . Reports in 1702 and 1715 complained about the dilapidated condition of the fortification – the sea had washed away 112 feet ( 34 m ) of its foundations – and the number of artillery pieces was reduced to seven . By 1779 , the castle had a caretaker garrison of three men and eight guns , and reportedly had not been repaired in the previous 30 years . During the Napoleonic Wars , the castle 's guns were increased to comprise six 24 @-@ pounder , six 12 @-@ pounders and two 9 @-@ pounder guns ( 10 @.@ 9 kg , 5 @.@ 4 kg and 4 @.@ 1 kg respectively ) , but the fortification remained in a poor condition overall .
Following the final defeat of Napoleon , the castle was disarmed and leased to John Manning , a Portland churchman , who converted it from a fortress into a private house . John 's son , Charles Manning , took over the house in 1834 and continued to develop it . Among the Mannings ' work was the conversion of an older house alongside the main castle , which had once housed the master gunner , into a grander property , known today as the Captain 's House . In the late 1840s , the Portland Roads were converted into an artificial harbour through the construction of a breakwater , and new forts were built on the Verne heights and the sea front to protect it , although the structure of the old castle itself was left untouched by the growing complex of forts . Charles died in 1869 and , amid ongoing invasion fears , the War Office took over the castle again for use as accommodation for commissioned officers , including as a house for the adjutant of the Verne Citadel .
= = = 20th – 21st centuries = = =
In the early years of the 20th century , the War Office and the Office of Works held discussions on how to manage the castle . In 1908 , Portland was placed onto what was known as the Schedule C list , which meant that the Army would continue to use and manage the historic property , but with input on repairs from the Office of Works . With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 , Portland Harbour became an important naval base and the castle was used an ordnance store . The castle became a military residence again in the interwar years , and during the Second World War it was used for accommodation and offices by British and US soldiers , with part of the castle used once again for storing ordnance . A concrete pillbox , since demolished , was constructed alongside the castle early on in the war .
After the conflict , Portland Castle was transferred to the Ministry of Works in 1949 and opened to the public in 1955 . The Ministry decided to present the interior as it might have looked in the 16th century and removed most of the 19th- and 20th @-@ century additions and changes . The Captain 's House and the adjacent gardens were used by the neighbouring HMS Osprey helicopter base until 1999 , but with the facility 's closure , this part of the fort was also opened to visitors , the house being turned into a visitor facility .
In the 21st century the castle is operated by English Heritage as a tourist attraction , receiving 22 @,@ 207 visitors in 2010 . The main castle is protected under UK law as a Grade I listed building , and the Captain 's House as a Grade II * building .
= = Architecture = =
The heart of the castle is the keep , 120 feet ( 37 m ) across , comprising a central tower with two wings on either side and a gun battery to the front , together forming an unusual , fan @-@ shaped design over @-@ looking the sea . This is surrounded by a walled courtyard , approximately 170 by 90 feet ( 52 by 27 m ) , with two gun platforms on either side of the keep . The Captain 's House occupies the western side of the courtyard , and the Governor 's Garden lies beyond the eastern wall . The castle is entered through an outer gateway on the southern side , surmounted by Charles II 's coat of arms .
When first built , the castle would have held three tiers of artillery , two in the front battery and a third layer in the central tower . The keep was originally protected by a moat , since filled in , with a drawbridge , of which only the slots now survive . The castle could have been protected at short @-@ range with hand guns , although the gunloops for these were of an antiquated design for the period , and a moated earthwork , 89 by 47 feet ( 27 by 14 @.@ 4 m ) , was subsequently built to the rear of the castle to provide additional protection .
The keep is two storeys high , built of ashlar Portland stone . Historic England considers it to form " one of the best preserved and best known examples " of the Henrician forts . In the centre of the ground floor is the octagonal great hall , now fitted with large Victorian windows , which would have originally providing living space for the garrison . Off the great hall are wings holding the gunners ' quarters and the castle 's kitchen , the latter equipped with a large , 16th @-@ century fireplace . Running around the front of the keep is the gun room . This was originally a two @-@ storey gun battery with embrasures for five guns on the ground floor and four more above on the first floor , with the southern end of the ground floor subdivided into four barrack rooms . The ground @-@ floor embrasures were designed with vents to allow the smoke from the guns to escape . Both the wooden roof that formed the first @-@ floor gun platform and the internal wooden partitions have been dismantled , however , and the chamber is now open to the air . It now houses a variety of 18th and 19th century cannons .
On the first floor is the upper hall and the captain 's chamber , used in the 16th century as a living and working space by the castle 's commander , and converted into a dining room and a bedroom in the 19th century . On the opposite side to the captain 's private chamber are two other bedrooms , possibly originally for the use of the castle 's lieutenant .
The current Governor 's Garden was created in 2002 by the horticulturist Christopher Bradley @-@ Hole , as part of a wider programme of work across English Heritage properties . The maritime @-@ themed garden features circular designs , echoing those in the adjacent castle , and uses local Portland stone .
= Mighty Jill Off =
Mighty Jill Off is a 2D platform independently developed freeware video game designed by Anna Anthropy , with art by James Harvey and music by Andrew Toups . It stars a submissive named Jill , who has a boot fetish and is forced to climb up a tower after her Queen kicks her down it as punishment . Jill does this by jumping and slowly descending over obstacles . Jill can be defeated in one hit by these obstacles , but will return to the last check point . The game serves as an homage to the 1986 arcade game Mighty Bomb Jack . It had follow @-@ ups , such as Mighty Jill Off - Jill Off Harder Edition and Jill Off With One Hand . Jill made a cameo appearance in the 2010 video game Super Meat Boy as a playable character .
The game 's BDSM and lesbian themes were implemented by Anthropy , a BDSM practitioner , for the purpose of providing legitimate " dykes " in video games . She also made the game difficult , to fit in with its BDSM theme . James Harvey attempted to make this game appealing for the BDSM community . Mighty Jill Off has received praise for its BDSM themes from critics of websites such as Rock , Paper , Shotgun and Game Set Watch . It was also praised for its high level of difficulty by editors of GamesRadar and Bitmob . 1UP.com included it in its list of favourite free PC games of 2009 .
= = Gameplay and scenario = =
Mighty Jill Off incorporates several BDSM themes . It stars a submissive lesbian named Jill who has a boot fetish . She is kicked to the bottom of her Queen 's tower for acting like a " greedy slut " . Jill attempts to climb back up the tower and return to her Queen ; once there , she is given affection , constricted and gagged , and made to do it again .
Some of Mighty Jill Off 's gameplay is borrowed from the 1986 arcade game Mighty Bomb Jack as a tribute . Players control Jill in only three ways : moving , jumping , and slowly descending . In the air , players may cause Jill to slowly descend by rapidly pushing the jump button while pointing in the direction that they want her to go . Players can switch direction while they do this . There are three types of obstacles : spikes , fire , and spiders ; the latter can move to attack Jill when she comes close . Coming into contact with these obstacles kills Jill instantly , forcing her to start at the most recent checkpoint — typically located at a change in room . There is only one level in the game , but with several rooms in it . The screen scrolls vertically with Jill as she ascends up the tower . Each room transition is demonstrated by a change in the room 's background colour . Jill has infinite lives , allowing players to play as long as they like without having to start the game over .
= = Development = =
Mighty Jill Off was designed and developed by American video game designer and critic Anna Anthropy , also known as Auntie Pixelante , in 2008 . James Harvey provided the artwork for the game , while Andrew Toups created the music . Anthropy designed Mighty Jill Off to feature " dykes and perverts " to make up for " the distinct lack of real dyke characters and dyke desire in games " . She argued that while " supposed dykes " are seen in commercials , these characters are " written and drawn by men " . She said that " they don 't look like us , they don ’ t express themselves like us , they don ’ t lust like us . " Anthropy compared the challenge of players who lead Jill through the game as similar to the challenges of a top who leads the bottom through a scene .
= = = Art design = = =
While the character artwork for Mighty Jill Off was created by James Harvey , Anthropy first designed Jill in sprite form . Harvey was initially wary of doing work that was BDSM @-@ themed ; he felt that it was easy for something that is both cartoony and sexual to make viewers feel uncomfortable and used the Japanese harem anime genre as an example . He added that in humorous , sexually @-@ oriented cartoons , there is a " fine line " between " cute and funny " and " repulsive " . He wanted to design the relationship between the Queen and Jill in a way that people in the BDSM community could identify with it , while also avoiding putting people off who were not into BDSM . He used European comics as a model for his art work , which he admired for the " permissive attitude they have to sex in cartoons " . He also cited as inspiration specific Japanese cartoonists who he felt had successfully portrayed sex in animation such as Monkey Punch , the creator of Lupin III .
Harvey designed the Queen based on a loose description by Anthropy . He wanted to make her " sexy and authoritative " and to look like a " fully grown human with relatively realistic proportions " . He designed her to be an " amalgamation of every lesbian friend " he had been " secretly been attracted to " . He initially designed her with a veil , but felt that this was too superfluous and girly ; he decided to adorn her with spikes instead . He attempted to design the title screen 's background to " emphasise the drama of [ the ] situation , or to expressionistically [ sic ] symbolise the characters in the scene " . However , there were some hurdles ; he originally envisioned the Queen 's tower to be a smooth , straight one , but felt that it would be too phallic , which would be meaningless symbolism given the game 's content . Anthropy and Harvey held a contest for people to contribute fan art for the game ; the five winners won hand @-@ made Mighty Jill Off activity books , which included activities such as creating make @-@ out partners for a group of " repulsive , tongue @-@ waggling oafs " , as well as writing a poem for the game 's Queen . He scanned one of the books and posted it online , allowing others to contribute and send in their drawings . The book features several BDSM @-@ related themes .
Harvey was split between two designs for Jill . He either wanted to depict her as a " funny little megaman character " or a grown woman ; however , both approaches had their own pitfalls . He felt that the former could come off as too much like Japanese lolicon @-@ styled art , while the latter could make the story seem too serious . The Queen 's more realistic design made him question whether a child @-@ like Jill would be appropriate . He designed several versions of Jill with different proportions and sent them to Anthropy so she could pick her favourite . He compared two of the designs to Nintendo characters Mario and Link ; the Mario @-@ like design he called a " standard video game design " , while the Link @-@ like design he called " slightly realistic " . The Link @-@ like design was the most realistic design that he did because he felt that making it too realistic could make it too difficult for players to identify with , and could diminish the humorous elements of the game . He also intended to design her as " dumpy and podgy " to make her more " lovable " .
Anthropy told Harvey that she preferred characters with more realistic proportions ; as a result , he ended up with a design that was three and a half heads tall . Due to her submissive position , he designed her to be an " innocent " who looked " eager @-@ to @-@ please " , with " benign , wide eyed facial expressions " . The evolution of her design resulted in Harvey having to redesign her appearance on the title screen . He employed different colors to demonstrate Jill 's feelings for the Queen ; he used a rose tint to demonstrate her " blissful display of affection " while using a grey wash to demonstrate her sadness . Harvey intended to add some red to her rubber body suit order to make her stand out from the background ; however , he felt that this made the suit look more like a " crazy wrestler costume " . He later thought to include grey in the design or to put her initials on her chest , but decided on using an all black design . One of the difficulties of designing the suit was to make it look shiny without resembling " gross lolicon manga porn " .
= = = Follow @-@ ups = = =
A harder version called Mighty Jill Off - Jill Off Harder Edition , was released in October 2008 , 8 months after the original version . Anthropy compared it to the Nintendo game Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels which was noticeably more difficult than its predecessor , Super Mario Bros. She made it with the intention of reusing assets from the original game such as sprites and backgrounds but making sure that none of the challenges were recycled . She also made a follow @-@ up called Jill Off with One Hand , which features " OneSwitch " gameplay , a type of gameplay which requires only one button to play . It was created over the course of Buy Nothing Day and was created with the intent of making it playable on mobile phones . The protagonist Jill was featured in the 2010 platform game Super Meat Boy along with several characters from other games .
= = Reception and promotion = =
Mighty Jill Off has received generally positive reception . Retronauts ' Jess Ragan praised Anthropy for her understanding of what made Mighty Bomb Jack good . 1UP.com 's Scott Sharkey listed Mighty Jill Off as one of his favourite independently @-@ developed freeware games in 2009 . Gamasutra listed it as one of their runners @-@ up for the top five best indie games of 2008 . On two separate occasions , IndieGames ' timw listed Mighty Jill Off as " game picks " ; first for the original version , and second for Mighty Jill Off - Jill Off Harder Edition . GamesRadar 's Nathan Meuiner listed the game as one of the " most ruthlessly punishing indie games " and wrote that the difficulty level may make players question whether the " pain of a million deaths is worth the pleasure awaiting " players . Bitmob 's James DeRosa called it " tough @-@ as @-@ s * * * " and gave credit to Anthropy for coining the genre " masocore " .
The game has also received praise for its insight into BDSM and the dom / sub relationship . Rock , Paper , Shotgun 's Kieron Gillen called it an " interesting examination of the master / slave relationship " . Rock Paper Shotgun 's Alec Meer described it as a " wry , subversive examination of why videogame protagonists put themselves through a torturous amount of struggle to reach their objectives " . James DeRosa praised Anthropy for her implementation of elements and ideas that most games do not cover and called it a " hypersexualized , bondage @-@ themed platformer " with which Anthropy " explores the power dynamics of sexuality and disassembles essentialist male and female sex roles as portrayed in video games -- as well as the significance of difficulty and reward as a design method " .
= Graham Westley =
Graham Neil Westley ( born 4 March 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer who was most recently manager of Peterborough United .
Westley started his managerial career at the age of 28 , managing Kingstonian for five months , before spending a year in charge of Enfield . In 1999 , Westley became manager of Farnborough Town , guiding them to the Football Conference in 2002 . He left Farnborough the following season , to become manager of Stevenage . He took the club to within one game of promotion to the Football League , but left the club in 2006 when his contract expired . Westley then had a brief , but successful , spell with Rushden & Diamonds , as well as acting as caretaker manager at Kettering Town . He took a year out of the game , before rejoining Stevenage in May 2008 . He guided the club to FA Trophy success in 2009 , before securing promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club 's history in April 2010 , finishing the season as league champions . Westley guided the club to back @-@ to @-@ back promotions in his first season as a Football League manager , following Stevenage 's successful 2010 – 11 League Two play @-@ off campaign . At the start of 2012 , Westley left Stevenage to join Preston North End . He was sacked by the club in February 2013 . A month later , Westley rejoined Stevenage , his third spell at the club .
= = Playing career = =
Westley was born in Hounslow , London and he started his footballing career as an apprentice with Queens Park Rangers . During his time at QPR , Westley represented England at U18 level . He then joined Gillingham in March 1986 . He made two league appearances for the club before joining Barnet . He made three appearances and scored one goal for them in the Football Conference during the 1987 – 88 season , making his debut for the club in a 2 – 2 draw against Macclesfield Town at Moss Rose . Westley joined Wycombe Wanderers in the latter stages of 1987 for a fee of £ 7 @,@ 500 , making a scoring debut in a 2 – 1 away victory at Telford United . He scored in Wycombe 's next two games , and was a first @-@ team regular until manager Peter Suddaby left the club in January 1988 . Westley played just once under new manager Jim Kelman and left soon afterwards to sign for Kingstonian . He played 24 times for Wycombe , scoring five goals in all competitions during the club 's 1987 – 88 campaign . He later played for a number of non @-@ League clubs , including Kingstonian , Wealdstone , Farnborough Town , Harlow Town , Enfield , Aylesbury United , Harrow Borough , Tooting & Mitcham United , Molesey and Walton & Hersham – three of which he would later go on to manage . During his time at Kingstonian , he suffered a dislocated ankle and broken leg in three places , which subsequently cut his playing career short after never fully recovering from the injury . On his playing career , Westley said " I felt sorry for myself too often when I should have been leading the team " .
= = Managerial career = =
= = = Early management = = =
While recovering from a broken leg , at the age of 28 , Westley was appointed as manager of Kingstonian in December 1996 after approaching the club about their vacant managerial post . His first two games in @-@ charge of the club both ended in 4 – 4 draws against Walton & Hersham and Harrow Borough respectively , with Westley saying " at the time , there was something raw and exciting about the team that I sent out . Although there was also something evidently missing " . His first victory in @-@ charge of the club was a 2 – 0 win over Wokingham Town in the Isthmian League Cup , before securing his first league win in the following game , a 5 – 2 win away at Aylesbury United . Kingstonian drew clear of relegation , with Westley recalling a 3 – 2 victory over champions Yeovil Town at Huish Park as a " memorable victory " . Despite securing safety for the club , he was sacked after just five months , being replaced by Geoff Chapple . He managed Kingstonian for 25 games recording nine wins , eight losses , and eight draws .
In September 1997 , Westley was appointed as manager of another club he had previously played for in the form of Isthmian League Premier Division outfit Enfield . He appointed Graham Pearce as his assistant , who had also previously played for , and managed , Enfield . He outlined his ambition of ensuring the club returned to the top tier in non @-@ league , despite a host of financial difficulties at the club , he stated " my ambition is to see silverware in the table , and if you can 't take the pressure , you shouldn 't take big jobs like this one " . His first game as manager of Enfield was a 2 – 0 home defeat to St Albans City . Despite securing a seventh @-@ placed finish for the club , Westley left the club after just nine months in charge . He managed the club for a total of 41 games ; winning 19 , losing 16 , and drawing 6 – with a win percentage of 46 @.@ 34 % .
= = = Farnborough Town = = =
In 1999 , Westley bought a controlling interest in Farnborough Town and appointed himself as manager . He managed the club to a 12th @-@ place finish in his first season in charge , but enjoyed success in the Isthmian Cup ; winning the competition in 2000 . The following season , Westley guided the club to more success , winning the Isthmian League Premier Division ; securing 31 victories out of a possible 42 and amassing a total of 99 points . Westley overhauled the squad shortly after the club 's promotion to the Football Conference – something which he now states as a " huge regret " . At this point , he also tried to arrange a merger with Kingstonian – citing the club 's " Football League rated ground " as the reasoning behind his proposed idea , although it never happened due to " fans resistance " . During the 2001 – 02 season , the club consolidated their position in the first tier of non – league football ; with Westley guiding the club to a 7th @-@ place finish in the league . The following season was to be a memorable campaign for Westley , reaching the Third Round of the FA Cup after a 3 – 0 victory at Southport , where they faced Football League competition in the form of Darlington at Feethams . Westley guided the side to a 3 – 2 win over Darlington , and the club were rewarded with a Fourth Round tie at home to Arsenal . The tie , however , was controversially moved to Highbury – because the tie stood to make around £ 600 @,@ 000 in gate receipts from playing at Highbury , whereas playing at Cherrywood Road would only have generated the club an estimated £ 50 @,@ 000 . Westley left the club after the sell @-@ out ' home ' tie at Highbury , which they lost 5 – 1 . Shortly after his resignation , he became manager at Football Conference rivals Stevenage in January 2003 , signing a three @-@ year contract . Westley confirmed he would be leaving his shareholding in Farnborough to other existing shareholders , and would also be withdrawing his financial backing at the club . On moving to Stevenage , Westley said " I 've enjoyed my time at Farnborough , but I feel that I need to move on now and that I need to concentrate on football management , which is where my ambitions lie " . He went on to state that Stevenage 's " long @-@ term potential " was another key factor behind the move .
= = = Stevenage = = =
When Westley took over the Hertfordshire club , Stevenage were sitting 21st in the Football Conference , and were six points adrift of safety . Unlike his position at his previous club , Westley was appointed as first @-@ team manager , with no board involvement . He set about ensuring the club were still in the highest tier in non @-@ league football , signing seven players from his previous club Farnborough , as well as his former assistant Graham Pearce and goalkeeping coach Graham Benstead . His first game in charge of the club was a 1 – 1 draw at home to Morecambe , before having to wait three games for his first win at the club – a 2 – 0 victory away at local rivals Barnet , thanks to a Dino Maamria brace . The victory sparked an eight @-@ game unbeaten run , recording six victories on the bounce to ensure the club were safe from relegation . Westley had guided the club from 21st in the table to a respectable 12th @-@ place finish by the end of the season . The 2003 – 04 season witnessed a much more consistent season under Westley 's management , but the club were unable to make the play @-@ offs and finished the campaign in 8th place , despite a positive start to the season .
As was the case in previous seasons , Westley made wholesale changes at the end of the season , releasing several of the players he had originally signed from Farnborough , and replacing them with a mixture of players with Football League experience – in the form of Brian Quailey , Dannie Bulman , and Matt Hocking – as well as players from lower divisions such as Jon Nurse and Craig McAllister . Westley also gave first @-@ team opportunities to players who had progressed through the club 's youth system , most notably George Boyd . The squad originally struggled to perform , losing five games in the first eight games of the club 's league campaign . However , two victories by wide margins against lowly opposition in the form of Farnborough and Northwich Victoria respectively propelled the club into a mid @-@ table position . However , this was followed by two heavy defeats at the hands of York City and Canvey Island – the latter a 4 – 1 home defeat against part @-@ time opposition . After the game , with hundreds of Stevenage fans calling for Westley to be sacked , he confronted fans in the East Terrace by saying he " would turn it around " . Westley 's side responded with four straight wins , and stayed within touching distance of the play @-@ offs for several months . An important double over Carlisle United in March 2005 , as well as crucial wins at Aldershot Town , Woking , and Crawley Town meant that Stevenage went into the final day of the season needing to beat already relegated Leigh RMI , and had to rely on Tamworth to hold Morecambe , who were currently occupying the final play @-@ off spot . Stevenage beat Leigh 2 – 0 , while Tamworth held Morecambe to a goalless draw , ultimately meaning Westley 's side had reached the play @-@ offs on the final day of the season . Westley engineered two solid displays to ensure Stevenage overcame second @-@ placed Hereford United 2 – 1 on aggregate , but lost 1 – 0 to Carlisle United at the Britannia Stadium in the final .
The 2005 – 06 season marked Westley 's third season in charge as manager of the club , and although the club were consistent at Broadhall Way throughout the season , the side struggled for form away from home , winning just four games on the road all season . Stevenage 's poor away form was ultimately preventing the club from mounting any serious title challenge , and throughout the campaign Westley 's side would often " lose the game before it began " – in away games against Southport , Morecambe , and Burton Albion respectively , Westley 's side trailed 3 – 0 before half @-@ time . Westley had also fallen out with striker Anthony Elding , who was eventually sold to Kettering Town in January 2006 . There were also increasingly frequent question marks surrounding the discipline of the squad under Westley 's control , as Stevenage received fourteen red cards during the campaign , more than any other club in the league by some distance . A 2 – 0 defeat away to relegation @-@ threatened Forest Green Rovers on the final day of the season meant that Stevenage failed to reach the play @-@ offs , finishing 6th in the table . After failing to reach the play @-@ offs , Westley confirmed in May 2006 that he would leave the club when his contract expired in June , ending his three and a half year tenure with the Hertfordshire club .
= = = Rushden & Diamonds = = =
He was appointed manager of Rushden & Diamonds in December 2006 , with the club sitting 22nd in the table , two points adrift of safety . Westley 's first game in charge of Rushden was a 1 – 0 victory away at Cambridge United , as he set about ensuring safety . Westley secured the signatures of several players who he had previously managed at Stevenage ; signing the likes of Jamie Cook , David Perpetuini , and Dino Maamria . Westley also brought in the likes of Michael Bostwick and Chris Beardsley – younger players who he had previously written about in his weekly column in The Non @-@ League Paper when he was out of work . Westley 's newly assembled team secured five straight wins in the league , including wins away at the top two teams in the league at the time , Oxford United and Dagenham & Redbridge . Despite managing an upturn in the form of the club , Westley was surprisingly sacked after a 2 – 2 draw at Aldershot Town in February 2007 . He had taken the club from 22nd in the league to 12th in the space of two and a half months , and the club were on a seven @-@ match unbeaten run at the time . In all , he managed Rushden for 13 games ; winning seven , drawing three and losing three . The reason behind Westley 's sacking is unknown , but he was replaced two days later by Garry Hill .
= = = Kettering Town = = =
Shortly after leaving Rushden , Westley was appointed caretaker manager of Conference North outfit Kettering Town for the rest of the 2006 – 07 season in April 2007 . Due to the date he joined , Westley was unable to bring any new players in to bolster the squad , with just two games remaining until the end of the season . His first game in charge was a 0 – 0 draw away to Stalybridge Celtic , shortly followed by a 1 – 0 loss to Alfreton Town at Rockingham Road – this was enough to ensure Kettering finished the season in second place . He managed Kettering in the play @-@ offs , as they were beaten on penalties by Farsley Celtic in the semi @-@ final after a 1 – 1 aggregate scoreline over two legs , he left shortly after when his short @-@ term contract expired in May 2007 , managing the club for a total of four games .
= = = Return to Stevenage = = =
After almost a year without work in football , Westley returned as Stevenage manager in May 2008 – two years after he had originally left . On his return , Westley stated he had come to " finish the job he started " – referring to trying to guide the club into the Football League for the first time in its history . He said that " the moment was right " for him to come back into football and that he " had some very good times at Stevenage before " . His appointment was met with a fair bit of scepticism by Stevenage fans , but Westley promised to deliver a winning team , playing attractive football . Westley started by completely overhauling the squad in the summer transfer window and brought in no fewer than twelve players in an attempt to mount a serious Conference Premier title challenge . Among those brought in were Gary Mills and David Bridges , who Westley had managed during his short @-@ stint at Kettering . He also signed Michael Bostwick and Mark Albrighton , who he had also signed at Rushden & Diamonds . Westley also secured the signatures of Andy Drury and Eddie Odhiambo respectively , both of which were players Westley had previously earmarked .
Stevenage started the season poorly , losing 3 out of their first 4 games and conceding 13 goals in the process , including a 5 – 0 loss to Wrexham on the first day of the season . The club secured its first victory under Westley in late August 2008 , a 3 – 1 win away at Barrow , before winning four games on the bounce in September . However , through the first half of the club 's 2008 – 09 campaign , Westley 's side were suffering from the same inconsistency that was common in his first spell as manager of the Hertfordshire side , losing three games on the trot in November – the last of which was a 2 – 1 home defeat to Wrexham , it was to be Stevenage 's last defeat at Broadhall Way in the league for 18 months . Westley brought in former player , Dino Maamria as first @-@ team coach at the club . This , coupled with important signings during the campaign , such as Chris Day , Mark Roberts , and Jon Ashton , meant that Stevenage witnessed an up @-@ turn in form half way through the campaign . A 24 @-@ game unbeaten run stretching from December 2008 to April 2009 , as well as winning crucial games towards the latter stages of the season , ultimately meant that Westley 's men made the Conference Premier play @-@ offs , finishing in the last play @-@ off place . Despite taking a 3 – 1 lead into the second leg , Stevenage lost 4 – 3 overall on aggregate to Cambridge United . Westley did , however , enjoy success in the FA Trophy when he led the side out at Wembley Stadium in front of 27 @,@ 102 as Stevenage beat York City 2 – 0 in the Final . The win was Westley 's first taste of success as manager of Stevenage . After the game , it was announced that Westley was to stay on as manager for another year .
The majority of the squad that performed so well in the second half of the club 's 2008 – 09 campaign were retained , with very little transfer activity in comparison to previous seasons under Westley . Steve Morison , the club 's top goalscorer for the past three seasons , moved to Millwall for a fee of £ 130 @,@ 000 , while both John Martin and Calum Willock were released by Westley in late May 2009 . Midfielder Gary Mills was the last departure of the close season ; rejecting a contract and instead opting to join fellow Conference Premier rivals Mansfield Town . Five players joined the club during the close season . Charlie Griffin was the first signing of the season , joining Stevenage from Salisbury City on a free transfer . Yemi Odubade , Chris Beardsley , and Joel Byrom signed for the club shortly after ; the latter commanding a transfer fee of £ 15 @,@ 000 . Westley had previously managed Beardsley at Rushden & Diamonds and Kettering Town . The last signing of pre @-@ season was Stacy Long ; who joined the club on a free transfer from Ebbsfleet United . No players departed the club during the season , with Tim Sills the only addition – signing for an undisclosed fee from Torquay United in January 2010 .
Stevenage 's league campaign got off to a typically patchy start ; with the side recording just one win from their first five games of the season . Following a 2 – 1 defeat to Oxford United in August 2009 , the team went on a 17 @-@ game unbeaten run that stretched four months from August to December 2009 , propelling the club into the top two . Unlike in previous seasons , the club were performing strongly away from home , and secured victories at the likes of Luton Town and Mansfield Town . A 4 – 1 victory against Cambridge United on New Year 's Day ultimately meant that Stevenage hit top @-@ spot for the first time in the season . However , two defeats on the road within the space of a week in February meant that rivals Oxford United had an eight – point lead going into March 2010 . The team responded well , winning eight games on the bounce ; including an important 1 – 0 victory over Oxford United in late March , subsequently replacing Oxford at the top of the table . Borough brushed aside a late challenge from Luton Town , securing promotion to the Football League with two games to spare following a 2 – 0 win against Kidderminster Harriers at Aggborough . The team won their last six games of the league campaign without conceding a single goal , and recorded 42 points from a possible 45 from their last 15 league fixtures . Stevenage finished the season having amassed a total of 99 points from 44 games , winning the league by 11 points , with Westley winning many plaudits for the way he had secured promotion despite considerably less resources than a lot of the teams in the division . The promotion means Westley has led Stevenage to the Football League for the first time in their history , as well as managing a Football League team for the first time in his managerial career . Westley also guided the club to another FA Trophy Final ; this time losing 2 – 1 after extra @-@ time against Barrow at Wembley Stadium . At the end of the season , Westley signed a new two @-@ year contract ; keeping him contracted to the club until 2012 . On signing the new deal , Westley said " I am grateful for all the support that we have all been given in the past two years . I am delighted to have the opportunity to manage the launch of the club into the Football League " . In his first two seasons back at the club , from May 2008 to May 2010 , Westley has been in charge for 114 games , winning a total of 70 games – recording a win percentage of 61 @.@ 40 % .
Similarly to the club 's successful campaign the season before , but in complete contrast to his first tenure at the club , the 2010 – 11 season saw five players joining the club , while roughly five players left the club in the close season . The club started the season inconsistently , with Westley stating the season would be a " massive learning curve " for both himself and the players . Following four defeats in six games in December 2010 and January 2011 , Stevenage found themselves in 18th position , just four points above the relegation zone . However , during a congested period throughout February and March 2011 , Stevenage won nine games out of eleven , propelling the club up the league table and into the play @-@ off positions . This included winning six games on the trot , a sequence only matched by Bury . A 3 – 3 draw against Bury on the final day of the season meant that Stevenage finished the season in sixth place . They faced fifth place Accrington Stanley in the 2010 – 11 League Two play @-@ off semi @-@ finals , winning both legs by a 3 – 0 aggregate scoreline . They beat Torquay United 1 – 0 in the Final at Old Trafford on 28 May 2011 . The victory meant that Westley had guided the club to back @-@ to @-@ back promotions , playing in League One for the first time in the club 's history . On securing promotion , Westley said " It 's a fantastic feeling . The players work so hard and they deserve everything they get " . During the 2010 – 11 season , Westley also guided the club to the Fourth Round of the FA Cup , where they lost to Reading 2 – 1 . In the previous round , Stevenage beat Premier League side Newcastle United 3 – 1 at Broadhall Way . After the match , Westley said before the game he had told the players to " go out and win the match 5 – 0 . We established that if we did just 20 % of what it would take to win 5 – 0 then we would still win the game " .
At the start of the 2011 – 12 season , Westley signed a three @-@ year contract extension at Stevenage that kept him contracted to the club until 2014 . Westley acquired five players on free transfers , while also releasing five of the existing squad . Stevenage started their first ever League One campaign well , beating the 2010 – 11 League One play @-@ off semi @-@ finalists , Bournemouth , 3 – 1 at Dean Court to secure their first victory of the season on 16 August 2011 . Stevenage were exceeding expectations in the third tier of English football , sitting just outside the play @-@ off places after securing a notable 5 – 1 victory against Sheffield Wednesday Broadhall Way in September 2011 . The club also inflicted Charlton Athletic 's first league defeat of the season after a 1 – 0 win against the league leaders . The victory against Charlton was to spark a 13 @-@ game unbeaten run for Westley 's Stevenage , and a 6 – 1 away victory at Colchester United on Boxing Day 2011 meant the club were sat in sixth place , the final play @-@ off position . After managing Stevenage for three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , Westley left Stevenage in January 2012 , joining fellow League One side Preston North End . His final game as manager of Stevenage was a 1 – 0 away victory at Reading in the FA Cup Third Round .
= = = Preston North End = = =
In January 2012 , Preston North End asked for permission to speak to Westley with the view to employing him as their new manager . Though the Hertfordshire club described the approach as " unwelcome " , permission was granted . After personal terms and a compensation package were agreed , Westley was announced as Preston 's new manager on 13 January . His first game in @-@ charge of the club was a 2 – 0 home defeat against Leyton Orient on 21 January . After the game , it was revealed that Westley had told players the starting line @-@ up for the game courtesy of a 2am text message on the day of the match . He picked up his first win as Preston manager in his fourth game in @-@ charge , securing a 1 – 0 home victory over Hartlepool United on 14 February 2012 . Following Preston 's 2 – 0 televised defeat to Sheffield Wednesday in March 2012 , Westley stated that a Sheffield Wednesday player had informed him that four Preston players had leaked the Preston team and tactics to opposition players ahead of the match . Westley stated — " It doesn 't surprise me . When you have got people in your own camp working against you it is tough " . Preston won just two games out of the next 17 during the remainder of the campaign , and finished the season in 15th place . At the end of the season , Westley criticised the club 's " mediocre " mentality , stating the squad have " not got a clue what it takes to get success " .
Westley subsequently went about overhauling the squad ahead of the 2012 – 13 season . In May 2012 , Preston announced that 21 players would be leaving the club ; 14 of which were released at the end of their contracts , while a further seven were transfer @-@ listed . Preston signed 18 players during the summer transfer window , including Scott Laird , John Mousinho , Joel Byrom , and Chris Beardsley , four players from Westley 's former club , Stevenage . Westley stated a desire for the new group of players to be committed to his ideas — " My job is to develop a plan that would see the club back on an upward curve . The plan is in place . I 'm looking forward to working with a group that thinks along the same lines that I do " . Preston started the season well , beating Championship side Huddersfield Town 2 – 0 at Deepdale in the League Cup . Later on in the month , Preston went on to secure consecutive 4 – 1 home victories , beating Crystal Palace and Swindon Town respectively , as well as defeating Hartlepool United 5 – 0 a month later . However , the club went on to win just two leagues matches in a four @-@ month period from October 2012 to February 2013 . A day after Preston 's 3 – 1 away defeat to Yeovil Town on 12 February 2013 , the club released a statement announcing Westley had been sacked . With Preston sitting just five points above the relegation zone , it was revealed that " the board felt that a change of manager was the only way forward " . On his time at Preston , Westley stated he had to " slash the wage bill by 60y percent " , and as a result the " re @-@ building was well underway but the club lost confidence in me whilst I was doing it . They just want results . Short @-@ term pain is necessary sometimes . It was necessary at Preston . And the fans got restless . I get that . Just as managers have to be brave enough to grit their teeth and face up to that , so owners have to be brave at difficult times . And they have to be able to understand the issues . I knew the answers to problems but I wasn 't being allowed to solve all the problems " .
= = = Third spell at Stevenage = = =
After a month out of work , Westley rejoined Stevenage on 30 March 2013 , his third spell in @-@ charge at the club . On the appointment , Stevenage chairman Phil Wallace stated — " Graham was keen to come back to Stevenage and , although I met some strong candidates , without doubt I think he ’ s the best man for the job right now . The club enjoyed a great deal of success before he left last year and we moved forwards significantly in his time here on several levels " . On his return , Westley said — " I 'm really happy to be back , the training ground is fantastic , the club just keeps moving forward . All the facilities keep improving and I hope that I can come back and make another positive difference " . In his first game back in @-@ charge of the club , Stevenage secured a 1 – 0 victory over Hartlepool United on 1 April .
On 21 May 2015 , Westley was replaced by ex England striker Teddy Sheringham as manager of Stevenage .
= = = Peterborough United = = =
Westley was appointed manager of League One Peterborough United on 21 September 2015 .
Despite lifting Peterborough into the playoff places in January 2016 , a very poor run of form saw Peterborough slide down the table and Westley was sacked by Peterborough on 23 April after a 2 @-@ 0 home defeat to Scunthorpe United left them 14th in the League One table .
= = Personal life = =
Westley writes a weekly column in The Non @-@ League Paper , sharing his views and experiences on the non @-@ league game . He is also the chief executive of the Aimita Corporation , an organisation that provides performance management consulting . Westley has also gained a Master of Arts degree in company direction .
= = Managerial statistics = =
As of 23 April 2016
= = Honours = =
Farnborough Town
Isthmian League Cup : 2000 – 01
Isthmian League Premier Division : 2000 – 01
Stevenage
FA Trophy : 2008 – 09
Conference Premier : 2009 – 10
Football League Two play @-@ offs : 2010 – 11 winners
Individual
Conference Premier Manager of the Month ( 3 ) : October 2005 , January 2009 , January 2010
= SR V Schools class =
The SR V class , more commonly known as the Schools class , is a class of steam locomotive designed by Richard Maunsell for the Southern Railway . The class was a cut down version of his Lord Nelson class but also incorporated components from Urie and Maunsell 's LSWR / SR King Arthur class . It was the last locomotive in Britain to be designed with a 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 wheel arrangement , and was the most powerful class of 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 ever produced in Europe . All 40 of the class were named after English public schools , and were designed to provide a powerful class of intermediate express passenger locomotive on semi @-@ fast services for lines which could cope with high axle loads but some of which had short turntables . Because of the use of a ‘ ’ King Arthur ’ ’ firebox , rather than the square @-@ topped Belpaire firebox used on the Lord Nelsons , the class could be used on lines with a restricted loading gauge and some of the best performance by the class was on the heavily restricted Tonbridge to Hastings line . The locomotives performed well from the beginning but were subject to various minor modifications to improve their performance over the years . The class operated until 1961 when mass withdrawals took place and all had gone by December 1962 . Three examples are now preserved on heritage railways in Britain .
= = Background = =
By 1928 the Southern Railway was well served by large 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 express passenger locomotives , but there was an urgent need for a class to fulfill intermediate roles throughout the system . Maunsell ’ s previous attempt at developing his predecessor ’ s L class for this task had proven a disappointment , and the Drummond D15 and L12 classes were approaching the end of their useful lives on these services . An entirely new secondary express passenger locomotive was required to operate over the main lines throughout the system including those that had relatively short turntables .
= = Design = =
Maunsell ’ s original plan was to use large @-@ wheeled 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 4 tank engines for this purpose , but the Sevenoaks railway accident made him have second thoughts . He therefore chose a relatively short wheelbase 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 design although by this period 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 was more usual for this type of work . Authorities disagree as to whether Maunsell had in mind the restricted loading gauge of the Tonbridge to Hastings line when he designed the class , or whether this was an " unexpected bonus " when he was forced to substitute a " King Arthur " round @-@ topped firebox to his planned Belpaire design to reduce the axle load on the driving wheels to acceptable limits . In either event the class was undoubtedly Maunsell ’ s most immediately successful design , and the locomotives did some of their best work on the Hastings route .
= = Construction history = =
The basic layout of the class was influenced by the existing ‘ ’ Lord Nelson ’ ’ class 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 design , but the use of the round topped firebox enabled Maunsell to design the cab 's curved profile to fit the gauge restrictions of the Hastings line while allowing adequate forward visibility . The short frame length of the 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 locomotive also meant very little overhang on the line 's tight curves . To maintain the high power rating required for express passenger engines , Maunsell opted for a three @-@ cylinder design . In terms of tractive effort , the class was the most powerful 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 ever built in Britain , and were the only 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 type to be given the power classification of 5P by British Railways . They were well liked by crews . They also had a higher tractive effort than the nominally more powerful King Arthur class 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0s , but at the cost of high axle @-@ loading : 21 long tons ( 21 t ) . The permanent way on the Hastings line therefore had to be upgraded during 1929 and 1930 to accept the new locomotive .
Permission was granted for the first batch of fifteen locomotives in March 1928 , but this was reduced to ten when it became apparent that they would not immediately be able to operate on the Hastings route . Production delays at Eastleigh railway works meant that they were not delivered until between March and July 1930 . Once the original batch had proved their worth and had been well received by the crews a further twenty locomotives were ordered in March 1931 for delivery between December 1932 and March 1934 . A third batch of twenty were ordered from Eastleigh in March 1932 for delivery after the completion of the previous order , but this was subsequently reduced to ten locomotives because of the continuing trade depression . The final locomotive in the class was delivered in July 1935 .
= = = Naming the locomotives = = =
For location details and current status of the preserved locomotives including surviving artifacts of scrapped class members , see : List of SR V " Schools " class locomotives
The Southern Railway continued its 1923 naming policy for express passenger locomotives with this class . As several public schools were located on the Southern Railway network , the locomotives were named after them . This was another marketing success for both railway and schools concerned , continuing in the tradition of the N15 King Arthur and Lord Nelson classes ' .
Where possible , the Southern sent the newly constructed locomotive to a station near the school after which it was named for its official naming ceremony , when pupils were allowed to view the cab of " their " engine . Extension of the class meant that names from " foreign " schools outside the Southern Railway catchment area were used , including Rugby and Malvern .
= = = Modifications = = =
The class performed well from the outset , but there were a number of minor modifications over the years . The first ten were built without smoke deflectors , but these were added from August 1931 , and the remaining thirty were fitted with them from new . Following the successful introduction of the Lemaître multiple jet blastpipes on to the Lord Nelson class , Maunsell 's successor Oliver Bulleid began to fit them to the Schools class . However no discernible improvement to draughting was experienced , and only twenty examples were so modified .
= = Operational use = =
The original ten locomotives were shared between Dover for use on the South Eastern Main Line and Eastbourne for London expresses . Several of the former later transferred to Ramsgate . By mid 1931 they began to be used on the Hastings services and as more locomotives became available later that year they also appeared on Portsmouth expresses . After the electrification of the London to Eastbourne and the London to Portsmouth routes in the late 1930s the class also began to be used from Bournemouth . Under British Railways they were also widely used on cross @-@ country trains from Brighton to Cardiff and Exeter and on the Newhaven Boat Trains . Two locomotives ( 30902 and 30921 ) were briefly supplied with Lord Nelson tenders for use on the longer runs of the Western Section .
= = = Achievements = = =
The class was frequently regarded by locomotive crews as the finest constructed by the Southern Railway up to 1930 , and could turn in highly spectacular performances for its size . The fastest recorded speed for these locomotives was 95 mph ( 153 km / h ) , achieved near Wool railway station in 1938 by 928 Stowe pulling a four coach train from Dorchester to Wareham . However , there was a drawback with such high power and relatively low weight ; when starting the locomotive from a standstill , wheelslips frequently occurred , calling for skilled handling on the footplate .
The reception given by footplate crews was such that more of the class were constructed for other parts of the network , although the electrification of the Southern 's Eastern Section meant that they were dispersed from their original stamping grounds .
= = = Withdrawal = = =
The introduction of British Rail Class 201 diesel @-@ electric multiple units to the Hastings route after 1957 and the completion of the electrification of the South Eastern Main Line in 1961 deprived the class of much of their work . Withdrawals began in January 1961 and the whole class had disappeared from service by December 1962 .
= = Accidents and incidents = =
On 11 May 1941 , locomotive No. 934 St. Lawrence was severely damaged at Cannon Street station , London in a Luftwaffe air raid .
= = Livery and numbering = =
= = = Southern Railway = = =
When built , the Schools Class were outshopped in Maunsell 's darker version of the LSWR passenger sage green livery lined in black and white , with cabside numberplates and " Southern " and the loco number on the tender in yellow . Later adaptations of the Southern Railway livery following Bulleid 's arrival as Chief Mechanical Engineer entailed Malachite Green livery , again with " Sunshine Yellow " picking out the numbers and " Southern " on the tender ( during the Second World War the locomotives were painted black with yellow lettering and numbers . ) . The smoke deflectors – a later addition – were also treated with this livery . Numbers allocated to the locomotives were 900 – 939 .
= = = Post @-@ 1948 ( nationalisation ) = = =
Initial livery after nationalisation in 1948 was modified Southern Railway malachite green and sunshine yellow with ' British Railways ' on the tender , and the Southern numbering system was temporarily retained with an " S " prefix , e.g. S900 . Following this the locomotives were repainted British Railways mixed traffic lined black and given the power classification 5P , as only the larger passenger locos were painted green . This choice of livery proved an unpopular decision considering the locomotives ' duties , and they were subsequently outshopped in British Railways brunswick green livery with orange and black lining as they became due for overhaul . By this stage the class had been renumbered under standard British Railways procedure , from 30900 to 30939 .
= = Preservation = =
Three locomotives have been preserved :
925 , Cheltenham , is part of the National Railway Collection . Currently at the Mid Hants having undergone overhaul by a team from the Mid Hants Railway ( led by Chris Smith ) at Eastleigh Works . On completion , the locomotive featured at Railfest in June 2012 and then returned to the Mid Hants ( on 26 / 28 June ) where she will be based on long term loan from the NRM . She joins fellow Maunsell Southern Railway engine Lord Nelson Class No. 850 Lord Nelson .
926 , Repton , is owned by the North Yorkshire Moors Railway
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. It was completed in May 1934 and entered service on the Bournemouth route , with some time operating between Waterloo and Portsmouth before that line was electrified . It was one of the last of the class to be overhauled by British Railways in 1960 , so was considered a good choice for preservation . In December 1962 the engine was withdrawn from service , and in 1966 it was purchased and overhauled at Eastleigh , before moving to the USA . It was donated by the purchaser to Steamtown , USA in Vermont , USA . Steamtown loaned the engine to the Cape Breton Steam Railway in Canada , where it operated a regular passenger service . In 1989 it was sold again , and returned to the UK to the NYMR , where it was again overhauled and found to be in good condition . Currently undergoing overhaul . 30926 has also operated on the mainline between Whitby and Grosmont with occasional visits to Battersby .
928 Stowe , was built in 1934 at a cost of £ 5 @,@ 000 by the Eastleigh locomotive works of the Southern Railway . It recorded more than a million miles of passenger service operation during 28 years of Southern main line use . It was purchased from British Railways for Lord Montagu 's National Motor Museum on withdrawal in 1962 . It was moved to the East Somerset Railway in 1973 , and then to the Bluebell Railway where it was put into running order by the Maunsell Locomotive Society , entering service in 1981 . It ran for the length of its ten @-@ year boiler ticket and was withdrawn from service in 1991 . ' Stowe ' was purchased by the MLS from Lord Montagu in September 2000 , thus securing it 's future at the Bluebell . The purchase was funded in part by the sale of S15 class no . 830 , which subsequently moved to the North Yorkshire Moors Railway where it awaits restoration to working order . In 2003 the tender was completely rebuilt , with a brand new tank being built . ' Stowe ' is now undergoing a full overhaul to working order , with funds being raised through the Bluebell 's ' Keep Up The Pressure ' campaign .
= = Models = =
The erstwhile Kitmaster company produced an unpowered polystyrene injection moulded model kit for 00 gauge , which went on sale in March 1959 . In late 1962 , the Kitmaster brand was sold by its parent company ( Rosebud Dolls ) to Airfix , who transferred the moulding tools to their own factory ; they re @-@ introduced some of the former Kitmaster range , including the Schools class locomotive in May 1968 . In time , the moulding tools passed on to Dapol who have also produced the model kit . Crownline Models produce an etched chassis kit to permit this model to be motorised .
Hornby produce a super @-@ detailed OO gauge model of the Schools Class .
= Come to the Well =
Come to the Well is the fifth studio album by American contemporary Christian band Casting Crowns , released on October 18 , 2011 through Beach Street and Reunion Records . The album , which has a predominantly pop rock and rock sound , was based on the Biblical story of the woman at the well . In writing the album , lead vocalist Mark Hall collaborated with songwriters Steven Curtis Chapman , Matthew West , and Tom Douglas . The album received mostly positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised the album 's songwriting , and received the award for Top Christian Album at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards .
Although it was projected to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 by music industry analysts , Come to the Well debuted at number two on the chart and number one on the Christian Albums chart with first @-@ week sales of 99 @,@ 000 units . It also debuted on the Canadian Albums Chart at number sixty @-@ nine and appeared at number eight on the New Zealand Albums Chart in 2012 following the band 's appearance at the 2012 Parachute Music Festival . The album has sold over 779 @,@ 000 copies and has received a Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The album 's lead single , " Courageous " , peaked at number one on the Billboard Christian Songs chart and at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart .
= = Background and recording = =
According to Casting Crowns ' lead vocalist Mark Hall , the concept for Come to the Well is the song " The Well " . Hall wrote the song based on the Biblical story of " woman at the well and the fact that she was standing there talking to Jesus about water and Jesus was talking to her about water , but they weren 't talking about the same water " . Hall noted that , in his life , " when I come to Jesus , I 've already got my well figured out , I 've already got what I think is going to sustain me , I just need him to sprinkle some magic Jesus dust on it and make it work . We have our wells figured and we want Jesus to fix our wells , but our wells are really holes in the ground " . Hall argued that instead of using that approach , Chrsitians should " start with Jesus , then we go to the world " , and said that approach is what the album is about . In writing the album , Hall worked with outside songwriters Steven Curtis Chapman , Matthew West , and Tom Douglas on several tracks ; he received writing credit on eleven out of the album 's twelve tracks , the exception being " Face Down " , which was penned by Hector Cervantes and Marc Byrd .
Come to the Well was produced by Mark A. Miller . It was recorded and mixed by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . Additional vocals were recorded by Billy Lord at Eagle 's Landing Studio in McDonough , Georgia , while additional recording was conducted at Lifesong Studio in McDonough . The string tracks on the album , which were arranged by David Davidson , were recorded at Ocean Way Studio in Nashville , Tennessee by Bobby Shin . It was mastered by Andrew Mendelson at Georgetown Masters in Nashville . The album was submixed by Shin at ShinShack Studio in Nashville .
= = Musical style and songwriting = =
Come to the Well has been described as a pop rock and rock album ; it has also been described as being a pop and worship album .
= = = Tracks 1 – 6 = = =
Opening track " Courageous " , a pop rock and soft rock song , was described by Hall as an " anthem of encouragement . It ’ s one brother reminding all of God ’ s men we were meant for greatness , and that greatness is defined in contagious and courageous abandonment to Jesus " .
" City on the Hill " , described as " lush " and " string @-@ laden " , is a critique of denominationalism in the Christian church ; Hall described the song as an " allegory of the factions of the modern Church , the result of predominantly like @-@ minded people often dwelling upon non @-@ essentials and personal taste to go their own direction " .
" Jesus , Friend of Sinners " " admonishes the Christian church to show compassion " and " laments how the world knows many Christ followers more by what they are against than what they are for " . Although Hall called the song " one of the more direct songs [ Casting Crowns has ] written " , he said " it also speaks truth . And I think believers should speak truth to each other as long as we do it in love " .
" Already There " , described as " echoing " Clocks " -era Coldplay " , relates the concept that " God is already sitting at the end of your life looking back at it " . " The Well " , regarded by Hall as the " heart of the entire album " , highlights the " life @-@ giving love of Jesus " as opposed to " dried up empty religion " .
" Spirit Wind " incorporates a folk rock sound with influences from country music . The song , one of the first songs Mark Hall ever wrote , was written after Hall saw a pastor at a church in Alabama preach the story of Ezekiel and the valley of dry bones to a church that Hall described as one of the " deadest churches " he had ever seen . The song 's verse structure goes from " Ezekiel in the first verse to the country preacher in the second verse and finally to a prayer for God to raise his Church again as a mighty army [ in the third verse ] " .
= = = Tracks 7 – 12 = = =
" Just Another Birthday " , sung by Megan Garrett , is a mid @-@ tempo ballad . The song was written to " shake up some fathers and remind them of their true priorities " and to " encourage kids out there who don ’ t have an involved dad here on Earth " .
" Wedding Day " features a " soaring melody " . According to Hall , the song " anticipates the thrill of reveling in the presence of God as the Bride of Christ " , a theme Hall felt is rarely addressed in modern music . " Angel " was written for Hall 's wife , Melanie , and references the first time Hall met her as well as their wedding day .
" My Own Worst Enemy " has a " grungy " rock sound . Hall felt the song 's sound , which he described as perhaps the heaviest song Casting Crowns have ever made , was fitting due to the song 's lyrical theme of the inner battle with sin .
" Face Down " is the only song on the album which was not co @-@ written by Hall , The album 's final song , " So Far to Find You " , was written by Hall and Steven Curtis Chapman about Hall 's adopted daughter , Meeka Hope .
= = Release and promotion = =
Prior to the release of Come to the Well , " Courageous " was released as a digital download on July 19 , 2011 and to Christian radio on August 13 , 2011 . The single topped the Billboard Christian Songs chart and peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Come to the Well was released on October 18 , 2011 . The album was projected to sell anywhere from 95 @,@ 000 copies to upwards of 110 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of sales in the United States . Although industry analysts predicted the album would top the Billboard 200 chart , it ultimately debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with sales of 99 @,@ 000 units , blocked by Adele 's album 21 . The album also debuted at number one on the Christian Albums chart , number two on the Digital Albums chart , and number sixty @-@ nine on the Canadian Albums Chart . In its second week , the album sold 30 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , dropping to number ten on the Billboard 200 chart . The album held the top spot on the Christian Albums chart for four consecutive weeks following its release and for ten non @-@ consecutive weeks from December 2011 to November 2012 . By February 2012 , the album had sold 601 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Following the band 's appearance at the 2012 Parachute Music Festival in New Zealand , Come to the Well debuted at number eight on the New Zealand Albums Chart . The album 's second single , " Jesus , Friend of Sinners " , was released to Christian radio on March 3 , 2012 . As of March 2014 , the album has sold 779 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Critical reception and accolades = =
Come to the Well received mostly positive reviews from music critics . James Christopher Monger of Allmusic gave the album three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of four stars , praising the album 's opening songs but critiquing the album 's " mid @-@ section " for having songs that " feel a bit tacked on " . Tom Frigoli of Alpha Omega News gave the album a grade of an A , praising the album for containing " everything they ’ ve come to love and more with several radio @-@ friendly songs . " Jonathan Faulkner of Alt Rock Live gave the album a seven out of ten stars , commenting that the album " is defiantly a step in the right " direction . Grace S. Aspinwall of CCM Magazine gave the album four out of five stars , praising the overall quality of the album and commending the band for " staying true to themselves " . Robert Ham of Christianity Today gave the album three out of five stars , critiquing the album for " sticking to the well @-@ trodden road of modern worship " . Tom Lennie of Cross Rhythms gave Come to the Well nine out of ten stars , praising the album 's music and lyrics for being " impacting " and " making for much more than just an enjoyable listen " . Jonathan Andre of Indie Vision Music gave the album three out of five stars , calling it a " thought @-@ provoking album , about how society wants the temporary fix " . Caldwell of Jesus Freak Hideout gave the album four out of five stars , describing it as " skillfully walk [ ing ] the thin tightrope act of balancing a heart for ministry and discipleship with a broadly appealing ( if sometimes too broadly appealing ) pop rock soundtrack " .
Schexnayder of Jesus Freak Hideout gave a second staff opinion rating of three @-@ stars @-@ out @-@ of @-@ five , and wrote that " Come To The Well is not an unbearable musical venture , and it ’ s likely one of their better recent releases . Although their music may not be of the highest quality , those looking for lyrics that go deeper than your average contemporary worship band should consider giving at least some of Casting Crowns ’ latest a listen . " Davies of Louder Than the Music gave it a three and a half out of five stars , noting that " there is absolutely nothing wrong with this album " , which he expects more out of the band , advising that with " a little bit more creativity musically and this could be a really strong album . " Kevin Davis of New Release Tuesday gave it a four out of five stars , evoking how the album is " filled with songs that both challenge and encourage believers in their walk " , and calling it " the best album by Casting Crowns since Lifesong " . Bert Gangl of The Phantom Tollbooth gave it a three and a half out of five stars , writing that the album " taken as a whole , the new record , in spite of its intermittent musical tangents – or perhaps because of them – winds up being one of the Crown collective 's most cohesive , and impressive , releases to date . " Ed Cardinal of Crosswalk.com said the album was " as strong and yet relatively safe as anything it has done before " and praised it as " sure to be among 2011 ’ s most popular and enduring Christian albums " . Lindsay Williams of Gospel Music Channel praised the album 's songwriting and said the album " is a solid effort in the Crowns discography " . Barry Westman of Worship Leader praising the album for its " variety in styles adds to the complexity of the album , and keeps the listener wondering what will come next . " At the 2012 Billboard Music Awards , the album received the award for Top Christian Album . Come to the Well has been nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 55th Grammy Awards , while " Jesus , Friend of Sinners " has received nominations for Best Gospel / Contemporary Christian Music Performance and Best Contemporary Christian Music Song .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Credits lifted from the liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = = Chart procession and succession = = =
= Saint Paul , Minnesota =
Saint Paul ( / ˌseɪnt ˈpɔːl / ; abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second @-@ most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2015 , the city 's estimated population was 300 @,@ 851 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the " Twin Cities " , the two form the core of Minneapolis – Saint Paul , the 16th @-@ largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3 @.@ 52 million residents .
Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . Though Minneapolis is better @-@ known nationally , Saint Paul contains the state government and other important institutions . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its Twin City , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . It was the only city in the United States with a population of 250 @,@ 000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007 .
The settlement originally began at present @-@ day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre " Pig 's Eye " Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as " Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations " .
= = History = =
Burial mounds in present @-@ day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was originally inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago . From the early 17th century until 1837 , the Mdewakanton Dakota , a tribe of the Sioux , lived near the mounds after fleeing their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake from advancing Ojibwe . They called the area I @-@ mni @-@ za ska dan ( " little white rock " ) for its exposed white sandstone cliffs .
Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , a U.S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100 @,@ 000 acres ( 40 @,@ 000 ha ; 160 sq mi ) of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort . The negotiated territory was located on both banks of the Mississippi River , starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present @-@ day Minneapolis , to its confluence with the Saint Croix River . Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , which formed a natural barrier to both Native American nations . The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U.S. Government . Taoyateduta ( Chief Little Crow V ) moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south . Fur traders , explorers , and missionaries came to the area for the fort 's protection . Many of the settlers were French @-@ Canadians who lived nearby . However , as a whiskey trade flourished , military officers banned settlers from the fort @-@ controlled lands . Pierre " Pig 's Eye " Parrant , a retired fur trader @-@ turned @-@ bootlegger who particularly irritated officials , set up his tavern , the Pig 's Eye , near present @-@ day Lambert 's Landing . By the early 1840s , the community had become important as a trading center and a destination for settlers heading west . Locals called the area Pig 's Eye ( French : L 'Œil du Cochon ) or Pig 's Eye Landing after Parrant 's popular tavern .
In 1841 , Father Lucien Galtier was sent to minister to the Catholic French @-@ Canadians and established a chapel , named for his favorite saint , Paul the Apostle , on the bluffs above Lambert 's Landing . Galtier intended for the settlement to adopt the name Saint Paul in honor of the new chapel . In 1847 , a New York educator named Harriet Bishop moved to the area and opened the city 's first school . The Minnesota Territory was formalized in 1849 and Saint Paul named as its capital . In 1857 , the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to Saint Peter . However , Joe Rolette , a territorial legislator , stole the physical text of the approved bill and went into hiding , thus preventing the move . On May 11 , 1858 , Minnesota was admitted to the union as the thirty @-@ second state , with Saint Paul as the capital .
That year , more than 1 @,@ 000 steamboats were in service at Saint Paul , making the city a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or Dakota Territory . Natural geography was a primary reason that the city became a landing . The area was the last accessible point to unload boats coming upriver due to the Mississippi River Valley 's stone bluffs . During this period , Saint Paul was called " The Last City of the East . " Industrialist James J. Hill constructed and expanded his network of railways into the Great Northern Railway and Northern Pacific Railway , which were headquartered in Saint Paul . Today they are collectively part of the BNSF Railway .
On August 20 , 1904 , severe thunderstorms and tornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings , causing USD $ 1 @.@ 78 million ( $ 46 @.@ 88 million present @-@ day ) in damages to the city and ripping spans from the High Bridge . In the 1960s , during urban renewal , Saint Paul razed western neighborhoods close to downtown . The city also contended with the creation of the interstate freeway system in a fully built landscape . From 1959 to 1961 , the western Rondo neighborhood was demolished by the construction of Interstate 94 , which brought attention to racial segregation and unequal housing in northern cities . The annual Rondo Days celebration commemorates the African American community .
Downtown had short skyscraper @-@ building booms beginning in the 1970s . The tallest buildings , such as Galtier Plaza ( Jackson and Sibley Towers ) , The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums , and the city 's tallest building , Wells Fargo Place ( formerly Minnesota World Trade Center ) , were constructed in the late 1980s . In the 1990s and 2000s , the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued . As of 2004 , nearly 10 % of the city 's population were recent Hmong immigrants from Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , and Myanmar . Saint Paul is the location of the Hmong Archives .
= = Geography = =
Saint Paul 's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water . The city 's defining physical characteristic , the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , was carved into the region during the last ice age , as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built . Receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz forced torrents of water from a glacial river that undercut the river valleys . The city is situated in east @-@ central Minnesota .
The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of the city 's west , southwest , and southeast sides . Minneapolis , the state 's largest city , lies to the west . Falcon Heights , Lauderdale , Roseville , and Maplewood are north , with Maplewood lying to the east . The cities of West Saint Paul and South Saint Paul are to the south , as are Lilydale , Mendota , and Mendota Heights , although across the river from the city . The city 's largest lakes are Pig 's Eye Lake , which is part of the Mississippi , Lake Phalen , and Lake Como . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 56 @.@ 18 square miles ( 145 @.@ 51 km2 ) , of which 51 @.@ 98 square miles ( 134 @.@ 63 km2 ) is land and 4 @.@ 20 square miles ( 10 @.@ 88 km2 ) is water .
= = = Neighborhoods = = =
Saint Paul 's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into seventeen Planning Districts , created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and utilize Community Development Block Grants . With a funding agreement directly from the city , the councils share a pool of funds . The councils have significant land @-@ use control , a voice in guiding development , and they organize residents . The boundaries are adjusted depending on population changes ; as such , they sometimes overlap established neighborhoods . Though these neighborhoods changed overtime , many of their historically significant structures have been saved by preservationists .
The city 's seventeen Planning Districts are :
= = = Climate = = =
Saint Paul has a continental climate typical of the Upper Midwestern United States . Winters are frigid and snowy , while summers are hot and humid . As a consequence of Saint Paul 's continental climate , it experiences one of the greatest ranges of temperatures on earth for any major city . On the Köppen climate classification , Saint Paul falls in the hot summer humid continental climate zone ( Dfa ) . The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events , including snow , sleet , ice , rain , thunderstorms , tornadoes , and fog .
Due to its northerly location in the United States and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air , Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arctic air masses , especially during late December , January , and February . The average annual temperature of 47 @.@ 05 ° F ( 8 @.@ 36 ° C ) gives the Minneapolis − Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in the continental U.S.
= = Demographics = =
The earliest known inhabitants from about 400 A.D. were members of the Hopewell tradition who buried their dead in mounds ( now Indian Mounds Park ) on the bluffs above the river . The next known inhabitants were the Mdewakanton Dakota in the 17th century who fled their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of the Ojibwe nation . The Ojibwe would later occupy the north ( east ) bank of the Mississippi River .
By 1800 , French @-@ Canadian explorers came through the region and attracted fur traders to the area . Fort Snelling and nearby Pig 's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees from New England and English , Irish , and Scottish immigrants who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge . These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river . The first wave of immigration came with the Irish who settled at Connemara Patch along the Mississippi , named for their home in Connemara Ireland . The Irish would become prolific in politics , city governance , and public safety , much to the chagrin of the Germans and French who had grown into the majority . In 1850 , the first of many groups of Swedish immigrants passed through Saint Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of the territory . A large group settled in Swede Hollow , which would later become home to Poles , Italians , and Mexicans . The last Swedish presence had moved up Saint Paul 's East Side along Payne Avenue in the 1950s .
In terms of people who specified European ancestry in the 2005 @-@ 2007 American Community Survey , the city was 26 @.@ 4 % German , 13 @.@ 8 % Irish , 8 @.@ 4 % Norwegian , 7 @.@ 0 % Swedish , and 6 @.@ 2 % English . There is also a visible community of people of Sub @-@ Saharan African ancestry , representing 4 @.@ 2 % of Saint Paul 's population . By the 1980s , the Thomas Dale area , once an Austro @-@ Hungarian enclave known as Frogtown ( German : Froschburg ) , became home to Vietnamese people who left their war @-@ torn country . Soon after a settlement program for the Hmong diaspora came , and by 2000 , the Saint Paul Hmong were the largest urban contingent in the United States . Mexican immigrants have settled in Saint Paul 's West Side since the 1930s , and have grown enough that Mexico opened a foreign consulate in 2005 .
The majority of residents claiming religious affiliation are Christian , split between the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations . The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish , German , Scottish , and French Canadian settlers who , in time , would be bolstered by Hispanic immigrants . There are Jewish synagogues such as Mount Zion Temple and relatively small populations of Hindus , Muslims , and Buddhists . The city has been dubbed " paganistan " due to its large Wiccan population .
As of the 2005 @-@ 2007 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau , White Americans made up 66 @.@ 5 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 62 @.@ 1 % were non @-@ Hispanic whites , down from 93 @.@ 6 % in 1970 . Blacks or African Americans made up 13 @.@ 9 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 13 @.@ 5 % were non @-@ Hispanic blacks . American Indians made up 0 @.@ 8 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 0 @.@ 6 % were non @-@ Hispanic . Asian Americans made up 12 @.@ 3 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 12 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ Hispanic . Pacific Islander Americans made up less than 0 @.@ 1 % of Saint Paul 's population . Individuals from some other race made up 3 @.@ 4 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 0 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ Hispanic . Individuals from two or more races made up 3 @.@ 1 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 2 @.@ 6 % were non @-@ Hispanic . In addition , Hispanics and Latinos made up 8 @.@ 7 % of Saint Paul 's population .
As of the 2000 U.S. Census , there were 287 @,@ 151 people , 112 @,@ 109 households , and 60 @,@ 999 families residing in the city . The racial makeup of the city was 67 @.@ 0 % White , 11 @.@ 7 % African American , 1 @.@ 1 % Native American , 12 @.@ 4 % Asian ( mostly Hmong ) , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 3 @.@ 8 % from other races , and 3 @.@ 9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 @.@ 9 % of the population .
= = = 2010 census = = =
As of the census of 2010 , there were 285 @,@ 068 people , 111 @,@ 001 households , and 59 @,@ 689 families residing in the city . The population density was 5 @,@ 484 @.@ 2 inhabitants per square mile ( 2 @,@ 117 @.@ 5 / km2 ) . There were 120 @,@ 795 housing units at an average density of 2 @,@ 323 @.@ 9 per square mile ( 897 @.@ 3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 60 @.@ 1 % white , 15 @.@ 7 % African American , 1 @.@ 1 % Native American , 15 @.@ 0 % Asian , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 3 @.@ 9 % from other races , and 4 @.@ 2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9 @.@ 6 % of the population .
There were 111 @,@ 001 households of which 30 @.@ 4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 34 @.@ 1 % were married couples living together , 14 @.@ 8 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4 @.@ 9 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 46 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families . 35 @.@ 8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8 @.@ 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 47 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 33 .
The median age in the city was 30 @.@ 9 years . 25 @.@ 1 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 13 @.@ 9 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 29 @.@ 6 % were from 25 to 44 ; 22 @.@ 6 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48 @.@ 9 % male and 51 @.@ 1 % female .
= = Economy = =
The Minneapolis – Saint Paul – Bloomington area employs 1 @,@ 570 @,@ 700 people in the private sector as of July 2008 , 82 @.@ 43 percent of which work in private service providing @-@ related jobs .
Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul include Ecolab , a chemical and cleaning product company which was named in 2008 by the Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal as the eighth best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1 @,@ 000 full @-@ time Minnesota employees , Securian Financial Group Inc. and Gander Mountain , a retailer of sporting goods which operates 115 stores in 23 states .
The 3M Company is often cited as one of Saint Paul 's companies , though it is located in adjacent Maplewood , Minnesota . 3M employs 16 @,@ 000 people throughout Minnesota . St. Jude Medical , a manufacturer of medical devices , is directly across the municipal border of Saint Paul in Little Canada , though the company 's address is listed in Saint Paul .
The city was home to the Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant , which opened in 1924 and closed at the end of 2011 . The plant was in Highland Park on the Mississippi River , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 1 , Mississippi River , which generates hydroelectric power . The site is now being cleared of all buildings and tested for contamination to prepare for redevelopment .
= = Culture = =
In winter months , Saint Paul hosts the Saint Paul Winter Carnival , a tradition that originated in 1886 when a New York reporter called Saint Paul " another Siberia . " Attended by 350 @,@ 000 visitors annually , the event showcases ice sculpting , an annual treasure hunt , winter food , activities , and an ice palace . The Como Zoo and Conservatory and adjoining Japanese Garden are popular year @-@ round . The historic Landmark Center in downtown Saint Paul hosts cultural and arts organizations . The city 's notable recreation locations include Indian Mounds Park , Battle Creek Regional Park , Harriet Island Regional Park , Highland Park , the Wabasha Street Caves , Lake Como , Lake Phalen , and Rice Park , as well as several areas abutting the Mississippi River . The Irish Fair of Minnesota is also held annually at the Harriet Island Pavilion area . And the country 's largest Hmong American sports festival , the Freedom Festival , is held the first weekend of July at McMurray Field near Como Park .
The city is associated with the Minnesota State Fair in nearby Falcon Heights just north of Saint Paul 's Midway neighborhood and southeast of the University of Minnesota Saint Paul Campus . Though Fort Snelling is on the Minneapolis side of the Mississippi River bluff , the area including Fort Snelling State Park and Pike Island is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources headquartered in the city .
Saint Paul is the birthplace of cartoonist Charles M. Schulz ( Peanuts ) , who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960 . Schulz 's Snoopy cartoon inspired giant , decorated Peanuts sculptures around the city , a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s . Other notable residents include writer F. Scott Fitzgerald , playwright August Wilson , who premiered many of the ten plays in his Pittsburgh Cycle at the local Penumbra Theater , painter LeRoy Neiman , and photographer John Vachon .
The Ordway Center for the Performing Arts hosts theater productions and the Minnesota Opera is a founding tenant . RiverCentre , attached to Xcel Energy Center , serves as the city 's convention center . The city has contributed to the music of Minnesota and the Twin Cities music scene through various venues . Great jazz musicians have passed through the influential Artists ' Quarter , first established in the 1970s in Whittier , Minneapolis , and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994 . Artists ' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam , home of the 2009 National Poetry Slam Champions . At The Black Dog , in Lowertown , many French or European jazz musicians ( Evan Parker , Tony Hymas , Benoît Delbecq , François Corneloup ... ) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe . Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins , Dean Magraw / Davu Seru , Merciless Ghosts , and Willie Murphy are regulars . The Turf Club in Midway has been a music scene landmark since the 1940s . Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimed Rose Ensemble . As an Irish stronghold , the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music , such as Shamrocks , The Dubliner , and O 'Gara 's . The internationally acclaimed Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra is the nation 's only full @-@ time professional chamber orchestra . The Minnesota Centennial Showboat on the Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota 's first centennial celebration .
Saint Paul hosts a number of museums , including the University of Minnesota 's Goldstein Museum of Design , the Minnesota Children 's Museum , the Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments , the Minnesota Museum of American Art , the Traces Center for History and Culture , the Minnesota History Center , the Alexander Ramsey House , the James J. Hill House , the Minnesota Transportation Museum , the Science Museum of Minnesota , and The Twin City Model Railroad Museum .
= = Sports = =
The Saint Paul division of Parks and Recreation runs over 1 @,@ 500 organized sports teams . In addition , the Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers .
Saint Paul hosts a number of professional , semi @-@ professional , and amateur sports teams . The Minnesota Wild play their home games in downtown Saint Paul 's Xcel Energy Center , which opened in 2000 . The Wild brought the NHL back to Minnesota for the first time since 1993 , when the Minnesota North Stars left the state for Dallas , Texas . ( The World Hockey Association 's Minnesota Fighting Saints played in Saint Paul from 1972 to 1977 . ) Citing the history of hockey in the Twin Cities and teams at all levels , Sports Illustrated called Saint Paul the new Hockeytown U.S.A. in 2007 .
The Xcel Energy Center , a multipurpose entertainment and sports venue , can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events . It occupies the site of the demolished Saint Paul Civic Center . The Xcel Energy Center hosts the Minnesota high school boys hockey tournament , the Minnesota high school girl 's volleyball tournament , and concerts throughout the year . In 2004 , it was named the best overall sports venue in the US by ESPN .
The St. Paul Saints is the city 's independent league baseball team . There have been several different teams called the Saints over the years . Originally founded in 1884 , they were shut down in 1961 after the Minnesota Twins moved to Bloomington . The St. Paul Saints were brought back in 1993 as an independent baseball team in the Northern League , moving to the American Association in 2006 . Their home games are played at the open @-@ air CHS Field in downtown 's Lowertown Historic District . Four noted Major League All @-@ Star baseball players are natives of Saint Paul : Hall of Fame outfielder Dave Winfield , Hall of Fame infielder Paul Molitor , pitcher Jack Morris , and catcher Joe Mauer . The all @-@ black St. Paul Colored Gophers played four seasons in Saint Paul from 1907 to 1911 .
The St. Paul Twin Stars of the National Premier Soccer League play their home games at Macalester Stadium . The first curling club in Saint Paul was founded in 1888 . The current club , the St. Paul Curling Club , was founded in 1912 and is the largest curling club in the United States . The Minnesota RollerGirls are a flat @-@ track roller derby league based in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium . Minnesota 's oldest athletic organization , the Minnesota Boat Club , resides in the Mississippi River on Raspberry Island . Saint Paul is also home to Circus Juventas , the largest circus arts school in North America .
On March 25 , 2015 , Major League Soccer announced that it had awarded its 23rd MLS franchise to Minnesota United FC , a team from the lower @-@ level North American Soccer League . Bill McGuire and his ownership group , which includes Jim Pohlad of the Minnesota Twins , Glen Taylor of the Minnesota Timberwolves , and Craig Leipold of the Minnesota Wild , had intended to build a privately financed soccer @-@ specific stadium in Downtown Minneapolis near the Minneapolis Farmer 's Market , but their plan was met with heavy opposition from Minneapolis Mayor Betsy Hodges , who said her city was suffering from " stadium fatigue " after building two stadiums , for the Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Golden Gophers , within a six @-@ year span . On July 1 , 2015 , after failing to reach an agreement with the city of Minneapolis , McGuire and his partners turned their focus to St. Paul .
On October 23 , 2015 , Bill McGuire of Minnesota United FC and St. Paul Mayor Chris Coleman announced that a privately financed soccer @-@ specific stadium would be built on the vacant Metro Transit Bus Barn site in St. Paul 's Midway neighborhood near the intersection of Snelling Avenue and University Avenue . The stadium will open in 2018 and seat 20 @,@ 000 . The team hopes to play in the MLS in 2017 .
The Timberwolves , Twins , and Vikings all play in Minneapolis .
= = Government and politics = =
Saint Paul has a variation of the strong mayor @-@ council form of government . The mayor is the chief executive and chief administrative officer for the city and the seven @-@ member city council is the legislative body . The mayor is elected by the entire city , while members of the city council are elected from seven different geographic wards of approximately equal population . Both the mayor and council members serve four @-@ year terms . The current mayor is Chris Coleman ( DFL ) , who is no relation to former mayor Norm Coleman . Coleman is Saint Paul 's ninth Irish @-@ American mayor since 1900 . Aside from Norm Coleman , who became a Republican during his second term , Saint Paul has not elected a Republican mayor since 1952 .
The city is also the county seat of Ramsey County , named for Alexander Ramsey , the state 's first governor . The county once spanned much of the present @-@ day metropolitan area and was originally to be named Saint Paul County after the city . Today it is geographically the smallest county and the most densely populated . Ramsey is the only home rule county in Minnesota ; the seven @-@ member Board of Commissioners appoints a county manager whose office is in the combination city hall / county courthouse along with the Minnesota Second Judicial Courts . The nearby Law Enforcement Center houses the Ramsey County Sheriff 's office .
= = = State and federal = = =
Saint Paul is the capital of the state of Minnesota . The city hosts the capitol building , designed by Saint Paul
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= = Championships and accomplishments = =
World Wrestling Entertainment
World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – Randy Orton and Edge
WWE Women 's Championship ( 2 times ) – Lita
= No Man 's Land ( Kumi Koda song ) =
" No Man 's Land " is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Kumi Koda , taken from her tenth studio album , Japonesque ( 2012 ) . It was written by Koda , Mr. Blistah , Pete Kirtley , Jorge Mhondera , Samiya Berrabah , with production being done by long @-@ time collaborator Max Matsuura . The song premiered on January 18 , 2012 as the album 's fifth promotional digital single , which was served through online retailers Dwanga , Mora , Mu @-@ Mo , music.jp and Recochoku . It was re @-@ released as an promotional radio airplay single on January 25 , the same release date as Japonesque . The single artwork uses the CD and double DVD cover of Japonesque , which was used exclusively through Recochoku stores .
Musically , " No Man 's Land " has been described as a rock song that borrows numerous musical elements such as heavy metal . It lyrically portrays an angry and violent woman trying to escape her lover 's life . Self @-@ described as " barren " , the song includes several instruments including electric guitars , acoustic guitars , and drums . The song received mixed to positive reviews from most music critics . While critics singled it out as an album highlight and one of the better tracks from Japonesque , it was criticized for Koda 's rap and overuse of instrumentation .
Due to " No Man 's Land " being released digitally , it was ineligible to chart on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart due to their policy of restricting digital sales and releases . To promote the single , it has featured on one concert tour conducted by Koda , this being her 2013 Japonesque Tour . An accompanying music video for " No Man 's Land " ( and every other track from the parent album ) was directed by long @-@ time collaborator Ryuji Seki ; it featured Koda wondering a wasteland , with distant views of decayed cityscapes and merry go rounds .
= = Background and release = =
While working on her then @-@ upcoming album Japonesque ( 2012 ) , Koda and her main record labels Avex Trax and Rhythm Zone enlisted Japanese rapper Mr. Blistah to work with her again ; Mr. Blistah worked and performed with Koda in some of her albums , including the single " Candy , and Japonesque promotional single " So Nice " , among others . " No Man 's Land " was written by Koda , Mr. Blistah , Pete Kirtley , Jorge Mhondera , Samiya Berrabah , and produced by long @-@ time collaborator Max Matsuura . Mr. Blistah , Kirtley , Mhondera , and Berrabah served as the song 's composers , with Japanese arrangers Kenichi Asami , Toshiyuki Takao , Satoshi Yamada , and Daisuke Sakurai hired to arrange the instrumentation . Both Kirtley and Mhondera were credited as the song 's co @-@ arrangers . The song 's instrumentation includes guitars , drums , bass guitars , keyboards , and subtle synthesizers . The song was recorded in early @-@ 2011 by Takeshi Takizawa , Makoto Yamadoi , and Masahiro Kawata at Prime Sound Studios and Avex Studios , in Tokyo , Japan .
In December 2011 , Rhythm Zone confirmed that " No Man 's Land " would be included on Japonesque , and it appeared as the thirteenth track on all formats from Japonesque . " No Man 's Land " , alongside Japonesque tracks : " So Nice " , " Slow " featuring American recording artist Omarion , " Brave " , and " Escalate " , served as the album 's lead promotional digital singles on January 18 , 2012 , which was served through online retailers including Mora , Mu @-@ Mo , music.jp and Recochoku . That same year , " No Man 's Land " , " So Nice " , " Slow " , " Brave " , and " Escalate " were then re @-@ released on January 25 through Japanese airplay stations . This was the same release date as the album Japonesque A special application code was uploaded onto Koda 's official website , which allowed users to access the song from Recochoku and download a full ringtone for free . At the end of January 2012 , British production team StarRock promoted the single on Star Rock television ; the song was circulated throughout UK radio airplay shows . The single artwork uses the CD and double DVD cover of Japonesque , which was used exclusively through Recochoku stores .
= = Composition = =
" No Man 's Land " is a " hard " mid @-@ tempo rock song . Koda stated on her website that the song was a " violently " , " painful " , and " destructive " mix of rock and heavy metal music . Koda recognized the musical composition as a " turning point " for her future musical elements and influences . The original arrangement of " No Man 's Land " was different to the current version ; according to Koda , the original arrangement omitted the rapping verses and didn 't include heavy rock instrumentation or synthesizers . Zero from JpopJRock.com commented that " No Man 's Land " was the only song on the album that didn 't suffer from a " sparse " arrangement .
Lyrically , " No Man 's Land " portrays an angry and violent woman trying to escape her lovers life . In an exclusive interview with Recochoku about the song , Koda stated that " No Man 's Land " is a " nuance " of a " girl screaming that she wants to go to a world with no other men . " Koda identified that the themes cheating and betrayal are present throughout the song 's lyrics . However , Koda stated that " No Man 's Land " had a similarity to her single " Futari de ... " , where she believed had also grown strength after moving on . Koda performs the song in both the English and Japanese languages , one of nine tracks from Japonesque that is performed bilingually . According to the lyric sheet provided by Avex Trax , English is used in the song 's hook ; " No man 's , no man 's , no man 's land " . The onomatopoeia lyric " Ding Dong Ding Dong " is spoken during the first verse , whilst the rest is rapped in Japanese . The chorus opens with the English lyrics ; " I 've been running in circles , round and around " , carries on with Japanese , and ends with " Welcome to no man 's land " . The second verse includes the phrases " Zero zero " and " so look at deep " , whilst performed in Japanese . The bridge section has Koda singing in English ; " No matter where I go , this is still my home " and " my home " , whilst performing in Japanese . The song 's final English phrase is the interlude break ; " Everybody put hands right this " , and finishes with the chorus and hook .
= = Critical reception = =
After its release , " No Man 's Land " received mixed to positive reviews from most music critics . Zero , Jaylee , and Loki from JpopJRock.com highlighted " No Man 's Land " as the best track on the album ; they agreed that the single had a better arrangement than most tracks on Japonesque , and enjoyed the song 's composition . A member from StarRock highlighted " No Man 's Land " as the best track on the album , praising its commercial appeal . A staff member from CD Journal enjoyed the song 's composition , labelling the verses and second half of the song " impressive " . However , Asian Junkie member Random J reviewed " No Man 's Land " on his blogsite and criticized Koda 's rapping and overuse of instrumentation ; he commented " " No Man 's Land " would have sufficed as a mid @-@ tempo jam , is shitted on by being raped with electric guitars . "
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and synopsis = = =
The accompanying music video for " No Man 's Land " was directed by long @-@ time collaborator Ryuji Seki . The music video was shot with Koda in front of a green screen to immolate the chroma key functions . Koda , who was present at post @-@ production for the music video , suggested the use of black and white colouring , which Seki then added . This is Koda 's first music video to be in full black and white . The video opens with a distance shot of a wasteland , with decaying trees , floating black leaves , and hills . Koda is seen dragging herself through the valley , and an inter cut scene features a body shot of Koda in front of an abandoned city and abandoned merry @-@ go @-@ round ; the merry @-@ go @-@ round references the lyric in the song . As the first hook stars in the song , it features two scenes ; Koda singing the track in a distance , and close @-@ ups of Koda wearing a shackle . The verse has Koda wondering through a valley and singing the song .
The first chorus has Koda walking through the land , and scenes of her singing . She grabs a compass , but it does not function properly . She grabs a drinking bottle , but only filled with little droplets ; she tries to drink it , but falls all on her face instead . As she sings the song ; by the end of the second chorus , black projectile smoke is scene falling from the sky in the distance and hits parts of the abandoned city . As more smoke falls and black leaves con @-@ stellate , Koda collapses and sings the bridge on the ground . When the bridge section ends , rocks start levitating and the smoke rises , forming a black Dust devil in the distance . As more dust devil 's form , they become large and closely devour Koda .
By the last chorus , a close @-@ up of Koda 's eyes closes and zooms out , showing Koda in lighter clothes and long hair . A long field of dark green grass with the sun and blue sky beaming above it , still showing the abandoned city and merry @-@ go @-@ round in the distance . The field is then shown to be the distance of a cliff , with Koda standing on the edge and observing a forest at the bottom ; these scenes are shot in colour instead of black and white . The final vocal interlude break of the song has inter cut scenes of Koda on the cliff , and Koda walking through the valley from earlier scenes . The final scene has a repeating scene of the first scene ; Koda walking through the valley in the distance of a wasteland . After completing the video and watching it , Koda commented that the overall appearance had given her a " personal connection " to the video and song . She stated that the visual effects were " very cool " , and declared it as one of her " best " videos .
= = = Release = = =
The music video premiered on Japanese music television channels on January 18 , 2012 . Alongside with its radio airplay release , StarRock Productions had premiered the music video on UK music television channels on January 25 . The music video for " No Man 's Land " appeared on the CD and DVD format , and the CD and double DVD formats for Japonesque . Koda uploaded the video on her website , in order to promote the music videos from the album . On January 26 , Koda hosted a special television show for Nico Nico Live and premiered the music video to " No Man 's Land " , alongside the music videos from Japonesque . Tetsuo Hiraga from Hot Express complimented the music video 's erotic nature , Koda 's sexy image , and the video 's graphics .
= = Live performances and other inclusions = =
" No Man 's Land " has appeared on one of Koda 's concert tours , this being her 2013 Japonesque tour . The performance was included on part two of the concert tour , where Koda is wearing a solder uniform and singing the song in front of her backing band . Koda plays the drums to the ending interlude of the track . The performance was recorded live and included on the subsequent live DVD release , Koda Kumi Live Tour 2013 : Japonesque ( 2013 ) . Released as a triple @-@ DVD and double @-@ Blu @-@ ray set , " No Man 's Land " appeared on the second disc and first disc respectively . The 4 Skips D 'n'B remix for " No Man 's Land " was included on her Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's 5 remix compilation ( 2013 ) .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Japonesque .
= = Release history = =
= Gender Bender ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Gender Bender " is the fourteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . Premiering on the Fox network on January 21 , 1994 , it was written by Larry and Paul Barber , directed by Rob Bowman , and featured guest appearances by Brent Hinkley and Nicholas Lea , who would later appear in the recurring role of Alex Krycek . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' overarching mythology .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully begin investigating a series of murders following sexual encounters . The two soon discover that a member of a religious sect living in Massachusetts may be responsible — and may not be human .
The episode was inspired by producer Glen Morgan 's desire for " an episode with more of a sexy edge " ; the writers found it difficult to write a story that showed sex as scary and introduced an Amish @-@ like community as well . " Gender Bender " was seen by approximately 6 @.@ 8 million households in its initial broadcast . The episode has subsequently been met with mixed critical responses , facing criticism for its abrupt deus ex machina ending . Academic analysis of the episode has placed it within a science @-@ fiction tradition that attributes a powerful , supernatural element to physical contact with aliens . It has also been seen as reflecting anxieties about emerging gender roles in the 1990s .
= = Plot = =
In a dance club , a young man is taken by a young woman , Marty ( Kate Twa ) , for casual sex . The man dies afterwards , and Marty leaves the room as a man ( Peter Stebbings ) . FBI agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) are called to the scene ; Mulder believes that the man 's death was caused by a fatal dose of pheromones . There is also ambiguity in similar murders as to the sex of the killer . Evidence from the crime scene leads the duo to an Amish @-@ like community in Steveston , Massachusetts , which Mulder calls the Kindred .
Mulder approaches some of the Kindred , only to be shunned . Meanwhile , Scully befriends a member , Brother Andrew ( Brent Hinkley ) , who is reluctant to talk . While shaking hands with him , Scully appears entranced , not coming to until Mulder catches her attention . The agents visit the Kindred 's remote community , where they are asked to surrender their guns before entering . Mulder and Scully are invited to dinner . When the Kindred refuse to allow Scully to treat Brother Aaron , a sick participant at the table , Brother Andrew states that the Kindred take care of their own . Meanwhile , in another nightclub , a man convinces a girl to dance with him by touching her hand .
When the Kindred escort the agents out of the village , Mulder comments on the lack of children in the community and states that he recognizes some of the faces from photographs taken in the 1930s . Curious , he returns to the village that night , and hears chanting as a procession of the Kindred moves to a barn . Scully is led off by Brother Andrew , who claims to be able to give her information about the murderer , whom he calls Brother Martin . Downstairs in the barn , the group can be seen bathing Brother Aaron 's body in watery clay . Mulder hides in a crevice , where he discovers that the sick man has been buried alive and has begun to take on feminine features . Meanwhile , Brother Andrew uses his power to seduce Scully . She is unable to resist , and is on the verge of succumbing before Mulder comes to her aid . The agents are again escorted out of the village .
Another man , Michel ( Nicholas Lea ) , is having sex with the female form of Brother Martin in a parked car before a patrol officer interrupts them . As Michel suddenly starts retching , the officer is attacked by Brother Martin , who changes into a man and escapes . In the hospital Michel reluctantly reveals to Mulder and Scully that when he looked out of the car , the girl he was with " looked like a man " . The agents are alerted about activity on a previous victim 's credit card , which was stolen by Brother Martin . The agents chase Brother Martin into an alley , only to have the Kindred appear and take him away . The following morning the agents return to the Kindred 's dwelling , which now appears deserted . The tunnels are blocked entirely with the white clay . Mulder and Scully walk into the nearby field where they find a large crop circle , suggesting that the Kindred are aliens .
= = Production = =
While discussing the installment 's origins , producer Glen Morgan said that he " wanted an episode with more of a sexy edge " . It proved difficult to portray sex as convincingly scary , which caused the producers to introduce the concept of " people like the Amish who are from another planet " . " Gender Bender " was penned by freelance writers Larry and Paul Barber , whose initial draft focused heavily on the contrast between the farming community of the Kindred and a version of city life " with very sexual connotations " , influenced by the works of Swiss artist H. R. Giger . This script went through various rewrites during the development process , including the removal of a scene where someone 's crotch rots away , to address concerns about the content of the episode . The chants uttered by the Kindred were not in the script handed in by the Barbers ; they were added later by producer Paul Rabwin .
The character of Marty was portrayed by two actors — Kate Twa plays its female form and Peter Stebbings the male . Twa was the first of the two to be cast , leading producer R. W. Goodwin to base the casting of Stebbings mostly on his " very strong resemblance " to the actress . This resemblance was exploited in a scene showing Twa morphing into Stebbings ; Goodwin felt that the two actors were too similar for the effect to be readily apparent , " zapp [ ing ] the energy out of the moment " . Nicholas Lea , who played a would @-@ be victim in the episode , returned to the series in a recurring role as Alex Krycek , beginning with the second season 's " Sleepless " . Twa also returned that season , playing a former colleague of Scully in " Soft Light " .
" Gender Bender " marked Rob Bowman 's directorial debut on the series ; he became one of the series ' most prolific directors , even directing the 1998 film adaptation , The X @-@ Files : Fight the Future . Bowman found " Gender Bender " a difficult episode to work on — the script had initially called for lantern light to illuminate several scenes , but this was found to be unworkable . In addition , an interior set constructed to represent the catacombs under the Kindred 's barn was so encumbering to film in that a second unit crew were required to reshoot a large degree of camera coverage . This need for extra footage necessitated an additional day of filming for scenes featuring Duchovny .
The exterior shots of the village inhabited by the Kindred were filmed at a farm preserved from the 1890s in Langley , British Columbia , while interior sets were built on a sound stage . The small town visited by the agents was filmed on location in Steveston , British Columbia — a location which was revisited to film the first @-@ season episode " Miracle Man " . The music used in the episode 's nightclub scenes was recycled from composer Mark Snow 's earlier work on the television film In the Line of Duty : Street War .
= = Themes = =
" Gender Bender " has been interpreted as representing contemporary sexual anxieties in a figurative manner , conflating seduction with alien abduction . M. Keith Booker has described the Kindred 's shapeshifting as representative of contemporary sexual anxieties caused by the changing gender roles of the decade , coupled with " a basic fear of sexual contact " . Antonio Ballesteros González has stated that the episode is representative of the series ' exploration of both seduction and abduction , noting that " both are seen as part of sexual aggression " , further describing the episode 's villain as representing " the fear of sex and reproduction " . The lethal nature of the Kindred 's touch has been cited as representing the potency of their sexual repression ; and has been placed within a science @-@ fiction tradition that depicts aliens or outsiders with a potent touch , alongside similar depictions in the films Communion and E.T. , and the novel The Puppet Masters .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Gender Bender " originally aired on Fox on January 21 , 1994 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on December 22 , 1994 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 2 , with a 12 share . It was viewed by 6 @.@ 8 million households and 11 @.@ 1 million viewers , meaning that roughly 7 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 12 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode .
" Gender Bender " received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Matt Haigh , writing for Den of Geek , reviewed " Gender Bender " positively , feeling that it was " a nicely refreshing and original idea " , with " strikingly atmospheric " sets and " impressively spooky " villains . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club , praised the episode , awarding it an " A " . He felt that the plot was " a perfect mixture of scientific theory , unsubstantiated rumor , and memorable visuals " . Handlen felt that the episode represented the ideal plot for The X @-@ Files , featuring someone briefly interacting with supernatural phenomena without ever learning the truth of their experience . Anna Johns , writing for TV Squad , was positive toward the episode . Johns stated she " totally loved it " .
In a retrospective of the first season in Entertainment Weekly , " Gender Bender " was rated " B − " , being described as a " clever idea " that was " undermined by a bushel of burning questions " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " Gender Bender " one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , finding that it " finishes up ... entirely clichéd " . Shearman felt that Bowman 's direction , and the contrast between " decadent " night @-@ life and the " restraint and denial " of the Kindred , were highlights of the episode . He also felt that it approached its themes too conservatively and tamely , leaving a " boring " end result . In his book The Nitpicker 's Guide for X @-@ Philes , author Phil Farrand has highlighted several inconsistencies in the episode , focusing on the implausible nature of the ending . Farrand cites the mention of the Kindred 's pheromones containing human DNA and their use of the English language when in private as elements which seem incongruous for an alien race .
The episode faced criticism from the crew over its ending using a deus ex machina to indicate that the Kindred may have been aliens . Producer James Wong felt that the episode 's ending seemed overly abrupt and unexpected , describing it as appearing " like we tried to play a trick on the audience to make them say ' Ooh , what the heck was that ? ' " . He added that the lack of a real connection to the episode 's plot meant that the revelation lost any sense of catharsis for the viewer . Morgan said that the episode " went too far . At what point do we become unbelievable ? " When asked about the similarity between the Kindred and the Amish , series creator Chris Carter noted that " they [ the Amish ] don 't watch TV , so I wasn 't worried about it " .
= Of Human Action =
" Of Human Action " is the seventh episode of the second season of the science fiction / crime series Fringe , and the 27th episode overall . The episode followed a case involving the apparent kidnapping of the son of a scientist working for biotechnology corporation Massive Dynamic , leading the Fringe team to deal with the repercussions of mind control .
The episode was written by the staff @-@ writing team of Glen Whitman and Robert Chiappetta , and was directed by executive producer Joe Chappelle . It first aired in the United States on November 12 , 2009 to an estimated 5 @.@ 89 million viewers . It received generally positive reviews , as multiple critics praised the story despite its characterization as a " standalone " episode .
= = Plot = =
In Queens , New York , police chase a sedan driven through a parking garage by two men keeping a teenage boy named Tyler Carson ( Cameron Monaghan ) in the backseat . Police officers surround the car and draw their weapons , demanding that the men exit the car . They do , and Tyler stays in his seat . Without explanation , one of the officers goes to the parking ramp and jumps to his death . Another officer shoots her two remaining co @-@ workers , then herself . The kidnappers ' crime spree continues on the road . One of them , Hickey ( John Tench ) , demands that a convenience store clerk hand over all his cash . Another customer tries to intervene , but then takes a pot of hot coffee , pours the coffee over his own head , and beats himself with the pot . The cashier then electrocutes himself .
Examining the policewoman who shot herself , Walter ( John Noble ) concludes that she was the victim of mind control rather than hypnosis . Theorizing that the mind control works on an auditory basis , he develops a method of combating the effects through the use of white noise . The tactical team led by Olivia ( Anna Torv ) traces the kidnappers — both of them car salesmen with no serious criminal record — to a warehouse . One of them drives the car through a large door , but is burnt in the explosion when the car flips . Olivia gets the drop on the surviving kidnapper , who points a gun at his own chin and begs for her help . Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) , wearing headphones that broadcast Walter 's white noise , follows the ransom payment . It leads him to Tyler , who says , " You can take off those stupid headphones . They won 't work . "
Peter is now forced into helping Tyler , who has mind control powers due to his father James ( Andrew Airlie ) working on thought @-@ controlled weapons systems for Massive Dynamic . Peter tries to get into Tyler 's head by sharing his own stories of his father not believing in him , but Tyler rejects the attempts to bond , as he only needs a driver . Their destination is the home of Tyler 's mother , whom Tyler had been told was dead . When the two of them meet , Tyler wants her to run off so that they can be together again . She refuses , and Tyler becomes enraged at her husband when he returns home .
Tyler tries to force Peter to shoot the husband , but changes the target to Agent Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) when he arrives at the house with Olivia . Peter is forced to shoot Broyles , but manages to pull the gun off @-@ center so that the agent is only hit in the shoulder . After Peter crashes the car that both he and Tyler are in , Tyler is brought unconscious into custody . Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) writes a message to the absent William Bell updating him on the status of the " Carson @-@ Penrose " experiments ( Claus Penrose is a scientist seen caring for a genetically engineered killer in the much earlier episode " The Same Old Story " ) . Tyler is one of many identical boys placed with foster families , and James was his assigned guardian , not his father .
= = Production = =
" Of Human Action " was written by frequent writing partners Glen Whitman and Robert Chiappetta , and was directed by executive producer Joe Chappelle . It was shot in Vancouver in September 2009 ; the crew wrapped up production during the middle of the month , and then immediately moved on to the following episode , " August " .
To simulate the police officer falling in the opening scene , the special effects department had the stunt double fall 52 feet onto an 18x24 feet airbag , which they referred to as " old @-@ fashioned " because they used the airbag rather than wires . Trevor Jones , the stuntman doing the scene , commented during shooting that his fall had a small margin of error , because of the small airbag and cement walls surrounding the area , " if you land off center maybe three or four feet , then you 're going to get pitched in that direction " . To aid Jones , a large X was placed on the airbag . A scene later in the episode involves a car fleeing through a garage door , only to hit a concrete wall , flip over , and burst into flames . To create the scene , the crew used two externally identical cars ; one was drivable , and the other was a shell of car , and was hooked to a cable rig . After taking a week to get everything set up , the crew used a nitrogen cannon to launch the second , undrivable car through the garage door via wires .
The episode featured a guest performance by Cameron Monaghan as the mind controller Tyler Carson . The actor tweeted after the episode 's broadcast , " Fringe was cool . What person in the world doesn 't wish they had mind @-@ controll [ sic ] powers ! " " Of Human Action " also had guest appearances by Andrew Airlie , Peter Graham @-@ Gaudreau , John Tench , Vincent Gale , Jacqueline Ann Steuart , and Doron Bell Jr ..
= = Music and cultural references = =
" Of Human Action " featured two songs , " Subtle Duck " by Charles Bissell and " Angel Love " by Samantha James . In honor of The Simpsons 's 20th anniversary , several shows in Fox 's lineup contained references to the show . In " Of Human Action " , Tyler uses a Homer Simpson Pez dispenser to store his mind @-@ control drugs , and the town he and Peter journey to is Springfield , the same name of the town in The Simpsons ; when Springfield appears in the sky , no state is shown , just like the ambiguity concerning the home state of The Simpsons .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
On its initial November 12 , 2009 broadcast in the United States , " Of Human Action " was watched by an estimated 5 @.@ 89 million viewers , and earned a 2 @.@ 2 ratings share among adults 18 – 49 , tying the season average . This was a 29 percent increase from the previous episode 's 1 @.@ 7 rating , though that episode 's low ratings have been attributed to the unexpected end to the 2009 World Series . Despite the ratings improvement , " Of Human Action " led Fringe to finish in fourth place for its timeslot .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Of Human Action " received a very positive reaction from MTV 's Josh Wigler , writing " As a stand @-@ alone episode with some interesting character insight , this week 's Fringe was a success . It might also be a mythological success , too , should the big reveal at the end — the fact that Massive Dynamic has inundated multiple children with telepathic abilities — pan out in future episodes . " Andrew Hanson of the Los Angeles Times enjoyed being able to see more of Massive Dynamic , and praised Astrid 's increased presence in the plot . Airlock Alpha writer Tiffany Vogt called it a " gripping story with much emotional resonance , " especially with the father @-@ son parallels between Peter and Tyler .
The A. V. Club 's Noel Murray had a more mixed reaction , giving the episode a rating of C + and criticizing lead guest actor Cameron Monaghan , " In this role , he was a drag , playing ' rebellious teen ' in a stock , wooden way , with no extra layers . Also , nobody — not even Joshua Jackson , whom I 've come to appreciate more as an actor over the run of this show — could make the ' My mind is being controlled ! ' scenes look anything other than goofy . " Murray also said , " Yet for all my griping , I was quite taken with the theme of this episode , and the motifs that writers Robert Chiappetta and Glen Whitman and director Joe Chappelle used to support it . From the tinfoil Peter Pan hats that Walter and Astrid wear to Tyler popping the medication that grants him his powers out of a Pez dispenser , there 's a lot in ' Of Human Action ' about childish things . " Ramsey Isler from IGN graded the episode 8 @.@ 0 / 10 , explaining that despite it being a " standalone " episode , it was " a high @-@ intensity , action @-@ filled tale that kept the adrenaline flowing . Fringe is usually more of a cerebral show , but there 's nothing wrong with appealing to our love of action every now and then " . Also positive was Chanel Reeder of Newsarama , who believed Fringe " totally deliver [ ed ] in its most recent episode . The twists are back , along with the dramatic high intensity moments that the show is known for . " Reeder praised the plot twist of Tyler being the mind controller , and was pleased with the increased presence of Massive Dynamic .
= Minimum Foundation Program =
In Louisiana , the Minimum Foundation Program is the formula that determines the cost to educate students at public elementary and secondary schools and defines state and local funding contributions to each district . Education officials often use the term " MFP " to refer specifically to the portion the state pays per student to each school district .
The Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education ( BESE ) is required by the Louisiana Constitution to adopt a formula to determine the total cost of a minimum foundation program of education in public schools and to equitably allocate funding to school systems . The Louisiana legislature must approve the formula each year . Local and state contributions to the MFP vary based on student needs and local tax bases .
MFP funding has been frozen at the same rate for two years . In 2010 , the Louisiana Legislature moved to restructure the MFP formula . Critics say the formula does not encourage districts to implement taxes to pay higher amounts than the state for the cost of education .
= = Local and state contributions = =
Local and state shares of the MFP vary from district to district . On average , the state pays 65 percent of the total cost of the minimum foundation , and the district pays 35 percent . In the 2010 @-@ 2011 fiscal year , state and local government contributed $ 3 @.@ 3 billion to the MFP formula . Required local funding is paid by property and sales taxes levied by local school districts . Districts with higher tax revenues must pay a higher portion of the MFP than districts with lower tax revenues . The formula divides districts into levels based on the dollar amount of taxes they levy .
= = = Per student spending = = =
In 2010 @-@ 2011 , the base MFP formula was $ 3 @,@ 855 per pupil , without accounting for special student needs . The MFP formula also takes into account the additional expenses school systems incur in educating special classes of students ( e.g. at risk , special education and gifted and talented students . ) In the end , school districts get an average of about $ 10 @,@ 000 of state and local funding per student per year .
Local and state sources spent between $ 6 @,@ 500 and $ 10 @,@ 700 per student during the 2008 @-@ 2009 fiscal year . In that year , Allen , Assumption , Claiborne , Madison , Plaquemines , Red River and West Feliciana parishes received the highest per pupil funding while Acadia , Avoyelles , Grant and Vermillion parishes received the lowest per pupil funding . Among the 10 districts with the highest MFP per pupil that year , the average local contribution was $ 3 @,@ 900 , and the average state contribution was $ 6 @,@ 050 . Among the 10 districts with the lowest MFP per pupil that year , the average local contribution was $ 1 @,@ 850 and the average state contribution was $ 5 @,@ 600 . Total funding levels per student vary based on student population needs .
= = Weighted formula = =
MFP funding in the 2010 @-@ 2011 fiscal year totaled $ 3 @,@ 308 @,@ 741 @,@ 821 . That amount divided evenly among 696 @,@ 444 public school students in Louisiana would work out to $ 4 @,@ 750 per pupil . But some students cost more to educate than others . Rather than increasing the dollar amount , the MFP formula artificially increases the number of students it funds . This " weighted membership " accounts for special education , gifted and talented and at @-@ risk students . For example , a school receives 2 @.@ 5 times the amount of funding it would receive for a general population student to educate a special education student .
= = State executive and legislative action = =
= = = MFP freeze = = =
In the past , the Louisiana Department of Education factored in a 2 @.@ 75 percent increase per year in MFP funding , but that increase has been frozen for two years . In February , 2011 , The Advocate reported that Gov. Bobby Jindal plans to freeze the increase in MFP funding for the 2012 budget . John Sartin , president of the Louisiana Association of School Superintendents , said districts need the MFP growth factor because they have suffered downturns in local sales tax revenue and increases in retirement and health insurance costs .
= = = Move to restructure = = =
In 2010 , the Louisiana House of Representatives passed a resolution urging the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education to make the school funding formula more efficient and effective . HCR 20 , introduced by Rep. Steve Carter , requested that BESE make certain changes to the formula , including :
Increasing the percentage of MFP funds spent at the school level
Having funds " follow the child " when students are transferred to juvenile justice facilities
Adjusting funding ( up or down ) based on accurate student enrollment data
Targeting more MFP funds to dropout prevention
= = District taxing controversy = =
Critics say the MFP formula discourages high levels of local , rather than state , funding . Louisiana House Speaker Jim Tucker said in an interview with Louisiana Public Broadcasting that the MFP formula keeps districts from levying higher taxes because districts with high local taxes receive lower state funding payments . Tulane University 's Cowen Institute was founded in 2007 to examine the effects of local tax initiatives on the MFP . Tara O 'Neill , Cowen Institute Policy Manager , said districts receive extra incentive funding from the state when they raise high amounts of funding at the local level . O 'Neill said districts get this extra money whether they tax a low tax base at a high rate or tax a healthy tax base at a low rate .
= = MFP Accountability Reports for low @-@ performing schools = =
State laws require the Louisiana Department of Education to include each local school district that has a school with a School Performance Score ( SPS ) below 60 and growth of less than 2 points in an MFP Accountability Report that is submitted to the Louisiana House and Senate Committees on Education by June 1 each year .
The most recent report in 2009 contained data for 34 schools in 15 districts during the 2007 @-@ 2008 school year . The average school performance score for schools in that report was 52 @.@ 9 , compared to 86 @.@ 3 statewide . The average classroom instructional expenditure per student was $ 6 @,@ 416 among these schools , compared to $ 5 @,@ 924 statewide . About 91 percent of students in this report were in poverty , compared to 63 @.@ 2 percent statewide . The schools in this report had higher teacher turnover than the statewide average and a slightly higher percentage of uncertified teachers than the state average .
= Jon Hess ( lacrosse ) =
Jonathan A. " Jon " Hess is a retired lacrosse attackman who played professional box lacrosse in the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) and professional field lacrosse in Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1995 through 1998 , where he earned National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) lacrosse attackman of the year award , three United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American recognitions , four Ivy League championships , three national championships , an Ivy League Player of the Year award and an NCAA tournament most outstanding player award . Jon Hess holds Princeton lacrosse scoring records for both points and assists and won an NCAA individual national statistical championship for assists . As a professional , he is a former sportsman of the year and MLL assists leader . Jon is married to Sara Whalen Hess .
= = Background = =
Jon Hess , who is from Nyack , New York , established the Rockland County scoring record ( 314 points ) . He attended Nyack High School , where he earned All @-@ county recognition three times , but was unable to lead them past perennial league champion Yorktown High School . Hess was an Empire State Games gold medalist in 1992 and bronze medalist in 1993 .
= = College career = =
Hess was part of a trio of noted attackmen who were Princeton classmates along with Jesse Hubbard and Chris Massey . As starters , the trio of All @-@ Americans , who retired second ( Hess ) , third ( Hubbard ) and fourth ( Massey ) in career points at Princeton , had a 43 – 2 record and combined for 618 points . Jon Hess was awarded the 1997 Jack Turnbull Award as the best NCAA lacrosse attackman . He was a first team USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 1997 and 1998 and second team selection in 1996 . He was also first team All @-@ Ivy League in 1996 and 1997 and a second team selection in 1998 . The 1995 team , which earned the school 's sixth consecutive NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship invitation , was Ivy League co @-@ champion , while the 1996 – 1998 teams were 6 – 0 undefeated outright conference champions . These undefeated league champions won the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championships , becoming the first team to win three consecutive championships since Syracuse from 1988 – 90 and the first to be recognized to have done so without an NCAA scandal since Johns Hopkins from 1978 – 80 .
Hess earned the 1997 Men 's Ivy League Player of the Year and the 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament Most Outstanding Player . His most outstanding player performance included five goals and eleven assists in the tournament and three goals and five assists in the championship game against Maryland . The 1997 team is regarded as the best in school history with a record number of wins during its 15 – 0 season . He served as co @-@ captain of the 1998 team , and he scored two second half goals and had an assist as Princeton pushed its lead to 7 – 3 during the 1998 Championship game . For the day , he ended up with four goals as part of the 15 – 5 victory over Maryland .
Hess holds the Princeton University single @-@ season points ( 74 , 1997 ) and single @-@ season assists records ( 48 , 1997 ) . He was the 1998 NCAA statistical champion in assists per game ( 2 @.@ 60 ) , even though he was slowed down that season by a hamstring injury .
= = Professional career = =
Jon Hess played for the New York Saints during the 1999 and 2000 NLL seasons . Hess also played three seasons in MLL with the New Jersey Pride from 2001 to 2003 before retiring to work for Merrill Lynch in New York City . Hess works as a NASDAQ stock trader . With the Pride , he won the Major League Lacrosse Iron Lizard of the Year Award during the 2003 MLL season . That year , he was reunited with Princeton teammate Hubbard . In each of his three seasons in the MLL , he finished first ( 2001 ) or second ( 2002 & 2003 ) in the league in assists .
= = Personal = =
In 2001 , he was dating New York Power player Sara Whalen . By 2004 , he was married to three @-@ time soccer All @-@ American and 2000 Olympic Games silver medalist Sara Whalen Hess .
= Anshei Israel Synagogue =
Anshei Israel Synagogue is a historic synagogue located in Lisbon , Connecticut , United States . The Orthodox congregation was founded with 15 families and constructed the synagogue in 1936 . It was built by George Allen & Sons . The interior is a single room that is lined with five benches before an altar which held the sacred ark . The congregation 's membership dwindled throughout the 1940s and 1950s , limiting the services to holidays before finally closing in the early 1980s . Rules in the congregation were not as strictly enforced as in the Old World , as there was no curtain to separate the sexes and distant members were allowed to drive part of the way to its services . The Town of Lisbon took ownership of the property in the 1980s . The synagogue is currently maintained by the Lisbon Historical Society . The synagogue was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 .
= = Construction = =
In the early 1800s of Connecticut , people of the Jewish faith were few , with just twelve persons in the whole of Connecticut . In 1843 , Jewish public worship was first permitted after a petition to the Connecticut General Assembly . Early Jewish services were held in private homes or in rented halls and later in the first synagogues , which were usually adapted from churches . Rural synagogues like the Anshei Israel Synagogue were modest structures and " reflect the need of Jewish farming and summer congregations for buildings suitable for worship that were within their limited financial and geographic boundaries . "
The land upon which the synagogue was built was donated by Harry Rothenberg around 1936 . The congregation , pooled their money to construct the synagogue . Constructed by George Allen & Sons in 1836 , the Anshei Israel Synagogue is a 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) by 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) gable @-@ roofed clapboarded building with a 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) by 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) central projecting tower with a Magen David at its top . Flanking the tower on each side is a pair of 2 @-@ over @-@ 2 windows . Paint remnants show that the sash was previously painted a bright blue .
After passing through the tower , the single room has a platform with an ark at the front . The original altar and sacred ark remains , with the interior concealed by a gold curtain ; and a menorah rests on the podium . Chairs and five wooden , backless benches were provided for seating , which was described as " an unusual arrangement in historic Connecticut synagogues " . Though the building had electricity , it had no heat or plumbing ; though a wood stove was used to provide heat and an outhouse was previously behind the synagogue .
= = Use = =
The founding congregation of 15 families came from Poland and Russia and lived in the surrounding towns of Plainfield , Lisbon , Griswold , and Jewett City . Rothenberg became the first cantor of the Anshei Israel Synagogue and the service would continue to serve the Orthodox congregation for decades . The congregation 's membership dwindled throughout the 1940s and 1950s , which limited services to holidays . The synagogue finally closed when it could no longer steadily gather a minyin , ten men , in 1987 . The town of Lisbon acquired the synagogue in the 1980s from the synagogue 's last six members . In 2004 , the synagogue was open during " Walking Weekend " events .
Caroline Read @-@ Burns , president of the Lisbon Historical Society and Jerome Zuckerbraun , a member of the synagogue , discussed the Orthodox congregation 's rules and noted that some rules were not as strictly enforced as in the Old World . As an Orthodox congregation , members were to walk to the synagogue , but some distant members would drive and " walk the last mile or so . " The synagogue did not use curtains to separate men and women , as was the norm for Orthodox services in Poland and Russia . The women 's seating was at a table on the right side of the sanctuary , near the door . The structure is well @-@ preserved , but not currently in use .
= = Importance = =
The Anshei Israel Synagogue was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 . It is recognized as an architecturally significant example of " a small country Jewish house of worship " . Its architecture is the " epitome of simplicity " and it remains an important pre @-@ 1945 Jewish house of worship that is in a rural setting and possessing integrity in its design . The Day reflected Read @-@ Burn 's comments that the synagogue may " only one of its kind in the country " . In 2001 , the building was featuring on Connecticut Journal , a program of Connecticut Public Television .
In 2005 , the building was in need of some repairs due to neglect and damage from squirrels . The Lisbon Historical Society received a $ 5 @,@ 000 grant from the Quinebaug Shetucket National Heritage Corridor to make repairs on the synagogue . Repairs would be done to repair the structure and the electrical wiring would be replaced for free by the students at the Norwich Regional Vocational Technical School .
= Lincoln Theatre ( Washington , D.C. ) =
Lincoln Theatre is a theater in Washington , D.C. , located at 1215 U Street , next to Ben 's Chili Bowl . The theater , located on " Washington 's Black Broadway " , served the city 's African American community when segregation kept them out of other venues . The Lincoln Theatre included a movie house and ballroom , and hosted jazz and big band performers such as Duke Ellington . The theater closed after the 1968 race @-@ related riots . It was restored and reopened in 1994 , and hosts a variety of performances and events . The U Street Metro station , which opened in 1991 , is located across the street from Lincoln Theater .
American recording artist Adam Lambert performed at this venue on 5 March 2016 as part of his The Original High Tour .
= = History = =
Construction of the Lincoln Theatre began in the summer of 1921 , and it opened in 1922 . The Lincoln Theatre , which showed silent film and vaudeville , served the city 's black community . The theatre was designed by Reginald Geare , in collaboration with Harry Crandall , a local theater operator .
In 1927 , the Lincoln Theatre was sold to A.E. Lichtman , who decided to turn it into a luxurious movie house , and added a ballroom . The theatre was wired for sound in 1928 . The ballroom , known as Lincoln Colonnade , and the theater were known as the center of " Washington 's Black Broadway " . Performers at Lincoln Theatre have included Duke Ellington , Pearl Bailey , Louis Armstrong , Lionel Hampton , Ella Fitzgerald , Cab Calloway , Billie Holiday , and Sarah Vaughan . A television projection system was installed at Lincoln Theatre in 1952 . The movie house televised boxing fights on many occasions , such as the Sugar Ray Robinson @-@ Joey Maxim bout on June 25 , 1952 .
The Lincoln Theatre struggled financially after desegregation opened other movie theaters to blacks beginning in 1953 . In the late 1950s , the Colonnade was demolished . The theater fell into disrepair after the 1968 Washington , D.C. riots . In 1978 , the Lincoln Theatre was divided into two theaters , and was known as the Lincoln " Twins " . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Lincoln Theater featured " All @-@ Night Movie " shows on the weekend , attracting hundreds each weekend . The Lincoln Theatre was sold to developer Jeffrey Cohen in 1983 , who closed it for renovations . The theater remained boarded up for many years .
= = Restoration = =
The Lincoln Theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 . In 1993 , the theatre was restored by the U Street Theatre Foundation , with $ 9 million of aid from the District of Columbia government . The restoration started in 1989 by developer Jeffrey N. Cohen , who was working on a controversial $ 250 million redevelopment plan , " Jackson Plaza " , for the Shaw / U @-@ Street area . In 1990 , Cohen ran into financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy in 1991 . Restoration of the theater was taken over by the District government and the foundation . The restoration work was done by the design firm , Leo A. Daly . The building has a brick exterior , and the interior features Victorian trim .
A " sneak preview " of the renovated theater was held on September 16 , 1993 for D.C. Councilmember Frank Smith , Mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly , and 1 @,@ 000 attendees . The theatre officially reopened on February 4 , 1994 with a performance of Barry Scott 's Ain 't Got Long to Stay Here , which was about the life of Martin Luther King , Jr . In March 1995 , Lincoln Theatre hosted a play , Where Eagles Fly , written by local playwright Carole Mumin . The play told the story of a local elderly woman who fought the Shaw Urban Redevelopment Project that targeted the Shaw neighborhood for demolition , and sought to preserve the neighborhood and its history .
The 1 @,@ 250 @-@ seat theater has hosted theatrical and musical shows , leased space to community groups and for events , and hosted political events such as the mayor 's State of the District address . Jazz performances in recent years have included Cassandra Wilson , Quincy Jones , Chuck Brown , and Wynton Marsalis . In 2005 , the annual Duke Ellington Jazz Festival was inaugurated and hosted performances . Others that have performed at the Lincoln Theatre include Damien Rice , singer Brian Stokes Mitchell , and comedian Dick Gregory . Lincoln Theatre has also been a venue for Filmfest DC . The theater was the primary venue for the annual LGBT film festival Reel Affirmations from 1998 to 2008 .
The theater has struggled financially , and has received $ 500 @,@ 000 of aid annually for the past five years from the District government . The theater director , Janice Hill , has expressed concerns that the theater may have to shut down due to lack of funds . On January 11 , 2007 , the District government provided $ 200 @,@ 000 to the theatre . Councilmember Jim Graham also suggested adding an annual line item to the city 's budget to provide the theatre with $ 500 @,@ 000 each year .
In 2011 , the theatre was threatened with closure after the city cut funding . The D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities took over management and began searching for new management .
= = Current Operation by I.M.P. = =
In January 2012 , the D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities began searching for a new entertainment booking group to operate Lincoln Theatre . The process included evaluating business plans from various groups . In April 2013 , I.M.P. , the company that owns the 9 : 30 Club and operates Merriweather Post Pavilion , was selected over other competitors to operate the theatre . In June 2013 , DC Mayor Vincent Gray , the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development , the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities , and the Deputy of General Services made the official announcement of the selection .
Prior to obtaining sole operation of the theatre , I.M.P. had booked a few shows at Lincoln Theatre , including sold @-@ out performances by Jeff Tweedy in 2010 and Jeff Mangum in 2012 . I.M.P. began sole operation of the theatre in the fall of 2013 .
Since gaining sole operation , I.M.P. has booked nearly 100 shows at Lincoln Theatre , including :
Laura Marling on September 4 , 2013
Janelle Monáe on October 14 , 2013
Colin Meloy on November 5 , 2013
Corey Holcomb on January 25 , 2014
Lauryn Hill on February 9 , 2014
Sharon Jones and the Dap @-@ Kings on February 10 and 11 , 2014
Bob Weir & RatDog on February 17 , 2014
Emmylou Harris on April 11 , 2014
Stephen Marley on April 17 , 2014
Johnny Hallyday on May 8 , 2014
Morcheeba on May 14 , 2014
Ingrid Michaelson on May 23 , 2014
Natalie Merchant on July 12 , 2014
Spoon on September 2 , 3 , and 4 , 2014
Nas on October 4 , 2014
Flying Lotus on October 13 , 2014
Hannibal Buress on October 17 , 2014
Dwight Yoakam on October 19 , 2014
= Sind sparrow =
The Sind sparrow ( Passer pyrrhonotus ) is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae , found around the Indus valley region in South Asia . It is also known as the jungle , Sind jungle , or rufous @-@ backed sparrow . Very similar to the related house sparrow , it is smaller and has distinguishing plumage features . As in the house sparrow , the male has brighter plumage than female and young birds , including black markings and a grey crown . Distinctively , the male has a chestnut stripe running down its head behind the eye , and the female has a darker head than other sparrow species do . Its main vocalisations are soft chirping calls that are extended into longer songs with other sounds interspersed by breeding males . Historically , this species was thought to be very closely related to the house sparrow , but its closest evolutionary affinities may lie elsewhere . Discovered around 1840 , this species went undetected for several decades after its discovery .
Within its Indus valley breeding range in Pakistan and western India , the Sind sparrow is patchily distributed in riverine and wetland habitats with thorny scrub and tall grass . During the non @-@ breeding season , some birds enter drier habitats as they disperse short distances from their breeding habitat , or migrate into western Pakistan and the extreme east of Iran . Since this species is fairly common and expanding its range , it is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List . The Sind sparrow is social within small groups while feeding and breeding , and during its winter dispersal . It feeds mostly on seeds and less often on insects , foraging close to the ground . Nests are made in the branches of thorny trees , and are untidy globular masses constructed from grass or other plant matter and lined with softer material . Both sexes are involved in building the nest and caring for the young , and usually raise two clutches of three to five young each breeding season .
= = Description = =
The Sind sparrow is very similar to the house sparrow , and both sexes resemble their counterparts of that species , but it is slightly smaller and males and females each have features that distinguish them as Sind sparrows . The Sind sparrow is 13 cm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) long , while the common South Asian subspecies of the house sparrow , Passer domesticus indicus , is about 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long . Wingspans range from 6 @.@ 2 to 7 @.@ 0 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 8 in ) , tails from 4 @.@ 7 to 5 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 9 to 2 @.@ 2 in ) , and tarsi measure 1 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 9 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 63 – 0 @.@ 75 in ) .
The breeding male has a short and narrow black bib and a broad chestnut eye stripe that does not meet the mantle . The male has a grey crown and nape and a rufous lower back and rump . The female has a darker and greyer crown and cheek than the female house sparrow and the shoulder is darker chestnut . The female Dead Sea sparrow of the subspecies Passer moabiticus yattii is also similar to the female Sind sparrow , but has yellow tinges on the underparts and sometimes on parts of the head . The bill is black on the breeding male and pale brown on the non @-@ breeding male and female . With a culmen length of 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 3 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 43 – 0 @.@ 51 in ) , the Sind sparrow is slightly smaller @-@ billed than the house sparrow .
The Sind sparrow 's chirping chup call is softer , less strident , and higher pitched than that of the house sparrow , and is easily distinguished . The song of breeding males includes chirrups interspersed with grating t @-@ r @-@ r @-@ rt notes and short warbles or whistles .
= = Taxonomy = =
The Sind sparrow was first formally described by Edward Blyth , from a specimen collected by Alexander Burnes at Bahawalpur in around 1840 . Blyth 's description was published in an issue of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal which , although dated 1844 , was published only in 1845 . It was not recorded until 36 years later , despite the efforts of noted ornithologists Allan Octavian Hume in Sindh and William Thomas Blanford in eastern Iran . This was probably because of its general similarity to the house sparrow , though additionally , Blyth 's description of the species incorrectly described its rump feathers as maroon , and a description by Thomas C. Jerdon contained similar errors . Commenting on his unsuccessful search , Hume wrote that the hundreds of house sparrows he killed in pursuit of the Sind sparrow " ought to form a heavy load " on Blyth 's conscience , and that if the Sind sparrow existed "
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Doomsday is a 2008 English @-@ language science fiction action film written and directed by Neil Marshall . The film takes place in the future in Scotland , which has been quarantined because of a deadly virus . When the virus is found in London , political leaders send a team led by Major Eden Sinclair ( Rhona Mitra ) to Scotland to find a possible cure . Sinclair 's team runs into two types of survivors : marauders and medieval knights . Doomsday was conceived by Marshall based on the idea of futuristic soldiers facing medieval knights . In producing the film , he drew inspiration from various movies , including Mad Max , Escape from New York and 28 Days Later .
Marshall had a budget three times the size of his previous two films , The Descent and Dog Soldiers , and the director filmed the larger @-@ scale Doomsday in Scotland and South Africa . The film was released on 14 March 2008 in the United States and Canada and in the United Kingdom on 9 May 2008 . Doomsday did not perform well at the box office , and critics gave the film mixed reviews .
= = Plot = =
In 2008 , an unknown killer virus , dubbed " The Reaper Virus " infected Scotland . Unable to contain the outbreak or cure the infected , The UK government built a massive 60 @-@ foot wall that isolated Scotland from the rest of Britain . The quarantine was deemed a success ; however , the extreme method employed by the government destroyed diplomatic and economic relations between the UK and the rest of the world . This led to massive unemployment , civil unrest and extreme economic turmoil , causing the UK to collapse into a dystopia .
In 2035 , 27 years after the quarantine , during a raid , police discover several people infected with Reaper Virus . The Prime Minister John Hatcher shares with domestic security chief Captain Nelson satellite footage of survivors in Scotland . Believing a cure may exist , Hatcher orders Nelson to send a team into Scotland to find medical researcher Dr. Kane , who was working on a cure when Scotland was quarantined . Nelson chooses Major Eden Sinclair to lead the team .
Sinclair 's team crosses the wall and goes to Glasgow , Dr. Kane 's last known location . In Glasgow , while searching the local hospital for survivors , Sinclair and her team are ambushed by a group of marauders . Sgt. Norton and Dr. Stirling manage to escape , while the team suffers heavy casualties . Sinclair and Dr. Talbot are captured by what turns out to be a huge gang of brutal cannibals . Sinclair is interrogated by the gang 's leader , Sol , who plans to use her as leverage to cross the wall and leave Scotland . He leaves and joins the rest of the gang , who grill Dr. Talbot and eat him . With the help of Cally , another prisoner , Sinclair escapes and kills Viper , Sol 's lover . After meeting with Norton and Stirling , they escape on a train . Cally reveals that she and Sol are Kane 's children . Unsatisfied with Kane 's rule , Sol left to create his own army .
Meanwhile , Hatcher plans secretly to isolate the central London area because of the infection . However , an infected man breaks into his office and tries to kill him . Nelson shoots and kills the man , but his blood splatters on Hatcher . Michael Canaris , Hatcher 's right hand man , quarantines him and takes his place as de facto Prime Minister . Hatcher later commits suicide .
After leaving the train , Sinclair 's group are arrested by soldiers armed with archaic weapons and armor . They are taken to a medieval castle and imprisoned . Their leader , Marcus Kane , tells Sinclair the truth : there is no cure , only people with a natural immunity . Originally a medical researcher , he was devastated when his family was left behind during the quarantine . After losing his wife , Kane became a twisted , sadistic leader . He sentences Sinclair and her group to death , pitting Sinclair against Telamon , his executioner , in a small fighting ground to entertain his followers . Sinclair subdues and kills Telamon . During the duel , the rest of the group escapes , retrieves their equipment and rescue Sinclair .
Sinclair , Norton , Stirling and Cally escape to a fallout shelter entrance on horseback . They locate an underground facility in the forest and find an intact 2007 Bentley Continental GT , which they fuel up . Kane 's medieval knights arrive and kill Norton . Sinclair and the others drive the Bentley back to the quarantine wall . On the way , they are intercepted by Sol 's gang , who seeks to avenge Viper 's death . After a high @-@ speed chase , Sol and many of his men are killed and Sinclair 's group escape .
The car is tracked down by a government gunship . Canaris arrives and reveals he will let the virus continue as a form of population control and profit . Cally 's blood is to be used as a vaccine for the virus . Calley and Stirling board the gunship , while Sinclair chooses to stay behind . Nelson flies into the quarantine zone to speak with Sinclair and she gives him a recording of the conversation , the evidence to bring down Canaris . The recording is later broadcast to the rest of the country . Sinclair retrieves Sol 's head and returns to his gang . Looking at the head , they cheer , accepting Sinclair as their new leader .
= = Cast = =
Rhona Mitra as Major Eden Sinclair of the Department of Domestic Security , selected to lead a team to find a cure . The heroine was inspired by the character Snake Plissken . Mitra worked out and fight trained for eleven weeks for the film . Marshall described Mitra 's character as a soldier who has been rendered cold from her military indoctrination and her journey to find the cure for the virus is one of redemption . The character was originally written to have " funny " lines , but the director scaled back on the humor to depict Sinclair as more " hardcore " .
Bob Hoskins as Bill Nelson , Eden Sinclair 's boss . Marshall sought to have Hoskins emulate his " bulldog " role from the 1980 film The Long Good Friday .
Malcolm McDowell as Marcus Kane , a former scientist who now lives as a feudal lord in an abandoned castle , having medieval army under his command and controlling parts of the country . McDowell described his character as a King Lear . According to Marshall , Kane is based on Kurtz from Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . The director originally sought to bring Sean Connery out of retirement to play Kane but was unsuccessful .
Alexander Siddig as Prime Minister John Hatcher . Marshall originally wrote Hatcher as a sympathetic character misguided by Canaris , but revised the character to be more like Canaris in embracing political manipulation .
David O 'Hara as Michael Canaris , a senior official within the British government whose position is never stated , who acts as Hatcher 's puppeteer . Canaris was depicted to have a fascist background , speaking lines that paralleled Adolf Hitler 's mindset of cleansing .
Craig Conway as Sol , Kane 's son and the leader of the marauders . He has a biohazard sign tattooed on his back and a large scar across his chest . Even though he is Kane 's son , he distanced himself from him and formed his own army . He was a young child in the original 2008 quarantine .
Lee @-@ Anne Liebenberg as Viper , the wild woman who is Sol 's lover and his second @-@ in @-@ command .
Also cast as part of Eden Sinclair 's team were Adrian Lester as Sergeant Norton , Chris Robson as Miller , and Leslie Simpson as Carpenter . The names Miller and Carpenter were nods to directors George Miller and John Carpenter , whose films influenced Marshall 's Doomsday . Sean Pertwee and Darren Morfitt portrayed the team 's medical scientists , Dr Talbot and Dr Stirling , respectively . MyAnna Buring portrayed Kane 's daughter Cally . Emma Cleasby played Eden 's mother at the start of the film .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception = = =
Director Neil Marshall lived near the ruins of Hadrian 's Wall , a Roman fortification built to defend England against Scotland 's tribes . The director fantasised about what conditions would cause the Wall to be rebuilt and imagined a lethal virus would work . Marshall had also visualised a mixture of medieval and futuristic elements : " I had this vision of these futuristic soldiers with high @-@ tech weaponry and body armour and helmets — clearly from the future — facing a medieval knight on horseback . " The director favoured the English / Scottish border as the location for a rebuilt wall , finding the location more plausible than a lengthy boundary between the United States and Canada . Additionally , Scotland is the home to multiple castles , which fit Marshall 's medieval aspect .
The lethal virus in Doomsday differs from contemporary films like 28 Days Later and 28 Weeks Later by being an authentic plague that actually devastates the population , instead of infecting people so they become aggressive cannibals or zombies . Marshall intended the virus as the backdrop to the story , having survivors scavenge for themselves and set up a primitive society . The director drew from tribal history around the world to design the society . Though the survivors are depicted as brutal , Marshall sought to have " shades of gray " by characterising some people in England as selfishly manipulative .
The director intended Doomsday as a tribute to post @-@ apocalyptic films from the 1970s and 1980s , explaining , " Right from the start , I wanted my film to be an homage to these sorts of movies , and deliberately so . I wanted to make a movie for a new generation of audience that hadn 't seen those movies in the cinema — hadn 't seen them at all maybe — and to give them the same thrill that I got from watching them . But kind of contemporise it , pump up the action and the blood and guts . " Cinematic influences on Doomsday include :
Mad Max ( 1979 ) , The Road Warrior ( 1981 ) , and Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) : Marshall drew inspiration from the punk style of the films and also shaped Rhona Mitra 's character after Max Rockatansky as a police officer with a history .
Escape from New York ( 1981 ) : The director drew from the concepts of gang warfare and the experience of being walled @-@ in . Rhona Mitra 's character has an eye patch like Snake Plissken ( the eye patch is not in the last part of the film ) , though the director sought to create a plot point for the eye of Mitra 's character to reinforce its inclusion .
Excalibur ( 1981 ) : Marshall enjoyed John Boorman 's artistry in the film and sought to include its medieval aspects in Doomsday .
The Warriors ( 1979 ) : The director enjoyed the tough and violent films of Walter Hill , including the " visual style of the gang warfare " .
No Blade of Grass ( 1970 ) : Marshall perceived the film as a predecessor to 28 Days Later and 28 Weeks Later , though he sought to make Doomsday less straight @-@ faced .
The Omega Man ( 1971 ) : The director was inspired by the " empty city " notion of the film and drew upon its dark and gritty nature .
A Boy and His Dog ( 1974 ) : Marshall created a homage to the 1974 film 's ending by including a scene of a human being cooked in Doomsday .
Waterworld ( 1995 ) : The director enjoyed the gritty atmosphere and how people scavenge to survive and adapt in their new world .
Gladiator ( 2000 ) : Like in Gladiator , Marshall sought to put Mitra 's character through a trial by combat .
Children of Men ( 2006 ) : With the film coming out during the development of Doomsday , the director realised the similarity of the premises and sought to make his film " more bloody and more fun " .
Marshall also cited Metalstorm ( 1983 ) , Zulu ( 1964 ) , and works of director Terry Gilliam like The Fisher King ( 1991 ) as influences in producing Doomsday . Marshall acknowledged that his creation is " so outrageous you 've got to laugh " . He reflected , " I do think it 's going to divide audiences ... I just want them to be thrilled and enthralled . I want them to be overwhelmed by the imagery they 've seen . And go back and see it again . "
= = = Filming = = =
Rogue Pictures signed Marshall to direct Doomsday in October 2005 , and in November 2006 , actress Rhona Mitra was signed to star in Doomsday as the leader of the elite team . Production was budgeted at £ 17 million , an amount that was triple the combined total of Marshall 's previous two films , Dog Soldiers ( 2002 ) and The Descent ( 2005 ) . The increase in scale was a challenge to the director , who had been accustomed to small casts and limited locations . Marshall described the broader experience : " There 's fifty or more speaking parts ; I 'm dealing with thousands of extras , logistical action sequences , explosions , car chases — the works . "
Production began in February 2007 in South Africa , where the majority of filming took place . South Africa was chosen as a primary filming location for economic reasons , costing a third of estimated production in the United Kingdom . Shooting in South Africa lasted 56 days out of 66 days , with the remaining ten taking place in Scotland . Marshall said of South Africa 's appeal , " The landscape , the rock formations , I thought it was about as close to Scotland as you 're likely to get , outside of Ireland or Wales . " In Scotland , secondary filming took place in the city of Glasgow , including Haghill in the city 's East End , and at Blackness Castle in West Lothian , the latter chosen when filmmakers were unable to shoot at Doune Castle . The entire shoot , involving thousands of extras , included a series of complex fight scenes and pyrotechnical displays . The director sought to minimise the use of computer @-@ generated elements in Doomsday , preferring to subscribe to " old @-@ school filmmaking " . In the course of production , several sequences were dropped due to budgetary concerns , including a scene in which helicopter gunships attacked a medieval castle .
A massive car chase scene was filmed for Doomsday , described by Marshall to be one part Mad Max , one part Bullitt ( 1968 ) , and one part " something else entirely different " . Marshall had seen the Aston Martin DBS V12 used in the James Bond film Casino Royale ( 2006 ) and sought to implement a similarly " sexy " car . Since the car company did not do product placement , the filmmakers purchased three new Bentley Continental GTs for US $ 150 @,@ 000 each . The film also contains the director 's trademark gore and violence from previous films , including a scene where a character is cooked alive and eaten . The production was designed by Simon Bowles who had worked previously with Marshall on " Dog Soldiers " and " The Descent " . Paul Hyett , the prosthetic make @-@ up designer who worked on The Descent , contributed to the production , researching diseases including sexually transmitted diseases to design the make @-@ up for victims of the Reaper virus .
= = = Visual effects = = =
The visual effects for Doomsday stemmed from the 1980s stunt @-@ based films , involving approximately 275 visual effects shots . While filmmakers did not seek innovative visual effects , they worked with budget restrictions by creating set extensions . With most shots taking place in daylight , the extensions involved matte paint and 2D and 3D solutions . The visual effects crew visited Scotland to take reference photos so scenes that were filmed in Cape Town , South Africa could instead have Scottish backgrounds . Several challenges for the visual effects crew included the illustration of cow overpopulation in line with a decimated human population and the convincing creation of the rebuilt Hadrian Wall in different lights and from different distances . The most challenging visual effects shot in Doomsday was the close @-@ up in which a main character is burned alive . The shot required multiple enhancements and implementations of burning wardrobe , burning pigskin , and smoke and fire elements to look authentic .
Neil Marshall 's car chase sequence also involved the use of visual effects . A scene in which the Bentley crashes through a bus was intended to implement pyrotechnics , but fire marshals in the South African nature reserve , the filming location for the scene , forbade their use due to dry conditions . A miniature mock @-@ up was created and visual effects were applied so the filming of the mock @-@ up would overlay the filming of the actual scene without pyrotechnics . Other visual effects that were created were the Thames flood plain and a remote Scottish castle . A popular effect with the visual effects crew was the " rabbit explosion " scene , depicting a rabbit being shot by guns on automatic sensors . The crew sought to expand the singular shot , but Neil Marshall sought to focus on one shot to emphasize its comic nature and avoid drawing unnecessary sympathy from audiences .
= = = Music = = =
Marshall originally intended to include 1980s synth music in his film , but he found it difficult to combine the music with the intense action . Instead , composer Tyler Bates composed a score using heavy orchestra music . The film also included songs from the bands Adam and the Ants , Fine Young Cannibals , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Frankie Goes to Hollywood , and Kasabian . The song " Two Tribes " by Frankie Goes to Hollywood was the only song to remain in the film from the first draft of the screenplay . " Spellbound " by Siouxsie and the Banshees was a favorite song of the director , who sought to include it . Marshall also hoped to include the song " Into the Light " by the Banshees , but it was left out due to the producer disliking it and the cost being too high to license it .
= = Release = =
= = = Theatrical run = = =
For its theatrical run , the film was originally intended to be distributed by Focus Features under Rogue Pictures , but the company transferred Doomsday among other films to Universal Pictures for larger @-@ scale distribution and marketing beginning in 2008 . Doomsday was commercially released on 14 March 2008 in the United States and Canada in 1 @,@ 936 theatres , grossing US $ 4 @,@ 926 @,@ 565 in its opening weekend and ranking seventh in the box office , which Box Office Mojo reported as a " failed " opening . Its theatrical run in the United States and Canada lasted 28 days , ending on 10 April 2008 , having grossed US $ 11 @,@ 008 @,@ 770 . The film opened in the United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland , and Malta on 9 May 2008 , grossing a total of US $ 2 @,@ 027 @,@ 749 in its entire run . The film 's performance in the UK was considered a " disappointing run " . The film premiered in Italy in August 2008 , grossing an overall US $ 500 @,@ 000 . Worldwide , Doomsday has grossed US $ 22 @,@ 211 @,@ 426 .
= = = Critical response = = =
Doomsday was not screened for critics in advance of its commercial opening in cinemas . The film received mixed reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 50 % of critics gave the film positive write @-@ ups , based on a sample of 68 , with an average score of 5 @.@ 2 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads , " Doomsday is a pale imitation of previous futuristic thrillers , minus the cohesive narrative and charismatic leads . " At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 51 , based on 14 reviews .
Alison Rowat of The Herald perceived Doomsday as " decidedly everyday " for a thriller , with Marshall 's script having too many unanswered questions and characters not fully developed despite a decent cast . Rowat said , " In his previous films , Marshall made something out of nothing . Here he does the opposite " . The critic acknowledged the attempted homages and the B @-@ movie approach but thought that " there has to be something more " . Steve Pratt of The Northern Echo weighed in , " As a writer , Marshall leaves gaping holes in the plot while as a director he knows how to extract maximum punch from car chases , beatings and fights without stinting on the gore as body parts are lopped off with alarming frequency and bodies squashed to a bloody pulp . " Philip Key of the Liverpool Daily Post described the film , " Doomsday is a badly thought @-@ out science fiction saga which leaves more questions than answers . "
Alonso Duralde of MSNBC described Doomsday : " It 's ridiculous , derivative , confusingly edited and laden with gore , but it 's the kind of over @-@ the @-@ top grindhouse epic that wears down your defenses and eventually makes you just go with it . " Duralde believed that Mitra 's character would have qualified as a " memorable fierce chick " if the film was not so silly . David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer rated Doomsday at 2 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars and thought that the film was better paced than most fantasy @-@ action films , patiently building up its action scenes to the major " fireworks " where other films would normally be exhausted early on .
Reviewer James Berardinelli found the production of Doomsday to be a mess , complaining , " The action sequences might be more tense if they weren 't obfuscated by rapid @-@ fire editing , and the backstory is muddled and not all that interesting . " Berardinelli also believed the attempted development of parallel storylines to be too much for the film , weakening the eventual payoff . Dennis Harvey of Variety said Neil Marshall 's " flair for visceral action " made up for Doomsday 's lack of originality and that the film barely had a dull moment . He added , " There 's no question that Doomsday does what it does with vigor , high technical prowess and just enough humor to avoid turning ridiculous . " Harvey considered the conclusion relatively weak , and found the quality of the acting satisfactory for the genre , while reserving praise for the " stellar " work of the stunt personnel . Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle also praised the film 's stunts , noting that it was reminiscent of " the beauty of the exploitation film era " . Hartlaub said of the effect , " Hire a couple of great stuntmen and a halfway sober cinematographer , and you didn 't even need a screenwriter . "
Matt Zoller Seitz of The New York Times saw Rhona Mitra 's character as a mere impersonation of Snake Plissken and considered the film 's major supporting characters to be " lifeless " . Seitz described his discontent over the lack of innovation in the director 's attempted homages of older films : " Doomsday is frenetic , loud , wildly imprecise and so derivative that it doesn ’ t so much seem to reference its antecedents as try on their famous images like a child playing dress @-@ up . "
= = = Scottish response = = =
Scotland 's tourism agency VisitScotland welcomed Doomsday , hoping that the film would attract tourism by marketing Scotland to the rest of the world . The country 's national body for film and television , Scottish Screen , had contributed £ 300 @,@ 000 to the production of Doomsday , which provided economic benefits for the cast and crew who dwelt in Scotland . A spokesperson from Scottish Screen anticipated , " It 's likely to also attract a big audience who will see the extent to which Scotland can provide a flexible and diverse backdrop to all genres of film . "
In contrast , several parties have expressed concern that Doomsday presents negativity in England 's latent view of Scotland based on their history . Angus MacNeil , member of the Scottish National Party , said of the film 's impact : " The complimentary part is that people are thinking about Scotland as we are moving more and more towards independence . But the film depicts a country that is still the plaything of London . It is decisions made in London that has led to it becoming a quarantine zone . "
Doomsday was not nominated nor considered as a possible contender at the BAFTA Scotland awards despite being one of the largest productions in Scotland in recent memory ; £ 2 million was spent on local services . Director Neil Marshall applied for membership with the organisation to add " fresh blood " , but Doomsday was not mentioned during jury deliberations . According to a spokesperson from the organisation , the film was not formally submitted for consideration , and no one directly invited the filmmakers to discuss a possible entry . Several of BAFTA Scotland 's jury members believed that the criteria and procedures for a Scottish film were unclear and could have been more formalised .
= = = Haunted house = = =
Doomsday was used as inspiration in building a haunted house for Halloween Horror Nights in Orlando .
= = = Home media = = =
Doomsday was the first Blu @-@ ray title released by Universal Pictures after the studio 's initial support of the now @-@ folded HD DVD format . The unrated version was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on 29 July 2008 in the United States , containing an audio commentary and bonus materials covering the film 's post @-@ apocalyptic scenario , visual effects , and destructive vehicles and weapons . IGN assessed the unrated DVD 's video quality , writing , " For the most part , it 's a crisp disc that 's leaps above standard def . " The audio quality was considered up to par with the film 's loud scenes , though IGN found volume irregularity between the loud scenes and the quiet scenes . IGN called the commentary " a pretty straight @-@ up behind @-@ the @-@ scenes take on the movie and a bit over @-@ congratulatory " . It found the " most fascinating " featurette to be about visual effects , while deeming the other featurettes skippable .
= Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits =
Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits ( English : " Extraordinary News from Various Places " ) or Gazette de Leyde ( Gazette of Leiden ) was the most important newspaper of record of the international European newspapers of the late 17th to the late 18th century . In the last few decades of the 18th century it was one of the main political newspapers in the Western world .
It was published in French in Leiden , Netherlands . At that time the Netherlands enjoyed a significant freedom of the press . Its circulation likely exceeded 10 @,@ 000 , and it may have reached even up to 100 @,@ 000 .
= = Background = =
The Netherlands ( United Provinces ) were , in the 18th century , very tolerant in matters of freedom of the press and religious freedom . Compared to most contemporary countries , such as France , Great Britain or the Holy Roman Empire , there was little government interference ( censorship or monopolies ) . Many Huguenots fled France for the Netherlands during the reign of Louis XIV , particularly after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 . Several of them began publishing French @-@ language newspapers ( French being both their language and internationally used - see lingua franca ) in a number of European cities covering political news in France and Europe . Read by the European elite , these papers were known in France as the " foreign gazettes " ( fr. gazettes étrangères ) .
= = Contents and history = =
The paper was founded by a Huguenot family , the de la Fonts , and passed into the hands of another Huguenot family , the Luzacs , in 1738 . Sources vary on the exact date it was founded , suggesting 1660 , 1667 1669 or 1680 ; they all agree the publication continued to 1798 ( or 1811 under a different name ) .
It was published twice a week ( on Tuesdays and Thursdays ) in Leiden ( hence its popular unofficial name , Gazette de Leyde ) . The newspaper usually contained eight pages arranged as a four @-@ page booklet . The size varied ; surviving examples are generally 11 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 6 in ) by 19 @.@ 4 centimetres ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) or 12 @.@ 3 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 8 in ) by 19 @.@ 8 centimetres ( 7 @.@ 8 in ) , in which the text is organized into two columns . A four @-@ page , single column supplement was published from 1753 . The paper quality varied , war time conditions often enforced use of low quality stock , and the print was small and cramped . Subscriptions from France amounted to over 2 @,@ 500 by 1778 , at an annual cost of 36 livres .
Despite being a French @-@ language publication , the gazette was seen as independent of France . Its production was tolerated and even encouraged by the authorities , who often used Gazette de Leyde and other similar publications for their own ends , when wishing to publicize information that could not be released via the official channels . The paper also gave voice to institutions like the Parliament of France that were finding it difficult to publish in the official French newspaper , the Gazette de France .
Nouvelles Extraordinaires , like other newspapers of its time , gave primarily political and commercial information , classified by source and date of arrival ( the oldest , from the most distant lands , coming first ) . It offered reports on international politics , such as wars and diplomatic relations , as well as coverage of major domestic affairs . The newspaper also contained trivia , editorials and advertising . Like many other early newspapers , it offered judgments and prognostications , and was in the main a juxtaposition of rumors and announcements from various sources , presented without much unification .
It is distinguished by its position against the French absolute monarchy , support for religious tolerance , including for Jansenism , support for democratic reforms such as the introduction of parliaments , support for the American independence and the Polish Constitution of May 3 , 1791 . The newspaper preferred to praise the changes in Poland ( the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ) more than those in France , criticizing the violence of the French Revolution , and contrasting it with the peaceful transformation in Poland . This relative lack of support for the French Revolution may explain why the paper was abolished on 23 April 1798 , three years after the invasion of the Netherlands by France and the Batavian Revolution . It reappeared as the Nouvelles politiques publiées à Leyde in October , but it was seen as no longer independent . Under a new name — Journal politique publié à Leyde — it lasted from 1804 until 1811 , but it never regained its audience and its quality , and disappeared after the annexation of Holland by the French Empire . A new Leyden Gazette briefly appeared after the liberation of Holland in 1814 .
= = Impact = =
Its circulation reached several thousand , with the highest estimates of about 10 @,@ 000 issues , and copies of it were found from Moscow and Istanbul to Madrid and the United States . With unlicensed copies and shared subscriptions its circulation might have even been several times higher , reaching at the highest estimates close to 100 @,@ 000 .
Nouvelles Extraordinaires was the most popular of about 20 French @-@ language newspapers published mainly outside France , most in the Netherlands and Germany ( in terms of popularity , it was followed by Gazette d 'Amsterdam and later , Courier du Bas @-@ Rhin ) . Thomas Jefferson referred to it as " the best in Europe " and " the only one worth reading " and it was said to be the only journal read by Louis XVI . The paper 's impact and recognition on the 18th century has been compared to that of the London Times in the 19th century , and the New York Times in the 20th .
= = Editors = =
The newspaper editors were :
Jean Alexandre de la Font ( 1677 – 1685 )
Claude Jordan ( 1685 ? -1688 ? )
Anthony de la Font ( 1689 – 1738 )
Etienne Luzac ( 1738 – 1772 )
Jean Luzac ( 1772 – 1798 )
= Furry convention =
A furry convention ( also furry con or fur con ) is a formal gathering of members of the furry fandom — people who are interested in the concept of fictional non @-@ human characters with human characteristics . These conventions provide a place for fans to meet , exchange ideas , transact business and engage in entertainment and recreation centered on this concept . Originating in California , USA during the mid @-@ 1980s , there are now over 40 annual furry conventions worldwide , mostly in North America and Europe . The largest furry convention is Anthrocon which is held each year in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .
Furry conventions offer a range of volunteer @-@ led programming , usually focusing on anthropomorphic art , crafts , music and literature . Some raise money for charity . Attendees often dress up and wear artistic name badges for identification , though the majority do not bring fursuits . They may also spend money on the work of amateur and professional artists , both directly and at auction .
= = Origin and growth = =
Furry conventions started in mid @-@ 1986 with parties at popular science fiction conventions , such as Westercon and BayCon in the San Francisco Bay Area . Over time , these parties split off into conventions of their own , starting with ConFurence 0 in 1989 . Attendance at furry conventions has been growing , with the number of conventions , total attendance of all conventions and maximum size of a single convention all doubling over the period 2000 – 2006 .
Furry conventions sometimes start out as furmeets , where groups of local fans meet at a regular location , often on a scheduled basis . As the local community grows , these groups may put on events which attract dealer attention or significant fan activity and which become recognized as fully @-@ fledged conventions . Other conventions spring up in the wake of discontinued events ; for example , Califur was founded in 2004 following the final ConFurence in 2003 , in order to keep a furry convention in the Los Angeles Basin and Furpocalypse was founded in 2014 , after FurFright hosted their last event in 2013 .
= = Activities = =
Convention programming includes presentations , panels , workshops and tutorials on anthropomorphic culture , from literature , fiction and art to science , technology and spirituality . The convention will often provide space for stand @-@ up comedy routines by entertainers like Uncle Kage and 2 , filk music , many kinds of gaming , and roleplaying sessions , as well as numerous puppeteering and performing arts events . A unifying theme is common for larger events .
Most conventions will feature some kind of an art show , in which artists ' work is displayed , often for direct purchase or auction during the convention . There will often be a Dealers Den where art and comic book distributors and other merchants can sell their wares for a fee , and an Artists ' Alley where individual artists are given space for no fee or a token fee , usually on the condition that they only sell their own work . Artists may also trade art between each other using sketchbooks . Erotic art is typically allowed if kept separate from other pieces , and only shown to adult attendees ; a few conventions are rated strictly PG @-@ 13 . Individual transactions are relatively small ( usually around US $ 10 – $ 50 for sketches or badges , $ 10 – $ 200 for auction pieces ) , but the total can approach US $ 100 @,@ 000 at the largest events ( excluding professional dealers ) .
Major conventions tend to have a rave on at least one evening . Often there is a " fursuit @-@ friendly " dance prior to the main event , with raised lighting and slower music to offset fursuiters ' reduced vision and mobility . The use of glowsticks and illuminated poi are popular once the lights are dimmed . A furry convention is also an opportunity to socialize , and private parties for subgroups of the fandom are common .
Conventions with significant numbers of fursuiters may offer an event known as the furry games , furry races , or critterlympics . These focus on feats of dexterity suited to multiple players in teams , such as dragging a sled filled with plush toys or other fursuiters around a marked track , or racing back and forth while tethered to one another with a hula hoop .
Some conventions have established charity auctions , which ( in the US ) usually raise several thousand dollars for the convention 's yearly charity , typically a wildlife refuge , nature reserve , animal shelter , sanctuary or rescue group . Organizers may also donate from the convention 's own funds . In total , furry conventions raised over US $ 50 @,@ 000 for charity in 2006 , with Further Confusion and Anthrocon raising over US $ 60 @,@ 000 throughout their history .
= = Attendees = =
Attendees include artists and dealers offering products and services for sale to fans , and those wish to buy them . Others come for the programming , or to meet friends or other furry fans in general . Many attend for all of these reasons . Some later publish a con report detailing their experiences .
Attendees of major conventions receive a bag with the convention book ( or conbook ) , a lavishly illustrated volume featuring themed artwork , fiction and articles submitted by members and the Guests of Honor , along with a description of the event 's programming , staff , rules , guests and any charity being supported by the convention . Local restaurant information and a combination pocket schedule and map may also be included . Sponsors often receive additional items such as T @-@ shirts , pins or ribbons , as well as faster registration badge pick @-@ up and on @-@ site meals ( some conventions provide a con suite with basic refreshments for all members ) . They may also be displayed prominently in convention publications .
Fans may wear a full or partial fursuit or other costume to express their identity and entertain others , though typically less than 15 % of attendees bring a costume , and few of these wear them all the time . Others may wear accessories such as ears or a tail , particularly outside the main convention area . Nearly all will wear one or more custom convention badges featuring a depiction of their anthropomorphic persona , some with attached ribbons providing an indicator of social status , such as a notice of affiliation , or sponsorship of the convention . Sales of such accessories form a part of the commerce at furry conventions .
Attendees under the age of majority are commonly allowed to attend with a notarized parental permission slip or accompanied by an adult . Eurofurence is one exception , only admitting those above 18 . Underage attendees are usually given a distinctive badge to allow staff and dealers to restrict access to mature content . Government @-@ issued photo ID is usually required .
= = Organization and staffing = =
Furry conventions are run and staffed by volunteers , though venues may require certain activities to be contracted out . Event funding typically relies on convention registrations . Many of the larger conventions are incorporated as non @-@ profit organizations , usually to achieve tax @-@ exempt status and safeguard the organizers ' personal assets - in the US , some are 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) charities , while others are registered as recreational clubs . The largest events may require up to a hundred volunteers , not including gofers . Volunteers are thanked for their participation during the closing ceremonies , which are usually well @-@ attended , and often receive T @-@ shirts or other benefits .
= = Timing and duration = =
Most furry conventions take place over a weekend , with events scheduled between Friday evening and Sunday afternoon . Saturday is typically the busiest day , as most fans must return home on Sunday . One @-@ day passes are sometimes sold at a reduced price .
Reasons for this include :
Most fans would have to take a vacation from work or study to attend an event held during the work week .
Transportation costs are often lower for weekend travelers .
Hotels have few business travelers during the weekend , making it much easier to reserve a block of rooms and secure space for programming at a reduced price . Many fans are students and have little discretionary income , so hotel and convention fees are important factors .
As a given convention expands in growth over the years , increased demand for programming often results in events scheduled late into the night . Convention activities may also be extended to Thursday and early Friday for early arrivals . Unofficial activities are frequently coordinated by groups of people on Sunday evening and Monday morning , usually open to anyone who wishes to join , and may include bowling , bar hopping , visits to arcades , shopping malls , theme parks , zoos , dinner or morning brunch .
= = Media and public perception = =
While small , and often avoiding media coverage , furry conventions have increasingly become a topic of attention for the news and mass media :
The Commercial Appeal covered Mephit FurMeet 7 in September 2003 . Two years later , The Memphis Flyer did a piece about MFM 2005 .
An October 2003 episode of CSI featured PafCon , a fictional furry convention held in Las Vegas . Reactions to the show were varied .
A CBC Newsworld episode of Culture Shock about furries spent much of its time covering Howloween 2003 in November .
The News Tribune of Tacoma wrote a short article about Conifur Northwest 2004 .
The Financial Times Weekend Magazine took a look at Anthrocon 2005 .
The Corner News of Auburn , Alabama covered Rocket City FurMeet 2006 .
Several newspapers were invited to attend Anthrocon 2006 , including the Pittsburgh Tribune @-@ Review , the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette , and the Pittsburgh City Paper , which printed both a preview and an extensive review . When local television station KDKA @-@ TV showed up , chairman Samuel Conway gave a short television interview outside the convention hotel . There was similar coverage in 2007 .
The Montreal Gazette covered Anthrofest 2007 .
Eurofurence 13 received extensive coverage by several regional newspapers in Thuringia .
An undercover reporter from Hartford Advocate attended FurFright 2007 and published her findings
A suspected chlorine gas attack on December 7 , 2014 , resulted in nineteen Midwest FurFest attendees being sent to the hospital . MSNBC " Morning Joe " host Mika Brzezinski was so amused that she had walk off the set of the show due to uncontrollable laughter .
One public misconception — popularized by the CSI episode " Fur and Loathing " — is that furry conventions are places for people to dress up as animals and perform sexual acts with each other . In an article about furries , Vanity Fair described some hotel guests as " stunned " , with some calling convention @-@ goers " freaks " , " blatant homosexuals " , and various derogatory terms . Some U.S. Army personnel present during the same convention described attendees as " a little unusual " and " people that have problems " , while others considered the event " something nice to bring kids to . "
= History of Dallas ( 1874 – 1929 ) =
The history of Dallas , Texas , United States from 1874 to 1929 documents the city 's rapid growth and emergence as a major center for transportation , trade and finance . Originally a small community built around agriculture , the convergence of several railroads made the city a strategic location for several expanding industries . During the time , Dallas prospered and grew to become the most populous city in Texas , lavish steel and masonry structures replaced timber constructions , Dallas Zoo , Southern Methodist University , and an airport were established . Conversely , the city suffered multiple setbacks with a recession from a series of failing markets ( the " Panic of 1893 " ) and the disastrous flooding of the Trinity River in the spring of 1908 .
= = Shift to industry = =
The shift towards manufacturing and heavy industry in Dallas formed partially out of problems hurting Dallas area cotton farmers . After purchasing supplies on credit during the year , farmers owed merchants most of their crop , whose price was lowered by the high shipping costs to the port of Galveston . Worldwide cotton prices were low , due to overproduction . The Farmers ' Alliance , created in 1877 , hoped to help farmers by setting up a Dallas warehouse to ship cotton to St. Louis . However , bankers refused to finance the warehouse , and the venture failed within twenty months .
There was little manufacturing in Dallas . The city began to light its streets with gas lamps in 1874 and began to brick over dirt lanes . In 1880 , the first telephone switchboard came to Dallas , linking the water company and the fire station . In 1885 , the Main Street was lit with electricity . In 1888 , the Dallas Zoo opened as the first zoo in the state . In 1890 , Dallas annexed the geographically @-@ larger city of East Dallas , making it the most populous city in Texas .
= = Panic of 1893 = =
Following the national financial " Panic of 1893 " , numerous business failed , including five local banks . Cotton prices dipped below five cents a pound , and the lumber and flour markets weakened .
By 1898 however , the city began to recover and grow again . Restored growth invigorated the skilled workers , who joined trade unions afficiated with the American Federation of Labor , which granted a charter to the Trades Assembly of Dallas in 1899 to coordinate local activity
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and prevent jurisdictional disputes .
In 1894 , Parkland Memorial Hospital opened just west of Oak Lawn . In 1903 , Oak Cliff , a city across the Trinity River , was annexed . The same year , the Wilson Building , patterned after Paris ' Grand Opera House , opened on Main Street in downtown .
By the turn of the century Dallas was the leading wholesale market in the entire Southwestern United States for many products . More important it became the world center for the cotton trade . It led the world in the manufacturing of saddlery and cotton gin machinery . As it further entered the 20th century , Dallas built up a major presence in banking and insurance .
= = Progressive reform = =
Progressive Era reformers sought to improve municipal government by such changes as the commission system , city planning , and zoning controls . The interests of white business and residential districts were protected , but sometimes at the expense of blacks who lived in segregated neighborhoods . Fairbanks ( 1999 ) explores the changing assumptions about city planning and government among the city 's leaders . Dissatisfied with its haphazard development they endorsed centralized planning and wrote and secured the adoption of a new charter and set up a board of commissioners . The commission structure , however , caused government officials to view the city in separate parts rather than as a whole . By the 1920s supporters of comprehensive planning were calling for a program that included adoption of council @-@ manager government , a citywide zoning policy , and public funds for improvements in parks , sewers , schools , and city streets . Voters approved the bond proposals and charter amendments in 1927 and 1930 . Dallas thus achieved a more coordinated government which was theoretically more aware of the city 's needs and more able to treat those needs equally for the benefit of the city as a whole .
= = Self image = =
The city 's fathers originally depicted Dallas as southern in order to rationalize slavery and opposition to Reconstruction , but this discouraged Northern investment and the political support of wealthy northern migrants to the city . From the 1870s on , Dallas leaders portrayed the city as southwestern , or later as part of the " Sunbelt " , in order to incorporate wealthy non @-@ southern whites , including Jews , into society . For example , between 1852 and 1925 the seven Sanger brothers built successful mercantile businesses along developing railroad lines , including the Sanger Bros. department store , and occupied numerous city and state government posts . White blue collar workers were marginalized , and even more so the Mexican Americans , and blacks .
= = Gender = =
Women did much to establish the fundamental elements of the social structure of the city , focusing their energies on families , schools , and churches during the city 's pioneer days . Many of the organizations which created a modern urban scene were founded and led by middle class women . Through voluntary organizations and club work , they connected their city to national cultural and social trends . By the 1880s women in temperance and suffrage movements shifted the boundaries between private and public life in Dallas by pushing their way into politics in the name of social issues .
During 1913 @-@ 19 , advocates of woman suffrage drew on the educational and advertising techniques of the national parties and the lobbying tactics of the women 's club movement . They also tapped into popular culture , successfully using popular symbolism and traditional ideals to adapt community festivals and social gatherings to the task of political persuasion . The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association developed a suffrage campaign based on social values and community standards . Community and social occasions served as recruiting opportunities for the suffrage cause , blunting its radical implications with the familiarity of customary events and dressing it in the values of traditional female behavior , especially propriety .
Women of color usually operated separately . Juanita Craft ( 1902 – 85 ) was a leader in the civil rights movement through the Dallas NAACP . She focused on working with black youths , organizing them as the vanguard in protests against segregation practices in Texas .
= = 1908 flood = =
The relationship between Dallas and the Trinity River was never as healthy as Dallasites had hoped for . Dallas 's establishment on the banks of the Trinity was done with hopes that navigation south to the Trinity and Galveston Bays , and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico , would be realized . However , attempts to even move paddleboats up and down the river proved futile , and plans to transform the river into a canal never came to fruition . The Trinity also suffered from chronic flooding : floods occurred in 1844 , 1866 , 1871 , and 1890 , but none were as severe as the flood of 1908 . On May 26 , 1908 , the Trinity River reached a depth of 52 @.@ 6 feet ( 16 @.@ 03 m ) and a width of 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) . Five people died , 4 @,@ 000 were left homeless , and property damages were estimated at $ 2 @.@ 5 million .
Dallas was without power for three days , all telephone and telegraph service was down , and rail service was canceled . The only way to reach Oak Cliff was by boat . West Dallas was hit harder than any other part of the city — the Dallas Times Herald said " indescribable suffering " plagued the area . Much to the horror of residents , thousands of livestock drowned in the flood and some became lodged in the tops of trees — the stench of their decay hung over the city as the water subsided .
= = Flood control = =
After the disastrous flood , the city wanted to find a way to control the reckless Trinity and to build a bridge linking Oak Cliff and Dallas . The immediate reaction was citizens and the city clamoring to build an indestructible , all @-@ weather crossing over the Trinity . This had already been attempted following the 1890 flood — the result was the " Long Wooden Bridge , " that connected Jefferson Boulevard in Oak Cliff and Cadiz in Dallas , but the unstable wooden structure was washed swiftly away by the 1908 flood . George B. Dealey , publisher of the Dallas Morning News , proposed a 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) concrete bridge similar to one crossing the Missouri River in Kansas City . Ultimately a US $ 650 @,@ 000 bond election was approved and in 1912 , the Oak Cliff viaduct ( now the Houston Street viaduct ) was opened among festivities drawing 58 @,@ 000 spectators . The bridge , at the time , was the longest concrete structure in the world .
Efforts beyond this had begun in 1911 when George Kessler , a city planner , created a plan for both the Trinity and the city . His plans included using levees to divert the river , removing railroad lines on Pacific Avenue , consolidating train depots into a central station , new parks and playgrounds , and the straightening and widening of several streets . Most of his plans lay unimplemented , but in later years , many began to see its importance . In 1920 , Kessler was brought back to update his plan and by the 1930s many of his plans had been realized .
= = Financial center = =
Efforts began in 1910 to have Southwestern University in Georgetown relocate to Dallas . The school refused , but this action brought Dallas to the attention of the Methodists . They voted in 1911 to establish a university in Dallas , after the city offered $ 300 @,@ 000 and 666 @.@ 5 acres ( 2 @.@ 70 km2 ) of land for the campus . In 1915 , Southern Methodist University opened and is still operational today .
In 1911 , Dallas became the location of the eleventh regional branch of the Federal Reserve Bank . The city had campaigned to have it located in Dallas for years , and the bank 's arrival assured Dallas 's place as a major financial center .
In 1912 , The Adolphus Hotel was constructed in downtown Dallas . The Beaux Arts style building , at twenty @-@ one stories and 312 feet ( 95 m ) was the tallest building in Texas at the time . It officially opened on October 5 , 1912 . In August 1922 , the 29 @-@ story Magnolia Petroleum Building ( now the Magnolia Hotel ) opened next door and took the title of tallest @-@ in @-@ Texas .
Aviation became a popular topic in World War I. Love Field was established as an aviation training ground , and Fair Park was the home of Camp Dick , a training facility as well . The city purchased Love Field in 1927 to use as a municipal airport .
= House at 130 Mohegan Avenue =
The House at 130 Mohegan Avenue , also known as the House of Steel or Steel House , is a prefabricated , modular , International Style house in New London , Connecticut , United States . The House was designed by Howard T. Fisher , who founded General Houses , Inc. in 1932 . Winslow Ames , a professor of art history at Connecticut College and the art director of the Lyman Allyn Museum , had the home built after attending the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago . The House is a single story 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) by 37 feet ( 11 m ) rectangular steel prefabricated home that rests upon a concrete slab . It originally had a flat roof and included an attached garage . Throughout the years , the house has undergone significant alteration , including the addition of a gable roof .
The house was used by Ames , and later by Connecticut College , as a rental property , until the structure was slated for demolition in 2004 . The push to restore the house is credited to Doug Royalty , who worked with the college 's Abigail Van Slyck . Completed in 2013 , restoration cost $ 500 @,@ 000 and involved several phases , including the dismantling , transportation , and reassembly of the house . The house was added to the Connecticut Historic Register in July 2007 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28 , 2009 .
= = Construction and use = =
The house was designed by Howard T. Fisher , who founded General Houses , Inc . , and commissioned by Winslow Ames , a professor of art history at Connecticut College and the art director of the Lyman Allyn Museum . In 1933 , Ames decided to construct two houses on the museum @-@ owned property after seeing prefabricated homes at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago . Ames had a strong interest in the Modernism movement and believed such houses would become predominant .
Completed in November 1933 and costing about $ 4 @,@ 500 in total , the House is a single story 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) by 37 feet ( 11 m ) rectangular steel prefabricated home that rests upon a concrete slab . The house is frameless , with the weight borne by 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) by 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) steel panels ; the exterior panels are flanged and vertically bolted through wooden T @-@ shaped pieces . The interior wall panels are made of steel and filled with insulation . Originally the house had a flat roof , but it changed to a gable roof at an unknown time . The house has two bedrooms , one bathroom , and an open living @-@ dining @-@ kitchen space . The house also has an attached garage .
After its completion , Winslow Ames used the house as a rental property until 1949 when he went to work in a museum in Springfield , Missouri . The house was sold to Connecticut College . Connecticut College continued to rent it to staff and students until 2004 , when plans were made to demolish the house . Changing the flat roof to a gable roof was a significant alteration from the original plan ; the date of the alteration is unknown , but it preceded 1995 .
= = Restoration = =
In 2008 , an article in The Day stated that the push to restore the house came from conservation specialist Doug Royalty , who was researching prefabricated homes from the 1920s and 1930s . Royalty approached Abigail Van Slyck , the chairwoman of Connecticut College 's art history department and architectural studies program about the house . The Day referred to the house 's historic value as a new discovery , but its history was included in the Winslow Ames House National Register of Historic Places nomination in 1995 . The Winslow Ames House nomination detailed the House 's origin , but criticized its gable roof modification . After its re @-@ discovery , Connecticut College began collecting grants to restore the house under the direction of Royalty and Van Slyck . Royalty stated that the House and Winslow Ames House are very rare , with only a few surviving examples in the United States .
In April 2007 , the leaking roof was repaired . In December 2007 , the House received a $ 28 @,@ 500 grant from the Dr. Scholl Foundation . The grant was used to complete lead @-@ paint abatement , which would make conducting other restoration work safer . By 2010 , the Dr. Scholl Foundation granted another $ 50 @,@ 000 and a family foundation provided another $ 50 @,@ 000 for the restoration . It was reported that other college grants totaling $ 15 @,@ 500 were given for preservation planning , in part by the Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation . It was reported in May 2010 that a matching grant of $ 101 @,@ 500 was given to Connecticut College from the Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism , which provided the funding for the next phase of renovations for restoring the House .
The celebration for the House 's completed restoration was held in October 2013 . The cost of restoration totaled around $ 500 @,@ 000 . The building was dismantled , transported to Philadelphia for restoration and treatment for rust resistance , and then reassembled on the campus . The work was performed by Milner + Carr , a conservation company . The house was added to the Connecticut Historic Register on July 2007 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28 , 2009 .
= Confidence Man ( Lost ) =
" Confidence Man " is the eighth episode of the first season of Lost . The episode was directed by Tucker Gates and written by Damon Lindelof . It first aired on November 10 , 2004 , on ABC . The character of James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) is featured in the episode 's flashbacks . Sawyer is accused of stealing Shannon Rutherford 's ( Maggie Grace ) inhaler , and Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) tortures him in an attempt to find out where it is . In the flashbacks , Sawyer 's life before the crash is revealed , showing his scams as a confidence man .
The episode was intended to make Sawyer look like less of a belligerent , as he had generally acted as the antagonist in previous episodes . It also set the stage for the love triangle between Kate , Sawyer , and Jack . The episode was first broadcast in the United States on November 10 , 2004 , earning 18 @.@ 44 million viewers . It received mostly positive reviews , although a few reviewers discussed aspects of the episode that they felt did not blend in well with the rest of the episode and series .
= = Plot = =
= = = Flashbacks = = =
Sawyer is in bed with a young woman , Jessica ( Kristin Richardson ) . After he declares his love for her , she realizes he is late for a meeting . As he rushes to leave , his briefcase falls open , revealing thousands of dollars in cash he claims she was not supposed to have seen . Sawyer then informs her that he is meeting someone to get money for an investment that will triple his cash in two weeks , and Jessica tells him that she will get additional money from her husband , David ( Michael DeLuise ) , so that she and Sawyer can split the profit . Later , Sawyer is revealed to be a con artist in debt with a loan shark , Kilo ( Billy Mayo ) , who demands his money back , plus fifty percent , by the next day . Sawyer goes to Jessica 's house to finalize the deal , but reconsiders upon seeing a small boy ( Jim Woitas ) emerge from another room . He suddenly calls off the con , drops his briefcase of money , and rushes out of their house .
= = = On the island = = =
It is Day 9 , September 30 , 2004 . On the beach , Sawyer catches Boone Carlyle ( Ian Somerhalder ) searching through his stash of items he salvaged from the crash , and Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) attends to a wound on the head of Sayid . Sayid reports his failure in triangulating the distress signal , and the destruction of the transceiver by his attacker . Shannon brings a bloody Boone to the caves , where he explains to Jack that Sawyer beat him , and that his sister Shannon 's asthma has become a problem . Many of the survivors become convinced that Sawyer is hoarding some inhalers from the wreck . Jack unsuccessfully demands the inhalers from Sawyer , and when Kate does the same , Sawyer says he will give up the inhaler if Kate kisses him . Kate calls his bluff and challenges him about the letter he often reads . Sawyer makes Kate read the letter aloud . The letter is addressed to " Mr. Sawyer " and explains that Mr. Sawyer had sex with the letter writer 's mother and stole all of the letter writer 's father 's money , resulting in the father killing his wife and himself .
As Sayid and John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) discuss the attack on Sayid , Locke suggests that Sawyer is the culprit , since he is doing well for himself on the island , hoarding other people 's possessions , and also seems to dislike Sayid . Meanwhile , Shannon begins to have trouble breathing due to her lack of medication and panic resulting from this problem . Jack tries beating answers out of Sawyer by punching him , but stops when he sees others ' disapproval . Then with Jack 's approval , Sayid ties Sawyer to a tree and tortures him for answers , revealing that he has tortured people before .
Sawyer finally agrees to give up the inhalers , but only to Kate . He again says he will hand over the medication if she kisses him , which she reluctantly does , only to be told by him that he does not have the medication after all . Kate elbows Sawyer , and an enraged Sayid attacks him , stabbing him in the arm and hitting an artery . Jack arrives to stop the bleeding and save Sawyer 's life .
Sawyer wakes up the next day , October 1 , 2004 , with his arm bandaged up , while Kate looks on . She tells Sawyer that she knows the letter was written when Sawyer was a kid , and also works out that the letter wasn 't written to Sawyer , but by him . He tells Kate that his real name isn 't Sawyer and that the letter was written to the real Sawyer , a con man , who ruined his family . He ended up becoming a con man himself , so he took the name Sawyer as an alias . He snatches the letter from Kate and tells her not to feel sorry for him and to leave .
Despite pleas from Kate , Sayid sets off to explore the island 's shoreline in self @-@ imposed isolation , needing time to come to terms with his actions in torturing Sawyer , while Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) helps Shannon by making a eucalyptus salve to clear her bronchial passages . Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) convinces Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) to move to the caves , because they made a deal that if Charlie found peanut butter , she would move ; Charlie shares an imaginary jar of peanut butter with her . Sawyer attempts to burn the letter he wrote , but he finds himself unable to go through with it .
= = Production = =
The episode was written to humanize Sawyer and set up the love triangle between him , Kate and Jack . Kate was meant to look at Sawyer in a new way , and , according to Lindelof , think , " wow , this guy is not just a belligerent . " The episode also shows the moral ambiguity of some characters by revealing more of their personalities , with the ones introduced as protagonists doing things that are generally not viewed as protagonist @-@ like – an example being Jack beating Sawyer and eventually asking Sayid to torture him ; and an antagonistic character , Sawyer , proving not to be solely antagonist @-@ like – an example being his backstory and flashback , which show that he is not exclusively evil . Lindelof explained that he wanted Sawyer to " come out of his shell a little , and say to the audience , ' you 're supposed to like this guy ' " , further explaining , " the root of him being an asshole is that these horrible things happened to him when he was a little kid , and he 's really really angry . "
Sawyer and Jin @-@ Soo Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) were the least @-@ liked characters by viewers during the first few episodes , because , according to Lindelof , " they were just really obnoxious , bad guys " . In later episodes , however , Sawyer and Jin changed to be more likable . Towards the beginning of " Confidence Man " , Sawyer is seen reading the novel Watership Down by Richard Adams ( this is the book that caused Boone to think that Sawyer took Shannon 's inhaler ) . The novel has numerous similarities to Lost , including " letting go " , and building a society . Furthermore , the protagonists of Watership Down are rabbits – a recurring motif in Lost . The episode ends with a montage of various characters performing different activities , featuring the song " I Shall Not Walk Alone " , written by Ben Harper and performed by The Blind Boys of Alabama . One lyric from the song is , " I just reach for mother Mary " ; Sawyer 's mother 's name is Mary , and , according to reviewer Therese Odell from the Houston Chronicle , the lyric may be alluding to this . Also , percussionist Ryan McKinnie of The Blind Boys of Alabama said of many members of the group 's blindness , " Our disability doesn ’ t have to be a handicap . It 's not about what you can 't do . It 's about what you do . And what we do is sing good gospel music . " This quotation is very similar to the oft @-@ repeated quotation by many characters ( especially Locke ) , " Don 't tell me what I can 't do . "
= = Reception = =
" Confidence Man " first aired in the United States on November 10 , 2004 . 18 @.@ 44 million people in America watched the episode live , a slight decrease from the previous episode , " The Moth " , which garnered 18 @.@ 73 million viewers . The episode received mixed @-@ to @-@ positive reviews . Chris Carabott of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 4 / 10 and called it " a well @-@ written , fascinating character piece that does an excellent job of bringing Sawyer into the spotlight " , later praising Josh Holloway 's performance , writing that " The success of this episode begins and ends with Josh Holloway . So far , we know that he 's good at playing Sawyer : The Tough Guy , but now he has to sell a multilayered fragment of a human being who hates himself for becoming the man who destroyed his family . Holloway succeeds in creating a character that quickly unravels throughout the episode as his terrible secret is revealed . " The website later ranked " Confidence Man " the 47th best episode of Lost , praising how it " change [ d ] your entire perspective of a character " in revealing how Sawyer came to be , which made a starting point for " one of the greatest character arcs not only in Lost , but in all of modern television . "
Ryan McGee of Zap2it also had a positive review of the episode , writing that " Confidence Man " was " A taut , tense , character @-@ based episode which excelled on the Island and paid off in the flashback as well . " Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a 82 / 100 , praising Sawyer 's performance , and writing that it was a " a very well written story " , but criticized the music montage at the end as being a crutch , explaining that " It ’ s as if the directors can ’ t think of any other way to finish the show . " Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club gave " Confidence Man " a B and wrote that " Sawyer ’ s flashback is really well done " , but adds that " Lost — at least at this point in its run — is not calibrated for one of its characters to torture another one . The episode simply doesn ’ t do enough to get us to the point where we can understand why this event was necessary , and why cooler heads couldn ’ t have prevailed . " Todd VanDerWerff of The Los Angeles Times ranked the episode as the 83rd best of Lost ( excluding the finale ) , writing the episode is " Not bad , but giving Sawyer a big , epic origin story feels kind of beside the point . "
= Out from Under =
" Out from Under " is a song by American recording artist Britney Spears , taken from her sixth studio album , Circus ( 2008 ) . The song was written by Shelly Peiken , Arnthor Birgisson , and Wayne Hector , initially for the soundtrack of Bratz : The Movie , featuring vocals of American recording artist Joanna Pacitti . After approaching Spears and Guy Sigsworth in 2008 , the songwriters suggested the singer to re @-@ record the song for her album . " Out from Under " is a soft rock song that alludes to the ending of Spears ' marriage with Kevin Federline , and blends the singer 's breathy vocals with acoustic guitars in the background .
Despite not being released as a single , " Out from Under " managed to peak at number nineteen on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , following the release of Circus , and at number thirty @-@ two in Sweden . The song was featured on the fifth season of MTV 's The Hills .
= = Background = =
In early 2007 , songwriters Shelly Peiken , Arnthor Birgisson , and Wayne Hector wrote a song titled " Out from Under " for the soundtrack of Bratz : The Movie . The song was recorded by Joanna Pacitti in Stockholm , Sweden . In 2008 , it was confirmed that Spears was in the process of recording her sixth studio album . Her manager Larry Rudolph confirmed the singer would spend " her summer in the recording studio " to work on it . Despite no official album confirmation at the time , Rudolph revealed they were happy with her progress and that she had been working with a range of producers , such as Sean Garrett , Guy Sigsworth , Danja and Bloodshy & Avant . Sigsworth and Spears were approached by the songwriters of " Out from Under " , who suggested the singer to re @-@ record the song for the album . Spears recorded her vocals for the song at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California , while audio mixing and vocal recording was done by Andy Page . Background vocals were provided by Leah Haywood . The song appeared on a six @-@ song mix of Circus that was released on November 13 , 2008 . In an interview included on the deluxe edition of Circus , Spears revealed that she " [ has ] always loved ballads . It 's like , there is always a time on the show , a transition where you can gather your thoughts , and [ ... ] just chill " . The singer also said she wrote " My Baby " during the recording sessions of " Out from Under " .
= = Music and lyrics = =
" Out from Under " is a soft rock song that alludes to the ending of Spears ' marriage with Kevin Federline which is perceived in lines such as " We tried everything we could try / So let 's just say goodbye forever " . Poppy Cosyns of The Sun noted that " a starker vocal and acoustic guitar backing herald " the song , while considering its lyrical content as " a sincere story of a suffocating relationship " . " Out from Under " lasts for three minutes and fifty @-@ three seconds , and features Spears singing the song with breathy vocals , over a background with acoustic guitars . Anna Dimond of TV Guide noted the song 's lyrics also relates to Spears ' conservatorship , from which the singer was " becoming more independent every day " . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone noted that Spears vocals aren 't heavily processed , saying , " Britney 's vocals on Blackout sounded phoned in , but on Circus , she put in real studio time , actually singing some slow jams " , naming " Out from Under " as an example .
= = Critical reception = =
The song has received mixed reviews from music critics . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times noted that " Out from Under " and the other ballads from Circus " have [ Spears ] hiccuping emotion from deep in the back of her throat " . Chris Richards of The Washington Post commented that the singer " emerges from her media bender hoping to forget the past " with the song , and Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone considered it " Spears ' best ballad since ' I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman ' " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times said " Out from Under " " gleam with acoustic guitars " , and that the song , " My Baby " and " Unusual You " , " are the album 's only attempts at warmth . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic considered the song , along with " My Baby " , " a couple of not @-@ good @-@ at @-@ all ballads " , while Dave Donnelly of Sputnikmusic said both " subtly evoke the Britney of old : airy pop ballads that benefit from the former Frou Frou producer 's sophisticated , layered arrangements . " While comparing Circus to Blackout , Alexis Petridis of The Guardian noted , " the ballads are back , bringing with them the inevitable sprinkling of tedium " . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club felt that both songs " are about five years out of date , and [ Spears ] vocals seem anemic and distracted in spite of the confessional lyrics . " Steve Jones of USA Today commented that " Spears tosses in a couple of ballads along [ Circus ] , but these really aren 't her forte . The slew of top @-@ flight producers [ ... ] bolsters her vocal variety of echoes and gimmicky effects , but they don 't really help the breathy ' Out From Under ' or saccharin ' Unusual You ' " . Mike Newmark of PopMatters described the song as " nearly @-@ emo " along with " Unusual You , " saying both " try for heartfelt and come off flabby . "
= = Commercial performance = =
Following the release of Circus , " Out from Under " peaked at number nineteen on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , on the dated week of December 20 , 2008 . The song became a radio hit on commercial radio stations in Sweden , and also entered the Swedish Singles Chart on the dated week of August 14 , 2009 , at number forty , peaking at number thirty @-@ two the following week . " Out from Under " stayed over a month on the chart , peaking at number forty @-@ one in the last week of its appearance .
= = Appearances in media = =
" Out from Under " was featured on the fifth season of MTV 's The Hills , during a scene where Lauren Conrad comforts Heidi Montag .
= = Live performances = =
" Out from Under " was performed Live A Winter Circus Promo Tour
= = Credits and Personnel = =
Credits for " Out from Under " are adapted from Circus liner notes .
Technical
Published by ROR Songs ( BMI ) , Maratone Publishing ( ASCAP ) , Sony / ATV Tunes LLC ( ASCAP ) .
Vocal recording and audio mixing at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California .
Personnel
= = Charts = =
= = Cover versions = =
The song was released as a single in Europe with rewritten lyrics as " Now Or Never " by Swedish pop singer Emilia de Poret in 2009 . A video for " Now Or Never " can be found on de Poret 's official YouTube channel . That same year , reggae singer and former UB40 frontman Ali Campbell released his version as a single .
= DuPont Manual High School =
duPont Manual High School is a public magnet high school located in the Old Louisville neighborhood of Louisville , Kentucky , USA and serving students in grades 9 – 12 . It is a part of the Jefferson County Public School District . DuPont Manual is recognized by the United States Department of Education as a Blue Ribbon School .
Manual opened in 1892 as an all @-@ male manual training school . It was the second public high school in Louisville . Manual merged with its rival , Male High School , into a consolidated school from 1915 to 1919 . Manual permanently merged with the Louisville Girls High School in 1950 and moved into their Gothic @-@ style three @-@ story building , built in 1934 . In 2004 , after conducting a poll , Louisville 's Courier @-@ Journal newspaper listed Manual as one of Louisville residents ' ten favorite buildings . As a coeducational school , Manual experienced a decline in discipline and test scores in the 1970s . In 1984 , Manual became a magnet school , allowing students from throughout the district to apply to five specialized programs of study , or magnets .
Manual and Male High School have the oldest football rivalry in the state , dating back to 1893 . Manual 's football team has won five state titles and claims two national championships . In the 1980s and 1990s Manual became a prominent academic school and has been included several times in lists of America 's top high schools in Redbook and Newsweek magazines .
= = History = =
= = = duPont Manual Training High School = = =
In 1892 , Louisville factory owner Alfred Victor du Pont donated $ 150 @,@ 000 to the board of Louisville Public Schools to establish a training school to teach young men industrial arts ( " manual " ) skills that would fit them for their duties in life . The Victorian building was built on the corner of Brook and Oak Streets by the firm of Clark and Loomis , which also designed the Speed Art Museum and Waverly Hills Sanatorium . After Manual moved out of the building it was used as a Middle School until 1974 when it was converted to apartments . Manual 's first principal , Henry Kleinschmid , was a favorite of du Pont but was unpopular with the school board , which conspired to replace him in 1895 . Despite a summer of controversy and protest from the du Pont family , Manual 's first two graduating classes and the four major local newspapers , the board replaced him with Harry Brownell on July 2 .
Manual was initially a three @-@ year school with some general academic classes and an emphasis on mechanical and industrial training . Although graduates recall the school being viewed as blue @-@ collar and academically inferior to Male High School in its early days , numerous early graduates went on to become medical doctors , and students published a literary magazine called The Crimson from 1899 to 1955 . In order to accommodate newly added French and Latin classes , Manual was expanded to a four @-@ year school in 1901 . In 1911 , Manual became the first school in Kentucky to serve lunches to students .
In 1913 , Louisville Public Schools announced a plan to merge Manual and its rival Male High School into Louisville Boys High so that the two schools could share a new $ 300 @,@ 000 facility . The plan took effect in 1915 . Industrial training classes continued at the old Manual building . Parents objected to their children having to travel between the two buildings and the consolidation did not save the school board any money , so they voted to end the experiment in 1919 . The new building became Male 's home for the next 70 years and Manual returned to its old building at Brook and Oak . In 1923 an expansion added new laboratories , a cafeteria , and the largest gym ever built in Louisville at the time . The addition eventually burned and had to be destroyed in 1991 .
Manual 's enrollment numbers , which had hovered around 400 since the 1890s , soared from 429 in 1919 to 1 @,@ 039 in 1925 . The Manual Crimsons football team , which had also been consolidated with Male 's from 1915 to 1918 , had great success in the 1920s , beating Male two years in a row for the first time in its history . Manual shared athletic facilities with Male for many years , but in the early 1920s alumni raised funds to construct Manual Stadium . The stadium opened in 1924 with 14 @,@ 021 permanent seats . It was one of the largest high school stadiums in America at the time . The original structure was condemned and closed in 1952 after years of heavy use and minimal upkeep , and was reopened after being rebuilt in 1954 . Its modern capacity is 11 @,@ 463 .
= = = Louisville Girls High School = = =
The Louisville Girls High School opened as Female High School in 1856 at what became the intersection of Armory Place and Muhammad Ali Boulevard . It was the female counterpart to Male High School , also opened in 1856 , and they were the first two public high schools in Louisville . Female High School moved to a location on First Street north of Chestnut in 1864 and remained there until 1899 when it moved to a location at Fifth and Hill Streets . It changed its name to Louisville Girls High School in 1911 .
In 1934 , the school moved into Reuben Post Halleck Hall , which had just been completed . The building was initially home to the Girls High School on the second and third floors , and Louisville Junior High School on the first . Over 12 @,@ 000 women graduated from the school in its 94 years of operation .
= = = Merger = = =
By the 1940s , budget concerns and national trends made it clear that Louisville Girls High School and duPont Manual would merge into one coeducational school . They finally did so in September 1950 and remained in the old Louisville Girls High School building . This fusion of institutions resulted in the birth of the modern duPont Manual High School - dropping ' Training ' from its previous name . The same school building remains in use today , although two major additions have since been made . The middle school located on the building 's first floor became Manly Junior High and moved to Manual 's old building at Brook and Oak .
The merged school began developing traditions such as Homecoming in 1951 , and Red and White Day in 1953 . Red and White Day eventually became a full week of school spirit related activities preceding the annual Male @-@ Manual football game . Two traditions of the sexually segregated past , sororities and the all @-@ male Mitre Club , persisted into the 1950s as unofficial organizations but gradually faded away . Students began publishing a newspaper , The Crimson Record , in 1955 .
Following the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision , Manual became racially integrated without controversy and graduated its first two black students in 1958 . Starting in the 1960s , Manual began to face problems associated with inner city schools in the United States as economically advantaged families moved towards Louisville 's suburbs . Manual was exempt from court @-@ ordered busing in the 1970s because its racial makeup already met federal guidelines .
On November 11 , 1976 , what school board members referred to as a race @-@ related riot occurred on campus , injuring 16 and leading to six arrests and 60 suspensions . Students and school administrators agreed that there was an atmosphere of racial tension brewing at Manual in the 1970s that lead to the riot . In his 2005 book on the history of Manual , Mike McDaniel wrote that November 11 , 1976 was " quite probably the worst day in the history of Manual . "
The late 1960s and 1970s were a time of major change at Manual . A new wing featuring a gym with a seating capacity of 2 @,@ 566 opened in 1971 . The school had as many as 3 @,@ 360 students in the 1971 – 72 school year , necessitating 17 portable classrooms in the front and rear courtyards . Manual still had grades seven through twelve at this time , and overcrowding gradually began to improve after Manual dropped the seventh and eight grades when Noe Middle School opened in 1974 . Throughout the decade the administration gradually dropped the last vestiges of its manual training emphasis as the number of shop classes dwindled from 16 in 1971 to three in 1979 . The Youth Performing Arts School , actually a magnet school within Manual , opened in 1978 and , along with the changing curriculum , presaged Manual 's transition to an academically intensive magnet school in the 1980s .
= = = Magnet school = = =
Manual became a magnet school in 1984 , creating specialty programs and allowing students from around the district to apply to attend . The change initially met with a mixed reaction , especially as most freshman and sophomores were to be transferred to other schools . One critic in the black community called the plan " one @-@ way busing " . A few days after the proposal was announced , about 300 students walked out of class at Manual and marched to Central High School , where most of them were being transferred , in protest . The protest succeeded in persuading the school board to modify the proposal to exclude sophomores from being transferred .
The magnet programs succeeded in attracting applicants and by the mid @-@ 1990s only about a third of students who applied were accepted . In the midst of the transition to magnet school , Manual underwent a $ 1 @.@ 9 million building improvement plan which added computer and science labs . Also in 1991 , the United States Department of Education recognized Manual as a Blue Ribbon School , the highest honor the department can bestow on a school .
Many interior shots of the 1999 film The Insider were shot at Manual . Dr. Jeffrey Wigand , the subject of the film , taught science and Japanese at Manual after he was fired by tobacco company Brown & Williamson in 1993 .
= = Building and campus = =
Manual classrooms and offices are located in three buildings spread over two city blocks . The main building was originally called Reuben Post Halleck Hall and was home to the Louisville Girls High School before it merged with Manual . The Gothic @-@ style building was completed in 1934 at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 1 million . The 9 @-@ acre ( 36 @,@ 000 m2 ) tract it was built on had previously been the site of the old Masonic Widows and Orphans Home .
In 1967 an urban renewal program demolished a residential block east of the main building to create a running track and various athletic fields . The project doubled Manual 's campus to its modern size of 17 acres ( 69 @,@ 000 m2 ) . This was a part of a larger city @-@ funded effort which created Noe Middle School north of Manual and increased the size of the University of Louisville campus , which was originally touted as a plan to create a continuous chain of schools over many blocks . Manual even became a home for two of the university 's women 's athletic teams . In the 1980s , the U of L women 's basketball team used Manual 's gym as a part @-@ time home , playing a total of 40 games in eight seasons there . The U of L volleyball team used the Manual gym as its primary home from 1977 through 1990 , after which the team moved into the newly built Cardinal Arena on its own campus . In 1992 , Manual began a $ 3 @.@ 5 million renovation of the main building which included a new roof and a glass @-@ enclosed cafeteria for juniors and seniors .
The Youth Performing Arts School has its own building a half @-@ block from Manual 's main building . It was completed in 1978 at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 5 million as the final stage of the same plan that expanded Manual 's campus and built Noe . Noe had been built without an auditorium in anticipation of a theater @-@ oriented school being built on site . The YPAS building includes production facilities , a costume shop and an 886 @-@ seat proscenium @-@ style theater . The YPAS building did not contain extensive classroom space , however , and for many years teachers conducted YPAS classes in hallways and on loading docks if other space wasn 't available . Since 1993 , YPAS has used an adjacent facility , built in 1899 and formerly home to Cochran Elementary , as an annex .
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= = Academics = =
Manual focused on industrial training early in its history , but by the late 1970s it had a standard curriculum . In 1980 , Iowa Test of Basic Skills scores ranked Manual 23rd out of the 24 high schools in the county . Under principal Joe Liedtke , academics improved , especially after Manual became a magnet school in 1984 and could attract students from throughout the county .
All students enroll in one of five magnet programs . The High School University ( HSU ) magnet offers a traditional college preparatory curriculum with electives . The Math / Science / Technology ( MST ) magnet specifically prepares students for college programs in engineering , science and math . Minimal requirements for MST students include courses in algebra , trigonometry , calculus ( including mandatory AP Calculus ) , biology , chemistry and computer programming . The Journalism & Communication ( J & C ) magnet focuses on journalism , publishing , and media production . To earn class credit , J & C students can participate in production of the school 's national award @-@ winning yearbook ( The Crimson ) , student newspaper ( The Crimson Record ) , multimedia website ( RedEye ) or a weekly morning television show called Manual AM , which is broadcast to all classrooms . The J & C program was formerly known as CMA ( Communications and Media Arts ) , but the name was changed so that the Manual program would stand out from others in the district with similar names .
Admission to the HSU , MST and J & C magnets are decided by a committee of Manual teachers based on academic performance as measured by prior school grades and the Commonwealth Accountability Testing System , although extracurricular involvement is also considered . J & C applicants also participate in an on @-@ demand writing assessment . The acceptance rate to each magnet varies with the number of applicants in any given year ; in the mid @-@ 1990s about a third of applicants to these three magnets were selected each year . Admission the other two magnets , Visual Arts and the Youth Performing Arts School , are decided based primarily on auditions .
The Visual Arts magnet is located in a wing of art classrooms and features an art show each year for graduating seniors . The Visual Arts magnet provides students with the opportunity to work with a variety of medium , including clay / sculpture , fibers , printmaking , painting , drawing and graphic design . The Math / Science / Technology program and the Youth Performing Arts School have achieved national recognition on multiple occasions .
In 1994 , Manual began offering Advanced Placement ( AP ) courses . In 2001 it offered 45 AP courses , more than any other school in the state . Qualifying students may take college courses free of charge at the University of Louisville , which is located directly south of Manual . In 2000 , Manual implemented block scheduling , which allowed students to take eight classes per year , which are scheduled four per day on alternating days .
Since 2000 , Manual has held Kentucky 's state record of 52 National Merit Semifinalists , ranking third in the United States for that year . Manual 's academic team won state titles at Governor 's Cup , Kentucky 's top high school academic competition , in 1993 , 1994 , 2005 , and 2013 . Matt Morris , a Manual graduate who was on the 1993 and 1994 teams , was the 1994 Teen Champion on Jeopardy ! . Three other Manual students have competed on Jeopardy . Manual 's academic teams have also won both National Science Bowl and National Academic League championships , and achieved 7th place at the NAQT 's High School National Championships . Manual has a history of one of the top policy debate programs in the state . In the 1990s Manual students won the Jefferson County championships most years and qualified teams for the National Forensic League tournament and the TOC Tournament of Champions . Manual has been mentioned several times in lists of America 's top high schools in Redbook and Newsweek magazines . In 2002 , Manual was separated from the rest of the schools in its district and made to hold its own regional science fair .
In 2015 , duPont Manual had the distinction of being the high school that sent the most students to the INTEL International Science and Engineering Fair ( ISEF ) .
= = = Youth Performing Arts School = = =
The Youth Performing Arts School ( YPAS ) is one of only two programs in Kentucky allowing high school students to major in performing arts . Between 1995 and 2005 , 90 % of YPAS students received college scholarships totaling an average of over one million dollars per year . YPAS has its own building a half @-@ block from Manual 's main building , which includes classrooms , production facilities , a costume shop and an 886 @-@ seat proscenium @-@ style theater . Since 1993 , YPAS has used an adjacent facility , built in 1899 and formerly home to Cochran Elementary , as an annex .
YPAS is one of Manual 's magnet programs and YPAS students take their academic classes at Manual and must complete the same academic requirements as any public school student in Kentucky . Unlike the other magnets , YPAS is semi @-@ autonomous ; it has its own assistant principals , counselor , administrative staff , and parents ' organization . Many Manual students take classes at YPAS , even if it is not their academic major .
Students at YPAS major in vocal music , instrumental music ( band , orchestra or piano ) , dance , theater design and production , or musical theatre . YPAS instructors are school teachers recruited from around the district for their backgrounds in the arts . The YPAS choir was the only chorus to perform at the January 2001 inauguration of President George W. Bush .
= = Athletics = =
= = = Football = = =
Manual students first organized a football team in 1892 . The team won the state championship five times : 1925 , 1938 , 1948 , 1959 and 1966 . The 1925 and 1938 teams claimed to be national champions due to their undefeated records and defeats of other top national teams , but the 1925 claim is considered a mythical national championship because there was no tournament . The National Sports News Service gave the 1938 High School Football National Championship to Manual . That year , Manual defeated New Britain , Connecticut in a national championship game in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The game was sponsored by the Louisiana Sports Association , which was affiliated with the Sugar Bowl .
Manual 's rivalry with the Male Bulldogs , dubbed the " Old Rivalry , " dates directly to 1893 and is the oldest high school rivalry in Kentucky . The most recent winning team holds a trophy referred to as " The Barrel . " The rivalry was fueled in its early years by class differences between college @-@ bound Male students and " blue collar " Manual students . The Louisville Post wrote in 1897 that " [ Male 's school colors ] have always waved triumphant over the Red of the ' blacksmiths ' as their more cultured opponents are wont to dub them " . The game , traditionally played on Thanksgiving Day , was hotly contested and widely attended , with 10 @,@ 000 spectators attending as early as 1909 . The rivalry paused when the schools ( and football teams ) were consolidated from 1915 to 1918 but was renewed in 1919 after Manual reformed and built its own stadium . Attendance averaged 14 @,@ 000 from the 1920s through 1957 , when crowds were so large that the schools began holding the game at Cardinal Stadium , with a capacity of over 20 @,@ 000 . The record attendance was 22 @,@ 000 in 1966 . Due to changes in the state athletics schedules the Thanksgiving Day game tradition ended in 1980 amid protests from fans , and the game was moved to late October .
= = = Other sports = = =
John Reccius , an early Major League Baseball player , organized Manual 's first baseball team in 1900 . An early baseball star was Ferdie Schupp , who would go on to pitch in the 1917 World Series , but left Manual two months before graduating . Manual claims seven " mythical " state baseball championships and has won six official ones , most recently in 1962 . A total of ten Manual players have played in Major League Baseball , most notably Pee Wee Reese .
The varsity cheerleaders have won several NCA National Championship titles . In 1997 , 1998 , 2004 , and 2005 , they won the Large Varsity Division , and in 2003 and 2006 they won the Medium Varsity Division title . Varsity Boys ' Soccer was second at states in 2005 and third in 2004 .
In 2006 , the Manual Girls ' Cross Country team finally won the school 's first team title after placing second in 2004 and 2005 . The 2006 win was the first championship for a Jefferson County , Kentucky Class AAA Public School since 1980 . In 2007 , the Manual Boys ' Cross Country team attained a Class AAA state championship , matching the feat that the Girls ' team earned the previous year .
The swim team maintained state titles from 2003 — 2008 . From 2004 through 2008 , Manual has won the Combined Girls and Boys State Championship , and the girls alone have maintained their own state championship from 2005 through 2008 .
The boys ' tennis team achieved their best finish at the KHSAA State Tennis Tournament in 2008 by winning the team title . Previously , their best result had come in 2006 when they tied rival St. Xavier High School for second place . The boys ' team also won the state doubles title in 2006 , which was the first state title in Ram Tennis history on the boys ' side . The team had five consecutive runner up positions from the 2001 — 2002 year until the 2005 — 2006 year . In 2008 , the Manual boys ' tennis team went on to win the first ever regional tournament in Manual history . The state team won the state title in 2008 , making Manual the second public school to ever win the title .
Manual 's boys ' track team has won 15 state titles , more than any other in the state . The boys ' bowling team won the state title in 2010 . The school also offers basketball , dance ( called the Dazzlers ) , field hockey , golf , lacrosse , and volleyball among other sports teams . The varsity field hockey team won the state title in 2011 for the first time in the history of the program . DuPont Manual Girls ' Lacrosse has won many state titles and tournament trophies since the year 2001 when the sport was developed .
= = Notable alumni = =
James Gilbert Baker , astronomer and optician
Michelle Banzer , 2007 Miss Kentucky USA
Chad Broskey , actor , most often on the Disney Channel
Bud Bruner , boxing trainer and manager
Keenan Burton , NFL football player
Nathaniel Cartmell , Olympic gold medalist
James S. Coleman , sociologist
Paige Davis ( 1987 ) theater performer , host of Trading Spaces on TLC from 2001 to 2005 .
Bremer Ehrler , Jefferson County Judge @-@ Executive and sheriff
Sara Gettelfinger ( 1995 ) , Broadway performer .
Ray Grenald ( 1945 ) , architectural lighting designer
Bruce Hoblitzell , former Mayor of Louisville
Sherman Lewis , Heisman Trophy runner @-@ up
Victor M. Longstreet , U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Financial Management ) , 1962 – 65
Mitch McConnell , United States senator , Senate majority leader
John Jacob Niles , " Dean of American Balladeers " .
Travis Prentice , college and professional football player
Pee Wee Reese ( 1937 ) , baseball player
Nicole Scherzinger ( 1996 ) , lead singer of The Pussycat Dolls .
Joseph D. Scholtz , former Mayor of Louisville
Gene Snyder , former member of the House of Representatives
Josh Whelchel , award @-@ winning video game composer and entrepreneur
= Excellence in Broadcasting =
" Excellence in Broadcasting " is the second episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on October 3 , 2010 . The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian , an adamant liberal , confronting conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh at a book signing in Quahog , and ultimately having a political change of heart when Limbaugh convinces him to read his latest book . Brian eventually decides to become a devoted member of the Republican Party , and soon begins criticizing liberals . This leads Brian to become roommates with Limbaugh , and begins following him everywhere , before Limbaugh convinces Brian of his true political convictions .
The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by John Holmquist . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references , in addition to receiving both praise and criticism from conservative news outlets . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 94 million homes in its original airing . As well as Limbaugh , the episode featured guest performances by Gary Cole , Christine Lakin , Phil LaMarr , Shelley Long , Nana Visitor and Rainn Wilson , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " Excellence in Broadcasting " was released on DVD along with three other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .
= = Plot = =
In light of " And Then There Were Fewer " , the Griffins watch on the news where Tom Tucker reveals that Diane Simmons committed the murders at James Woods ' mansion and is now dead . Tom then introduces Diane 's successor , Joyce Kinney . As Lois reads the newspaper , she discovers that conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh is holding a book signing in Quahog , causing Brian to decide to confront Limbaugh about his political beliefs . At the signing , Limbaugh is criticized by Brian , he asks him whether he has read any of his books , leaving Brian dumbfounded and angry . Brian is mugged by a gang ; Limbaugh defeats them all . Thankful , Brian agrees to read Limbaugh 's book , and overnight becomes a conservative Republican . Lois questions Brian 's conviction , citing his past liberalism , while Brian defends his ability to change his mind based on new information . Lois mentions that Brian goes out of his way to not agree with the general consensus on many things ( for example , he hated Slumdog Millionaire and Titanic but defends the movie Cocktail ) , and accuses him of being a " contrarian " rather than a genuine believer . Brian meets with Limbaugh to thank him for helping his political conversion , and the two travel to the Republican National Headquarters , where they are greeted by former President of the United States George W. Bush and United States Senator John McCain .
Returning home , Brian informs Lois that Limbaugh will be coming over for dinner . That night , Lois and Peter begin arguing and challenging Limbaugh politically . Deciding to confront Limbaugh for brainwashing Brian , Lois demands for their dog to go back to the way he used to be . Limbaugh insists Brian became a conservative on his own terms , and the two sing a number based on " The Company Way " , " Republican Town " . Angered , Brian decides to move out and become roommates with a reluctant Limbaugh . Brian begins to irritate Limbaugh with his blind devotion . He replaces lots of Limbaugh 's possessions with American @-@ Made versions , which all go wrong . Deciding to follow Limbaugh to his radio show , Brian attempts to voice his own political opinions on the air about Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi , causing Limbaugh to become frustrated and throw him out . Deciding to prove his devotion to the conservative cause , Brian attempts to waterboard Pelosi before being apprehended and arrested . After being bailed out by Limbaugh later that day , Brian continues to assert his conservatism . Limbaugh attempts to convince Brian he is only fighting against the Establishment due to his desire of being the underdog . He tells Brian that a child was executed in Texas and Brian is visibly horrified ; Limbaugh then says that he made up the story , but Brian 's honest reaction to it shows he is a liberal at heart . Reassuring Brian of his liberal convictions , Rush leaves the jail , making a Grapes of Wrath @-@ like pledge to " be around " wherever conservative causes need help . Outside , they heckle each other with reassurance , and the episode ends with Limbaugh then transforming into a bald eagle and flying away into the skyline .
= = Production and development = =
First announced by series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane in an interview on August 13 , 2009 , the episode was written by series regular Patrick Meighan , and directed by series regular John Holmquist shortly after the conclusion of the production of the eighth season . In the interview , with The Hollywood Reporter , MacFarlane conceded that " Family Guy tends to be very liberal because " it 's written by liberals . " In choosing the conservatives who would be featured in the episode , MacFarlane stated , " we put it out there to a lot of Republicans — ' we 're doing this show , who wants in ? ' — and we got some bites . " Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising director , with Andrew Goldberg , Alex Carter , Elaine Ko and Spencer Porter serving as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for " Excellence in Broadcasting " . It is the first episode to feature a high @-@ definition opening credit sequence .
On The Rush Limbaugh Show on September 27 , 2010 , Limbaugh explained that he agreed to do the episode based on his continuing friendly relationship with Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane , commenting , " Seth appreciates and has a great affection for professionals , and we 're all professionals here . " Limbaugh went on to reveal that he was in the studio 's sound booth for " three or four days at four hours at a time , " while recording his lines for the episode , as well as for the accompanying musical number , which Limbaugh admitted to being something of a challenge . Later on his radio show , Limbaugh went on to criticize 20th Century Fox 's public relations department , following a comment by author and commentator Andrew Breitbart , accusing the Fox Broadcasting Company of " burying " the episode . Limbaugh also admitted , however , that " there was nothing in the script that [ he ] would want them to edit out . "
" Excellence in Broadcasting " , along with the two other episodes from Family Guy 's ninth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini @-@ feature which discussed the process behind animating " And Then There Were Fewer " , a mini @-@ feature entitled " The Comical Adventures of Family Guy – Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call " , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
In addition to the regular cast and Limbaugh , actor Gary Cole , actress Christine Lakin , voice actor Phil LaMarr , actress Shelley Long , actress Nana Visitor and actor Rainn Wilson guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox , actor Ralph Garman , and writers Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , John Viener and Wellesley Wild also made minor appearances .
= = Cultural references = =
In the opening scene of the episode , the Griffin family are shown watching the syndicated television show The Brady Bunch , with Mike and Carol Brady then appearing in bed with one another . After Lois discovers that Limbaugh will be appearing at a book signing in Quahog , Chris references a previous episode , " FOX @-@ y Lady " , in which Limbaugh appeared as a character created by actor Fred Savage , which was subsequently reported on by Lois for Fox News . The episode featured a brief cameo appearance of conservative character Stan Smith from Seth MacFarlane 's second show , American Dad ! .
The scene of Limbaugh rescuing Brian is an almost shot @-@ for @-@ shot homage to the scene of Mr. Miyagi rescuing Daniel in The Karate Kid . Returning home after being saved by Limbaugh , Brian begins watching the NBC comedy series The Office , featuring actor and comedian Rainn Wilson . Deciding to thank Limbaugh for his newfound conservatism , Brian is taken by Limbaugh to the National Republican Party headquarters in Washington , D.C. , in order to meet former President of the United States George W. Bush and United States Senator John McCain from Arizona . McCain then recalls when he and Limbaugh solved mysteries together . A parody of the animated television series Scooby @-@ Doo is then shown , including McCain and Limbaugh capturing United States Congressman Barney Frank from Massachusetts , disguised as a mummy .
After deciding to sing a song entitled " Republicantown , " several political figures are shown and parodied , including former Vice President of the United States Dick Cheney , President of the United States Barack Obama , and former Presidents of the United States Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton . Actors Mickey Rourke , Chuck Norris and Jon Voight also appear , while Voight 's " pretty hot at one time " daughter is Angelina Jolie . The song " Republicantown " is a parody of the song " The Company Way " from the musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying .
= = Reception = =
" Excellence in Broadcasting " was broadcast on October 3 , 2010 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by The Simpsons , and Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's spin @-@ off , The Cleveland Show , and followed by the 100th episode of American Dad ! . It was watched by 7 @.@ 94 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with Desperate Housewives on ABC , the season premiere of Undercover Boss on CBS and Sunday Night Football on NBC . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 9 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating American Dad ! and The Cleveland Show in addition to significantly edging out both shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings decreased significantly from the show 's season premiere .
Television critics reacted mostly mixed to " Excellence in Broadcasting " , calling the storyline " funny , " but " toothless . " In a simultaneous review of the episodes of The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show that preceded the show , and the broadcast of American Dad ! that followed it , The A.V. Club reviewer Rowan Kaiser noted , " most of the episode was spent justifying its existence as a Rush Limbaugh episode of Family Guy , " and that the episode " failed to do that . " In the conclusion of his review Kaiser praised Family Guy for its past political humor , but ultimately rated it as a D , the second worst rating , behind The Simpsons episode " Loan @-@ a Lisa " and the American Dad ! episode " 100 A.D. " , beating only The Cleveland Show 's F @-@ grade episode " Cleveland Live ! " . In a slightly more positive review , Jason Hughes of TV Squad praised Limbaugh 's appearance in the episode , commenting Limbaugh " certainly deserves credit for his willingness to participate and lend his own voice . " Hughes went on to comment positively on the episode 's debut of the high @-@ definition opening sequence , and its introduction of Joyce Kinney as a replacement for news anchor Diane Simmons , who was killed off in " And Then There Were Fewer . " Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly wrote , " The show definitely skewered Brian ’ s hardcore conservative conversion , but overall it seemed like a pretty fair fight . "
Limbaugh 's appearance in the episode has drawn both praise and criticism from news outlets , including Daniel Foster of National Review who commented , " It is to Mr. Limbaugh 's credit that he can make fun of himself . But Seth MacFarlane , the whiskey @-@ soaked Dada creator of Family Guy , is responsible for more sophomoric cartooning than the combined patrons of America ’ s truck stop and dive bar bathrooms . " Foster went on to add , " I can only look at the Limbaugh @-@ MacFarlane mash @-@ up with a wary eye . " Columnist Matt Lewis of Politics Daily also questioned Limbaugh 's appearance on Family Guy , citing his support for former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin , whose daughter , Bristol Palin , has openly criticized MacFarlane and called the show 's writers " heartless jerks . " In contrast , John Nolte of Andrew Breitbart 's Big Hollywood wrote , " What MacFarlane ’ s doing fits exactly into our template . He ’ s entitled to his opinion , worked very hard to reach the top of the most difficult business there is to succeed in , and in turn uses that forum to further his own agenda — that ’ s how it ’ s supposed to work . But at the same time he doesn ’ t completely shut us out . " Prior to the episode 's official broadcast on television in the United States , Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post called Limbaugh 's guest appearance in the episode " genuinely funny , " and David Weigel of Slate commented , " I 'm not at all surprised that Limbaugh would embrace the show and answer its mockery of conservatives ; the plotline [ ... ] is a perfect conservative narrative . "
= G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( Marvel Comics ) =
G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( also known as G.I. Joe or A Real American Hero ) is a comic book that was published by Marvel Comics from 1982 to 1994 . Based on Hasbro , Inc . ' s G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero line of military @-@ themed toys , the series has been credited for making G.I. Joe into a pop @-@ culture phenomenon . G.I. Joe was also the first comic book to be advertised on television , in what has been called a " historically crucial moment in media convergence . "
The series was written for most of its 155 @-@ issue run by comic book writer , artist , and editor Larry Hama , and was notable for its realistic , character @-@ based storytelling style , unusual for a toy comic at the time . Hama wrote the series spontaneously , never knowing how a story would end until it was finished , but worked closely with the artists , giving them sketches of the characters and major scenes . While most stories involved the G.I. Joe Team battling against the forces of Cobra Command , an evil terrorist organization , many also focused on the relationships and background stories of the characters . Hama created most characters in collaboration with Hasbro , and used a system of file cards to keep track of the personalities and fictional histories of his characters , which later became a major selling point for the action figure line .
G.I. Joe was Marvel 's top @-@ selling subscription title in 1985 , and was receiving 1200 fan letters per week by 1987 . The series has been credited with bringing in a new generation of comic book readers , since many children were introduced to the comic book medium through G.I. Joe , and later went on to read other comics . The comic book has been re @-@ printed several times , and also translated in multiple languages . In addition to direct spin @-@ offs of the comic book , several revivals and reboots have been published throughout the 2000s .
= = Publication history = =
= = = Background = = =
In the early 1980s , Hasbro noted the success of Kenner Products ' Star Wars action figures , and decided to re @-@ launch their long @-@ running G.I. Joe property as G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero with 3 @.@ 75 inches ( 9 @.@ 5 cm ) scale action figures rather than the traditional 12 inches ( 30 cm ) scale . Hasbro also decided that they wanted the new figures to have a back story . In 1981 , Hasbro CEO Stephen Hassenfeld and Marvel Comics President Jim Galton met by coincidence at a charity fundraiser and Hassenfeld shared Hasbro 's plans for the G.I. Joe relaunch . Galton offered Marvel 's services as creative consultants , and Hassenfeld agreed to allow Marvel attempt to design a concept for G.I. Joe .
Coincidentally Larry Hama , then an editor at Marvel , had begun to design characters and background for a series concept he was pitching that would be entitled Fury Force , about a team of futuristic super @-@ soldiers affiliated with S.H.I.E.L.D. , an existing Marvel Universe property combining military and science fiction genre elements . As Hama tells it , he got the job of writing for the series because Marvel had asked every other available creator to write it and no one else would . Unable to find other writing work , he later said that , " If they had asked me to write Barbie , I would have done that , too . "
Soon after this , Hasbro hosted a meeting with Hama , Jim Shooter , Tom DeFalco , Archie Goodwin , and Nelson Yomtov to discuss the future of the property . It was at this meeting that Goodwin suggested the idea of Cobra Command as a recurring enemy for G.I. Joe to fight ( similar to the HYDRA terrorist organization - recurring enemies to the aforementioned S.H.I.E.L.D. organization ) . Prior to this , Hasbro had not considered giving G.I. Joe an enemy . Based on the results of this meeting , Hasbro contracted Marvel to produce a comic book series featuring the toys .
= = = Early development = = =
The first issue was published in June 1982 , containing two stories , both of which were written by Hama . The first story , " Operation : Lady Doomsday " , was drawn by Herb Trimpe , who drew most of the early issues and also wrote issue # 9 , and the second story , " Hot Potato " , was drawn by Don Perlin . This issue introduced many basic concepts of the G.I. Joe universe , such as the Joes having a base under a motor pool , and introduced the iconic " original 13 " G.I. Joe Team members . The issue also introduced two recurring villains , Cobra Commander and the Baroness . Whereas Cobra Commander and the various Joes already had action figures issued , The Baroness is the earliest example of a G.I. Joe character whose first appearance in the comics predated the conception of their action figure .
Most of the early stories were completed in one issue , but multi @-@ part stories began to appear by the middle of the series ' first year of publication , and there were hints of the ongoing storylines that would later characterize the series . In May 1983 , issue # 11 introduced many new characters , including most of the 1983 action figure line and the villain Destro , who would become a frequently recurring character . Many subsequent storylines involved the machinations and power struggles between him , Cobra Commander , and the Baroness . Issue # 11 established a pattern for the series in which every so often Marvel would publish an issue introducing a group of characters and vehicles that represented the new year 's toy offerings .
An early highlight was 1984 's " Snake Eyes : The Origin " Parts I & II , published in issues # 26 @-@ 27 . This issue established Snake Eyes ' complicated background , and tied his character into many other characters , both G.I. Joe and Cobra . Hama considers it to be his favorite storyline from the Marvel run . In 1986 , echoing events portrayed in the TV series , G.I. Joe # 49 was published , introducing the character of Serpentor , a genetically created amalgam of history 's greatest warriors . Serpentor played a significant role in the Cobra Civil War , which occurred in issues # 73 @-@ 76 , a landmark story event that involved nearly every G.I. Joe and Cobra character vying for control of Cobra Island .
= = = Later years and cancellation = = =
When G.I. Joe began , most toy tie @-@ in comics lasted an average of two years , so G.I. Joe , lasting for 12 years , was considered a runaway success . Through the years , the comic book series chronicled the adventures of G.I. Joe and Cobra , using a consistent storyline . In the early 1990s , however , it began to drop in quality , and was canceled by Marvel in 1994 with issue # 155 due to low sales . Hasbro canceled the A Real American Hero toy line in the same year . Between the lack of new toys and the cancellation of the second TV series three years earlier , the comic book could not count on the same cross @-@ platform support it had enjoyed in the past . The target demographic had also changed considerably . According to Hama :
It reached the end of its half @-@ life . Until G.I. Joe and Transformers , toy books had a life expectancy of 1 @-@ 2 years – 3 years was considered a long time . Hasbro didn ’ t expect the toy @-@ line to have that much life in it . Also , the market had changed completely . When I first started doing store signings , there were lines around the block and it was all 10 @-@ year @-@ old boys . The last time I did a story signing in New York City , everybody was over 30 , and two of the guys who showed up were mailmen who had skipped off their routes to get their books signed .
The final issue featured a stand @-@ alone story titled " A Letter from Snake Eyes . " Narrating from his perspective , Snake Eyes tells his story through recollections of his many comrades @-@ in @-@ arms who have died over the years .
Shortly after the final issue , G.I. Joe Special # 1 was released in February 1995 , containing alternate art for issue # 61 by Todd McFarlane . McFarlane was the original penciller for issue # 61 , but his artwork had been rejected by Larry Hama as unacceptable , and so Marshall Rogers was brought in to pencil the final published version . In the years following , McFarlane became a superstar comic artist , and Marvel eventually decided to print the unpublished work .
= = Promotion = =
Hasbro used television advertising to publicize the series , and when the first one aired in 1982 featuring G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero # 1 , it was the first time a commercial had ever been used to promote a comic book . Since the commercials were technically promoting the comic books rather than the toys , they allowed Hasbro to circumvent television regulations mandating that toy commercials could not contain more than ten seconds of animation . By not showcasing any characters and toys outside of the comic book context , they were able to include a full thirty seconds of animation . Marvel was paid $ 5 million by Hasbro to produce the commercials through its animation division Marvel Productions . Larry Hama relates the genesis of the commercials :
There were only a few seconds of animation you could have in a toy commercial , and you had to show the toy , so people wouldn ’ t get totally deluded . Somebody at Hasbro ( who was actually sort of a genius ) named Bob Pruprish , realized that a comic book was protected under the first amendment , and there couldn 't be restrictions based on how you advertised for a publication .
Between the toy line , comic books , commercials and subsequent cartoon series , Hasbro 's marketing plan was highly successful and eventually became an industry standard , an early example of a practice that would years later be described by Jenkins as a " transmedia narrative . " Although the adolescent male demographic was the traditional comic book reader , an unintended result of the TV advertising tie @-@ ins was that they attracted people who were not traditional comic book readers . In an interview , Hama stated :
I think [ the commercials have ] also opened it up to a very different type of audience . I get a lot of letters from girls . I get a lot of letters from young housewives who sort of started watching the cartoons with their kids and sort of started getting into the characters , and then somewhere along the line they picked up the comic book and they started following the stories and got caught up in the continuity .
The comic book 's popularity with women has also been attributed to the strong female characters featured in the comic , such as Scarlett and Lady Jaye . Since very few of the G.I. Joe action figures were female , Hama tended to frequently use all of the female characters , including those that were created as recurring characters in the comics .
= = Writing style = =
Many readers praised the series for its attention to detail and realism in the area of military tactics and procedures . Much of this was due to Hama 's military experience ( he was drafted into the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during the Vietnam war ) , but he also did a large amount of research in order to be as up @-@ to @-@ date as possible . He frequented Sky Books , a military @-@ oriented bookstore in New York , and read many U.S. Army field manuals and technical manuals , and also credits his friend Lee Russel , a military historian , for helping him with research .
In style and plot structure , the comic often made use of overlapping story threads . According to Hama :
We ’ ve been following one basic storyline pretty much in the comic for fifty issues . It ’ s sort of like an extended soap opera , although I try to have a real solid resolution at the end of each book . But I like to keep some plot threads going . There 's a sort of episodic quality to some of the earlier books , like one episode will last six issues . That will resolve completely , but two issues into it another thread may have started . At any given time there ’ s probably about three overlapping threads .
The story arcs coincided with each of the new lines of G.I. Joe toys that Hasbro was producing , however the comic book was not directly influenced by the toy products . Of the Hasbro / Marvel relationship , Hama observed that the toy company did not demand the book to be written a certain way :
We 're the final word on what happens with the book . Hasbro has been extremely open about it , [ and ] I don 't write this as a kiddie book . I don 't write G.I. Joe any differently from the way I write Wolverine .
Hama wrote out page @-@ by @-@ page plots for all of the issues he wrote , with most pages having four to six panels . He worked very closely with the artists in plotting the book , and wrote the series spontaneously , never knowing how an issue would end until he got to the last page .
= = Characterization = =
In the first issue , it is revealed that the team ’ s official moniker is Special Counter @-@ Terrorist Unit Delta . G.I. Joe featured an ensemble cast , with the original thirteen characters being Hawk , Stalker , Breaker , Clutch , Scarlett , Snake Eyes , Rock ‘ n Roll , Steeler , Grand Slam , Flash , Short @-@ Fuze , Grunt and Zap . This reflected their origins in the Hasbro toy line , with the initial characters being the same as the action figures in the original 1982 release of the toy line . The team roster expanded as additional action figures were released .
Hama created most characters in collaboration with Hasbro . Hasbro would send him character sketches and brief descriptions of each character 's military specialties , and Hama would create detailed dossiers on each characters , giving them distinct personalities and background stories . Hama kept track of each character on file cards , and eventually Hasbro decided to reprint shortened versions of these dossiers as file cards on the packaging for the action figures . The file cards themselves became a selling point for the toy line , and appealed to both children and adults . Hama noted that :
... it has to be read on two levels ... A ten @-@ year @-@ old kid has to be able to read it and think it 's absolutely straight [ but ] there should be a joke in there for the adult . One of the factors that helped sell G.I. Joe [ figures ] was that the salesmen who sold it to retailers used the dossiers as a selling point .
Hama tended to base the personalities of the characters on people that he knew , and he credits this technique for the realism of his characterization . He later said that , " Events and continuity never meant anything to me . The important thing was the characters . "
= = Reception = =
Initially , the response to the new comic book was muted due to its low status as a " toy book . " However its popularity eventually grew , and is credited with bringing in a new generation of comic readers . Within two months of the toy line 's launch , " some 20 per cent of boys from ages five to twelve had two or more G.I. Joe toys " , and by 1988 / 89 a survey conducted by Hasbro found that " two out of every three boys between the ages of five and eleven owned at least one G.I. Joe figure . " These boys were drawn to the G.I. Joe comic book through its association with the toy line , and then went on to other comics . As Hama puts it :
It was a toy book . Very uncool to the fan @-@ boys at the time . It never got reviewed in the fan press . Totally ignored . The kids who bought G.I. Joe were a totally new crowd who were coming into the comic shops for the first time because they had the toys and they saw the commercials . Many of them started to buy other comics while they were there .
According to comic book historian John Jackson Miller , Hasbro 's promotion of the comic resulted in dramatic sales increases , from 157 @,@ 920 copies per month in 1983 to 331 @,@ 475 copies per month in 1985 , making it one of Marvel 's " strongest titles . " According to Jim Shooter , G.I. Joe was Marvel 's number one subscription title in 1985 . By 1987 , the main title was getting 1200 letters every week . Hama read every one , and sent out fifty to one hundred hand @-@ written replies every week .
An early issue that attracted much attention , both positive and negative , was G.I. Joe # 21 , titled " Silent Interlude " , which was told entirely without words or sound effects . In a 1987 interview , Hama explained that the motivation for the story was that he " ... wanted to see if [ he ] could do a story that was a real , complete story — beginning , middle , end , conflict , characterization , action , solid resolution — without balloons or captions or sound effects . " At first , the issue was controversial ; some readers felt cheated that it had no words and could be " read " so quickly . However , it eventually became one of the series ' most enduring and influential issues . Issue # 21 has been recognized as a modern comic classic , and has become a prime example of comics ' visual storytelling power . Comic book artist and theorist Scott McCloud ( author of Understanding Comics ) describes " Silent Interlude " as " ... a kind of watershed moment for cartoonists of [ our ] generation . Everyone remembers it . All these things came out of it . It was like 9 / 11 . " The issue would eventually be ranked # 44 in Wizard Magazine 's listing of the " 100 Best Single Issues Since You Were Born " , and # 6 on io9 's " 10 Issues of Ongoing Comics that Prove Single Issues Can Be Great . "
= = Spin @-@ offs = =
In 1985 , G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero spawned an annual publication called G.I. Joe : Yearbook . G.I. Joe : Yearbook differed from the typical comic book annual publication in that it was more like a magazine . Each issue contained articles about the animated TV program , a summary of the comic book 's plot to date , and one or two original stories written by Larry Hama . G.I. Joe : Yearbook ran until 1988 .
In 1986 , the success of A Real American Hero lead Marvel to produce a second title : G.I. Joe : Special Missions which lasted 28 issues . Herb Trimpe was the artist for most of the run , with Dave Cockrum providing pencils on several issues . Spinning out of G.I. Joe # 50 and set in the same continuity , the series presented more intense violence and a more ambiguous morality than the main title , and the Joes faced enemies who were not related to Cobra . Each issue usually featured a stand @-@ alone mission focusing on a small group of Joes .
Two mini @-@ series were also produced . The first , G.I. Joe : Order of Battle , was a 4 @-@ issue mini @-@ series running from December 1986 to March 1987 , reprinting the data found on the action figures ' file cards with some edits . Written by Hama , with all @-@ new artwork by Trimpe , the first two issues featured G.I. Joe members , while the third issue focused on the members of Cobra Command , and the fourth highlighted the vehicles and equipment used by both organizations . A trade @-@ paperback edition , which included material from all four issues , was published in 1987 .
The second , G.I. Joe and The Transformers , was a 4 @-@ issue mini @-@ series running from January to April 1987 . The story had the Joes and the Autobots joining forces to stop the Decepticons and Cobra from destroying the world . A trade paperback later collected all four issues .
= = Reprints and revivals = =
The first 37 issues of the main series were released in thirteen digests titled G.I. Joe Comic Magazine . Subsequently , Tales of G.I. Joe reprinted the first fifteen issues of G.I. Joe on a higher quality paper stock than that used for the main comic . Four Yearbooks ( 1985 – 1988 ) also collected some previous stories , summarized events , and published new stories that tied into the main title , aside from the first Yearbook , which re @-@ printed the seminal first issue . The series was also translated into several languages , including German , Spanish , Portuguese , Polish , French ( Canada ) , Swedish , Norwegian , Finnish , Danish , Japanese , Arabic , and Indonesian .
G.I. Joe European Missions was published monthly from June 1988 until August 1989 . The European Missions series are all reprints of Action Force Monthly , which was published in the UK . Unlike the weekly Action Force series , these were all original stories , never before seen in the U.S. They were not written by Larry Hama .
In July 2001 , Devil 's Due Publishing acquired the rights to G.I. Joe and released a four @-@ issue limited series entitled G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( Reinstated ) . Strong sales led to Reinstated being upgraded to ongoing , and it lasted for 43 issues , before being relaunched as a new series G.I. Joe : America 's Elite , which lasted for 36 issues . Devil 's Due 's license with Hasbro expired in 2008 and was not renewed .
Building on the success of the Devil 's Due Comics run of G.I. Joe , Marvel Comics collected the first 50 issues in five trade paperbacks , with ten issues in each book . All covers for the trade paperbacks were drawn by J. Scott Campbell .
In 2009 , IDW Publishing began to re @-@ publish the original series again as Classic G.I. Joe , and like Marvel before it , collects ten issues in each volume ; the last few collections have slightly more issues in order to conclude with the 15th paperback volume , which was published in August , 2012 . Other collections for the spin @-@ off Special Missions and assorted Annuals also appeared . In November 2012 , IDW restarted their reprint series with the hardcover G.I. JOE : The Complete Collection , Vol . 1 , intending to reprint all the stories in reading order . IDW also revived the original G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero as an ongoing series in 2010 , with a special # 155 ½ issue released on Free Comic Book Day , followed by issue # 156 onwards in July 2010 .
= Hermann Fegelein =
Hans Georg Otto Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was an SS @-@ Gruppenführer ( general ) of the Waffen @-@ SS in Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitler 's entourage and brother @-@ in @-@ law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister , Gretl .
Fegelein joined the Reiter @-@ Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself , but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds .
In September 1939 , after the successful Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Death 's @-@ Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS @-@ Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen @-@ SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17 @,@ 000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze .
Fegelein was seriously wounded in September 1943 , and was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitler 's headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitler 's life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitler 's Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitler 's suicide . Historians William L. Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him " one of the most disgusting people in Hitler 's circle " . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions .
= = Career = =
Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his father 's equestrian school in Munich , he became proficient in riding skills and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegelein 's entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) .
In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter @-@ Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superior 's office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for " family reasons " . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on " his own account " to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich Fegelein came into contact with National Socialism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS .
Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66 @,@ 680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS @-@ Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid @-@ 1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine @-@ SS rank of SS @-@ Untersturmführer that year and to SS @-@ Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS @-@ Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November 1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS @-@ Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He participated in the selection process for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the Kavallerieschule Hannover ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals .
Fegelein won the Deuts
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members were working in parallel on Chrono Trigger , and development for Final Fantasy VII was interrupted when the other project became significant enough to require the help of Kitase and other designers . Some of the ideas originally considered for Final Fantasy VII ultimately ended up in Chrono Trigger instead . Other ideas , such as the New York setting and the sorceress character Edea , were kept unused until the later projects Parasite Eve and Final Fantasy VIII respectively .
Development resumed in late 1995 , and required the efforts of approximately 120 artists and programmers , using PowerAnimator and Softimage 3D software . The group worked out of both Japan and Square 's new American office in Los Angeles , with the American team primarily responsible for city backgrounds . It was the most expensive video game of its time , with a development budget of around US $ 45 million , equivalent to $ 67 million in 2015 . Kitase was concerned the franchise might be left behind if it did not catch up to the 3D graphics being used in other games , and production began after the completion of a short , experimental tech demo called Final Fantasy SGI for Silicon Graphics Onyx workstations . The demo featured polygon @-@ based 3D renderings of characters from Final Fantasy VI in a real time battle .
The experimental SGI demo led the development team to integrate some of the design mechanics into Final Fantasy VII . However , due to the high quantity of motion data , only the CD @-@ ROM format had the capacity for the project 's needs . Nintendo , for whom Square had developed previous titles in the Final Fantasy series , had decided to continue to use cartridges for its upcoming Nintendo 64 console . This eventually led to a dispute that resulted in Square ending its relationship with Nintendo . Instead , they announced on January 12 , 1996 that they would be developing Final Fantasy VII exclusively for Sony 's PlayStation console . Square officials explained that even the 64DD lacked sufficient storage for Final Fantasy VII , as more than thirty 64DD discs would be needed to hold all the game 's data .
= = = Design = = =
For the first time since having worked on Final Fantasy on the Famicom , Sakaguchi made the gameplay systems a priority over the story , as the team 's main concern during the development of the game was how to implement the 3D . The transition from 2D graphics to 3D environments overlaid on pre @-@ rendered backgrounds was accompanied by a focus on a more realistic presentation . While the extra storage capacity and computer graphics gave the team the means to implement more than 40 minutes of full motion video ( FMV ) movies , this innovation brought with it the added difficulty of ensuring that the inferiority of the in @-@ game graphics in comparison to the FMV sequences was not too obvious . Kitase has described the process of making the in @-@ game environments as detailed as possible to be " a daunting task . " The series ' long @-@ time character designer , Yoshitaka Amano , was opening art workshops and exhibitions in France and New York , which limited his involvement in the game . As a result , Tetsuya Nomura was appointed as the project 's character designer , while Amano aided in the design of the game 's world map .
Several of Nomura 's designs changed during development from their initial conceptions . For example , Cloud 's original design of slicked @-@ back black hair with no spikes was intended to serve as a contrast to Sephiroth 's long , flowing silver hair . Nomura feared , however , that such masculinity could prove unpopular with fans , and therefore he changed Cloud 's design to feature a shock of spiky , bright blond hair . Vincent changed from researcher to detective to chemist , and finally to the figure of a former Turk with a tragic past . Nomura has indicated that Cid Highwind 's fighting style resembles that of a Dragoon Knight , a character class which was chosen because his last name is the same as that of two previous Dragoon Knights featured in the Final Fantasy series , Ricard Highwind of Final Fantasy II and Kain Highwind of Final Fantasy IV .
= = = Music = = =
The music for Final Fantasy VII was composed , arranged , and produced by Nobuo Uematsu . Instead of using recorded music and sound effects for the game , Uematsu opted for sequenced audio ( similar to MIDI ) , using the PlayStation 's internal sound chip . Final Fantasy VII was the second game in the series ( after Final Fantasy VI ) to include a track with sampled vocals ; with " One @-@ Winged Angel " , which has been described as Uematsu 's " most recognizable contribution " to the music of the Final Fantasy series . Uematsu said the soundtrack has a feel of " realism " , which prevented him from using " exorbitant , crazy music . "
The game 's soundtrack was released as a four @-@ disc set on February 10 , 1997 . A single @-@ disc album of selected tracks from the original soundtrack and three arranged tracks , entitled Final Fantasy VII Reunion Tracks , was released separately . Piano Collections Final Fantasy VII , a piano arrangement of selected tracks , was released in 2003 . Several tracks from the game have been remixed in subsequent Square productions , including Final Fantasy IX , Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children , Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII and Kingdom Hearts . In 2012 , music from the soundtrack entered the Classic FM Hall of Fame at number 16 .
= = Release = =
In early August 1996 , a demonstration disc called " Square 's Preview " was released in Japan as a bonus pack @-@ in with the PlayStation game Tobal No. 1 . The disc contained the earliest playable demo of Final Fantasy VII and previews of other upcoming games such as Bushido Blade and SaGa Frontier . The demo allowed players to play through the first part of Midgar . However , there were some noticeable differences from the final version , namely that Aerith was featured in the initial party and the ability to use Summons had not yet been implemented .
The game 's release in North America was preceded by a massive three @-@ month marketing campaign , which consisted of three 30 @-@ second television commercials on major networks , a one @-@ minute long theatrical commercial , a holiday promotion with Pepsi , and printed ads in publications such as Rolling Stone , Details , Spin , Playboy and comic books published by Marvel and DC Comics . Several additions to gameplay and story were made for the game 's North American release , such as easier exchange of materia , arrows highlighting exits on field screens , and an extra cutscene , prompting a re @-@ release in Japan under the title Final Fantasy VII International . On December 18 , 2012 this version was re @-@ released as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box Japanese package .
In 1998 , Final Fantasy VII was ported to Windows @-@ based PCs . This re @-@ release featured smoother graphics , and also fixed translation and spelling errors , as well as gameplay @-@ related glitches . However , the PC version suffered from diminished audio quality due to its use of the MIDI format and errors in the display of some FMVs when rendering in hardware mode on certain graphics chipsets . Since the original PC release of the game , fans have created hundreds of mods for the PC version of the game . The most prominent community being the Qhimm.com forum community , featuring various mods including game patches ( for better compatibility with modern Windows and graphics cards ) , PC @-@ PS save game converter , save game editor , game trainers , character models , world map , cutscenes , music , and battle stages .
In addition to the PlayStation and PC releases , the game was released onto the PlayStation Network in Japan on April 10 , 2009 , in North America on June 2 , 2009 , and in Europe and Australia on June 4 , 2009 . The Japanese release is the International version . The PSN release of the game was downloaded 100 @,@ 000 times during its first two weeks of release , making it the fastest @-@ selling PlayStation game on the PlayStation Network .
On July 4 , 2012 , Square Enix revealed that a PC re @-@ release was forthcoming . It was subsequently released on August 14 . The game features 36 new achievements to be unlocked , optional " Cloud Saves " , and a " Character Booster " feature . This enhanced release for modern PCs was developed by DotEmu and was available exclusively via the Square Enix store . The game can be played at Full HD ( 1920x1080 ) resolution with upscaled original graphics . The release is primarily aimed to port the classic game into a downloadable game to be run on modern Windows OSs ( XP / Vista / 7 ) and DirectX 9.0c. On July 4 , 2013 , the game was released on the Steam digital distribution platform for Windows PCs . This version of the game was released for iOS devices in mid @-@ 2015 and for PlayStation 4 in December 5 , 2015 and added in a cheats , a feature that is missing on the PC release .
= = Reception = =
= = = Initial reception and sales = = =
Final Fantasy VII was both a critical and commercial success , and set several sales records . Within three days of its release in Japan , the game had sold 2 @.@ 3 million copies . This popularity inspired thousands of retailers in North America to break street dates in September to meet public demand for the title . In the game 's debut weekend in North America , it sold 330 @,@ 000 copies , and had reached sales of 500 @,@ 000 units in less than three weeks . The momentum established in the game 's opening weeks continued for several months ; Sony announced the game had sold one million copies in North America by early December , prompting business analyst Edward Williams from Monness , Crespi , Hardt & Co. to comment , " Sony redefined the role @-@ playing game ( RPG ) category and expanded the conventional audience with the launch of Final Fantasy VII . " As of December 25 , 2005 , the game had sold over 9 @.@ 8 million copies worldwide , making it the highest @-@ selling game in the Final Fantasy series . By the end of 2006 , the bargain reissue of the International version of the game alone had sold over 158 @,@ 000 copies in Japan . Final Fantasy VII is credited as " the game that sold the PlayStation , " as well as allowing role @-@ playing games to find a place in markets outside Japan . As of May 2010 , it had sold 10 million copies worldwide , making it the most popular title in the series in terms of units sold . As of 2015 , the Steam version has sold over 1 million copies , and the game has sold over 11 million units in total .
Upon release , the game received widespread acclaim from critics . It was referred to by GameFan as " quite possibly the greatest game ever made , " a quote which continues to feature prominently on the back cover of the game 's jewel case . GameSpot commented that " never before have technology , playability , and narrative combined as well as in Final Fantasy VII , " expressing particular favor toward the game 's graphics , audio , and story . IGN 's Jay Boor insisted the game 's graphics were " light years beyond anything ever seen on the PlayStation , " and regarded its battle system as its strongest point . Computer and Video Games 's Alex C praised the story , stating that the " many characters that come and go throughout the story are well developed , and players will feel the ups and downs of the protagonists as if it were a film , " and that the " structure of the story is such that , just when you think you 've seen it all , something even more awesome comes along to totally knock your socks off . " Edge noted , " The ‘ interactive movie ’ has long been a dirty term to anyone who values a playable videogame , but FFVII succeeds in coming closer than any title yet , " with the " highly complex , melodramatic story and excellently orchestrated chip music " combining " to make players feel real empathy with the characters , " a " task usually shied away from by the action / comedy @-@ orientated western graphic adventures . " RPGamer praised the game 's soundtrack , both in variety and sheer volume , stating that " Uematsu has done his work exceptionally well " and " is perhaps at his best here . " Electronic Gaming Monthly 's panel of four reviewers gave the game scores of 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 each , adding up to a score of 38 out of 40 in total .
Reviewers also praised the game 's PC conversion , but criticized it for its lower @-@ quality pre @-@ rendered visuals and audio , and for its framerate and installation problems . Computer Games Magazine said that " [ no ] game in recent memory " had such a " tendency to fail to work in any capacity on multiple [ computers ] . " Computer Gaming World complained that the " music , while beautifully composed , is butchered by being dependent on your sound card , " and Next Generation Magazine found the game 's pre @-@ rendered backgrounds significantly less impressive than those of the PlayStation version . However , the latter magazine found the higher @-@ resolution battle visuals " absolutely stunning , " and Computer Games Magazine said that they " [ show ] off the power of [ a ] PC equipped with a 3D card . " All three magazines concluded by praising the game despite its technical flaws , and PC Gamer summarized that , while " Square apparently did only what was required to get its PlayStation game running under Windows , " Final Fantasy VII is " still a winner on the PC . "
Final Fantasy VII has received some negative criticism as well . Square 's announcement that it would be produced for Sony rather than Nintendo and that it would not be based on the Final Fantasy SGI demo was met with discontent among some gamers . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine ( OPM ) and GameSpot questioned the game 's linear progression . OPM considered the game 's translation " a bit muddy " and felt the summon animations were " repetitive . " RPGamer cited its translation as " packed with typos and other errors which further obscure what is already a very confusing plot . " GamePro also considered the Japanese @-@ to @-@ English translation a significant weakness in the game , and IGN regarded the ability to use only three characters at a time as " the game 's only shortcoming . "
= = = Awards and accolades = = =
Final Fantasy VII was given numerous Game of the Year awards in 1997 . It won in the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences ' first annual Interactive Achievement Awards in the categories " Console Adventure Game of the Year " and " Console Role Playing Game of the Year " ( it was also nominated in the categories " Interactive Title of the Year " , " Outstanding Achievement in Art / Graphics " and " Outstanding Achievement in Interactive Design " ) . In the Origins Award , it won in the category " Best Roleplaying Computer Game of 1997 . " It was also awarded the " Readers ' Choice All Systems Game of the Year " , " Readers ' Choice PlayStation Game of the Year " and " Readers ' Choice Role @-@ Playing Game of the Year " by EGM , which also gave it other awards for " Hottest Video Game Babe " ( for Tifa Lockheart ) , " Most Hyper for a Game " , " Best Ending " and " Best Print Ad " .
Since 1997 , it has been selected by many game magazines as one of the top video games of all time , including as 91st in EGM 's 2001 " 100 Best Games of All Time " , and as fourth in Retro Gamer 's " Top 100 Games " in 2004 . In 2005 , it was ranked as 88th in IGN 's " Top 100 Games of All Time " and as third in PALGN 's " The Greatest 100 Games Ever " . Final Fantasy VII was included in the " The Greatest Games of All Time " list by GameSpot in 2006 , and ranked as second in Empire 's 2006 " 100 Greatest Games of All Time " , as third in Stuff 's " 100 Greatest Games " in 2008 and as 15th in Game Informer 's 2009 " Top 200 Games of All Time " ( down five places from its previous best games of all time list ) . GameSpot placed it at the top of its list of the most influential games ever made in 2001 , and as second in 2002 ; in 2007 , GamePro ranked it 14th on the list of the most important games of all time , and in 2009 it finished in the same place on their list of the most innovative games of all time . In 2012 , Time named it one of " All @-@ TIME 100 Video Games " .
It has also appeared in numerous other greatest game lists . In 2007 , Dengeki PlayStation gave it the " Best Story " , " Best RPG " and " Best Overall Game " retrospective awards for games on the original PlayStation . GamePro named it the best RPG title of all time in 2008 , and featured it in their 2010 article " The 30 Best PSN Games . " In 2012 , GamesRadar also ranked it as the sixth saddest game ever . On the other hand , GameSpy ranked it seventh on their 2003 list of the most overrated games ( in 2011 , Destructoid argued " why Final Fantasy VII is not overrated " ) .
Final Fantasy VII has often placed at or near the top of many reader polls of all @-@ time best games . It was voted the " Reader 's Choice Game of the Century " in an IGN poll in 2000 and placed second in the " Top 100 Favorite Games of All Time " by Japanese magazine Famitsu in 2006 ( it was also voted as ninth in Famitsu 's 2011 poll of most tear @-@ inducing games of all time ) . Users of GameFAQs voted it the " Best Game Ever " in 2004 and in 2005 , and placed it second in 2009 . In 2008 , readers of Dengeki magazine voted it the best game ever made , as well as the ninth most tear @-@ inducing game of all time .
= = Legacy = =
In addition to the PlayStation and PC releases , the game was released onto the PlayStation Network in Japan on April 10 , 2009 , in North America on June 2 , 2009 , and in Europe and Australia on June 4 , 2009 . The Japanese release is the International version . The PSN release of the game was downloaded 100 @,@ 000 times during its first two weeks of release , making it the fastest @-@ selling PlayStation game on the PlayStation Network . The game has also inspired an unofficial version for the NES by Chinese company Shenzhen Nanjing Technology . This port features the Final Fantasy VII game scaled back to 2D , with some of the side quests removed . On the 5th of December 2015 , an upscaled version of the original game , complete with trophies and integrated cheats , was released on the PS4 . It is based on the enhanced PC version released on Steam in 2013
The game 's popularity and open @-@ ended nature also led director Kitase and scenario writer Nojima to establish a plot @-@ related connection between Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 . The character Shinra from Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 proposes the concept of extracting the life energy from within the planet Spira . Nojima has stated that Shinra and his proposal are a deliberate nod to the Shinra Company , and that he envisioned the events of Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 as a prequel to those in Final Fantasy VII . The FMV sequences and computer graphics used in Final Fantasy VII allowed Sakaguchi to begin production on the first Final Fantasy film , Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within . The game also introduced settings suffused with modern @-@ to @-@ advanced technology into the Final Fantasy series , a theme continued by Final Fantasy VIII and The Spirits Within . Re @-@ releases of Square games in Japan with bonus features would occur frequently after the release of Final Fantasy VII International . Later titles that would be re @-@ released as international versions include Final Fantasy X ( as " International " ) , Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 ( as " International + Last Mission " ) , Kingdom Hearts ( as " Final Mix " ) , Kingdom Hearts II ( as " Final Mix " ) , and Final Fantasy XII ( as " International Zodiac Job System " ) .
Several characters from Final Fantasy VII have also made cameo appearances in other Square Enix titles , most notably the fighting game Ehrgeiz and the popular Final Fantasy @-@ Disney crossover series Kingdom Hearts . Additionally , fighting video game Dissidia Final Fantasy includes Final Fantasy VII characters such as Cloud and Sephiroth , and allows players to fight with characters from throughout the Final Fantasy series , and its follow @-@ up , Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy , included Tifa as well . On the November 12 , 2015 , Nintendo Direct , it was announced that Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U would receive Cloud as a downloadable content character in 2015 , along with a stage based on Midgar . Aerith 's death in the game has often been referred as one of the most emotional moments from any video game , while Sephiroth remains one of the most popular villains in video game history .
= = = Related media and merchandise = = =
Compilation of Final Fantasy VII is the formal title for a series of games , animated features and short stories based in the world of Final Fantasy VII . The series consists of several titles across various platforms , all of which are extensions of the original story . The first title in the Compilation is the mobile game Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII , a prequel focusing on the Turks ' activities six years prior to the original game , including their first encounter with AVALANCHE . The CGI film sequel Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children , set two years after the events of the game , was the first title announced in the series , but it was the second to be released . Special DVD editions of the film included Last Order : Final Fantasy VII , an original video animation that recounts the destruction of Nibelheim . Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII and its mobile phone counterpart , Dirge of Cerberus Lost Episode : Final Fantasy VII , are third @-@ person shooters set three years after the events of Final Fantasy VII and one after the events of Advent Children . Dirge focuses on Vincent Valentine , and goes into more detail regarding his backstory than the original Final Fantasy VII . The most recent title is the PlayStation Portable game Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII , an action role @-@ playing game that revolves around Zack 's past . Also included in the Compilation is On the Way to a Smile , a collection of seven short stories written by Kazushige Nojima , and set between the end of Final Fantasy VII and the beginning of Advent Children . Originally only three stories were released : " Case of Barret " , " Case of Tifa " and " Case of Denzel " , but with the release of Advent Children Complete , four more stories were written ; " Case of Nanaki " , " Case of Yuffie " , " Case of Shinra " and " Case of Lifestream - White & Black " .
Releases not under the Compilation label include , Maiden Who Travels the Planet , which follows Aerith 's journey in the Lifestream after her death at the hands of Sephiroth , taking place concurrently with the second half of the original game . Final Fantasy VII Snowboarding is a mobile port of the snowboard minigame featured in Final Fantasy VII , which contains different course than the original minigame . The game is downloadable on V Cast @-@ compatible mobile phones , and was first made available in 2005 in Japan and North America . Final Fantasy VII G @-@ Bike is a mobile game released for iOS and Android in December 2014 , based on the motorbike minigame featured in FFVII .
= = = Remake = = =
With the announcement and development of the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII , speculation spread that an enhanced remake of the original Final Fantasy VII would be released for the PlayStation 3 . This speculation was sparked at the 2005 E3 convention by the release of a video featuring the opening sequence of Final Fantasy VII recreated using the PlayStation 3 's graphical capabilities . A high definition remake was officially confirmed at E3 2015 , for the PS4 . The game will be more than a high definition remaster , with director Tetsuya Nomura stating that the game will have changes made to its story and combat system .
= Gropecunt Lane =
Gropecunt Lane / ˈɡroʊpkʌnt ˈleɪn / was a street name found in English towns and cities during the Middle Ages , believed to be a reference to the prostitution centred on those areas ; it was normal practice for a medieval street name to reflect the street 's function or the economic activity taking place within it . Gropecunt , the earliest known use of which is in about 1230 , appears to have been derived as a compound of the words grope and cunt . Streets with that name were often in the busiest parts of medieval towns and cities , and at least one appears to have been an important thoroughfare .
Although the name was once common throughout England , changes in attitude resulted in its replacement by more innocuous versions such as Grape Lane . A variation of Gropecunt was last recorded as a street name in 1561 .
= = Toponymy = =
Variations include Gropecunte , Gropecountelane , Gropecontelane , Groppecountelane and Gropekuntelane . There were once many such street names in England , but all have now been bowdlerised . In the city of York , for instance , Grapcunt Lane — grāp is the Old English word for grope — was renamed as the more acceptable Grape Lane .
The first record of the word grope being used in the indecent sense of sexual touching appears in 1380 ; cunt has been used to describe the vulva since at least 1230 , and corresponds to the Old Norse kunta , although its etymology is uncertain .
= = Prostitution = =
Under its entry for the word cunt , the Oxford English Dictionary reports that a street was listed as Gropecuntlane in about 1230 , the first appearance of that name . According to author Angus McIntyre , organised prostitution was well established in London by the middle of the 12th century , initially mainly confined to Southwark in the southeast , but later spreading to other areas such as Smithfield , Shoreditch , Clerkenwell , and Westminster . The practice was often tolerated by the authorities , and there are many historical examples of it being dealt with by regulation rather than by censure : in 1393 the authorities in London allowed prostitutes to work only in Cocks Lane , and in 1285 French prostitutes in Montpellier were confined to a single street .
It was normal practice for medieval street names to reflect their function , or the economic activity taking place within them ( especially the commodities available for sale ) , hence the frequency of names such as The Shambles , Silver Street , Fish Street , and Swinegate ( pork butchers ) in cities with a medieval history . Prostitution may well have been a normal aspect of medieval urban life ; in A survey of London ( 1598 ) John Stow describes Love Lane as " so called of Wantons " . The more graphic Gropecunt Lane , however , is possibly the most obvious allusion to sexual activity .
= = Changing sensibilities = =
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word cunt as " The female external genital organs " and notes " Its currency is restricted in the manner of other taboo @-@ words : see the small @-@ type note s.v. FUCK v. " During the Middle Ages the word may often have been considered merely vulgar , having been in common use in its anatomical sense since at least the 13th century . In The Miller 's Tale , Geoffrey Chaucer writes " And prively he caughte hire by the queynte " ( and intimately he caught her by her crotch ) , and Philotus ( 1603 ) mentions " put doun thy hand and graip hir cunt . " Gradually though the word became used more as the obscenity it is generally considered to be today . In John Garfield 's Wandring Whore II ( 1660 ) the word is applied to a woman , specifically a whore — " this is none of your pittiful Sneakesbyes and Raskalls that will offer a sturdy C — but eighteen pence or two shillings , and repent of the business afterwards " . Francis Grose 's A Classical Dictionary of The Vulgar Tongue ( 1785 ) lists the word as " C * * t . The chonnos of the Greek , and the cunnus of the Latin dictionaries ; a nasty name for a nasty thing : un con Miege . "
Although some medieval street names such as Addle Street ( stinking urine , or other liquid filth ; mire ) and Fetter Lane ( once Fewterer , meaning " idle and disorderly person " ) have survived , others have been changed in deference to contemporary attitudes . Sherborne Lane in London was in 1272 – 73 known as Shitteborwelane , later Shite @-@ burn lane and Shite @-@ buruelane ( possibly due to nearby cesspits ) . Pissing Alley , one of several identically named streets whose names survived the Great Fire of London , was called Little Friday Street in 1848 , before being absorbed into Cannon Street in 1853 – 54 . Petticoat Lane , the meaning of which is sometimes misinterpreted as related to prostitution , was in 1830 renamed as Middlesex Street , following complaints about the street being named after an item of underwear . More recently , Rillington Place , where John Christie murdered his victims , was renamed Ruston Close . Selous Street in London was renamed as a mark of respect for Nelson Mandela , as it may have been perceived to have been named in honour of the colonialist Frederick Selous , although it was actually named after the artist Henry Courtney Selous .
As the most ubiquitous and explicit example of such street names , with the exception of Shrewsbury and possibly Newcastle ( where a Grapecuntlane was mentioned in 1588 ) the use of Gropecunt seems to have fallen out of favour by the 14th century . Its steady disappearance from the English vernacular may have been the result of a gradual cleaning @-@ up of the name ; Gropecuntelane in 13th @-@ century Wells became Grope Lane , and then in the 19th century , Grove Lane . The ruling Protestant conservative elite 's growing hostility to prostitution during the 16th century resulted in the closure of the Southwark stews in 1546 , replacing earlier attempts at regulation .
= = Locations = =
London had several streets named Gropecunt Lane including one in the parishes of St Pancras , Soper Lane and St Mary Colechurch , between Bordhawelane ( bordello ) and Puppekirty Lane ( poke skirt ) near present @-@ day Cheapside . First recorded in 1279 as Gropecontelane and Groppecountelane , it was part of a collection of streets which appears to have survived as a small island of prostitution outside Southwark , where such activities were normally confined during the medieval period .
The name was also used in other large medieval towns across England , including Bristol , York , Shrewsbury , Newcastle upon Tyne , Worcester , Hereford , and Oxford . Norwich 's Gropekuntelane ( now Opie Street ) was recorded in Latin as turpis vicus , the shameful street . In 1230 Oxford 's Magpie Lane was known as Gropecunt Lane , renamed Grope or Grape Lane in the 13th century , and then Magpie Lane in the mid @-@ 17th century . It was again renamed in 1850 as Grove Street , before once again assuming the name Magpie Lane in the 20th century . Newcastle and Worcester each had a Grope Lane close to their public quays . In their 2001 study of medieval prostitution , using the Historic Towns Atlas as a source , historian Richard Holt and archaeologist Nigel Baker of the University of Birmingham studied sexually suggestive street names around England . They concluded that there was a close association between a street with the name Gropecunt Lane , which was almost always in the centre of town , and that town 's principal market @-@ place or high street . This correlation suggests that these streets not only provided for the sexual gratification of local men , but also for visiting stall @-@ holders .
Such trade may explain the relative uniformity of the name across the country . Streets named Gropecunt Lane are recorded in several smaller market towns such as Banbury , Glastonbury and Wells , where a street of that name existed in 1300 , regularly mentioned in legal documents of the time . Parsons Street in Banbury was first recorded as Gropecunt Lane in 1333 , and may have been an important thoroughfare , but by 1410 its name had been changed to Parsons Lane . Grape Lane in Whitby may once have been Grope Lane , or Grapcunt Lane . Gropecunte Lane in Glastonbury , later known as Grope lane , now St Benedicts Court , was recorded in 1290 and 1425 A street called Grope Countelane existed in Shrewsbury as recently as 1561 , connecting the town 's two principal marketplaces . At some date unrecorded the street was renamed Grope Lane , a name it has retained . In Thomas Phillips ' History and Antiquities of Shrewsbury ( 1799 ) the author is explicit in his understanding of the origin of the name as a place of " scandalous lewdness and venery " , but Archdeacon Hugh Owen 's Some account of the ancient and present state of Shrewsbury ( 1808 ) describes it as " called Grope , or the Dark Lane " . As a result of these differing accounts , some local tour guides attribute the name to " feeling one 's way along a dark and narrow thoroughfare " .
= JC 's Girls =
JC 's Girls ( short for Jesus Christ 's Girls , also called the JC 's Girls Girls Girls Ministry ) is an Evangelical Christian women 's organization in the United States whose members evangelize to female workers in the sex industry . The organization supports women wishing to leave the industry , but does not try to persuade them to do so . The group does not focus upon conversion but rather on communicating its message that Christians exist who are not judging female sex workers and are willing to accept them . The organization also helps both women and men seeking to overcome pornography addiction .
The organization was founded by Heather Veitch , who worked as a stripper for four years before becoming a Christian and leaving the sex industry in 1999 . She founded JC 's Girls on Good Friday in March 2005 ; it was based at Sandals Church in Riverside , California , with the support of the California Southern Baptist Convention . In January 2006 , JC 's Girls went to Las Vegas to operate a booth at the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo that received much traffic and news coverage . By 2008 , Veitch had moved to Las Vegas and based the organization at Central Christian Church in nearby Henderson , Nevada . Former stripper and call girl Theresa Scher and social worker Sheri Brown founded the San Diego chapter of JC 's Girls at The Rock Church in 2007 . Veitch , Scher , and Brown resigned from JC 's Girls in 2011 , 2012 , and 2014 respectively , leaving the leadership of the organization to Laura Bonde . As of 2014 , the sole chapter of JC 's Girls is in San Diego .
Terry Barone , spokesman of the California Southern Baptist Convention , said that JC 's Girls members " are doing what Jesus did ... He ministered to prostitutes and tax collectors . " JC 's Girls members have been criticized for dressing like sex workers , a look that Veitch said is intended to help women in the sex industry identify with the group . A Baptist minister from San Bernardino , California criticized JC 's Girls for not explicitly encouraging women in the sex industry to quit , and quoted Matthew 6 : 24 , a Bible verse that states that a person cannot serve two masters . In response to the idea that strippers should quit their jobs before attending a church , Veitch said , " Do we ask gluttons to stop eating too much before they come to church ? " Philip Sherwell of the Calgary Herald called the evangelism of JC 's Girls " America 's most unusual Christian outreach operation " .
= = Ideology = =
JC 's Girls , also called the JC 's Girls Girls Girls Ministry , is an Evangelical organization that calls itself " a biblically @-@ based Christian ministry " . JC 's Girls is less focused on seeking conversions than on communicating the message to women in the sex industry that Christians exist who are willing to non @-@ judgmentally accept them . Initially , the organization focused on evangelizing to strippers and erotic dancers , but later began to engage with women in other areas of the sex industry , such as softcore pornographic models and call girls . The organization also diversified to support people with pornography addiction . Members of the organization evangelize at adult entertainment conventions and strip clubs .
Out of a belief that many women in the sex industry have been spiritually abused by Christians trying to frighten them out of the sex industry with warnings of damnation , JC 's Girls focuses on telling these women that God loves them . JC 's Girls volunteers tell the women about the gospel but do not try to persuade them to leave the sex industry ; the organization recognizes that is often not financially viable for women in the sex industry to immediately sacrifice their employment . JC 's Girls connects female sex workers with churches the organization believes to be non @-@ judgmental , hoping that the women will experience the love of Christ through these churches and that they will thereby eventually have the support and strength they need to leave the industry . Prior to referring a woman to a church , JC 's Girls puts the church through a formal approval process to ensure that the church will not be judgmental . If women express a desire to leave the sex industry , JC 's Girls attempts to support them in doing so .
JC 's Girls aims to convey to women in the sex industry that Jesus loves them , that they are beautiful , and that they have dignity . Its volunteers often style themselves with eyelash extensions , stiletto heels , skinny jeans , skin @-@ tight T @-@ shirts , and backcombed hair to convey the message that such things are , in their view , not sinful . Founder Heather Veitch said , " Our desire is for people to see that Christianity is anything but boring and restrictive . In Christ , we are free to experience adventure , pleasure , forgiveness , hope and peace . "
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Veitch worked as a stripper for four years in the Las Vegas area and California . After she had appeared in four pornographic films in the softcore and fetish genres — trample fetish specifically — public discussion about the Year 2000 problem and the end of the world caused her to think that she might experience divine judgment for her lifestyle . She then became a Christian , married her boyfriend Jon , started and completed a course in cosmetology , left the sex industry , and became a hairdresser all by September 1999 . In 2003 , Veitch discovered that a friend of hers who was working as a stripper had died as a result of alcoholism . Veitch began to evangelize to strippers because she wished she had told her friend about the gospel before she died .
By 2005 , Veitch was working as a hairdresser in Riverside , California . One of her clients was Lori Albee , a housewife with two children and no experience with the sex industry . Veitch told Albee about her friend who had died and to whom she wished she had evangelized . Albee suggested that they start telling other strippers about Jesus . Matt Brown , Veitch 's pastor at Sandals Church , arrived for a haircut and Veitch asked him for help to start an organization to minister to sex workers . He was interested . Veitch and Brown started Matthew 's House , an organization they founded as " a ministry to help people working in or addicted to the sex industry " . They chose the name " Matthew 's House " in reference to the Calling of Matthew , a gospel episode in which Jesus eats with sinners at the home of Matthew the Apostle .
By 2011 , JC 's Girls chapters were based in Las Vegas , Nevada ; Riverside , California ; San Diego , California ; Austin , Texas ; and Sioux Falls , South Dakota . As of 2014 , the San Diego chapter is the sole chapter that remains .
= = = Riverside chapter = = =
On Good Friday in March 2005 , Veitch , Albee and six other women went to a strip club in Riverside and paid for lap dances . Instead of accepting the dances , they talked with the strippers , telling them that they were loved and accepted by God , that churches were composed entirely of sinners , and that they would be welcome there . One of the lap dancers cried and told Albee she had often wanted to go to a church but had never done so because she had thought that she would be rejected . The woman accepted a prayer from Albee and hugged her . Albee would later say that talking with women at the strip club that first day changed her life . Because the volunteers received more positive responses than they had expected , they decided to continue to evangelize at strip clubs . To organize these activities , Veitch and Albee founded JC 's Girls , with " JC " standing for Jesus Christ . They made Matthew 's House the parent organization , but decided to operate primarily under the name " JC 's Girls " because Veitch believed that strippers would not understand the meaning of the name " Matthew 's House " .
Veitch became the head of JC 's Girls and the 17 @,@ 000 @-@ member Sandals Church became the organization 's base of operations . The church is part of the California Southern Baptist Convention , which supports JC 's Girls . The church gave JC 's Girls a $ 10 @,@ 000 budget in its first year . The organization 's members continued visiting strip clubs across California , paying for private dances and then evangelizing the strippers . Within six months of its founding , the organization 's members had persuaded several strippers to start attending a church and were only once asked to stop . One of these women was fired from a strip club because she started attending Sandals Church , but she continued attending the church , saying that Brown 's preaching helped her get through the week .
By December 2005 , Veitch , Albee , and teacher Tanya Huerter had become the organization 's leaders . Two months later , Huerter , who also had no experience with the sex industry , said , " I have a heart for these girls . I believe God created sex for marriage . But God will meet these girls where they are . " Veitch , Albee , and Huerter invited Christian women from other churches in the area to volunteer with JC 's Girls and approximately 90 churches responded with interest . JC 's Girls received public attention in December 2005 , when UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph published an article about the organization 's activities . The article prompted additional media coverage from other newspapers , television programs , and radio stations both across the United States and internationally , including news outlets as far away as France and India . Veitch began dividing her time between managing JC 's Girls , appearing in the media , and serving as a caregiver for her terminally @-@ ill husband , who had brain cancer .
In January 2006 , JC 's Girls went to Las Vegas to operate a booth at the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo — the largest trade fair for pornography in the United States . The booth was decorated in the style of the booths advertising strip clubs ; the women wore sleeveless shirts with the organization 's name in sequins . When men attending the convention visited the booth thinking that JC 's Girls was a strip club , the women asked them to guess what " JC " meant and gave attendees a sticker reading : " I 've been booby @-@ trapped by JC 's Girls . " JC 's Girls told thousands of male attendees about the gospel , distributed more than 200 Bibles wrapped in T @-@ shirts reading " Holy Hottie " , and gave out DVDs of a sermon by Brown about pornography addiction . Jesse Jane was one of the women who accepted a Bible . Many convention attendees wished to take pictures with the JC 's Girls volunteers . Veitch was interviewed for a variety of media , including a CNN news broadcast and a documentary film by Bill Day , who had previously made the film Missionary Positions about XXXchurch.com , another Christian organization that was operating a booth at the trade fair .
Also in January 2006 , Brown approved a $ 50 @,@ 000 budget for JC 's Girls for the year . By April , seven strippers had attended Sandals Church because of JC 's Girls and strippers from across the United States had contacted the organization looking for local churches . In an attempt to dispel accusations that the JC 's Girls message might be motivated by jealousy , Veitch lost weight and became more physically fit . She said that she wanted strippers " to know that if I wanted to , I could be a stripper again , but I choose to live my life for the Lord . "
= = = Original website = = =
Within the first few months of founding JC 's Girls , Veitch and Albee launched the organization 's first official website , which initially received little traffic . Three months later , it had received 40 @,@ 000 hits . By December 2005 , the organization had received messages through its website from pornographic film actors and men with pornography addiction who said that JC 's Girls had changed their lives . A slogan on the main page of the website read , " If you are a CHRISTIAN ... See us in ACTION ... " . Without asking for payment , Veitch 's friend , pornographic film director James DiGiorgio , took glamour photographs of Veitch , Albee , and Huerter for the JC 's Girls website . DiGiorgio was not a Christian , but said that he was helping these organizations in
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David Hume , Immanuel Kant , Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel .
= = = 1848 Revolution = = =
Before Alexandru Ghica was replaced with Gheorghe Bibescu , his relations with Heliade had soured . In contrast with his earlier call for moderation , the writer decided to side with the liberal current in its conspiratorial opposition to Bibescu . The so @-@ called " Trandafiloff affair " of early 1844 was essential in this process — it was provoked by Bibescu 's decision to lease all Wallachian mines to a Russian engineer named Alexander Trandafiloff , a measure considered illegal by the Assembly and ultimately ending in Bibescu 's decision to dissolve his legislative . These events made Heliade publish a pamphlet titled Măceşul ( " The Eglantine " ) , which was heavily critical of Russian influence and reportedly sold over 30 @,@ 000 copies . It was centered on the pun alluding to Trandafiloff 's name — trandafir cu of în coadă ( lit . " a rose ending in -of " , but also " a rose with grief for a stem " ) . Making additional covert reference to Trandafiloff as " the eglantine " , it featured the lyrics :
In spring 1848 , when the first European revolutions had erupted , Heliade was attracted into cooperation with Frăţia , a secret society founded by Nicolae Bălcescu , Ion Ghica , Christian Tell , and Alexandru G. Golescu , and sat on its leadership committee . He also collaborated with the reform @-@ minded French teacher Jean Alexandre Vaillant , who was ultimately expelled after his activities were brought to the attention of authorities . On April 19 , 1848 , following financial setbacks , Curierul Românesc ceased printing ( this prompted Heliade to write Cântecul ursului , " The Bear 's Song " , a piece ridiculing his political enemies ) .
Heliade progressively distanced himself from the more radical groups , especially after discussions began on the issue of land reform and the disestablishment of the boyar class . Initially , he accepted the reforms , and , after the matter was debated within Frăţia just before rebellion broke out , he issued a resolution acknowledging this ( the document was probably inspired by Nicolae Bălcescu ) . The compromise also set other goals , including national independence , responsible government , civil rights and equality , universal taxation , a larger Assembly , five @-@ year terms of office for Princes ( and their election by the National Assembly ) , freedom of the press , and decentralization . On June 21 , 1848 , present in Islaz alongside Tell and the Orthodox priest known as Popa Şapcă , he read out these goals to a cheering crowd , in what was to be the effective start of the uprising ( see Proclamation of Islaz ) . Four days after the Islaz events , the revolution succeeded in toppling Bibescu , whom it replaced with a Provisional Government which immediately attracted Russian hostility . Presided over by Metropolitan Neofit , it included Heliade , who was also Minister of Education , as well as Tell , Ştefan Golescu , Gheorghe Magheru , and , for a short while , the Bucharest merchant Gheorghe Scurti .
Disputes regarding the shape of land reform continued , and in late July , the Government created Comisia proprietăţii ( the Commission on Property ) , representing both peasants and landlords and overseen by Alexandru Racoviţă and Ion Ionescu de la Brad . It too failed to reach a compromise over the amount of land to be allocated to peasants , and it was ultimately recalled by Heliade , who indicated that the matter was to be deliberated once a new Assembly had been voted into office . In time , the writer adopted a conservative outlook in respect to boyar tradition , developing a singular view of Romanian history from a consideration of property and rank in Wallachia . In the words of historian Nicolae Iorga : " Eliad had wanted to lead , as dictator , this movement that added liberal institutions to the old society that had been almost completely maintained in place " .
Like most other revolutionaries , Heliade favored maintaining good relations with the Ottoman Empire , Wallachia 's suzerain power , hoping that this policy could help counter Russian pressures . As Sultan Abdülmecid I was assessing the situation , Süleyman Paşa was dispatched to Bucharest , where he advised the revolutionaries to carry on with their diplomatic efforts , and ordered the Provisional Government to be replaced by Locotenenţa domnească , a triumvirate of regents comprising Heliade , Tell , and Nicolae Golescu . Nonetheless , the Ottomans were pressured by Russia into joining a clampdown on revolutionary forces , which resulted , during September , in the reestablishment of Regulamentul Organic and its system of government . Together with Tell , Heliade sought refuge at the British consulate in Bucharest , where they were hosted by Robert Gilmour Colquhoun in exchange for a deposit of Austrian florins .
= = = Exile = = =
Leaving his family behind , he was allowed to pass into the Austrian @-@ ruled Banat , before moving into self @-@ exile in France while his wife and children were sent to Ottoman lands . In 1850 – 1851 , several of his memoirs of the revolution , written in both Romanian and French , were published in Paris , the city where he had taken residence . He shared his exile with Tell and Magheru , as well as with Nicolae Rusu Locusteanu .
It was during his time in Paris that he met with Pierre @-@ Joseph Proudhon , the anarchist philosopher who had come to advance a moderate small @-@ scale property project ( to counter both economic liberalism and socialism ) . Heliade used this opportunity to make the Romanian cause known to the staff of Proudhon 's La Voix de Peuple . Major French publications to which he contributed included La Presse , La Semaine , and Le Siècle , where he also helped publicize political issues pertaining to his native land . Heliade was credited with having exercised influence over historian Élias Regnault ; Nicolae Iorga argued that Regnault 's discarded his own arguments in favor of a unified Romanian state to include Transylvania ( a concept which Heliade had come to resent ) , as well amending his earlier account of the 1848 events , after being exposed to " Eliad 's propaganda " .
While claiming to represent the entire body of Wallachian émigrés , Heliade had by then grown disappointed with the political developments , and , in his private correspondence , commented that Romanians in general were " idle " , " womanizing " , as well as having " the petty and base envies of women " , and argued that they required " supervision [ and ] leadership " . His fortune was declining , especially after pressures began for him to pay his many debts , and he often lacked the funds for basic necessities . At the time , he continuously clashed with other former revolutionaries , including Bălcescu , C. A. Rosetti , and the Golescus , who resented his ambiguous stance in respect to reforms , and especially his willingness to accept Regulamentul Organic as an instrument of power ; Heliade issued the first in a series of pamphlets condemning young radicals , contributing to factionalism inside the émigré camp . His friendship with Tell also soured , after Heliade began speculating that the revolutionary general was committing adultery with Maria .
In 1851 , Heliade reunited with his family on the island of Chios , where they stayed until 1854 . Following the evacuation of Russian troops from the Danubian Principalities during the Crimean War , Heliade was appointed by the Porte to represent the Romanian nation in Shumen , as part of Omar Pasha 's staff . Again expressing sympathy for the Ottoman cause , he was rewarded with the title of Bey . According to Iorga , Heliade 's attitudes reflected his hope of " recovering the power lost " in 1848 ; the historian also stressed that Omar never actually made use of Heliade 's services .
Later in the same year , he decided to return to Bucharest , but his stay was cut short when the Austrian authorities , who , under the leadership of Johann Coronini @-@ Cronberg , had taken over administration of the country as a neutral force , asked for him to be expelled . Returning to Paris , Heliade continued to publish works on political and cultural issues , including an analysis of the European situation after the Peace Treaty of 1856 and an 1858 essay on the Bible . In 1859 , he published his own translation of the Septuagint , under the name Biblia sacră ce cuprinde Noul şi Vechiul Testament ( " The Holy Bible , Comprising the New and Old Testament " ) .
As former revolutionaries , grouped in the Partida Naţională faction , advanced the idea of union between Wallachia and Moldavia in election for the ad hoc Divan , Heliade opted not to endorse any particular candidate , while rejecting outright the candidature of former prince Alexandru II Ghica ( in a private letter , he stated : " let them elect whomever [ of the candidates for the throne ] , for he would still have the heart of a man and some principles of a Romanian ; only don 't let that creature [ Ghica ] be elected , for he is capable of going to the dogs with this country " ) .
= = = Final years = = =
Later in 1859 , Heliade returned to Bucharest , which had become the capital of the United Principalities after the common election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and later that of an internationally recognized Principality of Romania . It was during that period that he again added Rădulescu to his surname . Until his death , he published influential volumes on a variety of issues , while concentrating on contributions to history and literary criticism , and editing a new collection of his own poems . In 1863 , Domnitor Cuza awarded him an annual pension of 2 @,@ 000 lei .
One year after the creation of the Romanian Academy ( under the name of " Academic Society " ) , he was elected its first President ( 1867 ) , serving until his death . In 1869 , Heliade and Alexandru Papiu @-@ Ilarian successfully proposed the Italian diplomat and philologist Giovenale Vegezzi Ruscalla as honorary member of the Academy . By then , like most other 1848 Romantics , he had become the target of criticism from the younger generation of intellectuals , represented by the Iaşi @-@ based literary society Junimea ; in 1865 , during one of its early public sessions , Junimea explicitly rejected works by Heliade and Iancu Văcărescu .
During the elections of 1866 , Heliade Rădulescu won a seat in the Chamber as a deputy for the city of Târgovişte . As Cuza had been ousted from power by a coalition of political groupings , he was the only Wallachian deputy to join Nicolae Ionescu and other disciples of Simion Bărnuţiu in opposing the appointment of Carol of Hohenzollern as Domnitor and a proclamation stressing the perpetuity of the Moldo @-@ Wallachian union . Speaking in Parliament , he likened the adoption of foreign rule to the Phanariote period . The opposition was nevertheless weak , and the resolution was passed with a large majority .
Among Ion Heliade Rădulescu 's last printed works were a textbook on poetics ( 1868 ) and a volume on Romanian orthography . By that time , he had come to consider himself a prophet @-@ like figure , and the redeemer of his motherland , notably blessing his friends with the words " Christ and Magdalene be with you ! " His mental health declining , he died at his Bucharest residence on Polonă Street , nr . 20 . Heliade Rădulescu 's grandiose funeral ceremony attracted a large number of his admirers ; the coffin was buried in the courtyard of the Mavrogheni Church .
= = Heliade and the Romanian language = =
= = = Early proposals = = =
Heliade 's most influential contributions are related to his interest in developing the modern Romanian language , in which he synthesized Enlightenment tenets and Romantic nationalist ideals of the 1848 generation . At a time when Romanian was being discarded by the educated in favor of French or Greek , he and his supporters argued in favor of adapting Romanian to the requirements of modernization ; he wrote : " Young people , preoccupy yourselves with the national language , speak and write in it ; prepare yourselves for its study , for its cultivation , — and cultivating a language means to write in it about all sciences and arts , about all eras and peoples . The language alone unites , strengthens and defines a nation ; preoccupy yourselves with it first and foremost , as , through this , you shall be carrying out the most fundamental of policies , you shall be laying the foundation of nationality " .
Heliade inaugurated his series of proposals for reforming the language in 1828 , when his work on Romanian grammar called for the Cyrillic script to be reduced to 27 letters , reflecting phonetic spelling ( for this rule , Heliade cited the example of the Latin alphabet as used in Ancient Rome ) . Soon after , he began a campaign in favor of introducing Romance neologisms , which he wanted to adapt to Romanian spelling . By that time , Romanians in various regions had grown aware of the need to unify the varieties of Romanian and create a standard Romanian lexis : this notion was first supported by the Transylvanians Gheorghe Şincai and Petru Maior , whose proposal was to unite Romanians around the issue of the choice of liturgical language , both Orthodox and Greek @-@ Catholic ( see Transylvanian School ) . Heliade , who first proposed a language regulator ( an idea which was to be employed in creating the Romanian Academy ) , expanded on this legacy , while stressing that the dialect spoken in Muntenia , which had formed the basis of religious texts published by the 16th century printer Coresi , serve as the standard language .
In addition , he advocated aesthetical guidelines in respect to the standard shape of Romanian , stressing three basic principles in selecting words : " proper wording " , which called for vernacular words of Latin origin to be prioritized ; " harmony " , which meant that words of Latin origin were to be used in their most popular form , even in cases where euphony had been altered by prolonged usage ; and " energy " , through which Heliade favored the primacy of the shortest and most expressive of synonyms used throughout Romanian @-@ speaking areas . In parallel , Heliade frowned upon purist policies of removing widely used neologisms of foreign origin — arguing that these were " a fatality " , he indicated that the gains of such a process would have been shadowed by the losses .
These early theories exercised a lasting influence , and , when the work of unifying Romanian was accomplished in the late 19th century , they were used as a source of inspiration : Romania 's major poet of the period , Mihai Eminescu , himself celebrated for having created the modern literary language , gave praise to Heliade for " writing just as [ the language ] is spoken " . This assessment was shared by Ovid Densusianu , who wrote : " Thinking of how people wrote back then , in thick , drawly , sleepy phrases , Heliade thus shows himself superior to all his contemporaries , and ... we can consider him the first prose writer who brings in the note of modernity " .
= = = Italian influence = = =
A second period in Heliade 's linguistic researches , inaugurated when he adopted Étienne Condillac 's theory that a language could be developed from conventions , eventually brought about the rejection of his own earlier views . By the early 1840s , he postulated that Romanian and Italian were not distinct languages , but rather dialects of Latin , which prompted him to declare the necessity of replacing Romanian words with " superior " Italian ones . One of his stanzas , using his version of the Romanian Latin alphabet , read :
Primi auḑi @-@ vor quel sutteranu resunetu
Şi primi salta @-@ vor afara din grôpa
Sacri Poeţi que prea uşorâ ţêrinâi
Copere , şi quâror puţin d 'uman picioarele împlumbă .
Approximated into modern Romanian and English , this is :
The target of criticism and ridicule , these principles were dismissed by Eminescu as " errors " and " a priori systems of orthography " . During their existence , they competed with both August Treboniu Laurian 's adoption of strong Latin mannerisms and the inconsistent Francized system developed in Moldavia by Gheorghe Asachi , which , according to the 20th century literary critic Garabet Ibrăileanu , constituted " the boyar language of his time " . Ibrăileanu also noted that Asachi had come to admire Heliade 's attempts , and had praised them as an attempt to revive the language " spoken by Trajan 's men " — in reference to Roman Dacia .
While defending the role Moldavian politicians in the 1840s had in shaping modern Romanian culture , Ibrăileanu argued that practices such as those of Heliade and Laurian carried the risk of " suppressing the Romanian language " , and credited Alecu Russo , more than his successors at Junimea , with providing a passionate defense of spoken Romanian . He notably cited Russo 's verdict : " The modern political hatred aimed at [ Russia ] has thrown us into Italianism , into Frenchism , and into other -isms , that were not and are not Romanianism , but the political perils , in respect to the enslavement of the Romanian soul , have since passed ; true Romanianism ought to hold its head up high " . The literary critic George Călinescu also connected Heliade 's experimentation to his Russophobia , in turn reflecting his experiences as a revolutionary : " Hating Slavism and the Russians , who had striven to underline [ Slavic influences in Romanian ] , he said to himself that he was to serve his motherland by discarding all Slavic vestiges " . Călinescu notably attributed Heliade 's inconsistency to his " autodidacticism " , which , he contended , was responsible for " [ his ] casual implication in all issues , the unexpected move from common sense ideas to the most insane theories " .
Overall , Heliade 's experiments had marginal appeal , and their critics ( Eminescu included ) contrasted them with Heliade 's own tenets . Late in his life , Heliade seems to have acknowledged this , notably writing : " This language , as it is written today by people who can speak Romanian , is my work " . One of the few authors to be influenced by the theory was the Symbolist poet Alexandru Macedonski , who , during his youth , wrote several pieces in Heliade 's Italian @-@ sounding Romanian . Despite Heliade 's thesis being largely rejected , some of its practical effects on everyday language were very enduring , especially in cases where Italian words were borrowed as a means to illustrate nuances and concepts for which Romanian had no equivalent . These include afabil ( " affable " ) , adorabil ( " adorable " ) , colosal ( " colossal " ) , implacabil ( " implacable " ) , inefabil ( " ineffable " ) , inert ( " inert " ) , mistic ( " mystical " ) , pervers ( " perverse " or " pervert " ) , suav ( " suave " ) , and venerabil ( " venerable " ) .
= = Literature = =
= = = Tenets = = =
Celebrated as the founder of Wallachian Romanticism , Heliade was equally influenced by Classicism and the Age of Enlightenment . His work , written in a special cultural context ( where Classiciasm and Romanticism coexisted ) , took the middle path between two opposing camps : the Romantics ( Alecu Russo , Mihail Kogălniceanu and others ) and the Classicists ( Gheorghe Asachi , Grigore Alexandrescu , George Baronzi etc . ) . George Călinescu defined Heliade as " a devourer of books " , noting that his favorites , who all played a part in shaping his style and were many times the subject of his translations , included : Alphonse de Lamartine , Dante Aligheri , Ludovico Ariosto , Torquato Tasso , Voltaire , Jean @-@ François Marmontel , Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , and François @-@ René de Chateaubriand .
His poetic style , influenced from early on by Lamartine , was infused with Classicism during his middle age , before he again adopted Romantic tenets . Initially making use of guidelines set by Nicolas Boileau @-@ Despréaux in respect to poetry , he came to oppose them after reading Victor Hugo 's Romantic preface to Cromwell ( without ever discarding them altogether ) .
Like the Classicists , Heliade favored a literature highlighting " types " of characters , as the union of universal traits and particular characteristics , but , like the Romantics , he encouraged writers to write from a subjective viewpoint , which he believed to be indicative of their mission as " prophets , ... men who criticize , who point out their society 's plagues and who look on to a happier future , waiting for a savior " . Through the latter ideal of moral regeneration , Heliade also complimented the Romantic stress on " national specificity " , which he adopted in his later years . At the same time , he centered much of his own literary work on non @-@ original material , either by compiling it from various translations or by translating from a single source — having his focus on creating the basis for further development by introducing samples of untapped literary genres and styles to Romanian literature .
While several of Heliade 's contributions to literature have been considered to be of low importance , many others , above all his Romantic poem Zburătorul , are hailed as major accomplishments . Zburătorul , borrowing from Romanian mythology its main character ( the eponymous incubus @-@ like being who visits nubile girls at night ) also serves to depict the atmosphere of a Wallachian village from that period . According to George Călinescu , the poem 's value partly relies on its depiction of lust through the girls ' eyes : " lacking the rages of Sappho and Phaedra . The puberty crisis is explained through mythology and cured through magic " .
An 1837 essay of his , centered on a debate regarding the translation of Homer 's works into Romanian , featured a series of counsels to younger writers : " This is not the time for criticism , children , it is the time for writing , so write as much and as good as you can , but without meanness ; create , do not ruin ; for the nation receives and blesses the maker and curses the destroyer . Write with a clear conscience " . Paraphrased as " Write anything , boys , as long as you go on writing ! " ( Scrieţi , băieţi , orice , numai scrieţi ! ) , this quote became the topic of derision in later decades , and was hailed as an example of Heliade 's failure to distinguish between quality and quantity . The latter verdict was considered unfair by the literary historian Şerban Cioculescu and others , who argued that Ion Heliade Rădulescu 's main goal was to encourage the rapid development of local literature to a European level . Although he recognized , among other things , Heliade 's merits of having removed pretentious boyar discourse from poetry and having favored regular rhyme , Paul Zarifopol accused him and Gheorghe Asachi of " tastelessness " and " literary insecurity " . He elaborated : " Rădulescu was arguably afflicted with this sin more than Asachi , given his unfortunate ambitions of fabricating a literary language " .
Heliade 's name is closely connected with the establishment of Romanian @-@ language theater , mirroring the activities of Asachi in Moldavia . Ever since he partook in creating Soţietatea Filarmonică and the Bucharest Theater , to the moment of his death , he was involved in virtually all major developments in local dramatic and operatic art . In August 1834 , he was one of the intellectuals who organized the first show hosted by Soţietatea Filarmonică , which featured , alongside a cavatina from Vincenzo Bellini 's Il pirata , Heliade 's translation of Voltaire 's Mahomet . In subsequent years , members of the association carried out the translation of French theater and other foreign pieces , while encouraging Romanian @-@ language dramatists , an effort which was to become successful during and after the 1840s ( when Constantin Aristia and Costache Caragiale entered their most creative periods ) . Heliade himself advocated didacticism in drama ( defining it as " the preservation of social health " ) , and supported professionalism in acting .
= = = Historical and religious subjects = = =
Ion Heliade Rădulescu made extensive use of the Romantic nationalist focus on history , which he initially applied to his poetry . In this instance as well , the goal was to educate his public ; he wrote : " Nothing is worthy of derision as much as someone taking pride in his parents and ancestors and nothing more worthy of praise than when the ancestors ' great deeds serve as a model and an impulse for competition among descendants " . The main historical figure in his poetry is the late 16th century Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave , the first one to rally Wallachia , Moldavia and Transylvania under a single rule : celebrated in Heliade 's poem O noapte pe ruinele Târgoviştii ( " A Night on the Ruins of Târgovişte " ) , he was to be the main character of a lengthy epic poem , Mihaiada , of which only two sections , written in very different styles , were ever completed ( in 1845 and 1859 respectively ) . Other historical poems also expanded on the ideal of a single Romanian state , while presenting the 1848 generation as a model for future Romanian politicians .
Throughout the 1860s , one of Heliade 's main interests was an investigation into the issues involving Romanian history during the origin of the Romanians and the early medieval history of the Danubian Principalities . At a time when , in Moldavia , the newly surfaced Chronicle of Huru traced a political lineage of the country to the Roman Empire through the means of a narrative which was later proven to be entirely fictional , Heliade made use of its theses to draw similar conclusions regarding Wallachia . His conservative views were thus expanded to the level of historiographic thesis : according to Heliade , boyars had been an egalitarian and permeable class , which , from as early as the times of Radu Negru , had adopted humane laws that announced and welcomed those of the French Revolution ( he notably claimed that the county @-@ based administration was a democratic one , and that it had been copied from the Israelite model as depicted in the Bible ) .
The ideal he expressed in a work of the period , Equilibru între antithesi ( " A Balance between Antitheses " ) was moderate progressivism , with the preservation of social peace . In Tudor Vianu 's view , partly based on earlier assessments by other critics , Equilibru , with its stress on making political needs coincide with social ones through the means of counterweights , evidenced strong influences from Pierre @-@ Joseph Proudhon 's thought , as well as vaguer ones from that of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . Nonetheless , his system parted with Hegelianism in that , instead of seeking a balance between the Geist and existence , it considered the three states of human progress ( Thesis , antithesis , synthesis ) the reflection of a mystical number favored throughout history .
In parallel , Heliade worked on a vast synthesis of his own philosophy of history , based on his interpretation of Biblical theology . His 1858 work , Biblice ( " Biblical Writings " ) , was supposed to form the first of four sections in a Christian history of the world . Referring to this project , Călinescu defined Heliade 's ideas as " interesting , no matter how naïve at times , in general Voltairian and Freemason [ in shape ] " . Biblicele partly evidenced Heliade 's interests in the Talmud and Zohar @-@ like gematria — with emphasis placed on the numbers 3 , 7 , and 10 — , as well as ample references to the Sephirot . One of his original thoughts on the matter was a reference to " deltas " ( triangles ) of deities — Elohim @-@ Spirit @-@ Matter and Spirit @-@ Matter @-@ the Universe . A portion of Heliade Rădulescu 's poems also draw on religious themes and discourse . According to George Călinescu , the poet had attempted to create a parallel to both The Divine Comedy and the Bible , from Genesis to Revelation , with a style influenced by Lamartine and Victor Hugo .
= = = Satire and polemics = = =
Heliade was aware of the often negative response to his work : in a poem dedicated to the memory of Friedrich Schiller , he expanded on the contrast between creation and social setting ( in reference to mankind , it stressed Te iartă să faci răul , iar binele nici mort — " They forgive the evil committed against them , but never the good " ) . A noted author of satire , he used it as a vehicle to criticize social customs of his day , as well as to publicize personal conflicts and resentments . As a maverick , he attacked political figures on both sides : conservatives who mimicked liberalism were the subject of his Areopagiul bestielor ( " The Areopagus of the Beasts " ) , while many other of his post @-@ 1848 prose and poetry pieces mocked people on the left wing of liberalism , most notably C. A. Rosetti and his supporters . During and after his exile , his conflicts with Cezar Bolliac and Ion Ghica also made the latter two the target of irony , most likely based on Heliade 's belief that they intended to downplay his contributions to the Wallachian Revolution of 1848 .
His autobiographical pieces , marked by acid comments on Greek @-@ language education , and , in this respect , similar to the writings of his friend Costache Negruzzi , also display a dose of self @-@ irony . The enduring polemic with Grigore Alexandrescu , as well as his quarrel with Bolliac , formed the basis of his pamphlet Domnul Sarsailă autorul ( " Mr. Old Nick , the Author " ) , an attack on what Heliade viewed as writers whose pretentions contrasted with their actual mediocrity . In other short prose works , Ion Heliade Rădulescu commented on the caricature @-@ like nature of parvenu Bucharesters ( the male prototype , Coconul Drăgan , was " an ennobled hoodlum " , while the female one , Coconiţa Drăgana , always wished to be the first in line for the unction ) .
In various of his articles , he showed himself a critic of social trends . During the 1830s , he reacted against misogyny , arguing in favor of women 's rights : " Who has made man create himself unfair laws and customs , in order for him to cultivate his spirit and forsake [ women ] into ignorance ... ? " . In 1859 , after the Jewish community in Galaţi fell victim to a pogrom , he spoke out against Antisemitic blood libel accusations : " Jews do not eat children in England , nor do they in France , nor do they in Germany , nor do they do so wherever humans have become humans . Where else are they accused of such an inhumane deed ? Wherever peoples are still Barbaric or semi @-@ Barbaric " .
A large portion of Heliade 's satirical works rely on mockery of speech patterns and physical traits : notable portraits resulting from this style include mimicking the manner of Transylvanian educators ( with their strict adherence to Latin etymologies ) , and his critique of the exophthalmos Rosetti ( with eyes " more bulged than those of a giant frog " ) . Without sharing Heliade 's views on literature , the younger Titu Maiorescu drew comparisons with his predecessor for launching into similar attacks , and usually in respect to the same rivals .
= = In cultural reference = =
A monument to Ion Heliade Rădulescu , sculpted by the Italian artist Ettore Ferrari , stands in front of the University building in central Bucharest . In addition to naming a lecture room after him , the Romanian Academy has instituted the Ion Heliade Rădulescu Award — in 1880 , it was awarded to Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu , for his Cuvinte den bătrâni , and worth 5 @,@ 000 gold lei . Ten years after , the prize was the center of a scandal , involving on one side the dramatist Ion Luca Caragiale and , on the other , the cultural establishment formed around members of the National Liberal Party , including Hasdeu and Dimitrie Sturdza . The latter disapproved of Caragiale 's anti @-@ Liberal stance and his association with Junimea , as well as to his anti @-@ nationalism , dislike of didacticism , and alleged cosmopolitanism . They thus refused to grant him the prize .
A high school in his native Târgovişte bears the name Ion Heliade Rădulescu , as does a village in the commune of Ziduri , Buzău County . The grave of Take Ionescu , an influential political figure and one @-@ time Prime Minister of Romania who was Heliade 's descendant , is situated in Sinaia Monastery , in the immediate vicinity of a fir tree planted by Heliade and his fellow 1848 revolutionaries .
In his 1870 poem Epigonii ( " The Epigones " ) , Mihai Eminescu paid tribute to early Romanian @-@ language writers and their contributions to literature . An entire stanza is dedicated to Heliade :
During the early 1880s , Alexandru Macedonski and his Literatorul attempted to preserve Heliade 's status and his theories when these were faced with criticism from Junimea ; by 1885 , this rivalry ended in defeat for Macedonski , and contributed to the disestablishment of Literatorul .
Although a Junimist for a large part of his life , Ion Luca Caragiale himself saw a precursor in Heliade , and even expressed some sympathy for his political ideals . During the 1890s , he republished a piece by Heliade in the Conservative Party 's main journal , Epoca . One of Caragiale 's most significant characters , the Transylvanian schoolteacher Marius Chicoş Rostogan , shares many traits with his counterparts in Heliade 's stories . Developing his own theory , he claimed that there was a clear difference between , on one hand , the generation of Heliade Rădulescu , Ion Câmpineanu , and Nicolae Bălcescu , and , on the other , the National Liberal establishment formed around Pantazi Ghica , Nicolae Misail and Mihail Pătârlăgeanu — he identified the latter grouping with hypocrisy , demagogy , and political corruption , while arguing that the former could have found itself best represented by the Conservatives .
Comments about Heliade and his Bucharest statue feature prominently in Macedonski 's short story Nicu Dereanu , whose main character , a daydreaming Bohemian , idolizes the Wallachian writer . Sburătorul , a modernist literary magazine of the interwar period , edited by Eugen Lovinescu , owed its name to Zburătorul , making use of an antiquated variant of the name ( a form favored by Heliade ) . During the same years , Camil Petrescu made reference to Heliade in his novel Un om între oameni , which depicts events from Nicolae Bălcescu 's lifetime .
In his Autobiography , the Romanian philosopher Mircea Eliade indicated that it was likely that his ancestors , whose original surname was Ieremia , had adopted the new name as a tribute to Heliade Rădulescu , whom they probably admired .
= New Multitudes =
New Multitudes is a Woody Guthrie tribute album performed by Jay Farrar , Will Johnson , Anders Parker , and Jim James to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Guthrie 's birth , released through Rounder Records on February 28 , 2012 . The project was initiated by Woody 's daughter Nora Guthrie to have Farrar add music to her father 's lyrics — specifically , his earliest songwriting years in Los Angeles . Over the course of several years , he invited the others to collaborate and recorded at a variety of locations across the United States . Each artist wrote music to lyrics that inspired him and presented it to the collaborators for recording . The result is an album with diverse musical genres that has garnered positive reviews from critics for its varied styles and instrumentation . The quartet promoted the album with a small promotional tour that took them to record stores , radio programs , theaters , and folk festivals . The group has plans for releasing a second volume .
= = Development and recording = =
New Multitudes is one of several tribute albums for American folk singer @-@ songwriter Woody Guthrie . Guthrie died in 1967 after an extended battle with Huntington 's disease , but his relatively brief career [ how does a 26 year career count as brief ] helped to inspire innumerable musicians during his lifetime as well as in the 1960s folk revival movement . Initially , this project was announced as a Farrar solo album with Johnson as a contributor . It was intended to follow previous efforts to elaborate on the archives of the Foundation by Billy Bragg and Wilco with the albums Mermaid Avenue ( 1998 ) and Mermaid Avenue Vol . II ( 2000 ) , Blackfire 's Woody Guthrie Singles ( 2003 ) , Jonatha Brooke 's The Works ( 2008 ) , and the various artists compilation Note of Hope : A Celebration of Woody Guthrie ( 2011 ) . Farrar was initially invited to collaborate with Bragg on the Mermaid Avenue sessions in 1995 , but felt uncomfortable working on the material with someone else . Warner Bros. Records wanted all of Son Volt to collaborate with Bragg , but after Farrar declined , he kept the idea in mind . In 2006 , he approached Nora Guthrie about returning to her father 's lyrics and she agreed .
To write his own batch of songs , Farrar looked through several of the over 3 @,@ 000 handwritten lyrics that Guthrie 's estate has preserved before incidentally focusing on his California period . The connection to Guthrie 's Los Angeles years was accidental — Farrar simply chose lyrics that he found compelling and Nora pointed out that they came from a relatively brief period of her father 's life when he lived in Los Angeles . He also made a conscious decision to write instrumentation in a style more similar to Guthrie 's than other tribute projects , such as The Klezmatics ' klezmer @-@ based Woody Guthrie 's Happy Joyous Hanukkah and Wonder Wheel . Farrar had never listened to the Bragg and Wilco material to ensure that his songwriting would not be influenced by it .
Immediately before going to the Archives in autumn 2006 , Farrar invited his Gob Iron collaborator Anders Parker to come with him and look over potential material and the two returned several times over a period of months gathering lyrics for composition before recording together starting on July 14 , 2007 . As they found lyrics that interested them , they had reproductions mailed to their homes from the Archives to work on the material at their leisure . The duo finished recording several songs throughout the year but did not have enough material to complete the album . The recordings were also made without a budget or record contract for release .
Nora Guthrie played some of the 2009 recordings for Yames and Farrar invited him to join the duo after discovering that he had visited the Archives as well . Yames wrote the tune for " Hoping Machine " and suggested that fellow Monsters of Folk collaborator Johnson accompany them . Farrar mailed Johnson some lyrics and he composed " Chorine My Sheba Queen " that afternoon , while Yames was attracted to the lyrics of " Empty Bed Blues " while recovering from an injury . Once the entire quartet had composed songs , they entered studios in Brooklyn and East St. Louis throughout 2009 and 2010 , recording songs with live vocals in one or two takes , crowding around a single microphone . The group attempted to have the recordings ready for a 2011 release , but had to finish the album too late in the year .
Farrar has characterized the songwriting process for this album as easier than his typical work composing new lyrics as it allowed him to be less self @-@ conscious .
= = Tour = =
The quartet toured the United States to support the album , playing all of the groups ' Guthrie compositions as well as some solo work . Bobby Bare , Jr. and Sarah Jaffe opened for them . Early in the tour , the group discussed reconvening for further dates , but decided to cap their initial outing with the Newport Folk Festival .
The performers also released a four @-@ track 10 " single " Let 's Multiply " exclusive for Record Store Day .
= = = Line @-@ up = = =
Jay Farrar – lead guitar , vocals
Will Johnson – drums , rhythm guitar , vocals
Anders Parker – drums , rhythm guitar , vocals
Yim Yames – bass guitar , vocals
= = = Dates = = =
Additionally , Parker performed some of the New Multitudes material at the initial benefit concert SwitchPoint hosted by IntraHealth International in Saxapahaw , North Carolina on April 20 .
= = = Response = = =
The tour was well @-@ received , with The New York Times critic Nate Chinen describing their Webster Hall performance as familiar , but with a unique confluence of styles from each lyricist , from Yames ' " hazy magnetism " to Parker 's " straightforward folk @-@ rock earnestness . " The Philadelphia Inquirer 's review by Sam Adams praised the performers by concluding that " all four musicians are worthy of following in Guthrie 's footsteps , each in his own distinctive way . "
= = Reception = =
The album has received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 81 , based on 13 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . MusicOMH 's Max Raymond has praised the album as being " engrossing " due to the emotional depth of the lyrics as well as the warm and relaxed sound of the studio recording . Will Hermes of Rolling Stone gave the album a mixed review , praising the vocal harmonies . The diversity in sound was highlighted by AbsolutePunk 's Gregory Robson , Jason Schneider of Exclaim ! and the A.V. Club 's Chris Martins , ranging from electric blues to psychedelia as well as the atypical lyrics from Guthrie — focusing on the city of Los Angeles rather than his communist @-@ leaning politics and Dustbowl tragedy narratives . American Songwriter 's Evan Schlansky noted the same apolitical tone of the lyrics , but qualified that with Yames ' delivery on " My Revolutionary Mind " . He praised the album 's diversity as a strength , allowing each vocalist an opportunity to display his unique talents . Writing for Los Angeles Times , Randy Lewis agrees that the songwriting diversity is a strength , comparing individual tracks with R.E.M. , The Velvet Underground , Richard Thompson , and John Mellencamp . Graham Reid of The New Zealand Herald also notes similarities to R.E.M. , fellow Guthrie admirer Bob Dylan , The Byrds , and Eagles . The PopMatters review by Jeff Strowe points out the blues influences in the album , adding to its emotional depth . About.com 's Kim Ruehl has criticized the diversity and complexity of the album as contrary to the simplicity of Guthrie 's actual recordings , concluding that " If this weren 't presented so staunchly as being at least part ' Woody Guthrie album , ' it might be a little easier to swallow . " Doug Collette of All About Jazz also reviewed the deluxe edition bonus disc , comparing it favorably to the proper album as well as the previous Farrar – Parker collaboration Gob Iron . The album topped American publication Billboard 's Heatseekers .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Woody Guthrie , all lead vocals by co @-@ writer
" Hoping Machine " ( Farrar ) – 4 : 52
" Fly High " ( Parker ) – 3 : 45
" My Revolutionary Mind " ( Yames ) – 4 : 43
" VD City " ( Johnson ) – 4 : 05
" Old L.A. " ( Parker ) – 3 : 03
" Talking Empty Bed Blues " ( Yames ) – 4 : 09
" Chorine My Sheba Queen " ( Johnson ) – 4 : 50
" Careless Reckless Love " ( Farrar ) – 5 : 01
" Angel 's Blues " ( Parker ) – 4 : 38
" No Fear " ( Johnson ) – 3 : 36
" Changing World " ( Yames ) – 3 : 48
" New Multitudes " ( Farrar ) – 2 : 47
Limited edition bonus disc
All music written and performed by Farrar and Parker .
" Around New York " – 0 : 51
" Jake Walk Blues " – 1 : 59
" Whereabouts Can I Hide " – 2 : 51
" Old Kokaine " – 3 : 04
" I Was a Goner " – 3 : 42
" San Antone Meat House " – 3 : 59
" Dopefiend Robber " – 4 : 41
" World 's On Fire " – 3 : 12
" When I Get Home " – 3 : 51
" Atom Dance " – 2 : 34
" Your Smile Cured Me " – 2 : 41
= = Personnel = =
Woody Guthrie – artwork , lyrics
Jay Farrar – vocals , guitar , composition , production
Will Johnson – vocals , guitar , saw on " Chorine My Sheba Queen " , composition , production
Anders Parker – vocals , guitar , composition , production
Yim Yames – vocals , guitar , bass guitar , composition , production
Technical personnel
John Agnello – mixing
Larissa Collins – art direction , package design
Mike Martin – engineering
Matt Pence – mixing
Kevin Ratterman – mixing
Brad Sarno – mastering
Mark Spencer – mixing
Anna Webber – photography
Additional musicians
Buck Carter
Jimmy Griffin
Creston Lea
Konrad Meissner
= Chetham 's School of Music =
Chetham 's School of Music ( / ˈtʃiːtəmz / or occasionally / ˈtʃɛtəmz / ) familiarly known as " Chets " , is a specialist independent co @-@ educational music school in Manchester city centre in North West England . It was established in 1969 , incorporating Chetham 's Hospital School , founded as a charity school by Humphrey Chetham in 1653 . After becoming a boys ' grammar school in 1952 , the school turned to music as its speciality , and became an independent school . There are approximately 290 pupils on roll , making it the largest music school in the United Kingdom . The oldest parts of the school date to the 1420s , when the building was constructed as a residence for priests of the church ( now Manchester Cathedral ) ; these parts are listed buildings , along with other parts of the complex . The site houses Chetham 's Library , the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom . A new building to replace the Victorian Palatine building and allow easier access for visitors was completed in 2012 , and a 480 @-@ seat concert hall , The Stoller Hall , will open within the new school building in April 2017 as a home for both school and professional music and other genres of performance . The school is a registered charity under English law .
Chetham 's educates students between the ages of 8 and 18 . 90 % of students receive full or partial funding for their education and boarding through the UK Government 's Music and Dance scheme , ensuring that admission is based solely on musical potential and not on ability to pay . The school regularly obtains good exam results in both music and academic subjects . It maintains links to Manchester Cathedral by educating its choristers and holding regular concerts , and many Chetham 's students have become professional musicians . Its ensembles , such as the Big Band and Symphony Orchestra , and many students have won awards for their music and progressed to highly successful careers , both in music and in other sectors .
In February 2013 , the school 's former Director of Music Michael Brewer was convicted of having indecently assaulted a pupil , Frances Andrade , who committed suicide during his trial . Investigations began into allegations against others associated with the school in the past , and in May 2013 the Greater Manchester Police reported that over 30 women had reported incidents of abuse relating to the school . An Independent Schools Inspectorate report published in 2014 praised the school 's current leadership , including its safeguarding provisions .
= = History = =
= = = Beginnings = = =
The school is built on the site of Manchester Castle , a fortified manor house owned by the Grelleys after the Norman Conquest , at the confluence of the River Irwell and the River Irk . Medieval Manchester grew around the manor house and the parish church , which eventually became Manchester Cathedral .
In the early 14th century , the de la Warre family acquired the land through marriage . Thomas de la Warre refounded the church as a collegiate church in 1421 . De la Warre gave the site of his manor house for the construction of a college , where eight priests , four clerks and six lay choristers lived in the care of a warden . It is likely that building began between 1424 and 1429 , and the main hall and cloister rooms finished by 1458 . It remains the most complete building of its kind in the country , and at the time of its construction , was the second largest building in Manchester , surpassed only by the church .
The college was dissolved during the English Reformation in 1547 , and purchased by Edward Stanley , 3rd Earl of Derby . It was re @-@ founded by Queen Mary , before Elizabeth I refounded it as " Christ 's College " in 1578 . This arrangement lasted until the foundation of Manchester Cathedral in 1847 . The college buildings remained the property of the Stanleys , and wardens ( including the Elizabethan astronomer and mathematician John Dee ) lived on the premises with their families and servants . During the English Civil War , the college was used as a gunpowder factory and a prison . Lord James Stanley , a Royalist , was executed in 1651 , and Parliament confiscated his property , including the college .
= = = Humphrey Chetham = = =
Humphrey Chetham ( 1580 – 1653 ) was an unmarried and childless financier , philanthropist and cloth merchant from Manchester . In the 1640s , he provided money for the maintenance and education of fourteen poor boys from Manchester , six from Salford , and two from Droylsden . In March 1649 he wrote to the Earl of Derby about his intention to establish a school . He attempted unsuccessfully to acquire the buildings of the Manchester College , which were " spoyld and ruin 'd and become like a dunghill " , to provide a hospital , school and library . In his will , Chetham left over £ 8 @,@ 000 from his estate ( which was worth about £ 14 @,@ 000 in total ) to establish a hospital school for 40 poor local boys , between the ages of six and ten from " honest " families , who should be taught and cared for until they were 14 . His executors obtained the lease of the college where Chetham wished to house the school and library in 1654 .
= = = Charity school = = =
After repairs to the college were completed in mid @-@ 1656 , the first admissions were made . The first headmaster , Richard Dutton , was appointed in 1655 , and in 1665 the institution became an incorporated charity . The number of pupils grew , with admissions rising to 100 by the 1870s . Boys were admitted based on the parish they lived in , and on need , health and background of the family . Illegitimate boys were not admitted , and all boys had to be able to read to a certain standard that meant they were not hard to teach . In 1878 , a new schoolroom designed by architect Alfred Waterhouse ( who designed Manchester Town Hall ) was built in a Tudor style . The number of boys admitted was reduced to 75 in 1908 to save money , though three years later admissions increased to 99 . In 1916 , no boys were admitted due to lack of funding caused by World War I , and in 1918 the number was limited to 70 . Successful public appeals resulted in the numbers rising to 97 in 1929 . In 1926 a scheme was set up which allowed boys to apply for scholarships to join a grammar school , which meant that while they lived at Chetham 's , they were educated elsewhere during the day . Further , they would stay at grammar school until at least the age of 16 and sometimes 18 .
= = = World War II and aftermath : 1939 to 1952 = = =
During World War II , the boys were evacuated to the seaside town of Cleveleys , Lancashire , where they shared accommodation with a primary school . Chetham 's was damaged by an explosion in December 1940 , when most of the windows were shattered and the roof was set alight . The boys relocated to Chapel @-@ en @-@ le @-@ Frith , Derbyshire , in 1943 where all 41 boys were together . Thirteen boys attending grammar school moved to Buxton College . By 1944 the governors believed that it would not be appropriate for the school to return to Manchester , and it was proposed the site become a religious education centre . However , after years of discussion , it was decided to return the school to Manchester . The Education Act 1944 , which stipulated that schools should be classified as primary or secondary , complicated matters , since Chetham 's went across the middle . It was decided in 1950 that Chetham 's should become a grammar school , and this change took place two years later . In 1950 , Chetham 's amalgamated with Nicholls ' Hospital School , a similar school based in Ardwick which had been established in 1863 . While it could take up to 100 boys , by the end of the war there were only 22 and it was considered beneficial for the schools to merge .
= = = Later history : since 1952 = = =
After the change in organisation , Chetham 's could no longer afford to provide education based on scholarships and other allowances , and charged fees . In 1952 , the school buildings were considered insufficient so a new block was built , which opened in 1955 . Numbers of boys admitted increased significantly while the number of boarders remained about the same , day pupils increasing the number on roll in 1960 to 230 , 64 of which were boarders .
Before becoming a specialist school , Chetham 's had a good reputation for music , and on this basis the decision was made to become a co @-@ educational music school in 1969 . The former Palatine Hotel , which housed offices and shops , was converted into extra teaching space and practice rooms . In 1969 , 50 students were admitted based on musical potential and by 1972 this had risen to 150 , more than half of the entire school . In 1977 the school changed to its present name . In 1978 the Long Millgate building , the original home of Manchester Grammar School , was purchased to provide additional space .
A new school building adjacent to the existing site was opened in 2012 by the Earl of Wessex ( Patron of the school ) . This includes space for a 400 @-@ seat concert hall although this remains to be completed . Old classrooms will be converted to other uses , and the Palatine building will be demolished to reveal the currently hidden medieval buildings and allow easier access to the library .
= = = 2013 sex abuse scandal = = =
In February 2013 , Michael Brewer , Director of Music from the late 1970s to the early 1990s , and his ex @-@ wife , were convicted of indecently assaulting a pupil , Frances Andrade , between 1978 and 1982 . She committed suicide after giving evidence at their trial . Prosecutors claimed Brewer was forced to resign in the 1990s after an inappropriate relationship with a 16 @-@ year @-@ old girl . The school 's statement said the current staff were " shocked ... to the core " by the revelations of " the most appalling acts which took place during his time at the school ... " . In March 2013 Brewer was found guilty of indecent assault , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment .
It was reported that allegations of assault were made against another teacher in the 1980s . On 12 February , Professor Malcolm Layfield , Head of Strings at the Royal Northern College of Music resigned from the RNCM Board after claims of his previous sexual misconduct were brought up during the Brewer hearing . Before he was appointed Head of Strings , Layfield had admitted to having relationships with six Chetham 's pupils aged between 16 and 18 whilst he taught there , leading two RNCM teachers to resign in protest at his appointment in 2002 , including Professor Martin Roscoe , Head of Keyboard Studies . In October 2013 he was arrested on suspicion of raping and indecently assaulting an 18 @-@ year @-@ old woman between 1988 and 1999 .
On 14 February , Professor Wen Zhou Li , a violin teacher at the Royal Northern College of Music and former teacher at Chetham 's , was arrested on charges of rape that allegedly occurred whilst he taught at the school . This case was dropped in 2016 before coming to trial , and Wen Zhou Li told that he left court " without a stain on his character . " Allegations of sexual abuse were also made against the pianist Ryszard Bakst , who died in 1999 , and former violin teacher Christopher Ling . Ling , who had moved to Los Angeles in the 1990s , shot himself at his home when US marshals arrived in September 2015 with a provisional arrest warrant .
On 8 May 2013 , the Greater Manchester Police reported that over 30 women had reported incidents of abuse , relating to the school . Their investigation was known as Operation Kiso . Allegations against 39 individuals in total had been assessed ; of those , ten cases were proactively investigated . The police said that those cases " have or have had connections with either Chetham 's and / or Royal Northern College of Music and / or have taught music privately . " The school issued a statement that they were assisting the police with their inquiries , and that they had instigated an action plan to review their safeguarding processes and procedures . An Independent Schools Inspectorate report published in 2014 praised the school 's current leadership , including its safeguarding provisions . The lawyer representing some of the claimants , Liz Dux , said that she had been told that abuse had been " rife " at the school , and that teachers had allegedly been involved in " rape and habitual indecent assault " .
= = Academics and pastoral care = =
= = = Admissions = = =
Students are admitted to the school on musical ability and talent . The application process involves an audition , and advance ' advice auditions ' are offered to help potential applicants to prepare . In addition to competency in playing an instrument , qualities such as aural awareness , creativity and ability to sight @-@ read are sought . Grades and exam results are not required ( with the exception of Grade 5 theory for sixth form ) ; as musical potential is considered most important . Students between the ages of 8 and 18 can apply for a place studying any western instrument . Funding for up to 100 % of study and boarding fees is available to most students through the UK Government 's Music and Dance Scheme . Open Days are held twice each year .
= = = Curriculum = = =
As a specialist music school , Chetham 's requires all students to study a curriculum that concentrates on music and other subjects in accordance with the National Curriculum . Students taking GCSEs and A @-@ levels study music . All students study at least two instruments and choir practice is compulsory . Voice is available as an area of study only in the sixth form . Despite entry being solely through musical audition , the school regularly obtains good exam results , in comparison to other local schools and nationally .
Chetham 's educates choristers from the cathedral who follow a similar curriculum to other students and study an instrument . However , they do not apply in an audition . When a chorister reaches Year 8 ( age 12 or 13 ) , or their voice breaks , they can apply to join Chetham 's via the usual audition process .
Ensembles form an important part of the musical curriculum , with all students taking part in at least one . The ensembles include Chetham 's Symphony Orchestra , which has performed all over the world , including Germany , Spain and the United States , and on BBC Radio 3 . The award @-@ winning Big Band played an integral part in the creation of a Jazz Studies programme , and has won many prizes , including The Daily Telegraph Young Jazz Competition , and the junior section of the BBC Radio 2 Big Band of the Year Competition three times . The Chamber Choir has performed on Songs of Praise and the BBC Proms and the Symphonic Wind Band and Orchestra have won prizes at the Boosey and Hawkes National Concert Festival .
= = = School life = = =
Chetham 's admits boarding and day students to one of three houses : Victoria House , a mixed @-@ gender house for students aged 8 – 12 ; Boys ' House , for boys over the age of 12 ; and Girls ' House for girls over the age of 12 . In senior houses , boarding students share rooms for four people , and in the sixth form students either have single rooms or share with one other person . Students have a personal tutor to discuss their progress , and boarding students have a house parent who communicates with parents at home .
The school offers extra @-@ curricular activities during free time . It has a swimming pool , and offers trampolining , aerobics and fencing , as well as computer games , board games and Scalextric . Weekend trips are sometimes organised for climbing and mountain biking , or to the cinema or theatre .
= = Campus = =
Chetham 's is situated in Manchester City Centre , close to Manchester Victoria railway station , The National Football Museum and Manchester Cathedral . There are several buildings on the site , many of which are listed . They surround a large open space , the north part is a car park and courtyard , and the south part is a playground .
= = = College House = = =
College House , the original 15th @-@ century college , is a Grade I listed building built of sandstone in the shape of a lowercase ' b ' with a slate roof . It is accessed by the original gatehouse ; which was constructed on a plinth and contains the original timbers . The upper storey is accessed by an external staircase . Baronial Hall , once the Great Hall , contains many of its original features , such as its timber roof , dais and canopy . There is a large fireplace dating from the 19th century , and three windows likely to date from the 16th century . The Audit Room , originally a common room , contains a panelled ceiling with decorations suggesting it was installed by the Stanley family . The upper room , originally the warden 's chamber , is now the library reading room , and contains a large bay window within an elaborate Tudor arch , as well as original 17th @-@ century doors . The west part of the building surrounding the cloister courtyard contained accommodation known as sets , for people who lived in college . There were two rooms in each set on two floors , the lower floor being used as a study . Historian Clare Hartwell , describes the cobbled courtyard which has a restored well as " one of the most atmospheric spaces in the building " . It is surrounded by many windows , which were probably originally unglazed . Inside there are several corridors and passages containing open beams and original stonework . To the east is the kitchen and associated rooms , and further east are rooms used for administration offices , most of which have been substantially altered .
= = = New building = = =
A new building opposite Victoria Station was opened in 2012 . This contains most academic teaching rooms and all music teaching rooms , as well as two performance spaces . The Carole Nash Recital Room is used regularly for recitals and masterclasses , including free Lunchtime Concerts which take place three times each week during the school term . A second concert hall is currently under construction and will house larger scale performances for audiences of up to 500 . In September 2015 it was announced that this would be named The Stoller Hall , after its chief benefactor Sir Norman Stoller , and would open in April 2017 . Meanwhile , the old Palatine Building will be demolished to open up the medieval site and create a new access to Chetham 's Library .
= = = Other buildings = = =
Millgate Building , the former Manchester Grammar School , is a Grade II listed building designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the 1870s . Attached to it is Nicholl 's building . They contain the school hall , gym , swimming pool , dining room , art department , kitchen , and Boys ' House . The old classrooms inside them are being refurbished into boarding facilities . Vallins Arts Centre , which was designed by Alfred Waterhouse in 1878 and contains a performance space , is Grade II listed . Waterhouse was responsible for much of the alterations made to College House in the 19th century . The Nicholls Building contains Victoria House , and New College House contains Girls ' House , with the sixth form common room attached . There is also a small chapel which houses the drama department .
= = Notable former pupils = =
Chetham 's , as a music school , has produced dozens of notable alumni . Many of its students become professional musicians , as well as conductors , teachers and actors . This is a partial list of alumni :
Max Beesley – actor
Jiafeng Chen - violinist
Jon Christos – singer
Gary Cooper – harpsichordist , fortepianist , and conductor
Peter Donohoe – pianist
Daniel Harding – conductor
David Hill – choral director
Tim Horton - pianist , chamber musician . Ensemble 360
Stephen Hough – pianist
Guy Johnston – cellist
Paul Lewis – pianist
Mike Lindup – rock musician ( Level 42 )
Grant Llewellyn – conductor
Leon McCawley – pianist
Kevin Mallon conductor and violinist
Murray McLachlan – pianist
Wayne Marshall – pianist , organist and conductor
Jennifer Pike – violinist
Dominic Seldis – double bassist
Gwilym Simcock – jazz pianist , composer
David Thornton – euphonium player
Adam Walker – flautist
Andrew Wilde – pianist
= Eorpwald of East Anglia =
Eorpwald ; also Erpenwald or Earpwald , ( reigned from c . 624 , assassinated c . 627 or 632 ) , succeeded his father Rædwald as ruler of the independent Kingdom of the East Angles . Eorpwald was a member of the East Anglian dynasty known as the Wuffingas , named after the semi @-@ historical king Wuffa .
Little is known of Eorpwald 's life or of his short reign , as little documentary evidence about the East Anglian kingdom has survived . The primary source for Eorpwald is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People , written by Bede in the 8th century . Soon after becoming king , Eorpwald received Christian teaching and was baptised in 627 or 632 . Soon after his conversion he was killed by Ricberht , a pagan noble , who may have succeeded him and ruled for three years . The motive for Eorpwald 's assassination was probably political as well as religious . He was the first early English king to suffer death as a consequence of his Christian faith and was subsequently venerated by the Church as a saint and martyr .
In 1939 , a magnificent ship @-@ burial was discovered under a large mound at Sutton Hoo , in Suffolk . Although Rædwald is usually considered to have been buried with the ship ( or commemorated by it ) , another possibility is Eorpwald . Alternatively , he might also have had his own ship @-@ burial nearby .
= = Background and family = =
By the beginning of the 7th century , southern England was almost entirely under the control of the Anglo @-@ Saxons . These peoples , who are known to have included Angles , Saxons , Jutes and Frisians , began to arrive in Britain in the 5th century . By 600 , a number of kingdoms had begun to form in the conquered territories , including the Kingdom of the East Angles , an Anglo @-@ Saxon kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk . Almost no documentary sources exist about the history of the kingdom before the reign of Rædwald , who reigned until about 624 . Sources of information include the names of a few of the early Wuffing kings , mentioned in a short passage in Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People , written in the 730s .
In 616 , Rædwald defeated and killed Æthelfrith of Northumbria in the Battle of the River Idle and then installed Edwin as the new Deiran king . Whilst Edwin had been an exile at Rædwald 's court , he had had a dream where he was told that if he converted to Christianity , he would become greater than any that had ruled before him . Steven Plunkett relates that , according to the version of events as told in the Whitby Life of St Gregory , it was Paulinus who visited Edwin and obtained his promise to convert to Christianity in return for regal power . After Edwin emerged as
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play was simple but effective , combining an array of low @-@ post moves , mid @-@ range bank shots and tough defense . He was chosen to represent the U.S. in the 1994 Goodwill Games . Meanwhile , Duncan worked towards a degree in psychology and also took classes in anthropology and Chinese literature . Despite focusing heavily on basketball , Wake Forest psychology department chairperson Deborah Best was quoted : " Tim [ ... ] was one of my more intellectual students . [ ... ] Other than his height , I couldn 't tell him from any other student at Wake Forest . " Duncan also established his reputation as a stoic player , to the extent that opposing fans taunted him as " Mr. Spock " , the prototypical logical , detached character from Star Trek .
In the 1994 – 95 NCAA season , the sophomore was soon called one of the best eligible NBA prospects , along with his peers Joe Smith , Rasheed Wallace and Jerry Stackhouse . Los Angeles Lakers general manager Jerry West suggested that Duncan might become the top pick in the 1995 NBA draft if he went early , but Duncan assured everyone he had no intention of going pro until he graduated , even though the NBA was planning to add a rookie salary cap in 1996 . He was giving up a lot of money , but was determined to stay in school . In that season , he led the Demon Deacons into the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) championship game against a Rasheed Wallace @-@ led North Carolina Tar Heels . During that game , Duncan neutralized the threat of Wallace , while Childress sealed the win with a jump shot with four seconds left in overtime . In the NCAA Tournament , the Demon Deacons reached the Sweet 16 , and playing against Oklahoma State , Duncan scored 12 points to go with 22 rebounds and eight blocks , outplaying Bryant Reeves , but his team lost 71 – 66 . Still , Duncan ended the year averaging 16 @.@ 8 points and 12 @.@ 5 rebounds per game , was named Defensive Player of the Year and became the third @-@ best shot @-@ blocker in NCAA history with 3 @.@ 98 blocks per game . He was also voted All @-@ ACC First Team , a feat he would repeat in each of his two remaining years at Wake Forest .
In the following 1995 – 96 NCAA season , Wake Forest had to deal with the loss of Childress , who graduated the previous season and entered the NBA . This provided an opportunity for Duncan to show his leadership qualities , and his inexperienced team lost only four games in the entire ACC season . The Demon Deacons won the ACC Finals again , but in the Sweet 16 , Duncan came down with the flu , and his team missed the Final Four by one win . He completed another remarkable season with averages of 19 @.@ 1 points and 12 @.@ 3 rebounds per game , and was again voted ACC Defensive Player of the Year and won his first ACC Player of the Year award . At the season 's end the Wake Forest star was rumored to enter the 1996 NBA draft , but in the end , he stayed in college .
In the 1996 – 97 NCAA season , Duncan was helped by the addition of future NBA player Loren Woods , a 7 ' 1 " player who eased the pressure on Duncan close to the basket . The Demon Deacons won their first 13 games , but then got into a slump and failed to win a third ACC title . The NCAA campaign was just as frustrating , as Stanford University , led by future NBA point guard Brevin Knight , eliminated Duncan 's team with a 72 – 66 win . Duncan finished with an individually impressive season though , averaging 20 @.@ 8 points , 14 @.@ 7 rebounds and 3 @.@ 2 assists per game while shooting .606 from the field and winning the Defensive Player of the Year for a third straight season . He earned first @-@ team All @-@ America honors for the second time , and was a unanimous pick for both USBWA and Naismith College Player of the Year . Duncan led the 1996 – 97 NCAA Division I in rebounding , was 10th in blocked shots ( 3 @.@ 3 bpg ) and 28th in scoring ( 20 @.@ 8 ppg ) . He was voted ACC Player of the Year again and won the 1997 John Wooden Award as the NCAA 's best overall male player based on the votes of sportscasters and newswriters .
In contrast to contemporary prep @-@ to @-@ pro players like Kevin Garnett , Jermaine O 'Neal , Tracy McGrady or Kobe Bryant , Duncan stayed at college for a full four years . During that period , he was a two @-@ time ACC Player of the Year , and a three @-@ time NABC Defensive Player of the Year . The center also made the All @-@ ACC Tournament between 1995 and 1997 , the All @-@ ACC First Team between 1995 and 1997 , and was named Most Valuable Player of the 1996 ACC Tournament . Further , 1996 was the year where he led the conference in scoring , rebounding , field goal percentage and blocked shots , becoming the first player in conference history to lead all four of those categories . Overall , Duncan led his team to a 97 – 31 win – loss record and finished his college career as the all @-@ time leading rebounder in NCAA history in the post @-@ 1973 era ( later surpassed by Kenneth Faried ) . He remains one of only ten players with more than 2 @,@ 000 career points and 1 @,@ 500 career rebounds . He was also the first player in NCAA history to reach 1 @,@ 500 points , 1 @,@ 000 rebounds , 400 blocked shots and 200 assists . He left college as the all @-@ time leading shot @-@ blocker in ACC history with 481 blocks — at the time second in NCAA annals behind Colgate 's Adonal Foyle and third on the ACC career rebounding list with 1 @,@ 570 rebounds . After earning his college degree , Duncan became automatically eligible for the 1997 NBA draft .
= = Professional career = =
= = = " Twin Towers " ( 1997 – 2003 ) = = =
In the 1997 NBA draft , the San Antonio Spurs drafted Duncan with the first draft pick . The Spurs were coming off an injury @-@ riddled 1996 – 97 season ; their best player , David Robinson — himself a number one draft pick in 1987 — was sidelined for most of the year , and they had finished with a 20 – 62 win – loss record . However , as the 1997 – 98 season approached , the Spurs were considered a notable threat in the NBA . With an experienced center in Robinson and the number one pick in Duncan , the Spurs featured one of the best frontcourts in the league . Duncan and Robinson became known as the " Twin Towers " , having earned a reputation for their exceptional defense close to the basket , forcing opponents to take lower percentage shots from outside . From the beginning , Duncan established himself as a quality player : in his second @-@ ever road game , he grabbed 22 rebounds against opposing Chicago Bulls Hall of Fame power forward Dennis Rodman , a multiple rebounding champion and NBA Defensive Player of the Year . Duncan was voted to the 1998 NBA All @-@ Star Game by coaches . Later , when Duncan played against opposing Houston Rockets Hall of Fame power forward Charles Barkley , Barkley was so impressed he said : " I have seen the future and he wears number 21 . " In his rookie season , Duncan lived up to expectations of being the number one draft pick , starting in all 82 regular @-@ season games , averaging 21 @.@ 1 points , 11 @.@ 9 rebounds , 2 @.@ 7 assists and 2 @.@ 5 blocks per game , and earning All @-@ NBA First Team honors . His defensive contributions ensured that he was elected to the All @-@ Defensive Second Team and was also named NBA Rookie of the Year , having won the NBA Rookie of the Month award every single month that season . Spurs coach Gregg Popovich lauded Duncan 's mental toughness , stating his rookie 's " demeanor was singularly remarkable " , Duncan always " put things into perspective " and never got " too upbeat or too depressed . " Center Robinson was equally impressed with Duncan : " He 's the real thing . I 'm proud of his attitude and effort . He gives all the extra effort and work and wants to become a better player . "
The Spurs qualified for the 1998 NBA Playoffs as the fifth seed , but Duncan had a bad first half in his first playoff game against the Phoenix Suns , causing Suns coach Danny Ainge to play Duncan with less defensive pressure . The rookie capitalized on this by finishing Game 1 with 32 points and 10 rebounds and replicating the performance in Game 2 , contributing to a 3 – 1 victory over the Suns . However , the Spurs lost in the second round to the eventual Western Conference Champions Utah Jazz . In this series , Duncan was pitted against Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame power forward Karl Malone . Duncan outscored Malone in the first two games which the Spurs lost , but as the series progressed , the more experienced Malone shut Duncan down on defense and dominated on offense , outscoring the young power forward in Games 3 to 5 18 – 10 , 34 – 22 and 24 – 14 respectively .
During the lockout @-@ shortened 1998 – 99 season , the Spurs started with a lackluster 6 – 8 record and Popovich came under fire from the press . However , Duncan and Robinson stood behind their coach , and finished the season with a 31 – 5 run . The sophomore averaged 21 @.@ 7 points , 11 @.@ 4 rebounds , 2 @.@ 4 assists and 2 @.@ 5 blocks in the regular season , making both the All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defense First Teams . In the 1999 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 3 – 1 , swept the Los Angeles Lakers and the Portland Trail Blazers 4 – 0 , and defeated the Cinderella story New York Knicks 4 – 1 in the Finals . In this series , a large contingent of Virgin Islanders flew over to support their local hero , and were not disappointed . In the first two games , the " Twin Towers " outscored their Knicks counterparts Chris Dudley / Larry Johnson with 41 points , 26 rebounds and nine blocks versus five points , 12 rebounds and zero blocks . After a Game 3 loss in which Duncan was held scoreless in the third quarter and committed three turnovers in the last quarter , Duncan bounced back with 28 points and 18 rebounds in a Game 4 win , and in Game 5 , the Spurs protected a 78 – 77 lead seconds from the end with the ball in the Knicks ' possession . Double teamed by Duncan and Robinson , Knicks swingman Latrell Sprewell missed a last @-@ second desperation shot , and after closing out the series with a strong 31 @-@ point and 9 @-@ rebound showing in Game 5 , Duncan was named Finals MVP , bringing San Antonio their first @-@ ever NBA championship . The accolades for the Spurs soon arrived , with Sports Illustrated reporting that the San Antonio " monkey has been shed " , and that the Spurs were no longer known as the " San Antonio softies " . The magazine praised Finals MVP Duncan , who was later quoted : " This is incredible . We kept our focus and we pulled it out . " Sports Illustrated journalist and retired NBA player Alex English added : " Duncan came up big each time they went to him with that sweet turnaround jumper off the glass . He was the man tonight [ in Game 5 ] . " And Popovich later said to losing coach Jeff Van Gundy : " I 've got Tim [ Duncan ] and you don 't . That 's the difference . "
In the 1999 – 2000 season , Duncan further cemented his reputation . He averaged 23 @.@ 2 points , 12 @.@ 4 rebounds , 3 @.@ 2 assists and 2 @.@ 2 blocks per game , earned another pair of All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defense First Team call @-@ ups , and was co @-@ MVP with Shaquille O 'Neal of the NBA All @-@ Star Game . However , the Spurs had a disappointing post @-@ season . Duncan injured his meniscus shortly before the end of the regular season and was unable to play in even one post @-@ season game . Consequently , the Spurs were eliminated in the first round of the 2000 NBA Playoffs , losing 3 – 1 to the Phoenix Suns . Nonetheless , Duncan rebounded in the next season , and with strong regular @-@ season averages of 22 @.@ 2 points , 12 @.@ 2 rebounds , 3 @.@ 0 assists and 2 @.@ 3 blocks , earned himself yet another pair of All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defensive First Team call @-@ ups . In the 2001 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs eliminated the Timberwolves 3 – 1 , defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4 – 1 , but then bowed out against the Lakers led by superstars Shaquille O 'Neal and Kobe Bryant , losing in four straight games . Sports Illustrated described the series as a " [ m ] erciless mismatch " , and Duncan was criticized as " silent when the Spurs need him most " .
On the back of two consecutive playoff disappointments , Duncan improved statistically in the 2001 – 02 season . He averaged career highs in scoring ( 25 @.@ 5 points per game , including a league @-@ leading 764 field goals and 560 attempted free throws ) and rebounding ( 12 @.@ 7 boards per game , and his accumulated 1042 boards again led the league ) , and also averaged 3 @.@ 7 assists and 2 @.@ 5 blocks per game , both career highs . Coupled with another pair of All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defensive First Team call @-@ ups , he was named the league 's Most Valuable Player , joining teammate David Robinson as the only Spurs members to earn the honor . On the other hand , Duncan 's team struggled with the fact that the aging Robinson was no longer able to sustain his level of performance , and backup center @-@ forward Malik Rose had to step in more often . In the 2002 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs were again outmatched by the Lakers . Up against star center O 'Neal once more , the Spurs were defeated 4 – 1 by the eventual champions . Duncan , who managed 34 points and a franchise @-@ high 25 rebounds in Game 5 , stated his frustration : " I thought we really had a chance at this series . The Lakers proved to be more than we could handle . Again , we had a ( heck ) of a run at it . We had opportunities to win games and make it a different series , but that 's just the way the ball rolls sometimes . " Nevertheless , NBA.com praised Duncan as " phenomenal " and criticized his supporting cast , stating Duncan " made 11 @-@ of @-@ 23 shots and 12 @-@ of @-@ 14 free throws , adding four assists and two blocks [ a ] nd once again , he did not have enough help . " Also , Robinson said " Tim [ Duncan ] was like Superman out there " , and conceded that the Lakers were simply better , just like in the last playoffs campaign .
The 2002 – 03 season saw Duncan enjoy another standout season in which he averaged 23 @.@ 3 points , a career @-@ high 12 @.@ 9 rebounds , 3 @.@ 9 assists and 2 @.@ 9 blocks per game , and yet another dual All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defense First Team call @-@ up , resulting in his second NBA Most Valuable Player Award . At age 37 , Robinson announced that year as his last season , and his playing time was cut by coach Popovich to save his energy for the playoffs . The Spurs qualified easily for the playoffs , concluding the regular season as the Conference number one seed with a 60 – 22 record . Although San Antonio now had new offensive threats in Tony Parker and Manu Ginóbili , during the playoffs , it was Duncan 's performance in the semi @-@ finals against the Los Angeles Lakers which was singled out for praise by Popovich , who stated : " I thought in Game 5 and Game 6 , he [ Duncan ] was astounding in his focus . He pulled everyone along these last two games . " In the series , Duncan was matched up against forward Robert Horry , and was able to dominate him the entire series and closed out the series in style ; Duncan finished Game 6 with 37 points and 16 rebounds , allowing Spurs coach Popovich to call timeout with 2 : 26 left to instruct his team not to celebrate excessively . The Spurs made it to the finals , and defeated the New Jersey Nets 88 – 77 in Game 6 to win another NBA championship . Helped by an inspired Robinson , Duncan almost recorded a quadruple double in the final game , and was named the NBA Finals MVP . Duncan said of the victory : " We were all confident that something would happen , that we would turn the game to our favor , and it did " , but felt sad that Robinson retired after winning his second championship ring . Following this successful Spurs campaign , Robinson and Duncan were named Sports Illustrated 's 2003 " Sportsmen of the Year " .
= = = Leader of the Spurs ( 2003 – 2007 ) = = =
Before the 2003 – 04 season began , the Spurs lost their perennial captain David Robinson to retirement . Embracing the lone team leader role , Duncan led a reformed Spurs team which included Slovenian center Rasho Nesterovič , defensive stalwart Bruce Bowen , Argentinian shooting guard Ginóbili and young French point guard Parker . Coming off the bench were clutch shooting power forward Robert Horry , versatile Hedo Türkoğlu and veterans Malik Rose and Kevin Willis . In retrospect , Robinson commented that at first , Duncan was reluctant to step into the void , still needing some time to truly develop his leadership skills . Statistically though , Duncan remained strong ; after another convincing season with averages of 22 @.@ 3 points , 12 @.@ 4 rebounds , 3 @.@ 1 assists and 2 @.@ 7 blocks , he led the Spurs into the Western Conference Semifinals . There , they met the Los Angeles Lakers again , split the series 2 – 2 , and in Game 5 , Duncan made a toughly defended jump shot which put the Spurs ahead by one point with 0 @.@ 4 seconds left to play . Despite the little time remaining , Lakers point guard Derek Fisher hit a buzzer beater for an upset Lakers win . In the end , the Spurs lost the series 4 – 2 , and Duncan attributed the strong Lakers defense as one of the reasons for the loss .
Duncan and his Spurs looked to re @-@ assert themselves in the next 2004 – 05 season . Despite their new captain 's slight statistical slump ( 20 @.@ 3 points , 11 @.@ 1 rebounds , 2 @.@ 7 assists , 2 @.@ 6 blocks per game ) , the Spurs won the second seed for the 2005 NBA Playoffs by winning 59 games . In the first round , the Spurs eliminated the Denver Nuggets four games to one , and met the Seattle SuperSonics in the semi @-@ finals . After splitting the first four games , Duncan led his team to two decisive victories , setting up a meeting with the Phoenix Suns , known for their up @-@ tempo basketball . The Spurs managed to beat the Suns at their own game , defeating them 4 – 1 and earning a spot in the 2005 NBA Finals against the Detroit Pistons . In the Finals , Duncan was pitted against Detroit 's defensively strong frontcourt anchored by multiple NBA Defensive Player of the Year Ben Wallace . After two convincing Game 1 and 2 wins for the Spurs , the Pistons double teamed Duncan and forced him to play further from the basket . Detroit won the next two games and the series was eventually tied at 3 – 3 , but Duncan was instrumental in Game 7 , recording 25 points and 11 rebounds as the Spurs defeated the Pistons . NBA.com reported that " with his unique multidimensional talent , Duncan depleted and dissected the Pistons ... He was the fulcrum of virtually every key play down the stretch " , and coach Popovich added : " [ Duncan 's ] complete game is so sound , so fundamental , so unnoticed at times , because if he didn 't score , people think , ' Well , he didn 't do anything ' . But he was incredible and he was the force that got it done for us . " Pistons center Ben Wallace remarked : " He put his team on his shoulders and carried them to a championship [ ... t ] hat 's what the great players do . " Duncan won his third NBA Finals MVP Award , joining Michael Jordan , Shaquille O 'Neal , and Magic Johnson as the only players in NBA history to win it three times .
During the 2005 – 06 season , Duncan suffered from plantar fasciitis for most of the season , which was at least partly responsible for his sinking output ( 18 @.@ 6 points , 11 @.@ 0 rebounds , 3 @.@ 2 assists and 2 @.@ 0 blocks per game ) , and also for his failure to make the All @-@ NBA First Team after eight consecutive appearances . The big man came back strong in the 2006 NBA Playoffs against the Dallas Mavericks , where he outscored rival power forward Dirk Nowitzki 32 @.@ 2 to 27 @.@ 1 points , with neither Nowitzki nor Mavericks center Erick Dampier able to stop Duncan with their man @-@ to @-@ man defense . But after splitting the first six games , Duncan became the tragic hero of his team in Game 7 . Despite scoring 39 points in regulation time and fouling out both Dampier and Keith Van Horn , Duncan only made one of seven field goal attempts in overtime against Mavericks reserve center DeSagana Diop , and the Spurs lost Game 7 .
The following season , however , was another championship year for Duncan and the Spurs . Duncan averaged 20 @.@ 0 points , 10 @.@ 6 rebounds , 3 @.@ 4 assists and 2 @.@ 4 blocks per game in the regular season , and was selected as a Western Conference starter for the 2007 NBA All @-@ Star Game , his ninth appearance in the event . In the playoffs , he led the Spurs to a 4 – 1 series win over the Denver Nuggets in the opening round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs , a 4 – 2 win over the Phoenix Suns in the second round , and a 4 – 1 win against the Utah Jazz in the Western Conference Finals , setting up a meeting with the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Finals . There , the Spurs swept the Cavaliers 4 – 0 , earning Duncan his and San Antonio 's fourth ever championship . Duncan proclaimed that that championship was " the best " of his four championships ; however , he also acknowledged he played " sub @-@ par " and thus received only one vote for NBA Finals MVP from a panel of ten . His colleagues were more appreciative of Duncan ; among others , ex @-@ teammate David Robinson referred to the Spurs titles as the " Tim Duncan era " , and lauded his leadership . Coach Popovich also praised Duncan : " Tim is the common denominator . He 's [ had ] a different cast around him [ in ] ' 99 , ' 03 and ' 05 . He 's welcomed them all . [ ... ] But he is that easy to play with , and his skills are so fundamentally sound that other people can fit in . " Then @-@ NBA commissioner David Stern added : " [ Duncan ] is a player for the ages . I 'm a tennis fan , and Pete Sampras is one of the greats . OK , he wasn 't Andre Agassi or John McEnroe . He just happens to be one of the greatest players of all time . You take great players as you find them . "
= = = Playoff consistency ( 2007 – 2013 ) = = =
With Duncan being healthy for 78 games and posting typical 20 / 10 numbers , San Antonio concluded the 2007 – 08 regular season with a 56 – 26 record , finishing behind the Lakers and New Orleans Hornets in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first @-@ round contest against the Suns . The Suns — defeated by the Spurs in three of the past four seasons of playoffs — were out for revenge and featured a new player in four @-@ time NBA champion Shaquille O 'Neal . In Game 1 , Duncan set the tone with a 40 @-@ point game and a rare three @-@ pointer that sent the game into double overtime . The trio of Duncan , Ginóbili and Parker continued playing to form for the remainder of the series , and the Spurs eliminated the Suns in five games . In the first game of the next round against the Chris Paul @-@ led Hornets , San Antonio was badly defeated 101 – 82 as Duncan played one of the worst playoff games in his career , recording only 5 points and 3 rebounds . The Spurs dropped the next game as well , but recovered in Games 3 and 4 , with Duncan putting up a team @-@ high 22 point / 15 rebound / 4 block performance in the game that tied the series . Duncan then recorded 20 points and 15 rebounds in Game 6 , and the Spurs relied on their experience to seal the series in Game 7 . However , arch @-@ rivals Los Angeles Lakers defeated San Antonio in five games in the Conference Finals , and the Spurs once again failed to capture back @-@ to @-@ back NBA championships .
Duncan started the 2008 – 09 season with strong showings in points and rebounds per game . However , by mid @-@ season , his performance declined and he was subsequently diagnosed with chronic knee tendinosis . Despite Duncan having problems with his knee and the team losing the services of shooting guard Ginóbili for most of the season , San Antonio qualified for the playoffs as the third seed with a 54 – 28 record . Coupled with an aging supporting cast ( Bowen , Michael Finley and Kurt Thomas were all in their late 30s ) , however , the Spurs were only considered fringe contenders for the championship . As it turned out , Duncan and Parker were not enough to help the Spurs avoid a 4 – 1 defeat by Dallas , and the Spurs were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs for the first time since 2000 .
With the Spurs looking to provide a more solid supporting cast in the 2009 – 10 season , they acquired Richard Jefferson , Theo Ratliff , Antonio McDyess , DeJuan Blair , and Keith Bogans . The team got off to a 5 – 6 start , but a series of double double performances by Duncan gave them a 9 – 6 record by the end of November . Duncan was subsequently named the Western Conference Player of the Week for the last week of November . Even at 34 years of age , he remained a constant 20 – 10 threat , being only one of three players in the league at the mid @-@ season to average at least 20 points and 10 rebounds a game . On January 21 , 2010 , Duncan was named as the starting forward for the West for the 2010 NBA All @-@ Star Game . After securing yet another 50 @-@ win season , the Spurs qualified for the playoffs as the seventh seed , and defeated Dallas 4 – 2 in the first round , only to lose 4 – 0 to Phoenix in the next round .
Eleven games into the 2010 – 11 season , Duncan became the Spurs ' all @-@ time leader in points scored and games played . Along the way , the Spurs compiled a 12 @-@ game winning streak to go 13 – 2 after 15 games . On November 30 , 2010 , Duncan recorded his third career triple @-@ double against the Golden State Warriors . 12 days later , in a game against the Portland Trail Blazers , Duncan became the 94th player in NBA history to play 1 @,@ 000 games . Through his 1,000th game , the Spurs have been 707 – 293 ; only Scottie Pippen ( 715 – 285 ) had a better record with his team through his first 1 @,@ 000 games . The Spurs were 29 – 4 after 33 games — one of the ten best starts in NBA history – and led the league at 35 – 6 halfway through the season . Although Duncan produced career @-@ lows in points and rebounds per game , the Spurs ended the regular season as the first seed in the West for the 2011 NBA Playoffs , and were second in the league ( to Chicago ) . Despite finishing with a 61 – 21 record , however , the Spurs could not avoid being upset in the first round , 4 – 2 , by the eighth @-@ seeded Memphis Grizzlies .
The Spurs again finished the 2011 – 12 season as the number one seed in the West — it was a lockout @-@ shortened 66 @-@ game season — tying with the Chicago Bulls for a league @-@ best 50 – 16 record . Prior to a game against the Philadelphia 76ers on March 24 , 2012 , head coach Gregg Popovich decided to give Duncan a night off by listing him on the official scorecard as " DNP @-@ OLD " , poking fun at his 36 @-@ year @-@ old body . Overall , Duncan 's numbers remained at par with the previous season . The triumvirate of Duncan @-@ Parker @-@ Ginóbili entered the 2012 NBA Playoffs well @-@ rested and healthy , and the Spurs swept the Utah Jazz and the Los Angeles Clippers 4 – 0 in the first two rounds . On May 31 , 2012 , in the third game of the Western Conference Finals against the Oklahoma City Thunder , Duncan set the record for most career blocks in playoffs history , surpassing Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar . The Spurs ' playoff run came to an end when the Thunder defeated them 4 – 2 .
On July 11 , 2012 , Duncan agreed to re @-@ sign with the Spurs . Helped by a supporting cast comprising Danny Green , Tiago Splitter , Gary Neal and Kawhi Leonard that had been maturing steadily over the last two seasons , Duncan and the Spurs would again make the playoffs with a 58 – 24 regular season record . Duncan also returned to the All @-@ Star line @-@ up and was named to the All @-@ NBA First Team . He finished the regular season with 23 @,@ 785 career points , which broke George Gervin 's record for most points in a Spurs uniform ( 23 @,@ 602 ) . In the playoffs , the Spurs swept the Los Angeles Lakers , beat Golden State in six games and defeated the Memphis Grizzlies in the Western Conference Finals in a 4 – 0 sweep to reach the NBA Finals . In game 2 of the Western Conference Finals , Duncan recorded his 500th playoff block , becoming the first player in NBA history to reach that milestone , although the NBA did not track blocks prior to the 1973 – 74 season . The Spurs met defending NBA champions Miami Heat in the NBA Finals in a tightly contested series . Miami had home court advantage , but San Antonio took the first game and headed into game 6 with a 3 – 2 lead . In that game , Duncan scored 25 points in the first half , his biggest haul in a half of an NBA Finals game . However , the Spurs lost the game in overtime , and then lost the deciding seventh game .
= = = Fifth championship ( 2013 – 2014 ) = = =
On December 2 , 2013 , Duncan became the oldest player to record a 20 – 20 game in NBA history , finishing with 23 points and 21 rebounds and the game @-@ winning jump shot against the Atlanta Hawks . The Spurs went on to conclude the 2013 – 14 regular season with a league @-@ best 62 wins . The Spurs defeated Dallas in seven games in the First Round of the playoffs , Portland in five games in the conference Semifinals , and Oklahoma City in six games , where game 6 went into overtime , as the Spurs won 112 – 107 . They setup a Finals rematch against the Miami Heat , which they won 4 – 1 , setting a record margin for a win in the NBA Finals , for games 3 and 4 . Along the way , the Duncan @-@ Ginóbili @-@ Parker trio broke the record for most wins in NBA Playoffs history . After winning the Finals in five games , Duncan joined John Salley as the only players to win a championship in three different decades .
= = = Final years ( 2014 – 2016 ) = = =
On June 23 , 2014 , Duncan exercised his $ 10 @.@ 3 million player option for the 2014 – 15 season . On November 14 , 2014 , Duncan scored his 25,000th point in the first half of the Spurs ' 93 – 80 win over the Los Angeles Lakers , becoming the 19th player in NBA history to reach the milestone . On February 19 , 2015 , he passed Alex English to move into 16th place on the NBA 's all @-@ time scoring list with 30 points against the Los Angeles Clippers . On March 4 , he recorded six rebounds against the Sacramento Kings , breaking his tie with Nate Thurmond for ninth in career rebounding . Two days later , he recorded three blocks against the Denver Nuggets to surpass Patrick Ewing for sixth overall in career blocks . On April 12 , he played his 1,330th career game against the Phoenix Suns , which passed Moses Malone for 11th all @-@ time . He also scored 22 points and passed Kevin Garnett to move into 14th place on the NBA 's all @-@ time scoring list . The Spurs finished sixth in the Western Conference after 82 games and faced the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round of the playoffs . Their quest for back @-@ to @-@ back championships was ended May 2 as they lost to the Clippers in seven games . Duncan was later named to the All @-@ Defensive second team on May 20 for the seventh time in his career .
On July 9 , 2015 , Duncan re @-@ signed with the Spurs to a two @-@ year deal . On November 2 , 2015 , in a win over the New York Knicks , Duncan recorded 16 points , 10 rebounds and six assists in his NBA @-@ record 954th victory with one team , surpassing John Stockton 's 953 wins with the Utah Jazz . On November 11 , he pulled down rebound number 14 @,@ 716 for his career against the Portland Trail Blazers to pass Robert Parish for seventh place on the NBA 's all @-@ time rebounding list . On November 14 , in a win over the Philadelphia 76ers , Duncan had five blocked shots to become the Spurs ' franchise leader with 2 @,@ 955 blocks , surpassing former teammate David Robinson 's career total of 2 @,@ 954 . Duncan also moved info fifth all @-@ time on the NBA 's blocks list . After missing the Spurs ' last three games of December due to rest and right knee soreness , Duncan returned to action on January 2 , 2016 against the Houston Rockets . In his return game , Duncan was held scoreless for the first time in his 19 @-@ year career ; giving him the most consecutive games with at least one point , at 1 @,@ 359 . Four days later , Duncan scored a then season @-@ high 18 points in a 123 – 98 win over the Utah Jazz , helping the Spurs extend its franchise @-@ record home winning streak to 30 straight regular @-@ season games dating to 2014 – 15 . On February 10 , he returned to the starting lineup after missing eight games with a sore knee . On February 27 , in a win over the Houston Rockets , he became the fifth player in NBA history to reach 3 @,@ 000 blocks . In addition , with six rebounds in the game , Duncan reached 14 @,@ 971 for his career , passing Karl Malone ( 14 @,@ 968 ) for sixth place in league history . On March 10 , Duncan became the sixth player in league history with 15 @,@ 000 rebounds , completing the feat midway through the first quarter of the Spurs ' 109 – 101 win over the Chicago Bulls . On March 19 , he came off the bench for only the third time in his career to counter the smaller lineup of the Golden State Warriors . With a win over the Warriors , the Spurs recorded their 35th straight home win of the season and their 44th straight at home dating to 2014 – 15 , tied for the second @-@ longest streak in NBA history with the 1995 – 96 Chicago Bulls . On April 5 , in a win over the Utah Jazz , he became the third player with 1 @,@ 000 victories in the regular season , following Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar and Robert Parish . Duncan extended his mark as the NBA 's career leader in victories with one team . On April 8 , he scored a season @-@ high 21 points in a losing effort to the Denver Nuggets . Having already locked up second seed in the West with a franchise best record ( 65 – 13 prior to Nuggets game ) , all four of Duncan 's starting teammates were rested . The Spurs went on to lose to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs .
On June 28 , 2016 , Duncan opted into his $ 5 @.@ 6 million contract for the 2016 – 17 season . However , on July 11 , 2016 , he announced his retirement from the NBA after 19 seasons with San Antonio . The Spurs in turn has waived Duncan , in a move to pay out the rest of his current contract worth $ 6 @.@ 4 million .
= = NBA career statistics = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
= = United States national team = =
In 1998 , Duncan was selected as one of the last two players for the United States national team for the World Basketball Championship . However , this team was later replaced with CBA and college players because of the NBA lockout . Duncan 's first chance at playing for the national team came in 1999 when he was called up to the Olympic Qualifying Team . He averaged 12 @.@ 7 ppg , 9 @.@ 1 rpg and 2 @.@ 4 bpg and led the team to a 10 – 0 finish en route to a qualifying berth for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , but a knee injury forced him to stay out of the Olympic Games themselves .
In 2003 , Duncan was also a member of the USA team that recorded ten wins and qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics . He started all the games he played in and averaged team bests of 15 @.@ 6 ppg , 8 @.@ 0 rpg , 1 @.@ 56 bpg , while shooting 60 @.@ 7 percent from the field . At the Olympics itself , the team lost three games on its way to a bronze medal . The record represented more losses in a single year than in the 68 previous years combined . It was also the first time since NBA professionals became eligible that the U.S. men 's basketball team returned home without gold medals at the Olympics . After the tournament , Duncan commented , " I am about 95 percent sure my FIBA career is over . I 'll try not to share my experiences with anyone . " In total , Duncan was a member of five USA Basketball teams and played in 40 games .
= = Player profile = =
Standing at 6 feet 11 inches tall ( 2 @.@ 11 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113 kg ) , Duncan was a power forward who could also play center . With a double @-@ double career average in points and rebounds , he was considered one of the most consistent players in the NBA throughout his career . Regarded as one of the league 's best interior defenders , Duncan also ranked consistently as one of the top scorers , rebounders and shot @-@ blockers in the league . At the end of his final season in 2015 – 16 , he was ranked first in regular season point @-@ rebound double @-@ doubles among active players , while he led the charts in post @-@ season point @-@ rebound double @-@ doubles ( 158 as of 2013 – 14 ) . His main weakness for much of his career was his free throw shooting , with a career average of less than 70 % .
Apart from his impressive statistics , Duncan has gained a reputation as a good clutch player , as evidenced by his three NBA Finals MVP awards and his playoff career averages being higher than his regular season statistics . Eleven @-@ time NBA champion Bill Russell further compliments Duncan on his passing ability , and rates him as one of the most efficient players of his generation , a view shared by 19 @-@ time NBA All @-@ Star Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar . Because of his versatility and success , basketball experts have spoken of Duncan as one of the greatest power forwards in NBA history , while coach Popovich and teammates Parker and Ginóbili have also credited much of San Antonio 's success to him . Duncan 's detractors , however , label him as " boring " because of his simple but effective style of play ( thus earning him the nickname " The Big Fundamental " ) . Following his first championship ring in 1999 , Sports Illustrated described him as a " quiet , boring MVP " , a characterization which persists today .
Duncan himself commented on his " boring " image , stating : " If you show excitement , then you also may show disappointment or frustration . If your opponent picks up on this frustration , you are at a disadvantage . " Sports journalist Kevin Kernan commented on his ability to relax and stay focused , stating that having a degree in psychology , Duncan often not only outplays , but out @-@ psychs his opponents . Duncan has also stated that he especially likes his bank shot , saying : " It is just easy for me . It just feels good . " Additionally , Duncan 's close and longstanding relationship with Spurs coach Gregg Popovich has been described as " the greatest love story in sports " .
= = = Honors = = =
In his basketball career , Duncan collected a number of individual and team honors , including being a two @-@ time MVP ( 2002 , 2003 ) , five @-@ time NBA champion ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) and three @-@ time NBA Finals MVP ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) . As a college player , he was honored by the House of Representatives , named the ACC Male Athlete of the Year , won the John R. Wooden Award and Adolph Rupp Trophy , and was selected as the Naismith College Player of the Year in addition to player of the year honors from the United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) , National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) and Sporting News ( all 1997 ) . In 2002 , Duncan was named to the ACC 50th Anniversary men 's basketball team honoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history . In his debut year in the NBA ( 1998 ) , he was voted Rookie of the Year and elected into the All @-@ Rookie Team . He has been named to 15 NBA All @-@ Star Teams ( 1997 – 98 ; 1999 – 2000 to 2010 – 11 ; 2012 – 13 and 2014 – 15 ) , 15 All @-@ NBA Teams ( 1997 – 98 to 2009 – 10 , 2012 – 13 , 2014 – 15 ; ten First Team nominations ) , and 15 All @-@ Defensive Teams ( 1997 – 98 to 2009 – 10 ; 2012 – 13 , 2014 – 15 ; eight First Team nominations ) . With these impressive performances , Duncan is one of only four players to receive All @-@ NBA First Team honors in each of his first eight seasons ( 1998 – 2005 ) , along with Hall of Famers Bob Pettit ( ten seasons ) , Larry Bird ( nine seasons ) , and Oscar Robertson ( nine seasons ) , and is the only player in NBA history to receive All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defensive honors in his first 13 seasons ( 1997 – 98 to 2009 – 10 ) .
Duncan was also named by the Association for Professional Basketball Research as one of " 100 Greatest Professional Basketball Players of The 20th Century " , the youngest player on that list . In the 2001 – 02 season , he won the IBM Player Award and The Sporting News ( TSN ) MVP Award , becoming the third player to ever win the NBA MVP , IBM Player and TSN Player Awards in the same season . On February 18 , 2006 , he was named one of the Next 10 Greatest Players on the tenth anniversary of the release of the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All @-@ Time Team by the TNT broadcasting crew . In 2009 , Duncan was ranked 8th by Slam Magazine in their list of the Top 50 NBA players of All Time , while Sports Illustrated named him its NBA Player of the Decade .
= = Off the court = =
Tim Duncan has two older sisters , Cheryl and Tricia . Like their younger brother , they were talented athletes : Cheryl was a champion swimmer before she became a nurse , and Tricia swam for the U.S. Virgin Islands at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul .
In college , Duncan co @-@ authored a chapter in the social psychology book Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors .
Duncan married Amy Sherrill in July 2001 and the couple had their first child , daughter Sydney , in the summer of 2005 . They had a second child , son Draven , during the summer of 2007 . It was reported that the Duncans were divorcing in May 2013 , but the divorce was not finalized until November 23 , 2013 .
The Tim Duncan Foundation was established to serve the areas of health awareness / research , education , and youth sports / recreation in San Antonio , Winston @-@ Salem , and the United States Virgin Islands . The foundation 's major events have included the Tim Duncan Bowling for Dollar $ Charity Bowl @-@ A @-@ Thon and the Slam Duncan Charity Golf Classic . Between 2001 and 2002 , the foundation raised more than $ 350 @,@ 000 for breast and prostate cancer research . In those two years , Duncan was named by Sporting News as one of the " Good Guys " in sports . The Spurs captain also supports the Children 's Bereavement Center , the Children 's Center of San Antonio and the Cancer Therapy and Research Center .
Duncan cites his late mother Ione as his main inspiration . Among other things , she taught him and his sisters the nursery rhyme " Good , Better , Best . Never let it rest / Until your Good is Better , and your Better is your Best , " which he adopted as his personal motto . On and off the court , he believes that the three most important values are dedication , teamwork and camaraderie . The Spurs captain has also stated that he chose # 21 for his jersey because that was his brother @-@ in @-@ law 's college number , since he was Duncan 's main basketball inspiration , and cites Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame Los Angeles Lakers point guard Magic Johnson as his childhood idol .
For his mixture of success and low @-@ key personality , Duncan was honored with the Virgin Islands Medal of Honor , the highest award bestowed by the Virgin Islands territorial government , and has been celebrated in several " Tim Duncan Day " ceremonies . In 2000 , Legislature of the Virgin Islands President Vargrave Richards of St. Croix said : " He is a quiet giant . His laid @-@ back attitude is the embodiment of the people of St. Croix , doing things without fanfare and hoopla . "
Regarding his own personality , Duncan compares himself to Will Hunting of the movie Good Will Hunting , which centers on the genial and antagonistic character of Will Hunting , portrayed by Matt Damon . He stated : " I 'm just a taller , slightly less hyperactive version of the Damon character in the movie . I really enjoyed how he probed people and found out their weaknesses just by asking questions and stating outlandish remarks . " He also admitted shunning the limelight because " [ fame ] is not me . " Off the court , he has stated that his best friend is former Spurs colleague Antonio Daniels , who describes Duncan as a cheerful , funny person off the hardwood .
Duncan loves Renaissance fairs and the fantasy role playing game Dungeons & Dragons . An avid video game player , he acknowledges a certain joy of playing " himself " on basketball video games . Duncan states if he had the chance , he would challenge NBA legends Wilt Chamberlain and Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar to a one @-@ on @-@ one game .
The satirical fake newspaper The Onion has featured many articles poking fun at Duncan 's straight @-@ laced , studious image , such as : " Citing Battle of Agincourt , Tim Duncan Urges Lakers Not To Get Too Discouraged By Game 1 Loss " , and " Tim Duncan Around If Any Spurs Have Questions About Sequester " .
= Norman , Oklahoma =
Norman / ˈnɔːrmən / is a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma 20 miles ( 30 km ) south of downtown Oklahoma City in its metropolitan area . The population was 110 @,@ 925 at the 2010 census . Norman 's estimated population of 118 @,@ 040 in 2014 makes it the third @-@ largest city in Oklahoma , and the city serves as the county seat of Cleveland County .
Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889 , which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement . The city was named in honor of Abner Norman , the area 's initial land surveyor , and was formally incorporated on May 13 , 1891 . Economically the city has prominent higher education and related research industries , as it is the home to the University of Oklahoma , the largest university in the state , with approximately 30 @,@ 000 students enrolled . The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname " Sooners , " with over 80 @,@ 000 people routinely attending football games . The university is home to several museums , including the Fred Jones Jr . Museum of Art , which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university , as well as the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History .
The National Weather Center , located in Norman , houses a unique collection of university , state , federal , and private sector organizations that work together to improve the understanding of events related to the Earth 's atmosphere . Norman lies within Tornado Alley , a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area , including Norman , is the most tornado @-@ prone area in the world . The Storm Prediction Center ( SPC ) , a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) is located at the NWC . SPC forecasts severe storm and tornado outbreaks nationwide . Additionally , research is conducted at the co @-@ located National Severe Storms Laboratory ( NSSL ) , which includes field research and operates various experimental weather radars .
In 2008 CNN 's Money Magazine ranked Norman as the sixth best small city within the United States in which to live .
= = History = =
The Oklahoma region became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 . Prior to the American Civil War the United States government began relocating the Five Civilized Tribes – the five Native American tribes that the United States officially recognized via treaty – to Oklahoma . Treaties of 1832 and 1833 assigned the area known today as Norman to the Creek Nation .
Following the Civil War , the Creeks were accused of aiding the Confederacy and as a result they ceded the region back to the United States in 1866 . In the early 1870s , the federal government undertook a survey of these unassigned lands . Abner Ernest Norman , a 23 @-@ year @-@ old surveyor from Kentucky , was hired to oversee part of this project . Norman 's work crew set up camp near what is today the corner of Classen and Lindsey streets ; it was there that the men , perhaps jokingly , carved a sign on an elm tree that read " Norman 's Camp , " in honor of their young boss . In 1887 , the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began service to the area , which was later opened to settlement as part of the Land Run of 1889 ; early settlers decided to keep the name " Norman " .
On April 22 , 1889 , the Land Run saw the founding of Norman , with at least 150 residents spending the night in makeshift campsites ; by the next morning a downtown was already being constructed . Almost immediately two prominent Norman businessmen , former Purcell railroad freight agent Delbert Larsh and railroad station chief cashier Thomas Waggoner , began lobbying for the territorial government to locate its first university in Norman . The two were interested in growing the city and had reasoned that , rather than try to influence legislatures to locate the heavily contested territory capital in Norman , it made sense to attempt to secure the state 's first university instead ( a move that would be far less controversial ) . On December 19 , 1890 , Larsh and Waggoner were successful with the passage of Council Bill 114 , establishing the University of Oklahoma in Norman approximately 18 years before Oklahoma statehood .
The City of Norman was formally incorporated on May 13 , 1891 . The city has continued to grow throughout the decades . By 1902 the downtown district contained two banks , two hotels , a flour mill , and other businesses ; by 1913 there were over 3 @,@ 700 residents living in Norman when the Oklahoma Railway Company decided to extend its interurban streetcar running from Oklahoma City to Moore into Norman , spurring additional population growth . The rail lines eventually transitioned to freight during the 1940s as the United States Numbered Highway system developed . The city population reached 11 @,@ 429 in 1940 .
In 1941 , the University of Oklahoma and Norman city officials established Max Westheimer Field , a university airstrip , and then leased it to the U.S. Navy as a Naval Flight Training Center in 1942 . The training center was used for training combat pilots during World War II . A second training center , known as Naval Air Technical Training Center , and a naval hospital were later established to the south . In the years following World War II the airstrip was transferred back to the university 's control . Today the airstrip is called the University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport . Following the war the remaining military presence and post @-@ war veterans who came to Norman to get an education again grew the city 's population , which was 27 @,@ 006 by 1950 . The Navy again utilized the bases in a lesser capacity from 1952 to 1959 in support of the Korean War effort .
With the completion of Interstate 35 in June 1959 , Norman found its role as a bedroom community to Oklahoma City increasing rapidly ; in 1960 Norman 's population was 33 @,@ 412 but by the end of the decade had grown to 52 @,@ 117 . Throughout the 1960s Norman 's land mass increased by 174 square miles ( 450 km2 ) by annexing surrounding areas . The city 's growth trends have continued early in the 21st century , with the population reaching 95 @,@ 694 in 2000 and 110 @,@ 925 in 2010 .
= = Law and government = =
A council @-@ manager government has been in place in Norman since the adoption of its city charter on June 28 , 1919 . A councilor from each of the city 's eight council wards is elected to office every two years , each serving a term of two years . Councilors are elected from their own respective wards based on a plurality voting system ; a councilor from each ward serves on the Norman City Council . A mayor is elected by the entire voting population of Norman and serves as an at @-@ large councilor ; the mayor serves for a term of three years . As a whole , the council acts as the legislative body of city government ; it aims to pass laws , approve the city budget , and manage efficiency in the government . The City Council appoints a professional City Manager who is responsible for the day @-@ to @-@ day administrative activities of the city . The City of Norman has approximately 650 employees working in eleven departments and 31 boards and commissions that help oversee and implement the policies and services of the city . The City Council meets bi @-@ weekly in City Hall located at 201 W. Gray Street in downtown Norman ; various boards and commissions meet in accordance with their own schedules . The present mayor of Norman is Lynne Miller ( elected in 2016 ) , and the city manager is Steve Lewis ( appointed in 2007 ) . In accordance with the charter of the city of Norman , all city elected positions are nonpartisan .
Municipal and state laws are enforced by the Norman Police Department . In 2010 , Norman 's crime index was 33 % less than the national average . There were two murders , 47 rapes , 36 robberies , 53 assaults , and 811 burglaries in 2010 .
The city serves as the county seat of Cleveland County .
= = = Twin towns – Sister cities = = =
In accordance with Sister Cities International , an organization that began under President Dwight Eisenhower in 1956 , Norman has been given four international sister cities in an attempt to foster cross @-@ cultural understanding :
Arezzo , Italy
Clermont @-@ Ferrand , France
Colima , Col. , Mexico
Seika , Japan
= = Geography = =
The U.S. Census Bureau reported Norman 's geographical coordinates as 35 @.@ 240577 ° N 97 @.@ 345306 ° W / 35 @.@ 240577 ; -97.345306 ( 35 ° 14 ' 26 " N 97 ° 20 ' 43 " W ) . This appears to be the geographical center of the city limits , which include all of Lake Thunderbird . Virtually all of Norman 's development is well to the west of this point .
In the Geographic Names Information System of the United States Geological Survey , the city 's geographical coordinates are shown as 35 @.@ 2225668 ° N 97 @.@ 4394777 ° W / 35 @.@ 2225668 ; -97.4394777 ( 35 ° 13 ' 21 " N 97 ° 26 ' 22 " W ) . This is a location in downtown Norman .
As of 2010 , the city has a total area of 189 @.@ 42 square miles ( 490 @.@ 6 km2 ) , of which 178 @.@ 77 square miles ( 463 @.@ 0 km2 ) is land and 10 @.@ 65 square miles ( 27 @.@ 6 km2 ) is water .
The center of this large incorporated area is 20 miles ( 30 km ) from the center of Oklahoma City and , separated primarily by Moore , is in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area .
= = = Topography = = =
Norman and the surrounding areas are mostly flat with an elevation near 1 @,@ 171 feet ( 357 m ) . The terrain in the western section of Norman is prairie , while the eastern section , including the area surrounding Lake Thunderbird , consists of some 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 24 km2 ) of lakes and Cross Timbers forest . The lowest point within city limits is approximately 970 feet ( 296 m ) above sea level ( located at 35.20388N , 97.17735W ) . The highest point is approximately 1 @,@ 245 feet ( 379 m ) above sea level ( located at 35.21266N , 97.39000W ) .
= = = Climate = = =
Norman falls within a temperate , humid subtropical climate region that is identified as " Cfa " class on the Köppen climate classification . On average Norman receives about 38 inches ( 970 mm ) of precipitation per year ; May and June are the wettest months . Temperatures average 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) for the year . Average daytime highs range from 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) in January to nearly 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) in August ; average lows range from 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) in January to 71 ° F ( 22 ° C ) in July and August . Summers can be extremely hot , as was evident in the historically @-@ hot summer of 1980 , and again in 2011 , when temperatures climbed above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) over most days from mid @-@ June through early September ( see http : / / www.nws.noaa.gov / climate / index.php ? wfo = oun , look up June , July and August 2011 data ) . Consistent winds , averaging near 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) and usually from the south to southeast , help to temper hotter weather during the summer and intensify cold periods during the winter .
Norman averages a growing season of 209 days , but plants that can withstand short periods of colder temperatures may have an additional three to six weeks . Winter months tend to be cloudier than summer months , with the percentage of possible sunshine ranging from an average of about 55 % in winter to nearly 80 % in summer .
Norman lies within Tornado Alley , the region of the United States where tornadic activity is most frequent . The city has a tornado season lasting from March through June with over 80 % of all reported tornadoes occurring during these months . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area , including Norman , is the most tornado @-@ prone area in the United States . As recently as May 10 , 2010 , a tornado outbreak occurred in southeastern Norman that resulted in the loss of multiple homes and businesses . Again on Friday April 13 , 2012 Norman was struck by a weak tornado . On Wednesday May 6 , 2015 , the northwestern part of Norman was hit by a weak tornado .
= = Demographics = =
As of the census of 2010 , there were 110 @,@ 925 people , 44 @,@ 661 households , and 24 @,@ 913 families residing within the city . By population , Norman was the third @-@ largest city in Oklahoma and the 225th @-@ largest city in the United States . The population density was 616 people per square mile ( 208 @.@ 7 / km ² ) . The racial makeup of the city was 84 @.@ 7 % White , 4 @.@ 3 % African American , 4 @.@ 7 % Native American , 3 @.@ 8 % Asian , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 1 @.@ 9 % from other races , and 5 @.@ 5 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 @.@ 4 % of the population .
Of the 44 @,@ 661 households , 25 @.@ 0 % had children under the age of 18 , 41 @.@ 5 % were married couples living together , 10 @.@ 1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 44 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families . Individuals living alone made up 30 @.@ 7 % of all households ; 7 @.@ 3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 33 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 94 .
The age distribution was 5 @.@ 8 % under the age of 5 , 5 @.@ 7 % from 5 to 9 , 5 @.@ 2 % from 10 to 14 , 8 @.@ 9 % from 15 to 19 , 16 @.@ 0 % from 20 to 24 , 9 @.@ 0 % from 25 to 29 , 6 @.@ 6 % from 30 to 34 , 5 @.@ 6 % from 35 to 39 , 5 @.@ 3 % from 40 to 44 , 5 @.@ 9 % from 45 to 49 , 5 @.@ 9 % from 50 to 54 , 5 @.@ 4 % from 55 to 59 , 4 @.@ 6 % from 60 to 64 , 3 @.@ 2 % from 65 to 69 , 2 @.@ 3 % from 70 to 74 , 1 @.@ 8 % from 75 to 79 , 1 @.@ 4 % from 80 to 84 , and 1 @.@ 3 % over 85 years of age . The median age was 29 @.@ 6 years . Males made up 49 @.@ 7 % of the population while females made up 50 @.@ 3 % .
The median household income in the city was $ 44 @,@ 396 , and the median income for a family was $ 62 @,@ 826 . Males had a median income of $ 41 @,@ 859 versus $ 35 @,@ 777 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 24 @,@ 586 . About 11 @.@ 8 % of families and 19 @.@ 2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 18 @.@ 9 % of those under age 18 and 8 @.@ 9 % of those age 65 or over .
Although religious information is not collected by the U.S. census , according to a 2000 survey by Dale E. Jones of the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies , 50 @.@ 2 % of the population in Norman is affiliated with a religious institution . Of those 43 @.@ 6 % were Southern Baptist , 15 @.@ 0 % Catholic Church , 13 @.@ 0 % United Methodist , 3 @.@ 3 % Assembly of God , 2 @.@ 8 % Churches of Christ , 2 @.@ 1 % Latter @-@ day Saint ( Mormon ) , 2 @.@ 1 % Christian Churches and Churches of Christ , 1 @.@ 9 % Disciples of Christ , 1 @.@ 7 % Presbyterian Church , and 14 @.@ 6 % other Christian denominations or religions .
= = Economy = =
The University of Oklahoma employs over 10 @,@ 700 personnel across three campuses , making it a significant driver of Norman 's economy . The campus is a center for scientific and technological research , having contributed over $ 277 million to such programs in 2009 .
Norman is also home of the National Weather Center , a cooperative research effort between the University of Oklahoma and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that houses a number of weather- and climate @-@ related organizations ; the city is also the proposed location of a future National Weather Museum . As a result of this on @-@ going academic and public weather research , several private meteorological businesses are present in the city , including Weathernews Americas , Inc . , Vieux and Associates , Inc . , Weather Decision Technologies , WeatherBank , Inc . , and Computational Geosciences , Inc .
In addition to weather Norman is a center for other scientific ventures – public and private . The Oklahoma Geological Survey , which conducts geological research , and the Oklahoma Renewable Energy Council , which is a public @-@ private alliance that fosters renewable energy technology with the aim of establishing more viable applications , make the city their home . SouthWest NanoTechnologies is a producer of single @-@ walled carbon nanotubes . Bergey Windpower is a supplier of small wind turbines .
Other major employers in the city include Norman Regional Health System , Norman Public Schools , Johnson Controls , Griffin Memorial Hospital , Hitachi , Astellas Pharma Technologies , Albon Engineering , Xyant Technology , MSCI , Office Max National Sales Center , SITEL , the United States Postal Service National Center for Employee Development , Sysco Corporation , and AT & T.
University North Park , a lifestyle center with planned development on over 12 million square feet ( 1 @.@ 1 km2 ) of land , is on 24th Ave NW along the I @-@ 35 corridor between Robinson Street and Tecumseh Road . Begun in 2006 , the project will feature 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of parks , offices , and high @-@ end retail once completed .
In 2008 , CNN 's Money Magazine ranked Norman as the sixth best small city within the United States to live in , the highest ranking of any city in Oklahoma .
= = = Fair trade = = =
In 2010 , Norman became the 17th city in the United States to adopt a council resolution giving it status as a Fair Trade Town . The resolution states that the city of Norman supports the purchasing of goods from the local community ; when goods cannot be purchased locally the city will support buying from producers abroad who meet Fair Trade standards . These standards include supporting quality of life in developing countries and planning for environmental sustainability .
= = Neighborhoods = =
Norman has a wide variety of neighborhoods . Downtown Norman is an area of approximately 2 square miles ( 5 km2 ) surrounded by University Blvd . , Symmes St. , Porter Ave . , and Daws St. ; primary streets include Main St. and Gray Ave . The area consists of restaurants , art galleries , and other businesses ; it is home to some of the oldest buildings in Oklahoma .
Hall Park is an area northeast of downtown Norman that was originally an independent township ; in 2005 it was annexed into Norman , becoming one of its neighborhoods . The area is home to many middle @-@ class suburban homes and is historically important in
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the majority believed the eight people mentioned would retire rather than stay for another term . The retirements of Chairman of the National Assembly Nguyễn Văn An , who was considered a strong contender for the general secretaryship at the 11th Congress , and two leading proteges of Mạnh ; the unofficial deputy general secretary Phan Diễn , and the Head of the Commission for Organization and Personnel Trần Đình Hoan , were unexpected .
Some party elders were seeking the removal of Mạnh as general secretary . While Đỗ Mười and Lê Đức Anh supported Mạnh 's re @-@ election , Võ Văn Kiệt and Võ Nguyên Giáp opposed him . However , all four of them agreed on retaining Nguyễn Văn An in the 10th Politburo . One point in Mạnh 's favour was his lack of grave mistakes during his first tenure , and the lack of a credible opponent . Võ Văn Kiệt supported Nguyễn Minh Triết 's candidacy for the general secretaryship , while the retiring prime minister Phan Văn Khải supported a possible candidacy by Nguyễn Văn An , even if the Central Committee had voted for his Politburo retirement in the " survey " . Those who supported Mạnh 's removal based their campaign on the fact that his son @-@ in @-@ law had worked at PMU 18 Department of the Ministry of Transport during the PMU 18 scandal . A more damaging rumour was that Mạnh had included Nguyễn Việt Tiến , the Deputy Minister of Transport who was implicated in the scandal , on the Central Committee nominee list.Also , Dao Đào Đình Bình , the Minister of Transport , was a close associate of Mạnh . Mạnh was accused of nepotism and of establishing a patronage system for himself within the party and state ; his son Nông Quốc Tuấn was elected as Head of Youth Organizations in March 2005 , and was thus entitled to attend the 10th Congress . At a meeting with some veteran politicians , Mạnh was asked by Lê Khả Phiêu and Võ Nguyên Giáp to resign from his post and not to run for a seat in the 10th Central Committee – Mạnh , however , refused to resign .
In a proposal to the 11th plenum of the 9th Central Committee , Võ Văn Kiệt suggested democratizing the political system by giving the delegates to a party congress the power to elect the general secretary , the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Inspection , and giving congress delegates ultimate power on all matters put before them at the congress . He called for the reduction of the Central Committee from one @-@ fourth to one @-@ third , holding the elections of state leaders at the National Assembly in the immediate aftermath of a congress ( and not a year later ) , secret ballots for elections , empowering delegates to self @-@ nominate to the Central Committee and merging the offices of President and General Secretary into one . These suggestions , with the exception of holding the National Assembly elections earlier , were rejected at the 11th plenum of the 9th Central Committee in January 2005 .
At the 14th plenum of the 9th Central Committee , the Politburo proposed that Mạnh would be appointed president and resign from his post as general secretary to be succeeded by Nguyễn Văn An , while Phan Diễn would be retained for the sake of stability . The proposal was rejected in a formal vote by the 9th plenum , and the Central Committee upheld the results of the " survey " . At the unplanned 15th plenum held 14 – 16 April , which was held due to pressure by Nguyễn Minh Triết , Nguyễn Văn An and Phan Văn Khải , it was decided that delegates at the upcoming congress had the right of self @-@ nomination and that there would competing elections for the posts of general secretary , prime minister and chairman of the National Assembly . The loser of the contest for general secretary would be appointed president . Mạnh and Nguyễn Minh Triết were candidates for the general secretaryship , Nguyễn Tấn Dũng and Nguyễn Sinh Hùng for the prime ministership and Nguyễn Phú Trọng and Trương Tấn Sang for the National Assembly chairmanship . For the first time in the party 's history , competing elections were held for offices of power .
= = Delegates = =
1 @,@ 176 delegates participated at the 10th Congress . These candidates were accepted on the basis of the Working Regulations of the party . 146 ( 12 @.@ 37 percent ) of the delegates were members of the 9th Central Committee . 1 @,@ 025 ( 86 @.@ 87 percent ) of the delegates were elected by provincial and local subunits of the party . 9 ( 0 @.@ 76 percent ) of the delegates represented the party 's overseas branches . 136 ( 11 @.@ 56 percent ) delegates were women , and 154 ( 13 @.@ 10 percent ) came from ethnic minorities . There were 18 ( 1 @.@ 53 percent ) delegates who had been awarded the Hero of the People 's Armed Forces , 7 ( 0 @.@ 60 percent ) who had been awarded Hero of Labor , 4 ( 0 @.@ 34 percent ) who had been awarded the title People 's Teacher , 13 ( 1 @.@ 11 percent ) who had been given the title Meritorious Teacher , 4 ( 0 @.@ 34 percent ) with the title of Meritorious Doctor , 27 ( 2 @.@ 30 percent ) with the honorary title 40 years of Party membership , 2 ( 0 @.@ 17 percent ) with the honorary title of 50 years of Party membership . 81 @.@ 29 percent of the delegates had graduated from either college or university , and 16 @.@ 59 percent of these had received PhD or had worked as professors or assistant professors . 96 @.@ 52 percent of the delegates had received a bachelor 's degree in political training courses . The average age of the delegates was 52 @.@ 92 years – Dinh Huy ( 30 years of age ) was the youngest delegate , and Do Quang Hung ( 77 years of age ) was the oldest delegate .
= = The Congress and the 1st plenum = =
The elected 10th Central Committee comprised 81 ( 52 @.@ 5 percent ) members from the 9th Central Committee , and 79 ( 47 @.@ 5 percent ) new members were elected . The candidate with the highest vote received 97 @.@ 88 percent , while the candidate with the lowest vote received 63 @.@ 41 percent . All the provinces , with the exception of Đắk Nông Province , elected officials to the 10th Central Committee . A number of surprises occurred during the election process ; six ministers were not re @-@ elected . Another surprise was that no officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were elected as full members . However , Phạm Bình Minh , the Director of the International Organizations Directorate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , was elected as an alternate member . None of the 34 self @-@ nominated candidates at the congress were elected to the 10th Central Committee . It is unknown whether any of the self @-@ nominees for alternate membership in the 10th Central Committee were elected . There was an increase in Central Committee officials working in the central government , the provinces , military and defence officials , public security officials and officials from mass organizations , but there was a decrease in officials from the sectors of information , social and cultural affairs , economics , business and financial affairs , and others .
As the meeting progressed , some delegates publicly demanded that the congress should be given the authority to elect the general secretary and the head of the Central Commission for Inspection . This was approved and a survey form which listed four possible candidates ; Mạnh , Nguyễn Minh Triết , Nguyễn Văn An and Nguyễn Phú Trọng was created . Nguyễn Văn An withdrew his candidacy , knowing he would not be elected to the 10th Politburo because he was not elected to the 10th Central Committee . However , because of party rules which stated that the Central Committee after the congress elected the general secretary , the vote at the congress was considered a survey . Another version of the proceedings , that given by Mạnh at the press conference after the congress , was that the 1 @,@ 176 congress delegates were given a list of the elected members of the 10th Central Committee , and were given a free choice of electing any of them to the general secretaryship . After the congress , on 25 April , the 1st plenum of the Central Committee convened to elect the general secretary . The two leading candidates at the congress survey , Mạnh and Nguyễn Minh Triết , stood for election at the plenum . Mạnh was elected and Nguyễn Minh Triết was appointed state president . However , rumours that Mạnh won narrowly over his rival , and that Nguyễn Minh Triết withdrew his candidature following the party tradition of appointing the general secretary , circulated after the congress .
The 10th Politburo comprised 14 members . As was decided at the first plenum , the ranking given to Politburo members was to be decided by the number of approval votes the official earned during the election . Lê Hồng Anh , the Minister of Public Security , was ranked second in the Politburo because he received the second @-@ most approval votes for his candidacy . Of the 14 members of the Politburo , five were concurrently members of the 10th Secretariat . The Secretariat comprised eight members , amongst whom the highest rank was general secretary .
= = Policy enactments = =
The official Congress communique set 2020 as a date on which Vietnam would reach the status of a modern , industrial society . To reach this goal , the targeted growth for gross domestic product ( GDP ) was set at 7 @.@ 5 – 8 percent for 2006 – 2011 . The congress promised to renew the socialist @-@ oriented market economy , and step up its fight against political corruption . The communique emphasized the party 's goal of a future society without exploitation , based on the ideology of Marxism – Leninism . The Political Report , the Eighth Five @-@ Year Plan ( 2006 – 2010 ) – officially titled the Five Year Socio @-@ economic Development Plan , the report on Party building and the amendment and revision to the Party 's charter , were approved . Mạnh said that the approval of these documents were " the results of the intellect and the will of our entire Party and people , the in @-@ depth practical and theoretical summation of 20 years of Renovation [ Đổi Mới ] and the improvement and development of the policy and philosophy of renovations in the current period of our country 's revolution . "
The Eighth Five @-@ Year Plan is subordinate to the Ten Year Socio @-@ economic Development Strategy ( 2001 – 2010 ) which aims to continue comprehensive reform and achieve fast , sustainable growth rates . The main goal of the Ten Year Plan is to lift Vietnam out of the category of underdeveloped countries and to reach the status of a modern @-@ industrial nation by 2012 . The Eighth Five @-@ Year Plan , while approved by the Congress , had to earn the approval of the National Assembly before being implemented .
The delegates approved the general secretary 's Political Report , Report on Orientations and Tasks for Socio @-@ Economic Development for the 2006 – 10 Period , and the Report on Party building and amendments made to the party statute . These reports ' main objectives were to accelerate the reform process and strengthen the socialist @-@ oriented market economy . The congress allowed existing party members to engage in private ownership . This was a controversial amendment and was a break with the theory of exploitation of man by man . While the amendment was approved , the third plenum of the 10th Central Committee restricted the change to party members who had worked in state @-@ owned enterprises which have been privatized .
= = Democratization = =
An important characteristic of the 10th Congress was the internal democratization of the party leadership , most notably seen in the Politburo 's willingness to follow the " survey " voted by the 13th plenum of the Central Committee . The top five members of the " survey " were rewarded with the five highest government positions in Vietnam . While the leadership selection process was not dramatically altered , the Central Committee as a collective unit was strengthened , and the Central Committee acquired control over personnel appointments and policy @-@ making . In effect , these changes have reduced the roles of powerful individuals , who may be seen as taking too much control .
= = Acknowledgement = =
35 foreign parties congratulated the CPV on holding its 10th Congress . Among these were ruling parties of the remaining socialist states , the Communist Party of Cuba , the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) and the Lao People 's Revolutionary Party . Hu Jintao , the former CPC General Secretary of the Central Committee , personally congratulated Nguyen Van Son , the Chairman of the CPV Commission for External Relations , on the CPV 's holding of the 10th National Congress . Not all the parties which congratulated the CPV were communists , for example the Cambodian People 's Party , the Workers ' Party of Korea , the Social Democratic Party of Germany , the Uri Party and the Bulgarian Socialist Party .
The French Communist Party congratulated the CPV on holding its 10th National Congress , and stated that it " was a milestone and an occasion for the Party to reiterate its orientations and its determination to implement objectives as well as open new visions for the 21st century . " In an official communique from the Central Committee of the Japanese Communist Party ( JCP ) to the CPV 10th Central Committee , the JPC Central Committee stated " The Communist Party of Viet Nam is advancing on the chosen path of building socialism through the market economy . This is a new discovery in the history of mankind . " The Communist Party of India sent its " warmest fraternal greetings to the leadership and delegates to the 10th Congress of the Communist Party of Viet Nam . " The Communist Party USA sent a " warm revolutionary greetings to the delegates and members of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the occasion of your 10th National Party Congress . We wish you much success in your deliberations at this important event . " The Communist Party of the Russian Federation stated , " Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Viet Nam , the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam has successfully carried out adopted policies . The industrious Vietnamese people have created favourable conditions for progress . The CPV has displayed a creative and principled approach to solving important and sophisticated problems , while remaining persistent in its socialist ideology . "
The Portuguese Communist Party said , " The Tenth Party Congress and the objectives your congress was striving towards , given the present international situation , constitute something significant . " The Communist Party of Brazil said , " We are very impressed by the efforts exerted by the Vietnamese people and Communists in building socialism in line with national development . The renewal process in Viet Nam has helped the country attain great achievements in modernization , industrialization and international integration . " Mahmoud Abbas , Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization extended his greetings , and said " We are proud of our friendship and relationship , and once again reaffirm our determination to strengthen ties and solidarity for the mutual benefit of both our nations " .
= Ryan Mollett =
Ryan DeForest Mollett ( born November 3 , 1978 ) is a finance executive and a retired lacrosse defenseman who played professional field lacrosse in Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1998 through 2001 , where he was the best NCAA lacrosse defenseman in the nation , the Ivy League player of the year , a two @-@ time United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American ( first team once ) , two @-@ time All @-@ Ivy League first team selection and a member of two national champion teams . During his time at Princeton , the team qualified for the NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship all four years , reached the championship game three times , won the championship game twice and won four Ivy League championships . He was a member of Team USA at the 2002 World Lacrosse Championship . He was the first collegiate player ever drafted in the MLL and became an MLL All @-@ Star player .
= = Background = =
In 1997 , Mollett along with teammate John Glatzel led his Boys ' Latin School of Maryland lacrosse team to an undefeated season and the Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association A Conference championship .
= = College career = =
He served as co @-@ captain of the 2001 team that won the 2001 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship . Mollett won the 2001 Schmeisser Award as the best National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) lacrosse defenseman . He was the 2001 Men 's Ivy League Player of the Year . He was a first team USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 2001 and an honorable mention selection in 2000 . He was a first team All @-@ Ivy League selection in 2000 and 2001 , when he was Ivy League Player of the year . During his four @-@ year career , Princeton went undefeated in Ivy League Conference play with consecutive 6 – 0 records . He was a 2001 USILA Scholar All @-@ American .
= = Professional career = =
In 2001 , the Rochester Rattlers selected Mollett as the first player drafted in the first Major League Lacrosse Collegiate Draft . That same year , the New York Saints of the box lacrosse National Lacrosse League made Mollett the 22nd overall selection in the second round of the 2001 NLL draft . He played for the Rattlers from 2001 to 2005 . Then , he became a member of the Chicago Machine , but never appeared in a game for them . The Machine had drafted him in the 2006 MLL Expansion Draft , but he requested to be traded . In March 2006 , the Machine traded Mollett to the New Jersey Pride . He played with the Pride from 2006 until 2007 . In 2003 , he was selected as an All @-@ Star .
Mollett represented the United States at the 2002 World Lacrosse Championship where they won the championship . After obtaining his M.B.A. in 2007 , he went to work as an associate for BlackRock .
= = Personal = =
Mollet obtained a M.B.A. from Yale School of Management in 2007 . That year , his wedding to Glamour magazine fashion editor Samantha Noelle Bishopp was announced in The New York Times . Mollett is the son of Dorothy Mollett and Richard C. Mollett of Taneytown , Maryland .
= Dave Sharma =
Devanand " Dave " Sharma ( born 1976 ) is an Australian diplomat with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , currently serving as the Ambassador of Australia to Israel .
He has held a number of senior positions in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , including from 2010 to 2012 as the head of the International Division in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Since May 2013 he has been serving as the Australian Ambassador to Israel . His appointment , at the age of 37 , makes him the youngest person to be appointed as an Australian Ambassador and the second Australian Ambassador of Indian heritage .
= = Early life and education = =
Sharma is of Indian heritage and was born in Vancouver , Canada in 1976 . His family moved to Parramatta , New South Wales , in 1979 . Reflecting on his initial years in Australia Sharma told the Australian Indian Herald in May 2013 , " we were the only Sharma 's [ sic ] in the whole of white pages of Australia "
Sharma attended secondary school at Turramurra High School in Sydney . He graduated in 1993 topping the state in the Higher School Certificate , with the highest possible Tertiary Entrance Rank of 100 .
Sharma studied a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts at Cambridge University between 1994 and 1997 , he initially studied natural sciences but transferred to law in 1995 ( his second year ) and graduated in law with first class honours . He then returned to Sydney and studied medicine at Sydney Medical School . Following a year of studying medicine , he began working as a civil servant for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and completed a Masters in International Relations through Deakin University . He is fluent in English , Hebrew and Spanish .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Sharma began working for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade around 1999 and had held posts both in Australia and abroad . From 2004 to 2006 he served in parliament as the legal adviser to Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer and was then appointed to the Australian Embassy in Washington from until 2009 .
Sharma has held appointments at the Australian High Commission in Port Moresby and as a senior civilian adviser with the Peace Monitoring Group on Bougainville in Papua New Guinea .
= = = Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet = = =
From 2010 to 2012 Sharma was the head of the International Division in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . He advised the Prime Minister Julia Gillard during G @-@ 20 summits ( including as the Prime Minister 's sous @-@ sherpa ) and East Asia summits and was involved in international diplomatic events which occurred in Australia including the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in October 2011 and during US President Barack Obama 's visit to Australia in November 2011 .
= = = Africa Branch = = =
Sharma served as the Assistant Secretary , responsible for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 's Africa Branch between 2012 and 2013 . In November 2012 , Sharma led a visit to Abuja , Nigeria and participated in talks with the Nigerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Security Adviser as well as with officials from the Economic Community of West African States .
= = = Ambassador to Israel = = =
Sharma was appointed the Ambassador to Israel by the Minister for Foreign Affairs , Bob Carr , on 16 May 2013 replacing Andrea Faulkner . Sharma presented his credentials to Israeli President Shimon Peres on 8 August 2013 .
His appointment as an ambassador at the age of 37 makes him the youngest person to be appointed as an Australian Ambassador . He is the second Australian Ambassador of Indian heritage , the first being Peter Varghese .
Sharma , and his wife Rachel , visited casualties of the Syrian civil war in the Ziv Medical Center in Zefat , Israel . This visit made him the first international representative to visit casualties of the war .
= = Personal life = =
Sharma is married to Rachel Lord , a trained lawyer and diplomat with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . In 2014 she was the president of the Diplomatic Spouses Club in Israel . Sharma and Lord have three daughters aged 9 to 3 .
= Doug Fister =
Douglas Wildes Fister ( born February 4 , 1984 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the Seattle Mariners , Detroit Tigers and Washington Nationals .
Fister bats left @-@ handed , and throws right @-@ handed . He was born in Merced , California and attended Golden Valley High School . He then attended Merced College , and later Fresno State University . He spent four seasons ( 2006 – 2009 ) in the Seattle Mariners minor league organization before being promoted to their Major League roster in 2009 .
= = Early life = =
Fister was born February 4 , 1984 , to Larry and Jan Fister . Larry Fister is a fire captain who played football at Fresno State University from 1976 to 1977 . Jan is a homemaker . Fister has three siblings ; a brother and two sisters . He grew up in Merced , California where he began playing baseball at the age of six .
He was a fan of both the Oakland Athletics and San Francisco Giants as a child . His favorite player was Cal Ripken , Jr . Fister also played soccer , football and basketball as a child . He shares a middle name ( Wildes ) with both his father and grandfather .
= = Amateur career = =
= = = High school = = =
Fister attended Golden Valley High School where he pitched and was the team 's utility player . He was a two @-@ year letterman and a first @-@ team All @-@ Central California Conference selection in his senior season , batting .456 with a home run and 12 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . He was also named a first team all @-@ conference selection in basketball , averaging over 30 points per game as a senior . He and former MLB catcher Dusty Ryan graduated in the same class .
= = = College = = =
Fister attended Merced College from 2003 to 2004 . At Merced , he was a two @-@ year letterman and participated in the 2003 Junior College All @-@ Star Game . In 2003 , he was a preseason All @-@ American . Fister was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 49th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft but chose to transfer to Division I Fresno State University , where he played for the Bulldogs . In 2005 , Fister led Fresno State with wins ( 7 ) and was second on the team in innings pitched ( 932 ⁄ 3 ) and strikeouts ( 77 ) . He also appeared in 26 games at first base in 2005 . That season , he was drafted by the New York Yankees in the sixth round but chose to stay at Fresno State for his senior season . In 2006 , Fister had an 8 @-@ 6 record and a 4 @.@ 10 earned run average in 20 games . Following the season , Fister was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the seventh round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Seattle Mariners = = =
= = = = 2006 – 2007 seasons = = = =
Fister was selected by the Seattle Mariners in the seventh round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft , and signed on June 10 , 2006 . He began his professional career that season with the Class @-@ A Short @-@ Season Everett AquaSox of the Northwest League . Fister went 3 – 5 with a 2 @.@ 25 ERA , four saves , and 35 strikeouts in 20 games ; four starts . He was first on the AquaSox in games finished ( 13 ) , and ERA ; tied for second in saves , and wins ; and was third among pitchers in games played ( 20 ) . The next season , 2007 , Fister played with the Double @-@ A West Tenn Diamond Jaxx of the Southern League . That season , he went 7 – 8 with a 4 @.@ 60 ERA , one complete game , and 85 strikeouts in 24 games , all starts . Fister led the Diamond Jaxx pitching staff in wins , and home runs allowed ( 14 ) ; was tied for first in complete games ; was second in hits allowed ( 156 ) ; and was third in losses , games started , innings pitched ( 131 ) , runs allowed ( 78 ) , and earned runs allowed ( 67 ) .
= = = = 2008 season = = = =
Fister continued to play for the Double @-@ A West Tenn Diamond Jaxx in 2008 . On April 23 , Fister was named the Southern League Pitcher of the Week . Fister became the Southern League 's first 10 @-@ game loser on July 10 . On the season , Fister went 6 – 14 with a 5 @.@ 43 ERA , and 104 strikeouts in 31 games ; 23 starts . Fister was first among Diamond Jaxx pitchers in losses , games started , innings pitched ( 1341 ⁄ 3 ) , hits allowed ( 155 ) , runs allowed ( 95 ) , earned runs allowed ( 81 ) , home runs allowed ( 12 ) ; and was second in wins , bases on balls ( walks ) allowed ( 45 ) , and strikeouts . He was also first in the Southern League in runs allowed ; and was second in losses , and earned runs allowed . At the end of the 2008 regular season , Fister played in the Arizona Fall League ( AFL ) with the Peoria Javelinas . In the AFL , Fister was involved in no decisions with a 3 @.@ 32 ERA , and 22 strikeouts in 11 games , all in relief .
= = = = 2009 season = = = =
In 2009 , Fister began the season with the Double @-@ A West Tenn Diamond Jaxx for the third time in his career . However , he was later promoted to the Triple @-@ A Tacoma Rainiers , and eventually the Seattle Mariners .
In just two games with the Diamond Jaxx , Fister went 1 – 0 and gave @-@ up no earned runs . With the Rainiers , Fister went 6 – 4 with a 3 @.@ 81 ERA , and 79 strikeouts in 22 games , 17 starts .
On August 7 , Fister was promoted to the majors . As a result , pitcher Jason Vargas was optioned to Triple @-@ A Tacoma to make room for Fister on the Mariners ' 25 @-@ man roster .
In his major league debut against the Tampa Bay Rays on August 8 , Fister pitched one inning , struck out one , gave up one hit , and gave up one walk . He made his first start on August 11 against the Chicago White Sox and picked up the loss . Fister 's first win came on August 16 against the New York Yankees . Fister finished the season with a major league record of 3 – 4 with a 4 @.@ 13 ERA , and 36 strikeouts in 11 games , 10 starts .
= = = = 2010 season = = = =
In 2010 , Fister started the first game for the Mariners in spring training . Going into the season , Fister , and fellow starting pitchers Garrett Olson , Luke French and Jason Vargas competed for the Mariners ' fifth spot in the starting rotation . Fister ended up getting a job in the rotation ( as did Vargas ) . On April 19 , Fister took a no @-@ hitter into the seventh inning against the Baltimore Orioles until it was broken up by Nick Markakis ' leadoff single . Although the Mariners suffered early season woes , the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer praised Fister and fellow starter Jason Vargas as reasons for why the Mariners were not doing worse , stating , " If Doug Fister and Jason Vargas hadn 't been excellent at the back end of the rotation , God knows where this club would be . "
= = = = 2011 season = = = =
In 2011 , Fister was the Mariners ' number three starter behind Félix Hernández and Jason Vargas .
= = = Detroit Tigers = = =
On July 30 , 2011 , Fister was traded to the Detroit Tigers along with relief pitcher David Pauley in exchange for Casper Wells , Charlie Furbush , Francisco Martinez , and a player to be named later . On August 17 , the Tigers sent former first round pick Chance Ruffin to the Mariners to complete the trade . Before being dealt to the Detroit Tigers , Fister had a 3 – 12 record with a 3 @.@ 33 ERA in 21 starts .
After his trade to the Tigers , Fister went 8 – 1 with a 1 @.@ 79 ERA in 10 starts . He finished the 2011 regular season 11 – 13 , with an ERA of 2 @.@ 83 that placed him fourth among American League pitchers .
Fister was named the American League Pitcher of the Month for September after going 5 – 0 with a 0 @.@ 53 ERA in five starts .
Facing the New York Yankees in the American League Divisional Series , Fister bounced back from a rough game 1 outing to earn the win in the decisive game 5 . Fister limited the Yankees to one run on five hits and two walks over five innings in the Tigers 3 – 2 victory , which sent them to the American League Championship Series .
In Game 3 of the American League Championship Series , he held the Texas Rangers ' offense to two runs in 71 ⁄ 3 innings to get the win in a 5 – 2 Tigers victory .
= = = = 2012 season = = = =
On April 7 while pitching against the Red Sox , Fister left the game due to an injury . The next day , Fister was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list with a strain of the costochondral muscle in his left side , an injury to the ribcage . Brayan Villarreal was recalled from Triple @-@ A Toledo to take his place on the roster . On September 22 , Fister threw his first career shutout , blanking the Minnesota Twins 8 @-@ 0 on seven hits . In his next start on September 27 , Doug set an American League record by striking out nine batters in a row against the Kansas City Royals . This was just one short of the major league record ( 10 ) set by Tom Seaver in 1970 . He finished the 2012 regular season with a 10 @-@ 10 record and a 3 @.@ 45 ERA in 26 starts .
Fister pitched in the second game of the ALDS against the Oakland A 's , picking up a no decision in a 5 – 4 victory while giving up two runs in seven innings . He also got a no @-@ decision in Game 1 of the 2012 ALCS against the New York Yankees , despite surrendering no runs in 6 1 ⁄ 3 innings of work . Fister was struck in the head by a line drive off the bat of Giants outfielder Gregor Blanco during the second inning of Game 2 of the 2012 World Series . Fister continued to pitch the game , holding the Giants to one run over six innings before turning it over to the bullpen .
= = = = 2013 season = = = =
Fister was injury @-@ free in 2013 , making 32 starts for the Tigers . He set career highs in wins ( 14 ) , win percentage ( 14 @-@ 9 , .609 ) and strikeouts ( 159 ) , while finishing the regular season with a 3 @.@ 67 ERA .
Doug made a start in Game 4 of the 2013 ALDS against the Oakland Athletics , with the Tigers facing elimination . He gave up three runs and seven hits in six innings of work . The Tigers won the game with a late rally , so Fister did not factor in the decision . In Game 4 of the 2013 ALCS against the Boston Red Sox , Fister gave up just one run on eight hits , striking out seven over six innings and earning the win in a 7 @-@ 3 Tigers victory .
Following the 2013 season , Fister was named a finalist for the Gold Glove Award for the pitcher position alongside Mark Buehrle and R.A. Dickey . Fister finished the season with zero errors for a perfect 1 @.@ 000 fielding percentage . Additionally , he led all American League pitchers in putouts ( 23 ) and double plays started ( 5 ) , and was seventh in assists ( 29 ) .
= = = Washington Nationals = = =
On December 2 , 2013 , Doug Fister was traded to the Washington Nationals for utility man Steve Lombardozzi and left handed pitchers Ian Krol and Robbie Ray .
= = = = 2014 season = = = =
During spring training with the Nationals , Doug developed a strained lat muscle on his right side that put him on the disabled list to start the 2014 season . He returned on May 9 against the Oakland Athletics where he gave up 5 earned runs on 9 hits in 4 @.@ 1 innings . He bounced back in his next start , against the Arizona Diamondbacks , Fister gave up just 1 earned run on 5 hits in 7 innings .
Fister would conclude the 2014 season with a 16 @-@ 6 record over 164 IP , tallying 98 strikeouts , a 1 @.@ 08 WHIP ( 5th in the NL among qualified starters ) , and a 2 @.@ 41 ERA ( 4th in the NL ) .
= = = = 2015 season = = = =
Fister pitched in 25 games for the Nationals in 2015 , 15 of which were starts . He posted a 5 – 7 record , 4 @.@ 19 ERA , and 63 strikeouts in 103 innings pitched .
= = = Houston Astros = = =
On January 28 , 2016 , Fister signed a one @-@ year , $ 7 million contract with the Houston Astros .
= = Pitching style = =
Fister throws four pitches , and is mainly a groundball pitcher . His two seam fastball is thrown at 88 – 91 mph . His other pitches are a cutter ( 85 – 87 ) , a curveball ( 73 – 79 ) , and a changeup ( 80 – 84 ) . The curveball is his best swing @-@ and @-@ miss pitch , with a career whiff rate of over 30 % . Fister walks few batters ; he finished third and fourth in 2010 and 2011 , respectively , in lowest walks per nine innings ratio .
Fister runs 10 miles each day that he does not pitch .
Fister stands 6 feet 8 inches tall , and is among the tallest players in the Major Leagues .
= Tropical Storm Hermine ( 1998 ) =
Tropical Storm Hermine was the eighth tropical cyclone and named storm of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season . Hermine developed from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on September 5 . The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean , and on entering the northwest Caribbean interacted with other weather systems . The resultant system was declared a tropical depression on September 17 in the central Gulf of Mexico . The storm meandered north slowly , and after being upgraded to a tropical storm made landfall on Louisiana , where it quickly deteriorated into a tropical depression again on September 20 .
Before the storm 's arrival , residents of Grand Isle , Louisiana , were evacuated . As a weak tropical storm , damages from Hermine were light . Rainfall spread from Louisiana through Georgia , causing isolated flash flooding . In some areas , the storm tide prolonged the coastal flooding from a tropical cyclone . Gusty winds were reported . Associated tornadoes in Mississippi damaged mobile homes and vehicles , and inflicted one injury . While Hermine was not of itself a particularly damaging storm , its effects combined with those of other tropical cyclones , and resulted in agricultural damage .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 5 , 1998 , a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean . The wave was not associated with any thunderstorm activity until it reached the Windward Islands , when cloud and shower activity began to increase . Continuing westward , the disturbance approached the South American coastline and turned into the northwest Caribbean . The wave interacted with an upper @-@ level low @-@ pressure system and another tropical wave that entered the region . At the time , a large monsoon @-@ type flow prevailed over Central America , part of the Caribbean Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . An area of low pressure developed over the northwestern Caribbean , and at about 1200 UTC on September 17 , the system was sufficiently organized to be declared a tropical depression in the central Gulf of Mexico .
Initially , the cloud pattern associated with the system featured a tight and well @-@ defined circulation , as well as clusters of deep convection south of the center . Due to the proximity of a large upper @-@ level low @-@ pressure area in the southern Gulf of Mexico , the surrounding environment did not favor intensification . Influenced by the low , the depression moved southward . The system completed a cyclonic loop in the central gulf , and by early on September 18 was drifting northward . As a result of wind shear , the center of circulation was separated from the deep convective activity . Early the next day , deep convection persisted in a small area northeast of the center . Forward motion was nearly stationary , with a gradual drift east @-@ southeastward . Despite the wind shear , the depression attained tropical storm status at 1200 UTC on September 19 ; as such , it was named Hermine by the National Hurricane Center .
Shortly after being upgraded to a tropical storm , Hermine reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . The tropical storm @-@ force winds were confined to the eastern semicircle of the cyclone . Hermine tracked northward and approached the coast , where it nearly stalled . A continually weakening storm , it moved ashore near Cocodrie , Louisiana at 0500 UTC on September 20 with winds of 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) , and then deteriorated into a tropical depression . On its landfall , associated rain bands were deemed " not very impressive " , although there was a rapid increase in thunderstorm activity east of the center . The thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall in parts of southeastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi . The storm progressively weakened as the circulation moved northeastward , and dissipated at 1800 UTC . Initially , it was believed that Hermine 's remnants contributed to the development of Hurricane Karl ; however , this belief was not confirmed .
= = Preparations = =
On September 17 , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch from Sargent , Texas to Grand Isle , Louisiana . The following day , the watch was extended southward from Sargent to Matagorda , Texas , and eastward to Pascagoula , Mississippi . A tropical storm warning was posted from Morgan City , Louisiana , eastward to Pensacola , Florida on September 19 . The warning was promptly extended westward from Morgan City to Intracoastal City , Louisiana , and by 1200 UTC on September 20 all tropical cyclone watches and warnings were discontinued . As the storm moved inland , flood advisories were issued for southern Mississippi . On Grand Isle , a mandatory evacuation order was declared for the third time in three weeks , and residents in low @-@ lying areas of Lafourche Parish were ordered to leave . Shelters were opened , but few people used them . Only fifteen people entered the American Red Cross shelter in Larose , Louisiana , which had been designed to hold 500 . Workers were evacuated from oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico , and energy futures rose substantially in anticipation of the storm , though when Hermine failed to cause significant damage , they retreated . The Coast Guard evacuated its Grand Isle station in preparation .
= = Impact = =
In southern Florida , the combination of rainbands from Hermine and a separate upper @-@ level cyclone in its vicinity produced up to 14 @.@ 14 inches ( 359 mm ) of rainfall . Hermine 's remnants spread showers and thunderstorms across northern parts of the state . The heavy rainfall downed a tree Orlando , and led to several traffic accidents . A man died on U.S. Route 441 after losing control of his vehicle .
Upon landfall in Louisiana , winds were primarily of minimal tropical storm @-@ force and confined to squalls . Offshore , a wind gust of 46 miles per hour ( 74 km / h ) was reported near the mouth of the Mississippi River , and near New Orleans , wind gusts peaked at 32 miles per hour ( 51 km / h ) . Along the coast , storm tides generally ran 1 to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 30 to 0 @.@ 91 m ) above normal , which prolonged coastal flooding in some areas from previous Tropical Storm Frances . Winds on Grand Isle reached 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) , and storm tides on the island averaged 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) . Hermine brought 3 to 4 inches ( 76 to 102 mm ) of rainfall to the state , triggering isolated flash flooding . Near Thomas , part of Louisiana Highway 438 was submerged under flood waters . An oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico reported sustained winds of 48 miles per hour ( 77 km / h ) with gusts to 59 miles per hour ( 95 km / h ) .
At around 8 : 30 AM on September 20 , a man was presumed drowned in Lake Catouatchie , southwest of New Orleans . The man had been shrimping in the lake in choppy waters caused by the storm , and dove into the water without a life vest to untangle a net from his boat 's propeller . After he freed the propeller , the boat was carried away by the current in the lake , and he was last seen swimming after the boat . After the disappearance , the Coast Guard launched a search with rescue boats and search dogs but could not locate him . His body was eventually found on the morning of September 22 . Captain Pat Yoes , of the St. Charles Parish Sheriff 's Office , said that the storm " obviously ... played a part " in the man 's death , but Lieutenant Commander William Brewer of the United States Coast Guard told the press that he did not " think it was directly storm @-@ related . "
Hermine spawned two tornadoes in Mississippi . One destroyed two mobile homes , damaged seven cars , and resulted in one minor injury ; the other caused only minor damage . Rainfall of 4 to 5 inches ( 100 to 130 mm ) caused localized flooding ; in southern Walthall County , parts of Mississippi Highway 27 were under 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) of water . Over 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of rainfall was reported in Alabama , resulting in the flooding of apartments and several roads and the closure of several highways . Numerous cars were damaged , and motorists were stranded on Bibb County Route 24 . Floodwaters also covered U.S. Route 11 near Tuscaloosa , Alabama stranding several motorists and a milk truck . Flash flood warnings were issued in Bibb and Shelby counties as northern Alabama experienced its first rainfall in the month of September . The rainfall extended eastward into Georgia , where the rains led the state to lift a fire alert for three northern counties , South Carolina and North Carolina . The remnants of the storm dumped 10 @.@ 5 inches ( 27 cm ) of rain on Charleston , South Carolina and rainfall of up to one foot was reported in other parts of the state . The rain in Charleston led to over five feet of standing water in some neighborhoods , forcing several families to evacuate their mobile homes and stranding a number of vehicles . As a result , the local police closed several roads , including sections of Interstate 526 .
Overall , damage totaled $ 85 @,@ 000 ( 1998 USD ) ; the effects were described as minor . Although the effects from Hermine were small , counties in Louisiana and Texas were declared disaster areas due to damage associated with the earlier Tropical Storm Frances and the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness extended these funds to cover damages from Hermine as well .
= = Aftermath = =
The heavy rains from Hermine combined with those from Frances caused major fish kills in southern Louisiana , the first since those caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . The rain from the two storms flooded the swamps in south Louisiana , where it rapidly lost oxygen due to decaying plant matter . After the swamps began to drain , the low @-@ oxygen water flowed into streams , canals , and bayous in the area , and testing in the days following the storm showed that the water was " almost devoid of oxygen . " Without sufficient oxygen , local fish population died quickly , filling waterways , particularly in the area of Lake Charles and Lafayette , according to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries . In total , the fish kills affected at least a dozen separate lakes and bayous in the state .
The combined effects of Hermine and other storms caused significant damage to Louisiana agriculture . The standing water after Hermine provided ideal hatching conditions for mosquitoes , who formed swarms large enough to kill livestock in the days after the storm . At least twelve bulls and horses were killed by mosquito bites in the next week , including bulls who drowned after wading into deep water to escape the insects . The rains and standing water from the storm also prevented farmers from drying out soybeans for harvest and ruined sugar cane . According to Louisiana Agriculture Commissioner Bob Odom , the combined effects of Hurricane Earl , Tropical Storm Frances , and Tropical Storm Hermine caused $ 420 million in direct and indirect losses for Louisiana farmers .
= Bay Freeway ( Seattle ) =
The Bay Freeway , also referred to as the Mercer Street Connection , was a proposed elevated freeway in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle , Washington . The 0 @.@ 7 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) freeway would have run parallel to a section of Mercer Street between Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) and Aurora Avenue North at the Seattle Center .
Planning for the freeway began in 1954 , with the proposal for a freeway from Elliott Bay to the Central Freeway , later I @-@ 5 , via Broad and Mercer streets added to the city 's comprehensive plan in 1957 . Funded by a bond measure passed by Seattle voters in 1960 , plans were drawn for the newly renamed Bay Freeway to serve a multi @-@ purpose stadium at the Seattle Center via an elevated structure . Citizen groups voiced their opposition to the project at public hearings in 1967 , forcing the Seattle Engineering Department to consider other designs . After determining that a cut @-@ and @-@ cover tunnel would not be feasible , a second series of public hearings to discuss the impact of an elevated option were held in 1970 , leading to widespread controversy and a civil suit launched in opposition to the freeway . The lawsuit ended in November 1971 , with a King County Superior Court judge ruling that a major deviation from the voter @-@ approved 1960 plan occurred , forcing a referendum to be held on whether to continue the project . On February 8 , 1972 , the Bay Freeway project was rejected by a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ vote margin in a municipal referendum , alongside the repeal of the R.H. Thomson Expressway . Mercer Street would later undergo several projects that attempted to provide congestion relief promised by the rejected freeway , culminating in the Mercer Corridor Project in 2012 , which widened the street into a boulevard .
= = Route description = =
The 0 @.@ 7 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) Bay Freeway , as proposed in 1972 , would have been a six @-@ lane elevated freeway on a curved box @-@ beam bridge , measuring 180 feet ( 55 m ) at its widest point . The freeway would have begun at the Seattle Center in Lower Queen Anne , as through lanes for Broad Street under Aurora Avenue North . The roadway would have immediately merged with ramps connecting to the Roy and Mercer couplet and to a parking garage for a multipurpose domed stadium , later relocated and built south of Downtown in 1976 , to form the Bay Freeway . The lanes then would have then turned southeastward next to a park on Lake Union , passing only 16 feet ( 5 m ) over Westlake Avenue North and 25 feet ( 8 m ) over Fairview Avenue North , before splitting into ramps at an interchange with I @-@ 5 . Valley Street , located 175 feet ( 53 m ) north of the planned right @-@ of @-@ way , was to be moved under the Bay Freeway structure and replaced with additional park space .
Earlier plans called for an extension traveling southwest on Broad Street through Belltown , including a tunnel between 5th Avenue and Denny Way , to the proposed Northwest Expressway and an extension of the existing Alaskan Way Viaduct on the Elliott Bay waterfront . The extension was deferred in 1969 , but remained a " possible future plan " until the entire project was canceled .
= = History = =
= = = Mercer Street expansion = = =
The City of Seattle began planning for the Bay Freeway in 1954 , with planning studies determining that Broad and Mercer streets should become the northern east – west link of the proposed Downtown freeway system . The Seattle City Council adopted the city 's comprehensive plan in 1957 , proposing a " major highway " in the vicinity of Broad and Mercer streets from the Northwest Expressway along Elliott Bay to the Central Freeway at the foot of Capitol Hill . In anticipation of the Bay Freeway , underpasses of Aurora Avenue North on Broad and Mercer streets were completed in July 1958 , using funds from a 1954 bond issue for the construction of arterial roadways . A special municipal election concerning a $ 26 @.@ 6 million bond measure for traffic improvement was held on March 8 , 1960 , passed by 71 @,@ 000 of 109 @,@ 000 voters in King County . The funds , matched by $ 31 million from the State of Washington and federal government , were distributed to 12 projects from the Comprehensive Plan of 1957 , including $ 1 @.@ 9 million for the " Mercer Street Connection " between Aurora Avenue and the Central Freeway .
The Century 21 Exposition was hosted at the Seattle Center grounds from April to October 1962 , generating heavy traffic equivalent to rush hour loads on Mercer Street , where a city @-@ owned , 1 @,@ 500 @-@ stall parking garage was located . The use of Mercer Street as one of the primary routes to the fairgrounds and its selection as one of the sites for a proposed multi @-@ purpose stadium convinced city officials that the construction of the Bay Freeway was a necessity . The Mercer exit on I @-@ 5 was partially opened in November 1963 , with the northbound ramps open to traffic and the southbound ramps remaining closed until 1968 . A design team led by Perry Johanson was formed in 1966 for the Bay Freeway project , intending to blend the freeway with its surroundings and encourage mixed @-@ use development to lower its impact on the South Lake Union neighborhood . The first public hearing on the project was held by the Seattle City Council on February 17 , 1967 , where City Engineer Roy Morse said that the " Mercer mess " would be solved with the opening of the Bay Freeway in 1969 . The three proposed elevated alternatives were criticized by the public and local architects Ibsen Nelsen and Victor Steinbrueck for blocking views of Lake Union , forcing Morse to reconsider subsurface designs despite his declaration that " a depressed roadway with the freeway would require excessively steep traffic grades " .
= = = Freeway proposals = = =
The project was officially designated the " Bay Freeway " by the Seattle City Council on April 12 , 1967 , as part of an ordinance that also renamed part of State Route 99 to the Alaskan Freeway and officially named the proposed R.H. Thomson Expressway as the Thomson Freeway . During the second public hearing , held on June 23 , the city council endorsed the $ 5 million elevated option for the Bay Freeway amid appeals from local architects and the Citizens Planning Council . Among the 16 proposals considered , a cut and cover tunnel was rejected because of its $ 16 million cost , steep grades and larger disruption of local businesses and railroads . The Seattle Center was selected as the preferred site of the multi @-@ purpose domed stadium in 1968 , assuming that the Bay Freeway was built to prevent event congestion , forcing the project to be redesigned for the next two years .
The design report for the Bay Freeway project was published on February 10 , 1970 , and was subsequently distributed to the project . The report featured a new design for the freeway , including ramps to a parking garage serving the domed stadium and aesthetic standards meant to complement the existing Seattle Center . Five additional public hearings were held by the Seattle City Council in 1970 , as support for the R.H. Thomson Expressway and other proposed freeways were the subject of highway revolts similar to those in other American cities . During the April hearing , former State Department of Highways director Charles Prahl spoke out against the Bay Freeway and predicted that it would cause traffic to back up onto I @-@ 5 during rush hour . Voters rejected a Forward Thrust initiative that would have built the proposed domed stadium at the Seattle Center on May 19 , removing one of the main reasons to build the freeway and forcing the city council to consider scaling down the proposal . The June hearing resulted in the removal of the R.H. Thomson Freeway from the comprehensive plan as well as the widening of the Bay Freeway to six lanes to support an expected 2 @,@ 610 drivers during rush hour .
The city council approved the $ 28 million Bay Freeway proposal , to be matched by an additional $ 28 million from the federal government , by a 5 – 3 vote on December 21 , 1970 . Right of way acquisition began the following March , with $ 6 million appropriated to purchase and condemn properties on seven blocks between Mercer and Valley streets .
= = = Civil suit and special election = = =
The 6 @-@ lane proposal caused several opposition groups , led by the Citizens Against R.H. Thomson ( CARHT ) , to launch a civil suit to halt further planning for the Bay Freeway . The two citizens groups opposed what they claimed was improper planning and financing , described as " a series of shortcut procedures and hearings to give the design rubber @-@ stamp approval " , and that the project did not conform to the voter @-@ approved 1960 proposal for a " Mercer Street Connection " . CARHT was named the plaintiff in the case , using funds largely from an anonymous single donor that were originally meant for opposing the R.H. Thomson Expressway . King County Superior Court Judge Solie M. Ringold ruled on November 3 , 1971 , that the Bay Freeway was a major deviation from the voter @-@ approved 1960 plan , with its cost increasing seven
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@-@ fold from the original 1960 proposal to $ 28 million , forcing the city of Seattle to reconsider its plans for the project . The Council Committee of the Whole unanimously voted the following month to hold a special referendum seeking approval of the Bay Freeway , as well as endorsement of the city council 's decision to cancel the R.H. Thomson Expressway , scheduled for February 8 , 1972 .
The final environmental impact statement for the project was published by the City of Seattle Department of Engineering on January 24 , 1972 , two weeks before the election . It included three alternatives , all elevated between Valley and Mercer streets from Aurora Avenue to I @-@ 5 . Construction would begin the following spring , with a completion date in early 1975 . A rapid transit alternative was deemed " not probable in the near future " for the corridor , though express bus service was considered . A depressed roadway was rejected outright , as it could only achieve a grade of 6 % at 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 914 @.@ 40 m ) , required a larger amount of right @-@ of @-@ way acquisition and relocation of utilities , and it was located below the water table , making it too expensive to be feasible .
Referendum 1 , which sought approval of the Bay Freeway , was rejected by a margin of 52 @,@ 748 to 42 @,@ 502 on February 8 , 1972 , effectively cancelling the project . In the aftermath of the vote , opponents of the project urged the city council to look into alternate solutions for the " Mercer Street mess " .
The Seattle City Council officially terminated the Bay Freeway project by passing an ordinance on May 1 , 1972 , to halt condemnation proceedings related to properties in the freeway 's proposed corridor .
= = = Aftermath and subsequent proposals = = =
As a result of the vote in February 1972 , the State Highway Department transferred $ 5 @.@ 7 million in trust funds meant for the Bay Freeway to expanding U.S. Route 195 between Spokane and Pullman in Eastern Washington . State Highway Director George H. Andrews warned that the dual cancellation of the Bay Freeway and R.H. Thomson Expressway , the latter having been defeated on the same day , would overload I @-@ 5 far beyond its design capacity , particularly in serving freight traffic near the Industrial District . Seattle Mayor Wes Uhlman predicted that congestion on Mercer Street would continue to worsen , stating that " there is no real alternative to the Bay Freeway " , criticizing the rejection as a part of a " nationwide reaction to freeways and concrete " .
Mercer Street had previously been split into a couplet , with westbound traffic diverted to Valley Street one block north , as a temporary solution to Seattle Center congestion in 1968 . Between then and 1990 , the city of Seattle has had 58 studies proposing various methods of reducing congestion on Mercer Street , all of them rejected by the Seattle City Council . Among the most notable proposals include a four @-@ block , $ 100 million tunnel that was supported by Mayor Charles Royer in the late 1980s , and the " Broad Street Throughway " plan to lower Broad and Mercer streets and add a park lid at the south end of Lake Union . The failed Seattle Commons levy , which proposed building a 61 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 25 km2 ) urban park in the South Lake Union neighborhood in 1995 , included plans for a below @-@ grade freeway along Mercer Street estimated to cost $ 93 @.@ 8 million .
The Seattle Department of Transportation secured $ 190 @.@ 5 million in early 2010 to fund its " Mercer Corridor Project " , which proposed improving traffic flow by restoring westbound lanes on Mercer Street . A groundbreaking ceremony was held the following September , with construction on the project starting shortly thereafter , hoping to reduce congestion on Mercer Street . After two years of construction , the expanded six @-@ lane Mercer Street opened to traffic on August 27 , 2012 , allowing for two @-@ way traffic between Dexter Avenue North and I @-@ 5 to be carried by Mercer Street for the first time in 44 years . The two @-@ way segment was extended west to 9th Avenue North on May 30 , 2014 , removing the final section of one @-@ way traffic on Mercer Street , while also permanently closing Broad Street in preparation for the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel project .
= = Exit list = =
This list reflects the final incarnation of the Bay Freeway , as proposed before the 1972 referendum . The entire highway was in Seattle , King County .
= Stapes =
The stapes / ˈsteɪpiːz / or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear . The stirrup @-@ shaped small bone is on and transmits these to the oval window , medially . The stapes is the smallest and lightest named bone in the human body , and is so @-@ called because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( Latin : Stapes ) .
= = Structure = =
The stapes is the third bone of the three ossicles in the middle ear . The stapes is a stirrup @-@ shaped bone , and the smallest in the human body . It rests on the oval window , to which it is connected by an annular ligament . The stapes is described as having a base , resting on the oval window , as well as a head that articulates with the incus . These are connected by anterior and posterior limbs ( Latin : crura ) . The stapes articulates with the incus through the incudostapedial joint . The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body , and measures roughly 3 x 2.5mm , greater along the head @-@ base span .
= = = Development = = =
The stapes develops from the second pharyngeal arch during the sixth to eighth week of embryological life . The central cavity of the stapedius is due to the presence embryologically of the stapedial artery , which later regresses .
= = = Animals = = =
The stapes is one of three ossicles in mammals . In non @-@ mammalian four @-@ legged animals , the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella ; however , in reptiles , either term may be used . In fish , the homologous bone is called the hyomandibular , and is part of the gill arch supporting either the spiracle or the jaw , depending on the species . The equivalent term in amphibians is the pars media plectra .
= = = Variation = = =
The stapes appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups . In 0 @.@ 01 @-@ 0 @.@ 02 % of people , the stapedial artery does not regress , and persists in the central foramen . In this case , a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear , or there may be no symptoms at all . Rarely , the stapes may be completely absent .
= = Function = =
Situated between the incus and the inner ear , the stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window , a membrane @-@ covered opening to the inner ear . The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle , which is innervated by the facial nerve .
= = Clinical relevance = =
Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous @-@ onset disease characterized by abnormal bone remodeling in the inner ear . Often this causes the stapes to adhere to the oval window , which impedes its ability to conduct sound , and is a cause of conductive hearing loss . Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1 % of people , although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss . Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups , and females . Two common treatments are stapedectomy , the surgical removal of the stapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis , and stapedotomy , the creation of a small hole in the base of the stapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole . Surgery may be complicated by a persistent stapedial artery , fibrosis @-@ related damage to the base of the bone , or obliterative otosclerosis , resulting in obliteration of the base .
= = History = =
The stapes is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia in 1546 at the University of Naples , although this remains the nature of some controversy , as Ingrassia 's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria . Spanish anatomist Pedro Jimeno is first to have been credited with a published description , in Dialogus de re medica ( 1549 ) . The bone is so @-@ named because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( Latin : stapes ) , an example of a late Latin word , probably created in mediaeval times from " to stand " ( Latin : stapia ) , as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin @-@ speaking world .
= French Sudan =
French Sudan ( French : Soudan Français ; Arabic : السودان الفرنسي as @-@ Sūdān al @-@ Faransī ) was a French colonial territory in the federation of French West Africa from around 1880 until 1960 , when it became the independent state of Mali . The colony was formally called French Sudan from 1890 until 1899 and then again from 1921 until 1958 , and had a variety of different names over the course of its existence . The colony was initially established largely as a military project led by French troops , but in the mid @-@ 1890s it came under civilian administration .
A number of administrative reorganizations in the early 1900s brought increasing French administration over issues like agriculture , religion , and slavery . Following World War II , the African Democratic Rally ( RDA ) under Modibo Keita became the most significant political force pushing for independence .
Mali initially retained close connections with France and joined in a short @-@ lived federation with Senegal in 1959 , but ties to both countries quickly weakened . In 1960 , the French Sudan colony formally became the Republic of Mali and began to distance itself further from Senegal and France .
= = Colonial establishment = =
French Sudan originally formed as a set of military outposts as an extension of the French colony in Senegal . Though the area offered France little economic or strategic gain , the military effectively advocated greater conquest in the region . This was partly due to a fascination with the great empires , such as the Mali Empire and the Songhay Empire that rose to prominence in the area , and partly due to the promotional opportunities that military conquest offered for French military personnel .
French conquest began in 1879 , when Joseph Gallieni was dispatched to the area to establish a fort and survey the land for a railroad from Dakar in Senegal to the Niger River . This was followed with the establishment of a number of French forts and political alliances with specific leaders in the region in the early 1880s . The administrative structure of the area was still largely under control of the French Governor of Senegal , and the most significant colonization were simply the military forts and outposts , including the important one established at Kayes in 1881 by Gustave Borgnis @-@ Desbordes . Though the civilian administration of the French governor of Senegal formally ruled the area , military officers in the region largely bypassed these leaders and answered directly to commanding officers in Paris . Desbordes gradually took over more territory , often using inter @-@ ethnic rivalries and political tension among leaders in the area to appoint French @-@ supportive leaders .
French civilian administrators struggled with the military leaders , and the two forces went through a number of leadership changes over the territory , until Louis Archinard was appointed military governor in 1892 . Archinard led military campaigns against Samori Ture , Ahmadu Tall , and other resistant leaders in the region , with varying success . Archinard 's campaigns were often executed through direct military control , without civilian oversight . As costs increased , the French administration decided to replace Archinard 's control over the area with a civilian governor , Louis Albert Grodet .
= = Administration and jurisdiction = =
The region was governed under a number of different names between 1880 and 1960 . The area was Upper River from 1880 until 18 August 1890 , when it was renamed French Sudan , with its capital at Kayes . On 10 October 1899 , French Sudan was divided , with the southern cercles joining coastal colonies , and the rest split into two administrative areas called Middle Niger and Upper Senegal . In 1902 , the region again was organized as a unified colony under the name Senegambia and Niger ( Sénégambie et Niger ) . The name changed again in 1904 to Upper Senegal and Niger ( Haut Sénégal et Niger ) . Finally , in 1921 , the name changed back to French Sudan ( Soudan Français ) .
Borders and administration of the colony similarly changed a number of times . Originally , and for the initial period , the colony vacillated between military administration and civilian administration from Senegal . In 1893 , French Sudan formally came under civilian administration , which lasted until 1899 . At that point , a reorganization of the colony split 11 southern provinces to other French colonies like French Guinea , the Ivory Coast and Dahomey .
The area that was not reorganized was governed in two administrations linked to other French colonies . Following this , the territory of the colony was reestablished in 1902 . Though the borders shifted slightly , there was little territorial change until 1933 . At that point , the colony of the French Upper Volta ( Haute @-@ Volta , modern Burkina Faso ) dissolved , and the northern territory was added to French Sudan .
In 1947 , Upper Volta was reestablished , and the French Sudan borders became those that eventually became the borders of Mali . Kayes was the original capital city from the 1890s until 1908 , when the capital moved to Bamako , where it remains .
= = Agriculture = =
The colony supported mostly rain @-@ fed agriculture , with limited irrigation for its first 30 years . The only cash crops were nuts gathered close to the railroad between Kayes and Bamako . However , following successful tests of growing Egyptian cotton in West Africa during World War I , Émile Bélime began to campaign for the construction of a large irrigation system along the Niger river . Starting in 1921 , significant irrigation projects around Koulikoro and later at Baguinéda @-@ Camp and the Ségou Cercle began to bring water . The French believed this project could rival the major cotton growing centers of Egypt and the United States .
Unlike other agricultural projects in French West Africa , the French Sudan irrigation project initially relied on families voluntarily resettling along lines established by the colonial authority . Unable to attract enough volunteers , the colonial authorities began to try forced resettlement to the cotton project . The Office du Niger was founded in 1926 as the main organization facilitating planned , irrigated agricultural projects . Farmers resisted forced resettlement and petitioned for permanent land rights to the irrigated land ( which was usually held as property of the Office du Niger ) . Despite these efforts , a significant cash crop economy did not develop in the French Sudan .
= = Religious policy = =
Like much of the rest of French West Africa , the colony had a number of policies regarding Islam and the Muslim communities . The Arabic language and Islamic law were preferred in the colony by the French in the establishment of colonial government , largely because both were codified , and thus easy to standardize .
Though they maintained a formal neutrality policy in regards to religion , the French colonial administration began to regulate Islamic education in the early 1900s . In addition , fear of a pan @-@ Islamism political rise throughout North Africa and the Sahel led the French to adopt policies that aimed to prevent the spread of Islam beyond where it already existed and to prevent Muslim leaders from governing non @-@ Muslim communities . Indigenous religions and Christianity existed under less formal policies , and French efforts often used these to balance the spread of Islam in the region .
In the 1940s , a religious movement called Allah Koura began in the San Cercle based upon the visions of a single person . Local administrators allowed the Allah Koura movement to spread and practice , seeing it as a potential limiting influence on the spread of Islam farther south . In the late 1950s , Muslim protests and riots throughout the colony further contributed to a growing independence movement .
= = Slavery policy = =
Like much of the rest of French West Africa , authorities enforced explicit rules in an attempt to end slavery in the region . In 1903 , the government instructed French administrators to not use slave as an administrative category anymore . This was followed in 1905 by a formal French decree that ended slavery throughout French West Africa .
Almost a million slaves in French West Africa responded to this by moving away from their masters and settling elsewhere . The French supported these efforts by creating settlements around the Niger River and digging wells for communities elsewhere so they could farm away from their former masters .
This process affected the Southern and Western parts of present @-@ day Mali most significantly , but in the Northern and Eastern parts of the colony large numbers of slaves remained in servitude to their masters . According to rough estimates , throughout the area of present @-@ day Mali about one @-@ third of former slaves moved away from the slavery relationship , while two @-@ thirds remained with their masters . In the 1920s , most Tuareg households still had slaves who tended to the house and animals .
Though slavery persisted , some aspects of the relationship changed with the French administration . Escaped slaves could find official protection by French authorities in the cities for a limited time . Slaves could sometimes renegotiate the terms of their servitude in the changed political situation . Some were willing to agree to remain in servitude if they received control over their family life and some land to pass to their children . In addition , the French administration actively worked to end slave raiding and the most clear manifestations of the slave trade , greatly reducing those means of acquiring slaves . However , for many decades after the 1905 abolition of slavery , the practice continued in much of French Sudan .
= = Independence = =
Following the passage of the Loi Cadre by the French National Assembly in 1956 , many of the colonies in French West African began to hold elections to increase the self @-@ determination of their territories . In the first elections held in French Sudan in 1957 , the African Democratic Rally ( Rassemblement Démocratique Africain , commonly known as the RDA ) won the elections in French Sudan , as well as winning majorities in neighboring Ivory Coast , French Guinea , and the Upper Volta . Following the French constitutional referendum of 1958 , of which received an overwhelming majority in support , the République Soudanaise declared itself a republic with internal autonomy on 24 November 1958 . The Sudanese Republic , as the area was now called , was the second colony after Madagascar to join the French Community , which provided it internal autonomy while linking its currency , foreign policy and defense with France .
In early January 1959 , there were plans for a federation linking the Sudanese Republic with Senegal , Dahomey , and the Upper Volta in a federation of autonomous states . By April , however , neither Dahomey 's nor Upper Volta 's legislatures had ratified the federation , and so the Mali Federation was formed with only the Sudanese Republic and Senegal . In 1959 , Modibo Keïta 's RDA party won all 70 seats in the legislative elections in the Sudanese Republic and joined forces with the dominant party in Senegal , headed by Léopold Sédar Senghor . The federation achieved independence on 20 June 1960 within the French Community ; however , divisions between Senghor and Keïta on the governance of the federation resulted in its dissolution on 20 August 1960 . The area of French Sudan formally proclaimed itself the Republic of Mali and , with increasing radicalization of Keita , left the French Community in September 1960 .
= 2006 New York City plane crash =
The 2006 New York City plane crash occurred on October 11 , 2006 , when a Cirrus SR20 general aviation , fixed @-@ wing , single @-@ engine light aircraft crashed into the Belaire Apartments in New York City at about 2 : 42 p.m. local time ( 18 : 42 UTC ) . The aircraft struck the north side of the building , located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , causing a fire in several apartments , which was extinguished within two hours .
Both people aboard the aircraft were killed in the accident : New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle and his certified flight instructor Tyler Stanger . Twenty @-@ one people were injured , including eleven firefighters . An apartment resident , Ilana Benhuri , was hospitalized for a month with severe burns incurred when the post @-@ impact fire engulfed her apartment .
According to the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) , the Cirrus SR20 aircraft , tail number N929CD , was owned by Lidle . On May 1 , 2007 , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) stated that the probable cause of the crash was pilot error . The NTSB was unable to determine which person was flying the aircraft at the time of the crash .
= = Flight = =
The aircraft departed from Teterboro Airport in Teterboro , New Jersey , at 2 : 29 pm local time ( 18 : 29 UTC ) . Lidle planned on flying to Tennessee , where he had a hotel room booked for the night , then to Dallas , Texas , and finally on to his home in California .
Radar measurements show that , immediately before the crash , Lidle 's aircraft was flying at 112 mph ( 180 km / h ) at 700 feet ( 210 m ) altitude in the East River VFR corridor , an area which former NTSB official Peter Goelz described as " very tricky " due to its narrow width and frequent congestion . The VFR corridor ends abruptly at the northern tip of Roosevelt Island . Aircraft must receive an air traffic control clearance to proceed beyond the boundaries of the corridor , or else make a sharp U @-@ turn and return the way they came . Lidle 's plane flew north along the corridor almost to the end before executing a turn and hitting the north face of the building along the river .
= = Crash = =
The airplane struck the Belaire , a 42 @-@ story condominium tower at 524 East 72nd Street , at approximately 30 stories above the ground . The plane hit the apartment owned by Dr. Parviz Benhuri and his wife Ilana , the latter of whom was seated in the room when the plane crashed and sustained shrapnel injuries and burns . Her housekeeper was also present and helped her escape .
There was no indication that the aircraft 's Ballistic Recovery Systems emergency parachute , designed to bring the small plane down safely , was deployed . New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg said the plane circled the Statue of Liberty before flying north up the East River and disappeared from radar near the Queensboro Bridge . The FAA confirmed that the plane was flying under visual flight rules ( VFR ) and had attracted no special attention from air traffic controllers or NORAD before the crash . The aircraft took a hard U @-@ shaped turn before it hit the building .
= = Reactions = =
In an interview Lidle gave about a month earlier , he stated he had been a pilot for seven months and had flown about 95 solo hours . The crash garnered extra attention because of superficial similarities to the September 11 attacks in New York City ( whose fifth anniversary had occurred one month earlier ) . U.S. officials said that NORAD scrambled fighter aircraft over numerous American and Canadian cities for Combat Air Patrol , and that U.S. President George W. Bush was informed about the situation , but that these were precautionary measures only . The FBI quickly announced there was no reason to suspect that the crash was an act of terrorism .
LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport did not experience delays from the crash . Police cordoned off several blocks at the peak of the confusion , but subway and ferry services continued without interruption . The FAA initially imposed a temporary flight restriction on an area within one nautical mile ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) of the scene , from ground level to 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) altitude . This restriction was lifted the next day , though New York Governor George Pataki called for permanent restrictions .
On October 13 , 2006 , two days after the crash , the FAA banned all fixed @-@ winged aircraft from the East River corridor unless in contact with local air traffic control . The new rule , which took effect immediately , required all small aircraft ( with the exception of helicopters and certain seaplanes ) to seek the approval of and stay in contact with air traffic control while in the corridor . The FAA cited safety concerns , especially unpredictable winds from between buildings , as the reason for the change .
The news story about the crash produced by WWOR @-@ TV with Joshua Eure as Executive Producer won a 2007 Emmy Award in the Spot News category .
= = Investigation = =
On October 11 , the National Transportation Safety Board dispatched a six @-@ member " Go Team " from Washington , D.C. to New York City , which arrived at the scene in the evening to take fuel samples and examine clues found in the debris . These included the aircraft 's bent propeller , a charred memory chip , the undeployed parachute , and Lidle 's flight log book . The NTSB accident number is DCA07MA003 .
The NTSB 's final hearing on May 1 , 2007 determined that " the pilots ’ inadequate planning , judgment , and airmanship in the performance of a 180 @-@ degree turn maneuver inside of a limited turning space " caused the crash . The investigation was unable to determine whether Lidle or Stanger was at the controls . Although there was 2 @,@ 100 feet ( 640 m ) of space available , the aircraft used only about 1 @,@ 700 feet ( 520 m ) of width in which to make the 180 @-@ degree turn — but this distance was effectively reduced to 1 @,@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) by the 13 @-@ knot ( 24 km / h ) easterly winds that day . A bank angle of at least 53 degrees would be required to successfully execute a 180 @-@ degree turn in this distance . If the required bank was not initiated early then , as the turn progressed , the bank angle would have needed to have been increased , possibly resulting in an aerodynamic stall . The investigation was unable to determine if the plane was stalled at the time of the crash . An animation of the flight path combining radar data with a Coast Guard video of the East River was also presented .
A lawsuit brought by Lidle 's family against the manufacturer of the aircraft , Cirrus Design , alleging faulty design , was rejected by a jury in May 2011 .
= Eraserhead =
Eraserhead is a 1977 American surrealist body horror film written and directed by filmmaker David Lynch . Shot in black @-@ and @-@ white , Eraserhead is Lynch 's first feature @-@ length film , coming after several short works . The film was produced with the assistance of the American Film Institute ( AFI ) during the director 's time studying there . Starring Jack Nance , Charlotte Stewart , Jeanne Bates , Judith Anna Roberts , Laurel Near , and Jack Fisk , it tells the story of Henry Spencer ( Nance ) , who is left to care for his grossly deformed child in a desolate industrial landscape . Throughout the film , Spencer experiences dreams or hallucinations , featuring his child and the Lady in the Radiator ( Near ) .
Eraserhead spent several years in principal photography because of the difficulty of funding the film ; donations from Fisk and his wife Sissy Spacek kept production afloat . The film was shot on several locations owned by the AFI in California , including Greystone Mansion and a set of disused stables in which Lynch lived . Lynch and sound designer Alan Splet spent a year working on the film 's audio after their studio was soundproofed . The film 's soundtrack features organ music by Fats Waller and includes the song " In Heaven " , penned for the film by Peter Ivers .
Initially opening to small audiences and little interest , Eraserhead gained popularity over several long runs as a midnight movie . Since its release , the film has earned positive reviews . The surrealist imagery and sexual undercurrents have been seen as key thematic elements , and the intricate sound design as its technical highlight . Thematic analysis of the film has also highlighted these issues and has elaborated on Spencer 's fatalism and inactivity . In 2004 , the film was preserved in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress as being " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " .
= = Plot = =
The Man in the Planet ( Jack Fisk ) pulls levers in his home in space , while the head of Henry Spencer ( Jack Nance ) floats in the sky . A giant spermatozoon @-@ like creature emerges from Spencer 's mouth , floating into the void . The Man in the Planet appears to control the creature with his levers , eventually making it fall into a pool of water .
In an industrial cityscape , Spencer walks home with his groceries . He is stopped outside his apartment by the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall ( Judith Anna Roberts ) , who informs him that his girlfriend , Mary X ( Charlotte Stewart ) , has invited him to dinner with her family . Spencer leaves his groceries in his apartment , which is filled with piles of dirt and dead vegetation . That night , Spencer visits X 's home , conversing awkwardly with her mother ( Jeanne Bates ) . At the dinner table , he is asked to carve a chicken that X 's talkative father , Bill ( Allen Joseph ) has " made " ; the bird writhes on the plate and gushes blood . After dinner , Spencer is cornered by X 's mother , who tries to kiss him . She tells him that X has had his child and that the two must marry . X , however , is not sure if what she bore is a child .
The couple move into Spencer 's one @-@ room apartment and begin caring for the child — a swaddled bundle with an inhuman , snakelike face , resembling the spermatozoon @-@ like creature . The infant refuses all food , crying incessantly and intolerably . The sound drives X hysterical , and she leaves Spencer and the child . Spencer attempts to care for the child , and he learns that it struggles to breathe and has developed painful sores .
Spencer begins experiencing visions , again seeing the Man in the Planet , as well as the Lady in the Radiator ( Laurel Near ) , who sings to him as she stomps upon spermatozoon @-@ like creatures . After a sexual encounter with the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall , Spencer has a vision where he is decapitated by a creature resembling the child , revealing a stump underneath that resembles the child 's face . Soon afterwards , Spencer 's head sinks into a pool of blood and falls from the sky , landing on a street below . A boy finds it , bringing it to a pencil factory to be turned into erasers .
Spencer seeks out the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall , but finds her with another man . Crushed , Spencer returns to his room , where the child is crying . He takes a pair of scissors and for the first time removes the child 's swaddling . It is revealed that the child has no skin ; the bandages held its internal organs together , and they spill apart after the rags are cut . The child gasps in pain , and Spencer cuts its organs with the scissors . The wounds gush a thick liquid , covering the child . The power in the room overloads ; as the lights flicker on and off the child grows to huge proportions . When the lights burn out completely , the child 's head is replaced by the planet . Spencer appears amidst a billowing cloud of eraser shavings . The side of the planet bursts apart , and inside , the Man in the Planet struggles with his levers , which are now emitting sparks . Spencer is embraced warmly by the Lady in the Radiator , as both white light and white noise crescendo before the film suddenly ends .
= = Production = =
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Writer and director David Lynch had previously studied for a career as an artist , and he had created several short films to animate his paintings . By 1970 , however , he had switched his focus to film @-@ making , and at the age of 24 he accepted a scholarship at the American Film Institute 's Center for Advanced Film Studies . Lynch disliked the course and considered dropping out , but he changed his mind after he was offered the chance to produce a script of his own devising . He was given permission to use the school 's full campus for film sets ; he converted the school 's disused stables into a series of sets and lived there . In addition , Greystone Mansion , also owned by the AFI , was used for many scenes .
Lynch had initially begun work on a script titled Gardenback , based on his painting of a hunched figure with vegetation growing from its back . Gardenback was a surrealist script about adultery , which featured a continually growing insect representing one man 's lust for his neighbor . The script would have resulted in a roughly 45 @-@ minute @-@ long film , which the AFI felt was too long for such a figurative , nonlinear script . In its place , Lynch presented Eraserhead , which he had developed based on a daydream of a man 's head being taken to a pencil factory by a small boy . Several board members at the AFI were still opposed to producing such a surrealist work , but they were persuaded when Dean Frank Daniel threatened to resign if it were to be vetoed . Lynch 's script for Eraserhead was influenced by his reading as a film student ; Franz Kafka 's 1915 novella The Metamorphosis and Nikolai Gogol 's 1836 short story " The Nose " were strong influences on the screenplay .
The script is also thought to have been inspired by Lynch 's fear of fatherhood ; his daughter Jennifer had been born with " severely clubbed feet " , requiring extensive corrective surgery as a child . Jennifer has said that her own unexpected conception and birth defects were the basis for the film 's themes . The film 's tone was also shaped by Lynch 's time living in a troubled neighborhood in Philadelphia . Lynch and his family spent five years living in an atmosphere of " violence , hate and filth " . The area was rife with crime , inspiring the bleak urban backdrop of Eraserhead . Describing this period of his life , Lynch said , " I saw so many things in Philadelphia I couldn 't believe ... I saw a grown woman grab her breasts and speak like a baby , complaining her nipples hurt . This kind of thing will set you back " . Film critic Greg Olson , in his book David Lynch : Beautiful Dark , posits that this time contrasted starkly with the director 's childhood in the Pacific Northwest , giving the director a " bipolar , Heaven @-@ and @-@ Hell vision of America " which has subsequently shaped his films .
Initial casting for the film began in 1971 , and Jack Nance was quickly selected for the lead role . However , the staff at the AFI had underestimated the project 's scale — they had initially green @-@ lit Eraserhead after viewing a twenty @-@ one page screenplay , assuming that the film industry 's usual ratio of one minute of film per scripted page would reduce the film to approximately twenty minutes . This misunderstanding , coupled with Lynch 's own meticulous direction , caused the film to remain in production for a number of years . In an extreme example of this labored schedule , one scene in the film begins with Nance 's character opening a door — a full year passed before he was filmed entering the room . Nance , however , was dedicated to producing the film and retained the unorthodox hairstyle his character sported for the entirety of its gestation .
= = = Filming = = =
Buoyed with regular donations from Lynch 's childhood friend Jack Fisk and Fisk 's wife Sissy Spacek , production continued for several years . Additional funds were provided by Nance 's wife Catherine E. Coulson , who worked as a waitress and donated her income , and by Lynch himself , who delivered newspapers throughout the film 's principal photography . During one of the many lulls in filming , Lynch was able to produce the short film The Amputee , taking advantage of the AFI 's wish to test new film stock before committing to bulk purchases . The short piece starred Coulson , who continued working with Lynch as a technician on Eraserhead . Eraserhead 's production crew was very small , composed of Lynch ; sound designer Alan Splet ; cinematographer Herb Cardwell , who died during production and was replaced with Frederick Elmes ; production manager and prop technician Doreen Small ; and Coulson , who worked in a variety of roles .
The physical effects used to create the deformed child have been kept secret . The projectionist who worked on the film 's dailies was blindfolded by Lynch to avoid revealing the prop 's nature , and he has refused to discuss the effects in subsequent interviews . The prop — which Nance had nicknamed " Spike " — featured several working parts ; its neck , eyes and mouth were capable of independent operation . Lynch has offered cryptic comments on the prop , at times stating that " it was born nearby " or " maybe it was found " . It has been speculated by The Guardian 's John Patterson that the prop may have been constructed from a skinned rabbit or a lamb 's fetus . The child has been seen as a precursor to elements of other Lynch films , such as John Merrick 's make @-@ up in 1980 's The Elephant Man and the sandworms of 1984 's Dune .
During production , Lynch began experimenting with a technique of recording dialogue that had been spoken phonetically backwards and reversing the resulting audio . Although the technique was not used in the film , Lynch returned to it for " Episode 2 " , the third episode of his 1990 television series Twin Peaks . Lynch also began his interest in Transcendental Meditation during the film 's production , adopting a vegetarian diet and giving up smoking and alcohol consumption .
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
Lynch worked with Alan Splet to design the film 's sound . The pair arranged and fabricated soundproof blanketing to insulate their studio , where they spent almost a year creating and editing the film 's sound effects . The soundtrack is densely layered , including as many as fifteen different sounds played simultaneously using multiple reels . Sounds were created in a variety of ways — for a scene in which a bed slowly dissolves into a pool of liquid , Lynch and Splet inserted a microphone inside a plastic bottle , floated it in a bathtub , and recorded the sound of air blown through the bottle . After being recorded , sounds were further augmented by alterations to their pitch , reverb and frequency .
After a poorly received test screening , in which Lynch believes he had mixed the soundtrack at too high a volume , the director cut twenty minutes of footage from the film , bringing its length to 89 minutes . Among the cut footage is a scene featuring Coulson as the infant 's midwife , another of a man torturing two women — one again played by Coulson — with a car battery , and one of Spencer toying with a dead cat .
= = Soundtrack = =
The soundtrack to Eraserhead was released by I.R.S. Records in 1982 . The two tracks included on the album feature excerpts of organ music by Fats Waller and the song " In Heaven " , written for the film by Peter Ivers . The soundtrack was re @-@ released on August 7 , 2012 , by Sacred Bones Records in a limited pressing of 1 @,@ 500 copies . The album has been seen as presaging the dark ambient music genre , and its presentation of background noise and non @-@ musical cues has been described by Pitchfork Media 's Mark Richardson as " a sound track ( two words ) in the literal sense " .
= = Themes = =
Eraserhead 's sound design has been considered one of its defining elements . Although the film features several hallmark visuals — the deformed infant and the sprawling industrial setting — these are matched by their accompanying sounds , as the " incessant mewling " and " evocative aural landscape " are paired with these respectively . The film features several constant industrial sounds , providing low @-@ level background noise in every scene . This fosters a " threatening " and " unnerving " atmosphere , which has been imitated in works such as David Fincher 's 1995 thriller Seven and the Coen brothers ' 1991 drama Barton Fink . The constant low @-@ level noise has been perceived by James Wierzbicki in his book Music , Sound and Filmmakers : Sonic Style in Cinema as perhaps a product of Henry Spencer 's imagination , and the soundtrack has been described as " ruthlessly negligent of the difference between dream and reality " . The film also begins a trend within Lynch 's work of relating diegetic music to dreams , as when the Lady in the Radiator sings " In Heaven " during Spencer 's extended dream sequence . This is also present in " Episode 2 " of Twin Peaks , in which diegetic music carries over from a character 's dream to his waking thoughts ; and in 1986 's Blue Velvet , in which a similar focus is given to Roy Orbison 's " In Dreams " .
The film has also been noted for its strong sexual themes . Opening with an image of conception , the film then portrays Henry Spencer as a character who is terrified of , but fascinated by , sex . The recurring images of sperm @-@ like creatures , including the child , are a constant presence during the film 's sex scenes ; the apparent " girl next door " appeal of the Lady in the Radiator is abandoned during her musical number as she begins to violently smash Spencer 's sperm creatures and aggressively meets his gaze . David J. Skal , in his book The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror , has described the film as " depict [ ing ] human reproduction as a desolate freak show , an occupation fit only for the damned " . Skal also posits a different characterization of the Lady in the Radiator , casting her as " desperately eager for an unseen audience 's approval " . In his book David Lynch Decoded , Mark Allyn Stewart proposes that the Lady in the Radiator is in fact Spencer 's subconscious , a manifestation of his own urge to kill his child , who embraces him after he does so , as if to reassure him that he has done right .
As a character , Spencer has been seen as an everyman figure , his blank expression and plain dress keeping him a simple archetype . Spencer displays a pacifistic and fatalistic inactivity throughout the film , simply allowing events to unfold around him without taking control . This passive behavior culminates in his sole act of instigation at the film 's climax ; his apparent act of infanticide is driven by his life of being domineered and controlled . Spencer 's inactivity has also been seen by film critics Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc as a precursor to Lynch 's 1983 – 92 comic strip The Angriest Dog in the World .
= = Release = =
= = = Box office = = =
Eraserhead premièred at the Filmex film festival in Los Angeles , on March 19 , 1977 . On its opening night , the film was attended by twenty @-@ five people ; twenty @-@ four viewed it the following evening . However , Ben Barenholtz , head of distributor Libra Films International , persuaded local theater Cinema Village to run the film as a midnight feature , where it continued for a year . After this , it ran for ninety @-@ nine weeks at New York 's Waverly Cinema , had a year @-@ long midnight run at San Francisco 's Roxie Theater from 1978 to 1979 , and achieved a three @-@ year tenure at Los Angeles ' Nuart Theatre between 1978 and 1981 . The film was a commercial success , grossing $ 7 million in the United States . Eraserhead was also screened as part of the 1978 BFI London Film Festival , and the 1986 Telluride Film Festival .
= = = Home media = = =
Eraserhead was released on VHS on August 7 , 1982 , by Columbia Pictures . The film was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray by Umbrella Entertainment in Australia ; the former was released on August 1 , 2009 , and the latter on May 9 , 2012 . The Umbrella Entertainment releases include an 85 @-@ minute feature on the making of the film . Other home media releases of the film include DVD releases by Universal Pictures in 2001 , Subversive Entertainment in 2006 , Scanbox Entertainment in 2008 , and a DVD and Blu @-@ ray release by The Criterion Collection in September 2014 .
= = Reception = =
Upon Eraserhead 's release , Variety offered a negative review , calling it " a sickening bad @-@ taste exercise " . The review expressed incredulity over the film 's long gestation and described its finale as unwatchable . Comparing Eraserhead to Lynch 's next film The Elephant Man , Tom Buckley of The New York Times felt that while the latter was a well @-@ made film with an accomplished cast , the former was not . Buckley called Eraserhead " murkily pretentious " , and felt that the film 's horror aspects stemmed solely from the appearance of the deformed child rather than from its script or performances . Writing in 1984 , Lloyd Rose of The Atlantic felt that Eraserhead demonstrated that Lynch was " one of the most unalloyed surrealists ever to work in the movies " . Rose described the film as being intensely personal , finding that unlike previous surrealist films , such as Luis Buñuel 's 1929 work Un Chien Andalou or 1930 's L 'Age d 'Or , Lynch 's imagery " isn 't reaching out to us from his films ; we 're sinking into them " . In a 1993 review for the Chicago Tribune , Michael Wilmington described Eraserhead as unique , feeling that the film 's " intensity " and " nightmare clarity " were a result of Lynch 's attention to detail in its creation due to his involvement in so many roles during its production . In the 1995 essay Bad Ideas : The Art and Politics of Twin Peaks , critic Jonathan Rosenbaum felt that Eraserhead represented Lynch 's best work . Rosenbaum felt that the director 's artistic talent declined as his popularity grew , and contrasted the film with Wild at Heart — Lynch 's most recent feature film at that time — saying " even the most cursory comparison of Eraserhead with Wild at Heart reveals an artistic decline so precipitous that it is hard to imagine the same person making both films " .
Twenty @-@ first century critical opinion of the film is widely positive . Eraserhead holds an average rating of 91 % on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , representing the distillation of 55 reviews , with the critical consensus " David Lynch 's surreal Eraserhead uses detailed visuals and a creepy score to create a bizarre and disturbing look into a man 's fear of parenthood . " Writing for Empire magazine , Steve Beard rated the film five stars out of five . He felt that it was " a lot more radical and enjoyable than [ Lynch 's ] later Hollywood efforts " and highlighted its mix of surrealist body horror and black comedy . The BBC 's Almar Haflidason awarded Eraserhead three stars out of five , describing it as " an unremarkable feat by [ Lynch 's ] later standards " . Haflidason felt that the film was a gathering of loosely related ideas , adding that it is " so consumed with surreal imagery that there are almost limitless possibilities to read personal theories into it " ; the reviewer 's own take on these themes were that they represented a fear of personal commitment and featured " a strong sexual undercurrent " . A reviewer writing for Film4 rated Eraserhead five stars out of five , describing it as " by turns beautiful , annoying , funny , exasperating and repellent , but always bristling with a nervous energy " . The Film4 reviewer felt that Eraserhead was unlike most films released to that point , save for the collaborations between Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí ; however , Lynch denies having seen any of these before Eraserhead . Writing for The Village Voice , Nathan Lee praised the film 's use of sound , writing " to see the film means nothing — one must also hear it " . He described the film 's sound design as " an intergalactic seashell cocked to the ears of an acid @-@ tripping gargantua " .
The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw similarly lauded the film , also awarding it five stars out of five . Bradshaw considered it to be a beautiful film , describing its sound design as " industrial groaning , as if filmed inside some collapsing factory or gigantic dying organism " . He highlighted the film 's body horror elements , comparing it to Ridley Scott 's 1979 film Alien . Keith Phipps , writing for AllRovi , also gave the film a rating of five stars out of five ; he highlighted the disturbing sound design of the film and described it as " an open metaphor " . He felt that Eraserhead " sets up the obsessions that would follow [ Lynch ] through his career " , adding his belief that the film 's surrealism enhanced the understanding of the director 's later films . In an article for The Daily Telegraph , film @-@ maker Marc Evans praised both the sound design and Lynch 's ability " to make the ordinary seem so odd " , considering the film an inspiration on his own work . A review of the film in the same newspaper compared Eraserhead to the works of Irish playwright Samuel Beckett , describing it as a chaotic parody of family life . Manohla Dargis , writing for The New York Times , called the film " less a straight story than a surrealistic assemblage " . Dargis felt that the film 's imagery evoked the paintings of Francis Bacon and the Georges Franju 1949 documentary Blood of the Beasts . Film Threat 's Phil Hall called Eraserhead Lynch 's best film , believing that the director 's subsequent output failed to live up to it . Hall highlighted the film 's soundtrack and Nance 's " Chaplinesque " physical comedy as the film 's stand @-@ out elements .
= = Legacy = =
In 2004 , Eraserhead was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Selection for the Registry is based on a film being deemed " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . Eraserhead was one of the subjects featured in the 2005 documentary Midnight Movies : From the Margin to the Mainstream , which charted the rise of the midnight movie phenomenon in the late 1960s and 1970s ; Lynch took part in the documentary through a series of interviews . The production covers six films which are credited as creating and popularizing the genre ; also included are Night of the Living Dead , El Topo , Pink Flamingos , The Harder They Come , and The Rocky Horror Picture Show . In 2010 , the Online Film Critics Society compiled a list of the 100 best directorial débuts , listing what they felt were the best first @-@ time feature films by noted directors . Eraserhead placed second in the poll , behind Orson Welles ' 1941 Citizen Kane .
Lynch collaborated with most of the cast and crew of Eraserhead again on later films . Frederick Elmes served as cinematographer on Blue Velvet , 1988 's The Cowboy and the Frenchman , and 1990 's Wild at Heart . Alan Splet provided sound design for The Elephant Man , Dune , and Blue Velvet . Jack Fisk directed episodes of Lynch 's 1992 television series On the Air and worked as a production designer on 1999 's The Straight Story and 2001 's Mulholland Drive . Coulson and Nance appeared in Twin Peaks , and made further appearances in Dune , Blue Velvet , Wild at Heart , and 1997 's Lost Highway .
Following the release of Eraserhead , Lynch attempted to find funding for his next project , Ronnie Rocket , a film " about electricity and a three @-@ foot guy with red hair " . Lynch met film producer Stuart Cornfeld during this time . Cornfeld had enjoyed Eraserhead and was interested in producing Ronnie Rocket ; he worked for Mel Brooks and Brooksfilms at the time , and when the two realized that Ronnie Rocket was unlikely to find sufficient financing , Lynch asked to see some already @-@ written scripts to consider for his next project . Cornfeld found four scripts that he felt would interest Lynch ; on hearing the title of The Elephant Man , the director decided to make it his second film .
While working on The Elephant Man , Lynch met American director Stanley Kubrick , who revealed to Lynch that Eraserhead was his favorite film . Eraserhead also served as an influence on Kubrick 's 1980 film The Shining ; Kubrick reportedly screened the film for the cast and crew to " put them in the mood " that he wanted the film to achieve . Eraserhead is also credited with influencing the 1990 Japanese cyberpunk film Tetsuo : The Iron Man , the experimental 1990 horror film Begotten , and Darren Aronofsky 's 1998 directorial debut Pi . Swiss surrealist H. R. Giger cited Eraserhead as " one of the greatest films [ he had ] ever seen " , and said that it came closer to realizing his vision than even his own films . According to Giger , Lynch declined to collaborate with him on Dune because he felt Giger had " stolen his ideas " .
= Runaway Scrape =
The Runaway Scrape events took place mainly between September 1835 and April 1836 , and were the evacuations by Texas residents fleeing the Mexican Army of Operations during the Texas Revolution , from the Battle of the Alamo through the decisive Battle of San Jacinto . The ad interim government of the new Republic of Texas and much of the civilian population fled eastward ahead of the Mexican forces . The conflict arose after Antonio López de Santa Anna abrogated the 1824 constitution of Mexico and established martial law in Coahuila y Tejas . The Texians resisted and declared their independence . It was Sam Houston 's responsibility , as the appointed commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Provisional Army of Texas ( before such an army actually existed ) , to recruit and train a military force to defend the population against troops led by Santa Anna .
Residents on the Gulf Coast and at San Antonio de Béxar began evacuating in January upon learning of the Mexican army 's troop movements into their area , an event that was ultimately replayed across Texas . During early skirmishes , some Texian soldiers surrendered , believing that they would become prisoners of war — but Santa Anna demanded their executions . The news of the Battle of the Alamo and the Goliad massacre instilled fear in the population and resulted in the mass exodus of the civilian population of Gonzales , where the opening battle of the Texian revolution had begun and where , only days before the fall of the Alamo , they had sent a militia to reinforce the defenders at the mission . The civilian refugees were accompanied by the newly forming provisional army , as Houston bought time to train soldiers and create a military structure that could oppose Santa Anna 's greater forces . Houston 's actions were viewed as cowardice by the ad interim government , as well as by some of his own troops . As he and the refugees from Gonzales escaped first to the Colorado River and then to the Brazos , evacuees from other areas trickled in and new militia groups arrived to join with Houston 's force .
The towns of Gonzales and San Felipe de Austin were
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part of their conference schedules . The teams did not meet in 2004 following Virginia Tech 's move to the Atlantic Coast Conference . When Boston College followed in 2005 , the schools resumed meeting during the regular season , playing in 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 .
= = = Off @-@ field issues = = =
Following the 2006 ACC Championship Game , the Gator Bowl Association , which administered the ACC Championship Game during its first two years of existence , was awarded a one @-@ year extension to its two @-@ year contract to host the game . The 2006 game suffered from poor attendance , resulting in over $ 1 million in losses for the Gator Bowl Association . In the off @-@ season , the Gator Bowl Association declared that if sales did not improve for the 2007 ACC Championship game , the game 's Jacksonville future would be in jeopardy . Attendance for the 2006 game was low due to high travel costs stemming from Jacksonville 's distance from the participating schools , and the 2007 participants — Boston College and Virginia Tech — faced the same problem .
With Jacksonville 's future as host in doubt , representatives from Charlotte , North Carolina , Tampa , Florida , and Jacksonville visited the ACC offices to lobby to host the 2008 game . Orlando , Florida , which had been an early contender to host the 2008 game , was eliminated from consideration before the meetings took place . As kickoff drew closer , the Gator Bowl Association expressed displeasure with the poor ticket sales , saying that nearly 20 @,@ 000 tickets remained unsold as of the week of the game and that if it was not a sellout , the game would likely not remain in Jacksonville .
= = = Offensive matchups = = =
Media attention was also directed at the teams ' offensive capabilities . Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan was named the Atlantic Coast Conference Player of the Year in the week leading up to the game . In the first half of the 2007 season , Ryan had been prominently mentioned in candidate lists for the Heisman Trophy , college football 's highest individual award . Although Ryan 's late @-@ game comeback in their previous game against Virginia Tech had made him a front @-@ runner , the team 's two subsequent losses to unranked teams dropped him from contention for the Heisman . Excellent performances in a division @-@ clinching win at Clemson and against Miami seemed to return Ryan to Heisman @-@ candidate form , however , and heading into the ACC Championship Game , Ryan appeared to be the biggest offensive threat for Boston College .
Virginia Tech 's offense was led by an unusual two @-@ quarterback system , as junior Sean Glennon shared time with freshman Tyrod Taylor . While Glennon proved to be a better pocket passer , Taylor 's quickness enabled him to scramble out of trouble and gain positive yardage even when no open receivers were available for passes . Until the final game of the season , either Taylor or Glennon was hampered by injury and limited the two @-@ quarterback system 's effectiveness . Although the two @-@ quarterback system proved effective against Virginia , there were still questions about how well such an unusual setup would work in the ACC Championship Game .
On the ground , Taylor 's offensive scrambling , while effective , was not Virginia Tech 's primary rushing weapon . Running back Brandon Ore , Virginia Tech 's starter at the position , would need to have a good game , analysts predicted , if the Hokies wanted to win the game . Ore , who suffered several injuries during the 2006 season , failed to produce meaningful offensive yardage until late in the season , disappointing many fans who hoped he would repeat his excellent 2006 performance on the field . With a 146 @-@ yard performance against Virginia in the final game of the regular season , Ore seemed to have regained his 2006 form and promised success in the ACC Championship Game .
The Boston College ground offense was led by running back Andre Callender , who had perhaps his biggest game of the year during the division @-@ clinching match against Clemson two weeks earlier . In that game , Callender finished with 92 receiving yards and 75 rushing yards . Due to the success of Matt Ryan 's passing attack , however , Callender was used mostly as a backfield receiver and was the team 's leading receiver statistically during the 2007 season . In the regular season , Callender amassed 905 yards rushing , 613 yards receiving , and 13 total touchdowns . Callender 's normal backup , running back A.J. Brooks , was suspended for the ACC Championship Game .
= = = Defensive matchups = = =
Virginia Tech 's defense was considered stronger than that of Boston College . For the ACC Championship Game , Virginia Tech returned senior linebacker Vince Hall to the starting lineup . Hall had sat out four straight games , including the previous Boston College match , after suffering a broken forearm and wrist . ESPN named Hall and Xavier Adibi , Tech 's other senior linebacker , the " best linebacker duo in the country " .
On Virginia Tech 's defensive secondary , Brandon Flowers , one of Tech 's starting cornerbacks , was a second @-@ team All @-@ ACC defensive selection and had five interceptions in the season . Assisting Flowers would be Victor " Macho " Harris , who had also netted five interceptions during the regular season . During the 2007 season , Sports Illustrated called the two " maybe the finest cornerback duo in America . "
At the end of the regular season , Boston College was ranked 26th nationally in total defense , and 2nd nationally in run defense . Its pass defense , however , was ranked 106th in the country , and since Boston College was without senior cornerback DeJuan Tribble , who was recovering from a sprained knee ligament , it was expected that the Eagles ' linebackers would have to play a very good game to stop Virginia Tech 's passing offense . Jo @-@ Lonn Dunbar , who had been named to the preseason watch list for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy ( awarded to the top defensive player in the country ) was expected to fill the gaps and stop both rushing and passing elements of Virginia Tech 's offense .
In addition , safety Jamie Silva would have to play a strong game to support the Boston College cornerback replacing the injured Tribble . Silva , an All @-@ ACC defensive selection , led the team with five interceptions and was very good in moving up to stop the run as well . On the defensive line , defensive end Nick Larkin was a quarterfinalist for the Lott Trophy , an award given to the defensive player with the most " defensive impact " nationally .
= = Game summary = =
The 2007 ACC Championship Game kicked off at 13 : 10 EST in Jacksonville , Florida . At kickoff , the weather was partly cloudy , with winds from the northeast at 18 miles per hour ( 29 km / h ) . The air temperature was 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) . The official attendance estimate was 53 @,@ 212 , but by most accounts the actual attendance was far lower . Virginia Tech fans made up most of the crowd , and fewer than 5 @,@ 000 Boston College fans were present at the game . The game was broadcast on ABC and netted a television rating of 4 @.@ 1 , placing it behind the SEC Championship Game and the Big 12 Championship Game , which earned ratings of 5 @.@ 9 and 6 @.@ 6 , respectively .
The Marching Virginians , Virginia Tech 's marching band , and the " Screaming Eagles " , the Boston College Marching Band , played the national anthem before the game . The pre @-@ game coin toss involved two members of the Wounded Warrior Project , a program that assists the physical rehabilitation of wounded American combat veterans returning to the United States from fighting overseas . One soldier from Virginia and another from Massachusetts were chosen to throw the ceremonial coin that would determine the game 's starting possession . Supervising the coin toss was referee Jack Childress , who had also officiated the inaugural ACC Championship Game .
= = = First quarter = = =
Virginia Tech won the opening coin toss and deferred its option to the second half . Boston College received the opening kickoff , which was downed in the end zone for a touchback . Starting at their own 20 @-@ yard line , the Eagles advanced down the field as quarterback Matt Ryan completed several passes and running back Andre Callender contributed several long runs . A pass interference call against Virginia Tech , coupled with a 10 @-@ yard run by Callender , put Boston College at the Virginia Tech 26 @-@ yard line . After three consecutive incomplete passes , Eagles kicker Steve Aponavicius attempted a 36 @-@ yard field goal . During the field goal , Virginia Tech special teams player Duane Brown broke through the Eagles ' line and blocked the kick , giving Virginia Tech possession of the ball .
Virginia Tech 's offense , led by quarterback Sean Glennon , began their first possession at their own 37 @-@ yard line . However , a sack , a tackle for loss , and an incomplete pass denied the Hokies ' offense positive yardage and they were forced to punt . Tech punter Brent Bowden managed a 54 @-@ yard kick that forced the Eagles to start at their own 14 @-@ yard line , but three big plays of 16 , 19 , and 19 yards drove the Eagles deep into Virginia Tech territory . As before , however , Virginia Tech 's defense stiffened and Boston College was forced into a fourth down . Instead of attempting a long field goal , the Eagles instead attempted to convert the fourth down but were foiled by an incomplete pass .
On the Hokies ' second offensive possession , quarterback Tyrod Taylor took the field in place of Sean Glennon . Two successful passes and two short runs resulted in two first downs and Virginia Tech advanced the ball across the 50 @-@ yard line and into Boston College territory . As Taylor attempted to scramble for yet another short run , however , he was tackled behind the line of scrimmage and fumbled the ball . The loose ball was scooped up by Boston College defender Jamie Silva , who returned it 51 yards for a touchdown . The touchdown and subsequent extra point were the first points of the game and gave Boston College a 7 – 0 lead with 4 minutes remaining in the quarter .
After the kickoff , Virginia Tech 's offense again failed to advance the ball . After a three @-@ and @-@ out , the Hokies again punted . The ball traveled 44 yards , forcing the Eagles to start at their own 21 @-@ yard line . As the quarter came to a close , the Eagles drove the ball deep into Virginia Tech territory . At the end of the first quarter , Boston College led 7 – 0 .
= = = Second quarter = = =
At the beginning of the second quarter , the Hokies ' defense began to stiffen . Aided by a 10 @-@ yard holding penalty against the Eagles , Matt Ryan was forced to complete a 14 @-@ yard pass on 4th @-@ and @-@ 9 to earn a first down and keep the drive alive . Three incomplete passes followed , however , and the Eagles again settled for a field goal attempt . This time , the 37 @-@ yard kick sailed through the uprights , giving Boston College a 10 – 0 lead with 11 : 20 remaining in the first half .
Virginia Tech 's first offensive drive of the second quarter began on an auspicious note as quarterback Sean Glennon completed a 16 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Josh Morgan . Following the play , a Boston College player committed a personal foul , which added 15 yards to the end of the pass . Another long pass by Glennon , coupled with yet another Boston College penalty , put Virginia Tech deep into the red zone , and the Hokies scored on a 5 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Morgan . With 8 : 15 remaining in the first half , Virginia Tech narrowed Boston College 's lead to just three points .
On the ensuing possession , Boston College needed only seven plays and just under three minutes to travel 74 yards . The drive culminated in a 14 @-@ yard quarterback scramble for a touchdown . Duane Brown , who had blocked the first Boston College field goal attempt , again charged through the Boston College offensive line and blocked the extra point attempt . This time , the ball bounced into the hands of Virginia Tech 's Brandon Flowers , who returned it 75 yards for a defensive two @-@ point conversion . The play kept Boston College 's lead within a single touchdown and extra point . With 5 : 27 remaining in the half , the score was now 16 – 9 in favor of Boston College .
Tech quarterback Sean Glennon 's first pass of the new possession , long throw downfield , was intercepted by Boston College defender Jamie Silva . The length of the pass meant that Boston College did not have good field position following the turnover . After earning a quick first down , the Eagles were stopped and forced to punt . With 2 : 13 remaining before halftime , the Hokies had one more offensive opportunity .
Beginning at their own 20 @-@ yard line , the Virginia Tech offense marched down the field . Running back Branden Ore ran 11 yards for a first down , and two long passes from Sean Glennon to wide receiver Eddie Royal put the Hokies into scoring position . After failing to gain first downs with short runs , Virginia Tech was forced to use its timeouts to stop the clock and the first half from ending before they had a chance to score . On a 3rd @-@ and @-@ 7 from the Boston College 13 @-@ yard line , Glennon finally connected with wide receiver Josh Hyman , who crossed into the end zone for a touchdown . The extra point tied the game , 16 – 16 .
With no time left to mount an answering drive , Boston College received the kickoff and let time run out . Heading into halftime , the two teams were tied , 16 – 16 .
= = = Third quarter = = =
Because they deferred their selection to the second half during the opening coin toss , Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the half . The Hokies continued to rotate between quarterbacks Sean Glennon and Tyrod Taylor during the possession , and picked up two first downs , one through the air and the other on the ground . After Glennon was sacked at the 50 @-@ yard line , however , the drive sputtered and the Hokies were forced to punt the ball .
Boston College , in their first possession of the second half , fared even worse than Virginia Tech did . Two incomplete passes and a 5 @-@ yard delay of game penalty forced Boston College into a three @-@ and @-@ out possession that resulted in a punt . On its second possession , Virginia Tech had a three @-@ and @-@ out drive , thanks in part to an 11 @-@ yard sack of Sean Glennon by Boston College 's Kevin Atkins .
After receiving the punt , Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan connected on a 31 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Brandon Robinson . As before , however , the offense stalled . On 4th @-@ and @-@ 1 from the Virginia Tech 30 @-@ yard line , Ryan attempted a pass that fell incomplete , turning the ball over on downs . As a result of pressure applied by the Boston College defense , the Hokies continued to have difficulty moving the ball .
The Hokies were forced to punt again , and Brent Bowden 's 50 @-@ yard punt stuck the Eagles deep in their own territory . The drive began with a five @-@ yard penalty against Boston College and culminated two plays later in a six @-@ yard loss on a sack of Matt Ryan by Hokie defender Barry Booker . Boston College punted , but the kick by Johnny Ayers traveled just 34 yards before sailing out of bounds .
Virginia Tech had good starting field position at their own 44 @-@ yard line . One quick first down later , the clock ran out on the third quarter . As neither team had scored in the quarter , the score remained tied at 16 – 16 .
= = = Fourth quarter = = =
Despite starting almost at midfield , the offensive drive that began at the end of the third quarter failed to reach field goal range , and the Hokies were forced to punt . Boston College 's offense fared no better , however , and punted after a three @-@ and @-@ out possession . The ball was downed at the Virginia Tech 16 @-@ yard line , and the Hokies began their first full offensive possession of the fourth quarter .
After an incomplete pass from quarterback Tyrod Taylor , the Hokies got their first big offensive break of the second half . On a designed play , Taylor scrambled for 31 yards , the largest play in the game for the Hokies . Two successful runs by running back Branden Ore followed , earning the Hokies 23 more yards and pushing the offense deep into Boston College territory . A false @-@ start penalty set the Hokie offense back , but on the next play , quarterback Sean Glennon connected with wide receiver Eddie Royal on a 24 @-@ yard strike for a touchdown . The touchdown and extra point were the first points of the second half and gave Virginia Tech a 23 – 16 lead with 6 : 30 remaining in the game .
Boston College began its second possession of the fourth quarter knowing it had to score a touchdown to tie the game . Quarterback Matt Ryan had his best success of the day , connecting on seven of ten passes during the drive and picking up 58 yards . All of the Eagles ' yardage on the drive came through the air , and with 2 : 25 remaining , the Eagles found themselves at the Virginia Tech 14 @-@ yard line . Facing a fourth down and needing four yards for a first down , Matt Ryan fell back to attempt a pass . The throw was intercepted by Virginia Tech 's Vince Hall .
Starting at its own 10 @-@ yard line , Virginia Tech ran three straight running plays in an effort to run the clock down and prevent Boston College from having enough time to conduct another offensive drive . After the third run was stopped for no gain , however , the Hokies were forced to punt the ball . Boston College now had 28 seconds to score a touchdown and either tie the game with an extra point or win it with a two @-@ point conversion .
The Boston College drive began on its own 35 @-@ yard line . With little time remaining , Boston College would have to complete one or more Hail Mary passes . Although the odds of completing one such pass , let alone several , were very low , many Virginia Tech fans remained worried , as Boston College had previously beaten the Hokies in similar circumstances earlier in the season . Matt Ryan 's first two passes fell incomplete , and his third was intercepted by Virginia Tech 's Xavier Adibi and returned 40 yards for a Virginia Tech touchdown .
The score came with 11 seconds remaining and gave Virginia Tech its final lead , 30 – 16 . With no chance to win , Boston College elected to let the clock run out after receiving the kickoff . Virginia Tech won the 2007 ACC Championship , 30 – 16 .
= = Final statistics = =
Virginia Tech quarterback Sean Glennon was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . Glennon finished the game having completed 18 of his 27 passes , earning 174 passing yards , three touchdowns ( 18 points ) , and one interception . Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan had finished 33 of 52 for 305 yards and two interceptions , no passing touchdowns , and one rushing touchdown .
Each team finished with two turnovers — Virginia Tech fumbled the ball once and threw one interception , while Boston College 's offense threw two . Each team earned seven points off of turnovers , and Virginia Tech blocked two kicks . The two blocked kicks effectively netted five points for Virginia Tech , as the blocked field goal prevented Boston College from scoring three points , and the other blocked kick was returned 75 yards for a rare defensive two @-@ point conversion . The two blocked kicks by Virginia Tech were the first and second blocked kicks in ACC Championship Game history , and Boston College 's fumble return for a touchdown was the first fumble recovery and defensive touchdown in ACC Championship Game history .
= = = Virginia Tech statistical recap = = =
Two @-@ thirds of Virginia Tech 's 300 total offensive yardage came via passes from quarterbacks Sean Glennon ( 174 yards ) and Tyrod Taylor ( 28 yards ) . Glennon 's three passing touchdowns tied an ACC Championship Game record set by former Virginia Tech quarterback Marcus Vick in 2005 . Glennon also set the ACC Championship Game record for pass completion percentage ( 66 @.@ 7 % ) by completing 18 of his 27 passes . Taylor , meanwhile , set ACC Championship Game records for longest run and longest quarterback run with a 31 @-@ yard scramble in the second quarter that helped set up the tying touchdown for Virginia Tech . Taylor finished the game with 36 rushing yards , the third @-@ most of any player in the game .
On the ground , Taylor 's performance was supplemented by Tech running back Branden Ore , who led all rushers with 55 yards on 19 rushes . Fourteen of Ore 's 55 yards came on a single play halfway through the fourth quarter when the Boston College 's defensive line gave way , admitting Tech 's runner into the defensive secondary . The run helped set up Virginia Tech 's go @-@ ahead touchdown later in the fourth quarter . Capping Tech 's ground game were complimentary performances by Kenny Lewis and Sean Glennon , each of whom earned fewer than 10 yards , but picked up first downs on two plays .
Leading all Tech receivers was Josh Morgan , who caught eight passes for 55 yards and a touchdown . Eddie Royal also had an excellent game for the Hokies , catching two long passes of 18 yards and 11 yards on subsequent plays in the second quarter . Royal 's 2 catches drove the Hokies deep into Boston College territory , setting up a 13 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Josh Hyman that tied the game at halftime . Royal 's biggest play , however , came halfway through the fourth quarter when he caught the go @-@ ahead touchdown pass from Sean Glennon . The 24 @-@ yard reception was Royal 's longest catch of the day , and the touchdown gave the Hokies a lead they would not relinquish for the rest of the game .
Though its offense performed well , it was Virginia Tech 's special teams and defense that earned it the win . Duane Brown 's twin blocked kicks were the first blocks recorded in ACC Championship Game history and were the 116th and 117th blocked kicks recorded at Virginia Tech under head coach Frank Beamer . In addition to the blocks , Tech special teams excelled on punts and kickoffs . Tech punter Brent Bowden finished the day with seven punts for a total of 324 yards . A 54 @-@ yard kick in the first quarter was the fourth @-@ longest punt in ACC Championship Game history .
On defense , linebacker Vince Hall , in his second game after recovering from a broken forearm , led all defensive players with 11 tackles . Hall also recorded an interception in the late stages of the fourth quarter that allowed Virginia Tech to run down the clock and force Boston College into a hasty offense . Tied for third overall was Tech 's Xavier Adibi , who recorded nine tackles ( one for loss ) and caught the game @-@ ending interception . Adibi returned the interception 40 yards for a defensive touchdown that sealed the victory for the Hokies .
= = = Boston College statistical recap = = =
Though Boston College lost the game on the scoreboard , it won almost every statistical category . Quarterback Matt Ryan outperformed both Hokie quarterbacks combined in passing yardage , throwing for 305 yards . Ryan was extremely accurate through the air in the fourth quarter , throwing eight straight complete passes , an ACC Championship Game record . Ryan also was surprisingly successful on the ground , rushing for Boston College 's touchdown of the game — a 14 @-@ yard sprint in the second quarter that put Boston College ahead 16 – 7 .
In the first half , the Eagles offense recorded 20 first downs . In the second half , it managed just four first downs , three of which came in one drive in the fourth quarter . As a result of second @-@ half pressure from Virginia Tech , Ryan was forced into two late @-@ game interceptions , including one that was returned for a Virginia Tech defensive touchdown .
Ryan finished the game with 35 rushing yards , just one short of Hokie quarterback Tyrod Taylor , who had been highly promoted as a runner heading into the game . Ryan finished fourth among all rushers , and Eagle running back Andre Callender , the sole running back on the Eagles ' roster , finished second , rushing for 51 yards in the game . Callender game @-@ long 11 @-@ yard run helped set up the Eagles for a field goal attempt early in the second quarter .
Callender 's true success , however , was in the passing game , where he accrued 92 yards , putting him first among all receivers in the game . Callender 's 13 catches were an ACC Championship Game record and were the fourth @-@ highest total for a receiver in any game in ACC history . Wide receiver Kevin Challenger finished the game with 4 catches for 45 yards , while the Eagles ' Rich Gunnell finished the game with 54 yards . Surprisingly for the number of receiving yards recorded by the Eagles in the game , no Boston College receiver caught a touchdown .
Boston College punter Johnny Ayres kicked four punts a total of 159 yards , including one long kick that traveled 55 yards and set the mark for the third @-@ longest punt in ACC Championship Game history . Kicker Steve Aponavicius successfully kicked a 37 @-@ yard field goal early in the second quarter. but after his second kick was blocked , Boston College head coach Jeff Jagodzinski seemed reluctant to try long field goals and instead sent in the offense to attempt to convert the fourth down . Out of four tries , only one fourth down was converted into a first down .
On defense , Boston College had more success than predicted by pre @-@ game coverage . Jamie Silva 's fumble return for a touchdown was the first defensive score in ACC Championship Game history . Silva finished the game with five tackles ( one for loss ) , one interception , the forced fumble , and the defensive touchdown . DeLeon Gause , meanwhile , was the Eagles ' leading tackler , recording 10 stops including one tackle for loss . Altogether , the Eagles recorded four sacks and nine tackles for loss , holding the Hokie offense in check for most of the game .
= = Post @-@ game effects = =
Virginia Tech 's victory in the ACC Championship Game had far @-@ reaching sporting consequences for the 2007 – 2008 college football bowl season and in the future site of the ACC Championship Game . The 2007 game injected approximately $ 10 million into the Jacksonville economy . Thousands of hotel rooms were filled by fans traveling to the game , and the impact they created was larger than that of the previous year 's game , which featured teams that had shorter distances to travel and whose fans had generated less demand for overnight accommodation . Despite the fact that fans spent more in 2007 than at any previous ACC Championship Game , poor ticket sales at the box office necessitated a move .
= = = 2008 ACC Championship Game = = =
After poor attendance in the ACC Championship Game at Jacksonville for the second straight year , ACC officials and representatives of the conference 's member schools elected not to extend the Gator Bowl Association 's contract to host the game . On December 12 , the ACC announced that Tampa , Florida would host the game in 2008 and 2009 and Charlotte , North Carolina would host the game in 2010 and 2011 .
The cities were chosen based on bids presented to the ACC and its member schools . Each city requested and was granted a two @-@ year contract , locking the ACC into the locations well in advance of the actual games . Tampa was chosen as the site of the 2008 game because Charlotte was scheduled to hold the annual convention of the Association for Career and Technical Education at the same time as the game , and adequate hotel space would not be ready in time for the two events .
= = = Bowl effects = = =
With its win , Virginia Tech clinched an automatic bid to the 2008 Orange Bowl . This caused ripple effects in the bowl destinations for virtually every bowl @-@ eligible ACC team . In the 2007 season , the ACC had guaranteed tie @-@ ins with eight bowl games .
The ACC 's representatives to these bowls were picked in a hierarchical system that allowed the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl to have the first selection after the Orange Bowl 's automatic pick of the winner of the ACC Championship Game . Following the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl were the Gator Bowl , Champs Sports Bowl , Music City Bowl , Meineke Car Care Bowl , Emerald Bowl , and Humanitarian Bowl , in that order . The ACC 's agreement with the bowls dictated that the bowls would select the highest @-@ ranking ACC team left after the bowls with higher selections made their pick . Bowls would be allowed to skip the highest remaining team only if the next team was within one conference win of the highest remaining team . Therefore , a bowl could select a 5 – 3 team over a 6 – 2 team , but could not select a 4 – 4 team over a 6 – 2 team .
With Virginia Tech earning an automatic bid to the Orange Bowl , the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl had the first pick of the remaining ACC teams . Boston College , by virtue of its loss in the ACC Championship Game , was the highest remaining team , but Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl representatives instead chose to invite Clemson , which had finished behind Boston College in the Atlantic Division standings . In making their decision , Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl representatives cited Boston College 's poor attendance at the ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville . The Gator Bowl , which is also held in Jacksonville , was reluctant to choose a team that had participated in the ACC Championship Game out of feat that the team 's fans would be unwilling to return to Jacksonville so quickly . The Gator Bowl Association requested and received a waiver from the league 's strict bowl selection rules and selected Virginia over Boston College .
The Champs Sports Bowl was thus forced to select Boston College . Boston College players and fans , owing to the decreased status of the Champs Sports Bowl when compared with the Orange , Chick @-@ fil @-@ A , and Gator Bowls , were disappointed with the selection and match against Michigan State . Had Boston College won the ACC Championship Game , it would have earned the automatic bid to the Orange Bowl , and Virginia Tech would have been selected by the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , which had earlier expressed an interest in inviting the Hokies to the game for a second straight year . Clemson would have been bumped down to the Gator Bowl , and Virginia would have been forced into the Champs Sports Bowl .
= Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center =
The Vernon C. Bain Center ( VCBC ) , also known as the Vernon C. Bain Maritime Facility , is an 800 @-@ bed jail barge used to hold inmates for the New York City Department of Corrections . It was built in New Orleans along the Mississippi River for $ 161 million in Avondale Shipyard , and brought to New York in 1992 to reduce overcrowding in the island 's land @-@ bound buildings for a lower price . Nicknamed " The Boat " by prison staff and inmates , it is designed to handle inmates from medium- to maximum @-@ security in 16 dormitories and 100 cells .
Currently the only barge in use , the Vernon C. Bain Center is the third prison barge that the New York Department of Corrections has used . In its history , the prison has served traditional inmates , juvenile inmates and is currently used as a holding and temporary processing center . The added security of the prison being on water has prevented at least four attempted escapes . The barge is named in memorial for warden Vernon C. Bain who died in an automobile accident . In 2014 , the prison barge was named the world 's largest prison barge in operation by the Guinness World Records .
= = History = =
In the late 1980s , the New York City Department of Correction experienced overcrowding issues in its prison complexes . The idea of temporarily alleviating the issues of a growing inmate population and dwindling space by outfitting prison ships was conceived under the administration of then Mayor Edward I. Koch . Their solution was to develop usable prison space with maritime cells and avoid complaints about building jails in densely populated neighborhoods .
In 1988 , the Bibby Resolution , and her sister ship Bibby Venture , were bought by the New York City Department of Correction in to serve as the first two prison ships . Both ships were previously used as British troop carriers before being re @-@ purposed into prison ships . In 1994 both ships were sold , leaving the Bain Correctional Center and two converted Staten Island ferries , the Wildstein and Kean , docked at Rikers Island to be used when overcrowding became an issue .
The construction of the Vernon C. Bain Center prison barge began in 1989 at Avondale Shipyard by Avondale Industries and was supposed to be finished in 1990 at the price of $ 125 @.@ 6 million . Due to unanticipated construction problems including issues with the ventilation system , the finished barge was delivered 18 months late and $ 35 million over budget . On January 26 , 1992 , the recently outfitted barge prison was brought through the Long Island Sound by the tugboat , Michael Turecamo , after an 1800 nautical mile trip . The new barge was named for well @-@ liked and respected warden Vernon C. Bain , who had died in an automobile accident .
One of the first captains of the barge under the Department of Corrections had previously been employed by the same tugboat company and had earlier captained the tugboat that hauled the barge to its current location . The new crew of the prison barge , who were placed in accordance with Coast Guard regulations , worked on the empty barge to learn the vessel operations , including the electrical and fire fighting systems . The barge officially opened for use and began accepting inmates later in 1992 .
From the time the barge was constructed , there has been controversy about its cost . The final price was more than $ 35 million over budget , which attracted negative attention . The assistant correction commissioner , John H. Shanahan , claimed the price difference was because the Department of Corrections " never designed this kind of passenger vessel before and unfortunately there was a mistake in the original contract . " William Booth , the chairmain of the Board of Corrections , said at the time that the prison barge would be the last barge the Department of Corrections would build because the process was too expensive and too uncertain . The Board of Corrections is an independent body that monitors city @-@ owned prisons .
The prison barge was temporarily closed in August 1995 due to less crowded city jails , caused by a decline in arrests and inmate transfers . In late 1996 , the prison was slated for reopening due to the rise in arrests from a campaign targeting drugs and drug dealers . The six @-@ month campaign expected more than seven thousand additional arrests than usual , but the ship was not reopened until 1998 when it was used by the Department of Juvenile Justice . The Bain Center is currently used as a processing facility for inmates in the Department of Corrections system . There are three other processing facilities that each handle specific boroughs .
= = = Juvenile detention = = =
A surge in the need for juvenile detention space caused the New York City Department of Juvenile Justice to lease space at the Bain Correction Center in 1998 . At the time , there were over five thousand juveniles aged thirteen to eighteen years old in secure detention in New York . The barge had been unused since August 1995 but had been maintained and was ready to house inmates again . The center was used to solve the space problem and to assist in the closure of Spofford Juvenile Center . The temporary space was used for juvenile inmate processing and temporary housing for inmates from prior to transfer . Children were moved out of the Bain Center and back into the Spofford facility in 1999 . In January 2000 , the Department of Juvenile Justice , after completing renovations to other buildings , moved out of the center .
= = = Escapes = = =
The first time a prisoner tried to escape from the Bain was in 1993 , when a 38 @-@ year @-@ old prisoner was able to escape while he was supposed to be cleaning ice from the parking lot in front of the ship . The guard who was responsible for the inmate was suspended without pay due to the incident .
Prior to 2002 , an inmate tried to escape from the prison 's recreation area by climbing the 30 @-@ foot fence equipped with razor wire . The guards ' uniform boots prevented them from climbing the fence in pursuit , so they threw basketballs at the inmate to stop his escape , but he was able to successfully climb over it . He dove into the East River , where he was promptly picked up and returned by a police watercraft that was dispatched to the scene .
Another escape occurred in February 2004 when the girlfriend of an inmate gave him a handcuff key . The inmate was handcuffed by one wrist to another inmate , but he was able to , without any prison employee noticing , remove the cuffs and free himself . The inmate was able to cling to the undercarriage of a prisoner transport bus to ride away from the facility . He let go of the bus in the South Bronx and walked away , but was apprehended nearly a month later . Six officers and a captain were given administrative leave due to the incident . The corrections commissioner said the escape was caused by a combination of the inmate 's quick thinking and the officers ' sloppy work .
In early 2013 , an inmate charged with petty larceny successfully slipped out of his handcuffs as he arrived at the Bain Center .
= = Facilities = =
The 625 @-@ foot long by 125 @-@ foot wide flatbed barge is equipped with 14 dormitories and 100 cells for inmates . For recreation , there is a full @-@ size gym with basketball court , weight lifting rooms and an outdoor recreation facility on the roof . There are three worship chapels , a modern medical facility and a library open to inmate use . The 47 @,@ 326 @-@ ton facility was on the water , so when it opened , a minimum of three maritime crew was maintained under Coast Guard regulations . According to John Klumpp , the barge 's first captain , in 2002 , " the Coast Guard , after years of monitoring the prison barge , finally accepted the reality that that it was , de facto , a jail and not a boat . " The prison barge is located approximately 5 miles away from SUNY Maritime college .
= They Saved Lisa 's Brain =
" They Saved Lisa 's Brain " is the twenty @-@ second episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 9 , 1999 . After writing a thoughtful letter to the Springfield Shopper , Lisa is invited to join the Springfield chapter of Mensa . When Mayor Quimby later flees Springfield , the group takes control of the town , hoping to improve the lives of Springfieldians through the rule of the smartest .
" They Saved Lisa 's Brain " was directed by Pete Michels and written by Matt Selman , although the idea for the episode was pitched by former staff writer George Meyer . It featured the first official appearance of Lindsey Naegle and was the first episode in which theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking guest @-@ starred as himself . The Simpsons staff wanted Hawking to guest @-@ star because they needed someone who would be smarter than all of Springfield 's Mensa members , and because they had heard that he was a fan of the show . The episode features references to Star Trek , painter Vincent van Gogh and architect Frank Lloyd Wright , and mentions the theory of the universe being toroidal , the same shape as a doughnut .
In its original broadcast , " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " was seen by approximately 6 @.@ 8 million viewers , a very low amount for the series . Following the episode 's broadcast , Selman made a controversial statement about East St. Louis , which was pronounced the least livable city in the United States in the episode . While the episode received mixed reviews from critics , Hawking 's appearance garnered critical acclaim , and has since appeared in several lists of best guest appearances on The Simpsons . Hawking has since appeared in three episodes , and an action figure based on his cameos in the series has been produced . Although Hawking has stated that he enjoyed guest @-@ starring on The Simpsons , he has also mentioned that his cameos have made many people mistake him for a fictional character .
= = Plot = =
A low @-@ fat pudding , Grandma Plopwell 's , is the sponsor of a Springfield contest that promises a luxurious trip to the most disgusting and dimwitted contest participant in town . Many Springfield residents enter the contest , but things do not go well when one of the judges , Rainier Wolfcastle , declares himself the winner for " being seen with you freaks " . The contest ends in a riot and Lisa ends up hit in the face twice with pudding . She denounces Springfield for its anti @-@ intellectualism in an open letter that ends up in the newspaper , for which no one reads . This impresses the Springfield Mensa chapter , which accepts her for membership after Principal Skinner shared her placement tests and she brought them a pie for their latest meeting .
Lisa joins Mensa alongside Comic Book Guy , Dr. Hibbert , Principal Skinner , Professor Frink , and Lindsay Naegle . After the pleasantries , Lisa finds herself at home alongside the Mensa members , whose sense of humor is so esoteric that it is said to be enjoyed by the " Dennis Miller ratio " of Americans . After being bullied out of their reserved gazebo at a park by drunks and Chief Wiggum , they fear that Springfield 's quality is poor because of the city 's stupidest residents having power over their civic institutions . The Mensa group goes to confront Mayor Quimby about the gazebo incident , until he escapes from the city when he mistakenly thinks the group has evidence about his corruption . The town 's constitution states that in the absence of the mayor , the town is to be governed by the smartest by geniocracy . Now in control of Springfield , the group hopes that things will become much better .
Once in control , however , the group allows power to go to their heads . At first they efficiently implement their ideas for Springfield , which include banning green traffic lights and playing only classical music at the dog races , which elevates Springfield past East St. Louis on the list of America 's 300 Most Livable Cities . However , they begin to internally fight over other ideas such as having theaters for shadow puppets and a broccoli juice program , and their wildly unpopular plans at a public meeting ( including the banning of all contact sports and Comic Book Guy 's plan to limit breeding to every 7 years ) further expose the rifts inside the group .
The Springfield townspeople , angered by the new laws , surround the intellectuals in an angry mob and bring an end to Mensa 's rule . Stephen Hawking has shown up to see what the Mensa group is up to and makes it clear he is unimpressed ; however , he saves Lisa from being seriously injured by the angry townspeople . In the end , Hawking and Homer meet at Moe 's Tavern for a drink . Homer imitates Hawking in an attempt to make him pay the tab and gets punched by a boxing glove on a spring , which is concealed in Hawking 's wheelchair .
In the episode 's other storyline , Homer steals a gift certificate during the post @-@ contest and has erotic photos taken of himself as a gift to Marge , who gets distracted by the interior design Homer did in their basement .
= = Production = =
" They Saved Lisa 's Brain " was written by Matt Selman and directed by Pete Michels . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 9 , 1999 . Although the episode 's first draft was written by Selman , the idea for the episode was pitched by former staff writer George Meyer . In the episode 's setpiece , Homer and Bart participate in a gross out contest , while Marge and Lisa are in the audience . According to Selman , the writers took inspiration from real gross out contests , which were " sweeping the nation " at the time . Before the contest in the episode , the spectators are given free samples of a pudding called Grandma Plopwell 's . The name of the pudding was inspired by a brand of pies called Aunt Freshly , which the Simpsons writers usually ate at the time .
The episode features the first official appearance of Lindsey Naegle , a sleazy businesswoman who has since become a recurring character in the series . While different versions of the character had appeared in the series before , namely in the season 8 episode " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " , the season 9 episode " Girly Edition " , and the season 10 episode " Make Room for Lisa " , the character 's final design was first seen in " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " . The episode also mentions the character 's name for the first time . Naegle 's name was partly based on Selman 's agent Sue Neagle , and Lindsey was chosen as the first name because Selman thought it sounded " annoying " and " pretentious " . Naegle is voiced by Tress MacNeille , who Selman described as a " huge asset " to the series , and stated that she " breathes life " into the character .
" They Saved Lisa 's Brain " features English theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking as himself . According to executive producer and current showrunner Al Jean , Hawking was asked to guest @-@ star because " we [ they ] were looking for someone much smarter than all the Mensa members [ in Springfield ] " , and so they " naturally thought of him " . Selman added that the Simpsons staff had heard that Hawking was a fan of the show , and that Hawking 's family members wanted him to guest @-@ star . Bill Mann of The Press Democrat argued that Hawking was chosen to guest star in order to boost the series ' ratings during the May " sweeps " . Mann wrote that " sweeps " are " used to set local TV ad rates for the months ahead " .
In her book Stephen Hawking : a biography , Kristen Larsen wrote that Hawking almost missed his recording session , as his wheelchair broke down two days before his flight to Los Angeles , where the recording took place . In order to make the necessary repairs , Hawking 's graduate assistant Chris Burgoyne , aided by a technician , worked a 36 ‑ hour shift . Hawking was 40 minutes late when he arrived in Los Angeles . When he met the Simpsons staff , he apologized , saying " Sorry for being late . " According to Selman , Hawking was very humble regarding the episode 's jokes about him , and stated that he " took a lot of shots " at himself . The only note that Hawking gave regarding the script was that he did not want to be portrayed as drunk in the episode 's last scene , in which he is discussing astronomy with Homer in Moe 's tavern .
Because of his motor neurone disease , Hawking is unable to speak , and he communicates using a custom @-@ made computer . With small movements of his body , Hawking writes a text onto the computer , which is then spoken by a voice syntheziser . Because of this , Hawking had to write all his lines on his computer , while the staff recorded them by placing a microphone in front of the computer 's speaker . " It 's easy to do a fake Stephen Hawking in your comedy TV show " , Selman said in the DVD commentary for the episode . " Any computer can sound just like his computer , but every line that we wrote for him , he typed in himself and we recorded with our microphones as if had come out of a regular mouth . " Some of Hawking 's lines were difficult to record . In particular , the word " Fruitopia " was difficult for Hawking 's computer to " put together " correctly , and it " took forever " to make the word sound right from the voice synthesizer .
= = Themes and cultural references = =
In their book The Simpsons and philosophy : the d 'oh ! of Homer , William Irwin , Mark T. Conard and Aeon J. Skoble wrote that " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " in detail explores " the possibility of a utopian alternative to politics as usual in Springfield " . They described " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " as an " epitome " of The Simpsons diverse comedic humor , and wrote that it can be " enjoyed in two levels " , as both " broad farce " and " intellectual satire " . As an example of the episode 's farcical humor , they referred to the episode 's subplot , which , they wrote , " contains some of the grossest humor in the long history of The Simpsons . " At the same time , the episode is " filled " with what they described as " subtle cultural allusions " , such as the design of Mensa group 's locale , which is based on American architect Frank Lloyd Wright 's house . Likewise , Lisa 's challenge to Springfield calls attention to the " cultural limitations of small @-@ town America " , while the episode also argues that intellectual disdain for the common man can be carried too far and that theory can " all too easily lose touch with common sense " . They also argued that the episode , as well as the series as a whole , offers a kind of intellectual defense of the common man against intellectuals , which they opined " helps explain its popularity and broad appeal [ ... ] [ " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " ] defends the common man against the intellectual , in a way that both the common man and the intellectual can understand and enjoy . "
In the last scene in the episode , Hawking and Homer are seen discussing the universe in Moe 's tavern . Scully stated that the scene was included because it " was a chance to get the world 's smartest man and the world 's stupidest man in the same place " . In the scene , Hawking tells Homer " Your theory of a donut @-@ shaped universe is intriguing ... I may have to steal it . " In his book What 's science ever done for us ? : what The Simpsons can teach us about physics , robots , life and the universe , Paul Halpern wrote that in mathematics , a " donut @-@ shape " , the three @-@ dimensional generalization of a ring , is referred to as a torus . The generalization of a torus , any closed curve spun in a circle around an axis , is called a toroid . According to Halpern , Hawking 's line references the fact that there are " genuine " scientific theories that the universe is toroidal .
One of the judges for the gross out contest in the episode 's is Madeleine Albright , who was the current US Secretary of State at the time . During the riot that follows the contest , a travelling exhibition of Van Gogh 's paintings is burned to flames . In the episode 's subplot , Homer hires a photographer to take erotic pictures of him . The design of the photographer was based on American portrait photographer Annie Leibovitz . The song that plays during the photographing scenes is " I 'm Too Sexy " by English pop trio Right Said Fred . During the rules and regulations announcement , Comic Book Guy declares that sexual intercourse will only be permitted once every seven years in Springfield . This is a reference to pon farr , a term used in the Star Trek franchise to describe the psychophysical effect of the estrous cycle that affects the fictional race Vulcans every seven years . His taunting of " I am smart , much smarter than you , Hib @-@ bert ! " is also to the tune of the Star Trek fanfare . The episode also mentions actress Geena Davis and cartoonist Mell Lazarus , both of whom are members of Mensa .
= = Reception = =
= = = Broadcast and controversy = = =
In its original American broadcast on May 9 , 1999 , " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " received a 6 @.@ 8 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 6 @.@ 8 million viewers . It finished in 54th place in the ratings for the week of May 3 – 9 , 1999 . The episode 's viewership was considered very low by the Boston Herald , who noted that it reached " historic lows " in the ratings .
In a scene in the episode , Comic Book Guy announces that Springfield is in 299th place on a list of the United States ' 300 most livable cities , with East St. Louis being in last place . A journalist for a " local East St Louis [ news ] paper " noticed this , and called Selman to ask him why they were " taking a shot at East St Louis " . Selman jokingly replied : " because it 's a crack @-@ ridden slum " . After the interview , he went on vacation in Greece for two weeks . While Selman was on vacation , executive producer and the episode 's showrunner Mike Scully received a phone call from The Simpsons publicist Antonia Coffman , who reported that Selman 's comment on East St Louis had been taken " very seriously " by the newspaper . The Simpsons staff received several angry letters from East St Louis ' residents , demanding an apology . Because Selman was out of reach , the other staff members had to take care of the controversy .
When Selman returned , Scully scolded him and told him that he had to apologize to the mayor of East St Louis , who , unbeknownst to Selman , was portrayed by Marc Wilmore . Wilmore , a former writer on the television comedy The PJ 's , had been asked by Scully to participate in a practical joke , in which he would play the mayor of East St Louis and confront Selman about his controversial statement . According to Selman , Wilmore gave an " Oscar @-@ worthy performance " . " I was terrified " , he stated in the DVD commentary for the episode , " [ we had ] a twenty @-@ minute discussion in which [ Wilmore ] said that [ his ] children were teased at school [ because of Selman 's comments ] , and that the Fox affiliate were gonna be thrown off the air ... " According to Wilmore , Selman immediately blamed the other writers . Said Selman , " Well , everyone participates , you know [ ... ] Have you never heard of the word ' collaboration ' ? " Selman realized the joke when he turned around and saw " all the other writers laughing " . " I was so relieved " , he said , " I was soaked with sweat [ ... ] I had betrayed my fellow writers , tried to get them in trouble , and they all knew me for the turn @-@ coat that I was . "
As compensation for his involvement with the joke , Wilmore was given a role in the season 11 episode " It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad Marge " , in which he played a psychologist . In 2002 , Wilmore became a writer on The Simpsons .
= = = Re @-@ release and critical reception = = =
On August 7 , 2007 , " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " was released as part of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set . Mike Scully , Matt Selman , Ron Hauge , Rich Appel , Marc Wilmore and Pete Michels participated in the DVD 's audio commentary of the episode . Following its home video release , the episode received mixed reviews from critics . Giving the episode a positive review , DVD Town 's James Plath described it as one of the season 's better episodes . Ian Jane of DVD Talk wrote that , while episodes that revolve around Lisa tend to be " less popular " than others , he considered " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " to be " well done " . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide gave the episode a mixed review , writing " I like the fact that ' Brain ' pokes some fun at Mensa , one of the more smug , self @-@ congratulatory groups to be found . The show manages a few good laughs as it goes after various pretensions . " However , he added that " the show peters out after a while " , and that it " never becomes particularly memorable " . A reviewer for Currentfilm.com wrote that , while the episode " isn 't without its charms " , it " just don 't hold up very well " . Jake MacNeill of Digital Entertainment News wrote that the episode is " great if you think palindromes are funny " , and added that it was one of the season 's worst episodes . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood of I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide described it as a " retread " of the season 9 episode " Lisa the Simpson " . They wrote " Once we 're past the How Low Will You Go show , the episode takes a nose @-@ dive until the last few minutes . " They concluded their review by calling the episode " Very , very tedious . "
On the other hand , Stephen Hawking 's appearance in the episode was acclaimed by critics . Although they generally disliked the episode , Martyn and Wood wrote that Hawking 's cameo " saves [ the episode ] from being very boring " . Plath called the performance " very funny " , while Jane described it as " great " . Hawking reached seventh place in UGO 's list of The Simpsons 's " Top 11 Guest Stars " , and finished in fourteenth place in " The Simpsons 20 best guest voices of all time " by Ryan Stewart of The Boston Phoenix . Stewart wrote that Hawking 's line " " Your theory of a doughnut @-@ shaped universe intrigues me , Homer . I may have to steal it " was a " memorable " quote from the episode . Ethan Alter of The Morning Call described Hawking 's cameo as one of the series ' ten best , and wrote that Hawking 's best line in the episode was " I wanted to see your Utopia , but now I see it is more of a Fruitopia . " Writing for IGN , Eric Goldman , Dan Iverson and Brian Zoromski placed Hawking at number sixteen on their list " Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances " . They wrote that he had a " fairly major " role in the episode , and that he had " several great lines " .
In an article written for the Modern Day Pirates titled " In Search of The Last Classic Simpsons Episode " , author Brandon listed " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " as a contender for the latest episode that made him feel like he was " watching The Simpsons in their heyday " . He notes that " [ Stephen Hawking ] ( or his computer ) put a great final moment to the show and was not overused and gawked over like some guest stars that would come ( I ’ m looking at you Green Day ) . "
= = = Hawking 's response = = =
After the episode aired , Hawking told the Simpsons staff that he " loved " all the jokes and in an interview with The Guardian in 2005 , he stated that his guest appearances on The Simpsons were " great fun " . An action figure based on Hawking 's appearance in The Simpsons has been produced , with the figurine 's computer screen reading " If you 're looking for trouble , you 've found it " , a line from " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " . Since " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " , Hawking has guest @-@ starred three times on The Simpsons . In 2005 , he appeared in the season 16 episode " Don 't Fear the Roofer " ; in 2007 , he starred in the season 18 episode " Stop or My Dog Will Shoot " ; and in 2010 , he appeared in the Season 22 premiere " Elementary School Musical " .
However , Hawking has also expressed dissatisfaction regarding the impact on his notoriety caused by his appearance in the episode . In a debate with physicist Brian Cox in The Guardian , Hawking was asked what the most common misconception about his work was . He replied , " People think I 'm a Simpsons character . " Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Peter Hutchison argued that Hawking " feels he is sometimes not properly recognised for his contribution to our understanding of the universe . " In his book The book is dead : long live the book , Sherman Young wrote that most people know Hawking from his appearance on The Simpsons , rather than from anything he has written .
= GoldenEye 007 ( 1997 video game ) =
GoldenEye 007 is a first @-@ person shooter video game developed by Rare and based on the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye . It was exclusively released for the Nintendo 64 video game console in August 1997 . The game features a single @-@ player campaign in which players assume the role of British Secret Intelligence Service agent James Bond as he fights to prevent a criminal syndicate from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown . The game also includes a split @-@ screen multiplayer mode in which two , three , or four players can compete in different types of deathmatch games .
GoldenEye 007 was originally conceived as an on @-@ rails shooter inspired by Sega 's Virtua Cop , before being redesigned as a free @-@ roaming shooter . The game was highly acclaimed by the gaming media and has sold over eight million copies worldwide , making it the third @-@ best @-@ selling Nintendo 64 game . GoldenEye 007 is considered an important game in the history of first @-@ person shooters for demonstrating the viability of game consoles as platforms for the genre , and for signalling a transition from the then @-@ standard Doom @-@ like approach to a more realistic style . It pioneered features such as atmospheric single @-@ player missions , stealth elements , and a console multiplayer deathmatch mode . The game is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time .
GoldenEye 007 was followed by a spiritual successor , Perfect Dark , also developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64 . A reimagining of the game , also titled GoldenEye 007 , was published by Activision and released for the Wii and Nintendo DS in 2010 , and later re @-@ released as GoldenEye 007 : Reloaded for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 the following year .
= = Gameplay = =
GoldenEye 007 is a first @-@ person shooter that features both single and multiplayer modes . In the single @-@ player mode , the player takes the role of James Bond through a series of free @-@ roaming 3D levels . Each level requires the player to complete a certain set of objectives – such as collecting or destroying specified items , rescuing hostages , or meeting with friendly non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) – and then exit the stage . Some gadgets from the James Bond film series are featured in the game and are often used to complete particular mission objectives ; for example , in one level the electromagnetic watch from Live and Let Die is used to acquire a jail cell key .
The arsenal of weapons includes pistols , submachine guns , assault rifles , grenades , and throwing knives , among others . Guns have a finite magazine and must be reloaded after a certain number of shots , but the player may acquire and carry as many weapons as can be found in each mission . The player 's initial weapon in most missions is James Bond 's Walther PPK , called the PP7 in @-@ game . Most of the game 's firearms are modelled on real @-@ life counterparts ( although their names are altered ) , while others are based on fictitious devices featured in the Bond films , such as the Golden Gun and Moonraker laser . The weapons vary in characteristics such as rate of fire , degree of penetration , and type of ammunition used , and inflict different levels of damage depending on which body part they hit .
Stealth is a significant element of the gameplay ; frequent gunfire can alert distant guards , and activated alarms can trigger infinitely @-@ respawning enemies . Therefore , to avoid gunfights with numerous opponents , it is advantageous to eliminate soldiers and security cameras before they spot or hear the player . Certain weapons incorporate suppressor or telescopic sight attachments to aid the player in killing enemies discreetly . There are no health @-@ recovery items in the game , although armour vests can be acquired to provide a secondary health bar .
Four save files are available to track the player 's progress through the game 's twenty missions , each of which may be played on " Agent " , " Secret Agent " , or " 00 @-@ Agent " difficulty settings . Higher difficulties increase the challenge by altering factors such as the damage enemies can withstand and inflict , the amount of ammunition available , and the number of objectives that must be completed . Once a mission is completed , the player may either continue progressing through the story or choose to replay a previously completed level . Completing certain missions within particular target times enables the player to unlock bonus cheat options which make various changes to the gameplay . Upon fully completing the game on the hardest difficulty setting , an additional " 007 " mode is unlocked that allows the player to customise the challenge of any mission by manually adjusting enemies ' health , reaction times , aiming accuracy , and the damage they inflict .
The multiplayer mode allows two , three , or four players to compete against each other in five different types of split screen deathmatch games : Normal , You Only Live Twice , The Living Daylights ( Flag Tag ) , The Man With the Golden Gun , and Licence to Kill . Normal is a basic deathmatch mode in which the main objective is to kill opponents as many times as possible . It can be played as a free @-@ for @-@ all game or in teams . In You Only Live Twice , players only have two lives before they are eliminated from the game , and Licence to Kill is a mode in which players die from a single hit with any weapon . In The Man With the Golden Gun , a single Golden Gun , which is capable of killing opponents with only one shot , is placed in a fixed location on the map ; once the Golden Gun is picked up , the only way to re @-@ acquire it is to kill the player holding it . The player with the Golden Gun is unable to pick up body armour while opponents can . In The Living Daylights , a " flag " is placed in a fixed location on the map , and the player who holds it the longest wins . The flag @-@ carrier cannot use weapons but can still collect them to keep opponents from stocking ammunition . Aspects of each gametype can be customised , including the chosen map , class of weapons , and winning condition . As players progress through the single player mode , new maps and characters are unlocked in the multiplayer mode .
= = Plot = =
GoldenEye 007 closely follows the plot of the movie , though with some minor alterations . The game starts in Arkhangelsk , in the Soviet Union ( now Russia ) in 1986 , where MI6 has uncovered a secret chemical weapons facility at the Byelomorye Dam . James Bond and fellow 00 @-@ agent Alec Trevelyan are sent to infiltrate the facility and plant explosive charges . During the mission , Trevelyan is apparently killed by Colonel Arkady Ourumov , but Bond escapes by commandeering an aeroplane . Five years later in 1991 , Bond is sent to investigate a satellite control station in Severnaya , Russia , where programmers Natalya Simonova and Boris Grishenko work . Two years after the Severnaya mission , in 1993 , Bond investigates an unscheduled test firing of a missile in Kyrgyzstan , believed to be a cover for the launch of a satellite known as GoldenEye . This space @-@ based weapon works by firing a concentrated electromagnetic pulse at any Earth target to disable any electrical circuit within range . As Bond leaves the silo , he is ambushed by Ourumov and a squad of Russian troops . Ourumov manages to escape during the encounter .
The remainder of the game takes place in 1995 . Bond visits Monte Carlo to investigate the frigate La Fayette , where he rescues several hostages and plants a tracker bug on the Eurocopter Tiger helicopter before it is stolen by the Janus crime syndicate . Bond is then sent a second time to Severnaya , but during the mission he is captured and locked up in the bunker 's cells along with Natalya Simonova , who has been betrayed to Janus . The two escape the complex seconds before it is destroyed , on the orders of Ourumov , by the GoldenEye satellite 's EMP . Bond next travels to Saint Petersburg , where he arranges with ex @-@ KGB agent Valentin Zukovsky to meet the chief of the Janus organisation . This is revealed to be Alec Trevelyan – his execution by Ourumov in the Arkhangelsk facility was faked . Bond and Natalya escape from Trevelyan , but are arrested by the Russian police and taken to the military archives for interrogation . Bond eventually manages to escape the interrogation room , rescue Natalya , and communicate with Defence Minister Dimitri Mishkin , who has verified Bond 's claim of Ourumov 's treachery . Natalya is recaptured by General Ourumov , and Bond gives chase through the streets of St. Petersburg , eventually reaching an arms depot used by Janus . There Bond destroys its weaponry stores and then hitches a ride on Trevelyan 's ex @-@ Soviet missile train , where he kills Ourumov and rescues Natalya . However , Alec Trevelyan and his ally Xenia Onatopp escape to their secret base in Cuba .
Natalya accompanies Bond to the Caribbean . Surveying the Cuban jungle aerially , their light aircraft is shot down . Unscathed , Bond and Natalya perform a ground search of the area 's heavily guarded jungle terrain , but are ambushed by Xenia , who is quickly killed by Bond . Bond sneaks Natalya into the control centre to disrupt transmissions to the GoldenEye satellite and force it to burn up in the Earth 's atmosphere . He then follows the fleeing Trevelyan through a series of flooded caverns , eventually arriving at the antenna of the control centre 's radio telescope . Trevelyan attempts to re @-@ align it in a final attempt to restore contact with the GoldenEye , but Bond ultimately destroys machinery vital to controlling the antenna and defeats Trevelyan in a gunfight on a platform above the dish .
= = Development = =
GoldenEye 007 was developed by an inexperienced team ; eight of its ten developers had never previously worked on video games . As programmer David Doak recalls , " Looking back , there are things I 'd be wary of attempting now , but as none of the people working on the code , graphics , and game design had worked on a game before , there was this joyful naïveté . " Due to the success of Donkey Kong Country , GoldenEye 007 was originally suggested as a 2D side @-@ scrolling platformer for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , but Martin Hollis , the director and producer of the game , proposed " a 3D shooting game " for Nintendo 's in @-@ development " Ultra 64 " console .
The intention for the first few months of development was for the game to be an on @-@ rails shooter similar to Sega 's light gun game Virtua Cop ; GoldenEye 's gas plant location was modelled by Karl Hilton with a predetermined path in mind . Although GoldenEye is controlled with a pad rather than a light gun , Hollis credited Virtua Cop as an influence on the developers ' adoption of features such as gun reloading , position @-@ dependent hit reaction animations , penalties for killing innocent characters , and an alternative aiming system that is activated upon pressing the R button of the Nintendo 64 controller .
The development team visited the studios of the GoldenEye film to collect photographs and blueprints of the sets used in the movie . Silicon Graphics Onyx workstations and Nintendo 's NINGEN development software were used to create the geometry for virtual environments based on this reference material . However , many of the missions were extended or modified to allow the player to participate in sequences which the film 's James Bond did not . Hilton explained , " We tried to stick to [ the reference material ] for authenticity but we weren 't afraid of adding to it to help the game design . It was very organic . " Initially , the designers ' priority was purely on the creation of interesting spaces ; level design and balance considerations such as the placement of start and exit points , characters and objectives did not begin until this process was complete . According to Martin Hollis , " The benefit of this sloppy unplanned approach was that many of the levels in the game have a realistic and non @-@ linear feel . There are rooms with no direct relevance to the level . There are multiple routes across the level . " Hollis also noted that the concept of several varied objectives within each mission was inspired by the multiple tasks in each stage of Super Mario 64 , a game whose 3D collision detection system was also influential for Hollis .
Final Nintendo 64 specifications and development workstations were not initially available to Rare : a modified Sega Saturn controller was used for some early playtesting , and the developers had to estimate what the finalised console 's capabilities would be . The final Nintendo 64 hardware could render polygons faster than the SGI Onyx workstations they had been using , but the game 's textures had to be cut down by half . Karl Hilton explained one method of improving the game 's performance : " A lot of GoldenEye is in black and white . RGB colour textures cost a lot more in terms of processing power . You could do double the resolution if you used greyscale , so a lot was done like that . If I needed a bit of colour , I 'd add it in the vertex . " At one time , developers planned to implement the reloading of the weapons by the player unplugging and re @-@ inserting the Rumble Pak on the Nintendo 64 controller , though this idea was discarded at Nintendo 's behest .
GoldenEye 007 introduced stealth elements not seen in previous first @-@ person shooter games . Doak explained how this was implemented : " Whenever you fired a gun , it had a radius test and alerted the non @-@ player characters within that radius . If you fired the same gun again within a certain amount of time , it did a larger
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& World Report , putting it in the top 3 % of all high schools in the nation . Hickman has been on Newsweek magazine 's list of top 1 @,@ 300 schools in the country for the past three years and has more named presidential scholars than any other public high school in the United States . There are also several private high schools including : Christian Fellowship School , Columbia Independent School , Heritage Academy , Christian Chapel Academy , and the newly constructed Father Augustine Tolton Regional Catholic High School .
The city has three institutions of higher education : the University of Missouri , Stephens College , and Columbia College all of which surround Downtown Columbia . The city is the headquarters of the University of Missouri System , which also operates campuses in St. Louis , Kansas City , and Rolla . The University of Missouri was founded in 1839 as the first state university west of the Mississippi River . Stephens College prepares students to become leaders and innovators in a rapidly changing world , and engages lifelong learners in an educational experience characterized by intellectual rigor , creative expression and professional practice as well as offering innovative , career @-@ focused programs sound in the liberal arts with focuses on creative arts and sciences . Columbia College offers day and evening classes on its Columbia Campus , extension courses through its 34 nationwide campuses , and ties with U.S. military bases ( including Guantanamo Bay , Cuba ) , and online courses .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Transportation = = =
The Columbia Transit provides public bus and para @-@ transit service , and is owned and operated by the city . In 2008 , 1 @,@ 414 @,@ 400 passengers boarded along the system 's six fixed routes and nine University of Missouri shuttle routes , and 27 @,@ 000 boarded the Para @-@ transit service . The system is constantly experiencing growth in service and technology . A $ 3 @.@ 5 million project to renovate and expand the Wabash Station , a rail depot built in 1910 and converted into the city 's transit center in the mid @-@ 1980s , was completed in summer of 2007 . In 2007 , a Transit Master Plan was created to address the future transit needs of the city and county with a comprehensive plan to add infrastructure in three key phases . The five to 15 @-@ year plan intends to add service along the southwest , southeast and northeast sections of Columbia and develop alternative transportation models for Boone County . Fares are $ 1 @.@ 50 for adults , and $ .75 for children 5 – 11 , for students with valid I.D , for handicapped / Medicare recipients , and for senior citizens age 65 and up . Columbia Transit offers FASTPass electronic fare cards and issues electronic transfers for accuracy and convenience . Para @-@ transit fares are $ 2 @.@ 00 for a one @-@ way trip , and the service area includes all of Columbia . Buses operate Monday through Saturday , from 6 : 25am to 6 : 25pm Monday @-@ Wednesday , 6 : 25am to 10 : 25pm Thursday and Friday , and from 1 : 00am to 7 : 30pm on Saturday . Buses do not operate on Sunday .
The city 's former mayor , Darwin Hindman , is largely in favor of a non @-@ motorized transportation system , and can often be seen riding his bicycle around the city . Columbia is also known for its MKT Trail , a spur of the Katy Trail State Park , which allows foot and bike traffic across the city , and , conceivably , the state . It consists of a soft gravel surface , excellent for running and biking . Columbia also is preparing to embark on construction of several new bike paths and street bike lanes thanks to a $ 25 million grant from the federal government . The city is also served by American Air Lines at the Columbia Regional Airport , the only commercial airport in mid @-@ Missouri .
I @-@ 70 ( concurrent with US 40 ) and US 63 are the two main freeways used for travel to and from Columbia . Within the city , there are also three state highways : Routes 763 ( Rangeline St & College Ave ) , 163 ( Providence Rd ) , and 740 ( Stadium Blvd ) .
Rail service is provided by the city @-@ owned Columbia Terminal ( COLT ) Railroad , which runs from the north side of Columbia to Centralia and a connection to the Norfolk Southern Railway .
= = = Health systems = = =
Health care is a big part of Columbia 's economy , with nearly one in six people working in a health @-@ care related profession and a physician density that is about three times the United States average . Columbia 's hospitals and supporting facilities are a large referral center for the state , and medical related trips to the city are common . There are three hospital systems within the city and five hospitals with a total of 1 @,@ 105 beds .
The University of Missouri Health Care operates three hospitals in Columbia : the University of Missouri Hospital , the University of Missouri Women 's and Children 's Hospital ( formerly Columbia Regional Hospital ) , and the Ellis Fischel Cancer Center . Boone Hospital Center is administered by BJC Healthcare and operates several clinics as well as outpatient locations . The Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans ' Hospital , located next to University Hospital , is administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs .
There are also a large number of medically @-@ related industries in Columbia . The University of Missouri School of Medicine uses university @-@ owned facilities as teaching hospitals . The University of Missouri Research Reactor Center is the largest research reactor in the United States and produces radioisotopes used in nuclear medicine . The center serves as the sole supplier of the active ingredients in two U.S. Food and Drug Administration @-@ approved radiopharmaceuticals and produces Fluorine @-@ 18 used in PET imaging with its cyclotron .
= = Sister cities = =
In accordance with the Columbia Sister Cities Program , which operates in conjunction with Sister Cities International Columbia has been paired with five international sister cities in an attempt to foster cross @-@ cultural understanding :
= Black Thunder ( chocolate bar ) =
Black Thunder ( ブラックサンダー , Burakku Sandā ) is a chocolate bar made and sold in Japan by the Yuraku Confectionery Company . It contains a cocoa @-@ flavored cookie bar mixed with Japanese @-@ style rice puffs , coated with chocolate . The manufacturer 's suggested retail price is 30 yen , before tax . The main advertising slogan translates to " Delicious taste in a flash of lightning ! " The story of the Yuraku Confectionery Company and its Black Thunder bar has been treated in the Japanese business press as something of a modern @-@ day rags to riches story .
The Black Thunder bar was conceived as an easily marketable candy bar with three popular components and a reasonable price . The name was partially inspired by the Japanese god of thunder . Black Thunder bars were first made in a factory in the city of Toyohashi in 1994 . The target demographic was university students in the Kanto region and sales growth depended mostly on word @-@ of @-@ mouth recommendations . Through a series of marketing deals starting in 2004 , sales of Black Thunder gradually climbed . In 2008 , the Yuraku Confectionery company sponsored the Men 's Gymnastics team at the 2008 Summer Olympics , and brand recognition correspondingly increased .
Starting in 2008 , Yuraku Confectionery company began developing and marketing variations on the Black Thunder bar . Similar products in the same line include the Big Thunder , Black Thunder Mini @-@ bar , " White Black Thunder " , and the Morning Thunder breakfast bar . In 2009 , Yuraku began collaborative efforts with other agencies to develop related products inspired by the Black Thunder candy bar .
= = Product = =
The original concept was a candy bar that would have three main components , a heavy texture , rich flavor , and a reasonable price ; the combination of these qualities would ensure that it would be an easily marketable product . It was later decided it should be appealing to as many demographic groups as possible , including children . A candy bar was developed with a dark cocoa @-@ flavored cookie pieces mixed with Japanese @-@ style crisped rice , and finally coated with dark milk chocolate . The cookie bar is pressed relatively flat on five sides ; however , the top of the bar presents an uneven surface , even with the chocolate coating . When it came to a name for the product , it was decided that the keyword should be the color " black " , which would allude to the dark chocolate flavor . This is in keeping with other marketing trends in Japan , where the color " black " is associated with dark or bittersweet chocolate , such as the popular Meiji Black chocolate bar . To give the product some " impact " with consumers , it was decided to name it after the Japanese god of thunder , Raijin . Although the name of the product uses the English words " Black Thunder " ( pronounced or transliterated as Burakku Sandah ) , the outer package also carries the Japanese kanji term for the product in a smaller font ( 黒い雷神 , pronounced kuroi raijin ) , so that the meaning would not be lost on consumers . An advertising slogan recorded from the development period translates to , " Delicious taste like a flash of lightning ! " ( おいしさイナズマ級 ! ) , but was initially rejected in favor of the basic one @-@ line descriptive " Black cocoa crunch " .
= = History = =
During initial development , a chocolate bar with three kinds of nuts was developed , called " ChocoNuts 3 " . However , it was terminated within a short time , as it was thought it would not appeal to children . The Black Thunder bar was then developed based on the original concept specifications but also with the idea that it would appeal to multiple demographic segments , including children .
In 1994 , a small factory with only twenty employees in Toyohashi city , Aichi @-@ ken , began making the Black Thunder chocolate bars . The packaging at that time used alphabetic script that read " Black Thunder " , and the suggested retail price was set at 30 yen . By the year 2000 , sales were not impressive , but it was decided to keep the product . At the same time , the package design was altered , and the concept slogan was added : " Delicious taste in a flash of lightning ! " In August 2003 , the package was changed again to its current design , in which alphabetic font for the brand name was replaced with Japanese lettering in katakana . Finally , a new advertising slogan aimed at a specific demographic was added to the front of the package : " A big hit among young women ! " Throughout this early period , sales growth was largely dependent on word @-@ of @-@ mouth recommendations .
Though initially distributed only to 7 @-@ Eleven stores in the Kanto region , a potential for expanded marketing was realized , and Black Thunder was released for sale through a cooperative business association into more areas . During the 2004 to 2005 sales year , Black Thunder bars saw a sudden surge in popularity in the Kyushu region . During the summer of 2005 , Black Thunder bars were distributed in more regions across the country . By the end of the year , over 900 @,@ 000 units had been sold and Black Thunder bars were the best @-@ selling product of the Yuraku Confectionery Company . In 2006 , it was picked up by the Shiraishi @-@ san Co @-@ op and sold over the internet , and product sales received a boost as it gained in popularity among university students . In the first three years after sales commenced over the internet , about ten times the number of Black Thunder bars were sold since its inception eleven years earlier . In 2008 , the Yuraku Confectionery company sponsored the Men 's Gymnastics team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . The team earned the Silver Medal , as did individual gymnast Kōhei Uchimura . After the 19 @-@ year @-@ old gymnast actively endorsed the product in news media , brand recognition jumped considerably and from 2008 to 2009 , total sales jumped from just under 50 million units to the landmark number of 100 million . By 2010 , sales had reached 130 million units .
At present , Black Thunder bars are made in four factories located in Sapporo , Tokyo , Osaka , and the original factory in Toyohashi . From any of these , Black Thunder bars can be shipped to various convenience stores and discount stores across the country , and they are still distributed to all university student co @-@ operatives in the Kanto area .
= = Nutritional information = =
The following tables presents the nutritional information of a standard Black Thunder chocolate bar .
= = Variations = =
Yuraku has produced a number of variations on the original Black Thunder bar , with different target demographics , or in collaboration with other commercial ventures . This section includes some of the more notable products by Yuraku . Other Black Thunder products may be available to a restricted market or for a limited time period .
= = = Big Thunder = = =
In 2008 , Yuraku decided to branch out with the product in an effort to appeal to a broader demographic . The " Big Thunder " candy bar was developed , which is about twice the length and width of the original bar , but about half the thickness . The main slogan can be translated to " Big satisfaction for the glutton ! ! " ( くいしんぼうも大満足 ！ ！ ) , though the package also bears the slogans " Deliciousness ! Size ! Double the lightning strike ! " ( おいしさ ！ 大きさ ！ ダブルイナズマ ！ ) and " The great rage of Raijin ! " ( 雷神大暴れ ！ ) .
= = = Black Thunder Mini @-@ bar = = =
Black Thunder was also put in the form of a " Mini @-@ bar " in 2008 . The mini @-@ bars are about half the size and width of the regular size , and sold in packages . It was thought that the greater volume would appeal to cost @-@ conscious families . While the regular Big Thunder bar is sold mainly in convenience stores , the target venue for the Mini @-@ bars has been grocery stores .
= = = Dear Girl Thunder = = =
In March 2009 , in collaboration with the radio show Dear Girl Stories with Hiroshi Kamiya and Daisuke Ono and Nippon Cultural Broadcasting , the " Dear Girl Thunder " candy bar was developed . The flavor of the Dear Girl Thunder bar was advertised as " The Taste of First Love : Salt and Chocolate " ( 初恋の味 ・ 塩チョコ ) . In Japan , chocolate is associated with Valentine 's Day and is considered an appropriate gift between sweethearts ; salty foods are considered " adult " and are thus associated with maturity . A person 's " first love " is , like in other cultures , something of a rite of passage ; an episode in life sweet in sentiment , but with maturing results . In July 2009 , a limited edition of 480 units of the Dear Girl Thunder bar went on sale and quickly sold out . In October 2010 , the Dear Girl Thunder bar went on sale in FamilyMart convenience stores ( with the exception of the stores in one region ) . During 2010 , consumers questioned why Black Thunder bars were not distributed to areas of Hokkaido , Miyazaki , Kagoshima , and Okinawa , and the company responded with research into the feasibility of nationwide distribution . In January 2011 , it was decided that a second edition of the Dear Girl Thunder bar would be distributed to Animate stores , a retailer that specializes in anime , manga , and video games . It would also be marketed on the mail order website of Cho ! A & G + , a branch of Nippon Cultural Broadcasting , Inc . , that focuses on digital radio broadcasting . Both deals ensure that consumers across the country can purchase the Dear Girl Thunder bars .
= = = " White Black Thunder " = = =
In December 2010 , Yuraku Confectionery Company introduced " White Black Thunder " bars , called Shiroi Black Thunder ( 白いブラックサンダー ) , for a limited run of six months . The cookie and rice puff core are the same as Black Thunder , but the outer chocolate coating is white . The package mentions " From Hokkaido " , an area which has been associated with white chocolate since its introduction by the Rokkatei Confectionery , based in Obihiro , Hokkaido , in the 1970s . The advertising slogan can be translated as : " Straight descent into deliciousness ! " ( おいしさ直滑降 ) , and uses a term distinctly related to the steep slopes of Alpine skiing . Within a short time , the White Thunder bar has proven to be quite popular , as demonstrated by the rapid depletion of stocks .
= = = Morning Thunder = = =
In January 2011 , the Morning Thunder bar was introduced ( モーニングサンダー ) . Intended as a breakfast bar , the Morning Thunder contains a cinnamon @-@ flavored cookie mixed with peanuts and soy bean puffs , fortified with extra protein , and coated in milk chocolate . The slogan on the front of the package states : " Protein and peanuts in a filling chocolate bar " ( ブチプロテイン ＆ ピーナッツin満足系チョコバー ) . A limited run of twelve months is planned for the Morning Thunder bar .
= = = Other products = = =
Various other products related to Black Thunder are or have been marketed by Yuraku for limited periods , including the Chibi Thunder ( " Tiny Thunder " ) , Black Thunder Manjū , and Toyohashi Special Edition of Black Thunder Mini @-@ bars .
= = Related Products = =
In 2009 , Yuraku collaborated with Royal Foods Company , which began making Black Thunder ice cream bars and Black Thunder Monaka ( similar to an ice cream sandwich ) . Distribution is restricted to 7 @-@ Eleven stores .
In April 2010 , it was announced that there would be a collaboration with Guacamole brand clothing designers . The result was a line of swimwear for men and women , and a selection of men 's underwear . Most items sport black or gold lightning designs .
In 2011 , a hardcover book was published about the history and various trivia related to Black Thunder bars . Released on February 9 , 2011 to book stores and convenience stores , the title translates to The Mystery of Black Thunder ( 謎のブラックサンダー ) .
= = Competitors = =
Starting in 2000 , a candy bar called Golden Chop ( ゴールデンチョップ ) appeared on the market containing similar ingredients as the Black Thunder , and the outer package presents similar colors , design , and font style . It uses the advertising slogan " Fit to be eaten at lightning speed " .
= Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War =
The Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War ( Azerbaijani : Qarabağ Müharibəsi ) , referred to as the Artsakh Liberation War ( Armenian : Արցախյան ազատամարտ , Artsakhyan azatamart ) by Armenians , was an ethnic conflict that took place in the late 1980s to May 1994 , in the enclave of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan , between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh backed by the Republic of Armenia , and the Republic of Azerbaijan . As the war progressed , Armenia and Azerbaijan , both former Soviet Republics , entangled themselves in a protracted , undeclared war in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the secessionist movement in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . The enclave 's parliament had voted in favor of uniting itself with Armenia and a referendum , boycotted by the Azerbaijani population of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , was held , whereby most of the voters voted in favor of independence . The demand to unify with Armenia , which began anew in 1988 , began in a relatively peaceful manner ; however , in the following months , as the Soviet Union 's disintegration neared , it gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between ethnic Armenians and ethnic Azerbaijanis , resulting in claims of ethnic cleansing by both sides .
Inter @-@ ethnic clashes between the two broke out shortly after the parliament of the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Autonomous Oblast ( NKAO ) in Azerbaijan voted to unify the region with Armenia on 20 February 1988 . The declaration of secession from Azerbaijan was the final result of a territorial conflict regarding the land . As Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union and removed the powers held by the enclave 's government , the Armenian majority voted to secede from Azerbaijan and in the process proclaimed the unrecognized Republic of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh .
Full @-@ scale fighting erupted in the late winter of 1992 . International mediation by several groups including the Organization for Security and Co @-@ operation in Europe ( OSCE ) failed to bring an end resolution that both sides could work with . In the spring of 1993 , Armenian forces captured regions outside the enclave itself , threatening the involvement of other countries in the region . By the end of the war in 1994 , the Armenians were in full control of most of the enclave and also held and currently control approximately 9 % of Azerbaijan 's territory outside the enclave . As many as 230 @,@ 000 Armenians from Azerbaijan and 800 @,@ 000 Azeris from Armenia and Karabakh have been displaced as a result of the conflict . A Russian @-@ brokered ceasefire was signed in May 1994 and peace talks , mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group , have been held ever since by Armenia and Azerbaijan .
= = Background = =
The territorial ownership of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh today is still heavily contested between Armenians and Azerbaijanis . The current conflict has its roots in events following World War I. Shortly before the Ottoman Empire 's capitulation in the war , the Russian Empire collapsed in November 1917 and fell under the control of the Bolsheviks . The three nations of the Caucasus , Armenians , Azerbaijanis and Georgians , previously under the rule of the Russians , declared the formation of the Transcaucasian Federation which dissolved after only three months of existence .
= = = Armenian – Azerbaijani war = = =
Fighting soon broke out between the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in three specific regions : Nakhchevan , Zangezur ( today the Armenian province of Syunik ) and Karabakh itself , in Azerbaijan .
Armenia and Azerbaijan quarreled about the putative boundaries of the three provinces . The Karabakh Armenians attempted to declare their independence but failed to make contact with the Republic of Armenia . Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I , Armenian General Andranik Ozanian entered Karabakh with military success and was headed towards the region capital of Shusha in December 1918 . British troops occupied the South Caucasus in 1919 , and the British command suggested Andranik cease his offense and allow the conflict to be solved at the Paris Peace Conference . Afterward , the British provisionally affirmed Azerbaijani statesman Khosrov bey Sultanov as the governor @-@ general of Karabakh and ordered him to " squash any unrest in the region " . Afterward followed the Shusha massacre of an estimated 20 @,@ 000 Armenians .
= = = Soviet division = = =
Two months later however , the Soviet 11th Army invaded the Caucasus and within three years , the Caucasian republics were formed into the Transcaucasian SFSR of the Soviet Union . The Bolsheviks thereafter created a seven @-@ member committee , the Caucasus Bureau ( typically referred to as the Kavburo ) . Under the supervision of the People 's Commissar for Nationalities , the future Soviet ruler Joseph Stalin , the Kavburo was tasked to head up matters in the Caucasus . On 4 July 1921 the committee voted 4 – 3 in favor of allocating Karabakh to the newly created Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia but a day later the Kavburo reversed its decision and voted to leave the region within Azerbaijan SSR . The Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Autonomous Oblast ( NKAO ) was created in 1923 , leaving it with a population that was 94 % Armenian . The reversal was substantiated with the economic connections the region had with Azerbaijan . The capital was moved from Shusha to Khankendi , which was later renamed as Stepanakert .
Armenian and Azeri scholars have speculated that the decision was an application of the principle of " divide and rule " by Soviet Union . This can be seen , for example , by the odd placement of the Nakhichevan exclave , which is separated by Armenia but is a part of Azerbaijan . Others have also postulated that the decision was a goodwill gesture by the Soviet government to help maintain " good relations with Atatürk 's Turkey . " Over the following decades of Soviet rule the Armenians retained a strong desire for unification of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh with Armenia , an aim that some members of the Armenian Communist Party attempted to accomplish . First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia Aghasi Khanjian was murdered by Deputy Head ( and soon Head ) of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria after submitting Armenian grievances to Stalin , which included requests to return Nagorno @-@ Karabakh and Nakhichevan to Armenia . The Armenians insisted that their national rights had been suppressed and their cultural and economic freedoms were being curtailed .
= = Revival of the Karabakh issue = =
After Stalin 's death , Armenian discontent began to be voiced . In 1963 , around 2 @,@ 500 Karabakh Armenians signed a petition calling for Karabakh to be put under Armenian control or to be transferred to Russia . Also in 1963 , there were violent clashes in Stepanakert , leading to the death of 18 Armenians . In 1965 and 1977 , there were large demonstrations in Yerevan , which also called for unifying Karabakh with Armenia . As the new general secretary of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev , came to power in 1985 , he began implementing his plans to reform the Soviet Union . These were encapsulated in two policies : perestroika and glasnost . While perestroika had more to do with economic reform , glasnost or " openness " granted limited freedom to Soviet citizens to express grievances about the Soviet system itself and its leaders . Capitalizing on this new policy of Moscow , the leaders of the Regional Soviet of Karabakh decided to vote in favor of unifying the autonomous region with Armenia on 20 February 1988 . The resolution read :
Welcoming the wishes of the workers of the Nagorny Karabakh Autonomous Region to request the Supreme Soviets of the Azerbaijani SSR and the Armenian SSR to display a feeling of deep understanding of the aspirations of the Armenian population of Nagorny Karabakh and to resolve the question of transferring the Nagorny Karabakh Autonomous Region from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR , at the same time to intercede with the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to reach a positive resolution on the issue of transferring the region from the Azerbaijani SSR to the Armenian SSR .
On 24 February , Boris Kevorkov , the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh autonomous region party secretary and an Azerbaijan loyalist , was dismissed .
Karabakh Armenian leaders complained that the region had neither Armenian language textbooks in schools nor in television broadcasting , and that Azerbaijan 's Communist Party General Secretary Heydar Aliyev had extensively attempted to " Azerify " the region and increase the influence and the number of Azeris living in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , while at the same time reducing its Armenian population ( in 1987 , Aliyev would step down as General Secretary of Azerbaijan 's Politburo ) . By 1988 , the Armenian population of Karabakh had dwindled to nearly three @-@ quarters of the total population .
The movement was spearheaded by popular Armenian figures and found support among intellectuals in Russia as well . According to journalist Thomas De Waal some members of the Russian intelligentsia , such as the dissident Andrei Sakharov expressed support for Armenians . More prominent support for the movement among the Moscow elite was interpreted by some in the public : in November 1987 L 'Humanité published the personal comments made by Abel Aganbegyan , an economic adviser to Gorbachev , to Armenians living in France , in which he suggested that Nagorno @-@ Karabakh could be ceded to Armenia . Prior to the declaration , Armenians had begun to protest and stage workers ' strikes in Yerevan , demanding a unification with the enclave . This prompted Azeri counter @-@ protests in Baku . After the demonstrations in Yerevan to demand unification of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh with Armenia began , Gorbachev met with two leaders of the Karabakh movement , Zori Balayan and Silva Kaputikyan on 26 February 1988 . Gorbachev asked them for a one @-@ month moratorium on demonstrations . When Kaputikyan returned to Armenia the same evening , she told the crowds the " Armenians [ had ] triumphed " although Gorbachev hadn 't made any concrete promises . According to Svante Cornell , this was an attempt to pressure Moscow . On March 10 , Gorbachev stated that the borders between the republics would not change , in accordance with Article 78 of the Soviet constitution . Gorbachev also stated that several other regions in the Soviet Union were yearning for territorial changes and redrawing the boundaries in Karabakh would thus set a dangerous precedent . But the Armenians viewed the 1921 Kavburo decision with disdain and felt that in their efforts they were correcting a historical error through the principle of self @-@ determination , a right also granted in the constitution . Azeris , on the other hand , found such calls for relinquishing their territory by the Armenians unfathomable and aligned themselves with Gorbachev 's position .
On 19 February 1988 , during the seventh day of the Armenian rallies , the first counterprotest was held in Baku . The poet Bakhtiyar Vahabzadeh and the historian Suleyman Aliyarov published an open letter in the newspaper Azerbaijan , declaring that Karabakh was historically Azerbaijani territory .
= = = Askeran and Sumgait = = =
Ethnic infighting soon broke out between Armenians and Azerbaijanis living in Karabakh . It is claimed as early as the end of 1987 Azerbaijanis from the villages of Ghapan and Meghri in Armenia were forced to leave their homes as a result of tensions between them and their Armenian neighbors and in November 1987 two freight cars full of Azerbaijanis are alleged to have arrived at the train station in Baku . In later interviews , the mayors of the two villages denied that any such tension existed at the time and no such documentation has been adduced to support the notion of forced expulsions .
On 20 February 1988 two Azerbaijani trainee female students in Stepanakert hospital were allegedly raped by Armenians . On 22 February 1988 a direct confrontation between Azerbaijanis and Armenians , near the town of Askeran ( located on the road between Stepanakert and Agdam ) in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , degenerated into a skirmish . During the clashes two Azerbaijani youths were killed . One of them was probably shot by a local policeman , possibly an Azerbaijani , either by accident or as a result of a quarrel . On 27 February 1988 , while speaking on Baku 's central television , the Soviet Deputy Procurator Alexander Katusev reported that " two inhabitants of the Agdam district fell victim to murder " and gave their Muslim names .
The clash in Askeran was the prelude to the pogroms in Sumgait , where emotions , already heightened by news about the Karabakh crisis , turned even uglier in a series of protests starting on 27 February . Speaking at the rallies , Azerbaijani refugees from the Armenian town of Ghapan accused Armenians of " murder and atrocities " . According to the Soviet media , these allegations were disproved and many of the speakers were reportedly agents provocateurs . Within hours , a pogrom against Armenian residents began in Sumgait , a city some 25 kilometers north of Baku . The pogroms resulted in the deaths of 32 people ( 26 Armenians and 6 Azerbaijanis ) , according to official Soviet statistics , although many Armenians felt that the true figure was not reported . Nearly all of Sumgait 's Armenian population left the city after the pogrom . Armenians were beaten , raped , mutilated and killed both on the streets of Sumgait and inside their apartments during three days of violence ( with no intervention from the police or the local bodies ) that only subsided when Soviet armed forces entered the city and quelled much of the rioting on 1 March . The manner in which they were killed reverberated among Armenians , recalling memories of the Armenian Genocide .
On 23 March 1988 the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union rejected the demands of Armenians to cede Nagorno @-@ Karabakh to Armenia . Troops were sent to Yerevan to prevent protests against the decision . Gorbachev 's attempts to stabilize the region were to no avail , as both sides remained equally intransigent . In Armenia , there was a firm belief that what had taken place in the region of Nakhichevan would be repeated in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh : prior to its absorption by Soviet Russia , it had a population which was 40 % Armenian ; by the late 1980s , its Armenian population was virtually non @-@ existent .
= = Interethnic violence = =
Armenians refused to allow the issue to subside despite a compromise made by Gorbachev , which included a promise of a 400 million @-@ ruble package to introduce Armenian language textbooks and television programming in Karabakh . At the same time , Azerbaijan was unwilling to cede any territory to Armenia . Calls to transfer Karabakh to Armenia briefly subsided when a devastating earthquake hit Armenia on 7 December 1988 , which leveled the towns of Leninakan ( now Gyumri ) and Spitak , killing an estimated 25 @,@ 000 people . But conflict brewed up once more when the eleven members of the newly formed Karabakh Committee , including the future president of Armenia Levon Ter @-@ Petrosyan , were jailed by Moscow officials in the ensuing chaos of the earthquake . Such actions polarized relations between Armenia and the Kremlin ; Armenians lost faith in Gorbachev , despising him even more because of his handling of the earthquake relief effort and his uncompromising stance on Nagorno @-@ Karabakh .
In the months following the Sumgait pogroms , a forced population exchange took place as Armenians living in Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis living in Armenia were compelled to abandon their homes . According to the Azerbaijani government , between 27 and 29 November 1988 33 Azerbaijanis were killed in Spitak , Gugark , and Stepanavan and 216 in the 1987 – 1989 period . According to Azerbaijani MP Arif Yunusov in November of the same year twenty Azerbaijanis from the Armenian village of Vartan were reportedly burned to death . However , according to Armenian sources , the number of Azerbaijanis killed in the 1988 – 1989 period was 25 .
Interethnic fighting also spread throughout cities in Azerbaijan , including , in December 1988 , in Kirovabad and Nakhichevan , where seven people ( among them four soldiers ) were killed and hundreds injured when Soviet army units attempted once more to stop attacks directed at Armenians . Estimates differ on how many people were killed during the first two years of the conflict . The Azerbaijani government alleges that 216 Azerbaijanis were killed in Armenia , while the researcher Arif Yunusov gives 127 to those killed in 1988 alone . An October 1989 piece by Time , however , stated that over 100 people were estimated to have been killed since February 1988 , in both Armenia and Azerbaijan .
By the end of 1988 , dozens of villages in Armenia had become deserted , as most of Armenia 's more than 200 @,@ 000 Azerbaijanis and Muslim Kurds left . While Muslim Kurds did not take up arms against Armenians , almost all of them fled their homes from the Armenian controlled areas ( at most , 1 @,@ 000 Muslim Kurds are estimated to remain in Armenia today ) .
= = = Black January = = =
Inter @-@ ethnic strife began to take a toll on both countries ' populations , forcing most of the Armenians in Azerbaijan to flee to Armenia and most of the Azeris in Armenia to Azerbaijan . The situation in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh had grown so out of hand that in January 1989 the central government in Moscow temporarily took control of the region , a move welcomed by many Armenians . In September 1989 , Popular Front ( APF ) leaders and their ever @-@ increasing supporters managed to institute a railway blockade against Armenia and the NKAO , effectively crippling Armenia 's economy , as 85 % of the cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic , although some claim this was a response to Armenia 's embargo against Nakhichevan ASSR that had started earlier that summer . The disruption of rail service to Armenia was , accordingly , in part due to the attacks of Armenian militants on Azerbaijani train crews entering Armenia .
In January 1990 , another pogrom directed at Armenians in Baku forced Gorbachev to declare a state of emergency and send troops from the MVD to restore order . Amid the rising independence movement in Azerbaijan , Gorbachev dispatched the military to dragoon the events , as the Soviet regime inched closer to collapse . Soviet troops received orders to occupy Baku at midnight on January 20 , 1990 . City residents , who saw tanks coming at about 5 AM , said the troops were the first to open fire . The Shield Report , an independent commission from the USSR military procurator 's office , rejected the military claims of returning fire , finding no evidence that those manning the barricades on the roads to Baku were armed . A curfew was established and violent clashes between the soldiers and the surging Azerbaijan Popular Front were common , in the end leading to the deaths of 120 Azerbaijanis and eight MVD soldiers in Baku . During this time , however , Azerbaijan 's Communist Party had fallen and the belated order to send the MVD forces had more to do with keeping the Party in power than with protecting the city 's Armenian population . The events , referred to as " Black January " , also strained the relations between Azerbaijan and the central government .
= = = Fighting in Qazakh = = =
Azerbaijan has several exclaves within the territory of Armenia : Yukhari Askipara , Barkhudarli and Sofulu in the northwest and an exclave of Karki in the Nakhchivan exclave of Azerbaijan Republic . In early 1990 , the road alongside the border village of Baganis came under routine attack by militia members from Azerbaijan . At the same time , Armenian forces attacked both these Azerbaijani enclaves within the Armenian territory and the border villages of Qazakh and Sadarak rayon in Azerbaijan proper . On 26 March 1990 several cars with Armenian paramilitaries arrived in the Armenian border village of Baganis . At dusk , they crossed the border storming the Azerbaijani village Bağanis Ayrum . About 20 houses were burned and 8 to 11 Azerbaijani villagers killed . The bodies of members of one family , including infants , were found in the charred ruins of their burned homes . By the time the Soviet Interior Ministry troops arrived in Bağanis Ayrum , the attackers had already fled .
On 18 August a significant accumulation of Armenian militants near the border was observed . The following day , units of the Armenian national army bombarded Azeri villages Yuxarı Əskipara , Bağanis Ayrum , Aşağı Əskipara and Quşçu Ayrım , and according to eyewitnesses used rocket @-@ propelled grenades and mortars . The first attack was repulsed with additional reinforcements arriving from Yerevan , Armenian forces were able to seize Yuxarı Əskipara and Bağanis Ayrum . On 20 August tanks , anti @-@ aircraft guns and helicopter gunships of the Soviet army under the command of Major General Yuri Shatalin were brought in and by the end of the day the Armenians were driven off . According to the Soviet Ministry of Interior , one internal ministry officer and two police officers were killed , nine soldiers and thirteen residents were injured . According to Armenian media reports , five militants were killed and 25 were wounded ; according to Azerbaijani media , about 30 were killed and 100 wounded .
= = = Operation Ring = = =
In the spring of 1991 , President Gorbachev held a special countrywide referendum called the Union Treaty which would decide if the Soviet republics would remain together . Newly elected , non @-@ communist leaders had come to power in the Soviet republics , including Boris Yeltsin in Russia ( Gorbachev remained the President of the Soviet Union ) , Levon Ter @-@ Petrosyan in Armenia , and Ayaz Mutalibov in Azerbaijan . Armenia and five other republics boycotted the referendum ( Armenia would hold its own referendum and declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 21 September 1991 ) , whereas Azerbaijan voted in compliance to the Treaty .
As many Armenians and Azeris in Karabakh began an arms build up ( by acquiring weaponry located in caches throughout Karabakh ) in order to defend themselves , Mutalibov turned to Gorbachev for support in launching a joint military operation in order to disarm Armenian militants in the region . Termed Operation Ring , Soviet forces acting in conjunction with the local Azerbaijani OMON forcibly deported Armenians living in the villages of the region of Shahumyan . The operation involved the use of ground troops , military , armored vehicles and artillery . The deportations of the Armenian civilians were carried out with gross human rights violations documented by international human rights organizations .
Ring was perceived by both Soviet and Armenian government officials as a method of intimidating the Armenian populace to giving up their demands for unification . Operation Ring proved counter @-@ productive to what it had originally sought to accomplish . The violence that took place during the operation only reinforced the belief among Armenians that the only solution to the Karabakh conflict was through armed resistance . The initial Armenian resistance inspired volunteers to start forming irregular volunteer detachments .
= = = First attempt to mediate peace = = =
First peace mediation efforts were started by the Russian President , Boris Yeltsin and Kazakhstan President , Nursultan Nazarbayev in September 1991 . After peace talks in Baku , Ganja , Stepanakert ( Khankendi ) and Yerevan on 20 – 23 September , the sides agreed to sign the Zheleznovodsk Communiqué in the Russian city of Zheleznovodsk taking the principles of territorial integrity , non @-@ interference in internal affairs of sovereign states , observance of civil rights as a base of the agreement . The agreement was signed by Yeltsin , Nazarbayev , Mutalibov , and Ter @-@ Petrosian . The peace efforts came to a halt due to continuing bombardment and atrocities by Azerbaijani OMON in Stepanakert and Chapar in late September . With the final blow being the Azerbaijani MI @-@ 8 helicopter shoot down near the village of Karakend in the Martuni District with peace mediating team consisting of Russian , Kazakh observers and Azerbaijani high @-@ ranking officials on board .
= = = Conflict in the last days of the USSR = = =
In late 1991 , Armenian militias launched offensives to capture Armenian @-@ populated villages seized by Azerbaijani OMON in May – July 1991 . Leaving these villages , the Azerbaijani units in some cases burned them . According to the Moscow @-@ based Human Rights organization Memorial , at the same time , as a result of attacks by Armenian armed forces , several thousand residents of Azerbaijani villages in the former Shahumian , Hadrut , Martakert , Askeran , Martuni rayons of Azerbaijan had to leave their homes , too . Some villages ( e.g. , Imereti and Gerevent ) were burned by the militants . There were instances of serious violence against the civilian population ( in particular , in the village Meshali ) .
Starting in late autumn of 1991 , when the Azerbaijani side started its counter @-@ offensive , the Armenian side began targeting Azerbaijani villages . According to Memorial , the villages Malibeyli and Gushchular , from which Azeri forces regularly bombarded Stepanakert , were attacked by Armenians where the houses were burned and dozens of civilians were killed . Each side accused the other of using the villages as strategic gathering points , covering the artillery positions . On 19 December , Internal Ministry troops began to withdraw from Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , which was completed by 27 December . With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the withdrawal of internal troops from Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , the situation in the conflict zone became uncontrollable .
= = Weapons vacuum = =
As the disintegration of the Soviet Union became a reality for Soviet citizens in the autumn of 1991 , both sides sought to acquire weaponry from military caches located throughout Karabakh . The initial advantage tilted in Azerbaijan 's favor . During the Cold War , the Soviet military doctrine for defending the Caucasus had outlined a strategy where Armenia would be a combat zone in the event that NATO member Turkey were to have invaded from the west . Thus , there were only three divisions stationed in the Armenian SSR and no airfields , while Azerbaijan had a total of five divisions and five military airfields . Furthermore , Armenia had approximately 500 railroad cars of ammunition in comparison to Azerbaijan 's 10 @,@ 000 .
As MVD forces began pulling out , they bequeathed the Armenians and Azerbaijanis a vast arsenal of ammunition and stored armored vehicles . The government forces initially sent by Gorbachev three years earlier were from other republics of the Soviet Union and many had no wish to remain any longer . Most were poor , young conscripts and many simply sold their weapons for cash or even vodka to either side , some even trying to sell tanks and armored personnel carriers ( APCs ) . The unsecured weapons caches led both sides to blame Gorbachev 's policies as the ultimate cause of the conflict . The Azerbaijanis purchased a large quantity of these vehicles , as reported by the Foreign Ministry of Azerbaijan in November 1993 , which reported it had acquired 286 tanks , 842 armored vehicles , and 386 artillery pieces during the power vacuum . The emergence of black markets helped facilitate the import of Western weaponry .
Most weaponry was Russian @-@ made or came from the former Eastern bloc countries ; however , some improvisation was made by both sides . Azerbaijan received substantial military aid and provisions from Turkey , Israel and numerous Arab countries . The Armenian Diaspora donated a significant amount of aid to Armenia through the course of the war and even managed to push for legislation in the United States Congress to pass a bill entitled Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act in response to Azerbaijan 's blockade against Armenia , placing a complete ban on military aid from the United States to Azerbaijan in 1992 . While Azerbaijan charged that the Russians were initially helping the Armenians , it was said that " the Azeri fighters in the region [ were ] far better equipped with Soviet military weaponry than their opponents . "
With Gorbachev resigning as Soviet General @-@ Secretary on 26 December 1991 , the remaining republics including Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia , declared their independence and the Soviet Union ceased to exist on 31 December 1991 . This dissolution gave way to any barriers that were keeping Armenia and Azerbaijan from waging a full @-@ scale war . One month prior , on 21 November , the Azerbaijani Parliament had rescinded Karabakh 's status as an autonomous region and renamed its capital " Xankandi . " In response , on 10 December , a referendum was held in Karabakh by parliamentary leaders ( with the local Azerbaijani community boycotting it ) , whereby the Armenians voted overwhelmingly in favor of independence . On 6 January 1992 , the region declared its independence from Azerbaijan .
The withdrawal of the Soviet interior forces from Nagorno @-@ Karabakh in the Caucasus region was only temporary . By February 1992 , the former Soviet states were consolidated as the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) . While Azerbaijan abstained from joining , Armenia , fearing a possible invasion by Turkey in the escalating conflict , entered the CIS , which brought it under the organization 's " collective security umbrella . " In January 1992 , CIS forces established their new headquarters at Stepanakert and took up a slightly more active role in peacekeeping , incorporating old units , including the 366th Motorized Rifle Regiment and elements of the Soviet 4th Army .
= = Building armies = =
The sporadic battles between Armenians and Azeris had intensified after Operation Ring recruited thousands of volunteers into improvised armies from both Armenia and Azerbaijan . In Armenia , a recurrent and popular theme at the time compared and idolized the separatist fighters to historical Armenian guerrilla groups and revered individuals such as Andranik Ozanian and Garegin Nzhdeh , who fought against the Ottoman Empire during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . In addition to the government 's conscription of males aged 18 – 45 , many Armenians volunteered to fight and formed jokats , or detachments of about forty men , which , combined with several others , came under the command of a Lieutenant Colonel . Initially , many of these men chose when and where to serve and acted on their own behalf , rarely with any oversight , when attacking or defending areas . Direct insubordination was common as many of the men simply did not show up , looted the bodies of dead soldiers and commodities such as diesel oil for armored vehicles disappeared only to be sold in black markets .
Many women enlisted in the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh military , taking part in the fighting as well as serving in auxiliary roles such as providing first @-@ aid and evacuating wounded men from the battlefield .
Azerbaijan 's military functioned in much the same manner ; however , it was better organized during the first years of the war . The Azeri government also carried out conscription and many Azeris enthusiastically enlisted for combat in the first months after the Soviet Union collapsed . Azerbaijan 's National Army consisted of roughly 30 @,@ 000 men , in addition to nearly 10 @,@ 000 in its OMON paramilitary force and several thousand volunteers from the Popular Front . Suret Huseynov , a wealthy Azeri , also improvised by creating his own military brigade , the 709th of the Azerbaijani Army and purchasing many weapons and vehicles from the 23rd Motor Rifle Division 's arsenal . İsgandar Hamidov 's bozqurt or Grey Wolves brigade also mobilized for action . The government of Azerbaijan also poured a great deal of money into hiring mercenaries from other countries through the revenue it was making from its oil field assets on and near the Caspian Sea .
Former troops of the Soviet Union also offered their services to either side . For example , one of the most prominent officers to serve on the Armenian side was former Soviet General Anatoly Zinevich , who remained in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh for five years ( 1992 – 1997 ) and was involved in planning and implementation of many operations of the Armenian forces . By the end of war he held the position of Chief of Staff of the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Republic ( NKR ) armed forces . The estimated amount of manpower and military vehicles each entity involved in the conflict had in the 1993 – 1994 time period was :
Because at the time Armenia did not have the kind of far reaching treaties with Russia ( signed later in 1997 and 2010 ) , and because CSTO did not exist then , Armenia had to protect its border with Turkey by itself . For the duration of the war most of the military personnel and equipment of the Republic of Armenia stayed in Armenia proper guarding the Armenian @-@ Turkish border against possible aggression .
In an overall military comparison , the number of men eligible for military service in Armenia , in the age group of 17 – 32 , totalled 550 @,@ 000 , while in Azerbaijan it was 1 @.@ 3 million . Most men from both sides had served in the Soviet Army and so had some form of military experience prior to the conflict , including tours of duty in Afghanistan . Among Karabakh Armenians , about 60 % had served in the Soviet Army . Most Azeris , however , were often subject to discrimination during their service in the Soviet military and relegated to work in construction battalions rather than fighting corps . Despite the establishment of two officer academies including a naval school in Azerbaijan , the lack of such military experience was one factor that rendered Azerbaijan unprepared for the war . The Azerbaijani military was assisted by Afghan commander Gulbuddin Hekmatyar . The recruitment for the purpose was mostly made in Peshawar by commander Fazle Haq Mujahid and several groups were dispatched to Azerbaijan for different duties .
= = Early Armenian offensives = =
= = = Khojaly = = =
On 2 January 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov assumed the office of the presidency of Azerbaijan . Officially , the newly created Republic of Armenia publicly denied any involvement in providing any weapons , fuel , food , or other logistics to the secessionists in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh . However , Ter @-@ Petrosyan later did admit to supplying them with logistical supplies and paying the salaries of the separatists , but denied sending any of its own men to combat . Armenia faced a debilitating blockade by the now Republic of Azerbaijan , as well as pressure from neighboring Turkey , which decided to side with Azerbaijan and build a closer relationship with it . In early February , the Azeri villages of Malıbəyli , Karadagly and Agdaban were conquered and their population evicted , leading to at least 99 civilian deaths and 140 wounded .
The only land connection Armenia had with Karabakh was through the narrow mountainous Lachin corridor which could only be reached by helicopters . The region 's only airport was in the small town of Khojaly , which was seven km ( 4 @.@ 3 miles ) north of capital Stepanakert with an estimated population of 6 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 people . Additionally , Khojaly had been serving as an artillery base from which GRAD missiles were launched upon the civilian population of capital Stepanakert : On some days as many as 400 GRAD missiles rained down on Armenian multi- storey apartments . By late February , the Armenian forces reportedly warned about the upcoming attack and issued an ultimatum that unless the Azerbaijanis stopped the shelling from Khojaly they would seize the town .
By late February , Khojaly had largely been cut off . On 26 February , Armenian forces , with the aid of some armored vehicles from the 366th , mounted an offensive to capture Khojaly . According to the Azerbaijani side and the affirmation of other sources including Human Rights Watch , the Moscow @-@ based human rights organization Memorial and the biography of a leading Armenian commander , Monte Melkonian , documented and published by his brother , after Armenian forces captured Khojaly , they proceeded to kill several hundred civilians evacuating from the town . Armenian forces had previously stated they would attack the city and leave a land corridor for them to escape through . However , when the attack began , the attacking Armenian force easily outnumbered and overwhelmed the defenders who along with the civilians attempted
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hkaal ( 1994 ) , Bajpayee acted in the biographical drama Bandit Queen ( 1994 ) . Tigmanshu Dhulia , the casting director of the film suggested his name to its director Shekhar Kapur . Bajpayee was considered for the role of dacoit Vikram Mallah in the film , which eventually went to Nirmal Pandey . Bajpayee got the role of dacoit Mann Singh in the film . During that time , he also did a television serial called Kalakaar , directed by Hansal Mehta and Imtihaan ( Doordarshan ) .
Bajpayee was a struggling actor when Mahesh Bhatt offered him the soap opera , Swabhimaan ( 1995 ) , which aired on Doordarshan . He agreed to do the serial at a low fee . Next , Bajpayee appeared in minor roles in films like Dastak ( 1996 ) and Tamanna ( 1997 ) .
Director Ram Gopal Varma discovered Bajpayee when he was casting for Daud ( 1997 ) , a comedy film , where he had a supporting role . Following the completion of filming , Varma expressed his regret for offering Bajpayee a minor role . He then promised Bajpayee to give him a prominent role in his next film . Satya ( 1998 ) , a crime drama , was their next film together . In the film , Bajpayee essayed the role of gangster Bhiku Mhatre , who accompanies the title character to form their nexus in the Mumbai underworld .
Satya was mostly shot in the real slums of Mumbai . It was screened at the 1998 International Film Festival of India and opened to mostly positive review . Anupama Chopra called Bajpayee and others ' performances " .. so good that you can almost smell the Mumbai grime on their sweaty bodies " . The film was a commercial success , and Bajpayee won the National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor and Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor for his performance . Filmfare later included his performance in the 2010 issue of Bollywood 's " Top 80 Iconic Performances " .
Bajpayee then collaborated with Verma in the year 1999 with Kaun and Shool ; with Verma directing the former and producing the latter . Kaun , was a whodunit with only three characters in a house , where Bajpayee played an annoying talkative stranger . The film was a box @-@ office disappointment . Shool saw him play the role of an honest police officer who finds himself in the politician @-@ criminal nexus of the Motihari district in Bihar . Sify labelled Bajpayee 's performance in the film as " truly amazing [ .. ] especially the emotional scenes with Raveena Tandon . " The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi , with Bajpayee winning the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance . He also acted in the Telugu romantic film Prema Katha ( 1999 ) .
The year 2000 started for Bajpayee with the comedy Dil Pe Mat Le Yaar ! ! and the crime drama Ghaath , both alongside Tabu . A dialogue from the former sparked controversy in some political parties .
Bajpayee 's first release in 2001 was Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra 's supernatural thriller Aks . His negative portrayal of Raghavan Ghatge , a criminal who dies and reincarnates in the body of Manu Verma ( played by Amitabh Bachchan ) , garnered him the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role nomination . It was followed by Shyam Benegal 's Zubeidaa , co @-@ starring Rekha and Karishma Kapoor . He played Maharaja Vijayendra Singh of Fatehpur , a polo enthusiast prince with two wives . His character was inspired by Hanwant Singh , the Maharaja of Jodhpur .
= = = Career struggle ( 2002 – 09 ) = = =
Bajpayee 's sole release of 2002 was the road thriller , Road . He played the antagonist in the film , a hitchhiker who turns to be a psychopath killer , after taking lift from a couple ( played by Vivek Oberoi and Antara Mali ) . Bajpayee received another Filmfare nomination for Best Performance in a Negative Role , for the film .
Pinjar ( 2003 ) , a period drama , set during the partition of India , was Bajpayee 's first release of the year . Directed by Chandraprakash Dwivedi , the film was based on a Punjabi novel of the same name . He received the National Film Special Jury Award for his performance in the film . He subsequently portrayed Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav in J. P. Dutta 's ensemble war film , LOC Kargil . It was based on the Kargil War , and Bajpayee was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for it . Both the films were commercially unsuccessful .
Bajpayee 's next roles were in Jaago ( 2004 ) opposite Raveena Tandon , Makrand Deshpande 's Hanan and the thriller Inteqam . In Jaago , he played the role of a police officer who takes the situation in his own hands , after his 10 @-@ year @-@ old daughter is raped and killed . The same year , he appeared in a supporting role in Yash Chopra 's romantic drama Veer Zaara ( 2004 ) . The film was screened at the 55th Berlin Film Festival , and grossed over ₹ 940 million ( US $ 14 million ) globally , becoming the highest grossing film of the year .
In 2005 , Bajpayee acted in Dharmesh Darshan 's drama Bewafaa , the thriller Fareb , and the English language film Return to Rajapur . He also acted in the Telugu romance Happy ( 2006 ) .
In 2007 , Bajpayee played Major Suraj Singh in 1971 . The film tells the story of six Indian army soldiers , who escape from the Pakistani prison where they were captured during the Indo @-@ Pakistani War of 1971 . Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN , criticised the film but wrote : " [ Bajpayee ] is in great form , he holds back mostly and in the process , constructs a character that says more with his eyes than with words . " He next starred opposite Juhi Chawla , in Ganesh Acharya 's drama film Swami . Bajpayee 's final release of the year was the anthology film Dus Kahaniyaan . He acted in Sanjay Gupta @-@ directed story Zahir alongside Dia Mirza . All of his 2007 releases were financial failures . Next year , he starred in the ensemble comedy Money Hai Toh Honey Hai ( 2008 ) , which was also a box @-@ office disaster .
Bajpayee 's shoulder got injured while filming the Telugu film Vedam , and was absent from the screen for nearly two years . He then returned in a major role with the comedy Jugaad ( 2009 ) , which was based on the 2006 Delhi sealing drive incident . His next release was the mystery thriller Acid Factory ( 2009 ) , which was a remake of the Hollywood film Unknown ( 2006 ) . He played a comic role from one of the people who are kidnapped and locked in a factory with no memory of how they came there . The film did not do well at the box @-@ office . The string of financial failures continued with his next release . Madhur Bhandarkar 's Jail ( 2009 ) , where he played the role of a convict serving life imprisonment . He called his role as a " narrator " and the " mentor " of its protagonist ( played by Neil Nitin Mukesh ) .
= = = Raajneeti and beyond ( 2010 – present ) = = =
In 2010 , Bajpayee starred in Prakash Jha 's big @-@ budget ensemble political thriller Raajneeti . It was inspired by the Indian epic Mahabharata . Bajpai 's role was of Veerendra Pratap Singh ( based on the character of Duryodhana ) , a greedy politician , who considers himself the rightful heir of a political family . Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India in her review mentioned that Bajpayee " .. grab [ s ] eyeballs in [ his ] scenes " and " .. brings back memories of his mesmeric performances " . Indian trade journalists were apprehensive of Raajneeti recovering its ₹ 600 million ( US $ 8 @.@ 9 million ) investment . The film , however , proved to be a major commercial success with worldwide earnings of over ₹ 1 @.@ 43 billion ( US $ 21 million ) . Bajpayee received a Best Supporting Actor nomination at Filmfare for the film . He then acted in two Telugu films : Vedam ( 2010 ) , and Puli ( 2010 ) ; followed by the comedy Dus Tola ( 2010 ) . He also provided the voice of Rama , in the animated film Ramayana : The Epic , which was based on the Indian epic Ramayana .
Aarakshan ( 2011 ) , a socio @-@ drama based on the issue of caste based reservations in Indian , was Bajpayee 's next film . The film sparked controversy in some groups and was banned in Uttar Pradesh , Punjab and Andhra Pradesh before its theatrical release . Trade journalists had high expectations for the film but it ultimately flopped at the box office . Bajpai 's followup was the thriller Lanka ( 2011 ) .
In 2012 , Bajpayee appeared in Anurag Kashyap 's two @-@ part crime film Gangs of Wasseypur . His character Sardar Khan appeared in the first one . To prepare for his role , Bajpayee shaved his head and lost four kilogram of weight . It premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival , Toronto film festival , and the Sundance Film Festival in 2013 . Gangs of Wasseypur released in India on 22 June to positive response . Anupama Chopra called it his best performance since Bhiku Mhatre in Satya . For his performance in the film , Bajpayee was nominated for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor .
His next film was the historical drama Chittagong ( 2012 ) , based on the Chittagong armoury raid . Bajpai portrayed the Bengali independence fighter Surya Sen in it , for which he charged no money . His final release of the year was Chakravyuh , where he played a Naxalite ; a role which required him to lose 5 Kilogram weight . Writer and lyricist Javed Akhtar called Chakravyuh " the best film of last 20 years " . On the contrary , a review carried by India Today called it an " amateurish attempt " , but praised Bajpayee 's acting .
In 2013 , Bajpayee had five releases : Samar , his Tamil debut film , was the first release . He appeared in a supporting role in the film . He then appeared in Neeraj Pandey 's heist thriller Special 26 . Based on the 1987 Opera House heist , he portrayed a CBI officer in the film . It was followed by the crime film Shootout at Wadala , where he played a character inspired from the gangster Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar .
Bajpayee collaborated with Prakash Jha for the fourth time with Satyagraha . The film was loosely inspired by social activist Anna Hazare 's fight against corruption in 2011 , featuring an ensemble cast the film was highly anticipated by trade journalists due to its release coinciding with the Mumbai and Delhi gang rape public protests . Satyagraha earned ₹ 675 million ( US $ 10 million ) domestically . Bajpayee then provided the voice of Yudhishthira for Mahabharat , a 3D animation film based on the Indian epic of the same name . In 2014 , Bajpayee played the antagonist in the Tamil action film Anjaan .
Bajpayee continued to play negative roles with his next film Tevar ( 2015 ) . A remake of the 2003 Telugu film Okkadu , the film opened to negative reviews and was a box @-@ office failure . The same year , he along with Raveena Tandon , appeared in the patriotic @-@ themed short film Jai Hind . With a run @-@ time of 6 minutes , the film was released on YouTube by OYO Rooms , right before the Indian Independence Day .
Bajpayee acted in another short film titled Taandav in 2016 . Directed by Devashish Makhija , the film showcased the pressure and scenarios faced by an honest police constable , and was released on YouTube . The same year , he portrayed professor Ramchandra Siras , in Hansal Mehta 's biographical drama Aligarh . The story followed the life of a homosexual professor who was expelled from Aligarh Muslim University because of his sexuality . Bajpayee watched a few clippings of Siras to prepare for his role . The film was screened at the 20th Busan International Film Festival , and the 2015 Mumbai Film Festival . Aligarh was released on 26 February 2016 to positive reviews . He next played a traffic constable in Rajesh Pillai 's swan song , Traffic ( 2016 ) . A remake of the Malayalam film of the same name , the film was released on 6 May 2016 .
As of June 2015 , Bajpayee is shooting for three films ; including Saat Uchakke and Missing , which he has also produced .
= = Acting style = =
Bajpayee is often regarded as a method actor and a director 's actor , and is known for doing unconventional roles in films . Actor Nawazuddin Siddiqui has cited Bajpayee 's performance in Aks as the inspiration for his role as the antagonist in Kick ( 2014 ) . Bajpayee has also been vocal about the disparity in the pay he commands , in comparison to the top actors in the film industry . He has cited Amitabh Bachchan , Naseeruddin Shah and Raghubir Yadav as his inspirations .
Director Ram Gopal Varma describing him said " Manoj has been an education for me .. " further adding " .. he 's simply the best actor I 've ever worked with . " Shekhar Kapur , who directed him in Bandit Queen , recalls : " Manoj had the ability to portray a lot just by doing little . He never tried to overplay a scene and seemed totally comfortable with a minimalist statement . " According to director Hansal Mehta , " [ Manoj ] [ .. ] has the ability to transform himself like few others . " Bajpayee 's performance as Bhiku Mhatre in Satya is considered to be one of the most memorable characters of Hindi cinema , along with his dialogue in it : " Mumbai ka king kaun ? Bhiku Mhatre " ( Who is the king of Mumbai ? Bhiku Mhatre ) . Kay Kay Menon credits this character as a turning point for other method actors : " If it were not for Manoj ’ s brilliant performance in Satya , actors like Irrfan and me might still be waiting to be accepted . Manoj opened the doors for us . " Writing about the character in his book Popcorn Essayists , journalist @-@ writer Jai Arjun Singh wrote that the " earthiness " and the " authenticity " [ of the character ] , was the subtle result of a persistence in Bajpai 's performance . "
= = Filmography = =
= Duke ( album ) =
Duke is the tenth studio album by English rock band Genesis , released in March 1980 on Charisma Records . It was the first album by the group to reach No. 1 in the UK charts and featured the singles " Turn It On Again " , " Duchess " , and " Misunderstanding " .
The album followed a period of inactivity for the band in early 1979 . Phil Collins moved to Vancouver , Canada , in an effort to salvage his failing first marriage , while Tony Banks and Mike Rutherford recorded solo albums . Collins returned to the UK after his marriage ended and wrote a significant amount of material , some of which was used for Duke and some was later reworked for his first solo album , Face Value . Duke contained a mix of individually @-@ written songs and tracks that evolved from jam sessions in mid @-@ 1979 , while recording took place at the end of the year .
The break in activity rejuvenated the band , and they found the album an easy one to work on . The album contained the first use of a drum machine by Genesis on " Duchess " , and as well as the hit singles included more experimental pieces such as the closing ten @-@ minute " Duke 's Travels " / " Duke 's End " suite . The album has since been certified Platinum in both the UK and U.S.
= = Background = =
By 1978 , Genesis were a trio of lead singer and drummer Phil Collins , keyboardist Tony Banks and guitarist / bassist Mike Rutherford . They had survived the loss of original frontman Peter Gabriel and guitarist Steve Hackett and released the album ... And Then There Were Three ... , which included the top ten single " Follow You Follow Me " . The group were still touring successfully , and enjoyed the songwriting collaborations between the three of them . They decided to take a break before writing and recording a new album , which would be largely group @-@ written in a rehearsal room , without many pre @-@ conceived ideas .
The group 's touring schedule had put particular pressure on Collins , whose marriage was at risk of collapse due to him being away from home frequently . His wife , Andrea , had warned him that if he committed himself to the full ... And Then There Were Three ... tour , she would not be there when he returned . Collins , however , was convinced that Genesis were on the verge of an international breakthrough and that his work with the band would pay dividends in the future . By the end of 1978 , Andrea had decided to move to Vancouver , Canada with their children . Realising that his marriage was more important than the band , Collins held a meeting with Banks , Rutherford and manager Tony Smith . He said he was moving to Vancouver and try and re @-@ build the family , and that the group would have to accommodate this . In an interview for Sounds , Collins said , " I went off for two months to try and sort things out ... I was never going to leave the band . It was just that if I was going to be living in Vancouver then we 'd have had to organise ourselves differently . " He also noted that the individual members of his side project Brand X were geographically dispersed .
Banks and Rutherford suggested the band take an extended hiatus , hoping Collins would save his marriage and that the band could work with him in Vancouver . Banks recorded a solo album A Curious Feeling in Polar Studios , Stockholm with Genesis touring drummer Chester Thompson and singer Kim Beacon , while Rutherford also recorded his first solo album , Smallcreep 's Day , at the same studio . In April 1979 , Collins returned to the UK after the attempt to salvage his marriage failed . With time to spare before working on the next Genesis album , he gigged with Brand X , and began work on demo tracks for what became his first solo album Face Value at his home in Shalford , Surrey . As well as playing piano and synthesizers , he had recently picked up a Roland drum machine and become interested in the possibilities of electronic drums .
= = Writing and recording = =
In autumn 1979 , Banks and Rutherford moved in with Collins in Shalford to start rehearsals on Duke . Collins had written a large number of songs , but he felt many of them would not suit Genesis , while Banks and Rutherford were short of material having just recorded their solo albums . The three decided each member should contribute two of their own songs for the band to work on . Banks put forward " Heathaze " and " Cul @-@ de @-@ Sac " , Rutherford used " Man of Our Times " and " Alone Tonight " , and Collins had " Misunderstanding " and " Please Don 't Ask " . The remainder of the songs were written together in rehearsals . Banks later regretted not choosing Collins ' " In the Air Tonight " for the album .
The group found the writing process easier and more enjoyable than ... And Then There Were Three .... Rutherford summarised his time writing songs for Duke as " getting back to the basic stage of ideas being worked on jointly " . Banks reasoned much of the band 's refreshed attitude was " down to not having worked together in a while " which resulted in " good ideas " being put forward , something that he said had not " happened for some time . " Collins felt the band interacted " as a group much better ... there 's definitely a side to us coming out which wasn 't on the last album ; the playing side " . In contrast to earlier Genesis albums , most tracks were short with the exception of the ten @-@ minute " Duke 's Travels " / " Duke 's End " suite that closed the album .
In its original form , " Behind The Lines " , " Duchess " , " Guide Vocal " , " Turn It On Again " , " Duke 's Travels " , and " Duke 's End " were one 30 @-@ minute track that told a story of the fictional character " Albert " . The band decided against sequencing the tracks this way on the album , partly to avoid comparisons to their 23 @-@ minute track " Supper 's Ready " from Foxtrot , but also to have certain segments of the suite , such as " Duchess " and " Turn It On Again " released as singles . A " Duke Suite " was performed live on the album 's supporting tour with Collins introducing it as " The Story of Albert . " " Turn It On Again " was originally a short connecting piece in the middle of this medley , but the band enjoyed playing it so much , they decided to double its length and make it more of a standout track . The group considered placing the band written songs on side one and the individually written tracks on the other , but this was rejected . Rutherford described the final running order as " a very balanced album " .
The group went to Polar Studios to record the album , starting on 12 November 1979 , and recording up to the end of the year . As with several earlier albums , production duties were shared by the band and regular co @-@ producer David Hentschel . Collins used the Roland CR @-@ 78 drum machine for " Duchess " ; the first time he used one on a Genesis song .
The cover art was drawn by French illustrator Lionel Koechlin , featuring the character Albert . Koechlin 's artwork came from the book L 'Alphabet d 'Albert , published in 1979 .
= = Release = =
Duke was released in the UK on 28 March 1980 and in the U.S. on 31 March . It was the band 's greatest commercial success at the time of its release ; it spent two weeks at No. 1 on the UK Albums Chart and peaked at No. 11 on the U.S. Billboard 200 . The album spawned three singles ; " Turn It On Again " reached No. 8 in the UK and No. 58 in the U.S. ; " Duchess " reached No. 46 in the UK ; " Misunderstanding " reached No. 42 in the UK and No. 14 in the U.S. Duke was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry on 3 July 1980 and by the Recording Industry Association of America on 11 March 1988 .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Duke received a mostly positive reception from music critics . In his review for Rolling Stone , David Fricke noted that " Turn It On Again " is " vibrant rock & roll " and thought that " Man of Our Times " , " Duchess " , " Duke 's Travels " , and " Duke 's End " " possess a refreshing urgency " . Fricke points out the band 's losses without Gabriel and Hackett in the line @-@ up , yet summarised Duke as " comforting : a reassurance that Genesis aren 't for an exodus yet . " Sounds ' Hugh Fielder gave the album four stars out of five , enjoying the opening of " Behind the Lines " and considering Collins 's vocals to be " more convincing than ... before " . He felt the first side was better than the second , and criticised some lyrics , but concluded " no Genesis fan could be disappointed " . The Los Angeles Times 's Steve Pond described the album 's music as " identifiably Genesis , but it is toned @-@ down " and a " a more confident and successful album than ... And Then There Were Three ... " . He criticised the album as inconsistent with a lack of " melodic invention " on side one , but thought " Duke 's Travels " and " Duke 's End " were " one of the best and most consistent pieces of music that band has made in some time " .
In a retrospective review , AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine felt Duke was the Genesis album that " leaped into the fray " of pop music but retained " a heavy dose " of progressive rock with the " Duke " suite . Erlewine thought the album comes off " a little bombastic " at times , " Misunderstanding " and " Turn It On Again " were the two tracks that " showcase the new version of Genesis at its absolute best " .
= = = Reissues = = =
A digitally remastered version of Duke was released on CD in 1994 on Virgin in Europe and Atlantic in the U.S. and Canada . The CD included the album 's original booklet , artwork and lyrics . It was reissued again in 2007 as part of the Genesis 1976 – 1982 box set , which included a new stereo and 5 @.@ 1 surround sound mix and a DVD of bonus features including band interviews , music videos , live performances and tour programs .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Genesis
Tony Banks – keyboards , backing vocals , 12 @-@ string guitar , duck
Mike Rutherford - guitars , basses , backing vocals
Phil Collins – drums , vocals , drum machine , percussion , duck
Production
David Hentschel - backing vocals , production , audio engineering
Genesis – production
Dave Bascombe - assistant engineering
Ray Staff - mastering
Lionel Koechlin – cover
Bill Smith – art direction
Recorded at Polar Studios , Sweden
Mixed at Maison Rouge , London
Mastered at Trident Studios , London
= Pat Burrell =
Patrick Brian " Pat " Burrell ( born October 10 , 1976 ) , nicknamed " Pat the Bat , " is an American former professional baseball outfielder who played in Major League Baseball . Standing 6 feet 4 inches ( 193 cm ) tall and weighing 235 pounds ( 107 kg ; 16 @.@ 8 st ) , he batted and threw right @-@ handed . He played with the Philadelphia Phillies , the Tampa Bay Rays , and the San Francisco Giants .
Burrell attended the University of Miami , where he won the Golden Spikes Award in 1998 . In 1998 , he was the first overall draft pick by the Phillies . After two years in the minors , Burrell was called up by the Phillies in 2000 , and he finished fourth in voting for the National League Rookie of the Year Award . After hitting 27 home runs in 2001 ( the first of eight straight years in which he would hit at least 20 ) , he hit a career @-@ high 37 home runs in 2002 and finished 14th in NL Most Valuable Player Award voting . In 2003 , he signed a six @-@ year contract with the Phillies but batted a career @-@ low .209 with 21 home runs . In 2004 , he batted .257 with 24 home runs but missed several games with a wrist injury . He hit 32 home runs in 2005 and finished seventh in NL MVP Award voting after he set a career high with 117 RBI . In 2006 , he batted .258 with 29 home runs and 95 RBI but was benched for a few games due to a slump after April . He batted .256 with 30 home runs in 2007 as the Phillies reached the playoffs for the first time in his career . Burrell hit a home run in the playoffs as the Phillies were swept in the first round . In 2008 , he hit 33 home runs as the Phillies reached the playoffs again , winning the World Series .
After the 2008 season , Burrell became a free agent . He signed a two @-@ year deal with the Tampa Bay Rays to be their designated hitter , and he batted .221 with 14 home runs in 2009 . After he batted .202 with two home runs in his first 24 games of the 2010 season , he was designated for assignment by the Rays . He became a free agent and signed with the San Francisco Giants several days later . He took over as the Giants ' left fielder and hit 18 home runs in 96 games for the Giants as they made the playoffs . Burrell did not have a hit in the World Series , striking out eleven times in fifteen plate appearances , but he got his second World Series ring as the Giants won it . Following the year , he signed a one @-@ year deal to return to the Giants in 2011 . He lost his left field job in 2011 , and he batted .230 with a career @-@ low 7 home runs in 92 games in addition to suffering a career @-@ ending foot injury . He filed for free agency on October 30 , 2011 and later signed a 1 @-@ day contract in 2012 to finish his career with the Phillies . On May 19 , 2012 against the Red Sox , Burrell threw out the ceremonial first pitch and subsequently retired . He is currently a special assignment scout for the Giants and an assistant to general manager Brian Sabean .
= = High school = =
Burrell attended San Lorenzo Valley High School in Felton , California , as a freshman . After his freshman year , he transferred to Bellarmine College Preparatory in San Jose , where he played baseball and football . In the football program , playing quarterback , Burrell competed against Tom Brady , who played for rival Junipero Serra High School in San Mateo , California . He decided to concentrate on baseball in his senior year , however , and he was named the California Coaches Association Player of the Year after he batted .369 with 11 home runs .
= = College = =
After graduating from high school in 1995 , Burrell was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 43rd round of the 1995 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . Instead of signing , he chose to attend the University of Miami , where he played third base and was a teammate of Aubrey Huff . As a freshman , he was selected as a First @-@ Team All @-@ American by Baseball America and the Collegiate Baseball Newspaper . He was also named the Most Outstanding Player of the 1996 College World Series , joining Dave Winfield and Phil Nevin as the only players to win the award without winning the series . In his sophomore year , he was again named a First @-@ Team All @-@ American by Baseball America and the Collegiate Baseball Newspaper but also by the Sporting News this year . He was named Baseball America 's Summer Player of the year in 1997 . In 1998 , as a junior , he won the Golden Spikes Award as the best player in college baseball . That year , he was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies with the first overall pick in the 1998 MLB draft . Burrell finished his college career with 61 home runs , 187 runs batted in ( RBI ) , and 170 walks in 162 games . His .442 batting average was seventh all @-@ time by an NCAA player , and his slugging percentage of .888 was second only to Pete Incaviglia . In February 2008 , Burrell was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame .
= = Minor leagues = =
On July 24 , 1998 Burrell and the Phillies agreed to a five @-@ year contract with a $ 3 @.@ 15 million signing bonus . Upon signing , Burrell was assigned to the single @-@ A advanced Clearwater Phillies of the Florida State League , and he was moved to first base because Scott Rolen , Philadelphia 's third baseman in the major leagues , had just won the National League ( NL ) Rookie of the Year Award . With Clearwater in 1998 , Burrell batted .303 with 7 home runs and 30 RBI in 37 games .
Entering the 1999 season , Burrell was named the top prospect in the Phillies ' organization by Baseball America , and they also named him baseball 's 19th best prospect . He spent most of the season with the Double @-@ A Reading Phillies of the Eastern League , batting .333 with 28 home runs and 90 RBI in 117 games . He was named to the Eastern League 's post @-@ season All @-@ Star team and won the Eastern League Rookie of the Year Award . He also played 10 games with the Scranton / Wilkes @-@ Barre Red Barons of the Triple @-@ A International League , batting .152 with 1 home run and 4 RBI . In addition to playing first base , he was used as an outfielder with both teams .
Burrell was named the Phillies ' top prospect and the second @-@ best prospect in baseball by Baseball America in 2000 . He began the season with Scranton / Wilkes @-@ Barre . Playing first base and the outfield , he batted .294 with 4 home runs and 25 RBI in 40 games .
= = Major leagues = =
= = = Philadelphia Phillies = = =
= = = = 2000 = = = =
On May 23 , 2000 , Burrell was called up by the Philadelphia Phillies . On May 24 , he replaced Kevin Jordan ( who had been filling in for injured Opening Day first baseman Rico Brogna ) as the Phillies ' first baseman . Making his major league debut that day , he had two hits ( his first coming against Octavio Dotel ) and two RBI in a 9 – 7 victory over the Houston Astros . The following day , he hit his first career home run in a 10 – 6 loss to Houston . On June 20 , with the Phillies trailing 2 – 1 against the New York Mets , he hit a home run against Mets ' closer Armando Benítez to make the score 2 – 2 in an eventual 3 – 2 victory for Philadelphia . The next day , Burrell had five RBI , two home runs , and his first career grand slam in a 10 – 5 victory for Philadelphia . On July 2 , he had four hits and two RBI in a 9 – 1 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates . He remained the Phillies ' first baseman when Brogna returned in July . He had five RBI , two home runs , and a grand slam on August 8 in a 10 – 4 victory over the San Diego Padres . On August 9 , newly acquired outfielder Travis Lee was moved to first base , and Burrell was moved to left field for the rest of the year . On September 21 , he had a game @-@ winning walk @-@ off single against Rick White in a 6 – 5 victory against the Mets . He finished the season with 18 home runs , 79 RBI , and a .260 batting average in 111 games , and he had the fourth most votes for the NL Rookie of the Year Award .
= = = = 2001 = = = =
On April 14 , 2001 , Burrell hit a game @-@ winning home run in the sixth inning of a 2 – 1 victory over the Atlanta Braves . He had a game @-@ winning two @-@ RBI double in the ninth inning as the Phillies beat the Chicago Cubs , 6 – 3 , on April 17 . From May 19 to June 2 , he had a career @-@ high 14 @-@ game hitting streak . During the streak , on May 28 , he hit a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run against Benítez in the tenth inning of a 5 – 3 win over the Mets . He hit a home run and had four RBI the next day as the Phillies beat the Mets , 7 – 3 . He hit a game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run on July 4 in a 4 – 1 victory over the Atlanta Braves . On July 20 , he had a home run and five RBI ( including the game @-@ winner ) as the Phillies beat the Mets , 10 – 1 . He hit home runs in three straight games from July 31 to August 2 . On August 10 , as the Phillies beat the Los Angeles Dodgers , 10 – 5 , he hit his third career grand slam . He had a home run and three RBI in the final game of the season in a 4 – 1 victory over the Cincinnati Reds . Burrell finished the season with 27 home runs , 70 RBI , and a .258 batting average in 155 games . His 18 assists led NL outfielders and tied with Raúl Mondesí for most in the major leagues . However , his 162 strikeouts were the third @-@ highest total in Phillies ' history at the time , and they currently are the ninth @-@ highest total .
= = = = 2002 = = = =
Burrell hit a leadoff walk @-@ off home run on April 7 , 2002 , in the 11th inning of a 3 – 2 victory over the Florida Marlins . Three days later , on April 10 , Burrell hit a two @-@ run walk @-@ off home run in the 11th inning to give the Phillies a 7 – 5 victory over the Braves . He was the first player in the major leagues to hit two such home runs in a four @-@ day period since Albert Belle did it in 1995 , and he was the first Phillie to hit two such in a season since Von Hayes hit two in 1989 . In May , he hit eight home runs , the most by a Phillie in May since teammate Mike Lieberthal hit eight in 1999 . From June 2 through June 16 , he had an 11 @-@ game hitting streak , his longest of the season . During the streak , on June 2 , he tied a career @-@ high with five RBI in an 18 – 3 victory over the Montreal Expos . Burrell had 22 home runs by the All @-@ Star break , the most by a Phillie since Mike Schmidt had 31 by the 1979 All @-@ Star break . On July 15 , he hit a game @-@ winning three @-@ run home run against Matt Herges in an 11 – 8 victory over Montreal . He had two home runs , five RBI , and a grand slam in a 7 – 6 loss to the Dodgers on August 9 . On August 30 , Burrell had three RBI ( including the game @-@ winner ) in a 7 – 5 victory over the Mets . He had his one hundredth RBI that day , becoming the first Phillie with 100 RBI by August 31 since Greg Luzinski did it in 1977 . Burrell finished the season with career highs in almost every offensive category , including runs ( 96 ) , batting average ( .286 ) , and games ( 157 ) . He was the 12th Phillie with 30 home runs and 100 RBI in a season . His 37 home runs were seventh in the NL , and his 116 RBI were third , behind only Lance Berkman ( 128 ) and Albert Pujols ( 127 ) . He was 14th in NL Most Valuable Player Award voting .
= = = = 2003 = = = =
On February 3 , 2003 , Burrell signed a six @-@ year , $ 50 million contract with the Phillies . He had two home runs and five RBI ( including the game @-@ winner ) on April 9 in a 16 – 2 victory over the Braves . The home runs both came against Greg Maddux , making Burrell the sixth player to hit two home runs in a game against Maddux ( and the first since Rolen did it in 2001 ) . On May 20 , he hit two home runs and had four RBI in an 11 – 7 victory over the Mets . On August 9 , Burrell hit a game @-@ tying solo home run and a game @-@ winning two @-@ run home run in the 8th and 10th innings of an 8 – 6 victory over the San Francisco Giants . He hit two home runs ( including his 100th ) on August 22 in a 9 – 4 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals . On September 28 , he had the final hit in Veterans Stadium ( a single against Jason Marquis ) in a 5 – 2 loss to Atlanta . Burrell endured a season @-@ long slump , and he was occasionally benched for a few games ( often in favor of Ricky Ledée ) by Phillies ' manager Larry Bowa . In 146 games , he batted .209 with 21 home runs and 64 RBI . However , his 21 home runs were still the second @-@ highest total on the Phillies ( teammate Jim Thome led the NL with 47 ) .
= = = = 2004 = = = =
Burrell had four hits and three RBI on April 27 , 2004 , in a 7 – 3 victory over the Cardinals . He also made a leaping catch to take a home run away from Rolen , and he threw out Pujols trying to score from third base on a single by Édgar Rentería . On May 2 , Burrell hit his first career pinch @-@ hit home run : a two @-@ run game @-@ tying home run in the ninth inning against Matt Mantei of the Arizona Diamondbacks . The Phillies won the game , 6 – 5 , in extra innings . On May 14 , Burrell had four RBI ( including the game @-@ winner ) in a 6 – 4 victory over the Colorado Rockies . He had four RBI again on May 18 ( including two home runs ) in an 8 – 7 victory over the Dodgers . On July 30 , he hit two home runs in a 10 – 7 loss to the Cubs . On August 3 , Burrell strained his left wrist during batting practice , and he was placed on the disabled list ( DL ) for the first time in his career the next day . He was originally scheduled to have season @-@ ending surgery on August 13 , but after getting a second opinion from Dr. Tom Graham , he decided to postpone the surgery and attempt to come back before the season ended . On September 3 , he was activated from the disabled list . In 127 games , Burrell batted .257 with 24 home runs and 84 RBI .
= = = = 2005 = = = =
On April 9 , 2005 , Burrell had four hits and five RBI in a
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Burid ruler , had been given safe passage and lordship over the city of Homs .
Nur ad @-@ Din ruled as Zengid emir of Damascus from 1154 until his death in 1174 . He took up residence in the citadel and rebuilt or refurbished its residential structures . After an earthquake hit Damascus in 1170 , Nur ad @-@ Din built a wooden house for sleeping and prayer next to the original stone residence of the citadel . In addition , he built a mosque and a fountain in the citadel . Between 1165 and 1174 , Nur ad @-@ Din re @-@ fortified Damascus with a concentric wall , and it is possible that he also strengthened the defences of the citadel . Nur ad @-@ Din died of an illness in the citadel on 15 May 1174 and was buried there ; his body was later transferred to the Nur ad @-@ Din Madrasah in Damascus .
= = = Saladin to Al @-@ Adil = = =
Immediately following Nur ad @-@ Din 's death in 1174 , Damascus was seized by Saladin , the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt . In that year , Saladin rode from Egypt past the Crusader states to Damascus with only 700 horsemen . The city opened its gates to Saladin without resistance , except for the citadel , which surrendered to him later that year . Saladin added a tower to the citadel and refurbished the residential buildings . Like his predecessor Nur ad @-@ Din , Saladin died of an illness in the citadel on 4 March 1193 . He was initially buried inside the citadel , but later reburied in a mausoleum near the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus .
At Saladin 's death in 1193 , rival Ayyubid factions led by Saladin 's sons established themselves in Egypt , Aleppo , Damascus , and Iraq . Al @-@ Afdal , Saladin 's eldest son and emir of Damascus , was initially recognized by the younger sons as their overlord . However , hostilities broke out in 1194 between Al @-@ Afdal and Al @-@ Aziz Uthman , Saladin 's second @-@ oldest son and Ayyubid sultan of Egypt . In 1196 , Al @-@ Aziz and Saladin 's brother Al @-@ Adil captured Damascus , except for the citadel , where Al @-@ Afdal had taken refuge . After negotiations , Al @-@ Afdal surrendered the citadel and his titles to Al @-@ Aziz and was exiled to Salkhad in the Hauran . Al @-@ Adil recognized the overlordship of Al @-@ Aziz and became ruler of Damascus . At the death of Al @-@ Aziz in 1198 , several members of Saladin 's family , including Al @-@ Afdal and Az @-@ Zahir Ghazi , ruler of Aleppo , allied themselves against Al @-@ Adil and marched on Damascus . Al @-@ Afdal and Az @-@ Zahir besieged Damascus in 1200 and 1201 , but both attempts were unsuccessful . Al @-@ Adil eventually negotiated a peace with Al @-@ Afdal and Az @-@ Zahir , who recognized Al @-@ Adil 's suzerainty as sultan of Egypt and emir of Damascus .
= = New citadel = =
= = = Construction by Al @-@ Adil and dismantling by the Mongols = = =
After his position as sultan of Egypt and emir of Damascus was secured , Al @-@ Adil started an extensive rebuilding programme of the citadel . Between 1203 and 1216 , the old fortifications were razed and a larger castle was built at the same location , incorporating parts of the old Seljuq citadel . The lower Ayyubid princes were each required to finance and build one of the large towers of the citadel . Several of Al @-@ Adil 's Ayyubid successors rebuilt many of the administrative and domestic structures inside the citadel , including residences , palaces , and a pool . As @-@ Salih Ayyub was the only successor who also modified the defences .
Possible motivations for this complete rebuilding by Al @-@ Adil include the damage the old citadel may have sustained from earthquakes in 1200 and 1201 and the threat that other Ayyubid princes continued to pose toward Al @-@ Adil . The most likely motivation is that the defences of the old citadel became obsolete due to the introduction in the 12th century of the counterweight trebuchet , a siege engine easily capable of reducing thick stone walls to rubble . The new citadel introduced a number of important changes to the defensive system , including higher and thicker walls , a wide moat surrounding the citadel , and numerous closely spaced , high , massive towers . Unlike the older towers , these were square rather than round in design . The towers contained platforms on which trebuchets could be placed . Due to their high position , these trebuchets could outrange enemy artillery and thereby prevent them from breaching the walls .
After Al @-@ Adil 's death in 1218 , intense power struggles broke out among his sons and other Ayyubid princes . Between 1229 and 1246 , Damascus switched hands regularly and was attacked five times by different Ayyubid armies . During this period , the citadel was only once taken by force — through mining of one of its walls — in 1239 . This occurred when the citadel 's garrison had been reduced to below the number needed to defend a castle of that size . Following the murder in 1250 of Al @-@ Muazzam Turanshah , the last Ayyubid sultan of Egypt , Damascus was seized by the Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo , An @-@ Nasir Yusuf . He was in control of most of Syria until the arrival of the Mongols .
When the Mongols invaded Syria and threatened Damascus after conquering Aleppo in 1260 , An @-@ Nasir fled from Damascus , leaving the city virtually undefended . The notables of Damascus started negotiations with the Mongol ruler Hulagu Khan ; the city was handed over to his general Kitbuqa in 1260 . When the Mongol army left Damascus to quell rebellions in the countryside , the Ayyubid garrison of the citadel revolted , as they had been instructed to do by An @-@ Nasir . In response , the Mongols besieged the citadel in 1260 . The garrison surrendered after heavy bombardments and without hope of being relieved by An @-@ Nasir . The defences of the citadel were then largely dismantled .
= = = Mamluk period = = =
The new Mamluk sultan of Egypt , Qutuz , defeated the Mongols in the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 . Damascus now came under Mamluk influence . In the same year , Qutuz was assassinated by his commander Baibars , who succeeded Qutuz as sultan of Egypt ( 1260 – 1277 ) . During Baibars ' reign , the citadel was rebuilt and the northern wall was moved 10 metres ( 33 ft ) to the north . More rebuilding was completed during the reigns of the sultan Qalawun ( 1279 – 1290 ) and Al @-@ Ashraf Khalil . The latter had a structure called the Blue Dome built in the citadel . It was the first dome in Syria that was decorated with coloured tiles on the outer surface , a tradition imported from Iran . Following the Mamluk defeat in the Battle of Wadi al @-@ Khazandar , Damascus , except for the citadel , changed hands to the Mongols in 1300 . The Mongols besieged the citadel and set up a trebuchet in the court of the Umayyad Mosque , but they withdrew from Damascus before the citadel could be taken . In the following decades , extensive reconstruction work took place on the citadel . The damage done to the citadel during the siege , primarily on its east side , was repaired . The mosque was reconstructed and enlarged , the towers were repaired , and the Blue Dome was covered with lead plates as the tiles themselves had been destroyed .
During the last two decades of the 14th century , a civil war raged in the Mamluk sultanate between Sultan Barquq , who had established the Burji dynasty in Cairo , on one side and on the other side Saif al @-@ Din Yalbugha , governor of Aleppo , and Mintash , governor of Malatya . The city and the citadel were besieged several times during this period . During these sieges , both sides made use of siege towers , trebuchets , rockets and cannons . After Yalbugha switched sides and teamed up with Barquq , Mintash was killed in 1393 , leaving Damascus and its city under the control of Barquq . Also during this time , the Zahiri Revolt , a conspiracy to overthrow Barquq , was discovered at the Citadel .
= = = Siege by Timur and its aftermath = = =
In 1400 , the Mongol army under Timur , better known as Tamerlane , swept down on Syria and arrived at Damascus after having subdued Aleppo , Homs , and Baalbek . A Mamluk army from Egypt under Sultan Faraj ibn Barquq , the son of Barquq , failed to lift the siege . In 1401 , the city surrendered to Timur , except for the citadel , which Timur besieged . Towers with trebuchets were set up around the citadel and in the Umayyad Mosque . The garrison surrendered after the northwestern tower was brought down through mining . The defenders were slaughtered and a heavy tribute was imposed on the citizens of Damascus . When they failed to deliver , the city was sacked and the Umayyad Mosque was burned .
The damage to the citadel , especially to its northern and western walls , was only repaired in 1407 . In 1414 , governor of Damascus Nawruz al @-@ Hafizi , sought refuge in the citadel against the army of Sultan Al @-@ Mu 'ayyad Shaykh . The citadel was bombarded by trebuchet and cannon . The siege ended when a treaty of surrender was signed . In 1461 , the southwest tower collapsed in a fire when missiles were fired from it to force the rebellious governor of Damascus to leave the city . This tower and four others were rebuilt in the late 15th and early 16th centuries , indicating that the repairs of 1407 had been carried out in haste .
= = = Ottoman period = = =
After the Mamluk defeat by the Ottoman army under Sultan Selim I in the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516 , Damascus and the citadel surrendered peacefully to the Ottomans . Damascus was given to Janberdi al @-@ Ghazali , a Mamluk who had submitted to Selim I. When Selim I died in 1520 , al @-@ Ghazali revolted and took the citadel . He marched upon Aleppo to expand his realm , but had to retreat and was eventually defeated and killed in the vicinity of Damascus in 1521 . Damascus again changed hands , to the Ottomans . From 1658 onward , the citadel was controlled by the Janissaries — Ottoman infantry units . In 1738 and in 1746 , they were involved in conflicts with the governors of Damascus ; the Janissaries temporarily lost control of the citadel in 1746 . The north gate of the citadel collapsed in 1752 , and sustained heavy damage due to a severe earthquake in 1759 . According to contemporary accounts , both the western and southern walls collapsed , but the damage was quickly repaired in 1761 .
When Ali Bey of Egypt , who opposed Ottoman overlordship , invaded Syria in 1771 , the city of Damascus surrendered to him without a fight , except for the citadel . Ali Bey withdrew after a short siege . Two further sieges took place in 1787 and 1812 , both successful and both initiated because the citadel 's garrison had revolted against the governor of Damascus . The last siege of the citadel took place in 1831 . In that year , the citizens of Damascus and the local garrison of Janissaries revolted against governor Mehmed Selim Pasha , who took refuge in the citadel . He was promised safe passage after a siege lasting 40 days but was murdered before he could leave the city . In 1860 , Christian refugees from the Druze @-@ Maronite conflict in Lebanon spilled into Damascus , resulting in tensions with the Muslim population . There was a massacre of the Christian population , many of whom sought refuge in the citadel and eventually fled the city with the help of the Algerian – Damascene notable Abd al @-@ Qadir al @-@ Jaza 'iri . Descriptions and photographs of the citadel by nineteenth @-@ century European travellers indicate that the defences remained in relatively good shape until 1895 , but that the structures inside the walls were reduced to complete ruins . In 1895 , substantial damage was done to the citadel because it was quarried for stone to build barracks .
= = = World War I and the French Mandate period = = =
When the British and Arab forces marched on Damascus in the final year of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World War I , the Ottoman authorities fled and left Damascus in the control of a committee of citizens . The newly appointed Ottoman military governor released 4 @,@ 000 prisoners from the citadel , who subsequently started pillaging and killing sick and disabled Ottoman soldiers who had been left behind in the city . These riots only stopped with the entrance into the city of the Australian Light Horse troops on 1 October 1918 .
French military forces occupied the citadel during the French Mandate period in Syria ( 1920 – 1946 ) . During the Great Syrian Revolt in 1925 , the French shelled Al @-@ Hariqa , the area immediately south of the citadel — where Syrian rebels were supposed to be present — from positions in the hills to the north of the city , and from the citadel itself . This bombardment resulted in widespread destruction . After the French Mandate period , the citadel continued to serve as a prison and barracks until 1986 .
= = = Restoration and research = = =
The Ancient City of Damascus , including the citadel , was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979 . Since 1986 restoration works have been carried out by various Syrian and foreign missions with the aim of opening the citadel to the public . Until 1999 , the restorations were carried out by the Syrian Directorate @-@ General of Antiquities and Museums ( DGAM ) . In 1999 a joint French @-@ Syrian mission was initiated under the supervision of the DGAM and the Institut français du Proche @-@ Orient ( IFPO ) . Between 2000 and 2006 , this mission carried out extensive archaeological and art @-@ historical research in the citadel , as well as further restoration works . In celebration of these restorations , a ceremony was held on 1 July 2006 which was attended by Syrian President Bashar al @-@ Assad .
In 2004 an agreement was signed between the DGAM and the Italian General Direction for Development Cooperation for a joint mission to renovate and reorganize the citadel and the National Museum of Damascus . This mission started working in the citadel in 2007 . Much attention will be given to the reinforcement of damaged or structurally weak parts in the architecture . It is expected by the Syrian – Italian mission that , once renovations are finished , the citadel will be used for cultural and social events and activities .
= = Citadel today = =
= = = Location and layout = = =
The citadel is located in the northwest corner of the old walled city of Damascus , between the Bab al @-@ Faradis and the Bab al @-@ Jabiyah . Whereas most medieval Arabic castles are located on prominent hilltops , the citadel of Damascus was built on flat ground at the same level as the rest of the city , a feature it shares with the Citadel of Bosra . The location of the citadel ensured that it could control the Barada River , which flows north of the citadel . The location of the river also offered protection against attack from that side of the citadel . The Nahr Aqrabani , a canal branching off the Barada , flowed immediately below the northern wall and provided additional protection . The dry moats on the other sides of the citadel could be filled from these streams . Another branch of the Barada , the Nahr Banyas , entered the city under the citadel . Hydraulic structures below that made control of the flow of water into Damascus possible from within the citadel were probably constructed under Al @-@ Adil . The citadel was fully integrated into the defences of Damascus , with the city walls abutting the citadel on its southwest and northeast corners .
The citadel erected under the Seljuqs occupied an area measuring 210 by 130 metres ( 690 by 430 ft ) . Parts of the Seljuq walls were integrated in the rebuilding undertaken by Al @-@ Adil . In this way , a second inner ring of defence was provided , as Al @-@ Adil 's walls enclosed a slightly larger area . The Ayyubid citadel encloses an uneven rectangular area of 230 by 150 metres ( 750 by 490 ft ) . The outer walls , constructed by Al @-@ Adil , were pierced by three gates and originally protected by 14 towers , although only 12 of these remain . Except for the western part of the curtain wall , the defensive works of the citadel that are still standing are primarily of Ayyubid date , with extensive Mamluk restorations . The walls are partly obscured from sight by the urban fabric of Damascus , which has encroached upon the citadel during the 19th and 20th centuries . The shops along the north side of the Al @-@ Hamidiyah Souq are built against the citadel 's southern façade , while parts of the eastern defences are also obscured by buildings . The buildings that stood against the western and northern walls were cleared in the 1980s .
The walls and towers of the citadel are constructed from carbonate rocks and basalt that were quarried in the vicinity of Damascus .
= = = Towers = = =
Today , the citadel has 12 towers . There is one tower on each corner , three in between along the north and south walls and two facing east . Originally , the citadel had two more towers on the western wall , as reported by European travellers until 1759 . The earthquake that hit Damascus in that year led to the collapse of the western defences of the citadel , with the western towers not being rebuilt afterwards . The central northern tower , which once housed the north gate of the citadel , and the southwest corner tower have also largely disappeared . Of the former , only the west wall remains while of the southwest tower only parts of the basement can still be seen . The other 10 towers have been preserved up to their original height , which ranges between 15 and 25 metres ( 49 and 82 ft ) . The northern corner towers are square while the southern ones are L @-@ shaped . All the other towers are rectangular with their broad sides parallel to the walls of the citadel . All towers are crowned by a double parapet equipped with machicolations and numerous arrowslits . These parapets surrounded and thereby protected the large platforms from which trebuchets were operated .
= = = Curtain walls = = =
The curtain walls of the citadel connect the towers with each other . Given that during the design of the citadel so much emphasis was placed on the massive towers , the curtain walls are relatively short . They range between 10 metres ( 33 ft ) in length for the curtain wall that connects the two central towers of the east wall to 43 metres ( 141 ft ) for the curtain wall connecting the northwest corner tower with the next tower east of it . Where the walls are preserved up to their original height , which is on the south side of the citadel , they measure 11 @.@ 5 metres ( 38 ft ) , while their thickness ranges between 3 @.@ 65 – 4 @.@ 90 metres ( 12 @.@ 0 – 16 @.@ 1 ft ) . Along the inside of the curtain walls ran vaulted galleries that allowed quick access to all parts of the citadel . These galleries had arrowslits from which an approaching enemy could be shot . The walls were crowned by a walkway that was protected by crenellations .
= = = Gates = = =
The citadel 's three gates are located on the north , east and west sides of the citadel . The first two are the work of Al @-@ Adil , although the northern gate has been repaired in the Mamluk period , while the current west gate is of later date . The northern gate was primarily reserved for military matters ; the eastern gate was in civic use . During the Mamluk period , the eastern gate was one of two locations , the other being the Umayyad Mosque , where official decrees were posted , and this is reflected in a number of inscriptions that have been found here .
The northern gate , or Bab al @-@ Hadid ( " Iron Gate " ) , was built with a primary emphasis on military matters . It originally consisted of arched entrances in the east and west walls of a tower in the middle of the northern curtain wall . These entrances led to a central vaulted room and from there through a long vaulted passage before reaching the courtyard . This large gate complex also incorporated the gate structures of the old Seljuq citadel . Based on stylistic evidence and inscriptions found in the citadel , the original construction of the Ayyubid gate can be dated to the period between 1210 and 1212 . Most of the outer gate tower has disappeared and a street now runs through the western arch that still survives , while the vaulted passage that led into the citadel is now used as a mosque . The east and north gate complexes were connected through a 68 metres ( 223 ft ) long vaulted passage that can also be dated to the reign of Al @-@ Adil .
The eastern gate , constructed between 1213 and 1215 , is the only one that opens toward the area enclosed by the city walls of Damascus . It is located in one of the citadel 's square towers and protected by another tower immediately south of the gate tower and a barbacan running between these towers . It is a bent @-@ axis gate running through vaulted passages before reaching the courtyard . Behind it is a square hall in which four columns support a central unusually shaped dome . It incorporates a gate tower from the old Seljuq citadel . The gate lacks defensive structures like murder @-@ holes and is more decorated than the northern gate , which must be related to the fact that the gate faces the city . The gate is decorated with a superb muqarnas canopy that is now hidden because the outer door is blocked .
The western gate was originally protected by two square towers that were probably built during the reign of Baibars . After the 1759 earthquake , which led to the collapse of the western defences of the citadel , these towers were not rebuilt . Unlike the other two gates , this gate has a straight passage .
= = = Southwest building = = =
In the southwest corner of the courtyard , built parallel to the southern wall , is a two @-@ storey building measuring 90 by 10 metres ( 295 by 33 ft ) and reaching a height of 16 metres ( 52 ft ) . The date of this building has long been unclear , but based on the archaeological and architectural analysis carried out between 2002 and 2006 , it has been shown that it predates Al @-@ Adil 's refortification of the citadel and must have been an addition to the defences of the Seljuq citadel . The function of this building after it was incorporated into Al @-@ Adil 's new walls , and thus after losing its defensive function , remains unclear as the archaeological analysis did not reveal any in situ material from which the building 's use could be reconstructed .
= One Rincon Hill =
One Rincon Hill is an upscale residential complex on the apex of Rincon Hill in San Francisco , California , United States . The complex , designed by Solomon , Cordwell , Buenz and Associates and developed by Urban West Associates , consists of two skyscrapers that share a common townhouse podium .
The taller tower , One Rincon Hill South Tower , was completed in 2008 and stands 60 stories and 641 feet ( 195 m ) tall . The shorter tower , marketed as Tower Two at One Rincon Hill , was completed in 2014 and reaches a height of 541 feet ( 165 m ) with 50 stories . The South Tower contains high @-@ speed elevators with special features for moving residents effectively , and a large water tank designed to help the skyscraper withstand strong winds and earthquakes . Both skyscrapers and the townhomes contain a total of 709 residential units .
The building site , located right next to the western approach of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge , formerly contained a clock tower . The clock tower was demolished shortly after the city approved the One Rincon Hill project . Construction of the townhomes and the South Tower lasted from 2005 to 2008 , but was stopped for brief periods of time due to seismic concerns and a construction accident . As the South Tower neared completion , it generated controversy concerning view encroachment , high pricing , and architectural style .
= = Description = =
= = = Location = = =
The complex is on a 1 @.@ 3 acres ( 0 @.@ 53 ha ) parcel on the apex of the Rincon Hill neighborhood . The site is bounded by Harrison Street to the west , the Fremont Street exit ramp to the north , the approach to the Bay Bridge ( Interstate 80 ) on the east , and the 1st Street entrance ramp to the south .
= = = Developer and architect = = =
Solomon , Cordwell , Buenz and Associates , a Chicago architectural firm , designed the complex . The developer of this complex is Urban West Associates , headed by Mike Kriozere . The developer 's headquarters are in San Diego , although all its highrise projects over 14 stories are in the San Francisco Bay Area . The Rincon Hill complex is the developer 's second project in San Francisco , with the first being ONE Embarcadero South , a residential complex near One Rincon Hill and across from AT & T Park . According to the developer the total cost of the Rincon Hill project was US $ 290 million , rising to over US $ 310 million in 2009 .
= = = Architecture = = =
The complex consists of two buildings joined together at the base by a row of townhomes . The South Tower and North Tower rise 641 ft ( 195 m ) and 541 ft ( 165 m ) above the corner of Fremont and Harrison streets , respectively . The North Tower has 50 floors , while the South Tower has 60 . Because of the sloped Rincon Hill site , the South Tower 's lobby floor or the 1st Street entrance is on the sixth floor , and the first floor is five levels underground from the 1st Street entrance . It is also one of the tallest all @-@ residential towers west of the Mississippi River . Its location near the apex of Rincon Hill , at an elevation of over 100 feet ( 30 m ) , gives it an apparent height of well over 700 feet ( 210 m ) , making it one of the biggest additions to the San Francisco skyline in over 30 years .
Both the north tower and the south tower of the Rincon Hill complex bear a resemblance to The Heritage at Millennium Park in Chicago , a building of a similar height to the south tower also designed by Solomon , Cordwell , Buenz and Associates . The architectural style for both buildings of the Rincon Hill complex is late @-@ modernist . The three sides of the South Tower facing southeast , northeast , and northwest have a linear glass curtainwall . The North Tower has a similar design , except it is shorter and the curved aluminum and glass side faces northeast . Both skyscrapers of the Rincon Hill project contain an oval @-@ shaped crown housing mechanical equipment .
The crown of the South Tower contains a band of 25 LED floodlights that remain lit all night . Each LED light consumes little energy and has a lifetime of 40 @,@ 000 hours . These lights are used to signal the weather , just like the lights on the John Hancock Tower in Boston . The crown glows red if warmer weather is in the forecast . A blue crown signifies that cold weather is expected soon . Green means that there is at least a 50 percent chance of rain . Amber indicates that the weather will remain unchanged . This is the San Francisco Bay Area 's first weather beacon . The crown began lighting up on December 8 , 2008 .
= = = Earthquake engineering = = =
To support the 60 story condo tower , One Rincon Hill South Tower has a massive 12 foot ( 4 m ) thick pile @-@ raft foundation embedded deep into serpentine rock . Although some engineers view serpentine rock with suspicion , there are massive structures , such as the Golden Gate Bridge , that have foundations on rock that is largely serpentine . Rising out of the foundation are the concrete core and large , tall columns of steel @-@ reinforced concrete called outriggers . The core is attached to the outrigger columns by diagonal , steel buckling @-@ restrained braces which are designed to dissipate energy during an earthquake through controlled hysteretic behavior . This type of advanced seismic system performs in a manner similar to that of shock absorbers . The braces are also encased in concrete and steel to further mitigate risk of buckling and strength loss . Also of note is the controlled @-@ rocking system which features vertical post @-@ tensioning which runs the height of the building through ducts within the reinforced @-@ concrete shear @-@ wall core . Many of these technologies used in the One Rincon Hill South Tower have never before been applied in the United States .
= = = Water tanks = = =
At the top of the building is a large tuned sloshing damper which holds up to 50 @,@ 000 gallons ( 189 @,@ 250 litres ) of water and weighs 416 @,@ 500 pounds ( 185 @,@ 440 kg ) . A similar 50 @,@ 000 gallon ( 189 @,@ 250 liter ) tank is located in the basement for firefighting purposes . There are two liquid damper screens in each tank to control the flow of the water to counter the sway from the powerful Pacific winds , which can reach hurricane @-@ force .
= = = Elevators = = =
The South Tower has one freight and three passenger elevators . The elevators are the second fastest in the city of San Francisco , second only to those in 555 California Street and tied with those in 555 Mission Street . The elevators of the South Tower can travel from the ground floor to the 61st floor ( the mechanical level ) in only 26 seconds to speed passenger traffic flow . This means the elevators can travel about 1 @,@ 200 vertical feet ( 366 m ) in a minute . The elevators have artificial intelligence control systems that figure out passenger traffic patterns and dispatch the three elevators to handle passenger needs accordingly . The bottom of each elevator shaft has a cylinder filled with hydraulic oil to stop a falling elevator without injuring the passengers inside .
= = = Residences = = =
The entire project will provide 695 condos in the highrises and 14 townhomes at the foot of the towers for a total of 709 units . 376 of those condo units are located in the South Tower and the North Tower contains the other 319 units . Because of their height , both towers will offer spectacular vistas of the surrounding landscapes . There are 26 different floor plans for the 695 condos which are financially beyond the reach of many citizens residing in San Francisco . The units vary greatly in price from US $ 500 @,@ 000 to US $ 2 @.@ 5 million depending on view and the size of the unit that range from 600 to 2 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 56 to 186 m2 ) . The project opened up a sales office on June 16 , 2006 and even before the opening , condo @-@ buyers placed deposits for 130 of the South Tower 's 376 condo units in a selling spree . The Sales Center is rumored to have cost US $ 2 million to build . The condo units in One Rincon Hill South Tower sold well for an unfinished building at that time . The first residents began moving into the South Tower in February 2008 .
= = History = =
= = = Prelude = = =
The 183 ft ( 56 m ) triangle @-@ section clock tower , owned by Union 76 and then Bank of America , was built on the site circa 1955 . After the Transbay Plan the city changed the zoning in the Rincon Hill neighborhood and raised height limits . A second version of One Rincon Hill was proposed in response to these zoning changes , in which the height was increased to 60 stories . The second version project was approved by the city on August 4 , 2005 . Before construction of One Rincon Hill , the clock tower was razed to make way for the construction of the towers .
= = = South Tower = = =
Three months after San Francisco approved the project , construction began on the South Tower with a groundbreaking ceremony on November 10 , 2005 . The South Tower was the second @-@ tallest tower under construction in San Francisco .
= = = = July 2006 construction accident = = = =
On July 21 , 2006 , a metal construction deck collapsed sometime around 10 : 45 AM ( UTC − 7 ) . Two carpenters and two ironworkers were injured when they fell about 30 feet ( 2 @.@ 5 stories ) feet ( 6 m ) along with the deck , sending all four men to the hospital . Three of the men were released that afternoon ; one of the ironworkers was kept at the hospital with his leg broken in two places , a broken ankle , and a broken shoulder .
= = = = Progress = = = =
The South Tower was completed in September 2008 , with all residential floors ready for residents . As of , April 2009 , 70 % of the South Tower 's 376 luxury units and 14 townhouses had been sold . Because of the occupancy rate and low profits so far , the developers had initially refused to pay $ 5 @.@ 4 million in development fees that would be spent on rent subsidies , job training programs and community development in the South of Market area . However , the developers finally agreed to pay the city .
= = = North Tower = = =
The remaining north tower was scheduled to begin construction after summer 2008 and be completed in 2009 . Originally , construction was supposed to commence in January 2008 . Later , the developer mentioned construction was going start in March , but the construction firm wasn 't selected at that time . After March , the developer said construction was going to start in May 2008 . However , following the worldwide financial crisis of the late summer and fall of 2008 , the project 's developers announced that construction of the second tower was indefinitely on hold . With improving economic conditions in the city , construction started on this tower on October 2012 ; its first residents moved in August 2014 . The north tower was later renamed The Harrison .
= = Criticism = =
With condo prices set from US $ 500 @,@ 000 to US $ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , many critics have noted that the One Rincon Hill complex is too expensive for most San Franciscans . With the total initial development cost of US $ 290 million , the average development cost per unit with 709 units total is approximately US $ 409 @,@ 000 . However , the developer Urban West Associates has contributed a total of US $ 38 @.@ 5 million to funds like the South of Market Community Stabilization Fund in order to address this concern .
= Józef Światło =
Józef Światło born Izaak Fleischfarb ( 1 January 1915 – 2 September 1994 ) was a high @-@ ranking official of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland employed as deputy director of the 10th Department run by Anatol Fejgin . Known for supervising the torture of inmates , he was nicknamed the " Butcher " by the MBP prisoners . After the death of Stalin and the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in 1953 , Światło travelled to East Germany on an official business trip . While on the Berlin subway with Fejgin , passing through the West Berlin sector of the city , he " slipped away " and defected to the West .
After his defection on 5 December in Berlin , he worked for the CIA and the Radio Free Europe ( RFE ) . Światło 's written and broadcast incriminations shook the Polish United Workers ' Party , and ultimately contributed to the reform of the Polish security apparatus at the end of the Stalinist period , as one of the factors leading to the political liberalisation of the socialist Polish October revolution .
= = Biography = =
Józef Światło was born on 1 January 1915 as Izaak Fleischfarb ( also Fleichfarb , Licht , or Lichtstein , sources vary ) , into a Jewish family in Medyn village near Zbarazh ( now Ukraine ) . In the Second Polish Republic he was first a Zionist and later , a communist activist . He was arrested twice for his illegal activities . Conscripted in 1939 , he served in the Polish Army ( Polish 6th Infantry Division ) during the Polish September Campaign that year . Taken prisoner by the Germans , he escaped , only to be taken prisoner by the Red Army , which invaded East Poland where his family lived and deported east along with hundred thousands of others . It was also in that period that , on 26 April 1943 , he married Justyna Światło , taking her more Polish @-@ sounding surname . He eventually joined the Polish Forces in the East ( Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division , Berling 's Army ) , becoming a political officer ; he was also promoted to junior lieutenant ( podporucznik ) and became involved in organising state administration in areas taken from the Germans .
In 1945 he was transferred to the newly formed Ministry of Public Security of Poland ( MBP ) . In his work , Światło , like many other communist secret police agents , used torture and forgery . He was involved in arresting hundreds of members of Polish underground organization , Armia Krajowa , its leadership ( the Trial of the Sixteen ) and falsifying of the 1946 Polish referendum . In time he was promoted to Lieutenant colonel ( pol.Podpułkownik ) and served in various offices and departments , eventually in 1951 ending up in the 10th Department , where he was one of the leading officers . The 10th Department was responsible for handling the Party members themselves . He received orders personally from the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers ' Party Bolesław Bierut , and arrested such notable people as politicians Władysław Gomułka and Marian Spychalski , General Michał Rola @-@ Żymierski and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński . He had access - sometimes unique - to many secret documents . He interrogated Noel Field on 27 August 1949 in Budapest as well as his brother , Herman Field ( a US citizen who went to Poland to look for his brother ) . Herman would be secretly imprisoned for five years , until the information on him was revealed - by Światło himself .
= = = Defection to the West = = =
In November 1953 , the First Secretary of the Polish United Workers ' Party Bolesław Bierut asked Politburo member Jakub Berman to send MBP Lieutenant Colonel Józef Światło on an important mission to East Berlin . Światło , deputy head of MBP Department X , together with Colonel Anatol Fejgin , were asked to consult with Stasi chief Erich Mielke about eliminating pl : Wanda Brońska . Światło , however , after the death of Stalin in March 1953 and arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in June that year , became afraid for his own life . He suspected that Bierut in Poland might turn on him and other members of the Ministry , attempting to make them into scapegoats .
The two officers traveled to Berlin and spoke with Mielke . On 5 December 1953 , the day after meeting the Stasi chief , Światło defected to the U.S. military mission in West Berlin . He left family - wife and two children - in Poland . The next day , American military authorities transported Światło to Frankfurt and by Christmas Światło had been flown to Washington , D.C. , where he underwent an extensive debriefing . It has been reported that his interrogations were compiled into about fifty long reports . The United States gave him political asylum with the full knowledge that " he would have to be protected for the rest of his life because the number of his victims and relatives of victims sworn to exact retribution was so great . "
= = Aftermath = =
Światło 's defection was revealed in Poland by the Polish Press Agency on 25 October 1954 , with Światło labelled a traitor and provocateur . It was , however , widely publicised in the United States and Europe by the US authorities , as well as in Poland via Radio Free Europe , embarrassing the Communist authorities in Warsaw - the first international press conference with Światło took place on 28 September 1954 . Światło had intimate knowledge of the internal politics of the Polish government , especially the activities of the various secret services . Over the course of the following months , US newspapers and Radio Free Europe ( in the " Behind the scenes of the secret service and the party " cycle ) reported extensively on political repression in Poland based on Światło 's revelations .
Capitalising on them , in what was known as " Operation Spotlight " , RFE broadcast some 140 interviews by Światło , and 30 programs on him . Światło 's RFE broadcasts were not only serialized but even distributed over Poland by special balloons . Światło detailed the torture of prisoners under interrogation and politically motivated executions and struggles inside the Polish United Workers ' Party . None of the Polish Communists intelligence , counterintelligence and public security agencies escaped unscathed and without some of their secrets being revealed .
The highly publicised defection of Colonel Światło , not to mention the general hatred of the Ministry of Public Security among Poles , led to changes in late 1954 , as first the 10th Department and soon afterwards , the entire Ministry , was broken up and reorganised ; many officials were arrested . Światło 's scandal contributed to the events of political liberalisation in Poland , known as the Polish October . For a long time , it was uncertain if Światło was dead or still alive . Information on him was protected by the US witness protection program ; there were rumours that he died in late 1960s , 1975 or 1985 . In 2010 , United States government stated that he had died on 2 September 1994 . Documents relating to him are still classified in the United States and not available to researchers .
= Barnard Castle School =
Barnard Castle School ( colloquially Barney School or locally the County School ) is a co @-@ educational independent day and boarding school in the market town of Barnard Castle , County Durham , in the North East of England . It is a member of The Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference ( HMC ) . It was founded in 1883 with funding from a 13th @-@ century endowment of John I de Balliol and the bequest of the local industrialist Benjamin Flounders . The ambition was to create a school of the quality of the ancient public schools at a more reasonable cost , whilst accepting pupils regardless of their faith .
Originally the North Eastern County School , the name was changed in 1924 , but is still generally known locally as the " County School " . The school is set in its own 50 @-@ acre ( 20 ha ) grounds in Teesdale , within the North Pennines , an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . An on @-@ site prep school caters for pupils aged 4 to 11 , while the senior school caters for pupils aged 11 to 18 . The school was previously funded by direct grant . Founded as an all @-@ boys school , it has been fully co @-@ educational since 1993 . There are around 725 pupils and some 195 members of staff .
Since the 1980s , the school has been one of Britain 's most successful at producing top class rugby union players . During this period it schooled England international players Rob Andrew and Tony and Rory Underwood . The school has also produced Mathew Tait , Lee Dickson and Tim Visser , and appeared in three finals of the inter @-@ school Daily Mail Cup . Former pupils in other fields include Edward Mellanby ( the discoverer of Vitamin D ) ; industrialist Percy Mills , The Lord Mills ; fashion designer Giles Deacon and poet Craig Raine .
= = History = =
The school can trace its origins to an endowment made by John I de Balliol , then Lord of Barnard Castle , in 1229 . The school itself was established in 1883 when it occupied temporary premises in Middleton One Row , County Durham , whilst construction of the school was undertaken in Barnard Castle . Initially there were 25 boarders and 10 @-@ day pupils , but by the end of 1884 , there were 76 boarders . Originally known as the North Eastern County School , the main school building was completed on 2 February 1886 and initially housed 116 boarders and 12 @-@ day pupils . The Bishop of Durham presided over the foundation ceremony . The building was designed by Clark & Moscrop of Darlington in the Jacobean style , and is a Grade II listed building built with local Yorkstone and Lakeland slate . The school was built for the trustees of Benjamin Flounders and the trustees of St. John 's Hospital , Barnard Castle , who managed the Baliol endowment , and was overseen by a University of Durham committee . Flounders was a Quaker industrialist who had helped to fund the Stockton and Darlington Railway . The Flounders trustees financed the entirety of the construction of the school with a donation of £ 31 @,@ 000 . A further £ 20 @,@ 000 was raised by subscription to cover initial running costs , £ 10 @,@ 000 of which came from St John 's Hospital . The gift from St John 's was conditional on the school being situated in Barnard Castle , and this determined its location .
The school 's governance was inspired by the county school movement of Joseph Lloyd Brereton , who was largely inspired in turn by the example of Thomas Arnold , the headmaster of Rugby School . The object of the school was to provide a liberal education , with fees a fraction of those charged by public schools . Tolerance of non @-@ conformist denominations such as Methodism and Roman Catholicism informed the school 's ethos , and the school has always remained independent of the Church of England . Brereton 's son became the first headmaster of the school . In contrast to the largely classical education offered by many of the public schools of the time , the school always maintained a focus on scientific and technological education . A strong sporting programme was believed to build character . Extensions over the next few years included a sanatorium in 1890 ( now the music school ) and a swimming @-@ bath block in 1896 . In 1900 a £ 4 @,@ 000 ( £ 400 @,@ 000 in 2010 ) science block was opened by Lord Barnard with the Bishop of Durham in attendance . The building is now inhabited by Tees and Dale houses .
The school name was changed to Barnard Castle School in 1924 , and it was by this time one of the largest public schools in the North of England . When Harold Birkbeck was appointed headmaster in 1935 there were 193 pupils . In 1942 the school was elected to the Headmaster 's Conference , making it an " official " public school . Following the introduction of the Education Act 1944 , from 1945 the school became a direct grant grammar school and the number of pupils enrolled at the school increased substantially . In April 1961 a £ 65 @,@ 000 ( £ 1 @.@ 1 million in 2010 ) appeal was launched for funding to build new science blocks and a library building . By this time there were 470 boys at the school , more than half of whom progressed to universities or higher education . Birkbeck introduced squash to the school , and made it one of the best @-@ known schools for the sport in the country in the 1960s and 1970s . The novelist Will Cohu described the school in 1974 as " a rugged Victorian establishment in a brooding Jacobean @-@ style building overlooking the Tees ... The school was popular with parents who were in the armed forces . It was cheap , did not have any reputation for abuse , and was strong on games " . The direct @-@ grant revenue stream was abolished in 1975 , making the school reliant upon independent funding . An appeal was launched that year to ensure the school 's survival , with £ 109 @,@ 000 ( £ 750 @,@ 000 in 2011 ) raised within nine months . The school 's first computer was installed in January 1978 .
Frank Macnamara became headmaster in 1980 , described as " an affable enthusiast " in The Guardian . Under his tenure the school would develop its reputation for fostering world @-@ class rugby talent . For the duration of its existence ( 1980 –
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are York ( red ) and Northumberland ( pale blue ) . The three day boys ' houses are Tees ( dark green ) and Dale ( burgundy ) , both formed by splitting Teesdale House , the first day boys ' house , and finally Durham ( gold ) , which was converted from boarding to day when the school expanded in the 1990s . The boarding girls belong to the original Sixth Form girls ' house , Longfield ( dark pink ) , and the new houses formed for day girls when the school became co @-@ educational are Marwood ( purple ) and more recently Bowes ( pale green ) . The school considered abolishing its boarding facilities when , like many boarding schools , it suffered a significant drop in numbers during the 1990s . However , numbers unexpectedly improved around the turn of the millennium , and this turnaround has often been attributed to the positive image that boarding received from the Harry Potter series . The school is interdenominational , whilst maintaining its foundation in Christian principles and values .
= = = Governance = = =
The school is a charitable trust governed by twelve foundation and seven nominated governors , the latter with links to Durham and Newcastle Universities , Durham County Council , Barnard Castle Town Council and the Old Barnardian Association . The school aims to offer the best independent education to children from the North East of England . According to information provided to the Charities Commission , the income of the school was £ 8 @.@ 6 million in the 2011 – 12 @-@ year , with the vast majority of the revenue coming from school fees . It has been a member of The Headmasters ' and Headmistresses ' Conference since 1944 .
= = Extracurricular activities = =
The houses form the basis for much competition within the school . The first competition in the school year is the House Singing Competition in which every member of the school takes part . Thereafter , throughout the school year , the houses compete against each other in a variety of academic , artistic , and sporting events . An extensive range of almost 100 after @-@ school activities are offered throughout the year , such as The Duke of Edinburgh 's Award scheme up to Gold level .
= = = Sport = = =
Rugby for boys and hockey for girls are the major sports during the Autumn term . In the Spring Term the boys play football , hockey and squash whilst the girls play netball and lacrosse . Both boys and girls take part in cross country running and swimming . During the Summer term , cricket is the most important sport for boys . Teams have toured Majorca and the Caribbean in recent years . Members of the 1st XI often gain representative honours for their counties and the North of England . The school was described by The Daily Telegraph as " one of the premier cricketing schools of the north " . Girls focus on rounders in the summer whilst both girls and boys partake in tennis and athletics . Sports Day is a major fixture in the school calendar .
= = = Barnard Run = = =
The Barnard Run is a school competition , consisting of a cross @-@ country trial over a hilly course . It is the most important sporting event in the school year . The course has varied considerably over the years . It dates back to 1892 when Lord Barnard donated and presented the trophy . The race takes place annually at the end of the first half of the Spring Term . The girls ' and younger boys ' race is 2 ¾ miles while the senior boys ' is 4 miles .
Historically the Barnard Run was a seven @-@ mile course which began at Towler Hill Farm , ran to Cotherstone suspension bridge , with an undetermined route back to the school . In 1898 a 4 @-@ mile junior Barnard Run was created for 11- to 14 @-@ year @-@ olds . In 1904 it was decided that it would be easier for training purposes if the run began at the school , and a new course was developed .
= = = CCF = = =
The Junior Officers ' Training Corps was established at the school in 1909 following an invitation from Lord Haldane , then Secretary of State for War . By 1911 it had 103 cadets and 3 staff . In 1948 all OTCs were superseded by the Combined Cadet Force ( CCF ) . As of 2012 it had almost 200 cadets and 10 staff , making it one of the largest contingents in the country . Facilities associated with the CCF include an armoury and an indoor shooting range . In 2012 the contingent won the Colts Canter competition , which saw it named the best force in the North of England .
= = Rugby union = =
The school has produced 37 U19 international rugby players , leading The Times to comment that it has " a happy knack of producing some of England 's finest rugby talents . " The Observer commented on the rugby success in 2008 , " Someone should analyse what they put in the food " . The most prominent are Rob Andrew , brothers Rory Underwood and Tony Underwood , and Mathew Tait who have all played for England at international level . Former headmaster David Ewart explained the school 's rugby ethos : " We believe the game breeds important life skills in those who play it . It 's a civilising game and you need to be a gentlemen on the pitch , as well as off . " During the period 1970 to 1995 no other British school produced as many England international players . In 2012 Tim Visser described his former school 's rugby programme as " brilliant " .
The school is a prominent feeder institution for the Newcastle Falcons , with signings over the last decade including Lee Dickson , Tim Visser , Alex Tait , Ed Williamson and Rory Clegg . Recent signings to other premiership clubs include Calum Clark , Alex Gray and Ross Batty . Many Barnardians represent junior international sides , as well as the North of England , several northern county sides ( such as Durham , Cumbria , Yorkshire and Cheshire ) and the Independent Schools ' Barbarians . The 1st VII have appeared in the final of the North of England Sevens and National Schools Sevens .
The School 's 1st XV team reached the final of the national Daily Mail Cup for U18s three times in five seasons between 2002 / 03 and 2006 / 07 . Nicknamed the Barney Army , the team lost to Oakham School , Colston 's School and Warwick School respectively in the 2002 , 2003 and 2007 finals . In 2007 / 2008 , the 1st XV were beaten in the semi @-@ finals 19 @-@ 16 by St Benedict 's School . The school reached the finals of the National Schools Sevens in 2002 and 2005 .
= = = International rugby honours = = =
England caps
Howard Marshall ( 1891 – 1893 )
James Hutchinson ( 1906 )
Tom Danby ( 1949 )
Rory Underwood ( 1984 – 1996 )
Rob Andrew ( 1985 – 1997 )
Tony Underwood ( 1992 – 1998 )
Mathew Tait ( 2005 – present )
Lee Dickson ( 2012 – present )
Scotland caps
Tim Visser ( 2012 – present )
= = Tradition = =
Cheers : If a school sports team is victorious the entire team will , on return to school , stand on Central Hall Table ( Central Hall being the school 's focal point ) and the captain will lead three cheers for the school . For the 1st XV cheers also take place after home victories . The team gathers in what is known as Back Porch immediately after the match and three cheers are sounded .
Foundation Day : Celebrated every 6 November . Initially the Barnard Run was held on this day . Before 1892 the tradition was to celebrate the day with a paper chase , but this was replaced after Lord Barnard donated the Barnard Cup .
Nailing Up : This occurs at every end of term school chapel service . Originally taking place in Central Hall , the captain of the house team which had won that term 's major sporting event would climb up to his house shield displayed on the first floor balcony and nail the award to the shield . Nowadays the captain of the winning house team comes to the front of chapel and ceremonially taps the shield . " Jerusalem " is always sung at the last service of term .
Speech Day : Occurring on the final day of the Summer Term ( usually a Saturday ) the entire school community including parents , relatives and friends of the school , meet for Speech Day . The Chairman of the Governors , the Headmaster , an invited Speaker and the Head of School make speeches , and academic prizes are awarded to pupils . Past speakers have included Hensley Henson , Kenneth Calman and Kevin Whately .
= = Old Barnardians = =
Rob Andrew , former international rugby union player and current Rugby Operations Director at the Rugby Football Union .
RJ Thompson , singer songwriter who has toured Europe with artists such as Jools Holland , Midge Ure and Gabrielle Aplin .
Barrie Dobson , historian .
Ed Bartlett , technology entrepreneur
Ross Batty , rugby union player with Bath .
Bentley Beetham , ornithologist , photographer and member of the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition .
David J. Bodycombe , puzzle author .
George Nicholson Bradford , Victoria Cross recipient .
Joshua Harold Burn , pharmacologist .
Andrew Cantrill , organist .
Scott Carpenter , water polo player .
Ian Carr , musician and broadcaster .
Mike Carr , jazz musician .
Calum Clark , rugby union player with Northampton Saints .
Rory Clegg , rugby union player with Newcastle Falcons
Andrew Critchlow , business news editor at the Telegraph Media Group .
Tom Danby , international rugby union and rugby league player .
Giles Deacon , fashion designer .
Karl Dickson , rugby union player with Harlequins .
Lee Dickson , international rugby union player for England .
Robert Dinwiddie , professional golfer .
Nigel Farndale , journalist and novelist .
Patrick Grant , fashion designer .
Alex Gray , rugby union player with England Sevens , and former England U20s captain .
Nicholas Hatch , former first class cricketer with Durham .
Glenn Hugill , television producer and presenter .
Ben Jones , former rugby union player with Worcester Warriors .
Lionel Fanthorpe , priest , entertainer , television presenter , author and lecturer .
George Macaulay , test match cricketer .
Howard Marshall , international rugby union player .
Nathan McCree , composer .
Edward Mellanby , discoverer of Vitamin D.
Kenneth Mellanby , ecologist .
Percy Mills , 1st Viscount Mills , Cabinet member and industrialist , Director of EMI and Chairman of its electronics subsidiary .
Jack Ormston , speedway pioneer .
Craig Raine , poet .
Neil Riddell , former captain of Durham County Cricket Club .
Geoffrey Smith , horticulturalist and broadcaster .
Mark Sowerby , Bishop of Horsham .
Alex Tait , rugby union player with Newcastle Falcons .
Mathew Tait , international rugby union player for England .
Andrew Thornton , jump jockey .
Richard Tomlinson , former MI6 officer .
Rory Underwood , former rugby union international .
Tony Underwood , former rugby union international .
Tim Visser , international rugby union player for Scotland .
Kevin Whately , Inspector Morse and Lewis actor .
Catherine White , Olympic silver medalist swimmer .
Guy Wilks , rally driver .
Ed Williamson , former rugby union player with Newcastle Falcons .
= = Headmasters = =
The Rev Francis Lloyd Brereton 1883 – 1887 , 1893 – 1924
Edward Henry Prest 1887 – 1893
Arthur George Coombe 1924 – 1935
Harold Edward Birkbeck 1935 – 1965
Sidney D Woods 1965 – 1980
Frank Macnamara 1980 – 1997
Michael David Featherstone 1997 – 2004
David Ewart 2004 – 2010
Alan Stevens 2010 – present
Current staff include the former first @-@ class cricketer John Lister and former List A cricketer Benjamin Usher . Notable former staff have included the educationalist George Graham Able , Bentley Beetham and cricketer Martin Speight . Past governors include Joseph Langley Burchnall , who served on the board for twenty years , rising to the level of chairman .
= Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty =
Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty is the debut studio album by American rapper Big Boi , released on July 5 , 2010 , by Purple Ribbon Records and Def Jam Recordings . It is his first solo album as a member of hip hop duo OutKast . Production for the album took place primarily at Stankonia Recording Studio in Atlanta during 2007 to 2010 and was handled by several record producers , including Organized Noize , Scott Storch , Salaam Remi , Mr. DJ , and André 3000 , among others .
The album 's development was impeded by a dispute between Big Boi and his former label , Jive Records , over creative and commercial differences . Rooted in Southern hip hop , Sir Lucious Left Foot has been noted by music writers for its bounce and bass @-@ heavy sound , layered production , and assorted musical elements . Its lyrics deal with boasting , sex , social commentary , and club themes , featuring Big Boi 's clever wordplay and versatile flow .
Following a heavily delayed release , the album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 , selling 62 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , and spent 13 weeks on the chart . It also charted internationally and produced two singles , including the UK top @-@ 40 hit " Shutterbugg " . Sir Lucious Left Foot received rave reviews from music critics , who praised its varied sound and Big Boi 's lyricism , and was included in numerous year @-@ end top albums lists . Big Boi promoted the album with an international tour in 2010 . As of September 2010 , it has sold 175 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
= = Background = =
= = = Solo ventures = = =
Released in August 2006 , OutKast 's sixth album Idlewild and the duo 's musical film of the same name were met with a lukewarm reception from critics and audiences . Amid break @-@ up rumors , Big Boi and André 3000 announced their hiatus as a duo and plans for individual career endeavours . Unlike their fifth album Speakerboxxx / The Love Below , which included a solo album by each member , his album and André 3000 ’ s own solo album will be sold separately . They intend to continue work as a duo after each of their solo albums are released . Prior to working on his solo effort , Big Boi had occupied himself with managing his Purple Ribbon imprint label and several acting roles , including a supporting role as a drug dealer in the well @-@ received , coming @-@ of @-@ age film ATL and the lead role as a rap mogul in the critically panned comedy film Who 's Your Caddy ? . In an interview with Vibe , he said that due to the Writers ' Strike at the time his further work in film would be on hold and expressed plans for new music .
After being approached by artistic director John McFall in 2007 , Big Boi collaborated with the Atlanta Ballet company on a production entitled big . As creative director , Big Boi recruited bandmembers , developed a story line , and worked with choreographer Lauri Stallings to put the project together . The production received good buzz and ran for six performances in April 2010 at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta . It featured him in a starring role as himself , a live band of musicians from the Purple Ribbon label , performances by Sleepy Brown and Janelle Monáe , and syncopated dance sequences set to OutKast hits and tracks intended for Big Boi 's solo album . In 2008 , he ended his three @-@ year " beef " with rapper and former Purple Ribbon artist Killer Mike .
The album 's title is derived from Big Boi 's long @-@ time moniker " Sir Lucious Left Foot " . In several interviews , he has explained part of it as a reference to the Southern slang phrase " gettin ’ out on the good foot " , while describing the entire moniker as an indication of maturity , noting it as " my real grown @-@ man persona " and " like my Luke @-@ Skywalker @-@ becoming @-@ a @-@ Jedi persona . Like , I 'm just really serious about my craft , I 've mastered it , and I 'm very skilled at it , and I take pride in making this music " . He incorporated the nickname " Chico Dusty " to the album 's title as a dedication to his late father , Tony Kearse , who gained it while serving as a fighter pilot in the United States Air Force and Marines . The spelling of luscious in the album 's title , Big Boi 's moniker , is intended to reflect on its distinctive pronunciation " loo @-@ shuss " , which according to Big Boi , is not " the girl name ; you call a girl luscious , along the lines of voluptuous " .
= = = Record label = = =
In 2004 , OutKast 's original record label Arista Records was restructured under the Jive label group . During their hiatus , Big Boi and André 3000 were pressured by Jive to produce an OutKast album instead of focusing on their solo work . In July 2009 , Big Boi left Jive Records , following creative differences and the label 's unwillingness to release and promote his solo album . According to Big Boi , Jive gave him an ultimatum to shop the album elsewhere . In an interview for GQ , he discussed his release from Jive and his discontent with the label for proposing he record a cover of rapper Lil Wayne 's " Lollipop " , stating " They told me to go in and make my version of Lil Wayne 's Lollipop ! I love that song ... But how you gonna tell me to go bite another MCs style ? ... That 's the highest form of disrespect ever . So that 's when I wanted to get off Jive . And the only honorable thing they 've done is allow me to do that " . Big Boi expressed that Jive viewed its intended singles as not " radio @-@ friendly " and the album as " a piece of art , and they didn 't know what to do with it " .
In an interview for MTV upon the album 's release , Big Boi explained that most of its material had been finished while at Jive , stating " It 's basically the same album . I could have been done , like , a year ago . But being that we were having creative differences — you know , every time they rejected what I was doing , I would go back in the studio and work on more stuff . The last two songs , ' You Ain 't No DJ ' and ' Be Still , ' were the last two records , but everything else was already on there " . Despite his individual release , OutKast as a group remained signed to Jive . After leaving Jive , Big Boi contacted record executive and Island Def Jam CEO / chairman L.A. Reid , who had originally signed OutKast to LaFace in 1992 . He played Reid a track from the album , " Fo Yo Sorrows " , which persuaded him to actualize a contract for Big Boi . Following two months of negotiations , Big Boi signed a three @-@ album deal with Def Jam Recordings in March 2010 .
= = Recording = =
Sir Lucious Left Foot was recorded over a period of three years , beginning on Martin Luther King , Jr . Day in 2007 . Big Boi has said that he " always start working on albums on Martin Luther King Day . It 's a good luck charm " . The album was primarily recorded at Stankonia Recording Studio in Atlanta , Georgia , the studio used by OutKast for their previous albums . Additional recording took place at The Dungeon Recording Studios , The Slumdrum Dreamhouse , and King of Crunk in Atlanta , Dungeon East Studios in Decatur , Georgia , Instrumental Zoo in Miami , Florida , and Kush Studios in Palm Island , Florida . Big Boi discussed the Stankonia studio 's environment in an interview for The Guardian , calling it " comfortable but gritty enough to get you in a state of mind of being raw and ready to kill stuff " , while noting that the sessions were accompanied by " some candles , a little red light , maybe some crunk juice and a cigar ; every now and then perhaps a little ' purple ' " . While searching for a new record label , he completed recording for the album . The album was mastered on May 27 , 2010 .
In an August interview , Big Boi said that he planned to co @-@ produce each of the album 's tracks , with production also being handled by Organized Noize , Boom Boom Room Productions , Scott Storch , and Lil Jon . Noted for using synthesizers , electric pianos , samplers , and drum machines in his music , musician and frequent OutKast @-@ collaborator Sleepy Brown contributed with production as a member of Organized Noize and with vocals to several tracks . Big Boi has said that he incorporated various musical elements to the album , with " something from every genre , every funk , beat , loop , horn , whistle . We got it all on the record " . He has described Sir Lucious Left Foot as " a funk @-@ filled extravaganza ! You know , layers and layers of funk with raw lyrics and a lotta honesty " .
Big Boi also worked with other guest artists , including Jamie Foxx , T.I. , and B.o.B. André 3000 was to appear on three tracks , and produce a track for Yelawolf . Big Boi was introduced to Yelawolf 's music through his younger brother and invited him to record after seeing him perform . The track " Follow Us " features Vonnegutt , an act from Big Boi 's Purple Ribbon label . He originally proposed a rock @-@ influenced track for Yelawolf , but was persuaded by him to send the instrumental for " You Ain 't No DJ " . According to Yelawolf , he " wrote like 64 bars and turned in the huge verse " , which was edited down to 16 and eight @-@ bar parts of his original verse for the finished song . Big Boi also attempted unsuccessfully to collaborate with singer @-@ songwriter Kate Bush , and managed to work with funk music pioneer George Clinton on " Fo Yo Sorrows " , an experience he related to " Dorothy going to see the Wizard of Oz . He is the grandfather of funk ; when George speaks , you listen . He 's gonna give you that extraterrestrial funk ; you gotta be thankful for the way he beams it down to you " . In an interview for Blues & Soul , he discussed working with the beat for " Shutterbugg " after producer Scott Storch had presented it , stating " [ I ] brought my band in – my guitar players , keyboard players , the talkbox – and we just pissed on it ! You know , we put the P @-@ Funk on it , and just commenced to lyrically destroy the track " .
= = Music and lyrics = =
Sir Lucious Left Foot features a layered and voluminous production , which Big Boi has described as " like someone 's pushing you around the room " . Rooted in Southern hip hop , it contains a bounce and bass @-@ heavy sound with dense TR 808 @-@ driven basslines , live instrumentation , and backing vocalists . Music writer Greg Kot calls it " a state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art Southern @-@ fried party @-@ funk album " and notes its bass @-@ heavy sound as " full of surface charm , the type of music that is designed to sound big in a club , the soundtrack for a night of excess . But there ’ s very little conventional about these beats " .
The album 's sound also incorporates diverse musical elements from various genres such as funk , soul , rock , dubstep , and electro music . Houston Press writer Shea Serrano describes the album as a " new take on the traditional Southern rap sound . It 's slow and fast , wonky and flimsy , lyrical and hook @-@ driven " . Tom Breihan of Pitchfork Media perceives " 1980s synth @-@ funk " as its predominant musical element , but also finds each track musically varied , stating " New melodic elements flit in and out of tracks just as you start to notice them , and there 's a lot going on at any given moment " . Big Boi has called the music " basically what you been getting from Outkast . Raw lyricism and the funkiest grooves you can lay your ears on . "
Big Boi 's lyrics are playful and irreverent , with clever wordplay and boasts , while incorporating non @-@ sequiturs , pop @-@ culture references , and tongue @-@ twisters . His rhymes are delivered through a fast , versatile flow and dexterous cadence . Rolling Stone 's Christian Hoard describes his flow as " inimitably slick and speedy " . Amos Barshad of New York notes his lyrics as " playful , but his flow is stern and unpredictable " . Sasha Frere @-@ Jones of The New Yorker describes the album 's mood as " decidedly upbeat " and writes of Big Boi 's rapping , " The musical DNA of ' Sir Lucious ' lies in a simple strategy that Big Boi has used for years : he often raps in double time , no matter what the tempo of the song is . This means that even the slower songs [ ... ] don ’ t drag — Big Boi uses the space in the beat to provide another rhythm with his words " . Frere @-@ Jones describes him as " simultaneously forceful and careful " with his lyrics and compares his rapping technique to " the clatter of a machine , like a lawnmower , where secondary rhythms whisper underneath the main beat [ ... ] Big Boi is never laid @-@ back when he raps : he defines wide @-@ awake " .
Thematically , the album 's subject matter mostly concerns self @-@ aggrandisement , sex , social commentary , and " the club " . Music writer Omar Burgess comments that the album finds Big Boi " vacillating between a shit @-@ talking B @-@ boy , social commentary spitting vet and a ladies man with a wandering eye " . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe notes " lissome rhyming about things frivolous and fraught " by Big Boi . NPR writer Andrew Noz views that his " spiral of internal rhyme schemes and stop @-@ and @-@ go cadences [ ... ] values style over substance but doesn 't neglect writing , whether battling imaginary rap foes or offering advice on fiscal responsibility " .
= = = Songs = = =
" Turns Me On " has a comical beat and multiple vocals , including 1950s @-@ styled vocals during a break in the song . " Follow Us " features fractured , Afrobeat guitar phrases , sleazy synthesizer , and a pop refrain by Vonnegutt . " Shutterbugg " has a robotic stutter , falsetto refrain , female whispers and described by The Guardian 's Hattie Collins as " a futuristic , brain @-@ crunching slice of jittery electro hop " . " Tangerine " features blunt lyrics concerning strip club themes and a lascivious guest rap by T.I. The song incorporates various musical elements , including exotic Afro @-@ polyrhythms , psychedelic instrumental effects , booming bass , tribal beats , synthesizer vamps , and slow , reverbing grunge rock guitar . Tom Breihan notes that the song " somehow simultaneously sounds like strip @-@ club ass @-@ shake material and Funkadelic covering Morricone " , while music journalist Alexis Petridis writes that it " improbably burst [ s ] into something that most closely resembles a P @-@ Funk take on the mid @-@ 60s Batman theme . The lyrics , meanwhile , come in a breathless blur of druggy non @-@ sequiturs and pop @-@ culture references , some of it frankly baffling " . " Fo Yo Sorrows " features funk musician George Clinton performing the hook and has been described as " a seamless blur of old school Atlanta bass , current @-@ day glitch @-@ hop and Funkadelic @-@ style psychedelia " .
Several tracks on Sir Lucious Left Foot contain humorous skits with dialogue from additional vocalists , including Chris Carmouche , Dax " Dirty Dr. " Rudnak , Big Rube , Henry Welch , and Keisha Atwater . Welch and Carmouche are featured in a skit at the beginning of " Be Still " , in which they make a reference to " tea bagging " . Dax Rudnak concludes " General Patton " with a skit about a sex maneuver called " the David Blaine " , which according to the skit is " when you ’ re making love to someone from behind , then have a friend take over and you run to a window and wave at your partner " . In an interview for Time Out Chicago , Big Boi was asked whether he " [ is ] taking credit for this , or is this something people do ? " , to which he responded " Yeah , man ! You know , man , they do it now ! " .
= = Release and promotion = =
= = = Release history = = =
Before his departure from Jive , Big Boi planned to release the album in 2008 . In January 2010 , he announced a March 23 release through his Twitter account . In April , its release was pushed back to July 6 in the United States . However , in June , Jive attempted to block its release , claiming that Def Jam could not issue songs featuring both Big Boi and André 3000 , as OutKast was represented as a duo by the former label . In a June 7 interview for GQ , Big Boi responded to a question concerning the blocking of his recordings with André 3000 for Sir Lucious Left Foot , stating " Au contraire ! They cannot block it . Au contraire . Either they 're going to do it the right way , or they 're going to do it my way ... The fans ' thirst will be quenched . You know , I 'm no stranger to that Internet , baby . So you already know what time it is . The thirst of the fans will be quenched " . On June 10 , his website released the album 's track listing , which excluded tracks featuring André 3000 . Of his songs with André 3000 , he told GQ , " We 're gonna keep one of them for the next OutKast record " .
The album was made available for streaming at Big Boi 's MySpace page . Following leaks of several of its tracks , the album also leaked in its entirety to the Internet on June 29 . Prior to its official release , anti @-@ piracy companies had estimated that his tracks were being downloaded approximately 45 @,@ 000 times a day . On July 1 , Big Boi self @-@ released his mixtape Mixtape for Dummies : Guide to Global Greatness as a free download through his website , featuring tracks compiled by DJ X @-@ Rated and DJ Esco from Big Boi 's solo recordings and work with OutKast . Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty was released by Big Boi 's imprint Purple Ribbons label and Def Jam Recordings on July 5 in the United Kingdom and on July 6 in the US . A deluxe edition of the album was released simultaneously in the US , with the inclusion of two bonus tracks and a second DVD of music videos for several songs . Big Boi 's official website store offered limited edition releases of the album , including the deluxe edition 's two discs , ivory white vinyl LPs , a limited edition T @-@ shirt , and a custom GoodWood chain . In promotion of the album 's release , Converse produced a special limited edition run of Chuck Taylor All @-@ Stars shoes in August 2010 . The shoes were designed by Big Boi himself and feature the album title printed around the outer sides of the shoe 's heel . On the collaboration , Big Boi said in a statement " as long as I can remember music and Converse have gone hand in hand , so partnering up with them was a no @-@ brainer " .
= = = Singles = = =
Amid his disputes with former label Jive , Big Boi leaked two recordings originally intended for Sir Lucious Left Foot as promotional singles to the Internet . The album 's first promo single , " Royal Flush " featuring André 3000 and Raekwon , had appeared on various web magazines and blogs in March 2008 . It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group and was named the best song of 2008 by About.com. Its second promo single , " Sumthin 's Gotta Give " featuring Mary J. Blige , was leaked to the Internet along with its music video in June 2008 . The Boi @-@ 1da @-@ produced track " Lookin ' 4 Ya " , featuring André 3000 and Sleepy Brown , leaked onto the Internet on June 8 . The track 's " Jedi Remix " version was released to East Village @-@ based radio show Baller 's Eve and subsequently onto the Internet in September 2010 . It features the original instrumental with two different verses from both Big Boi and André 3000 .
Big Boi leaked the album 's first official single , " Shutterbugg " , on April 6 . It was officially released as a single on April 26 . It was also issued on interactive music site MXP4 , which enabled users to play with , mix , remix , and sing along with the track . Its music video was directed by Chris Robinson and premiered on May 26 . The video 's concept incorporates various scenes that accentuate different lines from Big Boi 's lyrics . On its concept , Big Boi said in an interview for MTV , " It goes with the rhymes . Chris Robinson was definitely onboard [ with the concept ] . What he took from the song was a lyrical , visual adventure . There 's a lot of special stuff going on . He 's freaking the visuals like I 'm freaking the rhymes " . " Shutterbugg " spent two weeks on the US R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , peaking at number 60 , and it charted at number 99 on the US Hot 100 Airplay . It also reached number 31 and spent four weeks on the UK Singles Chart , and at number eight on the Deutsche Black Charts in Germany . Rolling Stone named " Shutterbugg " the 14th best single of 2010 . It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 2010 .
" Fo Yo Sorrows " , featuring George Clinton , Too Short , and Sam Chris , was released as a promotional single on June 8 on iTunes . " General Patton " was also released to iTunes on June 15 . Its music video was released on June 13 . On August 26 , Big Boi 's website posted the track 's " chopped and screwed " version as a free download . The song " Tangerine " , featuring T.I. , was released to iTunes on June 29 . " Follow Us " , featuring Vonnegutt , was released as the second official single on July 20 in the US and September 13 in the UK . A music video for the song was directed by Zach Wolfe and released on July 1 . The track was remixed by Vonnegutt and released September 13 through Big Boi 's website . The track " You Ain 't No DJ " received some airplay on Atlanta @-@ based radio . Its music video was directed by Parris in Atlanta , and released virally on September 2 . The video features Big Boi in a red tracksuit and with a lightsaber in one scene , guest rapper Yelawolf lounging on a couch , and several break dancers , while motions in the video 's scenes are rewinded and sped up with film editing to accentuate cutting , mixing , and spinning by a DJ in the song .
= = = Performances = = =
Big Boi made promotional appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 7 and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on July 12 , 2010 , performing the album 's lead single " Shutterbugg " on both shows . He also performed its second single " Follow Us " on Lopez Tonight on July 14 and on Late Show with David Letterman on August 23 . Big Boi joined the line @-@ up for the Pitchfork Music Festival during June 16 – 18 in Union Park , Chicago , performing on the festival 's third and final day . He performed a set at Acer Arena in Olympic Park , Sydney on July 28 as part of the Australian @-@ based Winterbeatz music festival , and both Øyafestivalen in Oslo , Norway and the Flow Festival in Helsinki , Finland on August 14 . On August 18 , he played a free show at Sobe Live in Miami , Florida , which MySpace Music broadcast live via Ustream.tv with the MySpace page of HP .
Initially expected through the end of the year , a supporting 20 @-@ concert tour for Sir Lucious Left Foot was announced by Big Boi on August 25 . His spokespeople confirmed that he would be performing material from previous OutKast albums in addition to songs from Sir Lucious Left Foot . The tour began on August 26 at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater in Atlanta , Georgia and concluded on November 18 at Fox Studios in Sydney , Australia .
On September 2 , Big Boi headlined with DJ mashup duo Super Mash Bros the Hawkapolooza , an event at the Memorial Union Iowa City , Iowa inaugurating the start of the college athletic season for the Iowa Hawkeyes . He headlined New York University 's annual Mystery Concert at the Skirball Center for Performing Arts in New York City with opening act Dr. Dog on September 7 , and performed at the 9 : 30 Club in Washington , D.C. on September 8 . He was billed for the 2010 Epicenter music festival on September 25 at the Auto Club Speedway in Fontana , California . On October 28 , Big Boi headlined the Yorktown Throwdown , a benefit show in support of the Boys & Girls Clubs of America . The concert featured electronic music duo MSTRKRFT and was held in the USS Yorktown lot at Patriot 's Point in South Carolina .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
The album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 chart , with first @-@ week sales of 62 @,@ 000 copies . It also entered at number two on Billboard 's Digital Albums and Tastemaker Albums , and at number three on both its Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums charts . It spent 13 weeks on the Billboard 200 chart , and as of September 26 , has sold 175 @,@ 000 copies in the US , according to Nielsen SoundScan .
In Canada , Sir Lucious Left Foot debuted at number 20 on the Top 100 Albums chart . In the United Kingdom , it entered at number 80 on the Top 100 Albums and at number 14 on the Top 40 RnB Albums chart . In its second week , it fell out of the Top 100 Albums . The album debuted at number 99 in Switzerland and at number 19 in Norway . In Norway , it reached number 16 , its peak position , in its second week on the VG @-@ lista Topp 40 Album chart , on which it ultimately spent eight weeks . In Australia , the album entered at number 33 on the ARIA Top 50 Albums and at number five on the Top 40 Urban Albums chart . In its second week , it dropped out of the Top 50 Albums chart .
= = = Critical response = = =
Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty received rave reviews from contemporary music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 90 , which indicates " universal acclaim " , based on 33 reviews . Allmusic editor Andy Kellman called it " one of the loosest , most varied , and entertaining albums of its time " . Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson called the album " a stunningly realized solo debut " . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian praised its " kaleidoscopic range of musical influences " and Big Boi 's lyrics . Rob Harvilla of The Village Voice called it " fantastic , by turns triumphant , defiant , and gleefully crass [ ... ] it feels triumphant and relieved and epic even if you discount the tortured backstory " . Seth Colter Walls of Newsweek stated " Big Boi makes the contemporary trappings of hip @-@ hop sound funkier than just about anyone " . Adam Downer of Sputnikmusic called it " a brilliant record " and commented that " the beats are killer , the verses sick , the pacing perfect , and the skits are actually pretty funny " .
Los Angeles Times writer Ann Powers praised its music 's " depth and complexity " , adding that it " highlights his focused language skills within musical settings that touch upon rock , electro , dubstep and classical fanfare , grounded in a thick bottom that guarantees plenty of booty bounce " . Gregg Lipkin of PopMatters praised the album 's " shifting tones and musical invention " . Sean Fennessey of Spin praised its bass @-@ heavy tracks and called Big Boi " a deceptively elegant rhymer " . Rolling Stone writer Jody Rosen commented on Big Boi 's performance , " He 's got an inimitably slick and speedy flow and a personality bigger and more forceful than anything his producers can throw at him " . Pitchfork Media 's Tom Breihan called the album " inventive , bizarre , joyous , and masterful " and stated " He just does so many things with his voice and cadence , letting his words fall over the snares one moment and fighting upstream against the beat the next [ ... ] blissfully free of both old @-@ man hectoring and drug @-@ rap nihilism " .
In a mixed review , Andy Gill of The Independent felt it was " not as immediately engaging " as Big Boi 's Speakerboxxx album , noting " a laziness about some of the rhyming " . While noting his boastful " lyrical slackening " as a minor flaw , Slant Magazine 's Jesse Cataldo found Big Boi " consistently in fine , tongue @-@ tying form " and described the album as " rigidly focused and almost uniformly strong [ ... ] by @-@ the @-@ books hip @-@ hop with just the right proportion of ingredients " . In MSN Music , Robert Christgau complimented the record 's " pervasive albeit incoherent musicality " and observed " a succession of enjoyable songs with plenty to offer " .
= = = Accolades = = =
The album appeared on numerous critics ' and publications ' year @-@ end top albums lists . Chris Yuscavage of Vibe ranked it number eight on his list of the 10 Best Albums of 2010 . Paste ranked it number 37 on its 50 Best Albums of 2010 list , calling it " a massive , ambitious album shot through with knee @-@ knocking beats and deft lyrical touches from Outkast ’ s swagger champion ... [ B ] oth a trove of pop jams and a profound piece of artistic experimentation " . Nitsuh Abebe of New York named it the second best album of 2010 and called it " as forward @-@ thinking as it was charming " . The A.V. Club ranked it number seven , NME ranked it number 38 , PopMatters ranked it number 10 , The Guardian ranked it number 27 , and Spin ranked it number 13 on its list . Rolling Stone placed it at number 21 on its year @-@ end albums list and called it " a nasty , future @-@ funk odyssey , done the way George Clinton used to do it : stretched @-@ out grooves , cavernous bass boom , gutbucket guitar and thick electro thump , all held together by Big Boi 's whiplash rhymes and pimper @-@ than @-@ thou style " .
Time ranked the album number nine , with the publication 's Claire Suddath writing that " It 's an amalgam of beats , chants and raps mixed together with exacting precision . Big Boi deftly jumps between musical styles [ ... ] and his raps come so fast , he seems to never pause for breath " . Pitchfork Media named it the fourth best album of 2010 and stated " [ T ] he sound of Sir Lucious Left Foot is an exercise in recognizing traditions and pushing them miles ahead . Big Boi crowns it all with a lyrical acumen so detailed and charismatic — acting as benevolent hustler , knuckle @-@ dusting elder statesman , trickster smartass and street @-@ level philosopher " . It was voted the sixth @-@ best album in The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics ' poll for 2010 , while 11 songs from the album were included in the poll 's singles list , including " Shutterbugg " ( number seven ) , " Shine Blockas " ( number 95 ) , and " Follow Us " ( number 316 ) . In 2014 , the album was named one of the 100 best albums of the decade " so far " in a list by Pitchfork Media .
= = Track listing = =
• ( co ) Co @-@ producer
Sample credits
" Shutterbugg " contains elements of " Back to Life ( However Do You Want Me ) " , written by Nellee Hooper , Beresford Romeo , Caron M. Wheeler , and Simon A. Law , and contains elements of " You Are in My System " , written by David Frank and Michael Murphy .
" General Patton " contains a sample of " Vieni , o guerriero vindice " performed by Giorgio Tozzi , Coro del Teatro dell 'Opera di Roma , Orchestra del Teatro dell 'Opera di Roma , Sir Georg Solti .
" Shine Blockas " contains a sample from " I Miss You Part I and II " written by Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff , as performed by Harold Melvin & The Blue Notes .
= = Personnel = =
Credits for Sir Lucious Left Foot : The Son of Chico Dusty adapted from liner notes .
= = = Musicians = = =
= = = Production = = =
= = Charts = =
= New York State Route 348 =
New York State Route 348 ( NY 348 ) was a state highway located within the town of Chazy in Clinton County , New York , in the United States . It stretched for 6 @.@ 2 miles ( 10 @.@ 0 km ) from NY 22 in the hamlet of West Chazy to U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the hamlet of Chazy and passed under the Adirondack Northway ( Interstate 87 or I @-@ 87 ) . NY 348 did not intersect any state routes or pass through any communities other than those at each of its termini .
When NY 348 was originally assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , it began in West Chazy and ended in the village of Champlain . The route was extended northeastward to Rouses Point by 1931 , then truncated to the hamlet of Chazy in the early 1960s . NY 348 ceased to exist entirely in 1980 , at which time its former routing became County Route 24 ( CR 24 ) .
= = Route description = =
NY 348 began at an intersection with NY 22 and West Church Street in the hamlet of West Chazy ( within the town of Chazy ) , located 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of Flat Rock State Forest . NY 348 proceeded east along East Church Street , crossing over tracks once used by the Delaware and Hudson Railroad , reaching a junction with CR 25 ( Stratton Hill Road ) . At this junction , NY 348 turned northeast along Fiske Road , crossing over the Little Chazy River and nearby Bayington Brook . Bending further northeast through the town of Chazy , the route paralleled the Delaware and Hudson until reaching a crossing with the Adirondack Northway ( I @-@ 87 ) .
NY 348 and the Northway did not connect , as NY 348 crossed under the four lane expressway , crossing the alignment of a railroad spur and soon reached the hamlet of Chazy . In Chazy , the route crossed over the Little Chazy River once again then intersected with US 9 . This junction with US 9 marked the northern terminus of NY 348 .
= = History = =
The alignment that would become NY 348 between the hamlet of West Chazy and the town of Chazy was taken over by the state of New York and improved to state highway standards in 1907 – 1908 . The 6 @.@ 34 miles ( 10 @.@ 20 km ) alignment was 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) wide and to be constructed with stones approved by the state with sand and limestone filler . The state engineer estimated that the improvement of the road would cost $ 58 @,@ 250 ( 1907 USD ) , and a contract was let on September 19 , 1907 to Jeremiah T. Finch , who commenced work on the new roadway in October of that year . The work was completed 11 months later ( September 1908 ) at the cost of $ 54 @,@ 111 @.@ 94 .
NY 348 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . At the time , it began at NY 22 in West Chazy and ended at US 11 in the village of Champlain . NY 348 had an overlap with US 9 from Chazy to what is now NY 9B in the town of Champlain . Here , US 9 forked to the east and followed the length of modern NY 9B to Rouses Point . NY 348 was extended east to Rouses Point along US 11 and what is now NY 276 by the following year .
In the mid @-@ 1940s , US 9 was rerouted to follow its modern alignment through Champlain , creating a lengthy overlap between NY 348 and US 9 from Chazy hamlet to Champlain village . The overlaps with both US 9 and US 11 were eliminated in the early 1960s after NY 348 was truncated on its northern end to its junction with US 9 in Chazy .
NY 348 was removed from the state highway system in 1980 . The designation officially ceased to exist on January 7 , 1980 , and ownership and maintenance of the route was transferred from the state of New York to Clinton County on April 1 , 1980 , as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The former routing of NY 348 was redesignated as CR 24 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route was in Chazy , Clinton County .
= York Castle =
York Castle in the city of York , England , is a fortified complex comprising , over the last nine centuries , a sequence of castles , prisons , law courts and other buildings on the south side of the River Foss . The now @-@ ruinous keep of the medieval Norman castle is commonly referred to as Clifford 's Tower . Built originally on the orders of William I to dominate the former Viking city of York , the castle suffered a tumultuous early history before developing into a major fortification with extensive water defences . After a major explosion in 1684 rendered the remaining military defences uninhabitable , York Castle continued to be used as a jail and prison until 1929 .
The first motte and bailey castle on the site was built in 1068 following the Norman conquest of York . After the destruction of the castle by rebels and a Viking army in 1069 , York Castle was rebuilt and reinforced with extensive water defences , including a moat and an artificial lake . York Castle formed an important royal fortification in the north of England .
In 1190 , 150 local Jews were killed in a pogrom in the castle keep , most of them committed suicide in order not to fall to the hands of the mob . Henry III rebuilt the castle in stone in the middle of the 13th century , creating a keep with a unique quatrefoil design , supported by an outer bailey wall and a substantial gatehouse . During the Scottish wars between 1298 and 1338 , York Castle was frequently used as the centre of royal administration across England , as well as an important military base of operations .
York Castle fell into disrepair by the 15th and 16th centuries , becoming used increasingly as a jail for both local felons and political prisoners . By the time of Elizabeth I the castle was estimated to have lost all of its military value but was maintained as a centre of royal authority in York . The outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642 saw York Castle being repaired and refortified , playing a part in the Royalist defence of York in 1644 against Parliamentary forces . York Castle continued to be garrisoned until 1684 , when an explosion destroyed the interior of Clifford 's Tower . The castle bailey was redeveloped in a neoclassical style in the 18th century as a centre for county administration in Yorkshire , and was used as a jail and debtors ' prison . Prison reform in the 19th century led to the creation of a new prison built in a Tudor Gothic style on the castle site in 1825 ; used first as a county and then as a military prison , this facility was demolished in 1935 . By the 20th century the ruin of Clifford 's Tower had become a well @-@ known tourist destination and national monument ; today the site is owned by English Heritage and open to the public . The other remaining buildings serve as the York Castle Museum and the Crown Court .
= = History = =
= = = 11th century = = =
York was a Viking capital in the 10th century , and continued as an important northern city in the 11th century . In 1068 , on William the Conqueror 's first northern expedition after the Norman Conquest , he built a number of castles across the north @-@ east of England , including one at York . This first castle at York was a basic wooden motte and bailey castle built between the rivers Ouse and Foss on the site of the present @-@ day York Castle . It was built in haste ; contemporary accounts imply it was constructed in only eight days , although this assertion has been challenged . The motte was originally around 200 feet ( 61 metres ) wide at the base . As it was built in an urban environment , hundreds of houses had to be destroyed to make way for the development . William Malet , the sheriff of Yorkshire , was placed in charge of the castle and successfully defended it against an immediate uprising by the local population .
In response to the worsening security situation , William conducted his second northern campaign in 1069 . He built another castle in York , on what is now Baile Hill on the west bank of the Ouse opposite the first castle , in an effort to improve his control over the city . This second castle was also a motte and bailey design , with the Baile Hill motte probably reached by a horizontal bridge and steps cut up the side of the motte . Later that year , a Danish Viking fleet sailed up to York along the Humber and the Ouse , and attacked both castles with the assistance of Cospatrick of Northumbria and a number of local rebels . The Normans , attempting to drive the rebels back , set fire to some of the city 's houses . The fire grew out of control and also set fire to York Minster and , some argue , the castles as well . The castles were captured and partially dismantled , and Malet was taken hostage by the Danes .
William conducted a widespread sequence of punitive operations across the north of England in the aftermath of the attacks in 1069 and 1070 . This " Harrying of the North " restored sufficient order to allow the rebuilding of the two castles , again in wood . The bailey at York Castle was enlarged slightly in the process ; buildings believed to have been inside the bailey at this time include " halls , kitchens , a chapel , barracks , stores , stables , forges [ and ] workshops " . By the time Domesday Book was written in 1086 , York Castle was also surrounded by a water @-@ filled moat and a large artificial lake called the King 's Pool , fed from the river Foss by a dam built for the purpose . More property , including two watermills , had to be destroyed to make way for the water defences . Over time the Baile Hill site was abandoned in favour of the first castle site , leaving only the motte , which still exists .
= = = 12th century = = =
Henry II visited York Castle four times during his reign . The royal chambers at the time were inside the keep for safety , and Henry paid £ 15 for repairs to the keep . During his 1175 visit , Henry used the castle as the base for receiving the homage of William the Lion of Scotland . Castle mills were built close by to support the garrison , and the military order of the Knights Templar was granted ownership of the mills in the mid @-@ 12th century . The mills proved to be vulnerable to the flooding of the two rivers and had to be repeatedly repaired .
In 1190 , York Castle was the location of one of the worst pogroms in England during the medieval period . The Normans had introduced the first Jewish communities into England , where some occupied a special economic role as moneylenders , an essential but otherwise banned activity . English Jews were subject to considerable religious prejudice and primarily worked from towns and cities in which there was a local royal castle that could provide them with protection in the event of attacks from the majority Christian population . Royal protection was usually granted as the Norman and Angevin kings had determined that Jewish property and debts owed to Jews ultimately belonged to the crown , reverting to the king on a Jew 's death .
Richard I was crowned King in 1189 and announced his intention to join the Crusades ; this inflamed anti @-@ Jewish sentiment . Rumours began to spread that the king had ordered that the English Jews be attacked . In York , tensions broke out into violence the following year . Richard de Malbis , who owed money to the powerful Jewish merchant Aaron of Lincoln , exploited an accidental house fire to incite a local mob to attack the home and family of a recently deceased Jewish employee of Aaron in York . Josce of York , the leader of the Jewish community , led the local Jewish families into the royal castle , where they took refuge in the wooden keep . The mob surrounded the castle , and when the constable left the castle to discuss the situation , the Jews , fearing the entry of the mob or being handed over to the sheriff , refused to allow him back in . The constable appealed to the sheriff , who called out his own men and laid siege to the keep . The siege continued until 16 March when the Jews ' position became untenable . Their religious leader , Rabbi Yomtob , proposed an act of collective suicide to avoid being killed by the mob , and the castle was set on fire to prevent their bodies being mutilated after their deaths . Several Jews perished in the flames but the majority took their own lives rather than give themselves up to the mob . A few Jews did surrender , promising to convert to Christianity , but they were killed by the angry crowd . Around 150 Jews died in total in the massacre . The keep was rebuilt , again in wood , on the motte , which was raised in height by 13 feet ( 4 metres ) at a cost of £ 207 .
= = = 13th and 14th centuries = = =
King John used York Castle extensively during his reign , using the keep as his personal quarters for his own security . The castle was kept in good repair during that time . During this period , the first records of the use of the castle as a jail appeared , with references to prisoners taken during John 's Irish campaigns being held at York Castle . By the 13th century there was a well @-@ established system of castle @-@ guards in place , under which various lands around York were granted in return for the provision of knights and crossbowmen to assist in protecting the castle .
Henry III also made extensive use of the castle , but during his visit at Christmas 1228 a gale destroyed the wooden keep on the motte . The keep was apparently not repaired , and a building for the king 's use was built in the bailey instead . In 1244 , when the Scots threatened to invade England , King Henry III visited the castle and ordered it to be rebuilt in white limestone , at a cost of about £ 2 @,@ 600 . The work was carried out between 1245 and 1270 , and included the construction of a towered curtain wall , a gatehouse of considerable size with two large towers , two smaller gatehouses , a small watergate , a small gateway into the city , a chapel , and a new stone keep , first known as the King 's , later Clifford 's , Tower .
Clifford 's Tower is of an unusual design . The two @-@ storey tower has a quatrefoil plan with four circular lobes . Each lobe measures 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 5 metres ) across , with walls 9 feet 6 inches ( 3 metres ) thick ; at its widest , the tower is 79 feet ( 24 metres ) across . A square gatehouse , 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 5 metres ) wide , protected the entrance on the south side between two of the lobes . There are defensive turrets between the other lobes . Large corbels and a central pier supported the huge weight of stone and the first floor . Loopholes of a design unique to York Castle provided firing points . A chapel was built over the entrance , measuring 15 feet by 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 5 metres by 4 @.@ 2 metres ) , doubling as a portcullis chamber as at Harlech and Chepstow Castles . The tower is believed to be an experiment in improving flanking fire by making more ground visible from the summit of the keep . Although unique to England , the design of the tower closely resembles that at Étampes in France , and may have influenced the design of the future keep of Pontefract Castle . Henry employed master mason Henry de Rayns and chief carpenter Simon of Northampton for the project , and the cost of the tower accounted for the majority of the overall expenditure on the castle during this period of work .
The new castle needed constant investment to maintain its quality as a military fortification . Winter floods in 1315 – 16 damaged the soil at the base of the motte , requiring immediate repairs . Around 1358 – 60 , the heavy stone keep again suffered from subsidence and the south @-@ eastern lobe cracked from top to bottom . Royal officials recommended that the keep be completely rebuilt , but , instead , the lobe was repaired at a cost of £ 200 .
Edward I gave wide @-@ reaching powers to the sheriff of Yorkshire for enforcing law and order in the city of York , and the sheriffs established their headquarters in Clifford 's Tower . During the wars against the Scots under both Edward and his son , York Castle also formed the centre of royal administration in England for almost half the years between 1298 and 1338 . Many Westminster institutions followed the king north to York , basing themselves in the
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guard position and has established himself as a potent offensive player . Voted by his peers in a 2007 poll as one of the quickest players in the NBA , he often slashes to the basket for a layup or teardrop shot . Despite his relatively small size for a basketball player , he led the league in " points in the paint " for a large portion of the 2005 – 06 season .
In the initial part of his NBA career , Parker was still considered an erratic shooter of the ball and during the 2005 off @-@ season , coach Popovich decided to work on this aspect of his play . Seeing his mediocre shooting percentages ( at that point , Parker only hit 65 % of his free throws , and only 27 @.@ 6 % of his three @-@ point shots ) , he let him train extra sessions with Spurs shooting coach Chip Engelland . Engelland forbade Parker to shoot any three @-@ point shots , and among others , corrected his shooting motion and his thumb position . As a result , by the 2006 – 07 season , Parker had reduced his three @-@ point shots by 117 while shooting 147 more normal field goal attempts compared to 2005 , and his accuracy rose by 4 % ( field goals and three @-@ point shots ) and he was able to connect on 78 % of his free throws that season . Parker 's field goal percentage is also high for a point guard , and his speed also makes him a fast break player . However , his style of play has had adverse effects on his knees ( tendinitis ) .
= = Honors = =
= = NBA career statistics = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
= = Off the court = =
= = = ASVEL = = =
In 2009 , Parker bought a 20 percent stake in the French ASVEL club in Lyon ; he currently holds the ceremonial title of Vice President of Basketball Operations . Parker has the option to purchase an additional 20 percent and assume the club 's presidency , presumably when he retires from the NBA . During the 2011 NBA lockout , Parker signed to play for ASVEL for minimum wage until the lockout ended .
= = = Family life = = =
Parker 's parents continue to remain influential in his life even after their divorce . His mother , a health @-@ food coach , gives him tips on healthy eating , while he discusses his performance after each game with his father over the phone .
Parker met actress Eva Longoria , seven years his senior , in November 2004 . In August 2005 , Longoria confirmed she and Parker were dating , and on 30 November 2006 , the couple became engaged . Longoria , a Texas native from nearby Corpus Christi , was a courtside regular at Spurs home games . Parker was quoted during the 2007 NBA All @-@ Star Game saying that , " Eva is doing everything , I 'm just going to show up and say yes . " They were officially married in a civil service on 6 July 2007 , at a Paris city hall . It was followed by a full Roman Catholic wedding ceremony at the Saint @-@ Germain l 'Auxerrois Church in Paris , France , on 7 July 2007 . Fellow Frenchman NBA player ( and future teammate ) Boris Diaw was Parker 's best man for the wedding .
In December 2007 , tabloid websites and magazines reported that Parker had been having an extramarital affair with supposed model Alexandra Paressant . Both Parker and Longoria vehemently denied these allegations through their spokespeople , saying " All high profile couples fall victim to these sorts of things in the course of their relationships . It appears that this is not the first time this woman has used an athlete to gain public notoriety . " Parker initiated a $ 20 million lawsuit against the website that first reported the story , which later issued a full retraction and an apology , stating " X17online.com and X7 [ sic ] , Inc. regret having been misled by Ms. Paressant and her representatives and apologize to Mr. Parker for any damage or inconvenience this may have caused him or his wife . "
On 17 November 2010 , Longoria filed for divorce in Los Angeles , citing " irreconcilable differences " , and seeking spousal support from Parker . The couple had a prenuptial agreement that was signed in June 2007 , the month before their wedding , and amended two years later in June 2009 . Longoria believed that Parker had been cheating on her with another woman ; . Extra identified the other woman as Erin Barry , the wife of Brent Barry , Parker 's former teammate , and revealed that the Barrys were also in the midst of a divorce . On 19 November 2010 , Parker filed for divorce from Longoria in Bexar County , Texas on the grounds of " discord or conflict of personalities " , thus establishing a legal battle over where the divorce case would be heard . Unlike Longoria 's divorce petition , Parker 's did not mention a prenuptial agreement and claimed that the parties " will enter into an agreement for the division of their estate " . The divorce was finalized in Texas on 28 January 2011 , the same day Longoria 's lawyer filed papers to dismiss her Los Angeles petition .
Parker began dating French journalist Axelle Francine in 2011 . In June 2013 , it was reported that they are engaged . Parker and Axelle Francine married on August 2 , 2014 . They have one son , Josh Parker , born in April 2014 .
= = = Philanthropy = = =
In the field of philanthropy , Parker donates a block of 20 tickets for each home game to underprivileged youth . Parker is also the first ambassador for Make @-@ A @-@ Wish France . The Foundation is a non @-@ profit organization that grants wishes to children with life @-@ threatening medical conditions . On his personal website , Parker states : " I already knew Make @-@ A @-@ Wish as it is very famous around the world and I have previously taken part in the granting of wishes by meeting children and their families . I decided to commit to working with Make @-@ A @-@ Wish France when I understood the true dedication there and I realized that I could help to grant as many wishes as possible . "
= = = Music = = =
Parker is an avid fan of hip @-@ hop music and rap . He has released a French hip @-@ hop album titled TP with producer Polygrafic ( Sound Scientists ) . The album features collaborations with various artists including Booba , Don Choa , Eloquence , Eddie B , Jamie Foxx , K @-@ Reen , Rickwel and Soprano . The singles taken from the album include :
" Bienvenue dans le Texas " , featuring French rapper Booba and released on March 17 , 2007 and made available via iTunes . This initial release did not chart in France .
" Balance @-@ toi " , which features Longoria . It reached the number one position in the SNEP official French chart , staying there for one week . It also charted in the Belgian French ( Wallonia ) Ultratip charts , reaching number 4 .
" Premier Love " ( with Parker doing the French part and singer Rickwel the English part ) . The single made it to # 11 in SNEP , the official French Singles Chart .
Other singles releases include :
" Top of the Game " , featuring American rapper Fabolous and French rapper Booba , was released in March 2007 . The accompanying video features Spurs teammate Tim Duncan , as well as former teammates Robert Horry , Brent Barry , and Nazr Mohammed .
Albums
Singles
= = = Other interests = = =
Parker was also involved in the Paris bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics . His reaction to London 's successful bid was : " I don 't know what else we could have done . If we don 't have it now , I guess we will never get it . The IOC seems to be very pro @-@ Anglo @-@ Saxon . I feel extremely gutted . "
Parker has a well @-@ known friendship with compatriot footballer Thierry Henry . The two were often seen together at some of Parker 's NBA games . Parker was seen with his wife at Euro 2008 during one of France 's matches .
In 2012 , Parker and his brothers opened a nightclub , Nueve Lounge , in San Antonio . However , the business closed down within a year .
= = = Nightclub injury = = =
Parker was injured while present at the W.I.P nightclub in the SoHo district of New York City when a brawl broke out between Chris Brown and Drake . Parker filed a $ 20 million suit against the night club . Parker risked missing the 2012 Summer Olympics after a piece of glass thrown in the fight deeply penetrated his eye , requiring surgery to remove . However , on 6 July 2012 , he was cleared to participate .
= = = Movies and television = = =
In 2008 , Tony Parker co @-@ directed with Jean @-@ Marie Antonini a 1 @-@ hour film , 9 - Un chiffre , un homme ( meaning 9 , a number , a man ) . The biographical documentary film narrated by Benoît Allemane was produced by Parker . Celebrities featured included basketball players Kobe Bryant , Tim Duncan , Sean Elliott , Magic Johnson , Michael Jordan , Steve Nash , and David Robinson , as well as footballers Thierry Henry and Zinédine Zidane , judo player David Douillet , and musician and DJ Cut Killer , as well as Parker and Eva Longoria .
Parker also appeared in the 2008 French film Asterix at the Olympic Games as Tonus Parker , and he has been given token roles in various TV series like En aparté ( 2005 ) , in addition to the French series On n 'est pas couché ( 2011 ) . He also played himself in the short film The Angels ( 2011 ) , directed by Stéphane Marelli .
= The X @-@ Files ( season 5 ) =
The fifth season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files commenced airing on the Fox network in the United States on November 2 , 1997 , concluding on the same channel on May 17 , 1998 , and contained 20 episodes . The season was the last in Vancouver , Canada ; subsequent episodes would be shot in Los Angeles , California . In addition , this was the first season of the show where the course of the story was planned , due to the 1998 The X @-@ Files feature film being filmed before it , but scheduled to be released after it aired .
The fifth season of the series focused heavily on FBI federal agents Fox Mulder 's ( David Duchovny ) loss of faith in the existence of extraterrestrials and his partner , Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) , resurgence of health following her bout with cancer . New characters were also introduced , including agents Jeffrey Spender ( Chris Owens ) and Diana Fowley ( Mimi Rogers ) and the psychic Gibson Praise ( Jeff Gulka ) . The finale , " The End " , led up to both the 1998 film and the sixth season premiere " The Beginning " .
Debuting with high viewing figures and ranking as the eleventh most watched television series during the 1997 – 98 television year in the United States , the season was a success , with figures averaging around 20 million viewers an episode . This made it the year 's highest @-@ rated Fox program as well as the highest rated season of The X @-@ Files to air . Critical reception from television critics was generally positive .
= = Plot overview = =
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . At the end of fourth season , Scully is dying of cancer . Mulder is convinced that her condition is a result of her earlier abduction , and is prepared to make a deal with the Syndicate to find a cure . While being pursued by an assassin responsible for a hoax alien corpse discovered on a mountaintop , Mulder fakes his own suicide , mutilating the assassin 's face to provide a decoy body . In the fifth season opener " Redux " , he uses the distraction to infiltrate The Pentagon to find a cure for Scully 's cancer , while Scully is able to uncover and reveal a Syndicate connection within the FBI . Due to the information he learns from Michael Kritschgau ( John Finn ) , Mulder loses his belief in extraterrestrials .
Later , as a rebel alien race secretly attacks several groups of former alien abductees , the agents meet Cassandra Spender ( Veronica Cartwright ) , a woman who claims to be a multiple abductee and wants to deliver a positive message about aliens . Eventually , Mulder has Scully put under hypnosis to learn the truth about her abduction after Cassandra goes missing and her son , Jeffrey Spender ( Chris Owens ) , angrily attempts to push his way up in the FBI . The Syndicate , meanwhile , quicken their tests for the black oil vaccine , sacrificing their own to do so . Later , the assassination of a chess grandmaster leads Mulder and Scully into an investigation that they soon discover strikes at the heart of the X @-@ Files ; they learn that the real target was a telepathic boy named Gibson Praise ( Jeff Gulka ) .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
Due to the pending release of The X @-@ Files feature film , this was the first season where the course of the season was planned in advance , as it had to set up for the film . Originally , the season was supposed to be the show 's last . In this manner , the finale was originally supposed to have segued the television series into a movie franchise . David Duchovny explained , " we were saying , ' Okay , we 're going to do five . We 'll get out of here at five . ' And then five came around , and no one was going anywhere . " The series proved to be so lucrative for Fox that two additional seasons were ordered . Thus , the season was created in a way to segue into the 1998 film , as well as the sixth season premiere , " The Beginning " .
= = = Filming = = =
Due to the necessity of filming reshoots for the upcoming movie , both Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny are absent in places throughout the season . For instance , the episodes " Unusual Suspects " and " Travelers " — both of which being flashback episodes — do not feature Anderson 's character Dana Scully at all . In fact , the former was written entirely as a stop @-@ gap episode when the show 's producers were forced to start production of the fifth season in the last week of August in Vancouver , but still needed series stars Duchovny and Anderson for the filming of The X @-@ Files movie in Los Angeles . The producers decided to create an episode dedicated to The Lone Gunmen , and writing duties were assigned to Vince Gilligan . Other episodes such as " Chinga " and " Christmas Carol " feature minimal appearances by Duchovny 's character Fox Mulder .
The season 's fifth episode , " The Post @-@ Modern Prometheus " , written and directed by Carter , was filmed entirely in black @-@ and @-@ white — in homage to James Whale 's 1931 film version of Frankenstein . The director of photography , Joel Ransom , had to spend longer than usual lighting each scene because of the grayscale . The stormy skies in the episode , added to emulate the atmosphere of old Frankenstein movies , were a visual effect . Carter also used a wide @-@ angle camera lens throughout the episode , which forced the actors to act directly to the camera , rather than to each other . According to Carter , it also enabled him to give scenes in the episode a more surreal staging than was usual for the show .
This season finale , " The End " , was the last episode of the series to be filmed in Vancouver , Canada prior to production moving to Los Angeles , although the second film in the franchise , The X @-@ Files : I Want to Believe , released in 2008 , was once more filmed in Vancouver . The move was influenced in part by Duchovny , who after five years of filming wanted to be closer to his wife . The audience at the chess match was made up of local fans as a " thank you " to the city for hosting the production during its first five years . The chess match was filmed at Rogers Arena — then known as GM Place — the home of the Vancouver Canucks as well as the Vancouver Grizzlies at the time . While the producers expected five thousand people to show up , twelve thousand appeared . Instructions were given to the crowd by director R. W. Goodwin using giant video screens attached to the scoreboard . During breaks between shooting concession stands , music and videos were made available to the attendees . Actors Duchovny and Anderson also answered questions for the audience and over $ 20 @,@ 000 worth of equipment was raffled off . Series creator Chris Carter directed the second unit filming for the episode in order to be with the show 's Canadian crew members .
= = = Crew = = =
Carter served as executive producer and showrunner and wrote seven episodes . Frank Spotnitz and John Shiban were both promoted to co @-@ executive producer and wrote seven and five episodes , respectively . Vince Gilligan was promoted to supervising producer and contributed six scripts . Tim Minear joined the series for his only season on the series as an executive story editor and wrote two episodes . Writing team Billy Brown and Dan Angel joined the series as story editors for this season only and provided the story for one episode . Writing team Jessica Scott and Mike Wollaeger wrote one freelance episode . Special guest writers for this season included author Stephen King , who co @-@ wrote one episode with creator Chris Carter , and cyberpunk novelists William Gibson and Tom Maddox , who wrote their first of two episodes for the series . Other producers included producer Joseph Patrick Finn , producer Paul Rabwin , and co @-@ producer Lori Jo Nemhauser who previously served as post @-@ production supervisor .
Producing @-@ director Kim Manners directed the most episodes of the season , directing seven . Producer Rob Bowman , executive producer R. W. Goodwin , and series creator Chris Carter , each directed two episodes . The rest of the episodes were directed by Brett Dowler , Peter Markle , Daniel Sackheim , Ralph Hemecker , Cliff Bole , William A. Graham and Allen Coulter , who each directed one episode .
= = Cast = =
= = = Main cast = = =
David Duchovny as Special Agent Fox Mulder ( 20 episodes )
Gillian Anderson as Special Agent Dana Scully ( 18 episodes ) a
a ^ She does not appear in " Unusual Suspects " or " Travelers " .
= = = Recurring cast = = =
= = = = Also starring = = = =
Mitch Pileggi as Deputy Director Walter Skinner ( 8 episodes )
William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man ( 4 episodes )
Nicholas Lea as Alex Krycek ( 3 episodes )
= = = = Guest starring = = = =
= = Episodes = =
Episodes marked with a double dagger ( ) are episodes in the series ' Alien Mythology arc .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
The fifth season of The X @-@ Files debuted with " Redux I " on November 2 , 1997 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 16 @.@ 1 , with a 22 share , meaning that roughly 16 @.@ 1 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 22 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . The episode was viewed by 27 @.@ 34 million people , a marked increase from the fourth season 's finale , " Gethsemane " , which was viewed by 19 @.@ 85 million viewers . " Redux I " also marked a drastic increase from the fourth season debut , " Herrenvolk " , which garnered 21 @.@ 11 million viewers . As the season continued , however , ratings began to drop slightly , stabilizing around approximately 20 million viewers @-@ per @-@ episode . The season hit a low with the seventeenth episode , " All Souls " , which was viewed by 13 @.@ 44 million viewers . The season finale , " The End " , earned a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 9 , with an 18 share , and was viewed by 18 @.@ 76 viewers , marking a 31 @.@ 4 percent drop in viewers when compared to the season premiere , and a 5 @.@ 5 percent drop in viewers when compared to the previous season finale . The season ranked as the eleventh most watched television series during the 1997 – 98 year , with an average of 19 @.@ 8 million viewers . This made it the highest @-@ rated season of The X @-@ Files to air as well as the highest rated Fox program for the 1997 – 98 season .
= = = Reviews = = =
Michael Sauter of Entertainment Weekly gave the season an " A – " , writing that it " proves the show was — even then — still at its creative peak ( if only for another year or so ) and full of surprises " . He praised the new additions to the series ' mythology and concluded that " many stand @-@ alone episodes now look like classics " . Francis Dass , writing for the New Straits Times , noted that the season was " very interesting " and possessed " some [ ... ] truly inspiring and hilarious " episodes . " Not all seasonal reviews were glowing . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique called the season " a mixed bag of episodes " .
The episodes themselves received varied responses from critics . Several were culled out as highlights of the series . " The Post @-@ Modern Prometheus " was heralded as a classic by several reviewers and was called the finest stand @-@ alone episode produced by the series by another . The episode " Bad Blood " was praised by critics for its mix of horror and comedy . Dass called the episode " an absolute gem " and " the most hilarious X @-@ Files episode I have ever seen . " The episode has also appeared on various " Best @-@ Of " lists of The X @-@ Files . Other episodes fared worse . " Schizogeny " was derided by critics : The A.V. Club reviewer Todd VanDerWerff noted that the episode " might be the very worst episode of The X @-@ Files " " Chinga " , written by Stephen King , was criticized for having a poor story . Vitaris called the entry " a major disappointment " and wrote that it " isn 't scary in the least " .
= = = Accolades = = =
The fifth season earned the series a record of sixteen Primetime Emmy Award nominations , the most a single season of The X @-@ Files received . It won two of the awards it was nominated for – Outstanding Art Direction for a Series for " The Post @-@ Modern Prometheus " and Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Series for " Kill Switch " . The series received its fourth consecutive nomination for Outstanding Drama Series . David Duchovny received his second consecutive nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , while Gillian Anderson received her third nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , which she won the previous year . Lili Taylor and Veronica Cartwright both received nominations for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . The episode " The Post @-@ Modern Prometheus " received multiple nominations , with the exception of its single win , it was also nominated for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series ( Chris Carter ) , Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ( Chris Carter ) , Outstanding Cinematography for a Series ( Joel Ransom ) , Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Mark Snow ) , Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Series ( Lynne Willingham ) , and Outstanding Makeup for a Series . Other nominations were for Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Series for " Mind 's Eye " , and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series for " The Red and the Black " . The series also won its third and final Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Drama , while Gillian Anderson and David Duchovny received nominations in the television series drama acting categories .
= = DVD release = =
= Hurricane Emily ( 1993 ) =
Hurricane Emily in 1993 caused record flooding in the Outer Banks of North Carolina while remaining just offshore . The fifth named storm and first hurricane of the year 's hurricane season , Emily developed from a tropical wave northeast of the Lesser Antilles on August 22 . It moved northwestward and strengthened into a tropical storm on August 25 , after becoming nearly stationary southeast of Bermuda . Emily then curved to the southwest but quickly resumed its northwest trajectory while strengthening into a hurricane . Late on August 31 , the hurricane reached peak winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) on its approach to North Carolina . Although part of the eye passed over Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks , its absolute center remained 23 mi ( 37 km / h ) offshore . Gradually weakening , the hurricane swerved away from the coast toward the northeast and later east . Emily stalled again , this time northeast of Bermuda , and dissipated on September 6 to the southeast of Newfoundland .
The threat of Emily prompted hurricane warnings for much of the North Carolina coast and northward through Delaware . A mandatory evacuation for Ocracoke and Hatteras islands displaced 160 @,@ 000 people during the busy Labor Day weekend ; the loss in tourism revenue amounted to $ 10 million ( 1993 USD ) . About 1 @,@ 600 residents on these islands rode out the storm in their homes , and emergency officials stayed behind . Most of the evacuees went to hotels or stayed with friends or relatives , causing an increase in business across southeastern Virginia , where effects were minimal . Due to uncertainty in forecasting Emily 's path , there were also evacuations from the coasts of Virginia , Maryland , Delaware , and Fire Island in New York .
While bypassing the Outer Banks , Emily produced strong winds that coincided with high tides during a full moon , causing severe flooding along the Pamlico Sound . In Buxton , the floods left behind water marks as high as 10 @.@ 54 ft ( 3 @.@ 21 m ) , and the entire villages of Avon and Hatteras were inundated . The storm downed thousands of trees and wrecked 553 homes — 168 of which completely destroyed — leaving a quarter of the Cape Hatteras population homeless . Structural damage in North Carolina was estimated at $ 35 million . Along the coasts of North Carolina and Virginia , three swimmers drowned as a result of Emily .
= = Meteorological history = =
Hurricane Emily originated from an African tropical wave that passed through the Cape Verde Islands on August 17 , 1993 . The wave traversed the tropical Atlantic and developed a closed cyclonic circulation five days later about 800 miles ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) east @-@ northeast of Puerto Rico , when the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) classified it as a tropical depression . Moving northwestward , the depression remained poorly organized for several days , with an ill @-@ defined circulation center and sporadic thunderstorms , in part due to unfavorable wind shear from an upper @-@ level low to its north . On August 25 , the depression became nearly stationary in response to weakening steering currents . As the upper environment turned less hostile to development , a reconnaissance aircraft found unusually high sustained winds — an indication that the cyclone had quickly strengthened into a strong tropical storm . The NHC named the storm Emily and upgraded it to a hurricane the following day , based on reports of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) winds from a second reconnaissance mission .
Upon becoming a hurricane , Emily was centered roughly 1 @,@ 000 mi ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) east of the Florida peninsula , passing well south of Bermuda . A ridge of high pressure began to mature to its north , forcing the hurricane westward on August 27 . Emily 's winds vacillated between tropical storm and hurricane force over the course of the day , although the cyclone resumed its strengthening by August 28 upon developing favorable upper @-@ level outflow . Traversing warm sea surface temperatures , the hurricane continued to improve in appearance on satellite images , and the barometric pressure within its eye steadily decreased . Emily retraced toward the northwest on August 29 , when a shortwave trough eroded the southern periphery of the contiguous ridge . The NHC expressed uncertainty in forecasting Emily 's track , stating that South Carolina , North Carolina , and Mid @-@ Atlantic states were at risk of a direct hit from the hurricane . As high pressure re @-@ established itself off the North Carolina coast , Emily briefly turned west @-@ northwestward on August 30 before initiating a prolonged curve toward the north . By that time , the NHC forecast Emily to remain offshore , though one tropical cyclone forecast model projected that the hurricane would move inland .
Early on August 31 , a reconnaissance flight indicated that Emily had become a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson scale , and further intensification was expected because of warm waters . Later that day , reconnaissance reported that Emily had achieved a peak intensity of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) , a Category 3 major hurricane ; the aircraft also observed flight @-@ level winds of 152 mph ( 245 km / h ) . At its peak , the center of the hurricane was located 23 mi ( 37 km ) east of Hatteras Island while turning northward . Its eye measured 45 mi ( 75 km ) in diameter , and a portion moved over Hatteras and the Pamlico Sound , constituting a direct hit but not a landfall . After affecting the Outer Banks , Emily continued around the large high @-@ pressure area , turning northeastward into an area with cooler ocean temperatures . The eye nonetheless remained distinct , and Emily maintained much of its intensity through September 2 . Later that day , the hurricane turned sharply eastward in response to a trough nearby . Wind shear over the region increased , weakening Emily as its eye feature quickly dissipated . Emily turned to the southeast and diminished to a tropical storm on September 3 , about 500 mi ( 800 km ) northeast of Bermuda , with a significant deterioration of the convection . Once again becoming nearly stationary , Emily further weakened to a tropical depression late on September 4 , after only a small area of thunderstorms remained near the center . It accelerated toward the northeast and became extratropical on September 6 , dissipating shortly thereafter .
= = Preparations = =
The NHC forecasts for Emily were generally accurate . On August 29 , two days before the storm 's closest approach , the NHC issued a hurricane watch from Cape Romain , South Carolina , to Fenwick Island , Delaware , including the Albemarle and Pamlico sounds of North Carolina as well as the Chesapeake Bay south of the Patuxent River . The next day , the watch was discontinued south of Little River , South Carolina . A hurricane warning was issued from Bogue Inlet to the border of North Carolina and Virginia on August 30 , and was extended a day later to Cape Henlopen , Delaware . The watches and warnings were canceled as Emily turned out to sea .
During the week when Emily approached shore , the North Carolina government was scheduled to have a two @-@ day emergency management exercise involving a hurricane strike ; the storm caused the exercise to be postponed . On August 29 , a voluntary evacuation was issued for the Outer Banks , and within 36 hours of the storm 's approach , a mandatory evacuation was issued for Ocracoke and Hatteras Island . A total of 160 @,@ 000 people ( mostly tourists ) evacuated from the Outer Banks , representing about 90 % of the population there . The evacuation was completed within 12 hours , expedited by highway patrol and making U.S. Route 158 and the Wright Memorial Bridge only one direction , away from the coast . About 1 @,@ 000 residents on Hatteras Island and another 600 on Ocracoke rode out the storm in their homes . The United States Coast Guard evacuated personnel to the mainland , leaving behind a skeleton crew to maintain their facilities . The National Park Service closed the campground on Ocracoke two days before the storm . Several towns in southeastern North Carolina were also evacuated , and schools closed across the region .
Because of the uncertainty in forecasting when and if Emily would make its northeast turn , Virginia Governor Douglas Wilder declared a state of emergency and put the National Guard on alert . In Virginia Beach , residents of seaside homes and low @-@ lying areas were recommended to evacuate , while a mandatory evacuation was ordered for Tangier Island in the Chesapeake Bay . Residents in mobile homes and on campgrounds were also advised to seek shelter . At least 750 people left their homes , 711 of whom resided in storm shelters . The Norfolk International Airport was closed for 13 hours , and rail service was suspended . To the north , officials in Ocean City , Maryland , declared a phase @-@ one emergency ahead of the storm ; beaches were closed , and tourists were recommended to leave . About 100 @,@ 000 people evacuated from the coast of Maryland ; 3 @,@ 600 stayed in storm shelters . In Delaware , 892 people used storm shelters after voluntarily evacuating . Beaches in New Jersey closed due to threatening waves . About 20 @,@ 000 people also evacuated from Fire Island , New York . Across the Atlantic coast , 33 emergency shelters were opened in response to Emily , though most evacuees instead relied on hotels or the homes of friends and relatives to ride out the storm .
The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) assisted in coordinating preparations for Emily . The United States Department of Defense sent power equipment , previously used during the Great Flood of 1993 , to Fort Bragg , while the United States Department of Agriculture stockpiled food in risk zones . Power companies deliberately shut off the power in the Outer Banks to reduce damage to the system and mitigate the risk of electrocutions . At Naval Station Norfolk , 28 ships sailed out to sea to ride out the storm ; aircraft were evacuated , and nonessential personnel were sent home . The North Carolina government announced ahead of the storm that it would not create a State Disaster Fund , instead relying on private relief organizations such as the American Red Cross and the Salvation Army . The state 's park service pre @-@ positioned 60 members with chainsaws to help clear downed trees . Because Emily hit during the busy Labor Day weekend , the tourism industry suffered about $ 10 million in business losses . Many of the evacuees relocated to southeastern Virginia , which saw greatly increased business during the weekend .
= = Impact = =
= = = North Carolina = = =
As Emily approached the Outer Banks of North Carolina , Diamond Shoal Light off Cape Hatteras recorded 2 @-@ minute sustained winds of 99 mph ( 159 km / h ) , along with gusts of 147 mph ( 237 km / h ) . Closer to shore , surface winds reached 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) in the Pamlico Sound . The National Weather Service in Buxton reported sustained winds of 60 mph ( 96 km / h ) , with gusts to 98 mph ( 158 km / h ) , before the wind recording instrument failed due to water intrusion . A reliable but unofficial wind station at a commercial building reported a gust of 107 mph ( 172 km / h ) . These high winds lasted for several hours due to the storm 's slow movement . There were two possible tornadoes in the Outer Banks region . On the south side of Hatteras Island , the storm coincided with high tides , producing a peak storm surge of 10 @.@ 2 ft ( 3 @.@ 1 m ) in Buxton . Large waves caused moderate beach erosion , comparable to that of a winter storm . The heaviest rainfall related to Emily occurred over the Outer Banks , where a peak total of 7 @.@ 51 in ( 191 mm ) was recorded in Buxton . Minimal rain fell farther inland , with only 1 @.@ 00 in ( 25 mm ) reported at Gum Neck in mainland Tyrrell County .
Overall damage from the storm was lighter than expected , largely confined to the barrier islands of Dare and Hyde counties . Severe flooding from the storm affected a 17 mi ( 27 km ) stretch of the Hatteras Island . Coinciding with high tides during a full moon , the hurricane 's winds pushed water from the Pamlico Sound to the south , lowering levels along the mainland and inundating the barrier islands ; surge flooding was minor on the ocean side . At Frisco and Hatteras , water levels along the Pamlico Sound reached 8 @.@ 5 ft ( 2 @.@ 6 m ) above normal — their highest in the 20th century , surpassing those in Hurricane Gloria eight years prior . These water levels may have been the highest in the region since the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane . In Buxton , the waters rose 3 to 4 ft ( 0 @.@ 9 to 1 m ) per hour at one point , leaving behind flood marks as high as 10 @.@ 54 ft ( 3 @.@ 21 m ) . The entire villages of Avon and Hatteras were inundated . Only the highest dunes along the Cape Hatteras National Seashore remained dry , and a section of dunes just north of Buxton was nearly breached . The waters — 1 to 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 3 to 0 @.@ 6 m ) higher than the predicted 100 @-@ year flood — broke through windows and entered houses ; some residents who did not exit their homes had to ride out the storm in their attics to escape the flooding . Officials at the Dare County Emergency Operations Center evacuated due to intrusion of floodwaters . The Cape Hatteras National Weather Service office was flooded for the first time since its inception in 1957 , and sustained damage to its rain chart and an antenna . Many boats in marinas were wrecked , and hundreds of cars floated away from parking lots or streets ; flooded police cars had their emergency lights activated after the wires were damaged . Farther south , impact from the storm was limited on Ocracoke Island .
Emily 's winds destroyed several roofs and knocked down thousands of trees and power lines , with many signs and sheds damaged . All towns south of the Bonner Bridge were without power , affecting at least 1 @,@ 500 people , and Buxton lost water supply after the main water line was damaged . The combination of strong winds and floods left 553 homes uninhabitable in the Outer Banks , with 168 houses completely destroyed , including three that were washed away . Six of the destroyed homes were owned by the Coast Guard . The heaviest damage was largely in older homes or structures not up to code . About 25 % of the Hatteras population was left homeless . The Cape Hatteras School sustained about $ 3 @.@ 1 million in damage , after flooding 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) deep destroyed computers and textbooks . Tidal floods , sand , and debris forced authorities to close Highway 12 . Traffic lights along the route were damaged , and downed trees blocked the road in two areas . Sinkholes , some the size of three cars , developed along the route . Throughout North Carolina , damage from the storm was estimated at $ 35 million , mostly on Hatteras Island and chiefly to the south of Avon . Rough surf killed two people in Nags Head , despite the beach being closed to swimming , and one person suffered injuries while escaping a flooded home .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
Outside of North Carolina , Emily produced gusts of 37 mph ( 59 km ) at the Chesapeake Bay Bridge – Tunnel . To the north of the storm , Ocean City , Maryland , measured 2 @.@ 80 in ( 71 mm ) of precipitation . Above @-@ normal tides were reported as far south as Charleston , South Carolina ; high tides also spread farther north , with a storm surge of 1 @.@ 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 37 m ) at the Chesapeake Bay Bridge – Tunnel and 0 @.@ 6 ft ( 0 @.@ 18 m ) in Lewes , Delaware .
High waves caused beach erosion northward through Virginia . At Virginia Beach , the waves led to minor flooding along the Sandbridge section ; rough surf and a strong undertow drowned one swimmer there . The storm triggered statewide power outages that affected about 5 @,@ 000 residents , as well as the Hampton Roads Bridge – Tunnel . In Newport News , lightning set a roof on fire in the Lee Hall section of the city . Emily 's light rains in the area were not enough to break a prolonged drought that plagued Virginia . Rough seas and high tides later caused coastal flooding along Fire Island in New York .
= = Aftermath = =
As Emily 's winds eased over land , various assessment teams left Fort Bragg , North Carolina , to determine the extent of damage . FEMA informed the North Carolina congressional delegation about the storm 's threat to their constituents . The agency later received compliments for their timely preparations for storm @-@ related operations . All airports on the Outer Banks were reopened by September 1 . In response to the extensive scale of the power outages , power companies flew a helicopter over the region to assess the damage . The power was expected to be out for two weeks . Six emergency vehicles were sent to Dare County to provide drinking water .
On September 3 , Governor Jim Hunt declared a state of disaster for North Carolina , while President Bill Clinton declared Dare County a disaster area a week later . This allowed residents there to apply for federal assistance , as well as local governments to request aid to rebuild public buildings . Operating out of Avon , FEMA distributed about $ 1 million in housing assistance to 444 people and provided $ 400 @,@ 000 in individual grants to 153 applicants . The Small Business Administration received 812 applications for small business loans .
Shelters closed by September 1 and residents returned to their homes , although Hatteras Island remained off @-@ limits to everyone but emergency workers for several days . Unemployment across Hatteras rose in the wake of the damage to local businesses , and many restaurants lost product when their refrigerators failed during the power outages . Residents piled debris from their damaged homes on roads , primarily Highway 12 , and workers responded by clearing the debris . The highway was speedily reopened and repaired at a cost of around $ 1 million . Within two weeks of the storm , businesses resumed as cleaning work was under way , and the island was reopened to tourists . Clean @-@ up operations in the region lasted weeks to months . In the three months after the storm , saltwater intrusion into the Cape Hatteras water supply boosted chlorine levels from 40 milligrams ( 0 @.@ 0014 ounces ) to 280 milligrams ( 0 @.@ 01 ounces ) per liter ; it took another three months for the chlorine to decrease to normal concentrations . Around 50 homeowners affected by Emily raised their houses to prevent a recurrence , partially funded by flood insurance payments .
= Romanus ( bishop of Rochester ) =
Romanus ( died before 627 ) was the second bishop of Rochester and presumably was a member of the Gregorian mission sent to Kent to Christianize the Anglo @-@ Saxons from their native Anglo @-@ Saxon paganism . Romanus was consecrated bishop around 624 and died before 627 by drowning . Little is known of his life beyond these facts .
= = Career = =
Presumably Romanus came to England with Augustine of Canterbury 's mission to Kent , He would have arrived either in 597 with the first group of missionaries , or in 601 with the second group . He was consecrated as bishop by his predecessor Justus in 624 , after Justus became Archbishop of Canterbury . He was the second bishop at Rochester .
Romanus died before 627 , probably about 625 . He drowned in the Mediterranean Sea off Italy while on a mission to Rome for Justus . Presumably this happened before Justus ' death in 627 . He was certainly dead by 633 , when Paulinus of York became bishop at Rochester after fleeing Northumbria .
Nothing else is known of Romanus ' life beyond these facts . The medieval writer Bede is the main source of information , as Romanus is mentioned twice in the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ; the first time in connection with his consecration , where Bede says that Justus " consecrated Romanus as Bishop of Rochester in his place " . The second mention concerns Romanus ' death after Paulinus had left Northumbria . Bede says that " [ a ] t this time , the church of Rochester was in great need of a pastor , since Romanus its bishop who had been sent by Archbishop Justus to Pope Honorius I as his representative , had been drowned at sea off Italy . " Romanus is further mentioned in both the Winchester Manuscript ( Version A ) and the Peterborough Manuscript ( Version E ) of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , but the reference is not likely to be contemporary and probably draws on Bede for its information .
= William III of England =
William III ( Dutch : Willem III ; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702 ) was sovereign Prince of Orange from birth , Stadtholder of Holland , Zeeland , Utrecht , Gelderland , and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672 , and King of England , Ireland , and Scotland from 1689 until his death . It is a coincidence that his regnal number ( III ) was the same for both Orange and England . As King of Scotland , he is known as William II . He is informally known by sections of the population in Northern Ireland and Scotland as " King Billy " .
William inherited the principality of Orange from his father , William II , who died a week before William 's birth . His mother Mary , Princess Royal , was the daughter of King Charles I of England . In 1677 , he married his fifteen @-@ year @-@ old first cousin , Mary , the daughter of his maternal uncle James , Duke of York .
A Protestant , William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic king of France , Louis XIV , in coalition with Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe . Many Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith . In 1685 , his Catholic father @-@ in @-@ law , James , became king of England , Ireland and Scotland . James 's reign was unpopular with the Protestant majority in Britain . William , supported by a group of influential British political and religious leaders , invaded England in what became known as the " Glorious Revolution " . On 5 November 1688 , he landed at the southern English port of Brixham . James was deposed and William and Mary became joint sovereigns in his place . They reigned together until her death on 28 December 1694 , after which William ruled as sole monarch .
William 's reputation as a strong Protestant enabled him to take the British crowns when many were fearful of a revival of Catholicism under James . William 's victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is still commemorated by the Orange Order . His reign in Britain marked the beginning of the transition from the personal rule of the Stuarts to the more Parliament @-@ centred rule of the House of Hanover .
= = Early life = =
= = = Birth and family = = =
William III was born in The Hague in the Dutch Republic on 4 November 1650 . Baptised William Henry , he was the only child of stadtholder William II , Prince of Orange , and Mary , Princess Royal . Mary was the eldest daughter of King Charles I of England , Scotland and Ireland , and sister of King Charles II and King James II .
Eight days before William was born , his father died of smallpox ; thus William was the Sovereign Prince of Orange from the moment of his birth . Immediately , a conflict ensued between his mother the Princess Royal and William II 's mother , Amalia of Solms @-@ Braunfels , over the name to be given to the infant . Mary wanted to name him Charles after her brother , but her mother @-@ in @-@ law insisted on giving him the name William or Willem to bolster his prospects of becoming stadtholder . William II had appointed his wife as his son 's guardian in his will ; however , the document remained unsigned at William II 's death and was void . On 13 August 1651 , the Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland ( Supreme Court ) ruled that guardianship would be shared between his mother , his paternal grandmother and Frederick William , the Elector of Brandenburg , whose wife , Louise Henriette , was William II 's eldest sister .
= = = Childhood and education = = =
William 's mother showed little personal interest in her son , sometimes being absent for years , and had always deliberately kept herself apart from Dutch society . William 's education was first laid in the hands of several Dutch governesses , some of English descent , including Walburg Howard and the Scottish noblewoman , Lady Anna Mackenzie . From April 1656 , the prince received daily instruction in the Reformed religion from the Calvinist preacher Cornelis Trigland , a follower of the Contra @-@ Remonstrant theologian Gisbertus Voetius . The ideal education for William was described in Discours sur la nourriture de S. H. Monseigneur le Prince d 'Orange , a short treatise , perhaps by one of William 's tutors , Constantijn Huygens . In these lessons , the prince was taught that he was predestined to become an instrument of Divine Providence , fulfilling the historical destiny of the House of Orange .
From early 1659 , William spent seven years at the University of Leiden for a formal education , under the guidance of ethics professor Hendrik Bornius ( though never officially enrolling as a student ) . While residing in the Prinsenhof at Delft , William had a small personal retinue including Hans Willem Bentinck , and a new governor , Frederick Nassau de Zuylenstein , who ( as an illegitimate son of stadtholder Frederick Henry of Orange ) was his paternal uncle .
Grand Pensionary Johan de Witt and his uncle Cornelis de Graeff pushed the States of Holland to take charge of William 's education and ensure that he would acquire the skills to serve in a future — though undetermined — state function ; the States acted on 25 September 1660 . This first involvement of the authorities did not last long . On 23 December 1660 , when William was 10 years old , his mother died of smallpox at Whitehall Palace , London , while visiting her brother King Charles II . In her will , Mary requested that Charles look after William 's interests , and Charles now demanded the States of Holland end their interference . To appease Charles , they complied on 30 September 1661 . That year , Zuylenstein began to work for Charles and induced William to write letters to his uncle asking him to help William become stadtholder someday . After his mother 's death , William 's education and guardianship became a point of contention between his dynasty 's supporters and the advocates of a more republican Netherlands .
The Dutch authorities did their best at first to ignore these intrigues , but in the Second Anglo @-@ Dutch War one of Charles 's peace conditions was the improvement of the position of his nephew . As a countermeasure in 1666 , when William was 16 , the States officially made him a ward of the government , or a " Child of State " . All pro @-@ English courtiers , including Zuylenstein , were removed from William 's company . William begged de Witt to allow Zuylenstein to stay , but he refused . De Witt , the leading politician of the Republic , took William 's education into his own hands , instructing him weekly in state matters — and joining him in a regular game of real tennis .
= = Early offices = =
= = = Exclusion from stadtholdership = = =
After the death of William 's father , most provinces had left the office of stadtholder vacant . At the demand of Oliver Cromwell , the Treaty of Westminster , which ended the First Anglo @-@ Dutch War , had a secret annexe that required the Act of Seclusion , which forbade the province of Holland from appointing a member of the House of Orange as stadtholder . After the English Restoration , the Act of Seclusion , which had not remained a secret for very long , was declared void as the English Commonwealth ( with which the treaty had been concluded ) no longer existed . In 1660 , Mary and Amalia tried to persuade several provincial States to designate William as their future stadtholder , but they all initially refused .
In 1667 , as William III approached the age of 18 , the Orangist party again attempted to bring him to power by securing for him the offices of stadtholder and Captain @-@ General . To prevent the restoration of the influence of the House of Orange , de Witt , the leader of the States Party , allowed the pensionary of Haarlem , Gaspar Fagel , to induce the States of Holland to issue the Perpetual Edict . The Edict declared that the Captain @-@ General or Admiral @-@ General of the Netherlands could not serve as stadtholder in any province . Even so , William 's supporters sought ways to enhance his prestige and , on 19 September 1668 , the States of Zeeland appointed him as First Noble . To receive this honour , William had to escape the attention of his state tutors and travel secretly to Middelburg . A month later , Amalia allowed William to manage his own household and declared him to be of majority age .
The province of Holland , the center of anti @-@ Orangism , abolished the office of stadtholder and four other provinces followed suit in March 1670 , establishing the so @-@ called " Harmony " . De Witt demanded an oath from each Holland regent ( city council member ) to uphold the Edict ; all but one complied . William saw all this as a defeat , but the arrangement was a compromise : de Witt would have preferred to ignore the prince completely , but now his eventual rise to the office of supreme army commander was implicit . De Witt further conceded that William would be admitted as a member of the Raad van State , the Council of State , then the generality organ administering the defence budget . William was introduced to the council on 31 May 1670 with full voting rights , despite de Witt 's attempts to limit his role to that of an advisor .
= = = Conflict with republicans = = =
In November 1670 , William obtained permission to travel to England to urge Charles to pay back at least a part of the 2 @,@ 797 @,@ 859 guilder debt the House of Stuart owed the House of Orange . Charles was unable to pay , but William agreed to reduce the amount owed to 1 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 guilders . Charles found his nephew to be a dedicated Calvinist and patriotic Dutchman , and reconsidered his desire to show him the Secret Treaty of Dover with France , directed at destroying the Dutch Republic and installing William as " sovereign " of a Dutch rump state . In addition to differing political outlooks , William found that his lifestyle differed from his uncles , Charles and James , who were more concerned with drinking , gambling , and cavorting with mistresses .
The following year , the Republic 's security deteriorated quickly as an Anglo @-@ French attack became imminent . In view of the threat , the States of Gelderland wanted William to be appointed Captain @-@ General of the Dutch States Army as soon as possible , despite his youth and inexperience . On 15 December 1671 , the States of Utrecht made this their official policy . On 19 January 1672 , the States of Holland made a counterproposal : to appoint William for just a single campaign . The prince refused this and on 25 February a compromise was reached : an appointment by the States General for one summer , followed by a permanent appointment on his 22nd birthday .
Meanwhile , William had written a secret letter to Charles in January 1672 asking his uncle to exploit the situation by exerting pressure on the States to appoint William stadtholder . In return , William would ally the Republic with England and serve Charles 's interests as much as his " honour and the loyalty due to this state " allowed . Charles took no action on the proposal , and continued his war plans with his French ally .
= = Becoming stadtholder = =
= = = " Disaster year " : 1672 = = =
For the Dutch Republic , 1672 proved calamitous . It became known as the Rampjaar ( " disaster year " ) , because in the Franco @-@ Dutch War and the Third Anglo @-@ Dutch War the Netherlands was invaded by France and its allies : England , Münster , and Cologne . Although the Anglo @-@ French fleet was disabled by the Battle
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of Solebay , in June the French army quickly overran the provinces of Gelderland and Utrecht . On 14 June , William withdrew with the remnants of his field army into Holland , where the States had ordered the flooding of the Dutch Water Line on 8 June . Louis XIV of France , believing the war was over , began negotiations to extract as large a sum of money from the Dutch as possible . The presence of a large French army in the heart of the Republic caused a general panic , and the people turned against de Witt and his allies .
On 4 July , the States of Holland appointed William stadtholder , and he took the oath five days later . The next day , a special envoy from Charles II , Lord Arlington , met with William in Nieuwerbrug and presented a proposal from Charles . In return for William 's capitulation to England and France , Charles would make William Sovereign Prince of Holland , instead of stadtholder ( a mere civil servant ) . When William refused , Arlington threatened that William would witness the end of the Republic 's existence . William answered famously : " There is one way to avoid this : to die defending it in the last ditch . " On 7 July , the inundations were complete and the further advance of the French army was effectively blocked . On 16 July , Zeeland offered the stadtholderate to William .
Johan de Witt had been unable to function as Grand Pensionary after being wounded by an attempt on his life on 21 June . On 15 August , William published a letter from Charles , in which the English king stated that he had made war because of the aggression of the de Witt faction . The people thus incited , de Witt and his brother , Cornelis , were murdered by an Orangist civil militia in The Hague on 20 August . Subsequently , William replaced many of the Dutch regents with his followers .
Though William 's complicity in the lynching has never been proved ( and some 19th @-@ century Dutch historians have made an effort to disprove that he was an accessory ) he thwarted attempts to prosecute the ringleaders , and even rewarded some , like Hendrik Verhoeff , with money , and others , like Johan van Banchem and Johan Kievit , with high offices . This damaged his reputation in the same fashion as his later actions at Glencoe .
William continued to fight against the invaders from England and France , allying himself with Spain and Brandenburg . In November 1672 , he took his army to Maastricht to threaten the French supply lines . By 1673 , the Dutch situation further improved . Although Louis took Maastricht and William 's attack against Charleroi failed , Lieutenant @-@ Admiral Michiel de Ruyter defeated the Anglo @-@ French fleet three times , forcing Charles to end England 's involvement by the Treaty of Westminster ; after 1673 , France slowly withdrew from Dutch territory ( with the exception of Maastricht ) , while making gains elsewhere .
Fagel now proposed to treat the liberated provinces of Utrecht , Gelderland and Overijssel as conquered territory ( Generality Lands ) , as punishment for their quick surrender to the enemy . William refused but obtained a special mandate from the States General to newly appoint all delegates in the States of these provinces . William 's followers in the States of Utrecht on 26 April 1674 appointed him hereditary stadtholder . On 30 January 1675 , the States of Gelderland offered him the titles of Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen . The negative reactions to this from Zeeland and the city of Amsterdam made William ultimately decide to decline these honours ; he was instead appointed stadtholder of Gelderland and Overijssel .
= = = Marriage = = =
During the war with France , William tried to improve his position by marrying , in 1677 , his first cousin Mary , elder surviving daughter of James , Duke of York , later James II of England ( James VII of Scotland ) . Mary was eleven years his junior and he anticipated resistance to a Stuart match from the Amsterdam merchants who had disliked his mother ( another Mary Stuart ) , but William believed that marrying Mary would increase his chances of succeeding to Charles 's kingdoms , and would draw England 's monarch away from his pro @-@ French policies . James was not inclined to consent , but Charles II pressured his brother to agree . Charles wanted to use the possibility of marriage to gain leverage in negotiations relating to the war , but William insisted that the two issues be decided separately . Charles relented , and Bishop Henry Compton married the couple on 4 November 1677 . Mary became pregnant soon after the marriage , but miscarried . After a further illness later in 1678 , she never conceived again .
Throughout William and Mary 's marriage , William had only one reputed mistress , Elizabeth Villiers , in contrast to the many mistresses his uncles openly kept .
= = = Peace with France , intrigue with England = = =
By 1678 , Louis sought peace with the Dutch Republic . Even so , tensions remained : William remained very suspicious of Louis , thinking that the French king desired " Universal Kingship " over Europe ; Louis described William as " my mortal enemy " and saw him as an obnoxious warmonger . France 's annexations in the Southern Netherlands and Germany ( the Réunion policy ) and the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 , caused a surge of Huguenot refugees to the Republic . This led William III to join various anti @-@ French alliances , such as the Association League , and ultimately the League of Augsburg ( an anti @-@ French coalition that also included the Holy Roman Empire , Sweden , Spain and several German states ) in 1686 .
After his marriage in November 1677 , William became a strong candidate for the English throne should his father @-@ in @-@ law ( and uncle ) James be excluded because of his Catholicism . During the crisis concerning the Exclusion Bill in 1680 , Charles at first invited William to come to England to bolster the king 's position against the exclusionists , then withdrew his invitation — after which Lord Sunderland also tried unsuccessfully to bring William over , but now to put pressure on Charles . Nevertheless , William secretly induced the States General to send Charles the " Insinuation " , a plea beseeching the king to prevent any Catholics from succeeding him , without explicitly naming James . After receiving indignant reactions from Charles and James , William denied any involvement .
In 1685 , when James II succeeded Charles , William at first attempted a conciliatory approach , at the same time trying not to offend the Protestants in England . William , ever looking for ways to diminish the power of France , hoped that James would join the League of Augsburg , but by 1687 it became clear that James would not join the anti @-@ French alliance . Relations worsened between William and James thereafter . In November , James 's second wife Mary of Modena was announced to be pregnant . That month , to gain the favour of English Protestants , William wrote an open letter to the English people in which he disapproved of James 's pro @-@ Roman Catholic policy of religious toleration . Seeing him as a friend , and often having maintained secret contacts with him for years , many English politicians began to urge an armed invasion of England .
= = Glorious Revolution = =
= = = Invasion of England = = =
William at first opposed the prospect of invasion , but most historians now agree that he began to assemble an expeditionary force in April 1688 , as it became increasingly clear that France would remain occupied by campaigns in Germany and Italy , and thus unable to mount an attack while William 's troops would be occupied in Britain . Believing that the English people would not react well to a foreign invader , he demanded in a letter to Rear @-@ Admiral Arthur Herbert that the most eminent English Protestants first invite him to invade . In June , James 's second wife , Mary of Modena , after a string of miscarriages , bore a son ( James Francis Edward Stuart ) , who displaced William 's Protestant wife , Mary , to become first in the line of succession and raised the prospect of an ongoing Catholic monarchy . Public anger also increased because of the trial of seven bishops who had publicly opposed James 's Declaration of Indulgence granting religious liberty to his subjects , a policy which appeared to threaten the establishment of the Anglican Church .
On 30 June 1688 — the same day the bishops were acquitted — a group of political figures , known afterward as the " Immortal Seven " , sent William a formal invitation . William 's intentions to invade were public knowledge by September 1688 . With a Dutch army , William landed at Brixham in southwest England on 5 November 1688 . He came ashore from the ship Brill , proclaiming " the liberties of England and the Protestant religion I will maintain " . William had come ashore with approximately 11 @,@ 000 @-@ foot and 4 @,@ 000 horse soldiers . James 's support began to dissolve almost immediately upon William 's arrival ; Protestant officers defected from the English army ( the most notable of whom was Lord Churchill of Eyemouth , James 's most able commander ) , and influential noblemen across the country declared their support for the invader .
James at first attempted to resist William , but saw that his efforts would prove futile . He sent representatives to negotiate with William , but secretly attempted to flee on 11 December , throwing the Great Seal into the Thames on his way . He was discovered and brought back to London by a group of fishermen . He was allowed to escape to France in a second attempt on 23 December . William permitted James to leave the country , not wanting to make him a martyr for the Roman Catholic cause ; it was in his interests for James to be perceived as having left the country of his own accord , rather than having been forced or frightened into fleeing . William is the last person to successfully invade England by force of arms .
= = = Proclaimed king = = =
William summoned a Convention Parliament in England , which met on 22 January 1689 , to discuss the appropriate course of action following James 's flight . William felt insecure about his position ; though his wife preceded him in the line of succession to the throne , he wished to reign as king in his own right , rather than as a mere consort . The only precedent for a joint monarchy in England dated from the 16th century , when Queen Mary I married Philip of Spain . Philip remained king only during his wife 's lifetime , and restrictions were placed on his power . William , on the other hand , demanded that he remain as king even after his wife 's death . When the majority of Tory Lords proposed to acclaim her as sole ruler , William threatened to leave the country immediately . Furthermore , Mary , remaining loyal to her husband , refused .
The House of Commons , with a Whig majority , quickly resolved that the throne was vacant , and that it was safer if the ruler was Protestant . There were more Tories in the House of Lords , which would not initially agree , but after William refused to be a regent or to agree to remain king only in his wife 's lifetime , there were negotiations between the two houses and the Lords agreed by a narrow majority that the throne was vacant . The Commons made William accept a Bill of Rights , and , on 13 February 1689 , Parliament passed the Declaration of Right , in which it deemed that James , by attempting to flee , had abdicated the government of the realm , thereby leaving the throne vacant .
The Crown was not offered to James 's infant son , who would have been the heir apparent under normal circumstances , but to William and Mary as joint sovereigns . It was , however , provided that " the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives " .
William and Mary were crowned together at Westminster Abbey on 11 April 1689 by the Bishop of London , Henry Compton . Normally , the coronation is performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury , but the Archbishop at the time , William Sancroft , refused to recognise James 's removal .
William also summoned a Convention of the Estates of Scotland , which met on 14 March 1689 and sent a conciliatory letter , while James sent haughty uncompromising orders , swaying a majority in favour of William . On 11 April , the day of the English coronation , the Convention finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland . William and Mary were offered the Scottish Crown ; they accepted on 11 May .
= = = Revolution settlement = = =
William encouraged the passage of the Toleration Act 1688 , which guaranteed religious toleration to certain Protestant nonconformists . It did not , however , extend toleration as far as he wished , still restricting the religious liberty of Roman Catholics , non @-@ trinitarians , and those of non @-@ Christian faiths . In December 1689 , one of the most important constitutional documents in English history , the Bill of Rights , was passed . The Act , which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right , established restrictions on the royal prerogative . It provided , amongst other things , that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament , levy taxes without parliamentary consent , infringe the right to petition , raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent , deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects , unduly interfere with parliamentary elections , punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates , require excessive bail or inflict cruel and unusual punishments . William was opposed to the imposition of such constraints , but he chose not to engage in a conflict with Parliament and agreed to abide by the statute .
The Bill of Rights also settled the question of succession to the Crown . After the death of either William or Mary , the other would continue to reign . Next in the line of succession was Mary II 's sister , Princess Anne , and her issue , followed by any children William might have had by a subsequent marriage . Roman Catholics , as well as those who married Catholics , were excluded .
= = Rule with Mary II = =
= = = Resistance to validity of rule = = =
Although most in Britain accepted William and Mary as sovereigns , a significant minority refused to acknowledge their claim to the throne , instead believing in the divine right of kings , which held that the monarch 's authority derived directly from God rather than being delegated to the monarch by Parliament . Over the next 57 years Jacobites pressed for restoration of James and his heirs . Nonjurors in England and Scotland , including over 400 clergy and several bishops of the Church of England and Scottish Episcopal Church as well as numerous laymen , refused to take oaths of allegiance to William .
Ireland was controlled by Roman Catholics loyal to James , and Franco @-@ Irish Jacobites arrived from France with French forces in March 1689 to join the war in Ireland and contest Protestant resistance at the Siege of Derry . William sent his navy to the city in July , and his army landed in August . After progress stalled , William personally intervened to lead his armies to victory over James at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690 , after which James fled back to France .
Upon William 's return to England , his close friend Dutch General Godert de Ginkell , who had accompanied William to Ireland and had commanded a body of Dutch cavalry at the Battle of the Boyne , was named Commander in Chief of William 's forces in Ireland and entrusted with further conduct of the war there . Ginkell took command in Ireland in the spring of 1691 , and following several ensuing battles , succeeded in capturing both Galway and Limerick , thereby effectively suppressing the Jacobite forces in Ireland within a few more months . After difficult negotiations a capitulation was signed on 3 October 1691 — the Treaty of Limerick . Thus concluded the Williamite pacification of Ireland , and for his services the Dutch general received the formal thanks of the House of Commons , and was awarded the title of Earl of Athlone by the king .
A series of Jacobite risings also took place in Scotland , where Viscount Dundee raised Highland forces and won a victory on 27 July 1689 at the Battle of Killiecrankie , but he died in the fight and a month later Scottish Cameronian forces subdued the rising at the Battle of Dunkeld . William offered Scottish clans that had taken part in the rising a pardon provided that they signed allegiance by a deadline , and his government in Scotland punished a delay with the Massacre of Glencoe of 1692 , which became infamous in Jacobite propaganda as William had countersigned the orders . Bowing to public opinion , William dismissed those responsible for the massacre , though they still remained in his favour ; in the words of the historian John Dalberg @-@ Acton , " one became a colonel , another a knight , a third a peer , and a fourth an earl . "
William 's reputation in Scotland suffered further damage when he refused English assistance to the Darien scheme , a Scottish colony ( 1698 – 1700 ) that failed disastrously .
= = = Parliament and faction = = =
Although the Whigs were William 's strongest supporters , he initially favoured a policy of balance between the Whigs and Tories . The Marquess of Halifax , a man known for his ability to chart a moderate political course , gained William 's confidence early in his reign . The Whigs , a majority in Parliament , had expected to dominate the government , and were disappointed that William denied them this chance . This " balanced " approach to governance did not last beyond 1690 , as the conflicting factions made it impossible for the government to pursue effective policy , and William called for new elections early that year .
After the Parliamentary elections of 1690 , William began to favour the Tories , led by Danby and Nottingham . While the Tories favoured preserving the king 's prerogatives , William found them unaccommodating when he asked Parliament to support his continuing war with France . As a result , William began to prefer the Whig faction known as the Junto . The Whig government was responsible for the creation of the Bank of England following the example of the Bank of Amsterdam . William 's decision to grant the Royal Charter in 1694 to the Bank of England , a private institution owned by bankers , is his most relevant economic legacy . It laid the financial foundation of the English take @-@ over of the central role of the Dutch Republic and Bank of Amsterdam in global commerce in the 18th century .
William dissolved Parliament in 1695 , and the new Parliament that assembled that year was led by the Whigs . There was a considerable surge in support for William following the exposure of a Jacobite plan to assassinate him in 1696 . Parliament passed a bill of attainder against the ringleader , John Fenwick , and he was beheaded in 1697 .
= = = War in Europe = = =
William continued to be absent from the realm for extended periods during his Nine Years ' War with France , leaving each spring and returning to England each autumn . England joined the League of Augsburg , which then became known as the Grand Alliance . Whilst William was away fighting , his wife , Mary II , governed the realm , but acted on his advice . Each time he returned to England , Mary gave up her power to him without reservation , an arrangement that lasted for the rest of Mary 's life .
After the Anglo @-@ Dutch fleet defeated a French fleet at La Hogue in 1692 , the allies for a short period controlled the seas , and Ireland was pacified thereafter by the Treaty of Limerick . At the same time , the Grand Alliance fared poorly in Europe , as William lost Namur in the Spanish Netherlands in 1692 , and was badly beaten at the Battle of Landen in 1693 .
= = Later years = =
Mary II died of smallpox on 28 December 1694 , leaving William III to rule alone . William deeply mourned his wife 's death . Despite his conversion to Anglicanism , William 's popularity plummeted during his reign as a sole monarch .
= = = Allegations of homosexuality = = =
During the 1690s , rumours grew of William 's alleged homosexual inclinations and led to the publication of many satirical pamphlets by his Jacobite detractors . He did have several close male associates , including two Dutch courtiers to whom he granted English titles : Hans Willem Bentinck became Earl of Portland , and Arnold Joost van Keppel was created Earl of Albemarle . These relationships with male friends , and his apparent lack of mistresses , led William 's enemies to suggest that he might prefer homosexual relationships . William 's modern biographers , however , still disagree on the veracity of these allegations . Some have suggested that there may have been some truth to the rumours , while more affirm that they were no more than figments of his enemies ' imaginations , and that there was nothing unusual in someone childless like William adopting or evincing paternal affections for a younger man .
Bentinck 's closeness to William did arouse jealousies in the Royal Court at the time , but most modern historians doubt that there was a homosexual element in their relationship . William 's young protegé , Keppel , aroused more gossip and suspicion , being 20 years William 's junior and strikingly handsome , and having risen from being a royal page to an earldom with some ease . Portland wrote to William in 1697 that " the kindness which your Majesty has for a young man , and the way in which you seem to authorise his liberties ... make the world say things I am ashamed to hear . " This , he said , was " tarnishing a reputation which has never before been subject to such accusations " . William tersely dismissed these suggestions , however , saying , " It seems to me very extraordinary that it should be impossible to have esteem and regard for a young man without it being criminal . "
= = = Peace with France = = =
In 1696 , the Dutch territory of Drenthe made William its Stadtholder . In the same year , Jacobites plotted to assassinate William III in an attempt to restore James to the English throne , but failed . In accordance with the Treaty of Rijswijk ( 20 September 1697 ) , which ended the Nine Years ' War , Louis recognised William III as King of England , and undertook to give no further assistance to James II . Thus deprived of French dynastic backing after 1697 , Jacobites posed no further serious threats during William 's reign .
As his life drew towards its conclusion , William , like many other European rulers , felt concern over the question of succession to the throne of Spain , which brought with it vast territories in Italy , the Low Countries and the New World . The King of Spain , Charles II , was an invalid with no prospect of having children ; amongst his closest relatives were Louis XIV ( the King of France ) and Leopold I , Holy Roman Emperor . William sought to prevent the Spanish inheritance from going to either monarch , for he feared that such a calamity would upset the balance of power . William and Louis XIV agreed to the First Partition Treaty , which provided for the division of the Spanish Empire : Duke Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria would obtain Spain , while France and the Holy Roman Emperor would divide the remaining territories between them . Charles II accepted the nomination of Joseph Ferdinand as his heir , and war appeared to be averted .
When , however , Joseph Ferdinand died of smallpox , the issue re @-@ opened . In 1700 , the two rulers agreed to the Second Partition Treaty ( also called the Treaty of London ) , under which the territories in Italy would pass to a son of the King of France , and the other Spanish territories would be inherited by a son of the Holy Roman Emperor . This arrangement infuriated both the Spanish , who still sought to prevent the dissolution of their empire , and the Holy Roman Emperor , to whom the Italian territories were much more useful than the other lands . Unexpectedly , the invalid King of Spain , Charles II , interfered as he lay dying in late 1700 . Unilaterally , he willed all Spanish territories to Philip , a grandson of Louis XIV . The French conveniently ignored the Second Partition Treaty and claimed the entire Spanish inheritance . Furthermore , Louis XIV alienated William III by recognising James Francis Edward Stuart , the son of the former King James II who had died in 1701 , as de jure King of England . The subsequent conflict , known as the War of the Spanish Succession , continued until 1713 .
= = = English succession = = =
The Spanish inheritance was not the only one that concerned William . His marriage with Mary had not yielded any children , and he did not seem likely to remarry . Mary 's sister , Anne , had borne numerous children , all of whom died during childhood . The death of her last surviving child , Prince William , Duke of Gloucester , in 1700 left her as the only individual in the line of succession established by the Bill of Rights . As the complete exhaustion of the line of succession would have encouraged a restoration of James II 's line , Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which provided that if Anne died without surviving issue and William failed to have surviving issue by any subsequent marriage , the Crown would be inherited by a distant relative , Sophia , Electress of Hanover , a granddaughter of James I , and her Protestant heirs . The Act debarred Roman Catholics from the throne , thereby excluding the candidacy of several dozen people more closely related to Mary and Anne than Sophia . The Act extended to England and Ireland , but not to Scotland , whose Estates had not been consulted before the selection of Sophia .
= = Death = =
In 1702 , William died of pneumonia , a complication from a broken collarbone following a fall from his horse , Sorrel . Because his horse had stumbled into a mole 's burrow , many Jacobites toasted " the little gentleman in the black velvet waistcoat . " Years later , Sir Winston Churchill , in his A History of the English @-@ Speaking Peoples , stated that the fall " opened the door to a troop of lurking foes " . William was buried in Westminster Abbey alongside his wife . His sister @-@ in @-@ law , Anne , became queen regnant of England , Scotland and Ireland .
William 's death brought an end to the Dutch House of Orange , members of which had served as stadtholder of Holland and the majority of the other provinces of the Dutch Republic since the time of William the Silent ( William I ) . The five provinces of which William III was stadtholder — Holland , Zeeland , Utrecht , Gelderland , and Overijssel — all suspended the office after his death . Thus , he was the last patrilineal descendant of William I to be named stadtholder for the majority of the provinces . Under William III 's will , John William Friso stood to inherit the Principality of Orange as well as several lordships in the Netherlands . He was William 's closest agnatic relative , as well as son of William 's aunt Albertine Agnes . However , King Frederick I of Prussia also claimed the Principality as the senior cognatic heir , his mother Louise Henriette being Albertine Agnes 's older sister . Under the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) , Frederick I 's successor , Frederick William I of Prussia , ceded his territorial claim to King Louis XIV of France , keeping only a claim to the title . Friso 's posthumous son , William IV , succeeded to the title at his birth in 1711 ; in the Treaty of Partition ( 1732 ) he agreed to share the title " Prince of Orange " with Frederick William .
= = Legacy = =
William 's primary achievement was to contain France when it was in a position to impose its will across much of Europe . His life 's aim was largely to oppose Louis XIV of France . This effort continued after his death during the War of the Spanish Succession . Another important consequence of William 's reign in England involved the ending of a bitter conflict between Crown and Parliament that had lasted since the accession of the first English monarch of the House of Stuart , James I , in 1603 . The conflict over royal and parliamentary power had led to the English Civil War during the 1640s and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 . During William 's reign , however , the conflict was settled in Parliament 's favour by the Bill of Rights 1689 , the Triennial Act 1694 and the Act of Settlement 1701 .
William endowed the College of William and Mary ( in present @-@ day Williamsburg , Virginia ) in 1693 . Nassau , the capital of The Bahamas , is named after Fort Nassau , which was renamed in 1695 in his honour . Similarly Nassau County , New York , a county on Long Island , is a namesake . Long Island itself was also known as Nassau during early Dutch rule . Though many alumni of Princeton University think that the town of Princeton , New Jersey ( and hence the university ) were named in his honour , this is probably untrue . Nassau Hall , at the university campus , is so named , however .
New York City was briefly renamed New Orange for him in 1673 after the Dutch recaptured the city , which had been renamed New York by the British in 1665 . His name was applied to the fort and administrative center for the city on two separate occasions reflecting his different sovereign status — first as Fort Willem Hendrick in 1673 , and then as Fort William in 1691 when the English evicted Colonists who had seized the fort and city . Nassau Street ( Manhattan ) was also named some time before 1696 in his honor . Orange County , just north of New York City , is his namesake , as was Fort Orange ( now Albany ) .
= = = Ireland = = =
The modern day Orange Order is named after William III , and makes a point of celebrating his victory at the Battle of the Boyne with annual parades in Northern Ireland , Liverpool and parts of Scotland and Canada on 12 July .
= = Titles , styles , and arms = =
= = = Titles and styles = = =
4 November 1650 – 9 July 1672 : His Highness The Prince of Orange , Count of Nassau
9 – 16 July 1672 : His Highness The Prince of Orange , Stadtholder of Holland
16 July 1672 – 26 April 1674 : His Highness The Prince of Orange , Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland
26 April 1674 – 8 March 1702 : His Highness The Prince of Orange , Stadtholder of Holland , Zeeland , Utrecht , Gelderland and Overijssel
( England ) 13 February 1689 – 8 March 1702 : His Majesty The King
( Scotland ) 11 April 1689 – 8 March 1702 : His Majesty The King
By 1674 , William was fully styled as " Willem III , by God 's grace Prince of Orange , Count of Nassau etc . , Stadtholder of Holland , Zeeland , Utrecht etc . , Captain- and Admiral @-@ General of the United Netherlands " . After their accession in Great Britain in 1689 , William and Mary used the titles " King and Queen of England , Scotland , France and Ireland , Defenders of the Faith , etc . "
= = = Arms = = =
As Prince of Orange , William 's coat of arms was : Quarterly , I Azure billetty a lion rampant Or ( for Nassau ) ; II Or a lion rampant guardant Gules crowned Azure ( Katzenelnbogen ) ; III Gules a fess Argent ( Vianden ) , IV Gules two lions passant guardant Or ( Dietz ) ; between the I and II quarters an inescutcheon , Or a fess Sable ( Moers ) ; at the fess point an inescutcheon , quarterly I and IV Gules , a bend Or ( Châlons ) ; II and III Or a bugle horn Azure , stringed Gules ( Orange ) with an inescutcheon , Nine pieces Or and Azure ( Geneva ) ; between the III and IV quarters , an inescutcheon , Gules a fess counter embattled Argent ( Buren ) .
The coat of arms used by the king and queen was : Quarterly , I and IV Grand quarterly , Azure three fleurs @-@ de @-@ lis Or ( for France ) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory @-@ counter @-@ flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) ; overall an escutcheon Azure billetty a lion rampant Or . In his later coat of arms , William used the motto : Je Maintiendrai ( medieval French for " I will maintain " ) . The motto represents the House of Orange @-@ Nassau , since it came into the family with the Principality of Orange .
= = Ancestry = =
= = = Family tree = = =
= = In popular culture = =
William has been played on screen by Bernard Lee in the 1937 film The Black Tulip , based on the novel by Alexandre Dumas , père , Henry Daniell in the 1945 film Captain Kidd , Olaf Hytten in the 1952 film Against All Flags , Alan Rowe in the 1969 BBC drama series The First Churchills , Laurence Olivier in the 1986 NBC TV mini @-@ series Peter the Great , Thom Hoffman in the 1992 film Orlando , based on the novel by Virginia Woolf , Corin Redgrave in the 1995 film England , My England , the story of the composer Henry Purcell , Jochum ten Haaf in the 2003 BBC miniseries Charles II : The Power & the Passion , Bernard Hill in the 2005 film The League of Gentlemen 's Apocalypse , and Russell Pate in the 2008 BBC film King Billy Above All . His role in Dutch politics and his alleged homosexual nature was shown in the 2015 film Michiel de Ruyter .
= = = Ballads = = =
Copies of extant seventeenth @-@ century broadside ballads about William and Mary , such as " England 's Triumph " , " England 's Happiness in the Crowning of William and Mary " , " A new loyal song , upon King William 's Progress into Ireland " and " Royal Courage , King William 's Happy Success in Ireland " , are housed in Magdalene College 's Pepys Library , the National Library of Scotland , and the British Library . Facsimiles , as well as audio recordings , are available online .
= Bedford Castle =
Bedford Castle was a large medieval castle in Bedford , England . Built after 1100 by Henry I , the castle played a prominent part in both the civil war of the Anarchy and the First Barons ' War . The castle was significantly extended in stone , although the final plan of the castle remains uncertain . Henry III of England besieged the castle in 1224 following a disagreement with Falkes de Breauté ; the siege lasted eight weeks and involved an army of as many as 2 @,@ 700 soldiers with equipment drawn from across England . After the surrender of the castle , the king ordered its destruction . Although partially refortified in the 17th century during the English Civil War , the castle remained a ruin until the urban expansion in Bedford during the 19th century , when houses were built across much of the property . Today only part of the motte still stands , forming part of an archaeological park built on the site between 2007 and 2009 .
= = History = =
= = = Early history ( 1100 – 1153 ) = = =
Bedford Castle was probably built after 1100 by Henry I in the town of Bedford , overlooking the River Great Ouse . The castle was constructed inside the town itself , and many of the older Anglo @-@ Saxon streets had to be destroyed and diverted to make room for it , leaving a permanent mark in the formal grid system . The castle was built in a motte and bailey design and was probably much smaller than the later castle , just consisting of the motte and the inner bailey .
By the early 12th century the castle was controlled by the royal castellan , Simon de Beauchamp , the son of Hugh de Beauchamp who had helped conquer England in 1066 . Contemporaries described the castle around this time as " completely ramparted around with an immense earthen bank and ditch , girt about with a wall strong and high , strengthened with a strong and unshakeable keep " . Simon died in 1137 , and King Stephen agreed that Simon 's daughter should marry Hugh the Pauper and that the castle would be given to Hugh , in exchange for Stephen giving Miles compensatory honours and gifts . Miles and Payn de Beauchamp , the children of Simon 's brother , Robert de Beauchamp , declared that the castle was rightfully Miles ' and refused to hand it over to Hugh .
Meanwhile , civil war had broke out in England between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda , resulting in a period of chaos known as the Anarchy . Matilda 's uncle , David I of Scotland , invaded England during 1137 in support of her claim . Although Miles de Beauchamp declared himself in support of Stephen , the king decided to retake Bedford Castle before marching north . Stephen formed an army to besiege Bedford Castle but Miles gained advance warning of the attack and took in considerable supplies , preparing for a long siege . Stephen was unable to storm the castle and left a force under the command of Hugh to starve it into submission whilst he marched north to tackle the Scots invasion .
Henry of Blois , the Bishop of Winchester , intervened in an attempt to produce a negotiated solution . Henry reached an agreement whereby after five weeks , the castle finally surrendered ; the garrison were allowed to leave peacefully but the castle was handed over to the king . The deal struck by Miles and Henry appears to have left the surrounding estates in the hands of the Beauchamps , however , and in 1141 Miles returned and retook the castle itself , although no details are available as to how he achieved this .
Miles subsequently supported the Empress , and in 1146 , Ranulf , the Earl of Chester and temporarily on the side of the king , attacked and took the town of Bedford , but was unable to take the castle , which continued to be controlled by Miles until his death several years later . Towards the end of the war , Bedford Castle may have been attacked again ; Henry II , during the final year of the conflict in 1153 , marched through Bedford and documentary evidence shows damage to the town at this time . Historians are divided as to whether the castle was besieged at the same time .
= = = Mid @-@ medieval period ( 1153 – 1224 ) = = =
Early in 1215 tensions grew between King John and a rebel faction of his barons , which would lead to the First Barons ' War . The rebel barons attempted to besiege Northampton Castle ; unsuccessful , they turned to Bedford Castle but the castle withstood the attack and they moved south to London . Bedford was held at the time by William de Beauchamp but his loyalty came into question and he rebelled against John . Falkes de Breauté , a key Anglo @-@ Norman leader loyal to John , resisted and seized Bedford Castle back for John in 1216 . In return John gave Falkes the Honour of Bedford , and in practical terms the castle as well , although it is unclear whether he gave Falkes the role of castellan or ownership of the castle itself . As the war continued , Falkes took control of Plym
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871 when we know from contemporary Irish sources that Ivarr of Dublin was besieging Dumbarton for four months in 870 and returned to Ireland in early 871 with the takings ? ... Taken all together , the genuine material on Inguar in contemporary English sources is slight " . He also states " there is nothing new in the suggestion that Ímar of Dublin and Igwar / Ingwar / Iuuar of English history are identical . It has frequently been put forward .... and has equally frequently been rejected or treated as a mere possibility " . Downham concludes " while medieval writers seem to have been as interested as modern historians about Ívarr ’ s origins , it is perhaps wiser to accept that we do not know what these really were " .
= = = Dark and fair foreigners = = =
In the Irish annals the terms Dubgaill ( dark foreigners ) , and Finngaill ( fair foreigners ) , are used to refer to rival groups of Vikings . The exact meaning of these terms is subject to debate , but historically the most popular interpretation has been that Dubgaill refers to Danes and Finngaill refers to Norwegians . From 917 onwards the descendants of Ímar are described as leaders of the Dubgaill . Ímar himself is not identified explicitly by the annals with the Dubgaill , but Albann , a figure considered by some to be Ímar 's brother , is called " lord of the ' Dark Foreigners ' " .
However , the interpretation of " dark " Danes and " fair " Norwegians has recently been challenged . Dumville has suggested that Dubgaill and Finngaill do not refer to any cultural difference but instead distinguish between " old " and " new " Vikings , with the group arriving with Ímar being the " new " or " dark " Vikings , and the preexisting group being the " old " or " fair " Vikings . Downham agrees and goes a step further , suggesting that Dubgaill was applied " to followers the king of Laithlind ( who had become a recurrent phenomenon for the chroniclers ) as a convenient way of distinguishing them from the vikings who were already in Ireland " .
= = = Ynglings = = =
An alternative reconstruction , proposed by Alex Woolf , identifies Ímar 's grandson Ragnall with Rognvald Eysteinsson , Earl of Møre , a figure closely associated with Harald Fairhair , the first King of Norway . Woolf provides two pieces of evidence in support of this theory . Firstly , both Ragnall and Rognvald are the grandsons of ' Ivars ' - this would equate Ímar with Ívarr Upplendingajarl , a son of the legendary king Halfdan the Old . Secondly , Rognvald 's son Ivar was killed while in Scotland , as was Ragnall 's kinsman Ímar ua Ímair . Other attempts have also been made in the modern era to link the Kings of Lochlann with historical figures in Norway - Smyth has suggested that Amlaíb can be identified with Olaf Geirstad @-@ Alf , King of Vestfold , ( who was the son of Gudrød the Hunter and half @-@ brother of Halfdan the Black ) , though speculation of this nature has not received much support . Ó Corrain states that there is " no good historical or linguistic evidence to link Lothlend / Laithlind with Norway , and none to link the dynasty of Dublin to the shadowy history of the Ynglings of Vestfold " .
= = Family = =
Ímar 's father is identified as Gofraid by the Fragmentary Annals ; an entry dated c . 871 – 872 gives a partial genealogy for Ímar , naming him " Ímar son of Gofraid son of Ragnall son of Gofraid Conung son of Gofraid " . Ó Corrain states that this reference to Ímar 's genealogical ascent is a " construct without historical value " . Nonetheless , he accepts the existence of Ímar 's father Gofraid ( also Goffridh or Gothfraid ) , stating " it is likely that the father of ... Ímar ( Ívarr ) is Gofraid ( Guðrøðr ) and that he is a historical person and dynastic ancestor " .
Amlaíb Conung came to Ireland first in 853 , with Ímar following in or before 857 , and Auisle following in or before 863 . The three are identified as " kings of the foreigners " by the Annals of Ulster in 863 , and as brothers by the Fragmentary Annals :
The Annals of Ulster say that Auisle was killed in 867 by " kinsmen in parricide " . The Fragmentary Annals state explicitly that Amlaíb and Ímar planned their brother 's death , though no motive is given . Although the three are not identified as brothers in any contemporary annals , the recurrence of their names among their descendants strongly suggests a familial connection .
Some scholars identify Halfdan Ragnarsson as another brother . This identification is contingent upon Ímar being identical to Ivar the Boneless : Halfdan and Ivar are named as brothers in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle . According to the Annals of Ulster Amlaíb 's son Oistin was slain in battle by " Albann " in 875 . This figure is generally agreed to be Halfdan . If that is correct , then it may explain the reason for the conflict : it was a dynastic squabble for control of the kingdom . One potential problem is that according to Norse tradition Ivar and Halfdan were the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok , whereas Ímar and Amlaíb are named as sons of Gofraid in the Fragmentary Annals . However , the historicity of Ragnar is uncertain and the identification of Ragnar as the father of Ivar and Halfdan is not to be relied upon .
Three figures later named by the annals are identifiable as sons of Ímar . These are Bárid ( d . 881 ) , Sichfrith ( d . 888 ) , and Sitriuc ( d . 896 ) , all three of whom reigned as King of Dublin . Five individuals are titled " ua Ímair " in the annals , a term usually understood to mean " grandson of Ímar " . These are Sitric Cáech , Ímar , Ragnall , Amlaíb , and Gofraid . All except for Amlaíb ruled as either King of Dublin or King of Viking Northumbria at one time or another . These five are never given a patronymic in the annals , so it is not possible to identify which of the three known sons of Ímar - if any - was their father . One possible reason for the lack of a patronym might be that they were children of a son of Ímar who never ruled Dublin , or who spent most of his time outside Ireland , thus making their legitimacy to rule dependent the identity of their grandfather , not their father . Another possibility is that they were grandsons of Ímar through a daughter , again with their right to rule dependent on their grandfather . Another grandson , Uathmarán , is directly identifiable as the son of Bárid .
Ímar and his descendants are collectively titled the Uí Ímair - translated as " descendants of Ímar " . Later members of this dynasty include multiple kings of Dublin , Northumbria and the Isles . Downham states " [ Ímar 's ] descendants dominated the major seaports of Ireland and challenged the power of kings in Britain during the later ninth and tenth centuries " . Viking power in Ireland was severely weakened by the Battle of Clontarf in 1014 , and although Ímar 's descendants maintained influence in and around the Irish sea region they did not have the strength they had had previously . The Crovan dynasty , rulers of Mann and the Isles , likely descended from Ímar through his great @-@ grandson Amlaíb Cuarán . Woolf , among others , has suggested that Somerled , King of the Isles , and progenitor of Clan Donald and Clan MacDougall , descended from Ímar and the Crovan dynasty , though perhaps only through the female line .
= = = Family tree = = =
= Honora Sneyd =
Honora Sneyd ( Honora Edgeworth , née Sneyd ) ( 1751 – 1 May 1780 ) was an eighteenth @-@ century English writer , mainly known for her associations with literary figures of the day particularly Anna Seward and the Lunar Society , and for her work on children 's education .
Honora Sneyd was born in Bath in 1751 , and following the death of her mother in 1756 was raised by Canon Thomas Seward and his wife Elizabeth in Lichfield , Staffordshire until she returned to her father 's house in 1771 . There , she formed a close friendship with their daughter , Anna Seward . Having had a romantic engagement to John André and having declined the hand of Thomas Day , she married Richard Edgeworth as his second wife in 1773 , living on the family estate in Ireland till 1776 . There she helped raise his children from his first marriage , including Maria Edgeworth , and two children of her own . Returning to England she fell ill with tuberculosis , which was incurable , dying at Weston in Staffordshire in 1780 . She is the subject of a number of Anna Seward 's poems , and with her husband developed concepts of childhood education , resulting in a series of books , such as Practical Education , based on her observations of the Edgeworth children . She is known for her stand on women 's rights through her vigorous rejection of the proposal by Day , in which she outlined her views on equality in marriage .
= = Life = =
= = = Early life 1751 – 1773 = = =
Honora Sneyd was born the third daughter to Edward Sneyd , of Bishton Staffordshire and Susanna Cook of Sible Hedingham , Essex , in Bath in 1751 . Her father was a Major in the Royal Horse Guards , with an appointment at Court as a Gentleman Usher. her parents married in 1742 and she was one of eight children and the second surviving daughter of six , and only six years old when her mother died in 1757 . Her father found himself unable to take care of all of his children and various friends and relations then offered to take them in .
= = = = Adoption by the Seward family 1756 – 1771 = = = =
Honora Sneyd , who was seven years younger than the thirteen @-@ year @-@ old Anna Seward , moved into the home of family friends , Canon Thomas Seward and his wife Elizabeth and their family at Lichfield , Staffordshire , where they lived in the Bishop 's Palace in the Cathedral Close . The Sewards had lost five children after their first two daughters , and such fostering was not uncommon at the time . There she was brought up by the Sewards as one of their own , being variously described as an adopted or foster sister . Anna Seward describes how she and her younger sister Sarah first met Honora , on returning from a walk , in her poem The Anniversary ( 1769 ) . Initially Honora was more attached to Sarah , to whom she was closer in age , but Sarah died of typhus at the age of nineteen ( 1764 ) , when Honora Sneyd was thirteen . Following Sarah 's death Honora became the responsibility of Anna , the older sister . Anna consoled herself with her affection for Honora Sneyd , as she describes in Visions , written a few days after her sister 's death . In the poem she expresses the hope that Honora ( ' this transplanted flower ' ) will replace her sister ( whom she refers to as ' Alinda ' ) in her and her parents ' affections . Throughout her life Honora Sneyd 's health was fragile , experiencing the first bout of the tuberculosis that would later claim her life in 1766 , at the age of fifteen . However Anna Seward believed she detected the first signs in 1764 , at thirteen , writing presciently
This dear child will not live ; I am perpetually fearing it , notwithstanding the clear health which crimsons her cheek and glitters in her eyes . Such early expansion of intelligence and sensibility partakes too much of the angelic , too little of the mortal nature , to tarry long in these low abodes of frailty and of pain , where the harshness of authority , and the impenetrability of selfishness , with the worse mischiefs of pride and envy , so frequently agitate by their storms , and chill by their damps , the more ingenious and purer spirits , scattered , not profusely , over the earth .
= = = = Education = = = =
At Lichfield Honora Sneyd came under the influence of Canon Seward , who raised her , and his progressive views on female education , which he expressed in his poem The Female Right to Literature ( 1748 ) . She was described as clever and interested in science , From Anna she developed a great love of literature .
Honora Sneyd was an accomplished scholar , attending day school in Lichfield where she became fluent in French , translating Rousseau 's Julie for her older foster sister . Though Canon Seward 's ( but not his wife 's ) attitudes towards the education of girls was progressive relative to the times , they were " by no means excessively liberal " . Amongst the subjects he taught them were theology and numeracy , and how to read , appreciate , write and recite poetry . By omitting what were considered Although this deviated from what were considered " conventional drawing room accomplishments " , he encouraged them away from traditional female roles . However , the omissions were also notable , including languages and science , although they were left free to pursue their own inclinations in this regard . To that end they were exposed to the circle of learned men who frequented the Bishop 's Palace at Lichfield where they lived , and which became the centre of a literary circle including , David Garrick , Erasmus Darwin , Samuel Johnson and James Boswell . The children were encouraged to participate in the conversations , as Anna later relates .
= = = = Relationships = = = =
Honora Sneyd and Anna Seward lived under the same roof for thirteen years and formed a close friendship which has given rise to much speculation as to its exact nature , located as it was within the tradition of " female friendship " , and forming the basis of a body of Anna Seward 's poetical works . Various authors differ in their interpretation of the relationship between the two women , with Lillian Faderman who first suggested that it was lesbian , supported by Barrett although the term relates more to twentieth- rather than eighteenth @-@ century concepts of identity . On the other hand , Teresa Barnard argues against this based more on examination of the correspondence rather than poetry , which is generally based within the lesbian poetic canon , the relationship between these two women being frequently cited .
Sneyd had a reputation for both intelligence and beauty , as commented on by many , including Anna Seward and Richard Edgeworth ( see below ) . In 1764 Seward described Sneyd as " fresh and beautiful as the young day @-@ star , when he bathes his fair beams in the dews of spring " . At seventeen Honora Sneyd was briefly engaged to a Swiss born Derbyshire merchant , John André , a relationship that Seward had fostered , and wrote about in her Monody on Major André ( 1781 ) when André became a British officer in 1771 and was hanged as a spy by the Americans . The respective parents did not support this attachment for reasons of his financial status .
Around Christmas 1770 , Thomas Day and Richard Edgeworth , who like Thomas Seward were members of the Lunar Society that met in Lichfield amongst other places , were spending increasing amounts of time at the Seward household and both had fallen for Sneyd , although Edgeworth was already married . In 1771 she declined an offer of marriage from Thomas Day . Edgeworth gives an account of her letter of rejection stating that it " contained an excellent answer to his [ Day 's ] arguments in favour of the rights of men , and a clear dispassionate view of the rights of women " . Edgeworth continues that Sneyd had very determined views on the role of women and their rights within marriage .
Miss Honora Sneyd would not admit the unqualified control of a husband over all her actions ; she did not feel , that seclusion from society was indispensably necessary to preserve female virtue , or to secure domestic happiness . Upon terms of reasonable equality , she supposed , that mutual confidence might best subsist ; she said , that , as Mr Day had decidedly declared his determination to live in perfect seclusion from what is usually called the world , it was fit she should decidedly declare , that she would not change her present mode of life , with which she had no reason to be dissatisfied , for any dark and untried system , that could be proposed to her .
However Honora Sneyd 's father moved to Lichfield from London in 1771 , and reassembled his family of five daughters there . By now Honora was nineteen and Anna viewed her friend 's departure with considerable dismay . Although Day was much distressed by his rejection by Honora Sneyd , he transferred his affections to the fifth daughter , Elizabeth Sneyd , who had been in the care of Mr Henry Powys and his wife , Susannah Sneyd , of the Abbey , Shrewsbury , Mrs. Powys being Mr Sneyd 's niece . However Elizabeth Sneyd was not inclined to accept Day .
Richard Edgeworth comments on how Honora Sneyd had affected him ;
During this intercourse I perceived the superiority of Miss Honora Sneyd 's capacity ... her sentiments were on all subjects so just and were delivered with such blushing modesty though not without an air of conscious worth as to command attention from every one capable of appreciating female excellence . Her person was graceful her features beautiful and their expression such as to heighten the eloquence of every thing she said . I was six and twenty and now for the first time in my life I saw a woman that equalled the picture of perfection which existed in my imagination .
He continued , describing the unhappiness of his marriage , and how that made him vulnerable to her attributes , which were share by all the learned gentlemen of his circle . He also believed that Anna Seward had noticed the effect her friend was having on him , and would regularly place her actions in the best light for his benefit . The elimination of Day as a suitor for Honora Sneyd 's hand placed Edgeworth in a difficult situation and he resolved to end it by moving to Lyons France , to work , in the autumn of 1771 .
= = = Marriage to Richard Edgeworth 1773 – 1780 = = =
= = = = Marriage and move to Ireland 1773 – 1776 = = = =
On 17 March 1773 , Edgeworth 's first wife Anna Maria Elers gave birth to their fifth child , Anna Maria Edgeworth , at the age of 29 . Ten days later she died from puerperal fever . Edgeworth was still in Lyon to avoid temptation leaving his expectant wife in the care of Day . On learning of the death of his wife , Edgeworth travelled to London , where he consulted Day as to Honora Sneyd 's situation . On learning that she remained in good health and unattached , he promptly headed to Lichfield to see Honora at the Sneyds , with the intention of proposing . His offer was accepted immediately , and there was no mention of the conventional waiting period before remarrying after widowhood . Although Mr. Sneyd was opposed to his daughter 's marriage , the couple were married at Lichfield Cathedral on 17 July 1773 , officiated by Canon Thomas Seward , Anna Seward being a bridesmaid . After marrying , problems with the Edgeworth family estates in Ireland required the couple to immediately move to Edgeworthstown , County Longford in Ireland .
Through this marriage Sneyd became step @-@ mother to Edgeworth 's four surviving children by his first wife , Anna Maria , ranging from seven months to nine years in age ; Richard , Maria , who became a writer in her own right , Emmeline and Anna Maria . On encountering her new family she observed that Maria , then aged five , was exhibiting behavioural problems , and expressed her views that speedy and consistent punishment were the keys to ensuring good behaviour in children , a view she proceeded to practice . However she believed that such discipline needed to be imposed " before the age of 5 or 6 " , and was therefore rather late in the case of the older children , however she imposed a strict discipline . Following a period of ill health on Sneyd 's part , Maria Edgeworth was sent away to boarding school in Derby ( 1775 – 1781 ) , and later London upon the death of Honora Sneyd ( 1781 – 1782 ) . Similarly , her older brother Richard was sent to Charterhouse ( 1776 – 1778 ) and then went to sea , and she never saw him again . Later Richard Edgeworth would comment on how difficult the first two years were for Sneyd in her new role as stepmother to undisciplined children , a role her relatives had advised her against .
Honora Sneyd was soon pregnant , giving birth to her daughter Honora on 30 May 1774 , who died at the age of sixteen . Her second child , Lovell , who inherited the property , was born the following year on 30 June 1775 . The Edgeworth children were raised according to the system of Rousseau , as refined and modified by the Edgeworths . Richard Edgeworth considered his early educational efforts a failure , the older children from his first marriage growing up unruly and then being sent away to school , and readily concurred with his new wife 's stricter rules . However he had seen very little of them in their early years .
= = = = Return to England 1776 – 1780 = = = =
After three years in Ireland , in 1776 they moved to England again , taking up residence in Northchurch , Hertfordshire Despite Anna Seward 's despair at the loss of her friend , she and Honora had maintained regular correspondence and visits . However , these suddenly ceased , an event that Anna blamed Honora Sneyd 's father for . During a temporary absence of Edgeworth on business in Ireland in the spring of 1779 , Honora Sneyd fell ill with a fever , just as he was summoning her to let the house and join him there . On his return they consulted Dr. Erasmus Darwin at Lichfield , who was of the opinion the illness was more severe than at first thought , being a recurrence of consumption ( T.B. ) from which she had had a brief bout at the age of fifteen . He advised against returning to Ireland but rather , moving closer to Lichfield . For a while they stayed at the Sneyd house that was temporarily vacant while consulting a wide range of physicians including Dr. William Heberden ( Samuel Johnson 's physician ) , and even staying with Day near London to be close to medical care. but only received news of incurability . Eventually they rented Bighterton , near Shifnal , Shropshire , closer to the Sneyds , Darwin and others of their circle , where Honora Sneyd drew up her will in April .
= = = = Death = = = =
Four years after returning to England Honora Sneyd died of consumption at six in the morning on 1 May 1780 at Bighterton , surrounded by her husband , her youngest sister , Charlotte and a servant . Honora Sneyd was buried in the nearby Weston church where a plaque on the wall ( see box ) bears witness to her life . Honora Sneyd died within eight years of her marriage to Richard Edgeworth , at almost the same age as her predecessor . The same disease , which had taken her the life of her mother and five maternal aunts , would soon claim the life of her young daughter Honora Edgeworth ( 1790 ) as well as her younger sister , Elizabeth seven years later ( 1797 ) as well as at least two of Elizabeth 's children , Charlotte ( 1807 ) and Henry ( 1813 ) . Honora 's brother , Lovell was also affected by the consumption . At the time it was thought this was a hereditary weakness carried by the family .
On Honora Sneyd 's death , Edgeworth married her younger sister , Elizabeth Sneyd , stating that this had been the dying wish of Honora . Uglow speculates that this was a marriage of convenience , for the sake of the children . Although it was technically legal to marry one 's wife 's sister , the marriage was considered scandalous , and was opposed by the Sneyds , Sewards and Edgeworths as well as the Bishop . The couple fled to London where they were married on Christmas Day with Thomas Day as witness , before proceeding to live at Northchurch . The scandal may have given rise to less charitable interpretations of Edgeworth 's actions , although there is no direct evidence to support or refute these . Honora Sneyd 's will , drawn up during the last month of her life refers only to " that Woman whom he shall think worthy to call his , for her to wear , so long as they both shall LOVE " , referring to a cameo she owned of Richard Edgeworth .
= = Work = =
= = = Practical Education = = =
The Edgeworths jointly developed the concept of " Practical Education " , a principle that would become a new paradigm by the 1820s . Having determined that after eight years , Richard Edgeworth 's attempt to raise his eldest son Richard according to the principles of Rousseau was a failure , he and Honora were determined to find better methods . After the birth of Honora 's first child ( 1774 ) , the Edgeworths embarked on a plan , partly inspired by Anna Barbauld , to write a series of books for children . After trying many other methods , Barbauld 's Lessons for Children from two to three years old was published in 1778 , and the Edgeworths used it on Anna ( 5 ) and Honora ( 4 ) , and were delighted to find that the girls learned to read in six weeks . Now back in England , at Northchurch the Edgeworths were in closer contact with the intellectuals of the Lunar society . Richard Edgeworth and Honora were determined to design a plan for the education of their children . They started by reviewing the existing literature on childhood education ( including Locke , Hartley , Priestley in addition to Rousseau ) , and then proceeded to document their observations of the behaviour of children and then developed their own " practical " system . To this end Erasmus Darwin suggested they start by reading the work of Dugald Stewart . Honora Sneyd then started recording extensive notes on her observations of the Edgeworth children . These then became the dialogues in the final book .
Richard and Maria Edgeworth state that " She [ Honora ] was of opinion that the art of education should be considered as an experimental science " , and that the failures of the past were due to " following theory rather than practice " . Richard Edgeworth and Honora then set about applying the emerging principles of educational psychology to the actual practice of education . From their reading of theory they determined that the reason Barbauld was successful was that the child 's reading was rewarded ( thus departing radically from Rousseau ) , because it was associated with pleasure . Honora Sneyd conceived of the title of their work therefore as Practical Education . With her husband , Honora wrote the first version of Practical Education as a children 's book Practical education : or , the history of Harry and Lucy for Honora her daughter , which was begun in 1778 and privately published in February 1780 in Lichfield as Practical Education , vol 2 . The book tells a simple story of two parents and their two model children , Harry and Lucy , who carry out domestic chores and ask their parents many questions , the answers to which may be deemed educational . The children explain their discoveries and how they learn , the whole presented as nine forms of learning . As originally conceived it was intended to be the second part of a series of three books , but the remaining parts remained unwritten . The original plan had been for a collaborative work , contributed to by various members of the Lunar Society. it was an ambitious project designed to fill what they perceived of as major deficiencies in the field of both technical and scientific education and to introduce early ideas on morality , science and other academic disciplines into the developing mind of the young child . After Honora Sneyd 's premature death , her sister Elizabeth continued the work , in her role as the third wife of Richard Edgeworth . The final version of the book was authored by Richard and Maria Edgeworth and published after both Honora and her sister Elizabeth 's deaths , in 1798 , and further revised under Maria 's name as Early lessons ( 1801 – 1825 ) . In reality this was a family project contributed to by a number of their members that would extend over 50 years , beyond Richard Edgeworth 's death in 1817 ( c . 1774 – 1825 ) .
Richard Edgeworth observed on his wife 's death that being familiar with the experimental method in science , she was surprised to find that educational theory was based on very little empirical evidence , and set out to apply experimental science to child education and devised , executed and recorded experiments with children . She conceived and executed a register ( 2 volumes 1778 – 1779 ) of the reaction of children to new knowledge and experience , given her interest in applying experimental science to the field of child education . She observed the questions that children asked , what they did , and how they solved problems . An extensive example of her recorded dialogue is given by Richard and Maria Edgeworth in " Practical Education " . This formed the basis of Richard Edgeworth 's Essays on professional education ( 1809 ) . In the Bodleian Library there is a short story in manuscript dated 1787 and other fragments attributed to Honora Sneyd . Her parents ' principles of childhood education were to be a profound influence on Maria Edgeworth 's own career as a writer for children .
= = = Other = = =
Honora Sneyd , through her early contact with members of the Lunar Society , had always taken a keen interest in science , an attribute that drew the intention of Richard Edgeworth who considered himself an inventor . Following their marriage , she worked on his projects with him and in his words , " became an excellent theoretic mechanick " herself .
= = Legacy = =
Since little of Honora Sneyd 's own words have survived , our image of her is largely through the eyes of others , in particular Anna Seward and Richard Edgeworth . Honora Sneyd is often listed amongst the members or associates of the Bluestockings , educated upper class literary women who disdained traditional female accomplishments and often formed close female friendships . The depiction of the effect of consumption on her has been used as a symbol of the pervasiveness of the disease in eighteenth century culture . The work she started on educational psychology would prove to be immensely influential throughout the nineteenth century . Her name is also inextricably entwined with that of Anna Seward in the literature of lesbian relationships and female friendship .
From growing up in the Seward household with Canon Seward and the members of the Lunar Society , Honora Sneyd and her childhood friend Anna Seward developed relatively progressive views for the times on the status of women and equality in marriage , a key to which was female education . Sneyd entered into marriage with Richard Edgeworth on the understanding that they were equal partners in his work . Anna and later Honora 's stepdaughter , Maria Edgeworth , were to take those values and promote them in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Britain , the ancestors of modern feminists . Today Honora 's position on women 's rights is best remembered for her rebuke of Thomas Day and his theory of the " perfect wife " .
Anna Seward 's will mentions two likenesses of Honora Sneyd in her possession that she wished to bequeath . The first of these was a mezzotinto engraving after George Romney , which she had modeled for as " Serena " ( see Figure , above ) to Honora 's brother Edward . The other was a drawn miniature portrait by John André ( 1776 ) which she left to her cousin and confidante Mary Powys . A jasper medallion , after an image by John Flaxman , was issued by the Wedgwood factory in 1780 ( right ) . Honora Sneyd was the subject of many of Seward 's poems , When Sneyd married Edgeworth , she became the subject of Seward 's anger , yet the latter continued to write about Sneyd and her affection for her long after her death . In addition to being immortalised in Anna Seward 's poetry , Sneyd appears semi @-@ fictionalised as a character in a play about Major André and herself , André ; a Tragedy in Five Acts by William Dunlap , first produced in New York in 1798 .
The plaque in St. Andrew 's Church , Weston , where she is buried , on the north wall of the tower , reads ;
= = Appendix : Persons mentioned = =
Parents
Edward Sneyd ( 1711 – 1795 ) m . 1742 Susanna Cook d . 1757 , by whom ;
Elizabeth Sneyd ( 1753 – 1797 )
Charlotte Sneyd d . 1822
Foster family
Thomas Seward ( 1708 – 1790 ) m . 1741 Elizabeth Hunter d . 1780 , by whom ;
Anna Seward ( 1742 – 1809 )
Sarah Seward ( 1744 – 1764 )
Extended family
Henry Powys d . 1774 m . Susannah Sneyd ( 1729 – 1791 ) , by whom
Mary Powys d . 1829
Literary acquaintances
David Garrick ( 1717 – 1779 )
Erasmus Darwin ( 1731 – 1802 )
Samuel Johnson ( 1709 – 1784 )
James Boswell ( 1740 – 1795 )
Suitors
John André ( 1750 – 1780 )
Thomas Day ( 1748 – 1789 )
Husband and children
Richard Lovell Edgeworth ( 1744 – 1817 )
m . 1763 ( 1 ) Anna Maria Elers ( 1743 – 1773 ) , by whom ;
Richard Edgeworth ( 1765 – 1796 )
Lovell Edgeworth ( 1766 – 1766 )
Maria Edgeworth ( 1768 – 1849 )
Emmeline Edgeworth ( 1770 – 1817 )
Anna Maria Edgeworth ( 1773 – 1824 )
m . 1773 ( 2 ) Honora Sneyd ( 1751 – 1780 ) , by whom
Honora Edgeworth ( 1774 – 1790 )
Lovell Edgeworth ( 1775 – 1842 )
Influences
Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau ( 1712 – 1778 )
Anna Barbauld ( 1743 – 1825 )
John Locke ( 1632 – 1704 )
David Hartley ( 1705 – 1757 )
Joseph Priestley ( 1733 – 1804 )
Dugald Stewart ( 1753 – 1828 )
Artists
John Flaxman ( 1755 – 1826 )
James Hopwood ( c . 1740 – 1819 )
George Romney ( 1734 – 1802 )
Other
William Dunlap ( 1766 – 1839 )
William Heberden ( 1710 – 1801 )
= Ring @-@ tailed lemur =
The ring @-@ tailed lemur ( Lemur catta ) is a large strepsirrhine primate and the most recognized lemur due to its long , black and white ringed tail . It belongs to Lemuridae , one of five lemur families , and is the only member of the Lemur genus . Like all lemurs it is endemic to the island of Madagascar . Known locally in Malagasy as maky ( [ makʲ ] , spelled maki in French ) or hira , it inhabits gallery forests to spiny scrub in the southern regions of the island . It is omnivorous and the most terrestrial of extant lemurs . The animal is diurnal , being active exclusively in daylight hours .
The ring @-@ tailed lemur is highly social , living in groups of up to 30 individuals . It is also female dominant , a trait common among lemurs . To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds , groups will huddle together . The ring @-@ tailed lemur will also sunbathe , sitting upright facing its underside , with its thinner white fur towards the sun . Like other lemurs , this species relies strongly on its sense of smell and marks its territory with scent glands . The males perform a unique scent marking behavior called spur marking and will participate in stink fights by impregnating their tail with their scent and wafting it at opponents .
As one of the most vocal primates , the ring @-@ tailed lemur uses numerous vocalizations including group cohesion and alarm calls . Experiments have shown that the ring @-@ tailed lemur , despite the lack of a large brain ( relative to simiiform primates ) , can organize sequences , understand basic arithmetic operations and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities .
Despite reproducing readily in captivity and being the most populous lemur in zoos worldwide , numbering more than 2 @,@ 000 individuals , the ring @-@ tailed lemur is listed as endangered by the IUCN Red List due to habitat destruction and hunting for bush meat and the exotic pet trade .
= = Etymology = =
Although the term " lemur " was first intended for slender lorises , it was soon limited to the endemic Malagasy primates , which have been known as " lemurs " ever since . The name derives from the Latin term lemures , which refers to specters or ghosts that were exorcised during the Lemuria festival of ancient Rome . According to Carl Linnaeus ' own explanation , the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the slender loris . Being familiar with the works of Virgil and Ovid and seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme , Linnaeus adapted the term " lemur " for these nocturnal primates . However , it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost @-@ like appearance , reflective eyes , and ghostly cries of lemurs . It has also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that the some Malagasy people have held legends that lemurs are the souls of their ancestors , but this is unlikely given that the name was selected for slender lorises from India . The species name , catta , refers to the ring @-@ tailed lemur 's cat @-@ like appearance . Its purring vocalization is similar to that of the domestic cat .
Following Linnaeus ' species description , the common name " ringtailed maucauco " was first penned in 1771 by Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant , who made note of its characteristic long , striped tail . ( The term " maucauco " was a common term for lemurs at this time . ) The now universal English name " ring @-@ tailed lemur " was first used by George Shaw in his illustrated scientific publication covering the Leverian collection published between 1792 and 1796 .
= = Evolutionary history = =
All mammalian fossils from Madagascar come from recent times . Thus , little is known about the evolution of the ring @-@ tailed lemur , let alone the rest of the lemur clade , which comprises the entire endemic primate population of the island . However , chromosomal and molecular evidence suggest that lemurs are more closely related to each other than to other Strepsirrhine primates . For this to have happened , it is thought that a very small ancestral population came to Madagascar via a single rafting event between 50 and 80 million years ago . Subsequent evolutionary radiation and speciation has created the diversity of Malagasy lemurs seen today .
According to analysis of amino acid sequences , the branching of the family Lemuridae has been dated to 26 @.@ 1 ± 3 @.@ 3 mya while rRNA sequences of mtDNA place the split at 24 @.@ 9 ± 3 @.@ 6 mya . The ruffed lemurs are the first genus to split away ( most basal ) in the family , a view that is further supported by analysis of DNA sequences and karyotypes . Additionally , Molecular data suggests a deep genetic divergence and sister group relationship between the true lemurs ( Eulemur ) and the remaining three genera : Lemur , Hapalemur , and Prolemur .
The ring @-@ tailed lemur is thought to share closer affinities to the bamboo lemurs of the genera Hapalemur and Prolemur than to the other two genera in its family . This has been supported by comparisons in communication , chromosomes , genetics , and several morphological traits , such as scent gland similarities . However , other data concerning immunology and other morphological traits fail to support this close relationship . For example , Hapalemur and Prolemur have short snouts , while the ring @-@ tailed lemur and the rest of Lemuridae have long snouts . However , differences in the relationship between the orbit ( eye socket ) and the muzzle suggest that the ring @-@ tailed lemur and the true lemurs evolved their elongated faces independently .
The relationship between the ring @-@ tailed lemur and bamboo lemurs ( both Hapalemur and Prolemur ) is the least understood . Molecular analysis suggests that either the bamboo lemurs diverged from the ring @-@ tailed lemur , making the group monophyletic and supporting the current 3 @-@ genera taxonomy , or that the ring @-@ tailed lemur is nested in with the bamboo lemurs .
The karyotype of the ring @-@ tailed lemur has 56 chromosomes , of which four are metacentric ( arms of nearly equal length ) , four are submetacentric ( arms of unequal length ) , and 46 are acrocentric ( the short arm is hardly observable ) . The X chromosome is metacentric and the Y chromosome is acrocentric .
= = = Taxonomic classification = = =
Linnaeus first used the genus name Lemur to describe " Lemur tardigradus " ( the red slender loris , now known as Loris tardigradus ) in his 1754 catalog of the Museum of King Adolf Frederick . In 1758 , his 10th edition of Systema Naturae listed the genus Lemur with three included species , only one of which is still considered to be a lemur while another is no longer considered to be a primate . These species include : Lemur tardigradus , Lemur catta ( the ring @-@ tailed lemur ) , and Lemur volans ( the Philippine colugo , now known as Cynocephalus volans ) . In 1911 , Oldfield Thomas made Lemur catta the type species for the genus , despite the term initially being used to describe lorises . On January 10 , 1929 , the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) formalized this decision in its publication of Opinion 122 .
The ring @-@ tailed lemur shares many similarities with ruffed lemurs ( genus Varecia ) and true lemurs ( genus Eulemur ) , and its skeleton is nearly indistinguishable from that of the true lemurs . Consequently , the three genera were once grouped together in the genus Lemur and more recently are sometimes referred to as subfamily Lemurinae ( within family Lemuridae ) . However , ruffed lemurs were reassigned to the genus Varecia in 1962 , and due to similarities between the ring @-@ tailed lemur and the bamboo lemurs , particularly in regards to molecular evidence and scent glands similarities , the true lemurs were moved to the genus Eulemur by Yves Rumpler and Elwyn L. Simons ( 1988 ) as well as Colin Groves and Robert H. Eaglen ( 1988 ) . In 1991 , Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey H
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be linked to a perceived threat as black people specifically are predisposed to being viewed as more threatening . Police officers show a reduced racial bias in comparison to members of the community ; however , police officers were no better than community members in their sensitivity to prototypic targets providing evidence that prototypicality is directly linked to stereotypes and threat perception which ultimately perpetuates stereotype threat . Members of the same category ( race ) become harder to distinguish from other members of the same category the more they look like a prototypical representation of their category . ( Young , Hugenberg , Bernstein , Sacco 2009 ) .
= = = = Racial ambiguity defies prototypicality = = = =
Racial ambiguity is linked to prototypicality in that racially ambiguous individuals walk a line of not always looking prototypical of either group they represent , but being a blend of the various groups . This can leave blurred lines in terms of threat perception in having difficulty categorizing a racially ambiguous individual and determining what perception is more accurate : a more threatening perception in line with black stereotypes or a less threatening perception akin to white stereotypes . ( Young , Hugenberg , Bernstein , & Sacco 2009 ) . Racially ambiguous faces get more racial bias than white faces and less racial bias than black faces , acting as an intermediate , on average . There is evidence for the implicit associations of slight differences in facial features . The degree to which racially ambiguous faces appeared most in line with the prototypical representation of a race , either black or white , directly activated and impacted the evaluations of participants associated with the respective group . This then bolstered stereotypes and the predisposition of individuals to be judges and evaluated based on stereotypes . This also has potential to breed stereotype threat into a marginalized population . In a white @-@ only context , racially ambiguous individuals are viewed as more prototypically Black , and thus more threatening , whereas in a Black @-@ only context , racially ambiguous individuals are viewed as less prototypically black . Facial features matter when associating a racially ambiguous individual with an evaluative association of a respective group .
Perceptions of threat based on stereotypes associated with one ’ s physicality can certainly promote stereotype threat , as a person ’ s physicality that often associates them with a race @-@ based stereotype is not easily changed . Hypodescent is a phenomenon that is present in a racially @-@ ambiguous individuals being categorized into the racial group associated with their more “ socially @-@ subordinate heritage . ” This concept is a demonstration of a way in which the categorization of racially ambiguous individuals can influence the longevity of a stereotype by supporting a subordinate heritage of any individual based on race . However more difficult to categorize individuals who tend to look more similar to the prototypical representation of their dominant race ( for example : 90 @-@ 10 Black : White ) than it is to distinguish a more racially ambiguous individual ( 60 @-@ 40 Black : White ) which is very ironic in that one might think the more prototypical you look , the easier it would be to assign you to a racial category to assess your perceived threat . Perceptions of racially ambiguous faces can be impacted by racial labeling and the context in which the faces are presented ( white @-@ only vs. black @-@ only environment ) . ( Ito , Willadsen @-@ Jensen , Kaye , & Park 2011 ) .
= = = = Categorization = = = =
Categorization of individuals as a tool for evaluating them reduces an individual to being associated with the streotypical representation of that group . Once stereotypical associations are made , this gives rise to individuals assessing the level of threat an individual exhibits if a threatening connotation is associated with the stereotype of that group . Research suggests that things are identified by comparing its traits to an association of similar items / processes stored in their memory . When categorizing and making connections of an individual to a stereotype equating their perception of threat to the degree to which that categorized individual aligns with the stereotype can lead to stereotype threat falling on the categorized person . Lasting effects of race category activation on judgment , evaluation , and behavior that can have serious outcomes , such as biases in criminal sentences . Individuals vary in the extent to which stereotypes are associated with social categories . Strength of stereotype association impacts stereotype effect . Categorization was thought to be inevitable , a result of the perception of others ... however it is avoidable and its avoidance can hopefully reduce prejudice , reduce unjust threat perceptions , and counteract stereotype threat .
= = = Stereotypes = = =
A stereotype can be defined as the association of a group with a trait ( ex : Blacks being linked to dangerousness or criminality ) . In the United States individuals are more likely to encounter white people as the default race as opposed to Black individuals . In a White majority , perceptual systems may be more sensitive to , and also more biased toward Black features which can automatically activate stereotypes that link to threat perception . Event Related Potentials ( ERPs ) demonstrate attention is preferentially directed toward Black targets showing that there is a tendency to attend to potential threats , which black individuals have been stereotypically associated with . Descriptions of stereotypical Black behavior are more likely to be attributed to photographs of individuals who appear to be more Afrocentric .
The Quadruple Process Model involves a stimulus ( ex : Black male ) activating an association ( ex : threat ) in which the strength of the association ( stereotype ) prompts a behavior ( ex : shoot response ) . To survive , evolutionarily , humans must be to reliably identify threats . The stimulus , association , stereotype , behavior system prompts the identification of a threat and initiates a response to the stimulus . Threat relevant associates are emotionally saturate and essential for survival . Not only can threat perception be influenced by emotionally salient factors , cultural stereotypes , and their strength combine to disadvantage blacks to be perceived as more threatening . Recent stereotypes suggest that Blacks , even when unarmed , may be perceived as threatening . Shooter bias is a tendency to shoot armed Blacks quicker and more frequently than armed Whites , but deciding not to shoot unarmed Whites quicker and more frequently than unarmed Blacks . Individuals with greater knowledge of this cultural stereotype or a predisposition to link Blacks to violence displayed more extreme shooter bias and especially biased threat perceptions that led to especially biased behavior .
There are two race effects that lead to Blacks being incorrectly shot at more than Whites :
Perceptual sensitivity : guns are less distinguishable when held by Blacks
Response bias : objects held by Blacks are more likely to be treated as guns .
After being tasked to shoot individuals who held guns , and not to shoot if they were carrying any other object , race should technically be irrelevant to the decision to shoot or not shoot because the correct response solely depends on the object being held . Even as a nondiagnostic component to the evaluation of one ’ s perceived threat value race was still factored in to the overall judgment of threat perception . The only information the participants were obligated to attend to was the identification of a weapon or non @-@ weapon . Racial cues promote biased behavior as well as false threat perception . Any cue that implies danger , not just race , may create a predisposition to shoot , however race and the stereotype associated with it lead to a higher evaluation of threat perception , which impacted biased responses .
Stereotypes have the potential to create associations with positive or negative aspects of the group it is generalizing . Research shows there is general negativity / prejudice toward Blacks leading highly prejudice individuals to link Blacks to negativity that is or is not relevant to the Black stereotype ( ex : linking Blacks to words like poison or cancer ) . Black danger association and stereotypes predict that Black faces capture and hold attention faster and longer than white faces because threatening stimuli captures and holds attention faster and for longer intervals than neutral stimuli ( in this case black faces ) . The perception of the level of threat posed by a black face significantly biases attention allocation due to an unjust stereotype leading to inaccurate threat perceptions . This also suggests that as fear conditioned stimuli , individuals are taught to have a pre @-@ established instinct to associate the threat perception of a black individual as more dangerous . Attention has been shown to be biased as a result of societal stereotypes of Blacks in association with danger stereotypes of Blacks in association with danger that leads Black faces to b seen as fear conditioned stimuli . Stereotypes can be gate keepers , they can be self @-@ perpetuating by directing attention towards expected information or as an efficient information processing device that directs attention towards new information that may potentially undermine the stereotype and is dependent upon the individuals use of the stereotype . The individual use of the stereotype is also what unfairly moderates the perceived threat of blacks by way of conditioning longstanding stereotypes .
= = = Neuronal activity = = =
With the increasing strength of a stereotype , cognitively the associations we have attached to that stereotype , such as a higher rated threat perception of blacks , will be analyzed with more ease . Because people are motivated to use as little cognitive resources as possible stereotypes and the connotations attached to them , such as threat perceptions of blacks , last as the most readily available and most easily comprehensible explanation . In a White majority , the perceptual system may be more sensitive to Black faces , and more biased as well . ERPs demonstrate that attention is preferentially directed toward black targets . Participants were more biased / prejudice against prototypic Black targets that less prototypic black targets shown through fMRI and being presented with more or less prototypic individuals . Non @-@ prototypic individuals ( ex : dark skinned white males ) caused greater amygdala activation ( akin to fear response ) than did light skinned white males . The amygdala is associated with fear , threat and emotion processing .
Stereotypes and other expectations act as filters that increase the ease with which expectancy @-@ consistent information can be processed . People are motivated to use as little cognitive resources as possible giving the most attention to the easiest comprehensible material ( expectancy @-@ consistent information ) . As stereotype strength increases , so should the ease of processing stereotype @-@ consistent information . Attention will shift from stereotype @-@ consistent information to stereotype @-@ inconsistent information . Unexpected information is processed more extensively because it is more difficult to comprehend while consistent information can be coded as generic examples of the expectancy but inconsistent information must be uniquely coded as new information that is not aligned with expectancy .
= = = Environment / context = = =
The environment or context through which information is received impacts the threat associated with it . For example , if a man is wearing a hoodie and walking rather fast towards you in the morning , in a rich neighborhood , on a crowded street , while it is raining , threat perception is lower than encountering that same individual after dark , in a poverty stricken neighborhood with no rain on an empty street . Although this could have no threatening intentions at all , the context in which you encounter that person will dictate the level of threat associated with them . Ecological contamination hypothesis states : environment taints perceptions . Those who are in dangerous neighborhood seem more dangerous ( ex : police use more force in poverty stricken neighborhoods that have high crime rates and greater proportions of minorities ) . When the background appeared to be safe , racial bias was present ( armed Blacks were shot quicker and more frequently than armed whites ) , vs. when the background was threatening , racial bias was reduced ( demonstrated by a tendency to increase the rate at which White targets were shot increasing ) . Blacks were still treated hostile in dangerous and non dangerous contexts . Dangerous contexts proved to reduce racial bias in the decision to shoot in that Whites were treated in a similar , hostile fashion to Blacks , not that Blacks were treated with similar regard or restraint as Whites . There is an increasing racial bias from white people , racially ambiguous individuals , and Black faces . Racially ambiguous faces get more racial bias than white faces and less racial bias than black faces , acting as an intermediate , on average . In a white @-@ only context , racially ambiguous individuals are viewed as more prototypically Black , whereas in a Black @-@ only context , racially ambiguous individuals are viewed as less prototypically black . Perceptions of racially ambiguous faces can be impacted by direct @-@ racial labeling and the context in which the faces are presented ( White only vs Black only environments ) . Mixed contexts lead to a more mild bias than segregated situation .
Signal detection theory ( SDT ) involves a bias and reduces ability to distinguish tools from weapons after a Black prime even in situations when race was incidental ( nondiagnostic ) . The only cue the participants were obligated to attend to was the presence of a weapon or non @-@ weapon . However , unable to sever blacks from their stereotype and its related factors , unjust heightened threat perception persists .
= = = Strategies for change = = =
The bias toward threat perception evaluation of black people , caused by stereotypes , can be lessened with access to diagnostic cues ( ex : presence or absence of a weapon ) and motivation . Lay people are more racially biased , on average , than trained police officers . Target prototypicality is shown to moderate racial bias . Police officers show a reduced racial bias in comparison to members of the community , however police officers were no better than community members in their sensitivity to prototypic targets . Exposing people to stimuli where race is unrelated to the stereotype may eliminate racial bias . Initial responses were racially biased but research shows that extensive practice with race being unrelated to the task at hand worked to eliminate racial bias . As counter @-@ stereotypical information is aggregated form multiple sources , it may force a change in the stereotype decreasing its strength or negating it entirely . Exposure to counter stereotypic stimuli can reduce racial bias , making race non @-@ diagnostic and unhelpful for the decision process ; the characteristic ( violence ) is unrelated to the group ( race ) . Critical characteristics ( weapon possession ) is statistically unrelated to race therefore paying attention to race may hinder your judgment because it is non @-@ diagnostic ( unessential ) to the task at hand . It may be beneficial to expose individuals to counter stereotypic information and stereotypic stimuli to change the nature of category based responses . Racial bias appeared to be significantly reduced ( for the parameters of the study ) with training indicating that change can be made . A stereotype can be a gatekeeper , perpetuating itself by directing attention toward expected information , or as an efficient information @-@ processing device that facilitates the extraction of novel information with the potential to undermine itself .
= = Long @-@ term and other consequences = =
Decreased performance is the most recognized consequence of stereotype threat . However , research has also shown that stereotype threat can cause individuals to blame themselves for perceived failures , self @-@ handicap , discount the value and validity of performance tasks , distance themselves from negatively stereotyped groups , and disengage from situations that are perceived as threatening .
In the long run , the chronic experience of stereotype threat may lead individuals to disidentify with the stereotyped group . For example , a woman may stop seeing herself as " a math person " after experiencing a series of situations in which she experienced stereotype threat . This disidentification is thought to be a psychological coping strategy to maintain self @-@ esteem in the face of failure . Repeated exposure to anxiety and nervousness can lead individuals to choose to distance themselves from the stereotyped group .
Although much of the research on stereotype threat has examined the effects of coping with negative stereotype on academic performance , recently there has been an emphasis on how coping with stereotype threat could " spillover " to dampen self @-@ control and thereby affect a much broader category of behaviors , even in non @-@ stereotyped domains . Research by Michael Inzlicht and colleagues suggest that , when women cope with negative stereotype about their math ability , they perform worse on math tests , and that , after completing the math test , women may continue to show deficits even in unrelated domains . For example , women might overeat , be more aggressive , make more risky decisions , and show less endurance during physical exercise .
The perceived discrimination associated with stereotype threat can also have negative long @-@ term consequences on individuals ' mental health . Perceived discrimination has been extensively investigated in terms of its effects on mental health , with a particular emphasis on depression . Cross @-@ sectional studies involving diverse minority groups have found that individuals who experience more perceived discrimination are more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms . Additionally , perceived discrimination has also been found to predict depressive symptoms in children and adolescents . Other negative mental health outcomes associated with perceived discrimination include a reduced general well @-@ being , post @-@ traumatic stress disorder , anxiety , and rebellious behavior . A meta @-@ analysis conducted by Pascoe and Smart Richman has shown that the strong link between perceived discrimination and negative mental health persists even after controlling for factors such as education , socioeconomic status , and employment .
= = Mitigation = =
Additional research seeks ways to boost the test scores and academic achievement of students in negatively stereotyped groups . In one study , teaching college women about stereotype threat and its effects on performance was sufficient to eliminate the predicted gender gap on a difficult math test . Making people aware of the fact that they will not necessarily perform worse despite the existence of a stereotype can boost their performance .
However , other research has found the opposite effect . In one study , women were given a text " summarizing an experiment in which stereotypes , and not biological differences , were shown to be the cause of women 's underperformance in math " , and then they performed a math exercise . It was found that " women who properly understood the meaning of the information provided , and thus became knowledgeable about stereotype threat , performed significantly worse at a calculus task " .
Another approach involves persuading participants that intelligence is malleable and can be increased through effort . If people believe that they can improve their performance based on effort , they are more likely to believe that they can overcome negative stereotypes and perform well .
A third type of intervention involves having participants engage in self @-@ affirmation , which is a process in which participants write about a value that is important to them . In 2006 , researchers Geoffrey L. Cohen , Julio Garcia , Nancy Apfel , and Allison Master found that a self @-@ affirmation exercise ( in the form of a brief in @-@ class writing assignment ) significantly improved the grades of African @-@ American middle @-@ school students , and reduced the racial achievement gap by 40 % . Cohen et al. have suggested that the racial achievement gap could be at least partially ameliorated by brief and targeted social @-@ psychological interventions . One such intervention was attempted with UK medical students , who were given a written assignment and a clinical assessment . For the written assignment group , white students performed worse than minority students . For the clinical assessment , both groups improved their performance maintaining the racial difference . Allowing participants to think about a positive value or attribute about themselves prior to completing the task seemed to make them less susceptible to stereotype threat .
A fourth intervention for stereotype threat involves increasing participants ' feelings of social belonging within the academic world . Greg Walton and Geoffrey Cohen were able to boost the grades of African @-@ American college students , as well as eliminate the racial achievement gap over the first year of college , by telling participants that concerns about social belonging tend to lessen over time . Allowing individuals to feel as though they are welcomed into a desirable group makes them more likely to ignore stereotypes . If minority college students are welcomed into the world of academia , they are less likely to be influenced by the negative stereotypes of poor minority performance on academic tasks .
= = Criticism = =
The stereotype threat explanation of achievement gaps has attracted criticism . According to Paul R. Sackett , Chaitra M. Hardison , and Michael J. Cullen , both the media and scholarly literature have wrongly concluded that eliminating stereotype threat could completely eliminate differences in test performance between European Americans and African Americans . Sackett et al. have pointed out that , in Steele and Aronson 's ( 1995 ) experiments where stereotype threat was removed , an achievement gap of approximately one standard deviation remained between the groups , which is very close in size to that routinely reported between African American and European Americans ' average scores on large @-@ scale standardized tests such as the SAT . In subsequent correspondence between Sackett et al. and Steele and Aronson , Sackett et al. wrote that " They [ Steele and Aronson ] agree that it is a misinterpretation of the Steele and Aronson ( 1995 ) results to conclude that eliminating stereotype threat eliminates the African American @-@ White test @-@ score gap . "
Arthur R. Jensen criticised stereotype threat theory on the basis that it invokes an additional mechanism to explain effects which could be , according to him , explained by other , well @-@ known , and well @-@ established theories , such as test anxiety and especially the Yerkes – Dodson law . In Jensen 's view , the effects which are attributed to stereotype threat may simply reflect " the interaction of ability level with test anxiety as a function of test complexity " .
In 2009 , Wei examined real @-@ world testing over a broad population ( rather than lab assessments with questionable external validity ) , and found the opposite of stereotype threat : randomly assigned gendered questions actually raised female students ' scores by 0 @.@ 05 standard deviations . The lack of stereotype threat replicates an earlier large experiment with Advanced Placement exams which found no stereotype threat .
Gijsbert Stoet and David C. Geary reviewed the evidence for the stereotype threat explanation of the achievement gap in mathematics between men and women . They concluded that the relevant stereotype threat research has many methodological problems , such as not having a control group , and that the stereotype threat literature on this topic misrepresents itself as " well established " . They concluded that the evidence is in fact very weak .
= = = Failures to replicate and publication bias = = =
Whether the effect occurs at all has also been questioned , with researchers failing to replicate the finding . Flore and Wicherts concluded the reported effect is small , but also that the field is inflated by publication bias . They argue that , correcting for this , the most likely true effect size is near zero ( see meta @-@ analytic plot , highlighting both the restriction of large effect to low @-@ powered studies , and the plot asymmetry which occurs when publication bias is active ) .
Earlier meta @-@ analyses reached similar conclusions . For instance , Ganley et al . ( 2013 ) examined stereotype threat on mathematics test performance . They report a series of 3 studies , with a total sample of 931 students . These included both childhood and adolescent subjects and three activation methods , ranging from implicit to explicit . While they found some evidence of gender differences in math , these occurred regardless of stereotype threat . Importantly , they found " no evidence that the mathematics performance of school @-@ age girls was impacted by stereotype threat " . In addition , they report that evidence for stereotype threat in children appears to be subject to publication bias . The literature may reflect selective publication of false @-@ positive effects in underpowered studies , where large , well @-@ controlled studies find smaller or non @-@ significant effects :
nonsignificant findings were almost always reported in an article along with some significant stereotype threat effects found either at another age ( Ambady et al . , 2001 ; Muzzatti & Agnoli , 2007 ) , only with certain students ( Keller , 2007 ) , on certain items ( Keller , 2007 ; Neuville & Croizet , 2007 ) , or in certain contexts ( Huguet & Regner , 2007 , Study 2 ; Picho & Stephens , 2012 ; Tomasetto et al . , 2011 ) . Importantly , none of the three unpublished dissertations showed a stereotype threat effect . This observation suggests the possibility that publication bias is occurring . Publication bias refers to the fact that studies with null results are often not written up for publication or accepted for publication ( Begg , 1994 ) . This bias is a serious concern , especially if these results are being used to make recommendations for interventions .
In a study designed to see whether incentives could overcome stereotype threat in mathematics tests , Fryer Levitt and List ( 2008 ) could not replicate the stereotype threat , finding instead a modest facilitation effect of threat for males and females .
= Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters =
Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters is a 2013 American @-@ German comedy action film written and directed by Tommy Wirkola . It is a continuation to the German folklore fairy tale " Hansel and Gretel " , in which the titular siblings are now grown up and working as a duo of witch exterminators for hire . The film stars Jeremy Renner , Gemma Arterton , Famke Janssen , Peter Stormare , Thomas Mann , and Derek Mears .
Originally scheduled for release in March 2012 , Hansel & Gretel was delayed for ten months to accommodate Renner 's appearances in The Avengers and The Bourne Legacy and to give Wirkola time to shoot a post @-@ credits scene . It premiered in North America on January 25 , 2013 , in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D , as well in D @-@ Box motion theaters and select international 4DX theaters , and was rated R in the United States . The film had its home media release on June 11 , including a longer , unrated version on Blu @-@ ray .
The film was panned by mainstream critics , particularly for what they saw as its weak script and gratuitous violence . However , many horror genre critics were more positive , viewing the film as unpretentiously entertaining . The film topped the domestic box office on its opening weekend and was a major hit in Brazil , Russia , Germany , and Mexico . Its worldwide theatrical run gross exceeded $ 226 million for the production cost of $ 50 million . Due to the commercial success of the film , which was planned as the first part of a series , its sequel is currently in development , and has been set for a 2016 release date .
= = Plot = =
Abandoned by their father deep in a forest , young Hansel and Gretel enter a gingerbread house and are captured by a cannibalistic witch . The witch forces Hansel to continuously eat candy to fatten him up , and enslaves Gretel , ordering her to prepare the oven , but the siblings outsmart her and incinerate her in the fire of the oven . In the fifteen years that follow , Hansel and Gretel become famed witch hunters , slaying hundreds of witches . The pair find that they are somehow immune to spells and curses , but the incident in the gingerbread house has left Hansel diabetic . He needs a shot of insulin every few hours or he will get sick and die .
Hansel and Gretel arrive in the town of Augsburg and immediately prevent Sheriff Berringer from executing a young woman named Mina for witchcraft . Mayor Englemann tells the crowd that he has hired the siblings to rescue several children presumed abducted by witches . Berringer hires trackers for the same mission in the hopes of disgracing the mayor and cementing his power . All but one of the sheriff 's party are killed that night by the powerful grand witch Muriel , who sends one man back to the town tavern as a warning to the locals . Hansel and Gretel , along with the Mayor 's deputy Jackson , capture one of Muriel 's witches and interrogate her . They discover that the witches are preparing for the coming Blood Moon , where they plan to sacrifice twelve children in order to gain an immunity to fire . Muriel , accompanied by her witches and a troll named Edward , attack the town and abduct the final child . Muriel kills Jackson and launches Gretel out a window , rendering her unconscious . Gretel is rescued by Ben , a local teenager who is a fan of theirs and plans to be a witch hunter himself . Hansel grabs onto a fleeing witch by her broomstick , but falls and is lost in the forest .
The next morning , Hansel is found hanging from a tree by Mina . She takes him to a nearby spring where she heals his wounds and makes love to him . Gretel searches for Hansel in the forest but is attacked by Sheriff Berringer and his posse . The men capture and beat Gretel before being stopped by Edward , who kills the sheriff and his men . Edward tends Gretel 's wounds and tells her that he helped her because trolls serve witches . Hansel and Gretel reunite at an abandoned cabin , which they discover is both a witch 's lair and their childhood home . Muriel appears in front of them , telling them the truth of their past . She reveals that Hansel and Gretel 's mother was a grand white witch named Adrianna who married a farmer . On the night of the last Blood Moon , Muriel planned to use the heart of the white witch to complete her potion . She found Adrianna too powerful and decided to use Gretel 's heart instead . To get rid of Adrianna , Muriel revealed to the townspeople that Adrianna was a witch . The townspeople burned her alive and hung Hansel and Gretel 's father . Following this revelation , the siblings battle Muriel before she stabs Hansel and abducts Gretel for the ceremony .
Hansel wakes up with Mina , who reveals herself to be a white witch . She heals his wounds again and uses a grimoire to bless Hansel 's arsenal of weapons . Hansel , Mina , and Ben head out to disrupt the Blood Moon Sabbath . Mina begins slaughtering dark witches with a Gatling gun , while Hansel squares off against Muriel 's witches and frees the children . Edward defies Muriel 's orders and releases Gretel before Muriel throws him off the cliff . Muriel flees on a broomstick , but Ben manages to shoot her and forces her to crash . Hansel goes after Muriel while Gretel stops to revive Edward . Hansel , Ben , and Mina follow Muriel 's trail to the original gingerbread house . Muriel wounds Ben and kills Mina before Hansel shoots her several times , knocking her into the house . Gretel arrives and the pair engage Muriel in a brutal fight that ends with Muriel being beheaded with a shovel . They burn Muriel 's body on a pyre and collect their reward for rescuing the children . They head out on their next witch hunt accompanied by Ben and Edward .
= = = Extended cut = = =
Aside from additional profanity , gore , and sexual content , and a few extra lines , the extended version features a few extra scenes . In one scene , Berringer blames the Mayor for the witches ' attack and murders him in public . The scene where Berringer and his goons assault Gretel is also extended ; it occurs in between the scene where Mina heals Hansel and has sex with him , and shows that the men plan to rape Gretel right before Edward kills them .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
Wirkola got the idea to create a film based on the adult lives of Hansel and Gretel in 2007 while at film school in Australia . After being discovered by Gary Sanchez Productions , Wirkola pitched the idea at a meeting with Paramount Pictures and won a contract . Production began in March 2011 at the Babelsberg Studios in Germany and included extensive use of traditional special effects . In addition , Renner and Arterton had a month of training beforehand to prepare for the physical demands of their roles . In terms of the weapons and wardrobe , Wirkola wanted an old @-@ world look with a modern touch , and he was adamant about filming outdoors in European nature rather than in a studio . The project was filmed in Germany and featured an international cast and crew .
= = = Development = = =
Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters is the first English language film and the first big studio production of Norwegian writer and director Wirkola , up to this point best known for his 2009 Nazi zombie @-@ themed , independent horror comedy film Dead Snow . Wirkola said he was contacted by producer Kevin Messick from Gary Sanchez Productions after the screening of Dead Snow at the Sundance Film Festival : " So my first meeting , my first day in LA was with those guys and I pitched Hansel and Gretel and they loved it . And they took me to Paramount two days after and we sold it . " In 2013 , Wirkola commented , " I ’ m still surprised that they went for it , because it ’ s a crazy , rock n ’ roll script . It ’ s full throttle , there ’ s lots of blood and gore and bad language , I often wonder how I got this movie made . It ’ s all across the world now . But people really seem to respond to it , which is what we hoped , that people would enjoy this ride . "
An announcement of Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters sparked a production of several other " Hansel and Gretel " -based films made by different studios , including The Asylum 's mockbuster Hansel & Gretel , Syfy 's Witchslayer Gretl , and Lionsgate Home Entertainment 's Hansel & Gretel : Warriors of Witchcraft . The film was also a part of an overall Hollywood trend of witch @-@ themed films , among them Beautiful Creatures ( which also stars Thomas Mann ) and Oz the Great and Powerful , set to be released that same season . The project was given a budget of $ 50 million , co @-@ financed by Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer .
= = = Concept and design = = =
Wirkola said , " I have a strong memory from my childhood of just how dark and gruesome their tale was and I wondered what would have happened to the two of them when they grew up ? They had this dark past and this intense hatred of witches . So as I thought about it , it made sense to me that of course they would be fated to become great witch hunters . We wanted it to feel like this could be happening 300 years ago but at the same time , there is a modern spin on all the action , characters and weaponry . It was a fun way to make a classical world feel fresh . " Wirkola said that he originally came with that idea in 2007 while studying film and television at Bond University in Australia , when he wanted to make it as just a short film , and that the film school director Simon Hunter advised him : " Tom , don 't ever speak of the idea again until you are in front of a Hollywood producer and I guarantee you will sell it . "
Gary Sanchez Productions ' Adam McKay said in 2010 , " The idea is , they 've grown up and they hunt witches . It ’ s a hybrid sort of old @-@ timey feeling , yet there ’ s pump @-@ action shotguns . Modern technology but in an old style . We heard it and we were just like , ‘ That ’ s a freakin ' franchise ! You could make three of those ! ' " Dante Harper was hired to rewrite the script , aimed for " having a gory @-@ but @-@ funny Shaun of the Dead vibe . " McKay said inspirations included Sam Raimi 's early horror comedy films like Army of Darkness but also " John Carpenter 's movies , which we all love [ and ] we 're all hugely influenced by the first Matrix — obviously a really big one — also the Bourne Supremacy movies and the way Oliver Wood shot those . You kind of throw in all those , mix ' em up in a pot and that 's what you get . " Wirkola also credited Quentin Tarantino for influencing him " in many ways " and singled out Peter Jackson 's Braindead for having been " a game @-@ changer " for him .
Messick said they designed " a fairy tale , mythological fantasy world " that feels like it happened long time ago but is not set in any particular time period . Marlene Stewart created the film 's costumes , using traditional leather and linen but without an antique look . Its steampunk @-@ like , retro @-@ futuristic weapons were created by the weapon designer Simon Boucherie and Wirkola , who said they wanted Hansel and Gretel 's weapons to look as if the characters hand @-@ made them . Wirkola stated he " just wanted this crazy , mashed @-@ up world where you can ’ t pinpoint where it is , or when it is " and the modern elements are there to " add to the fun and tone of the film . " He said , " We wanted the movie to feel timeless and for the movie to feel like a fairy tale , but still grounded . It was a lot of fun coming up with the different weapon designs and ways of killing witches . We mixed old and new elements . But no matter how modern some of the weapons are , they all have an old @-@ fashioned feel and look like they could fit into this world . "
The Stone Circle witches ' looks were designed by Twilight Creations ( Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ) . According to McKay , " the witches are awesome in it . Nasty , mean witches , and we 'll get some great actresses for them as well . " Wirkola said he wanted to reinvent witches as villains : " I do love Witches of Eastwick . We wanted to try to avoid the classical witch with the long nose stirring the pot . I really wanted them to be ... dangerous , fast – they ’ re stronger than Hansel and Gretel ... It ’ s a good basis for a villain . " He recalled that " the most fun was finding their look and sound . For the main witches , we found one animal to represent all of them , like Muriel is a wolf . It just helped us find the witches . In some ways , it feels like they 're the spawn of the dark places of nature . It should feel animalistic . " Asked if he was worried about " this perception that it might be interpreted as sexist " , Wirkola said , " For me , that ’ s a classical villain from hundreds and hundreds of years ago . Yeah , I never worried about that , to be honest . " He added , " People forget how truly dark and twisted those stories are . [ The original " Hansel & Gretel " ] talks about a witch burning alive in an oven , screaming and scratching . " Ulrich Zeidler 's concept art for some of the witches was released on the Internet .
= = = Casting and characters = = =
Jeremy Renner , who played the film 's adult Hansel , has stated that his initial attraction came from a one sheet he was given even before seeing the script , showing Hansel and Gretel walking away and a witch burning at a stake in the background , which he found " incredibly interesting " ( this scene was included in the finished film ) . He added , " When I read the script , my first thought was , ' I can ’ t believe this hasn ’ t been done yet . ' It ’ s such a great idea with so much potential . That dynamic was definitely a big thing , I loved that what Tommy [ Wirkola ] wrote left so much room for character . " Wirkola said he wanted Renner in the role after seeing him in The Hurt Locker . Wirkola , who described Hansel as the " loose cannon " of the duo , gave him an additional character flaw of diabetes , in addition to the psychological scars that Hansel shares with his sister ( in the original idea for the short film , Gretel was also suffering from eating disorder ) . Renner said it was a great escape for him " as this was a fairytale with no stress like the other action movies I 'd done recently . I was having so much fun hanging on a wire like Peter Pan , hanging onto a broom and doing other crazy stuff . " He stated , " That was one of the most fun jobs I ’ ve ever had because there ’ s something magical about that old world , fantasy thing . "
The role of adult Gretel , whom Wirkola wanted to be " a really , really strong and fun female character , " was originally planned for Noomi Rapace , who dropped out of consideration for the part prior to early January 2011 . Diane Kruger and Eva Green were reported to also be in talks for the role . English actress Gemma Arterton was ultimately cast in the role . She impressed Wirkola with her performance in The Disappearance of Alice Creed , and , after they have met , with her " really filthy sense of humour " as " the humour is essential to this film . " Arterton said she was attracted to Wirkola 's " strong vision " for the film , calling it " very , very dark , and bloodthirsty and there ’ s a lot of cursing . It ’ s kind of got a Tarantino feel , really . " Arterton described her character as " much more in tune with her spiritual side . Hansel is a typical action hero , cheeky , funny , a womanizer . She ’ s much more of a thinker , intense , internal and bit more open @-@ minded than he is . " She said that Gretel is " a sexual character but she 's not having sex with anybody , which is a change for me because usually in my films I 'm sleeping with somebody ! " She further explained the characters : " Hansel & Gretel have this unstoppable bond but they ’ re also so different from each other . She ’ s the brains of the operation . He ’ s the brawn . He ’ s the joker and the show @-@ off . She ’ s more the watcher , the researcher , the one who tries to really understand witchcraft . " Arterton added , " Jeremy [ Renner ] and I found within the script moments where we showed the vulnerable side of them . Often in action movies , people are scared to put that in . I think it was important . " She said that she " loved every minute " of the production and did not want it to end , also crediting it for helping her overcome her fear of getting hurt .
The role of the chief witch Muriel , described by Arterton as " the queen bee of witches " , was given to Dutch actress Famke Janssen . Janssen too described the film as " Tarantino @-@ esque " , with " a lot of blood , gore and exploding witches . " Wirkola said he had a crush on Janssen since he saw her in GoldenEye as Xenia Onatopp , " an amazing villain , " and that in his opinion her being not only a good actress but also a beautiful woman who is " huge " and " menacing somehow " made her " a perfect combination " of " sexy and dangerous " . Janssen said that at first the initial appeal was just money , but she quickly took a liking of the script and of Wirkola personally . She also thought the idea of playing an " evil to the core " witch " was appealing and different " , saying , " I hadn 't done anything like it … A character like a witch feels like you would have so much freedom , because there are no restrictions as to what you can do . " Later , however , she was constantly being distracted by the special effects work and felt that she " really understood the character " only in one part of the film . She found the time @-@ consuming process of applying such makeup ( taking three hours to apply and one hour to remove ) " very strange " and also felt restricted and afraid of acting over @-@ the @-@ top in her witch role . In the end , she still had " a lot of fun " playing someone who is completely evil , and felt that it was " so empowering " to have " an inner witch to get in touch with once in a while . " Janssen said the film might appeal to women and girls , too : " There 's a brother and a sister story . And there 's a romance in it too - but obviously not with the witch . Nobody falls in love with the witch . "
Edward , a morally conflicted troll enslaved by Muriel , was voiced by Robin Atkin Downes and played by Derek Mears ( Jason Voorhees in 2009 's Friday the 13th ) . Mears was using an elaborate animatronic suit that he compared to " kind of like NASCAR where I ’ m piloting it but I 'm not doing it by myself ... I think there ’ s like five guys controlling the individual parts of the character . There ’ s one person who does the eye brows , one person does the feet . " Janssen , who could not " say enough things about Tommy [ Wirkola ] " , said she was especially impressed at how he stuck to his specific vision and " fought " hard to hire a number of unknown European actors that would otherwise be unlikely to appear in a big studio American film , in effect making it a much more international production .
Several Scandinavian actors were cast in major roles , including Pihla Viitala , Peter Stormare ( who Arterton said had actually inspired her to start acting ) , Bjørn Sundquist , and Ingrid Bolsø Berdal . In addition , actors from Germany and Poland ( including Thomas Mann , Rainer Bock , and Joanna Kulig ) and other parts of the world were also cast . Viitala , a self @-@ described " big fan " of Renner , said she was nervous at first , but found him " extremely " easy to approach , made a good connection , and enjoyed working with him . Wirkola said Berdal was chosen for her " piercing " eyes , adding : " There are a lot of Norwegians in the film . Minor parts , but I knew I could get great actors in small parts and Ingrid has a great physicality . " Stormare said he was only surprised at " how smart Tom [ Wirkola ] is , and how broad this fantasy is and the span of his imagination , " his favourite aspect being how " some of the witches are so sexy and cool . " He compared the film 's production to being in Disneyland , saying it felt like a dream to him .
= = = Filming = = =
Wirkola said , " From day one , I was very clear that I wanted to shoot this thing in Europe . I really wanted that European feel of cold mountains , big forests , that sort of spirit was important to me . Luckily we did get to shoot it in Germany which is the homeland of the fairy tale . Shooting in natural outdoor sets is very important to me , compared to working on a sound stage . " It took place in Germany , at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam @-@ Babelsberg , in a filming location at an old forest near Berlin ( production designer Stephen Scott said that he searched for and found what he believed looked like a " medieval forest " free of human interference ) and in the city of Braunschweig in Lower Saxony . After the film was delayed to 2013 , the crew did a " couple " of re @-@ shoots , including " a little bit " in the deserts of California ( filming the post @-@ ending scene , an extended version of which was also released in a promotional clip " The Desert Witch " ) .
Principal photography began in March 2011 , using digital cinematography . Wirkola said , " Hopefully – you can see what I ’ m inspired by : Raimi and Jackson . Actually I ’ m a big fan of [ Steven ] Spielberg and the way he shoots action scenes . I think in a lot of modern action movies , it ’ s hard to see what ’ s going on . Shaky cam … Hopefully what we strived for was to go a little retro in how you shoot action scenes . " The film was shot in 3 @-@ D and its real 3D shots were done by lead stereographer Florian Maier and his team from Stereotec . Wirkola said : " We shot half of it in real 3D and the other half was post converted . Actually the 3D thing wasn ’ t there in the beginning . It was something the studio suggested later on . We embraced it and I think it actually really helps in getting people into this fairy tale world . " The filming process took three months . A 12 @-@ minute B @-@ roll footage was later released on the Internet .
Stunt coordinator and second unit director David Leitch compared it to a " Jackie Chan hybrid of comedy and action . " Prior to the filming , Leitch organized a month @-@ long boot camp in order to prepare Renner and Arterton ( who said she was also glad that at least she could use her prior training that she received while studying at RADA ) with extensive weapons , fight and stunt training . Janssen said she enjoyed " flying " , something that she always wanted to do , adding that despite her reputation as an action star it was the first film where she really had to do something physical ( including suffering a minor accident on the set ) , because she could not use a double in the close @-@ up scenes where she had the makeup on . During one of the scenes , where Gretel is thrown through a wall and falls down several meters , a stunt double for Arterton was dangerously injured when a nail got lodged in her skull close to the brain ; Arterton said she initially wanted to do this stunt herself but Wirkola would not let her . Arterton herself suffered an injury when she sprained her ankle while running through the forest . Stunts for the more aggressive witches were done by New Zealander stuntwoman and actress Zoë Bell . Renner did practically all of his stunt scenes himself .
= = = Visual effects and post @-@ production = = =
The film 's visual effects were created using mostly practical effects , supplemented by computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) created by Hammerhead VFX for about 15 % of the film 's special effects , such as the transformations . Wirkola said : " I ’ m a big believer in just using CGI to polish what you get on camera . For me that ’ s the ideal use of CGI . We have a troll in the film that is animatronic . I loved him . It took some convincing to get the studio along with the animatronic creature . There have been bad
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inverse Compton may be the dominant process in some events . In this model , pre @-@ existing low @-@ energy photons are scattered by relativistic electrons within the explosion , augmenting their energy by a large factor and transforming them into gamma @-@ rays .
The nature of the longer @-@ wavelength afterglow emission ( ranging from X @-@ ray through radio ) that follows gamma @-@ ray bursts is better understood . Any energy released by the explosion not radiated away in the burst itself takes the form of matter or energy moving outward at nearly the speed of light . As this matter collides with the surrounding interstellar gas , it creates a relativistic shock wave that then propagates forward into interstellar space . A second shock wave , the reverse shock , may propagate back into the ejected matter . Extremely energetic electrons within the shock wave are accelerated by strong local magnetic fields and radiate as synchrotron emission across most of the electromagnetic spectrum . This model has generally been successful in modeling the behavior of many observed afterglows at late times ( generally , hours to days after the explosion ) , although there are difficulties explaining all features of the afterglow very shortly after the gamma @-@ ray burst has occurred .
= = Rate of occurrence and potential effects on life = =
Gamma ray bursts can have harmful or destructive effects on life . Considering the universe as a whole , the safest environments for life similar to that on Earth are the lowest density regions in the outskirts of large galaxies . Our knowledge of galaxy types and their distribution suggests that life as we know it can only exist in about 10 % of all galaxies . Furthermore , galaxies with a redshift of z higher than 0 @.@ 5 are unsuitable for life as we know it , due to their higher rate of GRBs and their stellar compactness .
All GRBs observed to date have occurred well outside the Milky Way galaxy and have been harmless to Earth . However , if a GRB were to occur within the Milky Way and its emission were beamed straight towards Earth , the effects could be harmful and potentially devastating for the ecosystems . Currently , orbiting satellites detect on average approximately one GRB per day . The closest observed GRB as of March 2014 was GRB 980425 , located 40 megaparsecs ( 130 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ly ) away ( z = 0 @.@ 0085 ) in a SBc @-@ type dwarf galaxy . GRB 980425 was far less energetic than the average GRB and was associated with the Type Ib supernova SN 1998bw .
Estimating the exact rate at which GRBs occur is difficult , but for a galaxy of approximately the same size as the Milky Way the expected rate ( for long @-@ duration GRBs ) is about one burst every 100 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 years . Only a small percentage of these would be beamed towards Earth . Estimates of rate of occurrence of short @-@ duration GRBs are even more uncertain because of the unknown degree of collimation , but are probably comparable .
Since GRBs are thought to involve beamed emission along two jets in opposing directions , only planets in the path of these jets would be subjected to the high energy gamma radiation .
Although nearby GRBs hitting Earth with a destructive shower of gamma rays are only hypothetical events , high energy processes in the nearby universe are well @-@ known to affect the Earth 's atmosphere .
= = = Effects on Earth = = =
Earth 's atmosphere is very effective at absorbing high energy electromagnetic radiation such as x @-@ rays and gamma rays , so these types of radiation would not reach any dangerous levels at the surface during the burst event itself . The immediate effect on life on Earth from a GRB within a few parsecs would only be a short increase in ultraviolet radiation at ground level , lasting from less than a second to tens of seconds . This ultraviolet radiation could potentially reach dangerous levels depending on the exact nature and distance of the burst , but it seems unlikely to be able to cause a global catastrophe for life on Earth .
The long term effects from a nearby burst are more dangerous . Gamma rays cause chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving oxygen and nitrogen molecules , creating first nitrogen oxide then nitrogen dioxide gas . The nitrogen oxides cause dangerous effects on three levels . First , they deplete ozone , with models showing a possible global reduction of 25 @-@ 35 % , with as much as 75 % in certain locations , an effect that would last for years . This reduction is enough to cause a dangerously elevated UV index at the surface . Secondly , the nitrogen oxides cause photochemical smog , which darkens the sky and blocks out parts of the sunlight spectrum . This would affect photosynthesis , but models show only about a 1 % reduction of the total sunlight spectrum , lasting a few years . However , the smog could potentially cause a cooling effect on Earth 's climate , producing a " cosmic winter " ( similar to an impact winter , but without an impact ) , but only if it occurs simultaneously with a global climate instability . Thirdly , the elevated nitrogen levels in the atmosphere would wash out and produce nitric acid rain . This substance is toxic to a variety of organisms , including amphibian life , but models show that it cannot reach levels that would cause a serious global effect . The nitrates might in fact be of benefit to some plants .
All in all , a GRB within a few parsecs , with its energy directed towards Earth , will mostly damage life by raising the UV levels . Models shows that the destructive effects of this increase can cause up to 16 times the normal levels of DNA damage . It has proved difficult to assess a reliable evaluation of the consequences of this on the terrestrial ecosystem , because of the uncertainty in biological field and laboratory data .
Ordinary supernova explosions can have the same effects as GRBs on Earth 's atmosphere because they are more frequent events with a possibility of occurring closer to Earth . The rate and distribution of supernovas are used to define what is known as the Galactic Habitable Zone in the field of astrobiology .
= = = = Hypothetical effects on Earth in the past = = = =
GRBs close enough to affect life in some way might occur once every five million years or so – around a thousand times since life on Earth began .
The major Ordovician – Silurian extinction events 450 million years ago may have been caused by a GRB . The late Ordovician species of trilobite that spent some of its life in the plankton layer near the ocean surface was much harder hit than deep @-@ water dwellers , which tended to remain within quite restricted areas . Usually it is the more widely spread species that fare better in extinction , hence this unusual pattern could be explained by a GRB . This would probably devastate creatures living on land and near the ocean surface , but leave deep @-@ sea creatures relatively unharmed .
A case has been made that the 774 – 775 carbon @-@ 14 spike was the result of a short GRB , though a very strong solar flare is another possibility .
= = = WR 104 : A nearby GRB candidate = = =
A Wolf – Rayet star in WR 104 , about 8 @,@ 000 light @-@ years ( 2 @,@ 500 pc ) away , is considered a nearby GRB candidate that could have destructive effects on terrestrial life . It is expected to explode in a core @-@ collapse @-@ supernova at some point within the next 500 @,@ 000 years and there is a chance that this explosion will create a GRB . If that happens , there is a small chance that Earth will be in the path of its gamma ray jet .
= = Books = =
Vedrenne , G ; Atteia , J.-L. ( 2009 ) . Gamma @-@ Ray Bursts : The brightest explosions in the Universe . Springer . ISBN 978 @-@ 3 @-@ 540 @-@ 39085 @-@ 5 .
Chryssa Kouveliotou ; Stanford E. Woosley ; Ralph A. M. J. , eds . ( 2012 ) . Gamma @-@ ray bursts . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 66209 @-@ 5 .
= American Dream ( Casting Crowns song ) =
" American Dream " is a song recorded by Christian rock band Casting Crowns . Written by Mark Hall and produced by Mark A. Miller and Steven Curtis Chapman , the song was included on the band 's 2003 self @-@ titled debut album . A rock song , " American Dream " features loud electric guitars similar to those on Chapman 's 2001 album Declaration . Lyrically , the song discusses how fathers caught up in advancing their career can neglect their family responsibilities . It received mostly positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised its lyrics ; several critics felt the song 's instrumentation was average or mediocre , however .
" American Dream " ' s accompanying music video , the band 's first , depicts the deterioration of a relationship due to a man 's neglect of his family . The song received nominations for Rock / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year and Short Form Music Video of the Year at the 36th GMA Dove Awards , but lost in both categories . Although it was not officially released as a single , it was sent out to Christian rock radio between the release of the album 's second and third singles ; although it received airplay on that format , it failed to chart . " American Dream " was later included on the band 's 2004 live album Live from Atlanta , and was re @-@ recorded and released in an acoustic form on the band 's 2013 album The Acoustic Sessions : Volume One .
= = Background and recording = =
Casting Crowns ' lead vocalist Mark Hall said that " [ American Dream ] song was written from every student I ’ ve ever ministered to , to their dads . It ’ s everything they could never say . It ’ s the story of a dad who provided financially , but was never there physically or emotionally " . While Hall noted that he had a great father as a child , he felt the message needed to be conveyed to dads . Hall and the band wrote the song in about two days , in order to get it done prior to an annual NASCAR event held by their church . The band felt that the event , attended by around two to three thousand families , would be an opportunity to convey that message .
= = Composition = =
" American Dream " is a song with a length of four minutes and eleven seconds . I t is in set common time in the key of D major and has a tempo of 84 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of B3 to the high note of F ♯ 5 . A rock song , " American Dream " has also been stated as being arena rock . The song has been described as demonstrative of the production style of Miller and Chapman , with loud guitars resembling those on Chapman 's 2001 album Declaration , creating an " explosive " wall of sound in the chorus . One of the most up @-@ tempo songs on the Casting Crowns , it was also noted as being " hook @-@ laden " and demonstrating the " in @-@ your @-@ face " lyrical tone of Hall . Lyrically , " American Dream " discusses " the way fathers caught up in the career rat race can neglect their kids " . The song urges fathers to spend more time with their family and more time as spiritual leaders and " exhorts listeners not to neglect their families in pursuit of wealth and careers " .
= = Reception = =
" American Dream " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today praised the song as " simply yet powerfully worded " , also praising the chorus ' wall @-@ of @-@ sound as improving the chorus of an otherwise " average pop " song . Belinda S. Ayers of CBN.com regarded the song as " one of the album 's most energetic songs " and praised it as an example of Hall 's " bold " lyrics . Jessica Vander Loop of Jesus Freak Hideout criticized the song as not being " musically inclined " , but praised the song 's lyrics as " strong and personable " . Roger Gelwicks of Jesus Freak Hideout , despite regarding the message as " admirable , sharply criticized the song 's vocal delivery as " almost disdainful " and criticized what he described as a " condescending " lyrical tone . At the 36th GMA Dove Awards , the song was nominated for Rock / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year , losing to Switchfoot 's " Dare You to Move " . " American Dream " was released to Christian rock radio on June 26 , 2004 , after the February release of " Who Am I " , the album 's second single , and before the September release on " Voice of Truth " , the album 's third single . Reunion Records , the band 's record label , does not consider " American Dream " to have been an official single , considering " If We Are the Body " , " Who Am I " , and " Voice of Truth " as the three singles from the album . " American Dream " did receive airplay at Christian rock radio , but not enough to appear on the Radio & Records Christian Rock chart .
= = Promotion = =
On October 5 , 2003 at the band 's church in Atlanta , Georgia , the band performed " American Dream " ; this version was later included on their 2004 live album Live from Atlanta . At an April 1 , 2005 concert at the Giant Center in Hershey , Pennsylvania , Casting Crowns performed it as the third song on their set list . At an July 10 , 2005 concert at Seaholm High School in Ypsilanti , Michigan , Casting Crowns performed it as their third song in their set list . " American Dream " was included on the 2004 compilation album Dove Hits 2004 and the 2005 compilation album Pure Hits . An acoustic version of the song was included on the band 's 2013 album The Acoustic Sessions : Volume One .
" American Dream " was recorded as the band 's first music video . The video depicts a man 's crumbling relationship as he neglects his family in pursuit of his career ; the video interspaces the story with the band performing at a baseball field , Hall walking through the streets of a city , and the man unsuccessfully trying to maintain a sandcastle as the tide comes in to shore . The music video was included on their live album Live from Atlanta. as well as the ' Gift Edition ' and DualDisc version of Casting Crowns and the DVD version of WOW Hits 2005 . Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms described the video as " rather effective " , praising the video 's imagery of " a businessman futilely trying to make a sandcastle as the tide rushes in " . The music video for " American Dream " was nominated for Short Form Music Video of the Year at the 36th GMA Dove Awards ; it ultimately lost to the music video for Switchfoot 's " Dare You to Move " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits taken from Allmusic .
= = Release and radio history = =
= George Washington ( inventor ) =
George Constant Louis Washington ( May 20 , 1871 – March 29 , 1946 ) was an American inventor and businessman of Anglo @-@ Belgian origin . He is best remembered for his invention of an early instant coffee process and for the company he founded to mass @-@ produce it , the G. Washington Coffee Company .
An emigrant from his native Belgium , he arrived in the New York area in 1897 and dabbled in several technical fields before hitting upon instant coffee manufacture during a sojourn in Central America in 1906 or 1907 . He began selling his coffee in 1909 and founded a company to manufacture it in 1910 . Based in New York and New Jersey , his company prospered and became an important military supplier during World War I. The company 's products were also advertised in New York newspapers and on the radio . The success of his company made Washington wealthy , and he lived in a mansion in Brooklyn and then moved to a country estate in New Jersey in 1927 . In that same year , he lost a dispute with the tax authorities . Washington was married and had three children .
Washington 's company was sold to American Home Products in 1943 , shortly before his death . Though the coffee brand was discontinued by 1961 , Washington 's name is still used today in the product G. Washington 's Seasoning & Broth .
= = Early life = =
George Washington was born in Kortrijk , Belgium to Jean Guillaume Washington ( John William Washington ) of England and Marie Louise Tant of Belgium , on May 20 , 1871 . Following then @-@ current nationality law , which considered fatherhood primary , Washington was a British subject until he was naturalized as an American in May 1918 . At least six siblings in the family also settled in different parts of the United States and Central America . A number of accounts claim a relation to U.S. President George Washington , but this is not clearly explained .
Washington came to reside in Brussels and also attained a degree in chemistry at the University of Bonn in Germany . In December 1895 , Washington married Angeline Céline Virginie ( later , just " Lina " ) Van Nieuwenhuyse ( born 1876 ) , also from Belgium . The US Census of 1900 records that Lina , like her husband , had English and Belgian ancestry ( a Belgian father and an English mother ) . The Washingtons ' arrival in the United States on a ship from Antwerp , Belgium , on October 6 , 1896 , was recorded at Ellis Island , though the 1900 US Census states that they emigrated to the United States in 1897 . The Washingtons settled in the New York area , where they had three children : Louisa Washington ( born May 1897 ) , Irene Washington ( born May 1898 ) , and George Washington Jr . ( born August 1899 ) .
After arriving in the New York area , Washington founded a company producing kerosene gas mantles . At this time , they lived in New Brighton on Staten Island , but his company , George Washington Lighting Company , was based in nearby Jersey City . This business was abandoned with the maturation of incandescent light bulb technology . Washington also had a camera company for a time . By the time of the 1900 US Census , Washington , recorded in the census as an inventor , was 29 years old and living in a rented house in Brooklyn with his 23 @-@ year @-@ old wife , their three young children , his younger sister ( age 25 ) , three servants , and a child of two of the servants .
Washington tried his hand at cattle ranching in Guatemala in 1906 or 1907 while , in the meantime , developed his instant coffee process . Washington returned to New York City after only a period of about a year in Guatemala , and then began pursuing the main part of his career in coffee manufacture . His father remained in Guatemala and died there in 1912 .
= = Personal life = =
After his coffee business was established in 1910 , Washington resided at a Park Slope mansion , occupying half of a city block , at 47 Prospect Park West in Brooklyn , and also at an 18 @-@ bedroom country home , later known as " Washington Lodge " , on a 40 @-@ acre waterfront estate at 287 South Country Road at Bellport in Suffolk County , which included the largest concrete swimming pool in New York at the time . Washington sold these homes in 1926 – 1927 ( for a price reportedly exceeding $ 1 million ) to a group of wealthy Brooklyn men intent on founding a " Park and Shore Club " for their membership at both properties . This was short @-@ lived , however , as the Park Slope mansion , following a neighborhood trend , was replaced by a six @-@ story apartment building at 44 Prospect Park West , and the Bellport estate was for most of its history used by local Catholic Marist Brothers as a summer retreat , before recent conservation projects on modern divisions of the former property by local nonprofits and Bellport resident Isabella Rossellini ; the " Washington Lodge " building there still stands , though its future use is uncertain .
With his company 's relocation to New Jersey , following the purchase of land there in 1927 , he moved to the former estate of Governor Franklin Murphy at " Franklin Farms " in Mendham . Washington was a lover of exotic animals , as well as gardening . He maintained extensive menageries on his country properties , first at Bellport , and later at Mendham . On Long Island , it is reported that he was often seen with a bird or monkey on his shoulder . At both his menageries , Washington specialized in rare birds , but such animals as deer , sheep , goats , and antelope are also recorded at Bellport , and deer , llamas , and zebras are recorded among the hundreds of animals in the larger space at Mendham . Socially , he was an active member of the Lotos Club , a literary gentlemen 's club in New York City .
Washington 's name was briefly put forward for the 1920 presidential election in South Dakota 's preference primary for the " American Party " , although papers were filed too late to be valid . There is no indication , however , that the nomination was serious . George Washington would not have been eligible for that office , in any case , as he was foreign @-@ born . There have been several " American Party " s in history — it is unclear if the nomination was a particular satire on any so @-@ named movement at the time .
That 's the fellow . He has put one over on us . He has a barrel of money — enough to run a slambang campaign . Why , don 't you remember , he just bought that $ 100 @,@ 000 mansion from Albert Feltman on Prospect Park West . He 's learned a lot about politics by being a neighbor of Senator Calder and George Hamlin Childs . And when you come to think of it , that American Party stuff is good campaign dope this year , what with all the Bolsheviki and the Government after the Reds and the row about the League of Nations , and all that . We 've been overlooking something for sure .
= = Invention and business = =
George Washington held over two dozen patents , in the fields of hydrocarbon lamps , cameras , and food processing . He was not the first to invent an instant coffee process , David Strang in New Zealand had the first patent in 1890 ( Number 3518 ) for instant or soluble coffee and was sold under the name Strangs Coffee , another was chemist Satori Kato 's work was a precursor , among others , but Washington 's invention was the first effort that led to large scale commercial manufacture . There is some suggestion that he was inspired by seeing dried powder on the edge of a silver coffee pot while in Guatemala . Federico Lehnhoff Wyld , a German @-@ Guatemalan doctor , along with Eduardo T. Cabarrus , also developed an instant coffee process about this time , which he later marketed in Europe ; as Wyld was Washington 's personal physician , there is some suggestion that their discoveries were not independent .
Washington 's product was first marketed as Red E Coffee ( a pun on " ready " ) in 1909 , and the G. Washington Coffee Refining Company was founded in 1910 . Washington 's first production plant was at 147 41st Street in Brooklyn 's Bush Terminal industrial complex . The company later moved operations to New Jersey , acquiring the land for the new plant at 45 East Hanover Avenue in Morris Plains in 1927 .
Advertising for the company 's product often emphasized its supposed convenience , modernity , and purity . It was claimed to be better for digestion , and even that the " pure " coffee did not have the wakefulness effect of coffee from ground beans ( a direct effect of caffeine content , present in both forms ) . After World War I ended , the American military 's use of the coffee became another selling point . A different avenue for promotion came when the company sponsored The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series on NBC and its Blue Network from 1930 to 1935 , which started with Dr. Watson welcoming listeners to his recollections told by " a blazing fire and a cup of G Washington brewing " . Other radio sponsorships were for O 'Henry Stories ( 1932 , NBC Blue ) , Professor Quiz ( 1936 , CBS ) , Uncle Jim 's Question Bee ( 1936 – 39 , NBC Blue ) , and Surprise Party ( 1946 – 47 , CBS ) .
But the early instant coffee was also often considered of poor quality , of disagreeable taste , and little more than a novelty product .
Washington experienced some tax trouble with federal authorities , concerning the financial relationship between himself and his company . In November 1918 , he contracted with the company for the use of his trade secrets in the manufacture of the coffee , and a month later gave a four @-@ fifths stake in this to his immediate family . The Washingtons insisted that taxes needn 't be paid on the family members ' income , and the case went first to the Board of Tax Appeals , and then to the Court of Appeals , which in 1927 ruled against the Washingtons by a two @-@ to @-@ one decision . A petition to the Supreme Court was not accepted .
Washington 's son , George Washington , Jr . , served for a time as treasurer of his father 's company , and , like his father , dabbled in invention , patenting a widely used photoengraving process for newspapers that was introduced by Fairchild Camera and Instrument in 1948 .
= = Military contracts = =
Washington 's at @-@ that @-@ time unique product saw major use as combat rations in World War I. Coffee consumption on the battlefield was seen as valuable since it gave soldiers a caffeine boost . E.F. Holbrook , the head of the coffee section of the U.S. War Department at the time , also considered it an important aid in recovery from mustard gas . It was employed by the Canadian Expeditionary Force from 1914 until the American Expeditionary Force entered the war in 1917 , and all production was shifted toward American military use . New , smaller producers also sprung up to meet the incredible level of demand from the Army , which in the final period of the war was six times the national supply .
The instant coffee achieved some popularity with the soldiers , who nicknamed it a " cup of George " . As the prime attraction was the caffeine boost , rather than the flavor , it was sometimes drunk cold .
American emergency rations in World War I consisted of a quarter ounce ( 7 grams ) packet of double @-@ strength instant coffee , packed one per man in containers with multiple types of foods meant for twenty @-@ four men . Instant coffee was also used in reserve rations and trench rations . During World War II , the U.S. military again relied on Washington , but this time on an equal footing with the other major instant coffee brands that had emerged in the interwar period , most notably Nescafé , as well as the new companies formed to meet a renewed military demand .
= = Final years = =
G. Washington Coffee Refining Company was purchased by American Home Products in 1943 , and George Washington retired . The purchase of the company , which was mostly held by the family , was in exchange for 29 @,@ 860 shares ( approx . $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) of American Home Products stock , at a time when American Home Products was in a period of intense buying , purchasing 34 companies in eight years . Clarence Mark , general manager of G. Washington , succeeded Washington in running the merged unit .
In Washington 's final years , he sold the " Franklin Farms " property , and lived in a home on New Vernon Road in Mendham .
He died three years after his company was sold , on March 29 , 1946 in Mendham , New Jersey , after an illness , at the age of 74 . His funeral was held three days later .
= = Legacy = =
G. Washington coffee was discontinued as a brand by 1961 , when Washington 's New Jersey plant was sold to Tenco , by then a division of The Coca @-@ Cola Company . The last remnant of the brand survives in G. Washington 's Seasoning & Broth , a sideline developed in 1938 . This brand was sold by American Home Products in 2000 , and , after passing through a couple of intermediaries , has been run by Homestat Farm , Ltd. since 2001 .
= = Patents = =
= Every Man for Himself ( Lost ) =
" Every Man for Himself " is the fourth episode of the third season of Lost , making it the 53rd episode of the series . It aired on October 25 , 2006 , on ABC , and was written by Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and directed by Stephen Williams . The character of Sawyer ( Josh Holloway ) is featured in the episode 's flashbacks ; on the island , his rebellious attitude causes Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) and the Others to conjure a plan to keep him in check .
The episode was intended to show how Ben was a character that could manipulate even the best confidence man on the island , and if Sawyer could care for another person , as Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) is making her attempts to escape captivity . When the episode first aired , it was watched by 17 @.@ 087 million American viewers . Reviews were positive , praising the writing and the cliffhanger ending .
= = Plot = =
= = = Flashbacks = = =
Sawyer is in prison , trying to befriend Munson ( Ian Gomez ) , a man who has hidden ten million dollars . He warns Munson that the warden ( Bill Duke ) is trying to con him out of his money . Eventually , Munson , worried that his wife will find where he has hidden the money , enlists Sawyer 's help in moving the stash . Sawyer then reveals this information to the warden , in exchange for a reduced sentence and a part of the money , which he puts in a bank account for Clementine Phillips , a baby that previous con victim Cassidy Phillips ( Kim Dickens ) has told him is his daughter . The warden sarcastically congratulates Sawyer on lying and cheating his way out of prison .
= = = At Hydra Island = = =
As Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) and Sawyer watch , the Others carry a critically injured Colleen ( Paula Malcomson ) , who was shot by Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) the night before . Sawyer realizes that the injury was inflicted by someone back at camp , and then devises a plan to break out from the cage ; he intends to electrocute an off @-@ guard Danny Pickett ( Michael Bowen ) using a puddle he created outside his cage . However , Ben Linus ( Michael Emerson ) overhears him via surveillance and switches off the electricity prior to visiting him . When Sawyer attempts to carry out his plan , Ben knocks him unconscious and has him carried into the Hydra station .
Sawyer wakes up to find himself strapped to a table , where Ben , Tom ( M. C. Gainey ) and two other Others watch over him . Sawyer is gagged before inserting a large hypodermic needle into his chest . When Sawyer awakens , Ben enters , carrying a rabbit in a cage ; he shakes the cage vigorously , causing the rabbit to suddenly collapse , presumably dead . Ben informs Sawyer that they fitted him , like the rabbit , with a modified pacemaker ; should his heart rate reach 140 , his heart would explode . Ben threatens to implant one in Kate if Sawyer should tell her of his ordeal .
Meanwhile , Juliet Burke ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) begs Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) to help operate on Colleen . Upon arriving at the operating theatre , Jack notices some x @-@ rays , but Juliet informs him that they are not Colleen 's . During the surgery , Jack tries to save Colleen , but she eventually dies . Later , Jack informs Juliet that there was nothing they could do with Colleen , and then asks about the x @-@ rays , which Jack knows belong to a 40 @-@ year @-@ old man with a spinal tumor , and asks who he is there to save .
Danny , aware that the Oceanic Flight 815 survivors are responsible , takes his anger out on Sawyer by violently beating him ; Sawyer refrains from fighting back . Kate pleads with him to stop ; Danny ceases only after Kate admits to loving Sawyer . Afterwards , Kate notices a gap in her cage , and manages to climb through . She tries to free Sawyer , but he bitterly refuses , remembering Karl 's escape and bloody capture . Kate returns to her cage , insisting that she would not abandon him , and tells Sawyer that she lied about loving him so that Danny would stop .
The next day , Ben takes Sawyer for a walk to high ground . Sawyer learns that he has no pacemaker ; it was merely a con to prevent Sawyer from leaving , and Ben shows him the same rabbit from the day before , which had been merely sedated . Ben reveals to Sawyer that they are on a completely different island approximately twice the size of Alcatraz that overlooks the main island ; escape is impossible . Upon asking why he was conned , Ben tells Sawyer that in order to gain a con artist 's respect , they must be conned themselves .
= = = At the beach = = =
Desmond Hume ( Henry Ian Cusick ) offers to fix Claire Littleton 's ( Emilie de Ravin ) roof , but takes it back after Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) offers to do this himself . Desmond then uses one of Paulo 's ( Rodrigo Santoro ) golf clubs to build a lightning rod next to Claire 's hut . As a storm brews , waking up Aaron , then lightning strikes the golf club instead of Claire 's hut , Hugo " Hurley " Reyes ( Jorge Garcia ) looks on in amazement , as , again , Desmond seemed to have had a glimpse of the future .
= = Production = =
Leading up to the episode 's broadcast , showrunner Damon Lindelof asked in an interview , " Until now , Sawyer 's been the No. 1 con man on the island . What happens when he meets his match ? " Fellow showrunner Carlton Cuse added " Is he willing to put himself out there emotionally for another human being ? " . Evangeline Lilly described the scene where Kate declines to escape as a major moment to the character , saying that " due to this hillbilly she 's capable of returning to her cage . " Josh Holloway agreed , declaring that the episode revealed to Sawyer that " not everyone is evil " . The flashbacks were shot in an actual penitentiary , the Halawa Correctional Facility , which had been previously used for the prison where Desmond was incarcerated in " Live Together , Die Alone " . While some of the interns were portrayed by extras with soy ink tattoos , bikers with actual body paint were also used .
Referring to the scene in which Ben seemingly fits Sawyer with a lethal pacemaker , Michael Emerson comments
Sadistic may be the word , but he doesn 't seem to take much relish in it . He 's just sort of detached , he looks at it coldly . I sometimes feel like everything to him is a sort of scientific experiment and he is interested in a dispassionate way in how the experiment runs its course . I think some day if we ever find out what his parentage is , that his parents were people of science .
He also described the events as a demonstration that " Ben has more cards than you think ; ... he 's a step or two ahead , one layer or two deeper than anyone else who is playing the game " . The rabbit was a reference to Stephen King 's On Writing , where King uses a rabbit in a cage with the number 8 written on its back as an example for the connection between reader and writer . Emerson said that part of the appeal of the scene was that " bunnies look so innocent , and the audience feels so tenderly about them you can feel nothing but beastly being mean to them " . But Emerson added the rabbit in the scene had problems reacting to his attempts to scare him – " it was unfazed , it barely blinked " . When asked in an interview whether she got sick of shooting on the Hydra holding cell set , Elizabeth Mitchell responded
I guess so . It was creepy because it was supposed to be underwater , so it was a little bit dingy but kind of great at the same time ... what I will miss is just being one on one with another actor . And then also one on two obviously when it was Michael [ Emerson ] because the three of us , it was almost like being on stage . We were able to really work off of each other and I thought you don 't usually get that in a TV show .
= = Reception = =
This episode attracted 17 @.@ 09 million American viewers , standing as the seventh most watched program of the week .
IGN 's Chris Carabott said that " now that Lost has finally wrapped up most of the loose ends from season two , the episode can shift focus to this season 's mysteries . " He also felt the episode " offers a healthy mix of plot and character development with a fair share of revelations thrown in for good measure . " Christine Fenno of Entertainment Weekly declared herself " sold on the adrenaline @-@ rush direction the show has taken " , with praise to the flashbacks and the cliffhanger involving the reveal of the second island . Lost critic Andrew Dignan described " Every Man for Himself " as " quite the exhilarating episode , packing in enough thrills to make the 42 @-@ minutes fly by " in Slant Magazine . Ryan Mcgee of Zap2it considered " watching the con man get conned was brutally satisfying " , saying that Sawyer " [ ran ] the whole gamut of emotions " , and felt Colleen 's death and the reveal of Ben 's tumor " were good things , as people were already impatient by the glacial @-@ like pace of Season 3 . " Writing for AOL TV , Jonathan Toomey considered " Every Man for Himself " as " an interesting episode " which set up many new elements , and while Toomey called the flashback " a little dry and 100 % predictable " , he liked how it related to the other events in the story " right up to the title " . Mac Slocum of Filmfodder.com praised the episode for returning to the mythology , as he considered the previous episode lacked " the slack @-@ jawed wonder I 'm so accustomed to experiencing with this show " .
IGN ranked " Every Man for Himself " 70th out of the 115 Lost episodes , saying that it " offered plenty of food for thought . " On the other hand , a similar list by Los Angeles Times ranked the episode as the tenth worst of the series , describing it as the " only outright stinker " of early season 3 . Michael Emerson and Josh Holloway submitted this episode for consideration on their own behalf respectively in the category of " Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series " at the 2007 Emmy Awards , but neither was nominated .
= Paxata =
Paxata is a privately owned software company headquartered in Redwood City , California . It develops self @-@ service data preparation software that gets data ready for data analytics software . Paxata 's software is intended for business analysts , as opposed to technical staff . It is used to combine data from different sources , then check it for data quality issues , such as duplicates and outliers . Algorithms and machine learning automate certain aspects of data preparation and users work with the software through a user @-@ interface similar to Excel spreadsheets .
The company was founded in January 2012 and operated in stealth mode until October 2013 . It has received more than $ 10 million in venture funding . Analysts have praised Paxata for creating software that is user @-@ friendly for non @-@ technical business users , but caution that they are in a noisy marketplace .
= = History = =
Paxata was founded in January 2012 . It initially raised $ 2 million in venture capital . The company came out of stealth mode in October 2013 . Simultaneously with its public release , Paxata announced an $ 8 million funding round led by Accel Partners . Adoption of the software grew quickly . In March 2014 , In @-@ Q @-@ Tel acquired an interest in the startup . It raised an additional $ 18 million in funding in September 2015 . It also began working with Cisco to jointly develop the Cisco Data Preparation suite of software and services .
= = Software = =
Paxata refers to its suite of cloud @-@ based data quality , integration , enrichment and governance products as " Adaptive Data Preparation . " The software is intended for business analysts , who need to combine data from a variety of sources , then check the data for duplicates , empty fields , outliers , trends and integrity issues before conducting analysis or visualization in a third @-@ party software tool . It uses algorithms and machine @-@ learning to automate certain aspects of data preparation . For example , it may automatically detect records belonging to the same person or address , even if the information is formatted differently in each record in different data sets .
The software has a spreadsheet @-@ based user interface . Patterns and anomalies in the data are color @-@ coded in the spreadsheet . Then users are provided with instructions on how to resolve data quality issues or to supplement the data with contextual information . Data sets and related quality issues can also be addressed in a collaborative environment through the " Paxata Share " feature . It runs on Apache Spark .
According to analyst firm Ovum , the software is made possible through advances in predictive analytics , machine learning and the NoSQL data caching methodology . The software uses semantic algorithms to understand the meaning of a data table 's columns and pattern recognition algorithms to find potential duplicates in a data @-@ set . It also uses indexing , text pattern recognition and other technologies traditionally found in social media and search software . One of the software 's users is dairy producer Dannon , which uses the software so that business staff can create their own reports on merchandising , supply chain and product data , without the IT department .
= = Reception = =
In its 2014 report " Cool Vendors in Data Integration and Data Quality " , Gartner praised Paxata for developing a " business @-@ user @-@ friendly " data quality product that does not use code . Ventana Research said its spreadsheet @-@ based user interface " should resonate well with business analysts , " who are resistant to move away from familiar Excel @-@ like programs . Gartner also said Paxata was recognized in the report due to its automated , algorithm @-@ based features and how it tracks any changes made to the data .
Ventana Research said Paxata was in a " noisy marketplace " . According to Gartner , while Paxata is an early entrant into the market , many startups and large corporations are making investments in developing similar competing products . According to Gigaom and IT Business Edge , one way Paxata differs is that it automatically merges multiple data @-@ sets into a single table , so it can be easily imported into a visualization or analysis tool .
Gartner said Paxata will have a difficult time finding a compelling pricing model , when many data discovery tools that it supplements provide some similar features . In contrast , Ventana said Paxata 's pricing was " a pretty small amount " compared to the amount of time users can save .
= Pulveroboletus bembae =
Pulveroboletus bembae is a species of fungus in the Boletaceae family that was first described in 2009 . It is known only from the rainforest of northern Gabon , a region known for its high level of species diversity . Like all boletes , P. bembae has fleshy fruit bodies that form spores in tubes perpendicular to the ground on the underside of the cap . These yellowish tubes form a surface of pores , each about 1 – 2 mm in diameter . The brownish caps may reach up to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) wide , and rest atop pale brown stems up to 5 @.@ 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) long . The stems have a woolly , whitish yellow ring of tissue that is short @-@ lived , and may be absent in older specimens . The spores of P. bembae are spindle- or fuse @-@ shaped , and have rough surfaces — a detail observable when viewed with scanning electron microscopy . The fungus grows in a mycorrhizal relationship with Gilbertiodendron dewevrei , the dominant tree species of the Guineo @-@ Congolian rainforest . Other similar Pulveroboletus species in the area include P. annulus and P. croceus , which may be differentiated from P. bembae by a combination of macro- and microscopic characteristics .
= = Discovery and classification = =
The specimens of Pulveroboletus bembae upon which the species description is based were collected in April , 2008 from three locations in Gabon : in Ogooue @-@ Ivindo Province at the Ipassa @-@ Makokou Research Station ; in the Minkébé National Park near Minvoul , and in Bitouga , both locations in the northerly province of Woleu @-@ Ntem . Until the report of this species and the related Pulveroboletus luteocarneus , 12 species of Pulveroboletus had been reported in tropical Africa . According to Degreef & De Kesel , who described the species in a 2009 publication , P. bembae belongs to the section Pulveroboletus of the genus Pulveroboletus . This section , defined by Singer in 1947 , is characterized by the presence of a pulverulent @-@ arachnoid veil ( covered with fine , powdery wax granules and cobwebby ) and fruit bodies that are sulphur @-@ yellow , greenish , or yellowish @-@ brown in color .
The specific epithet is derived from the word bemba , a name used by the Baka people for the tree Gilbertiodendron dewevrei that is associated with the fungus .
= = Description = =
The cap is initially convex — sometimes with a small rounded elevation in the center — and flattens out in maturity . It reaches 30 – 35 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 4 in ) in diameter , and the color is almost uniformly rust @-@ brown to reddish brown , although young specimens have a slightly paler margin ( edge ) . The cap surface is dry and dull , but develops a sheen with age . In older specimens , the texture of the margins is described as rimulose — a condition in which a surface is cracked , but the cracks do not intersect one another to form a network and mark out areas . The cap cuticle extends slightly over the edge of the cap and curves downward , and is partly covered with remnants of the universal veil . The flesh at the center of the cap is less than about 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) thick , and gradually becomes very thin towards the margin . It is cream @-@ colored to pale yellow with pale reddish @-@ brown to light brown shades under the cuticle and down the stem .
The yellowish tubes on the underside of the cap are slightly swollen on one side , slightly depressed around the area of attachment to the stem . They are fused to the stem , in an adnate attachment ; rarely , some tubes will have a decurrent " tooth " ( tissue that runs slightly down the length of the stem ) that is less than 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) long . The pores formed by the tube ends are angular to round , and are more elongated near the stem . Their diameters are typically less than 1 – 2 mm in diameter , and are they are the same color as the tubes , or slightly greener . The stem is 37 – 55 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 2 in ) by 4 – 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 20 in ) thick , cylindrical , with a narrow base measuring 2 – 4 mm , and sometimes attached to yellow mycelia . It is solid , but as it ages it becomes stuffed ( as if filled with cotton ) and eventually almost completely hollow . The stem surface is dull , dry , pale brown , and entirely covered with tiny brown to reddish brown squamules ( small scales ) . The flesh of the stem is cream @-@ colored , streaked with pale reddish brown to light brown from the upper third towards the base , while the base is light brown . The ring is located on either the stem or the margin of the cap . This woolly , whitish yellow ring of tissue is fragile and short @-@ lived , and has usually weathered away in older specimens . The odor of the mushroom is described as " mildly fungoid to earthy " , and the taste " mildly fungoid " .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The color of the spore print is unknown . The spores are somewhat spindle @-@ shaped , boletoid ( long , lean , and fuse @-@ shaped ) , with a pronounced suprahilar depression ( a surface indentation formed where the spore was attached to the spore @-@ bearing cells , the basidia ) , and typically measure 9 @.@ 3 – 11 @.@ 3 by 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 7 µm . They are weakly pigmented , and their rough surfaces can be seen under scanning electron microscopy . The spores are inamyloid , meaning they will not absorb iodine stain from Melzer 's reagent . The basidia are 26 @.@ 9 – 39 @.@ 3 by 9 @.@ 0 – 12 @.@ 0 µm , cylindrical to narrowly club @-@ shaped , hyaline ( translucent ) , and have four sterigmata ( extensions that attach the spores ) . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are 57 @.@ 4 – 92 @.@ 6 by 9 @.@ 4 – 17 @.@ 4 µm , spindle @-@ shaped , moderately frequent , and extend beyond the surface of the hymenium . They have thin , hyaline walls , and are colored the same as the hymenium , without any crystals or encrustations . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) , which measure 50 @.@ 6 – 75 @.@ 1 by 12 @.@ 2 – 16 @.@ 1 µm , are more abundant than the cheilocystidia , but otherwise share the same characteristics . The cap cuticle is made of a thin physalo @-@ palisadoderm — a type of tissue where the ends of the hyphae reach the same length and form a palisade of cells ; these short anticlinal hyphae are 20 – 40 by 5 – 8 µm , and support one or two inflated , brownish , spherical to spheropedunculate ( somewhat spherical with a stem ) terminal elements that are 25 – 45 µm wide , non @-@ amyloid , thin @-@ walled , and do not have any encrustations . The cuticle of the stem is made of smooth parallel hyphae . The squamules on the cap surface have a physalo @-@ palisadodermic arrangement made of short anticlinal hyphae that support elongated inflated elements of 15 – 30 by 10 – 15 µm and some scattered basidia . The flesh is made of hyaline , thin @-@ walled hyphae , measuring 10 – 15 µm wide , and organized in a parallel fashion . These hyphae do not have an associated mediostratum — a central strand of parallel hyphae from which other hyphae diverge sideways . Clamp connections are absent in the hyphae of P. bembae .
= = = Similar species = = =
Although the fruit bodies of P. bembae are roughly similar to those in Xerocomus , species in this genus do not have the powdery veil characteristic of P. bembae . Two similar species in the same area include P. annulus and P. croceus , described in 1951 by Belgian mycologist Paul Heinemann , based on specimens collected in the Congo . Although the identity of these two species is not fully clarified because of insufficient collections , P. bembae differs from both in its larger cystidia , its cream @-@ colored flesh with pale reddish @-@ brown to light brown tones under the cap cuticle ( compared to white in P. annulus and P. croceus ) , its yellow mycelium ( white in P. annulus and P. croceus ) , and differences in ecology .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
The species has been found growing in small groups in the Guineo @-@ Congolian rainforest . This forest is dominated by the single canopy tree species Gilbertiodendron dewevrei . Not only does this tree provide food in the form of edible seeds for a wide variety of large mammals , it forms mycorrhizal relationships with P. bembae . This is a mutually beneficial relationship where the hyphae of the fungus grow around the roots of the plant , enabling the fungus to receive moisture , protection and nutritive byproducts of the tree , and affording the tree greater access to soil nutrients . The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is thought to contribute to the success of the dominant species , by allowing it access to nutrients otherwise unavailable . The Congolian forests encompass an ecoregion known for its species richness and endemism , which is spread across four countries : Cameroon , Gabon , Republic of Congo , and the Central African Republic .
= Sir George Collier , 1st Baronet =
Sir George Ralph Collier , 1st Baronet KCB ( 1774 – 24 March 1824 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , and the War of 1812 . He had an eventful early life , being shipwrecked early in his career and later captured by the French . Nevertheless , he saw enough service to attract the attention of powerful patrons that secured his rise through the ranks . An officer of considerable ability , he won a noteworthy victory against a stronger French opponent , before embarking on a period of distinguished service off the Spanish and Portuguese coasts , working closely with the British generals fighting the Peninsular War , and markedly contributing to their success . His good service led to a prime posting in command of a squadron despatched to hunt down and neutralise the American super frigates during the War of 1812 . He came close to capturing the USS Constitution , but lost her in circumstances that were unclear and would later return to haunt him . The years of peace that followed the end of the Napoleonic Wars saw him rewarded with a baronetcy , and his continued to serve in the navy where he was tasked with the suppression of the slave trade . The publishing of William James 's account of the War of 1812 , which lambasted him for incompetence and cowardice in his failure to catch the Constitution , broke his personal peace . Having failed to clear his name , and increasingly depressed by the accusations , Collier took his own life .
= = Family and early life = =
Collier was born in London in 1774 , the second son of the chief clerk of the Victualling Board Ralph Collier , and his wife Henrietta Maria . He began his education at the Chelsea Maritime Academy , but by January 1784 his name appeared in the books of the 74 @-@ gun third rate HMS Triumph as a captain 's servant to the Triumph 's commander , Captain Robert Faulknor . This was likely to have been only a nominal entry to gain seniority , and Collier 's naval service probably actually began three years later in January 1787 , when he joined the 28 @-@ gun frigate HMS Carysfort at the rank of midshipman . He moved in June 1790 to take up a position aboard Captain Edward Pellew 's 50 @-@ gun HMS Salisbury and spent the rest of that year serving on the Newfoundland station . Collier transferred again in December 1790 , joining the 100 @-@ gun first rate HMS Victory , then under Captain John Knight in the English Channel .
Collier 's next ship was Captain Samuel Hood 's 32 @-@ gun HMS Juno , which he joined in March 1791 . He remained with the Juno until she was paid off . On being discharged he took passage aboard the East Indiaman Winchelsea , bound for the East India station . The Winchelsea ran onto a reef in the Mozambique Channel on 3 September 1792 and was wrecked . Collier and the other survivors were able to reach Madagascar , where they remained until being picked up a Portuguese brig in May the following year . Before they could reach friendly soil the Portuguese ship was captured by a French privateer and Collier and his fellow survivors were sent to Île de France as prisoners . He remained in captivity there until being released in late 1794 , whereupon he sailed to the British @-@ held port of Madras .
= = French Revolutionary Wars = =
By now the French Revolutionary Wars had broken out , and after a period spent
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recuperating from his several ordeals , Collier joined Commodore Peter Rainier 's flagship HMS Suffolk in June 1795 . Collier had passed his lieutenant 's examination in 1790 , but only now did he receive his commission , when he was appointed lieutenant and commander of the Suffolk Tender on 31 July 1795 . Rainer sent him to the Cape of Good Hope , but shortly after his arrival , the commander of the station , Admiral Thomas Pringle ordered that Suffolk Tender be surveyed . She was subsequently condemned as unseaworthy , and Collier returned to Rainer at Madras without a ship . Rainer recommended that he return to Britain , where the good report of his service would assure him further employment and promotion . Collier duly arrived in England in May 1799 , and on 2 July that year received an appointment to the 64 @-@ gun HMS Zealand , which was then under the command of Captain Thomas Parr . A further advance came shortly afterwards , when he made first lieutenant on 29 July aboard Vice @-@ Admiral Andrew Mitchell 's flagship , the 50 @-@ gun HMS Isis . He was present at the capture of the Dutch squadron in the Vlieter Incident in August , and was chosen by Mitchell to carry the despatches back to Britain .
= = = Battle with the Flèche = = =
As was customary Collier received a promotion , to master and commander on 3 September 1799 , and a command , the 18 @-@ gun sloop HMS Victor , on 21 October . Collier commanded the Victor for the next couple of years , escorting convoys and on one occasion a convoy of troop transports to the Red Sea , bringing troops to defeat the French forces in Egypt . He stopped briefly at Diego Garcia to take on supplies , whereupon he fell in with the 22 @-@ gun French corvette Flèche . The two ships fought a brief engagement on 1 September 1801 , during which the Flèche damaged the Victor 's rigging and managed to escape . After repairing the damage , Collier searched the surrounding area before coming across his opponent on 5 September , sheltering in Mahé Roads . The channel was very narrow , and the wind unfavourable , but Collier managed to warp the Victor into the harbour , and with the aid of her staysails , closed on the French ship . After enduring raking fire for sometime , he was finally able to haul his ship around and the two vessels exchanged broadsides for over two hours . By then the Flèche was observed to be in a sinking condition , and her captain ran her aground . A party of men were sent over from the Victor , but having boarded the French vessel , found her crew had set her on fire and then abandoned ship . The men were temporarily evacuated while further assistance was sent across , after which they re @-@ boarded and managed to extinguish the fire . Just as this had been achieved , the Flèche slipped off the reef into deeper water and sank .
Collier therefore came away without his prize , but his exploit came to the attention of the First Lord of the Admiralty Earl St Vincent . Impressed by Collier 's daring , St Vincent promoted him to post @-@ captain , with the 50 @-@ gun HMS Leopard as his command . As a further mark of favour , St Vincent antedated his commission to 22 April 1802 , giving him greater seniority over the officers promoted a week later in the general promotion that followed the Peace of Amiens . With the paying off of the Leopard in 1803 Collier moved ashore , spending until 20 January 1806 in command of the Sea Fencibles at Liverpool . On 18 May 1805 he married Maria Lyon , a resident of the city . The couple did not have any children . It was during this period ashore that Collier devised and presented the plans for a blockade of the Texel , in the hopes of being appointed to lead the expedition . Nothing had come of the scheme by the time he received his next sea @-@ going command , that of the 42 @-@ gun HMS Minerva in February 1806 .
= = Napoleonic Wars = =
The Minerva was sent south to the Spanish and Portuguese coasts , where Collier found himself busy suppressing privateering , and the Spanish coastal forts . He was moved on 22 April 1807 to take up command of the 38 @-@ gun HMS Surveillante , and duly took part in the expedition to Copenhagen . He received approbation for his services , and the British commander , Admiral James Gambier sent him back to Britain with his despatches . Collier received a knighthood , and by 1812 was back in the Bay of Biscay . He was active off the coast of Spain that year , supporting the guerrillas in the countryside under Admiral Sir Home Popham , and was personally involved in some of the land @-@ based operations of the Peninsular War . He was wounded on 1 August 1812 in an attack on the castle at Santander , but though the attack failed , it led to the French withdrawing from the castle , considering it too exposed . Collier 's raids were particularly useful in forcing the French forces in the north of the county to attempt to fortify and defend hundreds of small coastal creeks and villages , instead of supporting the forces in the south , allowing Wellington to defeat them .
It was while operating off the Iberian Peninsula that Collier devised a need for an improved type of ships ' boat . He developed a design based on elements of both a whaleboat and a jolly boat , and had one built for him at Plymouth Dockyard . The boat proved extremely useful after tests aboard the Surveillante , especially at being able to land safely on a flat beach to give close support . Collier further modified it by installing a howitzer in the bows , and soon boats of its type were being requested by other captains for their ships . In 1813 Collier succeeded Sir Home Popham in commanding the north coast squadron , Spain . He and a small squadron supported General Arthur Wellesley and General Sir Thomas Graham in the capture of San Sebastián and the siege of Bayonne .
= = War of 1812 = =
On 15 March 1814 Collier received command of the 50 @-@ gun HMS Leander and was sent to North America to deal with the American super frigates that were causing losses to British merchant shipping . It was a highly sought after posting , and reflected the Admiralty 's approval of his efforts off Spain . Collier sought battle with the USS Constitution , but the American ship escaped from Boston and evaded him . He gathered a squadron consisting of the Leander , the 60 @-@ gun HMS Newcastle and the 40 @-@ gun HMS Acasta , and set off in pursuit . He almost caught up with the Constitution off St Jago , but failed to close on her , later claiming the weather frustrated his attempts . The Constitution was at the time sailing with two captured British prizes , the former HMS Levant and HMS Cyane . Collier 's three ships gave chase and were overhauling the Constitution , when , having allowed the Cyane to escape , the Levant broke away and Collier followed her . In doing so he retook the Levant , but allowed Constitution to escape . Collier continued to cruise in the area , but before he had another opportunity to pursue the Constitution , news reached him that the Treaty of Ghent had been signed and that the war was over .
= = Years of peace = =
Collier returned to Britain and on 20 September 1814 was created a baronet . He was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 2 January 1815 . He was also appointed groom of the bedchamber to the Duke of Gloucester that day . He continued to see active service at sea , being appointed as commodore of the West Africa Squadron , with the 36 @-@ gun HMS Creole as his flagship . Between 1818 and 1821 , he played a distinguished role in anti @-@ slavery efforts , which led to his election as an honorary life member of the African Institution on 17 May 1820 .
= = James 's account and death = =
Collier 's life was disturbed by the publication of William James 's Naval History in 1823 . James paid particular attention to the escape of the Constitution , and lamented Collier 's failure to bring her to action and capture her . James claimed Collier 's incompetence had allowed the Constitution to escape from Boston , while his failure to bring her to action when his squadron later sighted her was attributed to what amounted to cowardice on his part . James summed up the episode with
Most sincerely do we regret ... that this last and most triumphant escape of the Constitution , the first frigate of the United States that had humbled the proud flag of Britain , had , not long ago , been brought under the scrutiny of a court @-@ martial . The blame would then have fallen where it ought to have fallen ... The more it is investigated , the more it will show itself to be , the most blundering piece of business recorded in these six volumes .
Collier applied to the Admiralty for the opportunity to clear his name , but this was not satisfied . Friends and relations had become increasingly concerned about his mental state as a result . His brother took the precaution of removing the razors from his home , but Collier appears to have smuggled one to his room , and used it to cut his own throat early in the morning on 24 March 1824 . His servant who was sleeping in the same room immediately brought help , but nothing could be done and Collier died less than five minutes after inflicting the injury . The inquest later determined that ' The deceased destroyed himself , being in a state of temporary mental derangement . ' The baronetcy became extinct upon his death .
= Action of 30 June 1798 =
The Action of 30 June 1798 was a minor naval engagement fought along the Biscay coast of France during the French Revolutionary Wars . The French Navy had been largely driven from the Atlantic Ocean early in the war following heavy losses in a series of failed operations . This had allowed the Royal Navy 's Channel Fleet to institute a close blockade on the French naval ports of the Biscay coast , particularly Brest in Brittany . The blockade strategy included a constantly patrolling inshore squadron composed of frigates , tasked with preventing the passage of French ships into or out of the port . In the spring of 1798 , several French frigates stationed in the Indian Ocean were sent back to France as the base at Île de France could no longer supply them effectively . One of these ships was the 40 @-@ gun frigate Seine , which departed Port Louis laden with 280 soldiers from the garrison .
Seine had a rapid passage back to European waters , arriving in the Bay of Biscay on 28 June . Early the following morning , with the Brittany coast in sight , Seine was spotted by the inshore frigate squadron of HMS Jason , HMS Pique and HMS Mermaid . While Mermaid cut Seine off from the coast , Jason and Pique gave chase as Seine fled southwards . Pique reached Seine at 23 : 00 that evening and for more than two and a half hours the frigates pounded at one another until Pique fell back . Pique and Jason continued the chase full speed through the night , until suddenly all three frigates crashed headlong into the sandbanks off La Tranche @-@ sur @-@ Mer on the Vendée coast . Even while grounded the frigates continued to fire on one another until Mermaid finally arrived and the outnumbered Seine surrendered . Jason and Seine were badly damaged but successfully refloated , the casualties on the packed decks of the French ship appallingly high , but Pique was an irretrievable wreck : the ship was evacuated and then burnt before the remainder of the squadron returned to Britain with their prize .
= = Background = =
In the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars , although the French Navy had sought to oppose the Royal Navy at sea from their main base at Brest in Brittany , the Royal Navy had achieved victories at the Glorious First of June and Battle of Groix . The losses inflicted on the French Atlantic fleet in these battles were compounded by large numbers of ships wrecked in storms during the disastrous Croisière du Grand Hiver and Expédition d 'Irlande operations . By 1798 the Royal Navy was unopposed in its control of the Atlantic , enforcing its supremacy by a strategy of close blockade , maintaining a battle fleet at sea off Brittany and an inshore squadron of frigates watching the approaches to Brest . In June 1798 the inshore squadron included a detachment comprising the 38 @-@ gun HMS Jason under Captain Charles Stirling , the 36 @-@ gun HMS Pique under Captain David Milne and 32 @-@ gun HMS Mermaid under Captain James Newman @-@ Newman .
For French warships oceanic travel was extremely hazardous and ships often travelled in numbers . In the spring of 1796 a squadron commanded by Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey had sailed from Rochefort to reinforce French naval forces in the Indian Ocean , based at Port Louis on the Île de France . Sercey 's squadron failed to make a significant impression , driven off from the East Indies in an inconclusive action off Sumatra , and then tricked into fleeing from a vulnerable East India Company merchant convoy in the Bali Strait Incident in January 1797 . By the end of the year the Colonial Assembly , which were unhappy with plans of the French Directory to abolish slavery , refused to continue supplying the squadron and garrison , forcing Sercey to disperse his ships . First Régénérée and Vertu were ordered back to France , and then in early 1798 the 40 @-@ gun Seine was instructed to follow them , carrying 280 soldiers from the garrison no longer supported by the Colonial Assembly . Seine , still commanded by Lieutenant Julien @-@ Gabriel Bigot following the death of Captain Latour off Sumatra in 1796 , sailed on 24 March , overcrowded with the stores and dependents accompanying the soldiers .
= = Battle = =
Despite the overloading , Seine made a rapid journey to European waters , arriving in the Bay of Biscay just three months later on 28 June . Sailing for Brest with the wind , the Penmarck rocks were visible from Seine at 07 : 00 on 29 June when three sails appeared to the northeast . This was the inshore squadron under Stirling , and Jason and Pique immediately gave chase while Mermaid diverted northwards , cutting Seine off from the Breton coast and the harbour of Lorient and forcing Bigot to turn away , fleeing southwards towards La Rochelle and the Vendée coast instead . Jason and Pique followed under all sail while Mermaid was left far behind .
Throughout the day the chase continued , the British frigates gaining slowly on their quarry and as darkness fell Pique closed with the larger French ship . At 23 : 00 Milne was close enough to open fire on Seine , to which Bigot responded without reducing speed . For the next two and a half hours the frigates exchanged broadsides at full speed as the French coastline rapidly approached ahead . At 01 : 35 a shot from Seine struck the main topmast on Pique , bringing it crashing down . The consequent loss of speed forced Milne back , Seine pulling away from the smaller ship but unable to escape Jason which was steadily gaining .
Stirling was concerned by the proximity of the coast and hailed Pique with orders to anchor before it grounded , but Milne did not hear the order correctly and instead increased sail , lurching ahead of Jason and straight onto a sandbank close to La Tranche @-@ sur @-@ Mer on the Vendée coast . Seine too had struck the shore a little distance ahead , and Stirling was unable to arrest Jason 's momentum before his ship too became stuck , lying between Pique and Seine . The French ship had been badly damaged in the crash , all three masts collapsing overboard at impact , but actually lay in a stronger position : Jason blocked Pique 's arc of fire and Stirling 's ship had swung with the rising tide , leaving its stern exposed . Bigot took advantage of this position to fire several raking broadsides into Jason , during which Stirling was wounded and command passed to Lieutenant Charles Inglis . Inglis responded to the fire by cutting stern gunports to fire chase guns at Seine , and Milne succeeded in dragging his frigate around through the novel expedient of ordering his men to run towards the bows carrying round shot . This sudden shift in weight gently rotated the grounded ship to face Seine and Milne could direct four of his 12 @-@ pounder long guns at the French ship . Under fire and with Mermaid finally approaching , Bigot determined that further resistance was hopeless and struck his colours .
= = = Combatant summary = = =
In this table , " Guns " refers to all cannon carried by the ship , including the maindeck guns that were taken into consideration when calculating its rate , as well as any carronades carried aboard . " Broadside weight " records the combined weight of shot that could be fired in a single simultaneous discharge of an entire broadside .
= = Aftermath = =
Dawn on 30 June revealed the three frigates grounded on the sandbar , prompting a response from the French forces in nearby La Rochelle . Two frigates , a brig and a squadron of gunboats were sent to fire on the British ships , but this force was dissuaded from engaging by the arrival of another British blockade squadron comprising HMS Phaeton under Captain Robert Stopford , HMS San Fiorenzo under Captain Sir Harry Neale and HMS Triton under Captain John Gore . Stopford 's squadron assisted Stirling 's force as Jason was towed off by Mermaid . Pique however was irretrievably stuck with water leaking into the hull . After all efforts to refloat the ship had been exhausted , the frigate was evacuated and stripped of stores before the wreck was set on fire . It took some time for boarding parties to reach Seine and a number of the French crew had taken the delay in seizure of the ship to dive overboard and swim for the beach , making an accounting of casualties difficult . As the day continued , boat parties of French civilians sailed out to the ship and climbed aboard , breaking into the liquor stores leading to drunken confusion on deck . Bigot was allowed to go ashore temporarily , as were four men escorting a lady from Île de France : all five French sailors subsequently returned to captivity voluntarily . Seine was subsequently refloated with jury masts after the guns were thrown overboard to lighten the ship , and the figurehead of Pique was nailed over her own , Seine sailing with the squadron to Portsmouth .
Losses on the British ships had been light , with seven killed on Jason , including the second lieutenant , and eleven wounded , including Stirling . Pique lost one killed and another lost overboard and six wounded . French losses were enormous , the effects of concentrated cannon fire on the packed decks producing casualties of approximately 170 killed and 100 wounded , the former including a number who drowned after the ship grounded . Bigot and his crew were brought to Britain as prisoners of war , the commander later exchanged and twice promoted on his return to France in recognition of his resistance during the engagement , although unsubstantiated rumours persisted that he had personally shot some of his men when they abandoned their guns . Milne was complimented for his tenacious pursuit of Seine and after repairs he and his crew were confirmed in possession of the French ship , which served in the Royal Navy under the same name . By the time the prize was commissioned many of its captors were prisoners of war . On 13 October 1798 Jason was patrolling off Brest when a number of French luggers were sighted . Stirling gave chase but Jason ran headlong into a submerged rock near the Pointe du Raz and began to founder . Stirling had no choice but to bring the frigate inshore and land on the French coast as the frigate sank . Stirling and his men were captured , except for twelve sailors who , in groups of six , stole a cutter and a jollyboat and escaped to Plymouth .
= 1975 Pacific hurricane season =
The 1975 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15 , 1975 in the eastern Pacific , and June 1 , 1975 in the central Pacific , and lasted until November 30 , 1975 . These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean .
The 1975 Pacific hurricane season was near average , with 17 tropical storms forming . Of these , 9 became hurricanes , and 4 became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The only notable storms are Hurricane Olivia , which killed 30 people , caused $ 30 million ( 1975 USD ) in damage , and left thousands homeless when it made landfall in October ; and an unnamed hurricane that developed at very high latitude , but had no effect on land . Hurricane Denise was the strongest storm of the year . Hurricanes Lily and Katrina passed close to Socorro Island and Tropical Storm Eleanor made landfall in Mexico . Hurricane Agatha sank a ship .
= = Season summary = =
The season began with the formation of Tropical Depression One on June 2 and ended with the extratropical transition of Tropical Storm Priscilla on November 7 . No named systems formed in May , two in June , four in July , six in August , three in September , one in October , and one in November . The total length of the season , from the formation of the first depression to the dissipation of the last , was 158 days .
In the eastern Pacific proper ( east of 140 ° W ) , sixteen tropical storms and eight hurricanes formed . Four of the hurricanes became major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . These numbers are close to the long @-@ term averages of fifteen tropical storms , nine hurricanes , and four major hurricanes . There were also four unnamed tropical depressions . The only system to enter or form in the central Pacific ( between 140 ° W and the international dateline ) was an unusual high @-@ latitude hurricane .
The only systems to make landfall this year were Tropical Storm Eleanor and Hurricane Olivia . Besides these two systems , Hurricane Agatha caused the sinking of a ship carrying millions of dollars worth of cargo . Tropical Storm Eleanor caused no serious impact .
The most devastating storm of the season was Hurricane Olivia . A late @-@ season major hurricane , Olivia came ashore near Mazatlán . The storm killed 30 people , left around 30 @,@ 000 people homeless , and caused 20 million dollars ( 1975 USD ) in damage .
= = Storms = =
= = = Hurricane Agatha = = =
An area of disturbed weather about 290 mi ( 467 km ) southwest of Acapulco formed on June 1 . It organized into a tropical depression the next day . After heading southwestward , it turned to the northwest and strengthened into Tropical Storm Agatha on June 2 . Agatha maintained its course and steadily intensified . It reached hurricane intensity on June 3 while located about 170 mi ( 270 km ) southwest of Zihuatanejo . Hurricane Agatha started weakening thereafter , becoming a tropical storm on June 4 and a depression on June 5 . It dissipated shortly afterwords . At this time , Agatha was located about 140 mi ( 230 km ) south of the Tres Marias Islands .
Even though Agatha passed close to Mexico as it weakened , no impact is known to have been caused . Waves caused by Agatha did impact a ship called the Polynesian Diakan . A Greek freighter en route from Pago Pago to Terminal Island , California , the Polynesian Diakan began flooding on June 3 , forcing the 32 @-@ man crew to abandon the vessel . The exact cause of the initial flooding was unknown , but was speculated to be primarily due to cargo shifting and not the weather . The crew was rescued by the United States Coast Guard . Three members required hospitalization . After being reached on June 6 by a tugboat in a salvage attempt , the vessel capsized and sank near San Clemente Island on June 7 , taking its multi @-@ million dollar cargo of 71 containers of canned tuna with it . The reason for the sinking was unknown .
= = = Tropical Storm Bridget = = =
On June 27 , a tropical depression formed about 575 mi ( 925 km ) south of the tip of the Baja California Peninsula at a location atypical for tropical cyclogenesis . The depression moved generally westward , and intensified into Tropical Storm Bridget on June 28 . It started accelerating as it turned towards the northwest , then west , and eventually to the southwest . Bridget weakened into a tropical depression on July 2 and dissipated the next day . It remnant circulation hung about in the area for a few more days . Bridget never came near land and thus , no deaths or damage were recorded .
= = = Hurricane Carlotta = = =
A disturbance 480 mi ( 772 km ) south of Acapulco organized into a tropical depression on July 2 . It headed generally west @-@ northwest and steadily intensified , becoming a tropical storm later on July 2 . It became a hurricane on July 3 and ultimately peaked as a Category 3 hurricane . Hurricane Carlotta was first major hurricane , Category 3 or higher , of the season . It began weakening thereafter , and was a tropical storm by July 8 . Carlotta became a depression on July 10 and dissipated the next day . The hurricane did not come near land and caused no significant impact .
= = = Hurricane Denise = = =
An unstable area developed a circulation and became a tropical depression on July 4 . It headed west- northwest and became a tropical storm on July 7 . The next day , it was a hurricane and turned to the west . Continuing to strengthen , it reached Category 4 intensity on July 9 . This windspeed was the highest of the season . The hurricane turned to the southwest and gradually weakened . By July 11 it was nearly stationary . It then headed northwestward again and continued weakening , becoming a tropical storm on July 13 . It weakened into a depression on July 14 and dissipated immediately thereafter . Denise brought winds of near @-@ gale force to parts of Mexico , but otherwise caused no damage or casualties .
= = = Tropical Storm Eleanor = = =
An area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical depression on July 10 , 100 mi ( 160 km ) south of Acapulco . As its center of circulation became more pronounced and it was upgraded into Tropical Storm Eleanor . The tropical storm moved northwestward , and later curved northward . The system made landfall near Manzanillo on July 12 . It quickly dissipated . Eleanor brought 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) winds the Manzanillo , but damage from the storm is minor due to the lack of heavy rains .
= = = Tropical Storm Francene = = =
A rapidly moving squally area of disturbed weather that was moving on a northwestward path was upgraded into Tropical Depression Seven on July 27 . It intensified into a tropical storm later that day . Francene turned to the west and weakened into a tropical depression on July 28 . It slowly weakened and ceased to exist as a tropical cyclone on July 30 . Francene 's remnants persisted as a tropical disturbance for another twelve hours , before completely dissipating . This tropical cyclone caused no known impact .
= = = Tropical Storm Georgette = = =
An area of disturbed weather about 800 mi ( 1 @,@ 287 km ) south @-@ southwest of Cabo San Lucas organized a tropical depression on August 11 . It was upgraded to tropical storm intensity the next day . After heading generally westward and peaking as a weak to moderate tropical storm on August 12 , Georgette slowly weakened . It weakened into a depression on August 14 and underwent extratropical transition thereafter . The cyclone dissipated twelve hours later . Tropical Storm Georgette had no impact on land .
= = = Tropical Storm Hilary = = =
A tropical disturbance formed on August 11 and gradually organized . The next day , an atmospheric circulation developed . Based on this , this system was classified as Tropical Depression Nine on August 13 . The depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm and was named Hilary . The system gradually accelerated to the northwest and reached its peak strength on August 15 with winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Tropical Storm Hilary then started a gradual weakening trend . It became a depression on August 16 , turned a little bit more westward , and dissipated on August 17 . Hilary never came near land , and as such caused no death or damage .
= = = Hurricane Ilsa = = =
On August 18 , a tropical depression formed south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec from a tropical wave that had entered the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic Ocean . It strengthened into a tropical storm later that day . The tropical storm moved westward , and became a hurricane on August 21 . Ilsa became a Category 2 hurricane on August 22 . It maintained that intensity for three days as it moved out to sea . On August 25 , Ilsa turned westward and rapidly weakened . It fell to tropical storm intensity on August 26 . Later that day , while still maintaining winds of gale @-@ force , Ilsa ceased being a tropical cyclone . Ilsa 's remnants continued out over the open Pacific Ocean . The remains of Ilsa eventually interacted with another weather system . That triggered the development of the unnamed hurricane of August 31 – September 5 .
Hurricane Ilsa caused no casualties or damage . As the unnamed hurricane formed from Ilsa 's remnants , Ilsa and the latter system are unofficially the same tropical cyclone . Indeed , this year 's seasonal report from the Redwood City Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center , in the Monthly Weather Review includes a brief discussion of the unnamed hurricane in the report 's section on Hurricane Ilsa . Neither the Central Pacific Hurricane Center nor the official HURDAT " best track " database of tropical cyclone location and intensity data explicitly considers them the same . Hence , as far as official records matter , Ilsa and the unnamed hurricane of August 31 – September 5 are different tropical cyclones .
= = = Hurricane Jewel = = =
On August 24 , a tropical depression formed from a tropical disturbance about 250 mi ( 400 km ) south of Acapulco . It intensified into Tropical Storm Jewel the next day . The tropical cyclone headed generally northwest and paralleled the coast of Mexico . On August 27 , Jewel became a hurricane for mere six hours , the minimum possible time in HURDAT . Jewel then turned to the west , and then back to the northwest . Jewel weakened to depression strength on August 31 . Tropical Depression Jewel dissipated shortly after that , although its remnants remained distinct until September 3 . There was no impact .
= = = Hurricane Katrina = = =
On August 29 , an area of weather developed directly into a tropical storm , skipping the tropical depression stage . Katrina steadily intensified as it headed west @-@ northwest , gradually turning to the northwest . It peaked in intensity on September 3 as a Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph ( 209 km / h ) , the second highest of the season . Katrina then headed westward and rapidly weakened . It was downgraded into a tropical storm on September 5 and a depression on September 6 . The last advisory was issued on September 7 when Katrina dissipated . Although the hurricane brought Category 3 @-@ equivalent winds to Socorro Island on September 2 , no damage was reported there or anywhere else .
= = = Hurricane Twelve = = =
A cold core low absorbed the remnant circulation of Hurricane Ilsa on September 2 . Convection subsequently increased . By September 3 it was definitely a tropical cyclone as an eye slowly formed . It then became a hurricane . The hurricane rapidly headed towards the northeast and approached a frontal cyclone . By September 5 the hurricane had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone after weakening from a hurricane . At the time it was less than 348 mi ( 560 km ) southwest of Juneau , Alaska . The extratropical low moved southeastward , retaining its identity until it reached Montana , where it was absorbed by a front .
It is unknown why this hurricane went unnamed , even though it clearly met the criteria for doing so . Any statement about why is purely speculative at this point . The hurricane is the furthest north a tropical cyclone existed in the Eastern Pacific , and is also the northernmost existence for a Pacific hurricane . It was the only tropical cyclone to exist in the central Pacific this year . No damage or casualties were reported , although it did hassle a few ships .
= = = Hurricane Lily = = =
Rain and wind reports from the Acapulco weather station suggested that a tropical depression was developing . This was confirmed on September 16 from ship reports . It intensified into a tropical storm and was named Lily . Tropical Storm Lily headed northwest in a nearly straight path . By 0000 UTC September 18 , the system was a moderate tropical storm located about 160 mi ( 260 km ) south of Manzanillo Lily was upgraded to hurricane status on the same day and eventually reached its peak strength . After passing southwest of Socorro Island , Lily weakened , becoming a storm on September 20 . Lily weakened into a depression on September 21 , turned to the west @-@ southwest , and dissipated . Its remnants remained visible until September 24 , when they were no longer distinct via weather satellite . On September 19 , the cyclone brought hurricane @-@ force winds to Socorro Island . No damage or casualties were reported .
= = = Tropical Storm Monica = = =
In late September , three tropical disturbances moved westward across the eastern Pacific Ocean . One of them organized into a tropical depression on September 28 . The next day the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Monica . The tropical storm initially headed west @-@ northwestward and gradually curved towards the north . It reached its peak intensity of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) on September 29 . Monica then gradually weakened . It became a tropical depression on October 1 . The cyclone dissipated shortly thereafter . No impact was reported in association with Tropical Storm Monica .
= = = Tropical Storm Nanette = = =
On September 28 , a system developed into a tropical depression , simultaneously with Tropical Storm Monica .. It headed generally westward and on September 29 , 18 hours after Monica did it , strengthened into a tropical storm . Nanette continued out to sea and slowly strengthened . It peaked in windspeed of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) on October 3 and turned to the southwest . It then slowly weakened . On October 4 , it weakened into a tropical depression and then degenerated into a disturbance that same day . No damage or deaths were reported .
= = = Hurricane Olivia = = =
On October 22 , Tropical Depression Eighteen formed from a cluster of three thunderstorms south of Mexico and then strengthened into a tropical storm . It moved northwestward initially , followed by a northeast turn . Olivia then intensified steadily . It reached Category 3 intensity and a peak of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) winds just before landfall . Early on October 25 , Olivia moved ashore just south of Mazatlán causing major damage . Olivia destroyed 7 @,@ 000 houses in the region , leaving 30 @,@ 000 people homeless , and damage totaled $ 20 million ( 1975 USD , $ 88 million 2016 USD ) . The hurricane killed 30 people , 20 of them were from drownings in shrimp boats .
= = = Tropical Storm Priscilla = = =
A nearly stationary cloudy area developed a circulation on November 2 . The depression drifted north for a while before turning to the west @-@ northwest on November 3 . It intensified into a tropical storm on November 4 . Priscilla then began turning to the north . However , the system failed to re @-@ curve , instead , the tropical storm turned generally westward . The tropical storm peaked in windspeed as a 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) high @-@ end storm on November 5 . It then turned to the northwest on a heading nearly directly at Clarion Island , but it dissipated on November 7 about 115 mi ( 185 km ) short of landfall .
= = = Other storms = = =
Besides the tropical storms and hurricanes this season , there were four additional tropical depressions that did not make a landfall anywhere . Tropical Cyclone Four formed on July 2 and dissipated the next day . It was the tropical cyclone to come closest to crossing 140 ° W and entering the Central Pacific Hurricane Center 's area of responsibility this year . Tropical Cyclone Thirteen formed on September 12 and lasted four days . Tropical Cyclone Seventeen formed October 16 and dissipated a day later . Tropical Cyclone Nineteen , the penultimate system of the season , formed on November 1 and dissipated the next day .
= = 1975 storm names = =
These names were used for storms in 1975 . It is the same list used in the 1971 season . This is the last time this list was used , as modern naming began in 1978 .
The central Pacific used names and numbers from the west Pacific 's naming list . No names were used , as the one storm that formed in this area went unnamed .
= Marilyn Monroe ( Nicki Minaj song ) =
" Marilyn Monroe " is a song by Trinidadian born recording artist Nicki Minaj . The song was written by Minaj , Daniel James , Leah Haywood , Ross Golan and J.R. Rotem , while production was handled by J.R. Rotem and Dreamlab . Musically , " Marilyn Monroe " is an introspective mid @-@ tempo ballad that contains an upbeat piano , synth beats , and features influences of bubblegum pop . Lyrically , the song alludes to oneself questioning the status of their relationship . The song makes frequent references to pop icon Marilyn Monroe , with many of her quotes woven into the song .
" Marilyn Monroe " was generally well received by music critics , with some noting its crossover potential , while others felt like the song was too similar to other artists . The song has received comparisons to the 2011 singles " Disaster " by JoJo and " Stuttering " by Fefe Dobson , as well as Minaj 's own 2010 single " Your Love " from her debut album Pink Friday . The album 's high digital sales led " Marilyn Monroe " to chart on the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard charts .
= = Production and composition = =
Following the success of Minaj 's debut album , Pink Friday , Cash Money co @-@ CEO , Brian " Birdman " Williams announced to Billboard that Minaj was aiming for a first quarter release in 2012 . In November 2011 , Minaj announced on Twitter that the album would be released on February 14 , 2012 , though it was later delayed to April 3 , 2012 . The album focuses on Roman Zolanski , one of Minaj 's alter egos that was first featured on Pink Friday .
J.R. Rotem , who previously produced a track for Minaj 's debut album , originally conceived " Marilyn Monroe " . According to Minaj , " He hit me up and he said , ' I have a song that I think only an icon can sing ' . I was like , ' Oh J.R. , shut up ! ' We laughed a little bit on iChat . " It was written by Minaj , Daniel James , Leah Haywood , Ross Golan and Rotem . Rotem and Dreamlab produced the track , with vocal production handled by Nicholas Cooper . Ariel Chobaz & Gelly Kusuma recorded and mixed " Marilyn Monroe " with assistance from Jon Sher at Conway Studios and Beluga Heights Studio , both studios in Los Angeles .
Musically , " Marilyn Monroe " is an introspective mid @-@ tempo ballad that contains an upbeat piano , synth beats , and features influences of bubblegum pop . The song is written in the key of E minor with a moderate pop tempo of 84 beats per minute . It follows the chord progression Em − C2 ( no 3 ) − G − D , and Minaj 's vocals span two octaves from G3 to D5 .
Celebrity Marilyn Monroe is mentioned numerous times throughout the song , including the famous quote " I 'm selfish , impatient and a little insecure . I make mistakes , I am out of control and at times hard to handle . But if you can 't handle me at my worst , then you sure as hell don 't deserve me at my best . " However , it has never been confirmed that Monroe actually said this . Minaj liked the track , as " it spoked to me as a woman . I 'm very infatuated with Marilyn Monroe . I had a moment with that song where I was like , ' Oh my God , every woman in this world needs to hear that ' . No , we 're not perfect . Sometimes , we think , ' What 's wrong with us ? ' We spend so much time criticizing ourselves . I needed to hear that , ' I 'm not perfect , but I 'm worth it ' . It resonated with me . I felt like the world needed to hear it . "
= = Release and reception = =
" Marilyn Monroe " was first leaked in February 2012 . On May 24 , 2012 , a poll was posted on Minaj 's official website asking fans to choose the next single ( s ) . The poll was divided into three categories : The first category asked fans to choose between " Marilyn Monroe " , " Fire Burns " , " Young Forever " , and " Gunshot " . " Marilyn Monroe " had the most votes and won the poll ; " Young Forever " came in second , " Fire Burns " came in third , and " Gun Shot " came in fourth . When asked whether " Marilyn Monroe " would become a single during an interview with The Guardian , Minaj replied : " It has to be . It will be . We wanted to do it now , but then UK radio started playing ' Va Va Voom ' . We 're definitely going to have ' Marilyn Monroe ' top of [ 2013 ] , and we 're going to spend quality time on the video . We 're going to take care of that one . "
" Marilyn Monroe " received mostly positive reviews . Andrew Hampp of Billboard gave the song a positive review , but felt the song was too similar to the JoJo song " Disaster " , adding that " Of the three mid @-@ tempo pop cuts on the album , ' Marilyn Monroe ' stands the best chance of pop crossover . " Andy Gill of The Independent called it one of the most impressive songs on the pop half of the album and also encouraged fans to download it . BBC 's Al Fox gave the song a positive review , praising " Young Forever " and " Marilyn Monroe " for displaying the same " tender vulnerabilities " of Minaj 's breakthrough anthem " Your Love " , saying that it is " a necessary and successful respite in an album so boastful " . Slant Magazine negatively compared " Marilyn Monroe " to the works of pop star Demi Lovato .
= = Live performances = =
Minaj performed the song on select dates of her debut concert tour , the Pink Friday Tour . She also added the song to her set list for her Pink Friday : Reloaded Tour .
= = Personnel = =
Source :
Locations
Recorded at Conway Studios , Los Angeles , CA , and Beluga Heights Studio , Los Angeles , CA
Mixed at Conway Studios , Los Angeles , CA
Credits
Writers : O. Maraj , D. James , L. Haywood , R. Golan , J. Rotem
Producers : J.R. Rotem
Co @-@ producers : Dreamlab
Recorded by : Ariel Chobaz & Gelly Kusuma
Recording Assistant : Jon Sher
Mixed by : Ariel Chobaz
Mix Assistant : Jon Sher
Vocal production by : Nicholas Cooper
= = Chart performance = =
= Middleton , Leeds =
Middleton is a largely residential suburb of Leeds in West Yorkshire , England and historically a village in the West Riding of Yorkshire . It is situated on a hill 4 miles ( 6 km ) south of Leeds city centre and 165 miles ( 266 km ) north north @-@ west of London . In 2001 the population of the Middleton Park ward of Leeds City Council was 27 @,@ 487 , reducing to 26 @,@ 228 at the 2011 Census .
Middleton was occupied before the Norman Conquest and recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 . It developed as a manorial estate and its owners began to exploit the coal seams that outcropped within its boundaries . At the start of the Industrial Revolution a wooden wagonway was built to link the coal pits to Leeds . The colliery agent , John Blenkinsop designed an iron railway and its first steam @-@ powered locomotive which was built by Matthew Murray in Holbeck . The coal mines on which the local economy was based lasted until 1967 and the railway is a preserved and run by a trust after operating for 200 years .
Middleton Park , a remnant of the manorial estate , contains a large area of ancient woodland and parts of it , where coal was mined , are designated a scheduled ancient monument . It was the location of Middleton Hall and Middleton Lodge , homes to the local gentry .
The village developed along Town Street , a school , chapel and church were built in the 19th century but after the land was acquired by Leeds Council in 1920 a large council housing estate was built on the flatter land to the south , completely changing the rural nature of the settlement . Early transport was provided by a tram line and the Leeds Ring Road was built to Middleton . After the colliery closed the area began to decline and by 2001 , had areas of multiple deprivation and high levels of unemployment and anti @-@ social behaviour . The Middleton Regeneration Board has been established with the remit of addressing these issues .
= = History = =
The name Middleton is derived from the Old English middel @-@ tun , in this case the middle settlement or farm on the road from Morley to Rothwell .
Flint and bronze weapons have been discovered in the neighbourhood showing evidence of habitation during the Palaeolithic and Bronze Ages . Roman discoveries were made in 1607 and 1823 . Middleton was mentioned as Mildentone and Mildetone in the Domesday Book as having three carucates of land much of which was woodland . The land was given to Ilbert de Lacy who had a castle at Pontefract . Middleton Park is a remnant of the manorial estate which existed after the Norman Conquest . In the 13th century the boundary between Middleton and Beeston became the focus of a protracted dispute over where it lay in the dense woodland which covered the area . The dispute between William Grammary and Adam de Beeston was settled in 1209 by single combat and resulted in the construction of a boundary bank and ditch , a stretch of which can still be seen in Middleton Woods .
The Creppings were lords of the manor followed by the Leigh or Legh family . John of Gaunt , 1st Duke of Lancaster , held the manor from 1363 to 1370 and Simon Simeon , whose will mentioned coal mines , from 1401 – 1406 . The Leighs held the manor for much of the time between 1300 until 1697 when Anne Leigh married Ralph Brandling of Felling in Durham . The Leighs once occupied New Hall whose name is recalled in the street names in the area . William Gascoigne , who invented the micrometer and died fighting for the Royalists at Marston Moor in 1644 , was another resident of New Hall .
Middleton Hall on Town Street was built in the 18th century for the Brandlings but they chose to live mainly in Durham . Charles John Brandling of Gosforth House , the Member of Parliament for Newcastle between 1798 and 1812 and for Northumberland from 1820 until 1826 , married Henrietta Armitage of Middleton . The Brandlings appointed John Blenkinsop to manage their collieries in Middleton and he was the hall 's occupant in 1809 . The hall was destroyed in a fire in 1962 .
In 1760 the Brandlings built a new residence , Middleton Lodge , designed by James Paine . It was situated in what is now the park possibly on the site the original manor house . Members of the family lived there until 1860 including R.H. Brandling who donated land on Town Street on which the church is built . The Brandling 's fortunes declined and the estate was sold to the Middleton Estate & Colliery Company in 1862 . William Henry Maude , a partner in the company , occupied the house with his sister in 1871 . He died in a carriage accident in the park in 1911 . His sister remained at Middleton Lodge after the land had been acquired by the council until her death in 1933 after which the house became the headquarters of Middleton Golf Club . Middleton Lodge was demolished in 1996 .
= = = Industrial history = = =
There is evidence of coal mining in the Middle Ages in the shaft mounds , waggonways and similar archaeological features resulting from early mining activity in Middleton Woods . Before the 17th century the pits were bell pits and adits or day holes dug horizontally into the hill sides where the coal seam outcropped . In 1669 Frances Conyers of New Hall had " cole pits " in Middleton . The pits were small and numerous and many worked for a short time . Gin pits using horses to turn the windlass were the next development and the deeper pits had brick @-@ lined shafts and wooden headgear for hauling tubs of coal and miners out of the workings . This type of mine was in operation when Anne Leigh married Ralph Brandling whose family owned collieries in Durham . Brandling 's 1 @,@ 200 acre Middleton estate supplied coal to Leeds but was disadvantaged in the trade by poor roads . Deep mining arrived with the advent of steam engines to pump water out of the mines and keep the workings dry making it possible to raise coal from greater depths . In 1780 a Newcomen engine was installed at Middleton and by 1808 the mine employed 90 hewers and 60 putters . The market for coal grew as Leeds and its industries expanded .
The Middleton Railway , founded in 1758 , is the oldest continuously working railway in Britain to be established by an Act of Parliament ; the first such act in England . The railway , owned by Charles Brandling , ( 1733 – 1802 ) was a horse drawn wooden waggonway linking the collieries at Middleton to Cassons Close near Leeds Bridge in the centre of Leeds . In 1810 John Blenkinsop , Brandling 's agent at Middleton , was looking for cheaper ways of moving coal to Leeds . He designed the rack railway and Matthew Murray built the first Middleton Railway locomotive , " Salamanca " , at his Round Foundry in Holbeck . The locomotive 's first run , reported in The Leeds Mercury on 27 June 1812 , was " witnessed by thousands of spectators and crowned a complete success .... " . Three more locomotives were built . The Middleton Railway locomotives had a toothed cog wheel which meshed into a rack on the side of the rail , as it was felt this would provide the engines with a better grip when hauling coal wagons .
Before 1840 , women and children were employed in coal mines and there were frequent accidents . The worst disaster occurred in 1825 at the Gosforth Pit , named after the Brandling 's Durham estate , where an explosion of firedamp caused 24 deaths ; the oldest a collier aged 48 and the youngest a child of seven .
Broom Pit was the deepest at 810 feet ( 250 m ) , and longest @-@ lasting of the Middleton collieries . In 1896 the Middleton Broom , Little and Middleton Main Pits , all managed by John Neal , employed over 600 workers . By 1923 just the Broom Pit was working , employing more than 1 @,@ 000 men and supplying coking , gas and household coal and fireclay to the brickworks . Nearly 900 men were employed there in 1940 . At the time the collieries were nationalised in 1947 , the workforce had reduced to 436 . Operations at the pit ended in 1968 as the productivity of the colliery declined .
= = = 20th century = = =
In 1919 , the grounds of Middleton Lodge were leased by Leeds Council for use as a public park . The rural nature of the area changed soon after 1 April 1920 when the township was incorporated into the County Borough of Leeds . Leeds Council acquired land to construct " a vast low @-@ density corporation built cottage estate with circuses and avenues " . The houses were built using bricks from the fireclay works at Broom Pit on land once used for agriculture including West Farm and parts of Sissons Farm . By 1934 , 2 @,@ 377 council houses had been built and the housing estate was considered to be a " garden suburb " , but was found to be remote and lacking in facilities by the residents . An early resident was Keith Waterhouse , who wrote about his childhood exploits as the only member of the Middleton Hiking Club , in his book , City Lights .
The area attracted more social housing when the Westwoods and Manor Farm estates were developed in the 1960s . A large private housing estate was built at Sharp Lane after 1972 and 1 @,@ 300 houses were built at Leeds New Forest Village after 2005 .
= = Governance = =
Middleton was a township and chapelry dependent on Holy Trinity Church in the ancient parish of Rothwell in the wapentake of Agbrigg and Morley in the West Riding of Yorkshire . It became an ecclesiastical parish after 1849 . Between 1866 and 1920 it was a civil parish . Middleton was part of the Great Preston Gilbert Union from 1809 until 1862 which provided a workhouse and poor relief for the parishes within its jurisdiction . The Gilbert unions were exempt from the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 but disbanded in 1862 and after that Middleton became part of the Kirkstall Poor Law Union until 1869 when it joined the Hunslet Poor Law Union until 1920 , the same year it was incorporated into the City of Leeds .
Middleton is in the Middleton Park electoral ward and after the 2012 council elections , is represented on Leeds City Council by three Labour councillors .
The Middleton Park ward is in the Leeds Central parliamentary constituency . At the 2010 UK general election the seat was held by Hilary Benn who represents the Labour Party with 49 @.@ 3 % of the vote .
= = Geography = =
Middleton is 4 miles ( 6 km ) south of Leeds city centre and 165 miles ( 266 km ) north north @-@ west of London . It is situated on a hill and occupies most of a plateau which falls away sharply to the west ( towards Dewsbury Road ) and in the park to the north of Town Street from where there are extensive views towards the city centre . A height 140 metres ( 459 ft ) AOD is reached at the western end of Town Street and within the park are two steep @-@ sided valleys with small streams separated by a tongue of land , which meet at 60 metres ( 197 ft ) AOD , its lowest point . The underlying geology is the coal measures and a bed of fireclay . Several coal seams outcrop in Middleton Park and between them are sandstones and shales .
The township covered about 1700 acres , of which 450 are woodland known as Middleton Woods and contain the largest area of ancient woodland remaining in Leeds . The old village was a ribbon development along Town Street which runs west @-@ east along a ridge and Middleton housing estate occupies flattish land to the south . The high point of Middleton is by the water tower at the western end of Town Street . Middleton is in an area surrounded by three motorways , the M62 motorway to the south , the M1 to the east and the M621 to the north .
= = Demography = =
In 2010 , the Middleton Park ward which includes Belle Isle , had 27 @,@ 487 inhabitants of which 52 @.@ 2 % were female and 47 @.@ 8 % male . 21 @.@ 5 % of the residents were aged 15 or under compared with an England average of 18 @.@ 7 % . Life expectancy for males and females at 76 @.@ 57 years is more than three years less than the 79 @.@ 91 years for the rest of Leeds . In 2001 , most residents , 96 @.@ 3 % , identified as white British with 71 @.@ 6 % identifying as Christian and over 18 % having no religion . Most houses are in the lowest @-@ rated Council Tax bands A and B. In April 2012 , 1493 people were claiming Jobseekers Allowance which at 8 @.@ 3 % was nearly double the Leeds ' average . Middleton Park ward contained 10 @,@ 649 households in 2001 . There were 1 @,@ 201 households with dependent children and no adult in employment . Of the 1 @,@ 410 of lone @-@ parent households with dependent children , most were women ( 1 @,@ 307 ) and most had no job . Male lone @-@ parents numbered 95 of which 39 were in full @-@ time employment . Nearly half the households , 5 @,@ 170 , had no car or van .
While all recorded crime was below the Leeds ' average , criminal damage was substantially higher and nearly twice the England average . Most crimes committed in the area are violent or sexual offences , anti @-@ social behaviour , criminal damage or arson .
= = = Population change = = =
= = Economy = =
After the closure of the largest employer in the area , Broom Pit , in 1968 , a process of decline set in . Middleton is now primarily residential with areas of multiple deprivation and as a consequence , the Middleton Regeneration Board was set up to address concerns including reducing unemployment over a ten @-@ year period .
Facilities in the area include the St Georges Centre , a multi @-@ use building that houses health services including a minor injuries unit and drop @-@ in centre , a library , and a neighbourhood housing office .
Middleton has two main shopping areas , at Middleton Park Circus and the Middleton District Shopping Centre . At Middleton Park Circus there is an Aldi supermarket ( opened in Spring 2014 on the site of the former Middleton Arms pub ) , a Sainsburys Local supermarket , Boots chemist , a Post Office and several independent traders . Also in Spring 2014 ,
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A manuscript score by Franz Hauser , dating from c . 1820 – 1839 , is held by the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz . It bears a comment on page 178 : " Nach den auf der Thomasschule befindlichen / Original / : Autograph : / Stimmen in Partitur gebracht . / Lp. d 16 . Oct. 33 . / fHauser " ( After the original autograph parts in the Thomasschule , rendered in a score , Leipzig , 16 October 1833 ) .
The cantata was first published in 1851 as No. 4 in the first volume of the Bach @-@ Gesellschaft Ausgabe ( BGA ) , edited by Moritz Hauptmann . Half a century later a vocal score of the cantata appeared in Novello 's Original Octavo Edition , under the title Christ Lay in Death 's Dark Prison . The piano reduction was by John E. West , and the translation of the cantata 's text by Paul England . In 1905 this vocal score was republished in the United States by H. W. Gray . Henry S. Drinker 's translation Christ lay by death enshrouded appeared in a score edited by Arnold Schering and published by Eulenburg in 1932 . In 1967 Schering 's score edition was republished by W. W. Norton with an extended introduction and bibliography by Gerhard Herz . Breitkopf & Härtel , the publisher of the BGA , produced various editions of the cantata separately , for instance in 1968 a vocal score with Arno Schönstedt 's piano reduction and Charles Sanford Terry 's translation ( Christ lay in Death 's grim prison ) .
The New Bach Edition ( Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe , NBA ) published the score in 1985 , edited by Alfred Dürr , with the critical commentary published the next year . In 1995 Carus produced a revised edition of Hänssler 's 1981 Christ lag in Todesbanden , edited by Reinhold Kubik . Both the Hänssler and the Carus edition contained Jean Lunn 's Christ lay in death 's cold prison translation . Carus followed the NBA 's ... in Todes Banden spelling for the German title . In 2007 Carus republished their score edition with an introduction by Hans @-@ Joachim Schulze . Bach @-@ digital.de published high @-@ resolution facsimile images of the manuscript parts from the first quarter of the 18th century ( partly in Bach 's handwriting ) , and of an early 19th @-@ century score manuscript derived from these performance parts . Also in the 21st century , Serenissima Music published a vocal score of Christ lag in Todesbanden compatible with Kalmus ' performance material based on the BGA .
= = Selected recordings = =
Christ lag in Todes Banden was recorded early , and has been recorded often ; as of 2016 , the Bach @-@ Cantatas website lists 77 different complete recordings , the earliest dating from 1931 when Lluís Millet conducted the Orfeó Català in Francesc Pujol 's Catalan version of the cantata . The performance was recorded by La Voz de su Amo ( His Master 's Voice ) and appeared on three 78 rpm discs . It was recorded twice under the direction of Nadia Boulanger , a 1937 version recorded in Paris and a 1938 version recorded in Boston .
There are several recordings from the decades immediately after the war . Robert Shaw recorded the cantata in 1946 and again in 1959 . Günther Ramin conducted the Thomanerchor in 1950 , the anniversary of Bach 's death . The same year , Fritz Lehmann conducted the choir of the Musikhochschule Frankfurt with soloists Helmut Krebs and Dietrich Fischer @-@ Dieskau . Karl Richter and his Münchener Bach @-@ Chor first recorded it in 1958 .
Nikolaus Harnoncourt recorded Christ lag in Todes Banden in 1971 in a historically informed performance with original instruments and male singers ( the upper two parts are sung by boys and the countertenor Paul Esswood ) . This was at the start of the first project to record all Bach 's sacred cantatas , " J. S. Bach – Das Kantatenwerk " on Teldec . Christ lag in Todes Banden has since been included in the other " complete sets " , conducted by Rilling , Gardiner , Koopman , Leusink , and Suzuki ( details of these recordings are given in the table below ) .
The entries in the following sortable table are taken from the listings by Aryeh Oron on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Some recordings rely on choir without ( or with few ) solo voices . Choirs are roughly marked as large by red background to one voice per part ( OVPP ) by green background , orchestras from large ( red ) to period instruments in historically informed performances ( green ) .
= = Transcriptions = =
In 1926 Walter Rummel published a piano arrangement of the cantata 's fourth movement , " Jesus Christus , Gottes Sohn " . George Copeland recorded this transcription in 1938 ( re @-@ issued on CD 2001 ) , and Jonathan Plowright recorded it in 2005 .
After he had recorded his orchestration of the chorale prelude Christ lag in Todesbanden , BWV 718 , in 1931 , Leopold Stokowski recorded his arrangement for symphonic orchestra of BWV 4 's fourth movement in 1937 . As Chorale from the Easter cantata Christ lag in Todesbanden the arrangement 's score was copyrighted in 1950 and published by Broude Brothers . Later the arrangement was also recorded by José Serebrier and Robert Pikler .
= = Recent performances = =
In 2000 the cantata was performed at Eisenach , in the church where Bach was baptised , as part of the Monteverdi Choir 's Bach Cantata Pilgrimage ( the live recording was released in 2007 ) . The Monteverdi Choir also performed the cantata in 2013 in the Royal Albert Hall . This performance , which had audience participation , was part of a nine @-@ hour " Bach marathon " .
The cantata was successfully staged by English Touring Opera in 2012 . It was paired with the opera The Emperor of Atlantis and arranged by Iain Farrington for the same instrumental forces as the opera ( chamber ensemble including instruments not available to Bach such as saxophone ) .
= 11th New York Infantry =
The 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the Union Army in the early years of the American Civil War . The regiment was organized in New York City in May 1861 as a Zouave regiment , known for its unusual dress and drill style , by Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth , a personal friend of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln . Drawn from the ranks of the city 's many volunteer fire companies , the unit was known alternately as the Ellsworth Zouaves , First Fire Zouaves , First Regiment New York Zouaves , and U.S. National Guards .
The unit was among the first to occupy the territory of a Confederate state when it captured Alexandria , Virginia on May 24 , 1861 , less than 24 hours after the Commonwealth seceded from the Union . The regiment suffered extensive casualties during the First Battle of Bull Run during the fighting on Henry House Hill and while serving as the rear guard for the retreating Union Army .
The regiment would later be stationed near Hampton Roads during the Peninsula Campaign , but experienced little fighting . Sent back to New York City in May 1862 , the regiment was mustered out of service on June 2 , 1862 . There were several attempts to reorganize as a light infantry regiment through the summer of 1863 , and many new enlistees were involved in suppressing the New York Draft Riots but those efforts failed and the enlistees were transferred to the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment .
= = Organization and muster = =
On April 15 , 1861 , President Lincoln issued an Executive Order calling for 75 @,@ 000 ninety @-@ day enlistments to “ repossess the forts , places , and property which have been seized from the Union . ’ ’ That day , Lincoln wrote Ellsworth asking for his assistance in raising a regiment . Ellsworth had known the president well , from having assisted in organizing his campaign for the presidency in 1860 and received a commission to organize the 11th New York Infantry as a 90 @-@ day regiment . To the enlistees , a common yet often unknown stipulation included 90 days of service to the Federal government and up to two years of service to the state . This was not always communicated to the men who enlisted , including those of the 11th New York .
Ellsworth 's military knowledge came from a lifetime of studying military tactics , history , and manuals ; and later as colonel of Chicago 's National Guard Cadets . He never achieved his dream of attending West Point , as he could not gain the needed sponsorship . He was introduced to the famous French Zouaves through the teachings of his fencing instructor , Charles DeVillers , a former French Zouave . Ellsworth introduced this drill team to the flashy Zouave uniforms and drill that emulated French colonial troops in Algeria and turned the group , renamed the U.S. Zouave Cadets , into a national champion drill team . A national tour in 1860 brought Ellsworth to the attention of Abraham Lincoln , for whom the unit performed hundreds of military drill movements with their muskets and bayonets .
When a civil war seemed unavoidable , Ellsworth proceeded to New York City to recruit his own regiment from the city 's volunteer fire companies , stating : " I want the New York Firemen , for there are no more effective men in the country , and none with whom I can do so much . They are sleeping on a volcano at Washington and I want men who can go into a fight now . " Two days after his arrival , Ellsworth awarded officer commissions to several foremen of the volunteer fire companies and began recruiting in earnest .
Within four days , 2 @,@ 300 men had answered Ellsworth 's call . A selection of only the most desirable men cut that number to 1 @,@ 100 , which was considered a regiment 's full strength . When the state could not afford to supply the new troops , fundraisers were successful in raising $ 60 @,@ 000 for the regiment , enough to provide uniforms , several different models of Sharps rifles , and provisions .
News media covered the regiment 's formation :
More work has been done in six days than seemed possible . The men have been mustered into service ; the officers elected ; the uniforms made , and on Sunday afternoon eleven hundred as efficient and hardy soldiers as ever handled a gun , will start for the scene of rebellion . Col. Ellsworth arrived in this city on Thursday of last week . On Friday he called together a number of the principal men of the department . On Saturday he selected his officers . On Sunday he mustered one thousand men . On Monday he drilled them .
Like most Zouave regiments , the men of the 11th New York were fashioned in uniforms not typical of the standard ensemble of a Union soldier . During their service , the 11th New York wore two different style of uniforms , the first issued during the forming of the regiment and the second shortly before the Battle of Bull Run . The initial uniforms were purchased with funds donated by the Union Defense Committee . They were based on Ellsworth 's own design . The consisted of light gray jackets of a chasseur style , with dark blue and red trim along with gray trousers of a jeanscloth material with a blue stripe running down the seam , and tan leather leggings . Along with their gray uniforms , they wore red kepis with a blue band and also received a red fez with a blue tassel , military @-@ issue shirt and / or overshirts . Many Zouaves went off to war wearing the fire badge of their respective fire company . Contrary to modern art prints , the Fire Zouaves did not go off to war wearing fireman 's belts or paint mottos on their fezzes . The second uniform was issued when the first , not made of quality materials , fell apart on most men . This uniform was issued by the federal government , and to the disgust of the men , was not of the true Zouave style , but an American Zouave style . The new uniform had a dark blue Zouave jacket with red cuffs and red trimming with sky blue trimming inside the red . Blue fezzes with blue tassels were issued to provide greater flair to the uniform , as well as dark blue sashes , an issue of red overshirts ( not firemen 's shirts ) , and dark blue trousers . Before the First Battle of Bull Run , most of the Zouaves left their jackets in camp due to the July heat , however , they all retained their blue and red fezzes , and their red blue banded kepis . A number of havelocks were also issued to the regiment . Before the regiment departed from New York City on April 29 , 1861 , its members were reviewed by General John Adams Dix , Ambassador Cassius Marcellus Clay of Kentucky , as well as other notable members of the city and its fire department . Soon after , they marched through the streets escorted by 5 @,@ 000 firemen . Along the way , they received from the fire department a large white flag measuring 68 inches ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) by 54 inches ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) to serve as the regimental colors . The wife of John Jacob Astor II also presented the unit with a flag . Unbeknownst to the regiment , Washington D.C. had postponed their departure because they did not comply with army regulations . John E. Wool , commander of the Department of the East , knew of the postponement , but allowed the men to disembark , unaware the steamer Baltic carried no provisions . Quartermaster Arthur quickly purchased five @-@ day rations , by paying a higher price , and hired three tug boats to catch the steamer to deliver them . The Baltic arrived in Annapolis , Maryland where the men boarded a train to Washington , D.C ..
In Washington , men in the regiment broke into taverns , frightened women , swedged on meals and pursued imagined Confederates . They were returned to New York City and quartered in Battery Park . Their public antics and insubordination continued . Arthur had arrested any Fire Zouave found on the streets and jailed them on a steamer . When the number jailed reached 400 the steamer embarked to Hampton Roads where the men were banded with another regiment .
= = Early action = =
The regiment arrived in Washington , D.C. , on the evening of May 2 . There , they completed additional training and performed picket duty throughout the district . While quartered on the floor of the United States House of Representatives , the enlisted men took it upon themselves to set up a mock session , passing a law first abolishing the House of Representatives , then the Union and reconstituting both in a manner of their liking . The more embarrassing and lawbreaking actions by the regiment included the burning of fences , which resulted in a letter of reprimand from Brigadier General Joseph K. Mansfield along with six enlisted men being removed and sent back to New York . On May 7 , the 11th New York was officially sworn into Federal service by Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the East Front of the unfinished Capitol in the presence of Lincoln , his son Tad and personal secretary John Hay .
On May 9 , the regiment had an opportunity to apply their experience as firefighters when asked to help extinguish a blaze at the Willard Hotel . Upon receiving word from General Mansfield , commander of the Department of Washington , Ellsworth dispatched ten men from each company to attend to the fire . Soon however , the entire regiment responded to the blaze . With Ellsworth having more men on the scene than the Washington Fire Department , he claimed the fire chief 's trumpet and assumed command of the incident . When the fire was extinguished , Henry Willard , owner of the hotel , invited the regiment to breakfast and money was collected providing them with $ 500 .
After nine days quartered at the capitol , the men of the 11th New York were moved to the heights near the Insane Asylum to Camp Lincoln . This move would allow for easy transport across the Potomac and into Virginia when necessary . While just five miles ( 8 km ) from the capitol , the standard of living the men were used to had changed dramatically , as their usual foodstuffs were replaced with beef steak , dry bread , and coffee . Ellsworth wrote to his fiance that they had not had butter in a week .
When the Commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union on May 23 , the regiment was ordered to assist in the occupation of Arlington Heights and Alexandria , Virginia , directly across the Potomac River from Washington . On May 24 , the regiment boarded the steamers Baltimore and Mount Vernon and was transported across the Potomac , landing at the Alexandria wharves under the guard of the gunboat Pawnee . The 11th New York was one of eight to enter Virginia , and Ellsworth 's men met no resistance as they moved through the streets .
After landing , members of Company E under Captain Leveridge were sent to take the railroad station , while Ellsworth , Major Charles Loeser , Lieutenant H. J. Winser and several men from Company A set out to secure the telegraph office . On the way there , Ellsworth spotted a Confederate flag atop the Marshall House inn . It was the same flag Ellsworth had seen for weeks from the White House during his visits with Lincoln . Ellsworth 's group entered the inn and quickly cut down the flag , but they encountered the proprietor , James Jackson , as they descended the stairs . Jackson killed Ellsworth with a shotgun blast to the chest , and Cpl. Francis Brownell responded in kind by fatally shooting the innkeeper .
After the death of Ellsworth , Noah L. Farnham , the regiment 's lieutenant colonel , was the obvious choice to take command . He was reluctant , however , labeling it an " unwelcome responsibility " . His appointment was graded as temporary , he was not commissioned as the regiment 's colonel and remained at rank while in its command . Regardless , he was a popular choice both with the enlisted men and in New York . One enlisted wrote in a letter home , " We have great faith in Colonel Farnham , having known him long and intimately as one deserving the confidence and esteem of his associates , and fully deserving of the position that he now occupies . " Several of the officers recruited by Ellsworth , however , did not approve and caused a small controversy by resigning their commissions .
The regiment remained on guard duty in and around Alexandria until July 15 , 1861 , when orders were received attaching the regiment to Orlando B. Willcox 's brigade , of Samuel P. Heintzelman 's division , in Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell 's Army of Northeast Virginia . They were to march out the next morning . From July 16 to 21 , the regiment advanced to intercept Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard 's Confederate Army of the Potomac . Three of McDowell 's five divisions advanced towards Bull Run , outside the railroad junction at Manassas , Virginia . The 11th New York expected to first engage Confederates at Fairfax Court House on July 17 , only to find that they had pulled back towards Centreville , leaving Quaker Guns in their place . These movements were to precipitate the first large @-@ scale battle of the Civil War .
= = First Bull Run = =
The Zouaves ' first major combat experience occurred during the First Battle of Bull Run . On the morning of July 21 , Farnham 's men were awoken at 2 : 00 a.m. to begin their march to intercept the Confederate army . McDowell 's plan for the day was for divisions under Colonel Daniel Tyler and Brig. Gen. Heintzelman to cross Bull Run at Sudley Ford , expected to be only several miles north of their camp . Poor scouting by Union chief engineer John G. Barnard resulted in a 14 @-@ mile ( 23 km ) march for men entering battle that morning . During the march , lead units engaged skirmishers east of Sudley 's Ford with artillery in the early dawn . McDowell had divided his three divisions , sending Heintzelman to the north , sweeping down to cover the Union right , and thus his was the last division to engage . The other two divisions , under Tyler and David Hunter , engaged first on the Union left and center , at Matthews Hill . With those divisions facing heavy resistance , Heintzelman 's division with the 11th New York was called forward at the double @-@ quick . One observer commented that the 11th New York looked more like firemen randomly running to a fire than soldiers marching towards the front .
As the fight moved from Matthews Hill to Henry House Hill , the 11th New York fought beside the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment and a battalion of US Marines . These units were ordered to support two batteries of cannon on the Federal right flank led by Captains Charles Griffin and James B. Ricketts . The 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were directed into position at the top of Henry House Hill by Major William Farquhar Barry , McDowell 's chief of artillery , and ordered to assault the Confederate line . On the initial confrontation with the 33rd Virginia Infantry on the left of Confederate General Thomas J. " Stonewall " Jackson 's line , both the Union and Confederate forces were initially confused because the some of 11th New York were wearing several colors of shirts and the Virginians were clad in dark blue frock coats and dark blue trousers . The Virginians fired a volley that took down several men and the Zouaves and Marines broke and ran , but a few of the men remained .
As the 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were regrouping along the Manassas @-@ Sudley Road , they were encountered by Confederate Colonel J. E. B. Stuart and his 150 cavalrymen . Stuart mistook the New Yorkers for retreating Confederates in the smoke and quickly rode forward , shouting , “ Don ’ t run , boys ; we are here . ” But after seeing a color bearer passing with the United States flag , he realized his mistake . Stuart ordered a small band of " Black Horse " cavalry , led by R. Welby Carter and the men of his Loudoun Company , to charge from the right and strike the 11th 's rear guard . The 11th New York saw them coming and shifted formations to meet Carter 's men . The 11th 's volleys quickly killed eight of the riders and wounded nine with the rest escaping back into the woods ; the charge had little effect on the organization of Fire Zouaves . While repulsing the cavalry charge , Colonel Farnham was wounded , but remained on the field aided by Lt. Colonel John Cregier and Major Loeser .
By 2 : 00 p.m. , the 11th New York and 1st Minnesota were joined by the 14th Brooklyn Regiment and again took their place behind the Union guns . However , soon confusion again erupted on the battlefield in front of them . As the gunners confronted the blue @-@ clad 33rd Virginia , Major Barry ordered Ricketts to hold his fire , allowing the Virginians to charge the batteries and capture the guns . While the 14th Brooklyn was able to quickly retake the guns , the Union regiments supporting the cannon were unable to withstand the near constant barrage from Confederate artillery and infantry and fell back again to the Manassas @-@ Sudley Road . The 11th New York , the Irish 69th New York Militia and 14th Brooklyn would charge Henry Hill four times , first in an effort to retake Ricketts ' and Griffin 's cannon , but each attempt failed . In the wild melee , the 69th 's color bearers were killed and its colors lost , but an officer of the 11th , Captain John Wildey , was able to recapture the Irish color , and then handed it back to the grateful Irishmen .
When the order to withdraw from the field came later that evening from General McDowell , the 11th New York served as a rearguard . It was during this retreat that the regiment saw its heaviest casualties . Although accounts of the battle differ , most sources list 177 men lost at Bull Run , with 35 men killed , 74 wounded , and another 68 missing and presumed captured . Those that were taken prisoner were initially confined in Richmond . In September , they were transferred to Castle Pinckney , South Carolina , where they remained until they were paroled the following May .
= = After Bull Run = =
On August 12 , 1861 , the remaining members of the regiment were sent back to New York City to disband , in preparation to reorganize , obtain equipment and replacements . On September 14 , 1861 , after reorganizing , they were ordered by Governor Edwin D. Morgan , at the request of Secretary of War Simon Cameron , to return to Virginia with two days ' cooked rations . They were to be encamped at Fort Monroe on the tip of the Virginia Peninsula . Morgan must not have been quick to follow up with Cameron , as two days later Cameron sent him a cable pleading for an update , asking , " Did you send the Fire Zouaves to Fort Monroe , as indicated in your message of the 14th ? "
An entry from January 31 , 1862 , of the Official Records places the 11th New York as a unit of the Department of Virginia at Camp Butler under the command of Brig. Gen. Joseph Mansfield . On March 8 , 1862 , they watched from shore as the USS Monitor and CSS Virginia dueled off the coast of Hampton Roads . Two members of the regiment were detailed to the nearby USS Cumberland and manned its cannons until they were forced to abandon ship . With manpower further depleted as a result of injury and disease , the regiment was returned to New York City on May 7 . There , it was mustered out of service on June 2 , 1862 .
= = Draft Riots and disbanding = =
On May 18 , 1863 , Colonel James C. Burke received authority to reorganize the original regiment as a three @-@ years regiment to be known as the J. T. Brady Light Infantry . Burke was required to raise 250 men for the effort but failed . His authorization was revoked on June 7 and transferred to Colonel Henry F. O 'Brien . O 'Brien was required to raise 250 men by August 1 , 250 others by September 1 , and an additional 250 men by November 1 . These recruiting efforts were hampered by the draft riot in New York City of July 1863 .
As the 11th New York Regiment had experienced first hand , the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861 had taken a heavy toll on Union forces , including those from New York City . As the war dragged on , a military manpower shortage occurred in the Union and Congress passed the first conscription act in United States history on March 3 , 1863 , authorizing the President to draft male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 for a three @-@ year term of military service .
Initially intended to express anger at the draft , the protests deteriorated into " a virtual racial pogrom , with uncounted numbers of blacks murdered on the streets " . The conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool stated on July 16 , " Martial law ought to be proclaimed , but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it " .
States ' militias and Federal troops attached to the Army of the Potomac , including the newly reorganized 11th New York , were dispatched to quell the riots . Other regiments utilized included the 152nd New York , the 26th Michigan , the 27th Indiana and the 7th Regiment New York State Militia , which arrived from Frederick , Maryland after a forced march . In addition , New York governor Horatio Seymour sent the 74th and 65th regiments of the New York state militia , which had not been federalized , and a section of the 20th Artillery from Fort Schuyler in Throgs Neck . At the height of the violence , Colonel O 'Brien , the 11th Regiment 's commanding officer , was seized by the mob , beaten , and killed . In the wake of the riots , the reorganization produced few recruits and stalled . On October 1 , 1863 , the reorganization was discontinued and the men who had enlisted were transferred to the 17th Veteran Infantry Regiment .
= = Aftermath and legacy = =
During its limited but intense combat experience , the regiment saw 51 members killed , including three officers and 48 enlisted men . Among these was the regiment 's first commander , Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth , who was the first conspicuous casualty of the Civil War . Private Francis E. Brownell became the first soldier in the Civil War to be awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in killing Col. Ellsworth 's murderer .
Following Ellsworth 's death , Remember Ellsworth ! and Avenge Ellsworth became Union rallying cries . The 44th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was raised by the People 's Ellsworth Committee and were known as the " People 's Ellsworth Regiment " , or more commonly " Ellsworth 's Avengers " , under the command of Stephen W. Stryker , a former lieutenant in the 11th New York .
Apart from those who died of battle wounds , three officers and 12 enlisted men succumbed to disease , including its second colonel , Noah Farnham , who died as a result of his wounds sustained at Bull Run and a bout of typhoid . A total of 66 men of the 11th New York Infantry Regiment died in the course of the war .
In 1903 , the flag for which Ellsworth gave his life , taken down from the top of Marshal House , was presented to the War Department by its custodian , the Ellsworth Post , Grand Army of the Republic . The flag had been carried by the regiment throughout the war and afterward maintained at their post headquarters . It was added to the war flag collection in Cullum Memorial Hall at West Point .
Historian David Detzer has argued that the fame that surrounds the 11th New York is misplaced . During its time in service , the 11th New York Regiment saw little fighting compared to other well @-@ known regiments such as the 69th New York , 20th Maine , and 28th Massachusetts . The 11th New York was often overshadowed by the 73rd New York , also known as the Second Fire Zouaves , which fought at Antietam , Gettysburg , and Appomattox . In addition , Ellsworth failed to consider that the New York City fire companies from which his troops were drawn often competed against each other at blazes . The cohesion he sought in firefighters did not exist and would not be created when they joined the regiment . In that respect , 11th New York was no different than many regiments , North and South .
= = Gallery = =
= Battle of Gang Toi =
The Battle of Gang Toi ( 8 November 1965 ) was fought during the Vietnam War between Australian troops and the Viet Cong . The battle was one of the first engagements between the two forces during the war and occurred when A Company , 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 1 RAR ) struck a Viet Cong bunker system defended by Company 238 in the Gang Toi Hills , in northern Bien Hoa Province . It occurred during a major joint US @-@ Australian operation codenamed Operation Hump , involving the US 173rd Airborne Brigade , to which 1 RAR was attached . During the latter part of the operation an Australian rifle company clashed with an entrenched company @-@ sized Viet Cong force in well @-@ prepared defensive positions . Meanwhile , an American paratroop battalion was also heavily engaged in fighting on the other side of the Song Dong Nai .
The Australians were unable to concentrate sufficient combat power to launch an assault on the position and consequently they were forced to withdraw after a fierce engagement during which both sides suffered a number of casualties , reluctantly leaving behind two men who had been shot and could not be recovered due to heavy machine @-@ gun and rifle fire . Although they were most likely dead , a battalion @-@ attack to recover the missing soldiers was planned by the Australians for the next day , but this was cancelled by the American brigade commander due to rising casualties and the need to utilise all available helicopters for casualty evacuation . The bodies of the two missing Australian soldiers were subsequently recovered more than 40 years later , and were finally returned to Australia for burial .
= = Background = =
= = = Military situation = = =
Although the initial American commitment to the war in Vietnam had been limited to advice and materiel support , by 1964 there were 21 @,@ 000 US advisors in South Vietnam . However , with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists , the South Vietnamese government faltering , and Saigon threatened with a major offensive , the situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965 , with a large @-@ scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland . At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy , applied to the strictly limited role of base defence by US Marine units . This was abandoned in April 1965 , and replaced by a new " enclave strategy " of defending key coastal population centres and installations . This strategy required the introduction of nine additional US battalions , or 14 @,@ 000 troops , to bring the total in Vietnam to 13 . Allied nations of the Free World Military Forces were expected to contribute another four battalions .
Westmoreland planned to develop a series of defensive positions around Saigon before expanding operations to pacify the South Vietnamese countryside and as a result a number of sites close to Viet Cong dominated areas were subsequently chosen to be developed into semi @-@ permanent divisional @-@ level bases . Such areas included Di An which was intended to become the headquarters of the US 1st Infantry Division , while the US 25th Infantry Division would be based in the vicinity of Cu Chi . However , large @-@ scale military operations to clear the intended base areas had to wait until the dry season . Yet the allied enclave strategy proved only transitory and further setbacks led to additional troop increases to halt the losing trend . With the situation reaching a crisis point during the Viet Cong wet season offensive in June 1965 , Westmoreland requested further reinforcement and US and allied forces increased to 44 battalions which would be used to directly bolster the ARVN .
Australia 's growing involvement in Vietnam reflected the American build @-@ up . In 1963 , the Australian government had committed a small advisory team , known as the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam ( AATTV ) , to help train the South Vietnamese forces . However , in June 1965 the decision to commit ground troops was made , and the 1st Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment — originally commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Ivan ' Lou ' Brumfield — was dispatched . Supporting 1 RAR was the 1 Troop , A Squadron , 4th / 19th Prince of Wales 's Light Horse equipped with M113 armored personnel carriers , artillery from the 105th Field Battery , Royal Australian Artillery and 161st Battery , Royal New Zealand Artillery , and 161st Reconnaissance Flight operating Cessna 180s and Bell H @-@ 13 Sioux light observation helicopters ; in total 1 @,@ 400 personnel . The Australian units and New Zealand artillery were attached to the US 173rd Airborne Brigade under the command of Brigadier General Ellis W. Williamson in Bien Hoa and operated throughout the III Corps Tactical Zone ( III CTZ ) to help establish the Bien Hoa – Vung Tau enclave . Although logistics and resupply were primarily provided by the Americans , a small logistic unit — 1st Australian Logistics Company — was situated at Bien Hoa airbase . Unlike later Australian units that served in Vietnam , which included conscripts , 1 RAR was manned by regular personnel only .
Attached to US forces , 1 RAR was primarily employed in search and destroy operations using the newly developed doctrine of airmobile operations , utilising helicopters to insert light infantry and artillery into an area of operations , and to support them with aerial mobility , fire support , casualty evacuation , and resupply . The battalion commenced operations in late June 1965 and initially focussed on defeating the Viet Cong 's wet season offensive . During this time US 173rd Brigade , including 1 RAR , conducted a number of operations into War Zone D — a major communist base area at the junction of Phuoc Long , Long Khanh , Bien Hoa and Binh Duong provinces — as well as in the Iron Triangle in November .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Opposing forces = = =
By late @-@ 1965 the junction of the Song Be and Song Dong Nai rivers had become a major communist staging area for men , equipment , and supplies for units based around Saigon and the Mekong Delta . Communist communications and resupply routes between War Zone C and D also met the Ho Chi Minh Trail in this area . Westmoreland planned to use the US 173rd Airborne Brigade to keep the Viet Cong off balance and to target their base areas , and consequently a search @-@ and @-@ destroy operation codenamed " Operation Hump " was planned . Operation Hump marked the half @-@ way point in the twelve @-@ month tour of duty of the US 173rd Airborne Brigade and was named accordingly . The concept of operations envisioned 1 RAR and 1st Battalion , US 503rd Infantry Regiment being inserted by helicopter during an airmobile operation into War Zone D , in an area about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north @-@ east of the US airbase at Bien Hoa . The Australian and American area of operations ( AO ) was to be separated by the Song Dong Nai , with 1 RAR to deploy into a landing zone ( LZ ) to the south , while the US 1 / 503rd Battalion would conduct a helicopter assault onto a LZ northwest of the Song Dong Nai and Song Be . Meanwhile , the US 173rd Airborne Brigade 's second battalion — 2nd Battalion , US 503rd Infantry Regiment — would be left to defend Bien Hoa airbase .
The area was thought to be a Viet Cong stronghold and American intelligence initially identified Q762 Main Force Regiment and D800 Main Force Battalion as being nearby . However , unknown to the allied force , the Viet Cong 9th Division had likely received forewarning of the operation and had deployed one of its most experienced regiments , supported by a number of local force battalions , determined for a test of allied strength . The 271 VC Main Force Regiment ( also known as Q761 Main Force Regiment ) subsequently took up defensive positions in the area , while the communist U1 headquarters protected by Company 238 , was situated on the plateau atop the Gang Toi Hills in an area which formed part of 1 RAR 's objective . U1 was responsible for co @-@ ordinating the Viet Cong regional defence against the Bien Hoa air base and for developing anti @-@ government resistance and had been tasked with rebuilding the covert organisation in Bien Hoa city and the surrounding villages up to the Dong Nai , as well as re @-@ establishing the link between Bien Hoa city and War Zone D , and for planning and executing attacks against the air base itself . Yet having relocated to the rainforest two months earlier , its presence was also unknown to the Australians and Americans . Regardless , A Company 1 RAR was scheduled to conduct a search of the plateau on the fourth day of the operation .
= = Battle = =
= = = Insertion and patrolling , 5 – 7 November 1965 = = =
On 5 November 1 RAR began the routine search @-@ and @-@ destroy operation , inserting by helicopter south of the Song Dong Nai at 08 : 00 , while the US 1 / 503rd Battalion was inserted onto LZ King north @-@ west of the Song Dong Nai and Song Be rivers at 11 : 00 . The operation started badly for the Australians and Americans with the fly @-@ in delayed . Despite a lengthy preparation by fire , a large Viet Cong force had been observed in the vicinity of LZ Queen prior to the insertion of the lead Australian rifle company — D Company under the command of Captain Peter Rothwell . The escorting helicopter gunships began taking small arms fire as they attempted to provide suppressing fire and Rothwell made the decision to activate the alternate landing zone to the north @-@ east , LZ Princess . D Company was subsequently inserted safely and swept back to LZ Queen , securing it for the remainder of the battalion . By mid @-@ morning 1 RAR occupied LZ Queen , with the 105 mm L5 pack howitzers of 105 Field Battery also flying @-@ in to provide direct support . Augmenting the Australian gunners , the US 3 / 319 Artillery Battalion and 161st Battery , Royal New Zealand Artillery occupied FSB Ace 4 @,@ 000 metres ( 4 @,@ 400 yd ) further south .
The scheme of manoeuvre adopted by 1 RAR dictated that each company undertake a dispersed patrol program in their own tactical area of responsibility , a fact which would allow them to search more ground , but limit their ability to concentrate combat power in the event of contact . A Company , under Major John Healy , patrolled east ; B Company moved north along the Song Be to Xom Xoai , while D Company patrolled south . C Company remained at LZ Queen to protect 105 Field Battery which had established a fire support base ( FSB ) . Over the next two days the Australians patrolled relentlessly through the leech @-@ infested swamps and dense jungle . At midday on 6 November A Company received two mortar rounds which failed to do any damage , but marked the start of a series of minor clashes . A Company had a number of contacts during this time , with the Australians killing a Viet Cong scout for the loss of two wounded in one skirmish . A further contact soon after resulted in two more Viet Cong killed and one wounded . Intelligence gained from these incidents indicated the presence of a Viet Cong Main Force Regiment in the area , while documents recovered contained plans for attacks on ARVN outposts near Bien Hoa Airbase .
By nightfall on 7 November , despite the earlier contacts , no major actions had occurred in the Australian AO . With the rifle companies now several kilometres apart , A Company had patrolled into a network of well used roads and tracks that formed part of a branch of the Ho Chi Minh Trail . Healy 's men spent the night astride the tracks and would resume patrolling the following day along a track which led to Hill 82 . Meanwhile , although unknown to them at the time , the US 1 / 503rd Battalion across the Song Dong Nai had patrolled to within 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 2 @,@ 200 yd ) of a major Viet Cong bunker system sited on two spur lines in the vicinity of Hill 65 .
= = = Hill 82 , 8 November 1965 = = =
Brumfield arrived by helicopter on the morning of 8 November , just as A Company was preparing to depart from its night location at 08 : 00 . With contact now seeming unlikely to the Australians , Healy was instructed to move to a rendezvous from which the battalion would be extracted back to Bien Hoa the following day . A Company subsequently set out on a compass bearing which would take them across the northern edge of the Gang Toi plateau . By 10 : 30 the Australians moved out in single file but had not gone far before a lone Viet Cong scout was observed shadowing them ; he was subsequently shot and killed by the rear section . Crossing a creek line the Australians uncovered a company @-@ sized camp of dugouts and trenches , before being fired upon at 15 : 40 by a single Viet Cong soldier who then fled . A Company halted briefly , and at this time two Viet Cong approached their position , before being killed by 1 Platoon .
The Australians continued in single file towards the top of the plateau , with 1 Platoon — under Sergeant Gordon Peterson — leading , followed by 2 and then 3 Platoon . The going was slow in the dense jungle and visibility was limited . By 16 : 30 the lead section was nearing the top of the hill having gone just 250 metres ( 270 yd ) , while the last platoon — 3 Platoon — was still leaving the harbour . Suddenly , 1 Platoon was hit by heavy small arms fire from at least three Viet Cong machine @-@ guns in well @-@ sited bunkers , supported by rifles and grenades . The fire engulfed the lead section and platoon headquarters , causing five casualties in the opening minute . Pinned down , the Australians went to ground and began returning fire , allowing all except one of the wounded to crawl to safety . Private Richard Parker , who had fallen directly in front of the bunker system , was unable to be recovered . Failing to respond to the shouts of his comrades , Parker was exposed to further hits , although was probably already dead . To support the beleaguered platoon , Healy subsequently ordered the support section from company headquarters to move forward to provide covering fire , while 3 Platoon moved up on the left flank . However , due to the dispersed patrolling plan adopted , the remaining companies were unable to provide any assistance .
Still at the bottom of the hill , 3 Platoon — under Second Lieutenant Clive Williams — had just shot and killed two Viet Cong moving along the creek line . Reaching the top of the hill to the left of company headquarters , Williams turned to the right towards the Viet Cong positions . Moving into extended line on a 120 metres ( 130 yd ) front the Australians had advanced just 50 metres ( 55 yd ) before the left flank was engaged by a number of machine @-@ guns from another sector of the Viet Cong position . In danger of being outflanked , 3 Platoon continued to advance regardless , using fire and movement . Just 15 metres ( 16 yd ) from the bunkers Private Peter Gillson , the machine @-@ gunner in the forward section , was shot as he tried to move around the twisted roots of a tall tree . As he fell two Viet Cong rushed forward to take the M60 machine @-@ gun ; however , Gillson was still conscious and they were killed at point blank range before he collapsed . Williams radioed Healy of the increasing danger while his platoon sergeant — Sergeant Colin Fawcett — had crawled forward under heavy fire to Gillson , whose body was wedged in the buttress of a large tree . Unable to find a pulse , Fawcett attempted to extract Gillson , but was unable to do so due to heavy fire . Two other attempts to recover the body were also beaten back , and although unsuccessful , Fawcett was later awarded the Military Medal for his actions .
Taking heavy fire from both the front and flanks , Williams had little choice but to withdraw . With the Viet Cong moving rapidly to encircle them , and unable to move forward , the Australians had to fight using small arms fire and grenades to extract themselves back to company headquarters without further casualties . However , by this time the artillery was beginning to have an impact as A Company 's forward observer , Captain Bruce Murphy , a New Zealander , directed the fires . The Australians had unavoidably been placed in the worst possible position to their supporting artillery , with 105 Battery firing on a line directly towards them from their gun @-@ line 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) on the other side of the Gang Toi plateau . Consequently , Murphy was unable to observe the fall of shot , and had to walk the rounds onto target by sound . A slight miscalculation could have sent a round over the hill into the Australian positions , regardless , and despite persistent rifle and machine @-@ gun fire , Murphy calmly directed the artillery throughout the battle . For his skill and bravery he was later awarded the Military Cross .
By 18 : 30 , more than two hours since the fighting began , darkness was approaching . The battalion would be unable to concentrate against the Viet Cong position until the following day , and Healy subsequently made the decision to withdraw . With the artillery falling as close as possible , the weight of the indirect fires provided the Australians with a degree of protection and an opportunity to extricate themselves . Lieutenant Ian Guild 's 2 Platoon was subsequently moved into position to cover the withdrawal , and carrying their wounded the Australians successfully broke contact without suffering further losses . A Company initially moved to a landing zone 120 metres ( 130 yd ) below the ridgeline which had been cleared to allow the casualties to be evacuated , yet there were no helicopters available . As a result , the Australians had to look after their casualties until the following morning , and they proceeded further north to a night harbour as the area was pounded by artillery , aerial bombing and helicopter gunships .
Healy assessed that his company had encountered a force of at least company @-@ size . Later it became apparent that they had indeed contacted Company 238 which was tasked with protecting the U1 headquarters and to carry out operations in the Bien Hoa region . Throughout the day Viet Cong reconnaissance parties , perhaps including those that had been contacted intermittently , had observed the approaching Australian force on a line leading directly to the U1 headquarters . During the fighting the Viet Cong company commander — Nguyen Van Bao — had split his force into two , allocating one platoon to fight the advancing Australians , and the other two to protect the headquarters . Following the Australian withdrawal Van Bao had also withdrawn , pre @-@ empting the ensuing barrage , yet the U1 base remained in communist hands .
= = = Fighting across the Song Dong Nai = = =
Meanwhile , across the river in the American AO the US 1 / 503rd Battalion had uncovered a large Viet Cong bunker system and became involved in fierce fighting that had included desperate hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat , with both sides resorting to using bayonets . Throughout the morning the Australians had heard the increasing crescendo of firing as the battle raged ; however , as neither they nor the US 2 / 503rd Battalion had been called on to reinforce the US 1 / 503rd Battalion they had pressed on . The American paratroopers had contacted a well @-@ equipped Viet Cong Main Force regiment , complete with khaki uniforms , steel helmets and Soviet automatic weaponry and small arms . The fighting across the Song Dong Nai continued into the afternoon , before subsiding into sporadic sniper and small arms fire in the later afternoon and early evening . During the fighting , Specialist Lawrence Joel — a medic — distinguished himself tending to his wounded comrades while under heavy fire . He was subsequently awarded the Medal of Honor .
Brumfield demanded the right to return to Hill 82 in order to destroy the bunker system and to recover the bodies of Parker and Gillson , and he and Major John Essex @-@ Clark — the operations officer — began planning a battalion attack . However , with American casualties rising and all available helicopters required for casualty evacuation , the planned operation was cancelled . The thick jungle canopy compounded the issue , and Williamson decided to stage the casualties through an area secured by the Australians at LZ Princess . Operation Hump concluded on 9 November , with the US 1 / 503rd Battalion and 1 RAR being extracted by helicopter and returning to Bien Hoa in the late afternoon . Following 1 RAR 's return to Bien Hoa , Brumfield continued to petition for permission to conduct the operation . A battalion attack was subsequently planned for 14 November , but Williamson later deferred it dependent on the availability of air and helicopter support , and the start date of the upcoming Operation New Life . Ultimately it was never conducted .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Casualties = = =
The Battle of Gang Toi was the first set @-@ piece action between Australian and Viet Cong forces in the Vietnam War . Australian casualties included two missing ( presumed killed ) and six wounded , and despite the efforts of their comrades , the bodies of the Australian dead were unable to be recovered . Against these losses the Viet Cong had suffered at least six killed , one wounded and five captured . Confronted by an equal sized force , dug @-@ in in well @-@ prepared defences , the Australians had performed creditably enough even if they had been forced to withdraw , leaving the battlefield to the Viet Cong . Despite inflicting heavier casualties on the communists than they had suffered themselves , many of the Australians were depressed at having left two soldiers behind , and they longed for the opportunity to return to Gang Toi . In 2007 , more than 40 years after the fighting , an Australian Vietnam veteran — Jim Bourke , MG — and a team of volunteers successfully located the remains of both Parker and Gillson . They had been hastily buried together in a weapon pit the day after the battle by Viet Cong soldiers , and with the assistance of the Australian and Vietnamese governments they were subsequently returned to Australia for burial .
= = = Assessment = = =
Although A Company , 1 RAR had been mauled , the experience of the Australians at Gang Toi was relatively minor when compared to that of the Americans . During fierce fighting the US 1 / 503rd Battalion had suffered nearly a 100 casualties , including 40 killed and 51 wounded , while more than 400 Viet Cong were believed killed . American claims were later raised to over 700 killed when captured documents revealed the losses caused by artillery and air strikes . Yet it was questionable as to whether such battles of attrition would be viable , while equally the American battalion had taken casualties far beyond what would have been politically acceptable for 1 RAR . Indeed , their losses had been significant , and although claimed as a victory , the Americans had failed to secure the area even if the Viet Cong had temporarily surrendered control of the battlefield . Ultimately , the communists continued to use the Bien Hoa area as a major supply route for the rest of the war .
Brumfield considered Operation Hump to be the least successful operation in which the Australian battalion had participated , and he criticised it as being badly conceived from the start , and mounted with too little intelligence or prior reconnaissance . Indeed , from the initial landing zone being occupied by the Viet Cong , failures in the passage of information , the heavy losses suffered by the US 1 / 503rd Battalion and the subsequent difficulties with casualty evacuation , the operation had not run smoothly . The Australians were vengeful for their losses and wanted to return to collect their dead ; however , with 1 RAR absorbed into other operations the planned battalion attack on Hill 82 never occurred . Regardless , further operations followed in the months afterwards , with 1 RAR subsequently employed on Operation New Life in November and December , and later Operation Crimp in the Ho Bo Woods in January 1966 . Operation Hump was Brumfield 's last , with an old football injury forcing his evacuation to Australia in mid @-@ November . He was subsequently replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Alex Preece .
= = = Subsequent operations = = =
At the strategic level the ARVN and the South Vietnamese government had both rallied after appearing on the verge of collapse and the communist threat against Saigon had subsided , yet additional troop increases were required if Westmoreland was to adopt a more offensive strategy , with US troop levels planned to rise from 210 @,@ 000 in January 1966 to 327 @,@ 000 by December 1966 . The Australian government increased its own commitment to the ground war in March 1966 , announcing the deployment of a two battalion brigade — the 1st Australian Task Force ( 1 ATF ) — with armour , aviation , engineer and artillery support ; in total 4 @,@ 500 men . Additional Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) and the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) force elements would also be deployed and with all three services total Australian strength in Vietnam was planned to increase to 6 @,@ 300 personnel . 1
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arrows because there some had artificial wings attached . An illustration shows that fins were used to increase aerodynamic stability for the flight path of the rocket , which according to Jiao Yu could rise hundreds of feet before landing at the designated enemy target .
The Huolongjing also describes and illustrates the oldest known multistage rocket ; this was the " fire @-@ dragon issuing from the water " ( huo long chu shui ) , which was used mostly by the Chinese navy . It was a two @-@ stage rocket that had carrier or booster rockets that would automatically ignite a number of smaller rocket arrows that were shot out of the front end of the missile , which was shaped like a dragon 's head with an open mouth , before eventually burning out . This multistage rocket may be considered the ancestor of modern cluster munitions . Needham says that the written material and illustration of this rocket come from the oldest stratum of the Huolongjing , which can be dated to about 1300 @-@ 1350 from the book 's part 1 , chapter 3 , page 23 .
= = Historical perspective = =
Gunpowder warfare originated in medieval China and underwent technological advancement during the preceding dynasties ; however , its technological and methodical perfection occurred elsewhere . Although the inventions and writings of Jiao Yu and the Chinese " fire @-@ weapons " of his time revolutionised warfare in China , there was little Chinese innovation in gunpowder weapons during and after the 15th century . With no significant enemies , there was no need to advance gunpowder weaponry . In stark contrast , in the competitive European environment , failing to adopt and improve gunpowder technology meant conquest by your neighbours . When the Portuguese arrived in China in the early 16th century , they were mostly unimpressed with Chinese firearms in comparison to their own . With the progression of the earliest European arquebus to the matchlock and the wheellock , and the advent of the flintlock musket of the 17th century , they surpassed the level of earlier Chinese innovation . The Chinese of the late Ming Dynasty adopted the Ottoman Turkish matchlockman 's kneeling position and bought European firearms for their infantry musketeers . Illustrations of Ottoman and European riflemen with detailed illustrations of their weapons appeared in Zhao Shizhen 's book Shenqipu of 1598 .
The 16th @-@ century breech @-@ loading model entered China around the time that the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade came to China in 1517 and was eventually rejected . Portuguese and Chinese ships battled near Tuen Mun in 1521 and the Portuguese were repelled by the Ming Dynasty navy . These hostilities began when the Malacca Sultanate ( a tributary vassal loyal to the Ming ) was defeated and conquered by the Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque in 1511 , and in the process slaughtered a large community of Chinese merchants living there .
In 1523 , the Chinese navy captured two Western ships with Portuguese breech @-@ loading culverins aboard , which the Chinese called a folangji ( 佛郎機 ; meaning either a Frank or Frankish culverin ) . According to the Ming Shi , these cannons were presented to the Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong and their design was copied in 1529 . The Frankish culverin was first illustrated in China in a drawing in a Chinese book published in 1562 . However , according to earlier Ming records , it was the War Ministry official He Ru who first acquired these guns in 1522 , while copies of them were made by Yang San ( Pedro Yang ) and Dai Ming — Westernised Chinese in Beijing , . In an even earlier account of Wang Yangming ( 1472 – 1529 ) , the philosopher and governor of Jiangxi , he intended to use folangji cannons to suppress the rebellion of Prince Zhu Chenhao in 1519 . In any case , the arrival of the breech @-@ loading rifle and cannon into China signified the beginning of continual European influence upon Chinese firearms and artillery . Song Yingxing wrote in his encyclopedia of 1637 that both foreign and unique , native , gunpowder weapons were used :
Refined copper is used in the casting of Western @-@ ocean cannon , the Red @-@ hair barbarian cannon , and the French cannon . Equal amounts of refined and raw [ or blister ] copper are used in making such arms as signal guns and muskets . For making guns like Xiangyang , Zhankou , First General and Second General , iron is used .
= Andy Murray =
Andrew Barron " Andy " Murray , OBE ( born 15 May 1987 ) is a Scottish professional tennis player currently ranked world No. 2 in singles . Murray represents Great Britain in his sporting activities and is a three @-@ time Grand Slam tournament winner , Olympic champion and Davis Cup champion . His elder brother is former world No. 1 doubles player Jamie Murray .
Murray has reached at least the quarterfinals of all Grand Slam tournaments he has participated in since 2011 , with the exception of the 2015 US Open . He was first ranked as British No. 1 on 27 February 2006 . He achieved a top @-@ 10 ranking by the ATP for the first time on 16 April 2007 , and reached a career peak of world No. 2 on 17 August 2009 .
Murray is the 2012 Olympic Gold Medalist , having defeated Roger Federer to become the first British singles champion in over 100 years . He won a silver medal in the 2012 mixed doubles with Laura Robson .
At the 2012 US Open , Murray became the first British player since 1977 , and the first British man since 1936 , to win a Grand Slam singles tournament , when he defeated Novak Djokovic in the final in five sets . This title made him the only British male to become a Grand Slam singles champion during the Open Era . On 7 July 2013 , Murray won the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , becoming the first British player to win a Wimbledon senior singles title since Virginia Wade in 1977 , and the first British man to win the Men 's Singles Championship since Fred Perry , 77 years previously .
He is the only male player to date to have won Olympic Gold and the US Open in the same calendar year , as well as the third man to hold the Gold Medal and two majors on different surfaces ( after Andre Agassi and Rafael Nadal ) . Subsequent to his success at the Olympics and Wimbledon , Murray was voted the 2013 BBC Sports Personality of the Year . In the 2016 Gentlemen 's Singles , Murray won his second Wimbledon title , beating Canadian Milos Raonic to become the first British man to win multiple Wimbledon singles titles since Fred Perry in 1935 .
Murray has been the runner @-@ up in eight other singles Grand Slam finals : the 2008 US Open , the 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 and 2016 Australian Opens , the 2012 Wimbledon Championships , and the 2016 French Open losing three to Roger Federer and five to Novak Djokovic . He is the first man in the Open Era to achieve five runner @-@ up finishes at the Australian Open , after losing to Djokovic in the final of the 2016 Australian Open . In 2011 , Murray became only the seventh player in the Open Era to reach the semifinals of all four Grand Slam tournaments in one year .
After reaching the final of the 2016 French Open , Murray became the tenth player in the Open Era to reach the final of all four Grand Slam events and is joint ninth on the list for finals reached . He is only the second British player ( after Fred Perry ) of either sex to have reached the final of all four majors .
He featured in Great Britain 's Davis Cup winning team in 2015 , winning 11 matches ( 8 singles and 3 doubles ) as they secured their first Davis Cup title since 1936 . Murray was voted the 2015 BBC Sports Personality of the Year , while the Davis Cup team won the 2015 BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award . He has scored a total 34 wins and 7 losses with the British Davis Cup team .
= = Early and personal life = =
Murray was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the son of Judith " Judy " Murray ( née Erskine ) and William Murray . His maternal grandfather , Roy Erskine , was a professional footballer in the late 1950s . Murray is an avid supporter of Hibernian Football Club , the team his grandfather represented . Murray 's elder brother , Jamie , is also a professional tennis player , playing on the doubles circuit . Murray was born with a bipartite patella , where the kneecap remains as two separate bones instead of fusing together in early childhood , but was not diagnosed until the age of 16 . He is seen to hold his knee due to the pain caused by the condition and has pulled out of events because of it . Murray began playing tennis at the age of three when his mother Judy took him to play on the local courts . He played in his first competitive tournament at age five and by the time he was eight he was competing with adults in the Central District Tennis League .
Murray grew up in Dunblane and attended Dunblane Primary School . He and his brother were present during the 1996 Dunblane school massacre , when Thomas Hamilton killed 16 children and a teacher before shooting himself ; Murray took cover in a classroom . Murray says he was too young to understand what was happening and is reluctant to talk about it in interviews , but in his autobiography Hitting Back he states that he attended a youth group run by Hamilton , and that his mother gave Hamilton lifts in her car . Murray later attended Dunblane High School .
Murray 's parents split up when he was only 10 . He believes the impact this had on him could be the reason behind his competitive spirit . At 15 , he was asked to train with Rangers Football Club at their School of Excellence , but declined , opting to focus on his tennis career instead . He then decided to move to Barcelona , Spain . There he studied at the Schiller International School and trained on the clay courts of the Sánchez @-@ Casal Academy , coached by Pato Alvarez . Murray described this time as " a big sacrifice " . His parents had to find £ 40 @,@ 000 to pay for his 18 @-@ month stay there . While in Spain , he trained with Emilio Sánchez , formerly the world No. 1 doubles player .
In February 2013 , Murray bought Cromlix House for £ 1 @.@ 8 million which opened as a 15 @-@ room five @-@ star hotel in April 2014 . Later that month Murray was awarded Freedom of Stirling and received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Stirling in recognition of his services to tennis .
Murray began dating Kim Sears , daughter of player @-@ turned @-@ coach Nigel Sears , in 2005 . Their engagement was announced in November 2014 , and they married on 11 April 2015 at Dunblane Cathedral in his home town . The couple have a daughter , Sophia Olivia , born on 7 February 2016 .
= = Career = =
= = = Junior tennis = = =
Leon Smith , Murray 's tennis coach from 11 to 17 , described Murray as " unbelievably competitive " , while Murray attributes his abilities to the motivation gained from losing to his older brother Jamie . In 1999 , at the age of 12 , Murray won his age group at the Orange Bowl , a prestigious event for junior players .
In July 2003 , Murray started out on the Challenger and Futures circuit . In his first tournament , he reached the quarterfinals of the Manchester Challenger . In September , Murray won his first senior title by taking the Glasgow Futures event . He also reached the semifinals of the Edinburgh Futures event .
For the first six months of 2004 , Murray had a knee injury and couldn 't play .
In July 2004 , Murray played a Challenger event in Nottingham , where he lost to future Grand Slam finalist Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga in the second round . Murray then went on to win Futures events in Xàtiva and Rome .
In September 2004 , he won the Junior US Open and was selected for the Davis Cup World Group play @-@ off match against Austria later that month ; however , he was not selected to play . Later that year , he won BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year .
As a junior , Murray reached as high as No. 6 in the world in 2003 ( and No. 8 in doubles ) . In the 2004 @-@ instated combined rankings , Murray reached No. 2 in the world .
Junior Slam results : Australian Open : -
French Open : SF ( 2005 )
Wimbledon : 3R ( 2004 )
US Open : W ( 2004 )
= = = 2005 = = =
Murray began 2005 ranked world No. 407 , but when he was in South America in January , he hurt his back and had to take 3 months off .
In March , he became the youngest Briton to play in the Davis Cup . Murray turned professional in April and was given a wild card entry to a clay @-@ court tournament in Barcelona , the Open SEAT , where he lost in three sets to Jan Hernych . In April , Murray parted acrimoniously from his coach Pato Alvarez , complaining about his negative attitude . Murray then reached the semifinals of the boys ' French Open where he lost in straight sets to Marin Čilić .
Mark Petchey agreed to coach Murray for 4 weeks till the end of Wimbledon , but it metamorphosed into a full @-@ time position . Given a wild card to Queen 's , Murray progressed past Santiago Ventura in straight sets for his first ATP match win . Following a second round win against Taylor Dent , he played former Australian Open champion Thomas Johansson in the third round , losing in three sets after cramping and twisting his ankle . Following his performance at Queen 's , Murray received a wild card for Wimbledon . Ranked 312 , Murray became the first Scot in the Open Era to reach the third round of the men 's singles tournament at Wimbledon . In the third round , Murray lost to 2002 Wimbledon finalist David Nalbandian due to cramping and fatigue , having led by two sets to love .
Following Wimbledon , Murray won Challengers events on the hard courts of Aptos and Binghamton , New York . He then experienced his first Masters event at Cincinnati , where he beat Taylor Dent , before losing in three sets to world No. 4 , Marat Safin . With a wild card entry , Murray played Andrei Pavel in the opening round of the US Open , where he recovered from being down two sets to one to win his first five @-@ set match . However , he lost in the second round to Arnaud Clément in another five set contest . Murray was again selected for the Davis Cup match against Switzerland . He was picked for the opening singles rubbers , losing in straight sets to Stanislas Wawrinka . Murray made his first ATP final at the Thailand Open where he faced world No. 1 Roger Federer . Murray lost in straight sets .
Murray beat Tim Henman in their first meeting , at the Basel Swiss Indoors in the first round , and eventually reached the quarterfinals .
In November , Murray captained Scotland at the inaugural Aberdeen Cup against England led by Greg Rusedski . This was an exhibition tournament , and the only event where Murray played Rusedski , they never met on the Tour . Rusedski beat Murray in the first match , but Murray won the second . This was also the first time that Andy and his brother Jamie Murray played doubles as seniors . Scotland defeated England 4 ½ – 2 ½ . He completed the year ranked 64 and was named the 2005 BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year .
= = = 2006 : British No. 1 = = =
The 2006 season saw Murray compete on the full circuit for the first time and split with his coach Mark Petchey and team up with Brad Gilbert .
On 27 February , Murray became the British Number 1 , ending Tim Henman 's seven @-@ year run . Murray was now world No 42 , Greg Rusedski No 43 , and Tim Henman No 49 . Rusedski regained his British no 1 status on 15 May for eight weeks , after which Murray became no 1 again on 10 July .
Murray suffered a straight sets defeat at the Australian Open , to Argentine Juan Ignacio Chela in the first round and to Gaël Monfils at the French Open , in five sets . Murray did reach the fourth round for the first time at both Wimbledon and the US Open .
Murray played in Davis Cup ties against Serbia , Israel and Ukraine . Murray missed the opening singles matches before losing the doubles as Britain lost their tie against Serbia . During the tie with Israel , Murray won his rubber and lost the doubles before pulling out with a neck injury before the reverse singles , as Britain lost the tie . Against Ukraine , Murray won both his singles rubbers , but lost the doubles , as Britain won the tie .
At the Masters , Murray lost in the first round in Miami , Monte Carlo and Rome . Murray went out of the tournaments in Indian Wells and Hamburg in the second round . Murray reached his first Masters semifinal in Toronto at the Rogers Cup , losing to Richard Gasquet .
At Cincinnati , Murray became only one of two players , alongside Rafael Nadal , to defeat Roger Federer in 2006 , breaking the Swiss star 's 55 match winning streak on hard courts . He lost two rounds later to Andy Roddick , but broke into the top 20 for the first time . In the final two Masters events in Madrid and Paris , Murray exited both tournaments at the last @-@ 16 stage ending his season , with losses to Novak Djokovic and Dominik Hrbatý . When the tour reached San Jose , California ; Murray defeated a top ten player for the first time , Andy Roddick . Murray went on to claim the SAP Open title defeating world No. 11 Lleyton Hewitt . Murray was a finalist at the Legg Mason Tennis Classic . Playing doubles with his brother in Bangkok the pair reached the final . After the French Open , where Murray was injured again , he revealed that his bones hadn 't fully grown , causing him to suffer from cramps and back problems .
In November , the Aberdeen Cup was held for the second time , with Murray leading the Scotland team and Greg Rusedski captaining England . Scotland won 6 ½ – 1 .
= = = 2007 : World top 10 = = =
Murray reached the fourth round of the Australian Open , where he lost a five @-@ set match against world No. 2 , Rafael Nadal .
Following the Miami Masters , where he reached the semifinals , Murray became the world No. 10 on 16 April .
The British No. 1 sustained tendon damage during his first round match at the German Open in Hamburg . Murray was up 5 – 1 when he hit a forehand from the back of the court and snapped the tendons in his wrist , leaving him out of action from 15 May until 7 August , thereby missing Wimbledon . During this rest period , Murray rose to world No. 8 , but by 7 August , he had dropped to no 14 .
Murray suffered a third round loss at the US Open . At the Masters tournaments , Murray reached the semifinals of Indian Wells and Miami . At Rome and Cincinnati , Murray exited in the first round whilst going out in the second in Canada . In the final two masters tournaments , Murray exited in the third round in Madrid and he went out in the quarterfinals of Paris . Murray won titles in San Jose and St. Petersburg . He also reached the final of tournaments in Doha and Metz , finishing the season ranked 11th in the world .
In November , Murray split with his coach Brad Gilbert and added a team of experts along with Miles Maclagan , his main coach .
= = = 2008 : First Grand Slam final and first Masters titles = = =
In 2008 , Murray suffered a first round loss at the Australian Open to eventual runner @-@ up Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga , and a third round loss at the French Open to Nicolás Almagro . Murray then made his first Grand Slam quarterfinal at Wimbledon before making his first final at the US Open . During the tournament in New York , Murray claimed his first win over Nadal . That victory meant that he 'd become the first player from Britain since Greg Rusedski in 1997 to reach a major final . In his first Grand Slam final Murray suffered a straight sets loss to Federer . At the Beijing Olympics , Murray suffered one of the worst defeats of his career , losing his first round singles match to world No. 77 Yen @-@ hsun Lu of Taiwan in straight sets . That abject defeat was still on his mind in a BBC interview five years later – despite an intervening Olympic gold medal and a head @-@ to @-@ head win – when he met the same player ( now ranked 75 in the world ) in the 2nd round of Wimbledon 2013 .
In the Masters tournaments Murray went out in round four in Indian Wells and the first round of Miami . In the clay Masters Murray made the third round of Monte Carlo and Hamburg and the second of Rome . On the American hard court swing Murray made the semifinals of Toronto before winning his first Masters shield in Cincinnati . He added another shield to his collection in Madrid ; before losing in the quarterfinals of Paris . Now at No. 4 in the world , Murray qualified for the first time for the Masters Cup . He played well in defeating an injured Federer but lost to Davydenko in the semifinals . Murray ended 2008 ranked fourth in the world . Murray also won tournaments in Doha , Marseille and St Petersburg .
= = = 2009 : World No. 2 = = =
Murray opened the 2009 season with a successful defence of his title at the Qatar Open in Doha , defeating Andy Roddick in straight sets . At the Australian Open , Murray made it to the fourth round , losing to Fernando Verdasco . Murray won his eleventh career title in Rotterdam , defeating No. 1 , Nadal in the three sets . Murray next went to Dubai but withdrew before the quarterfinals with a re @-@ occurrence of a virus that had affected him at the Australian Open . The virus caused Murray to miss a Davis Cup tie in Glasgow . Murray then lost in the finals to Nadal at Indian Wells , but won a week later in Miami over Djokovic for another masters title .
In the lead @-@ up to the French Open , Murray beat world No. 9 , Nikolay Davydenko at the Monte Carlo Masters , the first time he had beaten a top ten player on clay , though he lost to Nadal in the semifinals . Murray was upset in round two of the Rome Masters by qualifier Juan Mónaco , and he reached the quarterfinals of the Madrid Masters , losing to Juan Martín del Potro . During this time Murray achieved the highest ever ranking of a British male in the Open Era when he became world No. 3 on 11 May 2009 . Murray reached the quarterfinals of the French Open , but was defeated by Fernando González in four sets .
Murray won for the first time on grass at Queen 's and became the first British winner of the tournament since 1938 . In the final Murray defeated American James Blake . At Wimbledon , against Stanislas Wawrinka , Murray 's fourth round match was the first match to be played entirely under Wimbledon 's retractable roof , also enabling it to be the latest finishing match ever at Wimbledon . However Murray lost a tight semifinal to Andy Roddick .
Murray returned to action in Montreal , defeating del Potro in three sets to take the title . After this victory , he overtook Nadal in the rankings and held the number two position until the start of the US Open . Murray followed the Masters win playing at the Cincinnati Masters , where he lost to Federer . At the US Open , Murray was hampered by a wrist injury and suffered a straight @-@ sets loss to Čilić . Murray won both his singles matches , and lost at doubles in the Davis Cup against Poland , but was then forced to miss six weeks with a wrist injury .
In November , Murray won at Valencia , but bowed out in round two of the Paris Masters . To end the season , Murray did not make it out of the round robin at the World Tour Finals in London .
= = = 2010 : Australian Open runner @-@ up and two Masters titles = = =
Murray and Laura Robson represented Britain at the Hopman Cup . The pair progressed to the final , where they were beaten by Spain . At the Australian Open Murray beat Nadal and Čilić before losing in the final to world No. 1 Roger Federer . At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells , Murray reached the quarterfinals , losing to Robin Söderling in straight sets . Murray next played at the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open , but lost his first match of the tournament to Mardy Fish , afterwards saying that his mind hadn 't been fully on tennis . At the Monte @-@ Carlo Rolex Masters , Murray suffered another first match loss , this time to Philipp Kohlschreiber . He entered the doubles competition with Ross Hutchins ; the duo lost to the Bryan Brothers on a champions tie @-@ breaker . Murray reached the third round in the Rome Masters , and the quarterfinals at the Madrid Masters , losing both times to David Ferrer .
After playing an exhibition match , Murray started the French Open with three tough wins , before losing in straight sets to Tomáš Berdych in the fourth round . In London , Murray progressed to the third round , where he faced Mardy Fish . At 3 – 3 in the final set with momentum going Murray 's way ( he had just come back from 3 – 0 down ) , the match was called off for bad light , leaving Murray fuming . Coming back the next day , Murray was edged out by the eventual finalist in a tie @-@ breaker for his second defeat by him in the year . At Wimbledon , Murray progressed to the semifinals , losing to Nadal in straight sets . On 27 July 2010 , Andy Murray and his coach Maclagan split , and Murray replaced him with Àlex Corretja .
Starting the US hard @-@ court season with the 2010 Farmers Classic , Murray reached the final but lost against Sam Querrey in three sets . This was his first loss to Querrey in five career meetings . In Canada , Murray became the first player since Andre Agassi in 1995 to defend the Canadian Masters . Murray defeated Nadal and then Federer in straight sets , ending his eight @-@ month title drought . At the Cincinnati Masters , Murray first complained about the speed of the court , and then in a quarterfinal match with Fish , Murray complained that the organisers refused to put the match on later in the day With temperatures reaching 33 ° C in the shade , Murray won the first set in a tie @-@ breaker but began to feel ill . The doctor was called on court to actively cool Murray down . Murray admitted after the match that he had considered retiring . He lost the second set , but forced a final @-@ set tie @-@ breaker , before Fish won . After losing to Stanislas Wawrinka in the third round of the US Open , questions about Murray 's conditioning arose , as he called the trainer out twice during the match .
His next event was the China Open in Beijing , where Murray reached the quarterfinals , losing to Ivan Ljubičić . Murray then won the Shanghai Rolex Masters dismissing Roger Federer in straight sets . He did not drop a single set throughout the event . Murray returned to Spain to defend his title at the Valencia Open 500 but lost in the second round to Juan Mónaco . However , in doubles , Murray partnered his brother Jamie Murray to the final , where they defeated Mahesh Bhupathi and Max Mirnyi . The victory was Murray 's first doubles title and the second time he had reached a final with his brother .
Murray reached the quarterfinals at the BNP Paribas Masters losing to Gaël Monfils in three sets . Combined with his exit and Söderling 's taking the title , Murray found himself pushed down a spot in the rankings , to No. 5 from No. 4 . At the Tour finals in London , Murray went 2 – 1 in round robin play before facing Nadal in the semifinal . They battled for over three hours , before Murray fell to the Spaniard in a final @-@ set tie @-@ breaker , bringing an end to his season .
= = = 2011 : Second Australian Open final and two Masters titles = = =
Murray and Laura Robson lost in the round @-@ robin stage 2011 Hopman Cup , losing all three ties even though Murray won all of his singles matches . Then Murray , along with other stars such as Federer , Nadal , and Djokovic , participated in the Rally for Relief event to help raise money for the flood victims in Queensland .
Seeded fifth in the 2011 Australian Open , Murray met former champion Novak Djokovic in the final and was defeated in straight sets . In Rotterdam , he was defeated by Marcos Baghdatis in the first round . Murray reached the semifinals of the doubles tournament with his brother Jamie . Murray lost to qualifiers in the first rounds at the Masters Series events in Indian Wells and Miami , after which he split with coach Àlex Corretja .
Murray returned to form at the Monte @-@ Carlo Rolex Masters , but lost to Nadal in the semifinals . Murray sustained an elbow injury before the match and subsequently withdrew from the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell due to the injury . Murray lost in the third round at the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open , but made it to the semifinals of the Rome Masters , where he lost to Novak Djokovic .
At the French Open , Murray won two tough early matches , before losing in his first semifinal at Roland Garros , against Rafael Nadal .
Murray defeated Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga to win his second Queen 's Club title . At Wimbledon , Murray lost in the semifinal to Nadal , despite taking the first set . At the Davis Cup tie between Great Britain and Luxembourg , Murray led the British team to victory . Murray was the two @-@ time defending 2011 Rogers Cup champion , but lost in the second round to South African Kevin Anderson . However , the following week , he won the 2011 Western & Southern Open after Novak Djokovic retired due to injury . At the 2011 US Open , Murray battled from two sets down to win a five @-@ set second @-@ round encounter with Robin Haase , but lost in the semifinals to Rafael Nadal in four sets .
Murray easily won the small 250 @-@ class Thailand Open , and the following week he won his third title in four tournaments at the Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships . His opponent in the final was Rafael Nadal , whom he beat for the first time in the year in three sets . Murray then won the doubles with his brother Jamie Murray , becoming the first person in the 2011 season to capture both singles and doubles titles at the same tournament . Murray then successfully defended his Shanghai Masters crown with a straight @-@ sets victory over David Ferrer in the final . At the ATP World Tour Finals , Murray lost to David Ferrer in straight sets and withdrew from the tournament after the loss with a groin pull . Murray ended the year as No. 4 in the world behind Djokovic , Nadal , and Federer .
= = = 2012 : US Open champion , Wimbledon runner @-@ up and Olympic gold = = =
With Ivan Lendl as his new full @-@ time coach , Murray began the season by playing in the 2012 Brisbane International . He overcame a slow start in his first two matches to win his 22nd title by beating Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final . In doubles , he lost in the quarterfinals against second seeds Jürgen Melzer and Philipp Petzschner in a tight match . After an exhibition tournament , Murray made it to the semifinals of the 2012 Australian Open , where he was defeated by Djokovic in a four @-@ hour @-@ and 50 @-@ minute match .
At the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships , Murray defeated Djokovic in the semifinals , but lost in the final to Roger Federer . After an early defeat at the BNP Paribas Open , Murray made the finals of the Miami Masters , losing to Djokovic . Murray then had quarterfinal losses at the Monte Carlo Masters and Barcelona Open , and a third round loss at the Italian Open . Murray battled back spasms all through the French Open , and in the quarterfinals he was beaten by David Ferrer .
Murray lost in the opening round of the Queen 's Club Championships to world No. 65 Nicolas Mahut . At Wimbledon , Murray set the record for the latest finish at the championships when he completed a four @-@ set victory over Marcos Baghdatis at 23 : 02 BST . Murray beat Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinal in four sets to become the first male British player to reach the final of Wimbledon since Bunny Austin in 1938 . In the final , he faced Federer , but after taking the first set , he lost the match in four sets .
Murray next competed at the London 2012 Summer Olympics in singles , doubles , and mixed doubles . He partnered his brother Jamie Murray in doubles and suffered a first @-@ round exit to Austria ( Jürgen Melzer and Alexander Peya ) in three sets . In the mixed doubles , Murray was partnered by Laura Robson . They made it all the way to the finals where they lost to the Belarusian top seeds ( Victoria Azarenka and Max Mirnyi ) in three sets , settling for the silver medal . In singles , Murray lost only one set on his way to the finals where he met Federer , defeating him in straight sets , for the loss of just 7 games . By winning the Olympic gold medal , Murray became the first British man to win the Olympic singles gold medal in tennis since Josiah Ritchie in 1908 , and only the 7th man in the open era to win two medals at the same Olympic Games . Murray retired early in the Rogers Cup due to a knee injury , and was beaten by unseeded Jérémy Chardy at the Cincinnati Masters in straight sets .
He next competed in the final major of the season at the US Open . He cruised through his opening two rounds in straight sets against Alex Bogomolov and Ivan Dodig , before facing a tough four @-@ set battle with Feliciano López , where Murray had to win three tie @-@ breakers . In the fourth round , he defeated the Canadian Milos Raonic in straight sets , and then in the quarterfinals , had to come from a set and two breaks down against Marin Čilić to prevail in four . In the semifinals , he defeated Tomáš Berdych in a long @-@ fought match that lasted almost four hours , to reach his second consecutive Grand Slam final . Murray defeated Djokovic in five sets , becoming the first British man to win a Grand Slam final since Fred Perry in 1936 , and the first Scottish @-@ born player to win a Grand Slam final since Harold Mahony in 1896 . The win would also set several records for Murray : it involved the longest tiebreak in US Open final history at 12 – 10 in the first set , it made Murray the first man ever to win an Olympic gold medal and the US Open in the same year , and it tied with the 1988 US Open final ( in which Murray 's coach Lendl competed ) as the longest final in the tournament 's history . By defeating Djokovic in the final , Murray achieved his 100th Grand Slam match win of his career . The victory made Murray part of the " Big Four " according to many pundits , including Novak Djokovic .
In his first tournament after the US Open , Murray reached the semifinals of the Rakuten Japan Open after entering as defending champion . He was beaten by Milos Raonic in a close three @-@ set match . He was defending champion in the doubles with his brother Jamie . However , they were knocked out in the quarterfinals by top seeds Leander Paes and Radek Štěpánek . At the penultimate Masters 1000 tournament of the year in Shanghai , after receiving a bye into round two , Murray 's first match was due to be played against Florian Mayer . However , Mayer had to pull out due to injury , giving Murray a walkover into round three . After beating Alexandr Dolgopolov in the third round , he then overcame Radek Štěpánek in a three @-@ set quarterfinal . Murray next faced Roger Federer in the semifinals , whom he defeated in straight sets to set up a second consecutive final against Djokovic , and his third consecutive Shanghai final . After failing to capitalise on five match points , Murray eventually lost in three sets , bringing to an end his 12 – 0 winning streak at the competition . When Nadal pulled out of both the Paris Masters and the Year @-@ End Championships , Murray finished the year at No. 3 in the world , after four years at No. 4 . This was the first time Murray had finished the year higher than No. 4 in the world . At the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Murray found himself voted third overall , ahead of Mo Farah . Murray won the World Breakthrough of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards .
Murray was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to tennis .
= = = 2013 : Wimbledon champion and third Australian Open final = = =
Murray began his 2013 season by retaining his Brisbane International title , defeating Grigor Dimitrov in the final in straight sets . Trying to win his second Major in a row , he began the 2013 Australian Open well with a straight sets victory over Dutchman Robin Haase . He followed this up with straight set victories over João Sousa , practice partner Ričardas Berankis and French No. 14 seed Gilles Simon . In the quarterfinals he cruised past Jérémy Chardy in straight sets to set up a semifinal clash with Roger Federer . After exchanging sets , Murray eventually prevailed in 5 sets , recording his first Grand Slam tournament triumph over Federer . With this victory , each member of the ATP 's most dominant quartet of the previous four years ( Federer , Nadal , Djokovic and Murray ) had beaten the other three at the Majors . This victory set up Murray 's third consecutive Major final appearance , and second in a row against Djokovic . After taking the first set in a tiebreak , Murray was eventually defeated in four sets . His defeat in this final meant that Murray became only the second man in the Open Era to achieve three runner @-@ up finishes at the Australian Open , the other being Stefan Edberg .
At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells , Murray lost at the quarterfinal stage to Juan Martín del Potro in three sets . At the Miami Masters , Murray made it through his first four matches without dropping a set , and after overcoming Richard Gasquet in the semifinals , faced David Ferrer in the final . After losing the first set , and facing match point in the decider at 5 – 6 , Murray eventually took the match in a third set tiebreaker to win his second Miami Masters title , and leapfrog Roger Federer into second place in the rankings , ending a near @-@ decade long time period in which neither Federer or Rafael Nadal were ranked in the top two . Murray briefly fell back to No. 3 in the world , following a third round defeat by Stanislas Wawrinka in Monte @-@ Carlo , but reclaimed the No. 2 ranking as a result of Federer failing to defend his title at the Mutua Madrid Open . Later , Murray lost at the quarterfinal stage to Tomáš Berdych in straight sets .
At the Rome Masters , Murray retired due to a hip injury during his second round match against Marcel Granollers on his 26th birthday . Murray had just battled back to tie the match at one set all after winning the second set on a tiebreak . This left Murray with only eleven days to be fit for the start of the French Open .
Speaking at a press conference after the match , Murray said , " As it is , I 'd be very surprised if I was playing in Paris . I need to make a plan as to what I do . I 'll chat with the guys tonight and make a plan for the next few days then make a decision on Paris after the next five days . " He would go on to withdraw from Roland Garros later , citing a back injury . After a four @-@ week break due to injury , Murray made his comeback at the 2013 Aegon Championships , where he was the top seed . After a rain delayed first day , Murray had to complete his second round match against Nicolas Mahut , and his subsequent match against Marinko Matosevic on the same day , both of which he won in straight sets . After beating Benjamin Becker in the quarterfinals , Murray next faced his first top ten opponent since losing to Tomáš Berdych in Madrid , taking on Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinals . After dropping the first set against the Frenchman , Murray eventually raised his level and won in three to set up a final against Marin Čilić of Croatia , his third consecutive final on grass courts . He came from behind again to beat Čilić in three sets to claim his third title at Queen 's Club .
Going into Wimbledon , Murray hadn 't lost a match on grass since the previous year 's final , and was on a winning streak of 11 matches on grass . In the first two rounds , Murray faced Benjamin Becker and Yen @-@ hsun Lu respectively , defeating both in straight sets . His third round match was against 32nd seed Tommy Robredo , and despite a tour comeback over the past year , Murray overcame the Spaniard in straight sets to set up a clash with Mikhail Youzhny , the highest seed left in Murray 's half following the unexpectedly early exits of Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal . Despite facing a fightback in the second set , Murray won in straight sets to make it through to his tenth consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal , in which he was to play Fernando Verdasco , the first left @-@ handed player Murray had faced since the 2012 US Open . For the seventh time in his career , Murray had to come back from a deficit of two sets to ultimately come through in five , setting up a semifinal clash with 24th seed Jerzy Janowicz , the Polish player who beat Murray in their previous encounter . After Murray failed to break Janowicz 's serve , the Pole took the opening set in the tiebreak , following a double fault from Murray . However Murray managed to up his level of play , and won the next three sets , making it through to his second consecutive Wimbledon final , and third consecutive major final against Novak Djokovic .
Despite the Serb being the favourite to win the title throughout the Championships , Murray overcame Djokovic in a straight sets match that lasted over three hours , to become the first British winner of the men 's singles title since Fred Perry in 1936 , the first Scot of either sex to win a Wimbledon singles title since Harold Mahony in 1896 , and to extend his winning streak on grass to 18 matches . With the win , he also became only the second man in the open era after Rafael Nadal to hold the Olympic singles gold medal and Wimbledon title simultaneously .
At the US Open , Murray entered a Grand Slam tournament as defending champion for the first time , and started strongly with a straight sets win against Michaël Llodra . He backed this up with wins over Leonardo Mayer , Florian Mayer and Denis Istomin to reach the quarterfinals at a major for the 11th straight tournament . In the last 8 , Murray faced Stanislas Wawrinka of Switzerland , but lost in straight sets , ending Murray 's streak of four consecutive major finals . Following his disappointing run of form on hard courts , Murray next joined the Great Britain Davis Cup team in their World Group Play @-@ off tie on clay against Croatia , where he played in two singles and the doubles rubbers . After defeating 16 @-@ year @-@ old Borna Ćorić in straight sets , Murray teamed up with Colin Fleming to defeat Croatian number 1 Ivan Dodig and Mate Pavić in the doubles , and take a 2 – 1 lead in the tie . Murray then sealed Britain 's return to the World Group by defeating Dodig in straight sets .
Following the Davis Cup , Murray 's season was cut short by his decision to undergo surgery , in order to sort out the
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, despite serving for the match . In doubles , he partnered Daniel Nestor , however they lost in the first round to the fourth seeds , Rohan Bopanna and Florin Mergea , also in three sets .
He bounced back from this defeat by winning the Montreal Masters Rogers Cup , defeating Tsonga and Nishikori in the quarterfinals and semifinals respectively . He then prevailed in the final against Djokovic in three sets . This broke his eight @-@ match , two @-@ year losing streak against Djokovic , his last win against him being in the finals of Wimbledon in 2013 . Winning the title , he also surpassed Federer in terms of ranking , becoming the world No. 2 for the first time in over two years . In doubles , he partnered Leander Paes and they won their first match against Chardy and Anderson , but were then defeated by Murray 's brother Jamie and John Peers in two sets – the first time the Murray brothers had competed against each other in a Tour @-@ level match .
In the second Master Series tournament of the US Hard Court season , the Cincinnati Masters , Murray defeated veteran Mardy Fish in the second round , and then beat both Grigor Dimitrov and Richard Gasquet in three @-@ set matches , having to come from a set down on both occasions , while Dimitrov had served for the match in the deciding set . In the semifinal , he lost to defending champion Roger Federer in straight sets , and after Federer went on to win the tournament , this result saw Murray return to the No. 3 ranking and seeding for the US Open . At the US Open , Murray beat Nick Kyrgios in four sets before beating Adrian Mannarino in five sets after being two sets down , equaling Federer for winning eight matches from two sets to love down . He then beat Thomaz Bellucci in straight sets but suffered a defeat in the fourth round to Kevin Anderson in four sets . This ended Murray 's five @-@ year run of 18 consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinals ( not counting his withdrawal from the 2013 French Open ) since his third round loss to Stan Wawrinka in the 2010 US Open .
Playing against Australia in the semifinals of the Davis Cup World Group in Glasgow , Murray won both his singles rubbers in straight sets , against Thanasi Kokkinakis and Bernard Tomic . He also partnered his brother Jamie , and they won in five sets against the pairing of Sam Groth and Lleyton Hewitt , the results guiding Great Britain to the Davis Cup final for the first time since 1978 with a 3 – 2 lead over Australia .
After losing in the semifinals of the Shanghai Masters to Djokovic in straight sets , Murray reached the finals of the Paris Masters for the lost of just one set , with victories against Borna Ćorić , David Goffin and David Ferrer . After a three set win over Richard Gasquet , he joined Novak Djokovic , Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal as the only players to reach the semifinals ( or better ) at all nine of the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments , and also ensured that he compiled his best match record in a single season . He then lost the final to Djokovic again in straight sets .
As the world No. 2 , Murray participated in the ATP World Tour Finals in London , and was drawn into the Ilie Năstase group with David Ferrer , Rafael Nadal and Stan Wawrinka . He went out in the round @-@ robin stage , after defeating Ferrer and losing to Nadal and Wawrinka . However , after Federer failed to win the tournament , he finished the season as world No. 2 for the first time .
In the Davis Cup final , Murray 's victory over Ruben Bemelmans in straight sets pulled Great Britain level in the final after Kyle Edmund had lost the first singles rubber in five sets , played on indoor clay courts at Ghent . He then partnered his brother Jamie in a four @-@ set victory over the pairing of Steve Darcis and David Goffin , before defeating Goffin again in the reverse singles on Sunday , thus ensuring a 3 – 1 victory for Great Britain , their first Davis Cup title since 1936 and their tenth overall . Murray also became only the third person since the current Davis Cup format was introduced to win all eight of his singles rubbers in a Davis Cup season , after John McEnroe and Mats Wilander .
= = = 2016 : Second Wimbledon title , Australian Open and Roland Garros Finals = = =
Murray began his 2016 season by playing in the Hopman Cup , pairing up with Heather Watson again . However , they finished second in their group after losing their tie to eventual champions Nick Kyrgios and Daria Gavrilova .
Murray played his first competitive tournament of 2016 at the Australian Open where he was aiming to win his first title there after four runner @-@ up finishes . He went on to reach his fifth Australian Open final with victories over Alexander Zverev , Sam Groth , João Sousa , Bernard Tomic , David Ferrer and Milos Raonic , dropping four sets along the way . However , in a rematch of the previous year final , he was unable to win his first title as he lost in the final to an in @-@ form Novak Djokovic ( who won a record @-@ equaling sixth title ) in straight sets . Murray then played at 2016 Davis Cup defeating Taro Daniel in straight sets and Kei Nishikori in five sets . Murray then competed at the first Masters 1000 of the year at the 2016 Indian Wells Masters He defeated Marcel Granollers in the second round in straight sets but had an early loss to Federico Delbonis in the third round . Murray then played at the 2016 Miami Open as the 2nd seed . He defeated Denis Istomin in the second round in straight sets but had another early loss , to 26th seed Grigor Dimitrov despite taking the first set .
Murray began his clay court season at the 2016 Monte @-@ Carlo Rolex Masters as the 2nd seed . Murray struggled in his second round match against Pierre @-@ Hugues Herbert but Murray came through in 3 sets . Murray struggled again in his third round match against 16th seed Benoît Paire as Murray was down a set and two breaks . Paire also served for the match in the third set but Murray still came through in 3 sets . Murray then defeated 10th seed Milos Raonic in straight sets in the quarterfinals . In the semifinals Murray lost to 5th seed and eventual champion Rafael Nadal despite winning the first set . Murray then played at the 2016 Mutua Madrid Open as the 2nd seed and the defending champion . Murray defeated qualifier Radek Štěpánek in three sets . He then proceeded to the semifinals after defeating 16th seed Gilles Simon and 8th seed Tomáš Berdych both in straight sets . In the semifinals Murray defeated Rafael Nadal in straight sets who Murray had lost to earlier in the year . In the final Murray lost to number 1 seed Novak Djokovic in three sets . This loss made Murray 's ranking go from 2 to 3 . Murray regained his number two ranking after he won the 2016 Internazionali BNL d 'Italia . He defeated Mikhail Kukushkin , Jérémy Chardy , 12th seed David Goffin , Lucas Pouille , and number 1 seed Novak Djokovic all in straight sets . This was his first win over Djokovic on clay and became the first British player since Virginia Wade in 1971 to win the title and the first British man since George Patrick Hughes in 1931 . Murray then moved on to the French Open where he struggled in the opening rounds coming through two five @-@ set matches against Radek Štěpánek and French wildcard Mathias Bourgue . He came through in straight sets against big servers Ivo Karlović and John Isner to reach the quarterfinals where he beat home favourite Richard Gasquet in four sets to set up a semifinal clash against defending champion Stanislas Wawrinka . Murray defeated Wawrinka in four sets to become the first British player since Bunny Austin in 1937 , to reach a French Open final . He was unable to win his maiden French Open final , losing to Novak Djokovic in four sets .
Murray started his grass season at the 2016 Aegon Championships as the 1st seed and the defending champion . Murray defeated Nicolas Mahut in straight sets despite facing a set point in the first set and three set points in the second set . He then defeated Aljaž Bedene in straight sets . He then had three set wins over Kyle Edmund and 5th seed Marin Čilić . In the final he was down a set and a break to 3rd seed Milos Raonic . Murray still managed to come back and win a record five Queen 's Club Championships . Murray then played at the third major of the year at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships as the 2nd seed . Murray had straight set wins over Liam Broady , Lu Yen @-@ hsun , John Millman , and Nick Kyrgios in the first four rounds . Murray then defeated 12th seed Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga in five sets in the quarterfinal and 10th seed Tomáš Berdych in straight sets to reach his third straight major final . In the final on 10 July , Murray defeated Canadian Milos Raonic in straight sets to win his second Wimbledon title and third Major title overall .
= = National representation = =
= = = Davis Cup = = =
= = = = 2005 = = = =
Murray made his Davis Cup debut for Great Britain in the Europe / Africa Zone Group 1 2nd Round against Israel in 2005 at 17 years of age , the youngest ever player for Great Britain . He teamed up with fellow debutant David Sherwood and came out victorious in the crucial doubles rubber against the experienced Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram , helping Britain advance 3 – 2 .
In September , Murray played his debut singles match for the Davis Cup in the World Group Play @-@ off against Switzerland in Geneva on clay with Greg Rusedski , Alan Mackin and David Sherwood . Captain Jeremy Bates surprised everyone by naming Andy Murray as the British No 1 and Alan Mackin as British No 2 . Under the Davis Cup rules , this meant that for Friday ’ s singles , Murray played the Swiss No 2 , Stan Wawrinka while Mackin played the Swiss No 1 , Roger Federer . Both of them lost their rubbers , giving Switzerland a 2 – 0 lead . Under the rules , for Sunday ’ s reverse singles , Bates would have been able to substitute Mackin with Greg Rusedski , so that Rusedski would play Wawrinka , while Murray played Federer . However , Bates believed that Federer was virtually unbeatable because he was on a winning streak and hadn ’ t lost since June , and consequently Britain gambled on beating Wawrinka twice , with Murray playing Wawrinka when he was freshest . In the doubles , Murray / Rusedski played Federer and Yves Allegro , leaving Rusedski to play only once . The British tactics came to nought as Switzerland won the doubles rubber as well , gaining un unassailable 3 – 0 lead after two the days . Alan Mackin and David Sherwood were consequently nominated for the dead singles rubbers losing both of them , resulting in a clean sweep for Switzerland .
= = = = 2006 = = = =
For the Europe / Africa Zone Group I tie against Serbia and Montenegro , Murray had been suffering with a bacterial infection , so he was restricted to playing the doubles alongside Greg Rusedski , which they lost . With Arvind Parmar also losing in the singles , Great Britain were beaten 3 – 2 .
In the same week as the relegation 1st round play @-@ off against Israel , Murray was officially entered for the ATP tournament in Indianapolis , sparking fears about his commitment . There was a controversial move by the Lawn Tennis Association to pay £ 500 @,@ 000 towards the cost of Murray 's next coach , Brad Gilbert as a way of securing Murray 's long @-@ term services for the Davis Cup team . In the event , Murray played , winning his first singles . However he lost the doubles with Jamie Delgado , during which Murray damaged his shoulder and neck . He was diagnosed with whiplash , causing him to sit out the final day ’ s singles , and eventually Great Britain were beaten 3 – 2 to proceed to the relegation 2nd round play @-@ off against Ukraine . With Murray and Greg Rusedski playing , Great Britain beat Ukraine 3 – 2 , to stay in Group I.
= = = = 2007 = = = =
In the tie against the Netherlands , Andy Murray and Tim Henman won the opening singles , then Jamie Murray and Greg Rusedski won the doubles to secure victory . Rusedski announced his retirement on the doubles court .
In the run up to World Group play @-@ off against Croatia , Tim Henman had announced he would retire after this match . Murray said " I 'm not going to want to let the team down or let Tim down , I 'd feel terrible if I was the one that was responsible for losing Tim 's last tie . This means a lot to me and it 's definitely going to be the biggest Davis Cup match of my career . " " Everyone is going to want to win for Tim . I 'm hoping the way I play will show him what his career meant to my development and me . " Great Britain beat Croatia 4 – 1 to qualify for the World Group in 2008 .
After the retirement of Tim Henman and Greg Rusedski , the Davis Cup team was now dependent on Murray having to win three matches , though Henman had told him how wearing and time consuming that can be . While the LTA was funding Brad Gilbert , Murray was obligated to play for his country , but in November , Murray finished with Brad Gilbert as his coach .
= = = = 2008 = = = =
Murray skipped the World Group 1st round tie against Argentina , over fears he could exacerbate a knee injury , leaving the British team in a hopeless situation – they lost 4 – 1 . Jamie was furious that Andy was letting them down and the Murrays would not speak to each other for two weeks . Seven months later , as the brothers prepared for the tie against Austria , Andy declared that he had healed the rift with Jamie . When Jamie Murray and Ross Hutchins were beaten in the doubles , John Lloyd suffered criticism for not playing Andy . Great Britain lost their World Group play @-@ off to Austria 3 – 2 and were relegated to Europe / Africa Zone Group I.
= = = = 2009 = = = =
Murray withdrew from the tie against Ukraine after failing to shake off a virus , and Great Britain lost 4 – 1 .
Murray suffered an injury to his left wrist at the US Open , and would have rested if his next event had not been the Davis Cup . At the Poland match , he won both his singles rubbers . For the doubles with Ross Hutchins , Murray began in the right @-@ hand court , the side usually occupied by the less dominant partner , so as to afford more protection to his troublesome left wrist than when striking double @-@ handed backhands from the left court . , though allowed his partner to resume his usual role in the second set . However , the pair succumbed to the world @-@ class Polish duo , and Poland won 3 – 2 ; Great Britain were relegated to Europe / Africa Zone Group II for the first time since 1996 . Murray had aggravated his wrist injury , so couldn 't play for another six weeks .
= = = = 2010 = = = =
Murray pulled out of the match against Lithuania , so younger players could gain more international experience , and to allow him to focus on trying to win Grand Slam titles . His absence was criticised by Davis Cup captain John Lloyd . The Lithuanian side entered the tie as underdogs ; fielding a team of teenagers , but Lithuania won 3 – 2 . This was the first time that Great Britain had lost five ties in a row and was described as a humiliating Davis Cup defeat for Great Britain . It led to the resignation of John Lloyd as Davis Cup captain , with Britain now threatened with relegation to the lowest tier of the competition .
= = = = 2011 = = = =
Murray returned for the Europe / Africa Zone Group II tie versus Luxembourg . He beat Laurent Bram , a tennis coach , 6 – 0 , 6 – 0 , 6 – 0 , the last time a Briton had achieved this score line in Davis Cup was Alan Mills defeating Josef Offenheim in 1959 , also against Luxembourg . Andy and Jamie Murray teamed up for the first time in Davis Cup doubles for a straight sets win . In his second singles match , Andy then recorded a third straight sets victory , over world No. 81 Gilles Müller , with Great Britain eventually winning 4 – 1 .
Three of Hungary 's top four players were not available for the Great Britain vs Hungary tie , so Murray defeated Sebo Kiss , a law student without a ranking , in his first singles rubber . Earlier , James Ward overcame sickness to beat the Hungarian No 1 , then Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins won the doubles , and Great Britain was promoted into Europe / Africa Zone Group I for the first time since 2009 .
Afterwards , Murray criticised the tournament schedule and cast doubt on his availability for next year ’ s Davis Cup .
= = = = 2013 = = = =
By 2013 , Great Britain 's other tennis players had earned the team a chance to return to the World Group . Murray was suffering a vulnerable back and intended to have surgery after the US Open . Murray revealed that the fear of being branded “ unpatriotic ” led him to delay the surgery until after the Davis Cup tie in Croatia in September , which jeopardised his place in the next Australian Open . With Croatia 's No 1 Marin Čilić absent for committing a doping offence , Murray won both his singles matches and the doubles with Colin Fleming , Great Britain eventually winning 4 – 1 , for their first victory on clay since Ukraine in 2006 , and returning to the World Group for the first time since 2008 .
= = = = 2014 = = = =
At the World Group first round tie against the United States in San Diego , Murray defeated Donald Young and James Ward unexpectedly beat Sam Querrey on the first day . On the last day , Murray beat Sam Querrey to put Great Britain into the quarterfinals of the Davis Cup for the first time since 1986 . Britain ’ s only previous victory on American soil was 111 years ago .
Murray had to recover from a virus to play in the Quarter Final tie against Italy in Naples after missing the Thursday draw ceremony . James Ward lost his rain delayed match , while Murray ’ s match against Andreas Seppi was halted on Friday evening due to fading light with the score at 6 – 4 , 5 – 5 to Murray . On Saturday morning , Murray finished his match , winning 6 – 4 , 7 – 5 , 6 – 3 . Two hours later , Murray partnered Colin Fleming to win the doubles rubber . Murray had only beaten one top ten player on clay , Nikolay Davydenko , back in 2009 , and was upset by Fabio Fognini , world No. 13 , in straight sets , which took Great Britain to the deciding final rubber . However , James Ward was defeated by Andreas Seppi , also in straight sets , knocking Great Britain out of the Davis Cup .
= = = = 2015 = = = =
Murray helped lead Great Britain to the final of the World Group for the first time since 1978 , winning both his singles rubbers in the matches against the USA , France and Australia . In the final , Murray defeated Belgium 's David Goffin to win the Davis Cup for Great Britain , 79 years after the national team 's last win .
= = = Olympics = = =
Murray represented Great Britain at his maiden Olympics in Beijing 2008 . He competed in the singles and doubles competitions . Despite being seeded sixth in the singles competition , he was eliminated in the first round by Chinese Taipei 's Yen @-@ hsun Lu . Along with his brother Jamie , he advanced to the second round of the doubles competition with a win over the Canadian pairing of Daniel Nestor and Frédéric Niemeyer . The Murray brothers were eliminated in the second round by France 's Arnaud Clément and Michael Llodra . In February , Murray pulled out of the Davis Cup tie against Argentina , because of a knee injury , so Argentina thrashed the under @-@ strength British team . Jamie Murray scathingly criticised Andy and they did not speak to each other for a fortnight . Their rift continued in the Olympic doubles , over a perceived lack of effort from Andy .
At the London 2012 Olympics , Murray competed in the singles , doubles ( partnering his brother Jamie ) and mixed doubles ( partnering Laura Robson ) . In the singles , he won the Gold Medal , including straight @-@ set victories over Novak Djokovic in the semifinals and Roger Federer in the final , four weeks after Federer had beaten him in on the same court in the Wimbledon final . He also won the silver medal in the mixed doubles , losing to the Belarusian pairing of Max Mirnyi and Victoria Azarenka .
= = Rivalries = =
= = = Murray vs. Djokovic = = =
Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray have met 34 times with Djokovic leading 24 – 10 . Djokovic leads 5 – 1 on clay , 19 – 7 on hard courts , and Murray leads 2 – 0 on grass . The two are almost exactly the same age , with Murray being only a week older than Djokovic . They went to training camp together , and Murray won the first match they ever played as teenagers . The pair have met 17 times in finals , with Djokovic leading 10 – 7 . Ten of the finals were at ATP Masters 1000 events , and they are tied at 5 – 5 . They have met in seven Major finals : The 2011 Australian Open , the 2012 US Open , the 2013 Australian Open , the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , the 2015 Australian Open , the 2016 Australian Open , and the 2016 French Open . Djokovic has won in Australia four times and their single French open final , Murray emerged as the victor at the US Open and Wimbledon . The former of Murray 's victories was the longest ever final at the US Open , tying with the 1988 final played between Ivan Lendl and Mats Wilander at 4 hours and 53 minutes , while the latter was notable for being the first home triumph in men 's singles at Wimbledon since 1936 .
They also played a nearly five @-@ hour long semifinal match in the 2012 Australian Open , which Djokovic won 7 – 5 in the fifth set after Murray led 2 sets to 1 . Murray and Djokovic met again in 2012 at the London 2012 Olympic Games , with Murray winning in straight sets . During the final of the 2012 Shanghai Masters , Murray held five championship points in the second set , however Djokovic saved each of them , forcing a deciding set . He eventually prevailed to win his first Shanghai Masters title , ending Murray 's 12 – 0 winning streak at the event . The three set matches they played in Rome and Shanghai in 2011 and 2012 respectively were voted the ATP World Tour Match of the Year for each respective season . Due to the tight competition between 2008 and 2013 , many saw this as the emerging rivalry . Djokovic went on to dominate the rivalry after the 2013 Wimbledon final , winning 13 of their last 15 matches . Their most recent meeting took place at the 2016 French Open final where Djokovic defeated Murray in four sets to win his first French Open title and complete the Career Grand Slam .
= = = Murray vs. Federer = = =
Andy Murray and Roger Federer have met 25 times with Federer leading 14 – 11 . Federer leads 12 – 10 on hard courts , 2 – 1 on grass , and they have never met on clay . After Federer won the first professional match they played , Murray dominated the first half of the rivalry , winning 8 of their first 13 matches from 2005 until 2010 . The second half of the rivalry has been dominated by Federer , who since won 9 of their last 12 matches from 2010 , and has lead their rivalry since the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals . Federer leads 5 – 3 in finals , having won each of their Grand Slam Final meetings at the 2008 US Open and 2010 Australian Open , both of which Federer won in straight sets , and the 2012 Wimbledon Championships , where Murray took the first set , but ended up losing in 4 sets . Murray leads 6 – 3 in ATP 1000 tournaments and 2 – 0 in finals . They have met five times at the ATP World Tour Finals , with Murray winning in Shanghai in 2008 and Federer coming out victorious in London in 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , and in 2014 .
In August 2012 , Murray met Federer in the final of the London 2012 Olympics at Wimbledon Centre Court , just four weeks after the 2012 Wimbledon Final , in which Federer had defeated Murray to win his record @-@ tying 7th title at the All @-@ England Club . Murray defeated Federer in straight sets to win the gold medal , denying Federer a Career Golden Slam . In 2013 Murray beat Federer for the first time in a Major in the semifinals of the Australian Open , prevailing in five sets after Federer had come back twice from a set down . Their last grand slam meeting was at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships semifinals , where a dominant Federer defeated Murray in straight sets , earning a place in his 10th Wimbledon final . Murray is one of only three players to have recorded 10 or more victories over Federer , the other two being Nadal and Djokovic . Their most recent meeting took place at the 2015 Cincinnati Masters semifinals , with Federer winning the match in two close sets , recording his fifth consecutive victory over Murray .
= = = Murray vs. Nadal = = =
Murray has played against Nadal on 24 occasions since 2007 , with Nadal leading 17 – 7 . Nadal leads 7 – 2 on clay , 3 – 0 on grass and 7 – 5 on hard courts . The pair regularly meet at Grand Slam level , with nine out of their twenty @-@ one meetings coming in slams , with Nadal leading 7 – 2 ( 3 – 0 at Wimbledon , 2 – 0 at the French Open , 1 – 1 at the Australian Open and 1 – 1 at the US Open ) . Eight of these nine appearances have been at quarterfinal and semifinal level . They have never met in a Slam final , however , Murray leads 3 – 1 in ATP finals , with Nadal winning at Indian Wells in 2009 and Murray winning in Rotterdam the same year , Tokyo in 2011 , and at Madrid in 2015 .
Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifinals to Nadal in 2011 from the French Open to the US Open . Of the past 20 Grand Slam drawsheets , they have been drawn in the same half 16 times . The pair had not met for three years since the final of the 2011 Japan Open until the quarterfinals of the 2014 Rome Masters , although they were scheduled to meet in the semifinal of the 2012 Miami Masters before Nadal withdrew with injury . At the semifinal stage of the 2014 French Open , Nadal triumphed in a dominant straight sets win for the loss of just 6 games . In one of their most recent meetings , Murray beat Nadal for the first time on clay , and the first time in a Masters 1000 final , at the Madrid Open in 2015 . Murray beat Nadal at the 2016 Mutual Madrid Open in the semifinals . Their most recent meeting took place at the 2016 Madrid Open semifinals with Murray winning the match in straight sets .
= = Playing style = =
Murray plays an all @-@ court game with an emphasis on defensive baseline play , and professional tennis coach Paul Annacone stated that Murray " may be the best counterpuncher on tour today . " His strengths include groundstrokes with low error rate , the ability to anticipate and react , and his transition from defence to offence with speed , which enables him to hit winners from defensive positions . His playing style has been likened to that of Miloslav Mečíř . Murray also has one of the best two @-@ handed backhands on the tour , with dynamic stroke execution while he primarily uses his forehand and a sliced backhand to let opponents play into his hands . Tim Henman has stated that Murray may now have the best lob in the game , succeeding Lleyton Hewitt . Murray 's tactics often involve passive exchanges from the baseline . He is capable of injecting sudden pace into his groundstrokes to surprise his opponents who are used to the slow rally . Murray is also one of the top returners in the game , often able to block back fast serves with his excellent reach and ability to anticipate . For this reason , Murray is rarely aced .
Murray is known for being one of the most intelligent tacticians on the court , often constructing points . Murray is most proficient on a fast surface , like grass , where he has won eight singles titles including the Wimbledon Championships and the 2012 Olympic Gold Medal . He has worked hard since 2008 on improving his clay court game , ultimately winning his first clay titles during 2015 at Munich and Madrid , as well as his first French Open final . While Murray 's serve is a major weapon for him , with his first serve reaching speeds of 130 mph or higher on some occasions and winning him many free points , it can become inconsistent when hit under pressure , especially with a more vulnerable and slower second serve . Since his 2011 season and Ivan Lendl 's coaching , he has worked to improve his consistency , second serve and mental game , resulting in a more offensive game .
= = Endorsements and equipment = =
In 2009 , German manufacturer Adidas and Murray signed a five @-@ year @-@ deal worth £ 30 million . This included wearing their range of tennis shoes . The contract with Adidas allowed Murray to keep his shirt sleeve sponsors Shiatzy Chen , Royal Bank of Scotland and Highland Spring . Before he was signed by Adidas in late 2009 , he wore Fred Perry apparel . At the end of their contract together Adidas decided not to re @-@ sign with Murray , and he began a 4 @-@ year partnership with athletic apparel company Under Armour in December 2014 , reportedly worth $ 25 million . Murray uses Head rackets , and regularly appears in advertisements for the brand . In June 2012 , the Swiss watch manufacturer Rado announced that Murray had signed a deal to wear their D @-@ Star 200 model .
= = Charitable work = =
Murray is a founding member of the Malaria No More UK Leadership Council and helped launch the charity in 2009 with David Beckham . Footage from the launch at Wembley Stadium can be seen on YouTube and the charity 's website . Murray also made ' Nets Needed ' , a short public service announcement , for the charity to help raise awareness and funds to help in the fight against malaria . Murray has also taken part in several charity tennis events , including the Rally for Relief events that took place prior to the start of the 2011 Australian Open .
In June 2013 , Murray teamed up with former British number 1 Tim Henman for a charity doubles match against Murray 's coach and eight @-@ time grand slam champion Ivan Lendl , and world No. 6 Tomáš Berdych at the Queen 's Club in London . The event named Rally Against Cancer was organised to raise money for Royal Marsden Cancer Charity after his best friend and fellow British player Ross Hutchins was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma . The event took place following the final day of competitive play at the AEGON Championships , on Sunday 16 June . Subsequently , following his victory at the tournament , Murray donated his entire prize money pot to The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity .
In June 2014 , following the death of Elena Baltacha , Murray featured in an event known as ' Rally for Bally ' . Murray played at Queen 's Club alongside Victoria Azarenka , Martina Hingis , Heather Watson and his brother Jamie . The event raised money for the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity and the Elena Baltacha Academy of Tennis . Children from Baltacha 's academy took to the court to play alongside Murray . As a result of his various charitable exploits , Murray was awarded the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year award for 2014 .
= = Image = =
= = = National identity = = =
Murray identifies himself as Scottish and British . His national identity has often been commented on by the media . While making a cameo appearance on the comedy show Outnumbered , Murray was asked whether he was British or Scottish , to which he responded " It depends if I 'm winning " . Much of the discussion about Murray 's national identity began prior to Wimbledon 2006 , when he was quoted as saying he would " support whoever England is playing " at the 2006 World Cup . English ex @-@ tennis player Tim Henman confirmed that the remarks had been made in jest and were only in response to Murray being teased by journalist Des Kelly and Henman about Scotland 's failure to qualify .
Murray initially refused to endorse either side of the debate in the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence , citing the abuse he had received after his comments in 2006 . Just before the referendum , Murray tweeted a message that was considered by the media to be supportive of independence . He received online abuse for expressing his opinion , including messages that were described as " vile " by Police Scotland ; one referred to the Dunblane massacre . A few days after the vote , in which a 55 % majority opposed Scottish independence , Murray said that he did not regret stating his view , but admitted that it was out of character and that he would concentrate on his tennis career in the future .
= = = Other = = =
In 2006 , there was uproar after a match with Kenneth Carlsen . Having been given a warning for racket abuse , he went on in the post @-@ match interview to state that he and Carlsen had " played like women " during the first set . Murray was booed for the remark , but explained later that the comment had been intended as a jocular response to what Svetlana Kuznetsova had said at the Hopman Cup . A few months later , Murray was fined for swearing at the umpire during a Davis Cup doubles rubber with the Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . Murray refused to shake hands with the umpire at the end of the match .
In 2007 , Murray suggested that tennis had a match @-@ fixing problem , stating that everyone knows it goes on , in the wake of the investigation surrounding Nikolay Davydenko . Both Davydenko and Rafael Nadal questioned his comments , but Murray responded that his words had been taken out of context .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Ranking = = =
= = = Grand Slam tournament performance timeline = = =
Finals : 11 ( 3 titles , 8 runner @-@ ups )
= = = Olympic Games = = =
= = = = Finals : 2 ( 1 gold medal , 1 silver medal ) = = = =
= = = = = Singles : 1 ( 1 – 0 ) = = = = =
= = = = = Mixed Doubles : 1 ( 0 – 1 ) = = = = =
= = = Records and achievements = = =
These records were attained in the Open Era .
Records in bold indicate peer @-@ less achievements .
Records in italics are currently active streaks .
= = Awards and honours = =
= Gilly Roach =
Gilbert " Gilly " Roach is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks , played by Anthony Quinlan . The character debuted on @-@ screen during the episode airing on 4 October 2005 . Gilly was created in 2005 by executive producer David Hanson . Gilly has often been portrayed as a push @-@ over and has a double act partnership with fellow character Rhys Ashworth . His main character traits have been his " nice attitude " , with Quinlan branding Gilly in his first five years as a " push @-@ over " . He has been labelled a loser and unlucky in love after failed relationships with Jessica Harris , Beth Clement , Cheryl Brady and Jem Costello . In 2009 , executive producer Lucy Alan made changes to the character and reached a mutual agreement with Quinlan to shave off his hair , which has characterised Gilly during his early years .
In 2010 he was paired with Steph Cunningham , who was later killed on @-@ screen after Stenson quit her role . This resulted in a long @-@ running storyline for Gilly in which he was seen taking a " dark journey " unable to cope with grief . Another big storyline for the character occurs in 2011 when Jacqui McQueen accuses him of rape ; the storyline subsequently received media attention . A fictional jury consisting of viewers is to decide if he is guilty or innocent . Other storylines have involved the effects of binge drinking , which was portrayed during an online spin @-@ off drama . Gilly has sometimes proved unpopular with television critics , with one branding him a " dampy drizzle of a character " . Quinlan has also been nominated for minor awards for his portrayal . In 2011 , it was announced that Quinlan would be leaving the serial to pursue other projects and would leave at the end of the rape storyline .
= = Character development = =
= = = Relationship with Beth Clement = = =
BBC America described Gilly on their official website stating : " His most endearing quality is his honesty and despite his countless flaws , what you see is what you get . He 's hardly a ladykiller but what he lacks in appearance he makes up for with charisma . " E4 publicity describe Gilly as fun @-@ loving and always trying to woo females but hardly manages to impress them and has also been described as unlucky @-@ in @-@ love after his failed relationships . Initially he failed to impress females and didn 't have much in common with them . Gilly has been portrayed as a strong supporter of Manchester City F.C. , it was this single thing that drew him and Beth Clement ( Sinéad Moynihan ) together . Gilly was later made a fool by Beth and his best friend Rhys Ashworth ( Andrew Moss ) after they continued an affair despite the fact they were siblings , they split , Beth subsequently died and due to Gilly 's forgiving personality he later forgave Rhys . Holy Soap opined that this was a stand out moment of the character 's duration . Another storyline showing his timid personality was when he was mugged by a group of teenagers and was left fearing for his safety and even let them pick on him on the streets . In a further twist Gilly was left feeling so ashamed of the attack he pretended it was adult attackers fearing what people would think of him .
= = = Binge drinking = = =
During a spin @-@ off series titled Hollyoaks : The Morning After The Night Before , Gilly and Josh Ashworth head to Manchester . The series explored the dangers of bringe drinking and was funded by the Home Office . This was the start of changes implemented to the character that would continue into the main series . During the spin @-@ off he was portrayed having negative experiences with excessive alcohol consumption , of this Quinlan said : " Gilly and Josh had a little fight over Ruby ( Nika McGuigan ) , so the character did change due to all the drink consumed . His mood changed further when he attempted to run after Josh after the scuffle , and fell down a set of stairs in the nightclub , losing some of his teeth . After the incident he couldn 't wait to get back home to the village . "
He then stated that he wanted viewers to learn from his character 's scenario and be responsible while drinking , stating : " It will make people think twice about binge drinking and make people aware of the consequences if you do . " When the character lost his teeth it made the character 's low confidence worsen , Quinlan made comment of this saying : " Gilly 's confidence was always low really - self @-@ confidence , self @-@ belief . But having no teeth isn 't good to look at - not a good look . It 's going to draw attention to him and not do him any favours . " To enable continuity the character was scripted a slight speech impediment , behind the scenes Quinlan had a special palette fitted , it was a real one fitted by real life dentists and paid for by the show , it would black the character 's front teeth and leave a chipped one at the side . Quinlan also revealed it was quite difficult to speak when wearing it , but praised it as being realistic to have some form of speech impediment having teeth knocked out . Talking of his character 's changes and lessons learnt during the special episodes Quinlan said : " I think Gilly 's learnt to chill out a little , not to follow the crowd and be a sheep . Everyone was drinking loads , he got caught up in it and he came out on the wrong side of it . So , I think there is a lesson learned there - Gilly will do his own thing and not drink as much . "
= = = Relationship with Steph Cunningham = = =
Gilly was later seen using his new look in attempt to get the affections of Steph Cunningham ( Carley Stenson ) . After failing he acted out of character and struck up a scam date with Cheryl Brady ( Bronagh Waugh ) to make Steph jealous but it back @-@ fired when his false tooth came loose in Cheryl 's mouth . He later has relationships with Cheryl and Jem Costello ( Helen Russell @-@ Clark ) . Another change implemented during this period was a dramatic change to the character 's appearance after new series producer Lucy Allan and Quinlan came to a mutual decision to transform his hairstyle by shaving it all off , a stark contrast as during his early years he was constantly seen with long hair .
After Gilly eventually starts a relationship with Steph , she is diagnosed with cervical cancer and initially keeps the news a secret from him . Stenson spoke of Steph 's reasoning stating : " With Gilly , she 's embarrassed and doesn 't want him to look after her . " Speaking of the storyline Quinlan stated during an interview with Inside Soap : " I think Gilly 's really gutted that he didn 't get together with Steph sooner - he wasted so much time with Cheryl and Jem , when really he was in love with her . " At one point Steph cancels her wedding to Gilly because he cannot accept she is dying , of this Quinlan states : " His denial is not helping her . She 's tying to take this in her stride and wants to spend quality time with the people she loves before she goes . She tells him he has to accept she 's going to die or the wedding is off. and she hands back her engagement ring . " Quinlan has also stated he was eager for the pair to marry because of the " tear jerking " scenes it would create . Steph is killed off during a special week of episodes dubbed " fire week " . The cast filmed many stunts themselves , and Quinlan filmed scenes in front of a burning set , and he stated he " was very manly about it " whilst filming a ladder rescue scene . Gilly 's immediate grief resulted in the characters name trending on Twitter , of this Quinlan stated : " So glad that the ep had the impact that was desired ! Buzzing Gilly is trended again ! " Gilly 's grief is made worse because of Steph making the decision to die prematurely . Conversing this Quinlan said : " He 's grieving - he just can 't understand why she took her life like that . " He added that Gilly 's grief turns to anger because he cannot get the answers to his questions . Quinlan opined that he wanted Gilly to take a different root stating : " I 'd like to see Gilly go down a bit of a different route because he ’ s been a bit of a push @-@ over in the past . I 'd like to see his character progress a bit more and I 'd like to see a side of him that we haven 't seen before . " Gilly 's grief then continued to get worse with Quinlan adding : " The poor guy 's heading off on a very dark journey that I 'm sure he 'll live to regret . " As Gilly is still so angry , at Steph 's funeral , the director of the episode asked Quinlan not to cry at all during the ceremony . Quinlan added " It was all so heartfelt , though , that I broke down for real a few times - and I think that 's going to come across in the final episode . "
= = = Sexual assault = = =
Gilly later finds himself attracted to Lynsey Nolan ( Karen Hassan ) ; he initially fears he is moving on to soon . Whilst interviewed by Inside Soap Quinlan describes the scenes in which they share their first kiss stating : " Gilly gets a new job at Look Sharpe as a personal trainer , and invites Lynsey for a free session , Lynsey 's looking pretty good when she turns up , so Gilly gets a bit sweaty and hot under the collar - and she ends up hopping into the tub and dragging Gilly in fully clothed ! " They later meet up and feel awkward because of Gilly 's grief for Steph , of this Quinlan adds : " They 're getting on well , but as soon as the word date is mentioned , it goes a bit wrong , nerves get the better of them and they have a huge row . " Off @-@ screen Quinlan was not happy with the fact Gilly is trying to move on quick , of this he states : " I thought it was a bit harsh , it feels like it 's a little too soon , doesn 't it ? We 'll just have to wait and see what the future holds for Gilly and Lynsey - but there 's no comparison to Steph ... "
In December 2010 Channel 4 released a press statement which revealed Jacqui McQueen ( Claire Cooper ) would cheat on Rhys with Gilly and that the night 's events would " change their lives forever " . It was later announced that the storyline would see Jacqui accusing Gilly of raping her . The storyline received much coverage in various tabloid newspapers who also branded it as a " shock plot " for the serial . None of the cast members involved in the storyline knew if Jacqui had actually been raped , of this Cooper states : ' They 're telling the same story but are looking at it from different angles . Just who to believe is a very grey area . It will split the village and the viewers . We don 't know what happened that night , We 've just been told that our characters each think they 're telling the truth . [ Anthony ] and I have talked about it a lot . I even read his scripts to try to work it out . The outcome will be a surprise for both of us.'
The storyline began to play out on @-@ screen in February 2011 , describing how it starts to develop and the effects it has on Gilly , a spokesperson for the serial told Inside Soap : " She runs into Gilly who 's also got relationship problems , . The drink starts to flow , and one thing leads to another ... Gilly consumed with guilt over sleeping with his best friend 's girlfriend , it doesn 't help that Jacqui leaves Gilly 's place while he 's asleep - and runs into Rhys . But after Gilly wakes up , he knows he has to tell his mate what he 's done . When Gilly confesses , Rhys is both furious and hurt , and lashes out violently . [ ... ] Once he 's confronted Gilly , he demands an explanation from Jacqui - and is stunned when she tells him she was actually raped , it 's absolutely devastating . " The storyline later takes another turn when Gilly confronts Jacqui in the village with everyone watching , leading everyone to doubt if he did commit the act or not .
It was later revealed that the details were left unclear because Lime Pictures had decided to leave the outcome of the rape trial to viewers . Viewers have been given the chance to apply for the fictional jury , consisting of a cross section of society , including non @-@ Hollyoaks viewers . They will be shown evidence from the case and then decide whether Gilly is guilty or innocent . Chief executive of Lime Pictures , Carolyn Reynolds stated : " We wanted to open up the thorny issue of how hard it is to be a juror and whether the court room is the best place to resolve some of these questions about rape . " The storyline was developed with the " St Mary 's Sexual Assault Referral Centre " and other charities . DCI Ben Snuggs , leader of Don 't Cross the Line campaign , explained : " This storyline represents an issue that we see all too often , involving whether consent is clear on the part of both parties involved in sexual activity , and particularly when alcohol and drugs are involved . "
In late 2011 , Quinlan announced his departure from Hollyoaks . The serial decided to write a conclusion to the rape storyline , airing in a special three @-@ hander episode centered on Gilly , Jacqui and Rhys which featured Gilly confessing to the rape as he knew Jacqui was not consenting when he raped her .
= = Storylines = =
Gilly is from Manchester . When the Ashworths move to Hollyoaks , Gilly decides to move with them . He sneaks into a Halloween party at HCC , Gilly kisses Jessica Harris ( Jennifer Biddall ) and assumes the role of her wannabe boyfriend . This leads to him pretending to be a philosophy student just to get close to her and finds a rival in Mark Jury ( Asier Newman ) , Jessica 's real boyfriend . The two battled for affections but Jessica could not decide between them and ended both relationships . Neville ( Jim Millea ) buys Drive ' n ' Buy and Gilly becomes an employee , mainly so he can become close to Sarah Barnes ( Loui Batley ) . The pair start going on dates , however , Sarah loses interest . Any chance of a relationship ends when Gilly reveals Rhys slept with her mother , Kathy Barnes ( Sarah Jane Buckley ) . Rhys becomes jealous over Gilly and Sarah and kicks him out of the home . Gilly moves into the student halls with ex @-@ girlfriend , Jess . After Gilly defends Zak after he is accused of stealing Zoë 's belongings , he and Rhys renew their friendship and he moves back into the Ashworths ' . Gilly finds out Rhys is an escort and decides to be one himself , unaware the job involves nothing sexual .
Rhys discovers Zak and Gilly are planning a strip show at nightclub The Loft . Rhys agrees to join , however , is replaced by Calvin Valentine ( Ricky Whittle ) . During the strip show , Rhys tries to chat up a girl , who is only interested in Gilly . Gilly meets a young woman named Molly Traverse ( Kate Deakin ) , whom he is put off by when she mentions marriage . During her battle with anorexia , Hannah Ashworth ( Emma Rigby ) and friend , Melissa Hurst ( Carla Chases ) , begin being horrible to Gilly . Hannah hits him , however , after returning from hospital , she apologises . After finding out his girlfriend Beth is his half @-@ sister , Rhys begins being jealous after she and Gilly grow close . Gilly and Beth grow closer and kiss . They start a relationship and agree to take it slowly . Gilly decides to become a lifeguard . Whilst cleaning up , Gilly sees boss , Simon Crosby ( Simon Lawson ) , leaving a cubicle with a crying child . Gilly automatically assumes he is a paedophile . Gilly breaks into Simon 's house and finds pictures of children in their swimwear , one of whom is Tom Cunningham ( Ellis Hollins ) . He also finds a boy 's room with a lock on the door . Gilly shows various residents the proof . Angry parents begin to gather outside Simon 's home and vandalise it by smashing the windows . Realsing his reputation is ruined , Simon attempts suicide . Simon 's wife Gemma Grosby ( Gemma Langford ) shows Gilly a picture of their son , who died . Gilly realises Simon is innocent and feels guilty .
Gilly goes backpacking around Thailand . At this time , Beth and Rhys rekindle their romance and start an affair . Guilty , Beth leaves with Gilly and they return later in 2008 . Gilly proposes to Beth , who agrees to make Rhys , who is in a relationship with Mercedes McQueen ( Jennifer Metcalfe ) , jealous . Michaela McQueen ( Hollie @-@ Jay Bowes ) catches Rhys and Beth kissing and tells Gilly , who refuses to believe . Later , Michaela tells Gilly to go home in an attempt to make him see the truth . Gilly does so and catches Rhys and Beth sleeping together . He begins to beat up Rhys and calls the police . Realising they face a prison sentence for incest , Rhys and Beth leave Hollyoaks , however , they are involved in a car crash which results in Beth 's death . After time away , Rhys returns and he and Gilly decide to make up .
Gilly meets Leila Roy ( Lena Kaur ) and the pair begin a relationship . The romance is short as Leila tells Gilly they cannot be together . Gilly is upset by the breakup . After a break of several months , Gilly returned . At the SU Bar , Gilly begins looking for a new girlfriend with Josh Ashworth ( Sonny Flood ) . A drunken Hannah then throws herself at Gilly and tries to kiss him . Gilly tells her he sees her as a sister . She then apologises . In Hollyoaks : The Morning After the Night Before , Gilly goes to Manchester to party with Josh . Josh and Gilly begin a fight which ends with Gilly losing his front teeth . After returning to the village , Gilly begins to develop feelings for Steph and is jealous towards her relationship with Fernando Fernandez ( Jeronimo Best ) .
Whilst at a boot camp trip with Steph and Fernando , Steph believes Gilly has feelings for Sarah , and is unaware his feelings are for her . During the trip , after Steph , Fernando and Gilly leave , Sarah is killed in a tragic parachute jump . Gilly writes a poem for Steph , and in it , offends Fernando . When Steph reads it she is angry at Gilly , who tells her it is Rhys who has the feelings for her . Fernando punches Rhys as Gilly convinces Steph he had nothing to do with the poem . In order to make Steph jealous , Gilly kisses Cheryl who is trying to make Calvin jealous . Despite using him , Cheryl develops true feelings for Gilly . Frankie Osborne ( Helen Pearson ) works out that Gilly is in love with Steph . However , Gilly denies it , saying that he loves Cheryl . Cheryl catches Gilly looking at an engagement ring , which Fernando has bought for Steph . She assumes the ring is for her and tells everyone in The Dog in the Pond that she and Gilly are getting married . Gilly reluctantly goes along , not wanting to hurt her feelings . Cheryl notices the growing closeness between Gilly and Steph and confronts him . On discovering he is in love with Steph , she breaks off their engagement , at the same time Steph and Fernando break up . Gilly goes travelling with Zoe and Mike Barnes ( Tony Hirst ) . Steph , after being told about Gilly 's feelings for her , rushes after him to admit her love just as Gilly leaves . Gilly returns on 5 March with his girlfriend Jem . Steph is upset when he proposes to Jem . Steph admits her feelings to Gilly , but he decides to stay with Jem . Rhys tells Jem that Gilly still loves Steph causing them to split up . Gilly and Steph finally confess their true feelings to each other and begin a relationship .
Steph is diagnosed with cervical cancer and does not tell Gilly , who later finds out from Cheryl . Gilly is angry at Steph for keeping this from him . Steph undergoes a hysterectomy to remove the cancer . However , doctors tell her and Gilly it failed . She is soon told her cancer is terminal . Gilly takes the news bad . The pair split up when Steph feels it is unfair on Gilly , but they get back together and start to plan their wedding . Gilly and Steph eventually get married beside the village river .
Gilly and Steph take a walk round the village on bonfire night where she finally admits she 's scared of dying , they have a heart to heart conversation where she realises she 's it is how she is going to die that scares her . When the pair see restaurant Il Gnosh on fire , Gilly rings for help whilst Steph runs into the burning building to save Amy Barnes ( Ashley Slanina @-@ Davies ) and her children . Gilly stands on a ladder outside and begs her to come out , however she tells him she 's ready to die and walks back into the flames . Gilly deals with his grief by becoming angry that Steph has ' left ' him . After Rhys tries to comfort him , Gilly goes into Steph 's room and trashes it after seeing that she has still kept her photo of her and Max Cunningham ( Matt Littler ) on their wedding day , placed on a table . Gilly argues with Steph 's family as they blame him for not saving her and disagree on the funeral arrangements . Frankie then tells him that Steph had never loved him and that Max would have done anything to save Steph from the fire , making him further deeply upset and angry . He starts drinking heavily , causing trouble on many occasions .
Gilly starts to date Lynsey , he initially thinks it is too soon after Steph 's death . He is shocked when she finds a lump and it halts their relationship . He sleeps with Jacqui when they get drunk , she tells Rhys he sexually assaulted her . She reports him to the police and Gilly faces trial . Steph 's family support Gilly however many villagers do not .
During the trial it is shown Gilly and Jacqui remember the same events very differently . The jury find Gilly not guilty however the events ruin Gilly and Rhys ' friendship as Rhys eventually believes Jacqui . Lynsey also takes Jacqui 's side . Gilly then goes to spend some time away from the village . He returns in September and is given a job at Chez Chez by Cheryl leading Rhys to quit before punching him .
Gilly moves in with Cheryl , and they begin to rekindle their romantic relationship . But when they try to become physically intimate , Gilly becomes overwhelmed with memories of the rape and cannot go through with sleeping with Cheryl . Later that night , he goes to Rhys ' and Jacqui 's flat , and in a three @-@ hander episode , the three of them discuss everything that 's happened and they all eventually come to the conclusion that Gilly did indeed rape Jacqui . Jacqui forgives him , and Gilly decides that he must leave the village . He confesses the rape to everyone in his life and says his goodbyes . Cheryl in particular is devastated by Gilly 's abrupt departure and begs for him to stay , but he refuses . Jacqui comforts Cheryl as she sobs on the steps outside her flat , while Gilly and Rhys share one final look goodbye before he leaves the village forever .
= = Reception = =
Quinlan was nominated for sexiest male at the 2010 Inside Soap Awards . He was also nominated in the category of " Best Serial Drama Performance " at the 2011 National Television Awards . That same year he was nominated in the category of " Best Actor " at the British Soap Awards . Ruth Deller of Lowculture has criticised Gilly , branding him as a poor character . Commenting on Steph 's death she stated : " No wonder that , gazing upon his face , she realised she was better off burning to death than enduring one more day staring at him . " She praised Paul Marquess ' cast cull of 2010 , but stated that Gilly is " still hanging around like that bit of dog mess you can ’ t get out of the grooves in your trainers . " She also opined : " A damp drizzle of a character , Gilly hasn ’ t worked as Rhys ’ s wide boy sidekick , hasn ’ t worked as a loved @-@ up hippy , hasn ’ t worked as a doting husband , doesn ’ t work on any level . " Also stating she wanted Hollyoaks serial killer Silas Blissett ( Jeff Rawle ) to kill him . Colin Robertson , writing for British tabloid newspaper The Sun brands Gilly a kind @-@ hearted type character .
Roz Laws writing for the Sunday Mercury felt there was " plenty of chemistry " present between Gilly and Steph . Their relationship was frequently commented on by the Daily Mail 's Jaci Stephen in her weekly soap column . She expressed disinterest in Steph and Cheryl 's rivalry over Gilly , and found it implausible that Jem and Steph would quarrel over him . When the two finally admitted their feelings for one another in May 2010 , Stephen accurately predicted that their happiness would be short @-@ lived . She bemoaned the lack of subtlety in the scripting of the lead @-@ up to their wedding , observing : " Of course , you know that the moment she says that nothing is going to stop her marrying Gilly , the Grim Reaper will be pulling up in his hearse , shortly behind the wedding car . "
= The Perks of Being a Wallflower =
The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a coming @-@ of @-@ age epistolary novel by American writer Stephen Chbosky which was first published on February 1 , 1999 by Pocket Books . Its narrator is an introverted teenager known as Charlie , who describes his experiences in a series of letters to an anonymous stranger . Set in the early 1990s , the novel follows Charlie through his freshman year of high school in a Pittsburgh suburb . Intelligent beyond his years , he is an unconventional thinker ; as the story begins , the reader learns that Charlie is also shy and unpopular .
Chbosky took five years to develop and publish The Perks of Being a Wallflower , creating the characters and other aspects of the story from his own memories . The novel addresses themes permeating adolescence , including introversion , sexuality , and drug use . Chbosky makes several references to other literary works , films , and pop culture in general .
Although Chbosky 's first book was a commercial success , it was banned in some American schools for its content and received mixed reviews from literary critics . In 2012 , he adapted and directed a film version starring Logan Lerman , Ezra Miller and Emma Watson . The film boosted the novel 's sales , and the book reached The New York Times Best Seller list .
= = Plot = =
The story begins with a quiet , sensitive , 15 @-@ year @-@ old boy named Charlie writing letters about his life to an unknown recipient . Charlie chooses that person because he said that he heard he was nice and thought that this person would not be judgmental . He discusses his first year at high school , grappling with two traumatic experiences from his past : the suicide of his only middle @-@ school friend , Michael , a year before , and the death of his favorite aunt , Helen , during his early childhood .
His English teacher , Mr. Anderson , notices Charlie 's passion for reading and writing , and acts as a mentor by assigning him extracurricular books and reports . Although he is a wallflower , Charlie is befriended by two seniors : Patrick and Sam . Patrick is secretly dating Brad , a closeted football player , and Sam is Patrick 's stepsister . Charlie quickly develops a crush on Sam and subsequently admits his feelings to her . It is revealed that Sam was sexually abused as a child , and she kisses Charlie to ensure that his first kiss is from someone who truly loves him .
In parallel , Charlie witnesses his sister 's boyfriend hit her across the face , but she forbids him from telling their parents . He eventually mentions the occurrence to Mr. Anderson , who tells Charlie 's parents about it . Charlie 's relationship with his sister rapidly deteriorates and she continues to see her boyfriend against her parents ' wishes . Eventually , he discovers that his sister is pregnant and agrees to bring her to an abortion clinic without telling anyone . His sister breaks up with her boyfriend , after which her and Charlie 's relationship begins to improve significantly .
Charlie is accepted by Sam and Patrick 's group of friends and begins experimenting with tobacco , alcohol and other drugs . As Charlie engages with his new friends he can control his flashbacks of Aunt Helen , who died in a car crash on her way to buy him a birthday gift . Eventually , Mary Elizabeth , a member of the group , invites Charlie to the school 's Sadie Hawkins dance and the two enter into a desultory relationship . During a game of Truth or Dare , when dared to kiss the prettiest girl in the room he kisses Sam ; Mary Elizabeth storms out , the rest of the group shuns him and Patrick suggests that Charlie stay away from Sam for a while . His flashbacks return .
Patrick and Brad 's relationship is discovered by Brad 's abusive father , and Brad disappears from school for a few days . Upon returning , Brad is cold and mean towards Patrick , while Patrick attempts to reconnect with him . However , when Brad derogatorily attacks Patrick 's sexuality in public , Patrick physically attacks Brad until other football players join in and gang up on Patrick . Charlie breaks up the fight , regaining the respect of Sam and her friends . Patrick begins spending much of his time with Charlie and Patrick kisses Charlie impulsively and then apologizes , but Charlie understands that he is recovering from his romance with Brad . Soon Patrick sees Brad engaging with a stranger in the park and Patrick is able to move on from the relationship .
As the school year ends , Charlie is anxious about losing his older friends — especially Sam , who is leaving for a summer college @-@ preparatory program and has learned that her boyfriend cheated on her . When Charlie helps her pack , they talk about his feelings for her ; she is angry that he never acted on them . They begin to engage sexually , but Charlie suddenly grows inexplicably uncomfortable and stops Sam . Charlie begins to realize that his sexual contact with Sam has stirred up repressed memories of having been molested by his aunt Helen as a child .
In an epilogue , Charlie is discovered by his parents in a catatonic state and does not show any movement despite being hit reluctantly by his father . After being admitted to a mental hospital , it emerges that Helen sexually abused him when he was young , and his love for her ( and empathy for her troubled youth ) caused him to repress his traumatic memories . This psychological damage explains his flashbacks and derealization phases throughout the book . In two months Charlie is released , and Sam and Patrick visit him . In the epilogue , Sam , Patrick and Charlie go through the tunnel again and Charlie stands up and exclaims that he felt infinite .
He comes to terms with his past : " Even if we don 't have the power to choose where we come from , we can still choose where we go from there " . Charlie decides to " participate " in life , and his letter @-@ writing ends .
= = Background and writing = =
Chbosky first conceived random ideas , including " a kid standing up in a tunnel , " a girl he likes , and parties he goes to . After five years with these elements in mind , he had the idea of writing the novel during a difficult period in his life . He was experiencing a " bad breakup " which led him to ask , " Why good people let themselves get treated so badly ? " The author tried to answer the question with the sentence " we accept the love we think we deserve " . That meant to be an advice to remark that one is in charge of one 's life as he is referring to " not just romance love but also love of self , it 's love of your future , it 's the love you have for your life . "
The story began when Chbosky was in school , evolving from another book on which he was working . In that book he wrote the sentence , " I guess that 's just one of the perks of being a wallflower " , which led him to realize " that somewhere in that ... was the kid I was really trying to find . " Chbosky began writing the novel in the summer of 1996 while he was in college , and within a month and six weeks he completed the story . He rewrote it into two more drafts , concluding the published version in the summer of 1998 .
Charlie , " [ his ] hope in the form of a character " , is loosely based on the author and Chbosky included " countless details " in the novel from the time he lived in Pittsburgh . The other characters were " pieces of real people in [ his ] life " ; Chbosky focused on people 's struggles and what they are passionate about , attempting to " hone in [ on ] the essence of each . " The characters of Sam and Patrick were an " amalgamate and celebration " of several people Chbosky
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expiring Country . " The May 3 anniversary of its adoption has been observed as Poland 's most important civil holiday since Poland regained independence in 1918 .
The constitution was a milestone in the history of law and the rise of democracy . Irish statesman Edmund Burke described it as " the noblest benefit received by any nation at any time ... Stanislas II has earned a place among the greatest kings and statesmen in history . " It was the first to follow the 1788 ratification of the United States Constitution . Poland and the United States , though geographically distant , displayed similarities in their approaches to the design of political systems . The May 3 Constitution has been called the second constitution in world history . American expert on constitutional law Albert Blaustein called it the " world 's second national constitution " , and American journalist Bill Moyers wrote that it was " Europe 's first codified national constitution ( and the second oldest in the world ) " . British historian Norman Davies calls it " the first constitution of its type in Europe " . Together with the Great Sejm , it has been subject to a large body of works by Polish scholars , starting with the still @-@ often cited 19th @-@ century works of Walerian Kalinka and Władysław Smoleński , and continued in the 20th century by Bogusław Leśnodorski .
The document 's official name was Ustawa Rządowa ( " Government Act " ) , where " government " referred to the political system . In the Commonwealth , the term " constitution " ( Polish : konstytucja ) had denoted all the legislation , of whatever character , that had been passed by a Sejm .
= = = Holiday = = =
May 3 was declared a Polish holiday ( Constitution Day — Święto Konstytucji 3 Maja ) on May 5 , 1791 . The holiday was banned during the partitions of Poland but reinstated in April 1919 under the Second Polish Republic — the first holiday officially introduced in the newly independent country . It was again outlawed during World War II by both the Nazi and Soviet occupiers . It was celebrated in Polish cities in May 1945 , although in a mostly spontaneous manner . The 1946 anti @-@ communist demonstrations did not endear it to the Polish communists , and it competed for attention with the communist @-@ endorsed May 1 Labor Day celebrations in the Polish People 's Republic ; this led to its " rebranding " as Democratic Party Day and removal from the list of national holidays by 1951 . Until 1989 , May 3 was a frequent occasion for anti @-@ government and anti @-@ communist protests . May 3 was restored as an official Polish holiday in April 1990 after the fall of communism . In 2007 , May 3 was declared a Lithuanian national holiday . Polish @-@ American pride has been celebrated on the same date , for instance in Chicago , where since 1982 Poles have marked it with festivities and the annual Polish Constitution Day Parade .
= Brian & Stewie =
" Brian & Stewie " is the 17th episode of the eighth season of the American animated television series Family Guy , and 150th episode of the series overall . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 2 , 2010 . The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian and baby Stewie after they are accidentally trapped inside a bank vault over a weekend . The two are ultimately forced to reveal their true feelings about each other , and eventually go on to question each other 's existence and purpose in life . Brian and Stewie become even closer to each other as time goes on , and climactically help each other survive being trapped inside the vault . The episode breaks from the show 's usual set @-@ up , and is the only episode of the series not to use any cutaway gags with Brian and Stewie being the only two characters featured in the entire episode . In repeats of the episode there is no main title sequence , nor is any music played over the end credits .
The episode was written by Gary Janetti and directed by Dominic Bianchi . It received mostly positive reviews from critics for its serious dialogue , but poor reviews for its gross @-@ out humor , in addition to receiving criticism from the Parents Television Council . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 68 million homes in its original airing . The episode aired along with a series of musical numbers from throughout the show 's eight seasons . " Brian & Stewie " was released on DVD along with ten other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .
= = Plot = =
Brian and Stewie visit the local Quahog bank so that Brian can deposit holiday money in his safe deposit box . Stewie then wants to go to a store to return a $ 3 @,@ 000 Thom Browne sweater . While they are still inside the vault , the door closes at the end of the work day and locks them inside until the next morning . Frightened , Stewie soils his diaper . Worried he will get a rash from the dirty diaper , Stewie desperately tries to make Brian eat his feces by threatening him with a gun that Brian had stored in his deposit box . They discover that Stewie has a cellphone in his pocket , but there 's only enough charge in the battery for one short phone call . Unfortunately , Stewie uses the last of the phone 's battery charge to call the clothing store rather than for help . Enraged , Brian strikes Stewie , throws his phone on the ground ( thus damaging the phone ) , and yells at Stewie , making him cry . Instantly remorseful and wanting to repair his relationship with Stewie , Brian reluctantly agrees to eat Stewie 's feces in order to provide him with a clean diaper and make up for making Stewie cry . While watching Brian eating , Stewie becomes nauseated and throws up ; Stewie then convinces Brian to eat the vomit . Realizing that he has nothing to clean his bottom with , Stewie manages to convince Brian to clean his bottom with his tongue in order to avoid infection , much to Stewie 's pleasure . Afterward , they both decide to take a nap , but soon they realize that the next day is Sunday , meaning that they will have to wait another day before they can be released from the vault .
Awaking from his nap , Brian decides to drink a bottle of scotch that he had stored in his safety deposit box . He offers Stewie a sip , and they both become so drunk that Brian agrees to pierce Stewie 's ear with a pin from his sweater , leaving Stewie with a bloody ear for the rest of the episode . Stewie and Brian discuss The Dog Whisperer and Cesar Millan , and Brian explains that he is inspired by the philosophy about dogs ' instinctive ability to live in the present and with purpose . Stewie , however , points out that Brian himself does not appear to live with any specific purpose . Angered at the implication , Brian begins insulting Stewie , who bitterly retaliates by revealing that he could have gone all day without having his diaper changed , and only thinks of Brian as a passing amusement . Stewie dares Brian to shoot him with the revolver in the deposit , which Brian earlier said to be bullet @-@ free . It is revealed that Brian lied , and he attempts to shoot Stewie . The two then find a security camera hanging on a wall of the vault . Brian tries to use it to call for help , but Stewie points out if there was someone out there , they would have been saved . Brian then realizes that the camera has recorded him cleaning Stewie , which amuses the infant , but Brian is upset about gaining a laughingstock reputation . Stewie then prematurely causes the gun to discharge , causing the bullet to randomly ricochet off the vault walls , smashing Stewie 's already @-@ broken phone and the bottle of Scotch , and forcing the two under the table .
Soon after sobering up , Stewie stretches and takes out a Jenny Craig Anytime Bar from his shopping bag . Brian loses his temper with Stewie for not revealing that he had been storing food the entire time . After Brian calms down , Stewie asks him why he had the gun in the first place , eventually coaxing Brian into revealing that he keeps the gun in case he ever wants to commit suicide . Brian confesses that he cannot find his purpose in life , and finds comfort in knowing he has the option of killing himself . He admits that the Scotch was to be a last drink . Stunned , Stewie admits that he would be lost without Brian , claiming he is the only person in the world that he really cares about , and he eventually confesses that he loves him as an irreplaceable friend , and that he gives his life meaning . Brian tells Stewie he loves him back . In addition , Stewie reminds Brian that maybe making someone else happy is enough , because it is the best gift one person can give , for which Brian thanks him . Stewie falls asleep as Brian reads the beginning of David Copperfield to him . The following morning , the vault door opens , and Brian carries a sleeping Stewie and their belongings out of the room in silence . The credits also roll in silence .
= = Production and development = =
The episode was written by series consulting producer Gary Janetti as his second episode of the season , and directed by series regular Dominic Bianchi , also in his second episode of the season . In an interview with Forbes , series producer Kara Vallow revealed that the plot was inspired by an episode of the CBS sitcom All in the Family entitled " Archie in the Cellar , " in which Archie Bunker is locked in a cellar , breaking from the show 's usual storyline . Vallow and Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane were fans of All in the Family during its original airing and came up with the original concept for the episode . Vallow went on to state that the episode " [ is ] like a one @-@ act stage play in a way , " because it " [ doesn 't ] rely on our standard cutaways and gags . " In a first for the series , the only voice actor to perform in the episode was series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane , who portrays both characters . In addition , neither composer Ron Jones nor composer Walter Murphy contributed any background music to the episode whatsoever . The writer of the episode , Gary Janetti , wrote the episode based on a loose script written by MacFarlane , as well as various phone conversations about the structure of the storyline , and the various acts .
" Brian & Stewie " , along with the eleven other episodes from Family Guy 's eighth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini @-@ feature which discussed the process behind animating " And Then There Were Fewer " , a mini @-@ feature entitled " The Comical Adventures of Family Guy – Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call " , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
In its initial airing , the episode aired with a framing device involving Stewie and Brian standing in front of a red curtain and addressing the television audience . The two begin the program by introducing the " very special " episode and , after the episode aired , conclude it by introducing a series of musical numbers . Together , the episode and musical number aired as an hour @-@ long special , in celebration of a week @-@ long " Fox Rocks " television event . The initial airing included musical numbers from the fourth season episode " The Fat Guy Strangler " , the sixth season episode " Play It Again , Brian " , and the eighth season episode " Business Guy " , as well as other numbers , including " You 've Got A Lot to See " from " Brian Wallows and Peter 's Swallows " , " Shipoopi " from " Patriot Games " , and " My Drunken Irish Dad " from the episode " Peter 's Two Dads " . In repeats of the episode the usual main title sequence is replaced by a still shot of the show 's logo on a black background , whilst the end credits are shown without any musical accompaniment .
= = Cultural references = =
In addition to " Archie in the Cellar " , the plot of the episode is inspired by the All in the Family episode " Two 's a Crowd " , in which Archie and Mike are locked in a storeroom , drink brandy and share their deepest secrets . The episode also makes reference to an episode of The Twilight Zone entitled " Time Enough at Last " , in which a banker named Henry Bemis sneaks into a bank vault and is knocked unconscious . In the episode , Henry Bemis is reading a copy of David Copperfield , which Brian also reads during the episode .
= = Reception = =
In an improvement over the previous six episodes , the episode was viewed in 7 @.@ 68 million homes in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with Desperate Housewives on ABC , Celebrity Apprentice on NBC and Cold Case on CBS . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating The Simpsons , The Cleveland Show , as well as the accompanying musical special , which received a total rating of 3 @.@ 3 .
The episode received varied reviews from critics and viewers . Reviewers generally disliked the episode 's humor , but were positive about the more serious moments . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club believed that the show 's concept , which allowed only two characters and a single scene , was " ambitious " but that the end result was " flaccid . " He commented that with no cut @-@ away gags or side plots , the episode was " basically everything critics of the show would like the show to have " but was deprived of Family Guy 's trademark fast pace and reduced to " a series of what amounts to grossout comedy sketches . " Television critic Ramsey Isler of IGN added that the gross @-@ out humor " didn 't work for me " and found the " more serious stuff " in the episode to be the most entertaining . Said Isler , " the addition of more dramatic themes and the elimination of the cutaway gags really showed what this show could be if Seth [ MacFarlane ] and team put more effort in . " In a subsequent review of Family Guy 's eighth season , Isler listed " Brian & Stewie " as being " surprisingly dramatic , " and , " had it not been for the extended poop @-@ eating jokes and rehashed musical numbers in the second half , I 'd say it was one of the better efforts the show has ever put out . " Jason Hughes of TV Squad was also " more than a little disturbed " by the amount of time spent on Stewie 's soiled diaper . However , he noted , " I didn 't laugh much at ' Brian & Stewie ' , but I found myself absolutely captured by their discussion throughout the episode . " Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the episode as " tedious , predictably vulgar , and , by the end , sentimental . " Adam Rosenberg of MTV wrote , " Beneath all of the more disturbing elements there 's actually some very thoughtful , mature discussion of suicide and what love means amidst it all . " Andrew Hanson of The Los Angeles Times found the soiled diaper gag " too sick to watch " and " the grossest " moment featured in Family Guy so far , but conceded that that may have been the producer 's intention . Still , Hanson described Brian 's suicidal confession as " deep " and stated , " It ’ s nice to see that Family Guy is still trying new things and going out on a limb even at episode No. 150 . " The episode was voted # 5 on BBC Three 's list of Top Ten Family Guy episodes .
The Parents Television Council , a conservative media watchdog group and frequent critic of MacFarlane @-@ produced programs , called on the Federal Communications Commission to investigate Family Guy after the episode aired , citing the scenes where Brian is talked into eating Stewie 's feces and vomit . PTC president Tim Winter said that , " Given the patently offensive depictions of one character eating excrement out of a diaper , then eating vomit , and finally licking the remaining excrement from a baby ’ s bottom – while the baby expresses physical gratification from having his bottom licked – we believe that the broadcast decency law has been broken . It seems as though Family Guy creator , Seth MacFarlane , carefully reviewed the legal definition of broadcast indecency and set out to violate it as literally as he could . " The Parents Television Council went on to name the episode as its " Worst TV Show of the Week " , ending the week of May 7 , 2010 , citing the extreme indecency of the episode .
= Harold L. George =
Not to be confused with Harold Huston George for whom George Air Force Base was named
Harold Lee George ( July 19 , 1893 – February 24 , 1986 ) was an American aviation pioneer who helped shape and promote the concept of daylight precision bombing . An outspoken proponent of the industrial web theory , George taught at the Air Corps Tactical School and influenced a significant group of airmen passing through the school , ones who had powerful influence during and after World War II . He has been described as the leader of the so @-@ called " Bomber Mafia " , the men who advocated an independent military arm composed of heavy bombers . George helped shape America 's bomber strategy for the war by assisting Air War Plans Division with the development of a complete aircraft production and bombing strategy .
In 1934 , George helped institute the Order of Daedalians , and served as that organization 's first Wing Commander .
During World War II , George led the Air Transport Command , taking it from 130 obsolescent aircraft to 3 @,@ 000 modern transports , operated by 300 @,@ 000 airmen . Following the war , he helped Hughes Aircraft become a very profitable company , and was twice elected mayor of Beverly Hills , California .
= = Early career = =
George was born July 19 , 1893 in Somerville , Massachusetts , to Horace and Susan E. George . He attended George Washington University , but decided to interrupt his studies when the United States became directly involved in World War I. George joined the United States Army and on May 21 , 1917 , received his commission as second lieutenant in the Cavalry as a reserve officer . A month later , he went on active duty with the Cavalry at Fort Myer , Virginia , and married Anna Virginia Helms on August 10 . In October George resigned his reserve commission to become a flying cadet with the Aviation Section , U.S. Signal Corps .
George attended the ASSC School of Military Aeronautics ( an eight @-@ week ground school ) set up on the campus of Princeton University and learned to fly at Love Field , Texas , receiving his rating of Reserve Military Aviator and a new commission on March 28 , 1918 . George went to France that September with an initial assignment to the 7th Aviation Instruction Center ( bombardment ) at Clermont @-@ Ferrand . Two months later he was posted to Ourches @-@ sur @-@ Meuse with the 163rd Aero Squadron , one of two DH @-@ 4B day bomber squadrons of the new 2nd Day Bombardment Group , Second Army Air Service . In the week in which it saw action in November 1918 , just prior to the armistice , the 163d flew 69 sorties in support of the Meuse @-@ Argonne Offensive . George observed that massed bombers , flying in formation , swamped enemy defenses and so reduced the attacker 's casualties .
= = Bombing advocate = =
In France , George met William " Billy " Mitchell and became convinced that Mitchell 's vision of an independent Air Force was the best future direction for the American military .
After the war , George was assigned to the 49th Bombardment Squadron at Kelly Field , Texas . On July 1 , 1920 , when the Air Service became a combat arm of the line , he transferred to it in the permanent grade of 1st lieutenant . He next served with the 14th Bombardment Squadron at Langley Field , Virginia , and with the Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland from 1921 to 1925 . There George assisted Mitchell in his bombing demonstration against old battleships , and helped develop air @-@ to @-@ ship tactics . In August 1925 , George went to Washington as chief of the Bombardment Section in the Operations Division of the Office of the Chief of Air Service . Later that year , still at the rank of first lieutenant , he was one of several young air officers to testify at Mitchell 's court @-@ martial .
In July 1929 , George was ordered to Hawaii for two years with the 5th Composite Group at Luke Field . In September , 1931 , he went to Maxwell Field , Alabama , to study at the Air Corps Tactical School ( ACTS ) where he helped refine the precision daylight bomber doctrine taught there . He was promoted to captain during the assignment , on December 1 , 1931 . Following graduation , George became an instructor at ACTS , teaching air tactics and precision bombing doctrine , and became de facto leader of the influential " Bomber Mafia " . With Haywood S. Hansell , Laurence S. Kuter and Donald Wilson , George researched , debated and codified what the men believed would be a war @-@ winning strategy that Wilson termed " industrial web theory " . In 1934 , George was made director of the Department of Air Tactics and Strategy , and vigorously promoted the doctrine of precision bombing in which massed air fleets of heavy bombers would be commanded independently of naval or ground warfare needs .
George was promoted to the temporary rank of major in July 1936 . He graduated from the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , the following year and returned to Langley as commanding officer of the 96th Bombardment Squadron . George flew to South America as a part of Air Corps goodwill flights in February 1938 and November 1939 , and received for his participation the Order of the Southern Cross ( Knight ) , from the government of Brazil . In 1940 , George took command of the 2d Bombardment Group , which in 1937 had become the first unit equipped with the B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress bomber . Promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel on December 30 , 1940 , he also filled the position of Executive Officer of the 2nd Bombardment Wing from January 1941 .
In July 1941 , George was appointed assistant chief of staff for Air War Plans Division , a unit of the newly created USAAF Air Staff in Washington . In that capacity he assembled a small group of " bomber mafia " members ( including Hansell , Kuter , and Kenneth N. Walker ) to prepare AWPD – 1 , an estimate of air resources needed in the event of war that became the plan for the air war against Germany . He was promoted to to colonel on January 2 , 1942 , and to brigadier general on April 19 , 1942 when he took command of the Air Corps Ferrying Command ( ACFC ) .
= = Air transport = =
In June 1942 , ACFC was redesignated Air Transport Command and tasked to become not just a delivery service of aircraft from factory to the field , but a worldwide cargo and personnel air transportation service . George led it brilliantly throughout World War II , with the able assistance of many staff officers including his deputy , General C. R. Smith , peacetime president of American Airlines .
New organizations were formed and new cross ocean routes were established in the face of the enemy and under difficult conditions . George took the ferrying command from 130 obsolescent aircraft to 3 @,@ 000 modern military transports , and expanded the personnel from 11 @,@ 000 to 300 @,@ 000 . For this major contribution to his country , George received the Distinguished Service Medal , Legion of Merit , Distinguished Flying Cross , and Air Medal , as well as decorations from Great Britain , France , Brazil , Peru and China .
After the war he served for a while as director of information for the USAAF and as senior Air Force representative of the military staff of the United Nations . He retired from active duty December 31 , 1946 , with rank of lieutenant general dating back to March 1945 .
= = Post @-@ war activity = =
George accepted a position at Hughes Aircraft to work for Howard Hughes , along with fellow bomber advocate Ira C. Eaker . Eaker and George transformed Hughes Aircraft into a very profitable military contractor , reaching $ 100M in sales in 1948 . George expanded the company beyond the manufacture of aircraft to focus on the new field of military electronics , primarily by bringing together expert electronics designer Dean Wooldridge and engineer @-@ businessman Simon Ramo , both hired by George in 1946 . In August 1953 , Ramo and Wooldridge resigned . George followed a few months later to help form the Ramo @-@ Wooldridge Corporation , competing directly with Hughes by developing ballistic missile defenses . In 1958 , Ramo @-@ Wooldridge would merge with Thompson Products , to become Thompson Ramo Wooldridge , which was shortened to TRW in 1965 .
After moving there in 1948 , George was elected to the City Council of Beverly Hills , California , in 1952 , and in 1954 he was elected mayor , a one @-@ year term . He served a second term in 1959 . During his second term , George established an annual award to honor outstanding Beverly Hills police officers , given in the name of Clinton H. Anderson , the city 's police chief .
In 1955 , George was recalled to active duty in the United States Air Force for eight months as special consultant to the Air Force Chief of Staff . George was relieved from active duty November 4 , 1955 .
By 1984 , George was living in Laguna Hills , California . That year , he collected and donated more than $ 21 @,@ 000 to various Republican Party candidates and conservative causes including the Jesse Helms @-@ founded National Congressional Club and the " Helms for Senate " campaign . On February 24 , 1986 , George died in Laguna Hills . He was survived by his wife Violette , three daughters and one son .
= = Legacy = =
In his directorship of ACTS , George is known today as the unofficial leader of the men in the Army Air Corps who closed ranks and pushed exclusively toward the concept of daylight precision bombing as a strategic , war @-@ winning doctrine . Though he played a fundamental role in the development of U.S. air power strategy , he is perhaps better known as the first commander of Air Transport Command — the man who guided and expanded that organization throughout World War II .
The Order of Daedalians has , since 1956 , awarded the " Lieutenant General Harold L. George Civilian Airmanship Award " , a trophy " presented annually to the pilot , copilot and / or crew of a United States certified commercial airline selected by a Federal Aviation committee to have demonstrated ability , judgment and / or heroism above and beyond normal operational requirements . " The Air Force Aid Society bestows the " Lieutenant General Harold Lee George Educational Grant Award . "
= = Recognition = =
George was awarded :
Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Medal
1939 - Knight of the Order of the Southern Cross ( Brazil )
= = Effective dates of promotion = =
Second Lieutenant - May 21 , 1917
First Lieutenant - April 1921
Captain - December 31 , 1931
Major - July 1936
Lieutenant Colonel - February 1941
Colonel - January 1942
Brigadier General - April 1942
Major General - June 1942
Lieutenant General - March 16 , 1945 .
= These Are the Voyages ... =
" These Are the Voyages ... " is the series finale of the UPN American science fiction television show Star Trek : Enterprise . The 22nd episode of the fourth season and the 98th of the series overall , it first aired on May 13 , 2005 , in the United States . " These Are the Voyages ... " is a frame story , where the 22nd century events of Star Trek : Enterprise are shown through a 24th @-@ century holodeck re @-@ creation during the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode " The Pegasus " . The episode features guest stars Jonathan Frakes , Marina Sirtis , and Jeffrey Combs , as well as a voice cameo from Brent Spiner . Series creators Rick Berman and Brannon Braga , who co @-@ wrote the episode , conceived " These Are the Voyages ... " as a valentine to Star Trek fans .
Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , the story moves to the year 2370 , when Commander William Riker grapples with making a difficult admission to his commanding officer about a cover @-@ up . Riker , after consulting Counsellor Troi , turns to the simulated events of the year 2161 for guidance , when the crew of Enterprise travels home to Earth for both decommissioning and the formation of the United Federation of Planets .
Reaction to " These Are the Voyages ... " was negative . Critics and cast alike believed The Next Generation frame robbed the characters and their fans of closure , and that the death of Commander Tucker felt forced and unnecessary . The final episode attracted 3 @.@ 8 million viewers , the highest number since the previous season . After a strong premiere , Enterprise had grappled with declining ratings throughout its run . By the fourth season , fewer than three million viewers tuned in each week despite what some fans and critics considered an increase in episode quality . After selling the syndication rights , UPN and Paramount announced in February 2005 that the fourth season would be the show 's last . With no new Star Trek episodes in the fall of 2005 , the 2005 – 2006 season was the first year without a first @-@ run Star Trek in 18 years . Despite the cancellation , Paramount hoped to revive the series , and Berman began work on a possible new Star Trek film , which was ultimately rejected in favor of the J. J. Abrams @-@ directed Star Trek .
= = Plot = =
In 2370 , Commander William Riker , aboard Enterprise @-@ D , is troubled by the events of " The Pegasus " and seeks guidance . At Lieutenant Commander Deanna Troi 's suggestion , Riker sets a holo @-@ program to the date 2161 , some six years after the events of " Terra Prime " , to a time when the original Enterprise ( NX @-@ 01 ) is due to be decommissioned after ten years of active service . The starship and its crew are also returning to Earth for the signing of the Federation Charter , and Captain Archer frets over the speech he will give to the assembled delegates .
En route , Riker and Troi observe as Enterprise is contacted by Shran , a former Andorian Imperial Guard who Archer believed was dead . Apparently his young daughter has been kidnapped , and he asks for Archer 's help in rescuing her from Rigel X. Archer decides to assist , despite Commander T 'Pol 's warning that they may be late returning for the ceremony . Riker joins the Enterprise crew as it assaults Shran 's enemies and brings his daughter safely back . Troi also advises that Riker assume the role of ship 's chef , hoping to earn the confidence of the simulated crew . As he prepares food with the crew , he learns more about their memories and impressions of Tucker .
He also watches as the kidnappers board Enterprise , and how , in order to save Archer 's life , Commander Tucker overloads two conduits and dies after becoming mortally wounded . He notices that Archer is troubled that he must write a speech about how worthwhile their explorations have been , despite his friend 's death , but T 'Pol assures him that Tucker would have considered it worthwhile . On Earth , Troi watches as Archer enters a crowded grand hall to give his speech and Riker joins her , now sure of what course he should take . The final shot of the episode is a montage of the ships named Enterprise as Captains Picard , Kirk , and Archer recite the " Where no man has gone before " monologue .
= = Production = =
" These Are the Voyages ... " was written by Braga and Berman , the pair 's only script of the fourth season . Enterprise writer Mike Sussman told TrekNation in May 2005 that Braga had considered the idea of an episode crossover featuring characters from other Star Trek series prior to the finale . Sussman 's original idea for the episode was to have The Doctor of Star Trek : Voyager treating an ill patient who may or may not have been Archer trapped in the future . Due to the subject matter , Sussman said his version would not have been suitable for the final episode . In interviews , Berman said that the episode had always been intended as the season finale regardless of cancellation , and gave conflicting answers regarding whether Trip would still have been killed if the show was to continue .
Allan Kroeker directed the episode , his third series finale following Star Trek : Deep Space Nine 's " What You Leave Behind " and Star Trek : Voyager 's " Endgame " . " These Are the Voyages ... " featured guest appearances by Jonathan Frakes and Marina Sirtis as their Next Generation characters William Riker and Deanna Troi . Brent Spiner , another Next Generation veteran who had guest @-@ starred earlier in the fourth season of Enterprise , had an off @-@ screen speaking role as the android Data . Jeffrey Combs appeared as the Andorian Shran , whom Coto had wanted to be a permanent addition to the cast in the event of another season .
Filming of the final episode began on Friday , February 25 , after the first half of the day was spent completing " Terra Prime " . Principal photography took eight days to complete , one day longer than usual . The snowy complex set of Rigel X , first seen in the pilot episode , was used , as was the rarely seen Enterprise 's galley . Enterprise @-@ D locations such as hallways and the observation lounge were re @-@ created . Frakes and Sirtis arrived at the lot at the same time that a " Save Enterprise " rally was being held outside the gates . Similar to " What You Leave Behind " , many of the production staff cameoed for a large crowd scene at the end of the episode , as Archer prepares to give his speech . Fifteen " VIPs " including writers Judith and Garfield Reeves @-@ Stevens , André Bormanis , and Manny Coto joined two dozen extras in forming part of the audience . The rest of the digital set was filled by a computer @-@ generated crowd . After their parts were finished , the final dismissal of each cast member was met with applause . Jolene Blalock and Scott Bakula were the last actors to be released , and Bakula gave a speech thanking the production crew for making the cast feel welcome . Filming ended on Tuesday , March 8 , and the sets were struck . Frakes and Sirtis returned on March 9 to complete green screen shots , which would be used when their characters entered or exited the holodeck . Before the episode 's release , Berman would not elaborate on the final episode 's content , saying " It 's going to have some surprising twists and turns . It 's somewhat of a valentine . "
= = Reception and home media release = =
" These Are the Voyages ... " was negatively received by both critics and the show 's cast . Before the episode aired , Blalock called the episode " appalling . " She followed up her remarks by saying she was upset over the finale being a The Next Generation episode rather than an end for Enterprise . Connor Trinneer ( who played Commander Trip Tucker ) , felt that the finale should have had a memorable farewell that he described as a " M * A * S * H moment " , but that the producers did not want to focus on such an element . Anthony Montgomery ( who played Ensign Travis Mayweather ) was similarly displeased with the finale and said " I feel there could have been a more effective way to wrap things up for our show as well as the franchise as a whole . It just seemed to take a little bit away from what the Enterprise cast and crew worked so diligently to achieve over the past four years . " While Frakes enjoyed working with Sirtis again , he said that " the reality is it was a bit of a stretch to have us shut down [ the Enterprise cast 's ] show , " and that in hindsight it was a disservice to them . The early criticism forced the show 's producers to hold a conference and address the issue . Braga admitted there was cast unrest , but defended the episode as a way to close not just Enterprise but Star Trek as a whole .
Reviewers were also critical of the Next Generation tie @-@ in . Sci Fi Weekly 's Patrick Lee said the framing story " reduces [ the Enterprise cast ] to the status of lab rats . " Lee further noted that even without the guest appearances , the episode did not live up to the best offerings of the season , including " In a Mirror , Darkly " . National Post 's Alex Strachan called the Next Generation cameos reminders of better Star Trek , compared to the " bad make @-@ up effects , bad acting , bad music " of the latest show . Rob Salem of the Toronto Star said the cameos served no narrative purpose , and that the episode " robs [ the ] characters ( and their fans ) of any significant long @-@ term development or satisfying sense of closure . " Reviewers also criticized the episode 's ending , where viewers never got to see Archer 's rousing speech . IGN said that the episode was " Berman and Braga 's parting shot , making sure that everyone knew who was in charge , " and that the sharp contrast between " These Are the Voyages ... " and " Terra Prime " brought into relief the reason why both should not be allowed to produce Star Trek ever again .
The death of Tucker was another object of controversy . Salem described the development as " a major character is pointlessly killed off in service of a pointless plot device , " a complaint echoed by IGN . Actor Connor Trinneer , who played Trip , said during a convention appearance that the character had " gotten out of much worse scrapes than that , " and the death seemed forced . The writers , Trinneer contended , wanted to kill off a character to " get the fans talking , " and so Trip was killed off simply to manipulate viewers . Several critics ended their reviews by saying that whether fans would be disappointed or pleased by the episode , the majority of casual viewers would not care one way or another .
In response to some of these criticisms , Coto stated that he personally considered the two @-@ part story " Demons " and " Terra Prime " that preceded " These Are the Voyages ... " the actual finale of the Enterprise storyline . Berman said " I 've read a lot of the criticisms and I understand how some people feel , but [ Braga ] and I spent a lot of time coming up with the idea and a somewhat , I would say , unique ending to a series , especially when you ’ re ending it prematurely . [ ... ] You never like to disappoint people , but I think it 's nonsense to say that it was more a Next Generation episode than an Enterprise episode . The only elements of [ The Next Generation ] that were present were there as a sounding board to allow us to look at a mission that took place six years after " Terra Prime " . "
The episode was released on DVD home media as part of the season four box set on November 1 , 2005 in the United States . The Blu ray release of the final season of Enterprise was made available on April 29 , 2014 .
= = Series cancellation = =
" Broken Bow " , Enterprise 's 2001 premiere episode , attracted 12 @.@ 5 million viewers in its first broadcast , but ratings quickly dropped to a low of 5 @.@ 9 million viewers . Enterprise was threatened with cancellation by the third season . The show survived by slashing its budget amid broadcaster UPN 's schedule revamp . The show was moved to Fridays in 2004 , while the rest of UPN 's programming became more female @-@ friendly , in part due to the success of America 's Next Top Model . The third season introduced a season @-@ long story arc , to some of the best reviews of the entire series . In the fourth season , Manny Coto became executive producer after writing and co @-@ producing the show since 2003 . While Coto 's episodes were hailed by critics and fans as equaling the quality of previous Star Trek television series , the average viewership dropped to 2 @.@ 9 million , with a series @-@ low showing of 2 @.@ 5 million in January 2005 . According to TrekNation , Enterprise 's final episode attracted 3 @.@ 8 million viewers , an increase of 69 % over the previous season 's finale .
On February 3 , 2005 , UPN and Paramount announced that the fourth season of the show would be its last . The network waited until the series had been sold to syndication before making the announcement . The cancellation marked the first time new Star Trek episodes would not appear on television in 18 years , since Star Trek : The Next Generation premiered . The fourth season continued production so that Paramount could sell an attractive 98 episodes to syndicates .
A series @-@ ending wrap party was held for the cast and crew at the Roosevelt Hotel in April . Cast members spoke about their feelings about the end of the series . John Billingsley said the show " was a great ride , and it changed my life . It 's something that will last forever for me . " He was happy to say goodbye to the two @-@ hour makeup sessions to create his character , Phlox . Many of the cast were taking a break and going on vacation before seeking new acting jobs . Among the notable guests were Star Trek Nemesis screenwriter John Logan , who was not affiliated with Enterprise , and Peter Weller , who appeared as a villain in " Terra Prime " .
Actress Jolene Blalock ( T 'Pol ) criticized the early stories as boring and lacking intriguing content . She felt that early Enterprise scripts ignored basic tenets of Star Trek chronology , and offered " revealing costumes instead of character development " . UPN executives stated that the male @-@ oriented episodes of Enterprise did not mesh with the viewership of its other top shows , such as Top Model and Veronica Mars . Brannon Braga suggested that the reason for the cancellation was viewer fatigue , noting that " after 18 years and 624 hours of Star Trek , the audience began to have a little bit of overkill . " Fans , meanwhile , criticized Berman and Braga for ignoring Star Trek canon and refusing to fix their shows . Michael Hinman , news coordinator for SyFy Portal , stated that in addition to the oversaturation of Star Trek , there " also is an oversaturation of Braga and Berman . [ ... ] They couldn 't sit back and say , ' You know , we just can 't keep this fresh . ' No , it was more about their stupid egos , and their nonsensical ' Even if it 's broke , don 't fix it ' attitude . " Braga defended the series , noting that The Next Generation faced little competition from other science fiction shows , while Enterprise had to contend with a plethora of shows such as Battlestar Galactica .
Newspapers covering Enterprise 's cancellation and its final episode often said that the failure of Enterprise was evidence that the franchise had moved too far from its roots and grown too dark . Andy Dehnhart of MSNBC said that " while the writers and production designers deserve credit for offering worlds that were perhaps slightly more believable , they lost the fantastic , wondrous approach to space travel that The Next Generation borrowed from the original Star Trek and then perfected . " USA Today 's Michael Peck said that without the " dreams " of earlier series , " Star Trek becomes just another television drama . " Melanie McFarland of the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer , meanwhile , said the show " never found the sense of uniqueness within the Trek universe that every version that came before it possessed . " Despite the cancellation , Paramount remained optimistic . Studio head David Stapf looked " forward to a new chapter of this enduring franchise in the future . " Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendrensen developed a concept for a new film taking place after Enterprise but before the 1960s television show . Meanwhile , Paramount asked Roberto Orci for ideas to revive the franchise , resulting in the production of a reboot film set in an alternate timeline from the 1966 @-@ 2005 franchise simply titled Star Trek , released in May 2009 and directed by J. J. Abrams .
= History of Texas A & M University =
The history of Texas A & M University , the first public institution of higher education in Texas , began in 1871 , when the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas was established as a land @-@ grant college by the Texas Legislature . Classes began on October 4 , 1876 . Although Texas A & M was originally scheduled to be established under the Texas Constitution as a branch of the yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ created University of Texas , subsequent acts of the Texas Legislature never gave the university any authority over Texas A & M. In 1875 , the Legislature separated the administrations of A & M and the University of Texas , which still existed only on paper . The Agricultural and Mechanical College formally opened on Oct. 4 , 1876 .
For much of its first century , enrollment at Texas A & M was restricted to white men who were willing to participate in the Corps of Cadets and receive military training . During this time , a limited number of women were allowed to attend classes but forbidden from gaining a degree . During World War I , 49 % of A & M graduates were in military service , and in 1918 , the senior class was mustered into military service to fight in France . During World War II , Texas A & M produced over 20 @,@ 000 combat troops , contributing more officers than both the United States Military Academy and United States Naval Academy combined .
Shortly after World War II , the Texas Legislature redefined Texas A & M as a university and the flagship school of the Texas A & M University System , making official the school 's status as a clear and separate institution from the University of Texas . In the 1960s , the state legislature renamed the school Texas A & M University , with the " A & M " becoming purely symbolic . Under the leadership of James Earl Rudder , the school became racially integrated and coeducational . Membership in the Corps of Cadets became voluntary .
In the second half of the 20th century , the university was recognized for its research with the designations sea @-@ grant university and space @-@ grant university . The school was further honored in 1997 with the establishment of the George Bush Presidential Library on the western edge of the campus .
= = Early years = =
The US Congress laid the groundwork for the establishment of Texas A & M with their proposal of the Morrill Act . The Morrill Act , signed into law July 2 , 1862 , was created to enable states to establish colleges where the " leading object shall be , without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics , to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanical arts ... in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life " . States were granted public lands to be sold at auctions to establish a permanent fund to support the schools . Both the Republic of Texas and the Texas State Legislature also set aside public lands for a future college .
The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas , known as Texas A.M.C. , was established by the state legislature on April 17 , 1871 as the state 's first public institution of higher education . The legislature provided US $ 75 @,@ 000 for the construction of buildings at the new school , and state leaders invested profits from the sale of 180 @,@ 000 acres ( 730 km2 ) received under the Land @-@ Grant College Act in gold frontier defense bonds , creating a permanent endowment for the college . A committee tasked with finding a home for the new college chose Brazos County , which agreed to donate 2 @,@ 416 acres ( 10 km2 ) of land . Jefferson Davis , former President of the Confederate States of America , was offered the presidency of the college but turned it down .
The college officially opened on October 4 , 1876 with six professors . Forty students were present on the first day of classes , but by the end of the school year the number had grown to 106 students . Only men were admitted , and all students were required to participate in the Corps of Cadets and receive military training . The campus bore minimal resemblance to its modern counterpart . Wild animals roamed freely around the campus , and the area served as a meeting point for the Great Western Cattle Trail .
Despite its name , the college taught no classes in agriculture , instead concentrating on classical studies , languages , literature , and applied mathematics . After four years , students could attain degrees in scientific agriculture , civil and mining engineering , and language and literature . Local farmers complained that the college was abusing its mission , and , in November 1879 , the president and faculty were replaced and given a mandated curriculum in agriculture and engineering .
During these early years , student life was molded by the Corps of Cadets . The Corps was divided into a battalion of three companies , and rivalry among the companies was strong , giving birth to the Aggie spirit and future traditions . No bonfires , yell practices , or athletics teams existed as yet , and social clubs and fraternities were discouraged .
Enrollment , which had climbed as high as 500 students , declined to only 80 students in 1883 , the year the University of Texas opened in Austin , Texas . Although the Texas Constitution specified that the Agricultural and Mechanical College was to be a branch of a proposed University of Texas , the Austin school was established with a separate Board of Regents . Texas A.M.C. continued to be governed by its own Board of Directors .
The two Texas schools quickly began to battle over the limited funds that the state legislature made available for higher education . In 1887 , the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station was established at Texas A.M.C. , enabling the college to gain more funding . Many residents of the state saw little need for two colleges in Texas , and some wanted to close the agricultural and mechanical school .
= = Sul Ross era = =
Texas A.M.C. president Lawrence Sullivan Ross , known affectionately to students as " Sully " , is credited for saving the school from closure and transforming it into a respected military institution . Ross , the immediate past governor of Texas , had been a well @-@ respected Confederate Brigadier General and enjoyed a good reputation among state residents .
When Ross arrived at the school , he found no running water , a housing shortage , a disgruntled faculty , and many students running wild . As Ross began to make improvements , parents began to send their children to the school in the hopes that they would learn from Ross 's example . Although enrollment had always been limited to men , in 1893 , Ethel Hudson , the daughter of an A & M professor , became the first woman to attend classes at the school and helped edit the annual yearbook . She was made an honorary member of the class of 1895 . Several years later her twin sisters became honorary members of the class of 1903 , and slowly other daughters of Aggie professors were allowed to attend classes .
Under Ross 's seven and one @-@ half year tenure , many enduring Aggie traditions formed . These traditions include the first Aggie Ring , the first yearbook , and the formation of the Aggie Band . Ross 's tenure also saw the school 's first intercollegiate football game , played against the University of Texas .
= = Program expansion = =
By 1910 , the school listed eight degree programs , including agriculture , architecture , agricultural engineering , chemical engineering , civil engineering , electrical engineering , mechanical engineering , and textile engineering . Five years later the state legislature , in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture , established the Texas Agricultural Extension Service , organized the Texas Forest Service , and authorized a School of Veterinary Medicine at the college . The college was unprepared for the growth , and for the next ten years several hundred students lived in tents in a field in the middle of campus .
During this time , women were also given a more official standing . The Texas Legislature in 1911 refused to give A & M permission to hold a summer semester unless women were also permitted to attend . For the next several decades during the summers cadets were not required to be in uniform and women could attend class and participate in intramural activities .
Texas A & M graduates were called to use their military training during World War I , and by 1918 , 49 % of all graduates of the college were in military service , a larger percentage than any other college or university . In early September 1918 , the entire senior class was mustered into military service , with plans to send the younger students at staggered dates throughout the next year . Many of the seniors were fighting in France when the war ended two months later . In total , over 1200 former students served as commissioned officers during World War I.
Texas A & M Hillel , the oldest Hillel organization in the United States , was founded in 1920 . The organization occurred three years before the national Hillel Foundation was organized at the University of Illinois .
After the war , Texas A & M grew rapidly and became nationally recognized for its programs in agriculture , engineering , and military science . The first graduate school was organized in 1924 , and , in 1925 , Mary Evelyn Crawford Locke became the first female to receive a diploma from Texas A & M , although she was not allowed to participate in the graduation ceremony . The following month the Board of Directors officially prohibited all women from enrolling . In 1926 , they codified that women in summer school had an unofficial status and could not pursue a degree . By 1930 , however , over 1800 women had attended classes at A & M.
In the late 1920s , following the discovery of oil on university lands , Texas A & M and the University of Texas negotiated a settlement for the division of the Permanent University Fund which enabled A & M to receive one @-@ third of the revenue . This guaranteed wealth enabled A & M to expand . Enrollment increased even during the Great Depression , as student cooperative housing projects enabled the students to attend the school at low costs . During the Depression , as professors were forced to accept a 25 % pay cut , the Board of Directors partially rescinded its order against female enrollment , allowing no more than 20 females at a time to enroll in the school , and further restricting the group to daughters of professors .
Texas A & M expanded its degree offerings in the late 1930s and awarded its first Ph.D. in 1940 . Other programs at the college likewise began offering doctoral degrees throughout the next few decades .
World War II gave Texas A & M an opportunity to prove itself on a worldwide stage . The school produced 20 @,@ 229 fighting men who served in combat ; of these , 14 @,@ 123 were officers , more than the combined total of the United States Naval Academy and the United States Military Academy and more than three times the totals of any other Senior Military College . Seven Aggies received the Medal of Honor during the worldwide conflict , tying with Virginia Tech as the most of any school outside of the military academies at West Point and Annapolis , and 29 former students reached the rank of general . In addition , the college received nationwide exposure during the war when a reporter wrote a widely distributed story about the Aggie Muster on the island of Corregidor . The intense interest resulted in a World War II propaganda movie , We 've Never Been Licked , which was filmed on the A & M campus and showcased many of the school traditions .
Though Texas A & M was originally established as a branch of the yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ created University of Texas , subsequent acts of the Texas Legislature never gave the University any authority over Texas A & M. This internal legal conflict in Texas was nullified in 1948 when Texas A & M became the flagship school of the newly created Texas A & M University System , a clear and separate institution from the University of Texas System . A & M 's Board of Directors continued to oversee the system . Enrollment soared as many former soldiers used the G.I. Bill to further their education . Unprepared for the growth , between 1949 and 1953 Texas A & M used the former Bryan Air Force Base as an extension of the campus . An estimated 5 @,@ 500 men lived , studied , ate , showered , and attended classes at the base , which became known as the Annex ( and later as Riverside Campus ) .
= = Rudder era = =
The Texas Legislature defeated a nonbinding resolution in the 1950s to encourage A & M to admit women . The school newspaper , The Battalion began writing editorials to encourage coeducation , causing the Student Senate to demand the editor of the paper resign . Later in the year students defeated 2 – 1 a campus resolution on coeducation .
On March 26 , 1959 retired Major General James Earl Rudder , who ( outside of Sul Ross ) arguably had the most significant effect on the campus ( and especially in terms of transforming it into the modern university of today ) , became the 16th president of the college , his alma mater . At the time , the college was still an all @-@ male military school with a 7 @,@ 500 student enrollment . Within several years of his arrival , the 58th Legislature of Texas officially changed the name of the school from the Agricultural & Mechanical College of Texas to Texas A & M University . The Legislature specified that in the new name of the school , the A and the M were purely symbolic , reflecting the school 's past , and no longer stood for " Agricultural and Mechanical " .
With Rudder 's strong encouragement , in 1963 , the A & M Board of Directors officially reversed their stance on admitting women . The wives and daughters of faculty , staff and students as well as female staff members were finally allowed to officially participate in undergraduate programs , although they were not permitted to join the Corps of Cadets .
The following year the college was officially integrated as A & M welcomed its first African American student . More change ensued , as , in 1965 , the Board of Directors voted to make membership in the Corps of Cadets voluntary . The same year the Board voted to allow any woman , not just those connected to students and professors , to attend the university . The Board required that Rudder approve each female applicant ; he accepted any woman who met the academic requirements . During Rudder 's tenure , African @-@ American students were also welcomed , and in 1967 , James L. Courtney of Dallas became the first African American to receive an undergraduate degree from Texas A & M University . He remained at Texas A & M and , in 1970 , became the first African American to receive a D.V.M. degree from the College of Veterinary Medicine .
When Rudder died in 1970 , after 11 years as president of the school , Texas A & M University had grown to more than 14 @,@ 000 students from all 50 states and 75 nations . The school had become coeducational and had even begun construction of an all @-@ female dormitory . The curriculum had been broadened , with upgraded academic and faculty standards , and the school had initiated a multimillion @-@ dollar building program .
= = Recent years = =
On September 17 , 1971 , Texas A & M University was one of the first four institutions to be designated a sea @-@ grant college in recognition of oceanographic development and research . A third designation was added on August 31 , 1989 when Texas A & M was named a space @-@ grant college . The university remains one of few institutions nationwide to hold designations as a land- , sea- , and space @-@ grant college .
= = = Diversification = = =
The Corps welcomed its first female members in the fall of 1974 . At the time , the women were segregated into a special unit , known as W @-@ 1 , and suffered harassment from many of their male counterparts . Women were originally prohibited from serving in leadership positions or in the more elite Corps units such as the Fish Drill Team , the band , and Ross Volunteers . These groups were opened to female participation in 1985 , following a federal court decision in a class @-@ action lawsuit filed by a female cadet . Two years later , in 1990 , female @-@ only units were eliminated .
In November 1976 , the university denied official recognition to the Gay Student Services Organization on the grounds that homosexuality was illegal in Texas , and the group 's stated goals — offering referral services and providing educational information to students — were actually the responsibility of university staff . The students sued the university for violation of their First Amendment right to freedom of speech in February 1977 . For six years , Gay Student Services v. Texas A & M University wound its way through the courts ; although the trial court ruled in favor of Texas A & M several times , the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals repeatedly overturned the verdict . The U.S. Supreme Court declined to review the case , letting stand the circuit court ruling that the students ' free speech rights had been compromised .
The case set a national precedent by removing legal restrictions on gay rights groups on campuses . The subsequent recognition of the group provided a university precedent for allowing social organizations . In 1977 , the university had also denied recognition to Sigma Phi Epsilon , a national social fraternity , because its presence on campus might result in " a social caste system " .
= = = Presidential library = = =
The George Bush Presidential Library was established in 1997 on 90 acres ( 364 @,@ 220 m2 ) of land donated by Texas A & M at the western edge of the campus . This tenth presidential library was built between 1995 and 1997 and contains the presidential and vice @-@ presidential papers of George H.W. Bush and the vice @-@ presidential papers of Dan Quayle .
To coincide with the opening of the George Bush Presidential Library , Texas A & M established the George Bush School of Government and Public Service . The school , which offers a master 's degree in public policy and one in international affairs as well as two research degrees , officially launched in 1997 . It became a separate school within the university in 1999 .
= = = Bonfire collapse = = =
At 2 : 42 a.m. on November 18 , 1999 , the partially completed Aggie Bonfire , standing 40 feet ( 12 m ) tall and consisting of about 5000 logs , collapsed during construction . Of the 58 students and former students working on the stack , 12 were killed and 27 others were injured . The incident received nationwide attention , with over 50 satellite trucks broadcasting from the Texas A & M campus within hours .
On November 25 , 1999 , the date that Bonfire would have burned , Aggies instead held a vigil and remembrance ceremony on site . Over 40 @,@ 000 people , including former President George H.W. Bush and his wife Barbara and then @-@ Texas governor George W. Bush and his wife Laura , lit candles and observed up to two hours of silence at the site of the Bonfire collapse .
A commission put together by Texas A & M University discovered that a number of factors led to the Bonfire collapse , including " excessive internal stresses " on the logs and " inadequate containment strength " , where the wiring used to tie the logs together was not strong enough . The wiring broke after logs from upper tiers were " wedged " into lower tiers .
Texas A & M officials , Bonfire student leaders , and the university itself were the subject of several lawsuits by parents of the students injured or killed in the collapse . On May 21 , 2004 , Federal Judge Samuel B. Kent dismissed all claims against the Texas A & M officials , and , in 2005 , 36 of the 64 original defendants , including all of the student leaders , settled their portion of the case for an estimated US $ 4 @.@ 25 million , paid by their insurance companies . A federal appeals court dismissed the remaining lawsuits against Texas A & M and its officials in 2007 .
= = = Vision 2020 = = =
In 1997 , university president Ray Bowen appointed a task force to create a new strategic plan for the university . The task force , made up of more than 250 faculty , staff , students , former students , local residents , and various private- and public @-@ sector representatives , devoted more than two years to examining all aspects of the university and studying benchmark institutions before unveiling the plan , dubbed Vision 2020 , in 1999 .
Vision 2020 's goal is to make Texas A & M University recognized as a consensus " top 10 " public university by the year 2020 . The plan identifies 12 areas in which the university should focus on improving . Dr. Robert M. Gates succeeded Bowen in 2002 , and during his four @-@ year tenure as president , Vision 2020 's short @-@ term focus narrowed to four key steps :
Increasing the size of the faculty by 447 positions within five years .
Building new academic facilities totaling roughly US $ 272 million .
Enriching the
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undergraduate and graduate education experience .
Gates ' leadership resulted in the largest academic expansion in the university 's history . As of September 8 , 2006 , Vision 2020 's progress includes :
346 new teachers and researchers from around the world with completion slated for September 1 , 2007
Hispanic enrollment increased 9 @.@ 6 % , African American enrollment increased 9 @.@ 4 % , and Asian American enrollment rose 24 @.@ 3 % compared to 2005 .
Over $ 500 million in new construction across campus including Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Building ( US $ 95 million ) , two emerging technologies buildings ( US $ 50 million each ) , and a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging building ( US $ 8 million ) .
The student @-@ faculty ratio dropped from 22 : 1 in 2001 to 20 : 1 in the fall of 2005 .
= = = Hurricane relief = = =
Following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , Texas A & M opened Reed Arena as a temporary shelter to house over 200 evacuees from New Orleans . Although school was barely in session and there was minimal notice , the students and staff of A & M prepared the facility , setting up several hundred beds on the arena floor and making arrangements for the evacuees to get new clothes and have medical checks . Aggie students organized a child care facility , and Aggie athletes escorted teenagers to the Aggie Rec Center to play basketball . Less than three weeks later , Reed Arena was again opened as a temporary shelter for people fleeing Hurricane Rita .
= = = Current status = = =
With strong support from Rice University and the University of Texas at Austin , the Association of American Universities inducted Texas A & M in May 2001 , based on the depth of the university 's research and academic programs . Furthermore , in 2004 , the honors organization Phi Beta Kappa opened its 265th chapter at Texas A & M.
On December 18 , 2006 , former Texas A & M University president Robert M. Gates was sworn in as the 22nd U.S. Secretary of Defense . Gates ' successor , Elsa Murano , on January 3 , 2008 became both the university 's first female and first Hispanic president . Murano 's term as president ended abruptly June 2009 , and was succeeded by Interim President R. Bowen Loftin . Loftin was eventually selected as university president in February 2010 .
As of the fall 2012 the university has a current enrollment of more than 50 @,@ 000 , the sixth @-@ largest university in the United States and the largest university in Texas . As of 2007 , the percentage of women and men at the school are roughly equal . However , for a number of years female of the freshman class have outnumbered males . The university has awarded more than 320 @,@ 000 degrees , of which 70 @,@ 000 have been graduate and professional degrees . Texas A & M has two branch campuses , one in Galveston , Texas , and one in the Middle Eastern country of Qatar . The latter branch campus had the distinction in 2011 of being the first school outside the U.S recognizing engineers as members of Tau Beta Pi , the Engineering Honor Society
In 2013 , Texas A & M Health Science Center was formally merged into the university . The university also purchased the Texas Wesleyan University School of Law and renamed it the Texas A & M School of Law . On October 23 , 2013 , plans to build a new branch campus , Texas A & M University at Nazareth - Peace Campus , in Israel , were announced .
= = Athletics = =
In 1914 , Texas A & M became a charter member of the Southwest Conference until its dissolution in 1996 . Texas A & M subsequently joined the Big Eight with The University of Texas at Austin , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference . Texas A & M left the Big 12 Conference for the Southeastern Conference on July 1 , 2012 . This ended Texas A & M 's scheduled NCAA athletic competitions with its Texas Southwest Conference rivals .
As of the end of the 2012 athletics season , Texas A & M has won 17 national titles in all of its varsity sports . The school has two Heisman Trophy winners : John David Crow in 1957 and the 2012 winner , Johnny Manziel .
= Pine Island Glacier =
Pine Island Glacier ( PIG ) is a large ice stream glacier , and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica , responsible for about 25 % of Antarctica 's ice loss . The glacier ice streams flow west @-@ northwest along the south side of the Hudson Mountains into Pine Island Bay , Amundsen Sea , Antarctica . It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) from surveys and United States Navy ( USN ) air photos , 1960 – 66 , and named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US @-@ ACAN ) in association with Pine Island Bay .
The area drained by Pine Island Glacier comprises about 10 percent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet . Satellite measurements have shown that the Pine Island Glacier Basin has a greater net contribution of ice to the sea than any other ice drainage basin in the world and this has increased due to recent acceleration of the ice stream .
The ice stream is extremely remote , with the nearest continually occupied research station at Rothera , nearly 1 @,@ 300 km ( 810 mi ) away . The area is not claimed by any nations and the Antarctic Treaty prohibits any new claims while it is in force .
= = Ice sheet drainage = =
The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest mass of ice on earth , containing a volume of water equivalent to 57 m ( 187 ft ) of global sea level . The ice sheet forms from snow which falls onto the continent and compacts under its own weight . The ice then moves under its own weight toward the edges of the continent . Most of this transport to the sea is by ice streams ( faster moving channels of ice surrounded by slower moving ice walls ) and outlet glaciers . The Antarctic ice sheet consists of the large , relatively stable , East Antarctic Ice Sheet and a smaller , less stable , West Antarctic Ice Sheet . The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained into the sea by several large ice streams , most of which flow into either the Ross Ice Shelf , or the Filchner @-@ Ronne Ice Shelf . Pine Island and Thwaites Glaciers are two major West Antarctic ice streams which do not flow into a large ice shelf . They are part of an area called the Amundsen Sea Embayment . A total area of 175 @,@ 000 km2 ( 68 @,@ 000 sq mi ) , 10 percent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet , drains out to the sea via Pine Island Glacier , this area is known as the Pine Island Glacier drainage basin .
= = Weak underbelly of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet = =
The Pine Island and Thwaites glaciers are two of Antarctica 's five largest ice streams . Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years , and suggested that if they were to melt , global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m ( 3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in ) , destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet .
In 1981 Terry Hughes proposed that the region around Pine Island Bay may be a " weak underbelly " of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet . This is based on the fact that , unlike the majority of the large West Antarctic ice streams , those flowing into the Amundsen Sea are not protected from the ocean by large floating ice shelves . Also , although the surface of the glacier is above sea level , the base lies below sea level and slopes downward inland , this suggests that there is no geological barrier to stop a retreat of the ice once it has started .
= = Acceleration and thinning = =
The speed of Pine Island Glacier increased by 73 percent from 1974 to the end of 2007 , with an 8 percent increase over the last 16 months of this period alone . This speed up has meant that by the end of 2007 the Pine Island Glacier system had a negative mass balance of 46 gigatonnes per year , which is equivalent to 0 @.@ 13 mm ( 0 @.@ 0051 in ) per year global sea level rise . In other words , much more water was being put into the sea by PIG than was being replaced by snowfall . Measurements along the centre of the ice stream by GPS demonstrated that this acceleration is still high nearly 200 km ( 120 mi ) inland , at around 4 percent over 2007 . It has been suggested that this recent acceleration could have been triggered by warm ocean waters at the end of PIG , where it has a floating section ( ice shelf ) approximately 50 km ( 31 mi ) long . It has also been shown that PIG underwent rapid thinning during the Holocene , and that this process may continue for centuries after it is initiated .
As the ice stream accelerates it is also getting steeper . The rate of thinning within the central trunk has quadrupled from 1995 to 2006 . If the current rate of acceleration were to continue the main trunk of the glacier could be afloat within 100 years .
= = Subglacial volcano = =
In January 2008 the British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ) scientists , Hugh Corr and David Vaughan , reported that 2 @,@ 200 years ago a volcano erupted under the Antarctic ice sheet . This was the biggest Antarctic eruption in the last 10 @,@ 000 years . The volcano is situated in the Hudson Mountains , close to Pine Island Glacier . The eruption spread a layer of volcanic ash ( or tephra ) over the surface of the ice sheet . This ash was then buried under the snow and ice . Corr and Vaughan were able to map this ash layer using an airborne radar system and calculate the date of the eruption from the depth of burial of the ash . This method uses dates calculated from nearby ice cores . The presence of the volcano raises the possibility that volcanic activity could have contributed , or may contribute in the future , to increases in the flow of the glacier .
= = History of fieldwork = =
= = = On the ice = = =
Due to the remoteness of Pine Island Glacier , most of the information available on the ice stream comes from airborne or satellite @-@ based measurements .
The first expedition to visit the ice stream was a United States over @-@ snow traverse , where they spent around a week in the area of PIG during January 1961 . They dug snow pits to measure snow accumulation and carried out seismic surveys to measure ice thickness . One of the scientists on this traverse was Charles R. Bentley , who claims " we didn 't know we were crossing a glacier at the time . " This is not surprising , because PIG is around 50 km ( 31 mi ) wide at the point visited and at ground level cannot be visually distinguished from the surrounding ice . This expedition was called the Ellsworth Highland Traverse .
Then in the 2004 / 2005 field season a team of 9 using a British Antarctic Survey ( BAS ) Twin Otter aircraft , equipped with ice penetrating radar , completed an aerial survey of PIG and its adjacent ice sheet . The team of 7 British & 2 Americans led by Dave Vaughan & Hugh Corr flew 30 km grid patterns over the PIG until mid @-@ January 5 , mapping the sub @-@ glacial terrain of that area roughly equal to the size of the State of Nevada .
Due to the remoteness of PIG and the logistical difficulties of caching enough fuel for the 04 / 05 expedition and future project ( s ) , BAS used the resources of the United States Antarctic Program ( USAP ) and their ski @-@ equipped LC130 aircraft .
After many weeks of weather delays the first four men ( Ben Partan , Rob Smith , Dave Anderson & Martin Bell ) arrived from McMurdo on 11 / 9 / 04 and began to establish camp and build a skiway for the C130 ’ s . Camp was established on the upper end of the ice stream at S77.76973 x W095.12713. The remaining members of the team arrived from Rothera approximately 10 days later in the Twin Otter , flown by survey pilot Dave Leatherdale .
Because of unusually good weather in the area that season the survey completed flying their grids early ( mid @-@ January ) and began flying 15 km grids of Thwaites Glacier for a USAP expedition who had been experiencing unusually poor weather in their area that year . Flying over Antarctica ’ s Pine Island Glacier in a DC @-@ 8 research plane , scientists participating in NASA ’ s IceBridge mission made a startling discovery on October 14 , 2011 : a massive crack running about 29 kilometers ( 18 mi ) across the glacier ’ s floating tongue . The rift is 80 metres ( 260 feet ) wide on average and 50 to 60 meters ( 160 to 200 ft ) deep , and it marks the moment of creation for a new iceberg that will span about 880 square kilometers ( 340 square miles ) once it breaks loose from the glacier .
All survey grids having been completed by the end of January , the survey crew flew back to Rothera leaving the two Americans and two British to dismantle the camp . A week later the remaining team members flew back to McMurdo leaving a fuel cache for future expeditions .
Another team from the British Antarctic Survey arrived at the ice stream on 8 December 2006 for the first of two field seasons . In the second field season , they spent three months there from November 2007 to February 2008 . Work on the glacier included radar measurements and seismic surveys .
In January 2008 Bob Bindschadler ( NASA ) landed on the floating ice shelf of PIG , this is at the downstream end where it floats on the sea . This landing , by a Twin Otter plane fitted with skis , was the first ever landing on this ice shelf . The reason for landing on the ice shelf was for a reconnaissance mission to investigate the feasibility of drilling through around 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) of ice , to lower instruments into the ocean cavity below . It is hoped that this will provide important information on the link between the ocean and Pine Island Glacier . It was decided that the small crevasse free area was too hard for further landings and so further fieldwork had to be postponed . Therefore , two GPS units and a weather station were positioned as near as possible to PIG .
Since then , the National Science Foundation has decided to establish a helicopter camp for the scientists to safely study the ice @-@ ocean interaction . During the 2010 – 11 summer field season in Antarctica , it is planned that tractors and sleds will haul all of the equipment needed to establish a camp near the ice shelf . A tractor train traverse of about 700 km ( 430 mi ) is needed to deliver the materials . The plan over the following two field seasons , 2011 – 12 and 2012 – 13 , is for scientists to use helicopters to fly to sites on the ice shelf , where they will deploy specially designed profilers down through the ice shelf to measure various ocean properties .
2011 @-@ 2012 field season : after five weeks of delays , the camp staff was finally able to establish the Main Camp just before New Years . The following week Dr Bindschadler and his team were able to arrive . Due to additional weather delays , the helicopters weren 't able to arrive by the NSF ' drop dead ' date and the field season was essentially cancelled . Fortunately limited science was still accomplished by the team thanks to a series of flights by KBA back onto the glacier ; its seems that conditions had changed drastically since the last twin otter flights .
The British Antarctic Survey deployed a small team of four ( Dr Andrew Smith , Gabriel Chevailler , Ashly Fusiarski , Ian Hey ) during the 2011 @-@ 12 summer field season to carry out a series of seismic and radar surveys on PIG . They also installed a series of overwintering GPS stations . During this same field season , a separate BAS team ( Dr Mark Clilverd , Tom Stroud ) was inputted to the field parties location and they installed an overwintering autonomous VLF station . This was followed by a radar traverse upstream using skidoos . This survey linked previous radar lines .
= = = From the sea = = =
The first ship to reach Pine Island Glacier 's ice shelf , in Pine Island Bay , was the USS / USCGC Glacier in 1985 . This ship was an icebreaker operated by the U.S. Coast Guard . The mission , known as Deep Freeze , had scientists on board who took sediment samples from the ocean floor .
During the summer field season , over two months from January to February 2009 , researchers aboard the U.S. Antarctic Program research vessel Nathaniel B. Palmer reached the ice shelf . This was the second time that the Palmer had successfully made it up to the glacier , the first time being in 1994 . In collaboration with the British , the scientists used a robotic submarine to explore the glacier @-@ carved channels on the continental shelf as well as the cavity below the ice shelf and glacier . The submarine , known as Autosub 3 , was developed and built at the National Oceanography Centre in the UK . It completed six successful missions , travelling a total of 500 km ( 310 mi ) under the ice shelf . Autosub is able to map the base of the ice shelf as well as the ocean floor and take various measurements and samples of the water on the way . The success of Autosub 3 was particularly notable because its predecessor Autosub 2 was lost beneath the Fimbul Ice Shelf on only its second such mission .
= Church Administration Building =
The Church Administration Building ( CAB ) is an administrative office building in Salt Lake City , Utah , serving as the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) , the fourth @-@ largest Christian denomination in the United States . Completed in 1917 , the building is adjacent to Temple Square , between the Joseph Smith Memorial Building and the Lion House , on South Temple Drive . It differs from the Church Office Building in that it is much smaller and furnishes offices for the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . It also houses offices for other general authorities and their personal staff .
Only church officials and their guests are permitted to enter . The CAB has been used for meetings between church leaders and political and community leaders .
= = Use and special events = =
Initially , the Church Administration Building housed all administrative offices of the LDS Church , but as membership grew and leadership and staff expanded , the workers were scattered in office buildings throughout downtown Salt Lake City — some as far away as the Granite Mountain Vaults in Little Cottonwood Canyon and at Brigham Young University , forty miles to the south in Provo . With construction of the Church Office Building to the east , the Church Administration Building was freed up for offices exclusively for general authorities , and it continues to serve as the church 's headquarters .
The Church Administration Building furnishes offices for the president of the LDS Church , as well as for his counselors in the First Presidency , the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , and other general authorities , along with their staff . The building is overseen by the Church Security Department , with only certain employees , church officers and their guests are permitted to enter .
A variety of events have been held at the CAB , as well as receiving distinguished visitors . As part of the festivities for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , the Olympic torch was passed through the hands of members of the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on the steps of the CAB . It is also a tradition that funeral processions of past LDS Church presidents pass in front of the Church Administration Building . The building has hosted visitors including Michelle Obama and George W. Bush .
= = Construction = =
Constructed between 1914 and 1917 , the building is built of quartz monzonite from the same quarry in Little Cottonwood Canyon as the stone used for the Utah State Capitol and the nearby Salt Lake Temple . The Mt . Nebo Marble Company supplied marble and travertine for the interior of the CAB . According to the Utah Geological Survey , " the company quarried Birdseye marble in the Thistle area of Utah County , and travertine and onyx at Pelican Point near Utah Lake in Utah County and in the Cedar Mountains of Tooele County . "
Twenty @-@ four ionic columns form a colonnade around the structure , each weighing eight tons . The building 's exterior is constructed from 4 @,@ 517 granite blocks .
= Stewie Loves Lois =
" Stewie Loves Lois " is the first episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy , an episode produced for Season 4 . It originally aired on Fox on September 10 , 2006 . The episode features Stewie after his teddy bear , which has been destroyed by an unfamiliar dog at the park , is repaired by his mother , Lois , causing him to become overly affectionate of her . Meanwhile , Peter gets a prostate exam from Dr. Hartman , but believes that he has been raped instead , and decides to prosecute his doctor in court .
The episode was written by Mark Hentemann and directed by Mike Kim . It received mostly mixed reviews from critics for its storyline , and many cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 9 @.@ 93 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Ellen Albertini Dow , Dave Boat , Phil LaMarr , Kevin Michael Richardson and Anne @-@ Michelle Seiler , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series .
= = Plot = =
Quahog becomes the subject of a flu epidemic , and Peter goes to see Dr. Hartman for a vaccine . Although the vaccines are in short supply and must be saved for the elderly , Peter manages to get one anyway ( by pretending to fall onto the syringe ) . While looking through Peter 's papers , Hartman realizes that Peter has not had a prostate exam . Peter agrees to get one , despite not knowing what it involves . Upon receiving the procedure , Peter feels sexually violated and proceeds to tell Lois about his ordeal , and she is rather unsupportive and finds it amusing , up to the point to calling him a " fucking idiot " . He then suffers a mental breakdown and tells his friends about the incident , at which point they reveal that Dr. Hartman also " raped " them . Peter decides to sue Hartman in a court of law , and Lois is unable to talk him out of it .
In the courtroom , Peter exaggerates the story . The judge is not convinced , and even recalls his own prostate exam being uneventful . However , after further prompting from Peter , the judge " remembers " being abused and declares Hartman guilty , revoking his license . As Peter celebrates his victory at The Drunken Clam , his frequent need to urinate causes concern among his friends , where Seamus informs him that his prostate may be infected . However , his lawsuit makes it unlikely that any doctor would treat him , and indeed , not one does . Peter visits Dr. Hartman in disguise and unsuccessfully tries to trick him into giving the exam , but the doctor decides that his Hippocratic Oath requires him to go ahead with the examination anyway . Peter 's constant urinating turns out to be due to a minor infection and blockage caused by Mr. Sulu somehow being up Peter 's rectum . In the epilogue , Dr. Hartman 's license is reinstated .
Meanwhile , Stewie plays at the park with his teddy , Rupert . A vicious dog grabs Rupert from him and tears it to shreds . Lois runs after the dog , retrieves Rupert , and repairs him , causing Stewie to rethink all the bad thoughts he 's had of Lois . Stewie becomes enamored with her , which she takes as refreshing at first , but eventually , she becomes exhausted and frustrated at his increased dependency and even has a nightmare of murdering him . Taking Brian 's advice , she starts ignoring his demands for attention ( faking he got sick from pills and claiming to be dying ) , until he injures himself falling down the stairs ; Lois tries to apologize for her behavior , but Stewie is so disgusted by it that it causes him to hate her once again .
= = Production = =
When Stewie is fantasizing about murdering and harming Lois , he performs several karate and kung @-@ fu moves . This is a reference to an individual whom Mark Hentemann , a writer for Family Guy , used to know . He was the boy who would come to school , car washes or other events and tell stories about the people who he had been in physical fights with . During the scene when Stewie describes Lois as being the female version of Bonnie Hunt , MacFarlane comments that he feels bad about that joke , as just before it was broadcast — Hunt telephoned him on his mobile phone and told him about how much she enjoyed the show , however the gag was not removed due to its expected airing date being so close to when the telephone call was made . On the uncut version of this episode , there is a scene where Peter sleepily mistakes Stewie 's mouth for Lois 's genitals , muttering , " Oh , you are so ready ! " The edited TV version does not have this part , but leaves in the first half , in which Peter sleepily mistakes Stewie 's nose for Lois 's nipple .
For a reason which was not specified , the sound of Lois 's footsteps when going down the basement stairs during her dream of killing Stewie , had to be overcome by Stewie talking more often . This line of Stewie making general conversation in the same scene , was altered several times due to lack of laughter from the audience . MacFarlane comments that the scene of Peter standing up to his teacher who was giving the class a test , is a reference to " 80 's TV bullshit " .
In addition to the regular cast , actress Ellen Albertini Dow , voice actors Dave Boat , Phil LaMarr and Kevin Michael Richardson , and actress Anne @-@ Michelle Seiler guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Lori Alan , Alex Breckenridge , writer Mike Henry , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances . Recurring cast members Adam West and Patrick Warburton guest starred in the episode as well .
= = Cultural references = =
During the scene when a car is about to fall off a cliff , Robin the Boy Wonder appears and attempts to save the people . However , upon arrival , he is criticized as he will not be able to save them : this is a reference to the portrayal of Robin from the 1960s Batman series . Throughout the episode , other references are made to fictitious super heroes . In total , three references were made to Star Trek , all of which involve Star Trek actor George Takei 's character , Mr. Sulu . When Peter has a flashback about passing his college test he is running around with the song " I 'm Free " by Kenny Loggins playing in the background . This is a reference to the movie Footloose . When Peter is recounting what Hartman did to him , he goes into a flashback in court , and everything turns black and white and grainy : this is a reference to The Accused , starring Jodie Foster . During one of the kitchen scenes , Brian teases Stewie singing " Stewie loves Lois ! " Stewie retorts by singing , " Brian loves Olympia Dukakis ! " To which he replies , " Oh yeah , I do . "
When Stewie imagines how a holiday in Hawaii would be with Rupert , he references the classic Calvin and Hobbes series .
Lois makes a reference to Barbara Bush after waking up from her dream of killing Stewie . She claims " I 'm just like that Texas woman who gave her son brain damage by holding him underwater , I 'm just like Barbara Bush " . When the fisherman is telling Peter about the serious consequences of not getting a prostate exam , he shows Peter a picture of band Primus , to which Peter asks him why he carries such random pictures around with him .
The closing credits are a reference to All in the Family , an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS in the 1970s . At the beginning of the credits , the voice of Peter says " Family Guy was recorded on tape before a live audience " as ' footage ' of the city of Quahog is shown .
= = Reception = =
IGN 's Dan Iverson commented that " the Stewie / Lois story was really kind of funny " , noting that the scene was " a nice window in on parenting " . He describes the scene of Stewie shouting at Brian in Spanish as being " very funny " . However , Iverson criticized the episode , noting that the scene of Peter giving his story in court went from just " creepy and awkward to just plain disturbing " . The episode received a final rating by Iverson of 4 @.@ 5 / 10 . 9 @.@ 93 million people watched this episode in the US on its first airing ranking # 2 on FOX that night behind The Simpsons , this episode was the highest rated of season five .
= The Swarm ( roller coaster ) =
The Swarm ( officially stylized as " THE SWARM " ) is a steel Wing Coaster at Thorpe Park , a theme park in the United Kingdom . The Swarm was the world 's second Wing Coaster designed by Swiss roller coaster manufacturer Bolliger & Mabillard and the United Kingdom 's first Wing Coaster . Construction commenced in May 2011 , and the coaster opened on 15 March 2012 . Starting in 2013 , the last two rows of each train face backwards , while the first five rows face forward . This was removed in 2016 , with all riders facing forward once again .
The 775 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 2 @,@ 543 ft ) ride stands 39 metres ( 128 ft ) tall and features five inversions . On the one @-@ minute twenty @-@ five second ride , riders experience speeds of up to 59 miles per hour ( 95 km / h ) and 4 @.@ 5 times the force of gravity . A marketing campaign for the ride began 11 months before The Swarm was opened to the public . The ride has generally been well received , ranking highly amongst other roller coasters of its type .
= = History = =
= = = Planning and announcement = = =
In 2010 , planning for The Swarm began behind closed doors . The ride was codenamed LC12 in the early process of its planning and construction . On 31 January 2011 , Thorpe Park submitted a planning application for their 2012 ride to the Runnymede Borough Council . The website gave further information about the new ride 's theme , that of an apocalyptic battle .
= = = Construction and opening = = =
At the time of the ride 's announcement construction was already underway . The track for The Swarm was complete by 18 November 2011 . Clearance testing started almost immediately ; the first operational test run was completed on 17 January 2012 .
On 15 March 2012 , The Swarm officially opened to the public . In January 2013 , Thorpe Park announced that the last two rows on The Swarm would be rotated to face backwards for 2013 , a first for a Wing Coaster . The park 's tag line for this experience is ' THE SWARM- Brave It Backwards ' . The park additionally announced that they were adding a damaged , mangled billboard , which the train travels through . In 2016 the seats were returned to all facing forwards .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Location = = =
The Swarm is located on a reclaimed island adjacent to the Stealth roller coaster , with parts of the ride being built over water . A bridge links the core of Thorpe Park to an island which hosts the roller coaster station , merchandise outlet , a games zone and toilet buildings .
= = = Trains = = =
The Swarm features two 28 @-@ seat Bolliger & Mabillard Wing Coaster trains . Each train is made up of seven rows of four seats each . One pair of seats in each row is located on either side of the ride 's track and slightly lower than the track , as with all Wing Coasters . The trains are themed to resemble alien @-@ like creatures ( the ride 's eponymous " Swarm " ) , with a number of red LED lights placed across the train .
= = = Theme = = =
The area is designed to appear as if it has been partially destroyed by explosions associated with a major disaster . The ride recreates the experience of flying through a crash scene and features a crashed aeroplane , upturned ambulance , half @-@ submerged fire engine and a helicopter .
= = Ride experience = =
The roller coaster begins in the station , which is built to look like a partially destroyed church , and climbs up a 38 @.@ 7 @-@ metre ( 127 ft ) chain lift hill . Upon reaching the top of the lift hill , the track twists 180 degrees anticlockwise , so that riders are upside down , before plunging down the world 's first dive drop element . The train then proceeds to dive under the wing of a wrecked plane and into a zero @-@ g roll 30 @.@ 6 metres ( 100 ft ) above the ground before passing through a billboard and entering an inclined loop 23 metres ( 75 ft ) in height . It then enters a turnaround with a wrecked helicopter with slow @-@ spinning rotor blades in the centre . This is followed by a corkscrew , which passes through the inclined loop . Upon leaving the corkscrew , the train curves past a crashed fire engine with water and fire effects and proceeds through a keyhole : a partly destroyed church tower . The ride then flies over the station and enters into a last inline twist before a mid @-@ course brake run . Following this , the train makes a banked left @-@ hand turn into the final brakes . The train then goes back into the station . The ride previously featured an on @-@ ride video camera , filming riders and allowing the purchase of a DVD afterwards ; this was removed sometime in 2015 or 2016 .
= = Marketing = =
In late April 2011 , Thorpe Park began an advertising campaign for LC12 consisting of " The end is coming " posters in the park and a teaser website , LC12.net. The LC12.net website featured a brief description hinting at the possible theme of the ride alongside a countdown until 1 August 2011 . As the date of the ride 's announcement approached , Thorpe Park released a video via Facebook stating that " WAR is coming " .
On 25 January 2012 , it was reported that an incident occurred when testing The Swarm . Limbs of test dummies were broken off when the ride passed an object that was located too close to the track . The Daily Mail suggested that the incident might have been a publicity stunt .
In March 2012 , Thorpe Park announced it had contracted the band You Me at Six to create the world 's first roller coaster single for the launch of The Swarm . The song , " The Swarm " , was released on iTunes on 18 March 2012 , a few days after the opening of the roller coaster . The song entered the UK Singles Charts at number 23 .
= = Reception = =
The Swarm has generally been well received . Nick Sim of Theme Park Tourist praised the ride and its theme , saying that it packs " a number of incredible elements into its compact circuit " . Sim stated the ride had " fallen just short of our sky @-@ high expectations " mainly because of " its short ride time " . He rated the ride 4 out of 5 . Joanna Churchill of the Daily Mirror gave a review of the backwards ride , stating that it is " a whole new adrenaline @-@ pumped experience that is simply not for the faint @-@ hearted " . Churchill stated that her " blood pressure and heart rate went through the roof " , but " there was barely time to process what was happening before we were back on terra firma " .
In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , The Swarm debuted at position 68 out of the 365 roller coasters in the poll . When compared with other Wing Coasters debuting in the 2012 poll , The Swarm performed fairly well ; X @-@ Flight at Six Flags Great America ranked 58 , Wild Eagle at Dollywood ranked 87 , and Raptor at Gardaland ranked 113 . It did not place in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 , but made its first appearance in 2015 ranked at 30 .
Despite the positive reviews however , The Swarm failed to increase attendance . In fact , park gate figures fell by 200 @,@ 000 following the addition of the coaster . The park as well as many others have blamed the parks branding from 2009 to 2012 as the issue .
= Edmonton =
Edmonton / ˈɛdməntən / is the capital of Alberta , Canada . Edmonton is on the North Saskatchewan River and is the centre of the Edmonton Capital Region , which is surrounded by Alberta 's central region .
The city had a population of 877 @,@ 926 in the 2014 census , is Alberta 's second @-@ largest city and Canada 's fifth @-@ largest municipality . This population represents 66 percent of the total 2014 population of 1 @,@ 328 @,@ 300 within the Edmonton census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , Canada 's fifth @-@ largest CMA by population . Edmonton is the most northern North American city with a metropolitan population over one million . A resident of Edmonton is known as an Edmontonian .
Edmonton 's historic growth has been facilitated through the absorption of five adjacent urban municipalities ( Strathcona , North Edmonton , West Edmonton , Beverly and Jasper Place ) and a series of annexations ending in 1982 . Edmonton serves as the northern anchor of the Calgary – Edmonton Corridor . Known as the " Gateway to the North " , the city is a staging point for large @-@ scale oil sands projects occurring in northern Alberta and large @-@ scale diamond mining operations in the Northwest Territories .
Edmonton is a cultural , governmental and educational centre . It hosts a year @-@ round slate of festivals , reflected in the nickname " Canada 's Festival City " . It is home to North America 's largest mall , West Edmonton Mall ( the world 's largest mall from 1981 until 2004 ) , and Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum .
= = History = =
The earliest known inhabitants settled in the area that is now Edmonton around 3 @,@ 000 BC and perhaps as early as 12 @,@ 000 BC , when an ice @-@ free corridor opened up as the last glacial period ended and timber , water , and wildlife became available in the region .
In 1754 , Anthony Henday , an explorer working for the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) , may have been the first European to enter the Edmonton area . His expeditions across the Canadian Prairies were mainly to seek contact with the aboriginal population for the purpose of establishing the fur trade , as competition was fierce between the Hudson 's Bay Company and the North West Company . By 1795 , Fort Edmonton was established on the north bank of the river , as a major trading post for the Hudson 's Bay Company . The name of the new fort was suggested by John Peter Pruden after Edmonton , London , the home town of both the HBC deputy governor Sir James Winter Lake , and Pruden .
The coming of the Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) to southern Alberta in 1885 helped the Edmonton economy , and the 1891 building of the Calgary and Edmonton ( C & E ) Railway resulted in the emergence of a railway townsite ( South Edmonton / Strathcona ) on the south side of the river , across from Edmonton . The arrival of the CPR and the C & E Railway facilitated the arrival of settlers and entrepreneurs from eastern Canada , Britain and continental Europe , U.S. and other parts of the world . The fertile soil and cheap land in the Edmonton area helped attract settlers , further establishing Edmonton as a major regional commercial and agricultural centre . Some people participating in the Klondike Gold Rush passed through South Edmonton / Strathcona in 1897 . Strathcona was the northernmost railway point in North America , but travel to the Klondike was still very difficult for the " Klondikers " , and a majority of them took a steamship north to the Yukon from Vancouver .
Incorporated as a town in 1892 with a population of 700 and then as a city in 1904 with a population of 8 @,@ 350 , Edmonton became the capital of Alberta when the province was formed a year later , on September 1 , 1905 . In November 1905 , the Canadian Northern Railway ( CNR ) arrived in Edmonton , accelerating growth .
During the early 1900s , Edmonton grew very rapidly , causing speculation in real estate . In 1912 , Edmonton amalgamated with the City of Strathcona , south of the North Saskatchewan River ; as a result , the city extended south of the North Saskatchewan River for the first time .
Just prior to World War I , the boom ended , and the city 's population declined sharply from more than 72 @,@ 000 in 1914 to less than 54 @,@ 000 only two years later . Many impoverished families moved to subsistence farms outside the city and others fled to greener pastures in other provinces . Recruitment to the Canadian army during the war also contributed to the drop in population . Afterwards , the city slowly recovered in population and economy during the 1920s and 1930s and took off again during and after World War II .
The Edmonton City Centre Airport opened in 1929 , becoming the first licensed airfield in Canada . Originally named Blatchford Field in honour of former mayor Kenny Blatchford , pioneering aviators such as Wilfrid R. " Wop " May and Max Ward used Blatchford Field as a major base for the distribution of mail , food , and medicine to Northern Canada ; hence Edmonton 's emergence as the " Gateway to the North " . World War II saw Edmonton becoming a major base for the construction of the Alaska Highway and the Northwest Staging Route .
= = Geography = =
Edmonton is located on the North Saskatchewan River , and sits at an elevation of 671 metres ( 2 @,@ 201 ft ) . Edmonton is the most northerly city in North America with a metropolitan population of over one million . It is at the same latitude as Hamburg ( Germany ) , Dublin ( Ireland ) , Manchester ( United Kingdom ) , and Magnitogorsk ( Russia ) . North as it is , it is south of the geographic centre of Alberta , which is located near the Hamlet of Fort Assiniboine . The terrain in and around Edmonton is generally flat to gently rolling , with ravines and deep river valleys , such as the North Saskatchewan River valley . The Canadian Rockies are located about 220 km ( 140 mi ) to the southwest .
The North Saskatchewan River originates at the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park and bisects the city . Before the construction of two reservoirs near the mountains , it would sometimes flood Edmonton 's river valley , most notably in the North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915 . It empties via the Saskatchewan River , Lake Winnipeg , and the Nelson River into Hudson Bay . It runs from the southwest to the northeast and is fed by numerous creeks throughout the city , such as Mill Creek , Whitemud Creek and Blackmud Creek ; this creates numerous ravines , some of which are used for urban parkland . Edmonton is within the Canadian Prairies Ecozone . Aspen parkland , surrounds the city and , acts a transitional area from the prairie to the south and boreal forest in the north . However , the aspen woods and forests in and around Edmonton have long since been reduced by farming and other human activities , such as oil and natural gas exploration .
= = = Climate = = =
Edmonton has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) It falls into the NRC Plant Hardiness Zone 4a .
The city has milder winters than either Regina or Winnipeg , both further south of Edmonton in latitude . Its average daily temperatures range from a low of − 10 @.@ 4 ° C ( 13 @.@ 3 ° F ) in January to a summer peak of 17 @.@ 7 ° C ( 63 @.@ 9 ° F ) in July . With average maximum of 23 @.@ 1 ° C ( 73 @.@ 6 ° F ) in July , and minimum of − 14 @.@ 8 ° C ( 5 @.@ 4 ° F ) in January . Annually , temperatures can exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) for an average of four to five days anytime from late April to mid @-@ September and fall below − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) for an average of 28 days . The highest temperature recorded within the City of Edmonton was 37 @.@ 2 ° C ( 99 @.@ 0 ° F ) , on June 29 , 1937 . On July 2 , 2013 , a record high humidex of 43 was recorded , due to an unusually humid day with a temperature of 33 @.@ 9 ° C ( 93 @.@ 0 ° F ) and a record high dew point of 23 ° C ( 73 @.@ 4 ° F ) . The lowest overall temperature ever recorded in Edmonton was − 49 @.@ 4 ° C ( − 56 @.@ 9 ° F ) , on January 19 and 21 , 1886 . On January 26 , 1972 , the temperature was recorded at − 48 @.@ 3 ° C ( − 54 @.@ 9 ° F ) and at -61 with the wind chill , making it the lowest temperature including the wind chill ever recorded in Edmonton .
Typically , summer lasts from late June until early September , and the humidity is seldom uncomfortably high . Winter lasts from November to March , and varies greatly in length and severity . Spring and autumn are both short and highly variable . Edmonton 's growing season is from May 9 to September 22 ; Edmonton averages 135 @-@ 140 frost free days a year . At the summer solstice , Edmonton receives seventeen hours and three minutes of daylight , with an hour and forty @-@ six minutes of civil twilight . On average Edmonton receives 2 @,@ 299 hours of bright sunshine per year and is one of Canada 's sunniest cities .
The summer of 2006 was a particularly warm one for Edmonton , as temperatures reached 29 ° C ( 84 ° F ) or higher more than 20 times during the year , from as early as mid @-@ May and again in early September . The winter of 2011 – 12 was particularly warm ; from December 22 , 2011 , till March 20 , 2012 , on 53 occasions Edmonton saw temperatures at or above 0 @.@ 0 ° C ( 32 @.@ 0 ° F ) at the City Centre Airport .
Edmonton has a fairly dry climate . On average , it receives 476 @.@ 9 millimetres ( 18 @.@ 78 in ) of precipitation , of which 365 @.@ 7 millimetres ( 14 @.@ 40 in ) is rain and 111 @.@ 2 millimetres ( 4 @.@ 38 in ) is the melt from 123 @.@ 5 centimetres ( 48 @.@ 6 in ) of snowfall per annum . Precipitation is heaviest in the late spring , summer , and early autumn . The wettest month is July , while the driest months are February , March , October , and November . In July , the mean precipitation is 91 @.@ 7 mm ( 3 @.@ 61 in ) . Dry spells are not uncommon and may occur at any time of the year . Extremes do occur , such as the 114 mm ( 4 @.@ 49 in ) of rainfall that fell on July 31 , 1953 . Summer thunderstorms can be frequent and occasionally severe enough to produce large hail , damaging winds , funnel clouds , and occasionally tornadoes . Twelve tornadoes had been recorded in Edmonton between 1890 and 1989 . The F4 tornado that struck Edmonton on July 31 , 1987 , killing 27 , was unusual in many respects , including severity , duration , damage , and casualties . It is commonly referred to as Black Friday due both to its aberrant characteristics and the emotional shock it generated . Then @-@ mayor Laurence Decore cited the community 's response to the tornado as evidence that Edmonton was a " city of champions , " which later became an unofficial slogan of the city .
A massive cluster of thunderstorms occurred on July 11 , 2004 , with large hail and over 100 mm ( 4 in ) of rain reported within the space of an hour in many places . This " 1 @-@ in @-@ 200 year event " flooded major intersections and underpasses and damaged both residential and commercial properties . The storm caused extensive damage to West Edmonton Mall ; a small glass section of the roof collapsed under the weight of the rainwater , causing water to drain onto the mall 's indoor ice rink . As a result , the mall was forced to undergo an evacuation as a precautionary measure .
= = = Parkland and environment = = =
Edmonton 's river valley constitutes the longest stretch of connected urban parkland in North America , and Edmonton has the highest amount of parkland per capita of any Canadian city ; the river valley is 22 times larger than New York City 's Central Park . The river valley is home to various parks ranging from fully serviced urban parks to campsite @-@ like facilities with few amenities . This main " Ribbon of Green " is supplemented by numerous neighbourhood parks located throughout the city , to give a total of 111 km2 ( 27 @,@ 400 acres ) of parkland . Within the 7 @,@ 400 ha ( 18 @,@ 000 acres ) , 25 km ( 16 mi ) -long river valley park system , there are 11 lakes , 14 ravines , and 22 major parks , and most of the city has accessible bike and walking trail connections . These trails are also part of the 235 km ( 146 mi ) Waskahegan walking trail . The City of Edmonton has named five parks in its River Valley Parks System in honour of each of " The Famous Five " .
Edmonton 's streets and parklands also contain one of the largest remaining concentrations of healthy American elm trees in the world , unaffected by Dutch elm disease , which has wiped out vast numbers of such trees in eastern North America . Jack pine , lodgepole pine , white spruce , white birch , aspen , mountain ash , Amur maple , Russian olive , green ash , basswood , various poplars and willows , flowering crabapple , Mayday tree and Manitoba maple are also abundant ; bur oak , silver maple , hawthorn and Ohio buckeye are increasingly popular . Other introduced tree species include white ash , blue spruce , Norway maple , red oak , sugar maple , common horse @-@ chestnut , McIntosh apple , and Evans cherry . Three walnut species – butternut , Manchurian walnut , and black walnut – have survived in Edmonton .
Several golf courses , both public and private , are also located in the river valley ; the long summer daylight hours of this northern city provide for extended play from early morning well into the evening . Golf courses and the park system become a winter recreation area during this season , and cross @-@ country skiing and skating are popular during the long winter . Four downhill ski slopes are located in the river valley as well , two within the city and two immediately outside .
A variety of volunteer opportunities exist for citizens to participate in the stewardship of Edmonton 's parkland and river valley . Volunteer programs include River Valley Clean @-@ up , Root for Trees , and Partner in Parks . River Valley Clean @-@ up engages volunteers to pick up hundreds of bags of litter each year .
= = = Neighbourhoods = = =
Edmonton is divided into 375 neighbourhoods within 7 geographic sectors – a mature area sector , which includes neighbourhoods that were essentially built out prior to 1970 , and 6 surrounding suburban sectors .
Edmonton 's Downtown is located within the city 's mature area or inner city . It and the surrounding Boyle Street , Central McDougall , Cloverdale , Garneau , McCauley , Oliver , Queen Mary Park , Riverdale , Rossdale , Strathcona and University of Alberta form Edmonton 's Central Core . Oliver and Garneau are the city 's most populated and most densely populated neighbourhoods respectively . The mature area sector also contains the five former urban municipalities annexed by the city over its history – Beverly , Jasper Place , North Edmonton , Strathcona and West Edmonton ( Calder ) .
Larger residential areas within Edmonton 's six suburban sectors , each comprising multiple neighbourhoods , include : Heritage Valley , Kaskitayo , Riverbend , Terwillegar Heights and Windermere ( southwest sector ) ; The Grange , Lewis Farms and West Jasper Place ( west sector ) ; Big Lake ( northwest sector ) ; Castle Downs , Lake District and The Palisades ( north sector ) ; Casselman @-@ Steele Heights , Clareview , Hermitage and Pilot Sound ( northeast sector ) ; and Ellerslie , The Meadows , Mill Woods and Southeast Edmonton ( southeast sector ) . Mill Woods is divided into a town centre community ( Mill Woods Town Centre ) and eight surrounding communities – Burnewood , Knottwood , Lakewood , Millbourne , Millhurst , Ridgewood , Southwood , and Woodvale – each having between two and four neighbourhoods .
Several transit @-@ oriented developments ( TOD ) have begun to appear along the LRT line at Clareview , with future developments planned at Belvedere ( part of the Old Town Fort Road Redevelopment Project ) . Another TOD , called Century Park , is being constructed at the site of what was once Heritage Mall , at the southern end of the LRT line . Century Park will eventually house up to 5 @,@ 000 residents .
The Edmonton City Centre Airport is planned to be redeveloped into a sustainable community of 30 @,@ 000 people comprising a transit @-@ oriented mixed use town centre , townhouses , low , medium and high rise apartments , neighbourhood retail and service uses , and a major park .
Edmonton has four major industrial districts – the Northwest Industrial District , the Northeast Industrial District , the Southeast Industrial District and the emerging Edmonton Energy and Technology Park , which is part of Alberta 's Industrial Heartland . The northwest , northeast and southeast districts each have smaller industrial areas and neighbourhoods within them .
The city has established 12 business revitalization zones – 124 Street and Area , Alberta Avenue , Beverly , Downtown , Chinatown and Little Italy , Fort Road and Area , Inglewood , Kingsway , North Edge , Northwest Industrial , Old Strathcona and Stony Plain Road .
= = = Metropolitan area = = =
Edmonton is at the centre of Canada 's sixth largest census metropolitan area ( CMA ) , which includes Edmonton and 34 other municipalities in the surrounding area . Larger urban communities include Sherwood Park ( an urban service area within Strathcona County ) , the cities of St. Albert , Leduc , Spruce Grove and Fort Saskatchewan , and the towns of Stony Plain , Beaumont , Morinville , and Devon . Major employment areas outside of Edmonton but within the CMA include the Nisku Industrial Business Park and the Edmonton International Airport ( including a planned inland port logistics support facility in support of the Port Alberta initiative ) in Leduc County , the Acheson Industrial Area in Parkland County , Refinery Row in Strathcona County and Alberta 's Industrial Heartland within portions of Fort Saskatchewan , Strathcona County and Sturgeon County . Alberta 's Industrial Heartland also extends beyond the CMA 's northeastern boundary into a portion of Lamont County .
The individual economic development interests and costs of service delivery in certain municipalities within the region has led to intermunicipal competition , strained intermunicipal relationships and overall fragmentation of the region . Although several attempts have been made by the City of Edmonton to absorb surrounding municipalities or annex portions of its neighbours , the city has not absorbed another municipality since the Town of Jasper Place joined Edmonton on August 17 , 1964 and the city has not annexed land from any of its neighbours since January 1 , 1982 . After years of mounting pressure in the early 21st century , the Province of Alberta formed the Capital Region Board ( CRB ) on April 15 , 2008 . The CRB consists of 24 member municipalities – 22 of which are within the Edmonton CMA and two of which are outside the CMA . The City of Edmonton subsequently announced in March 2013 its intent to annex 156 square kilometers of land ( including the Edmonton International Airport ) from Leduc County .
= = Demographics = =
The population of the City of Edmonton according to its 2014 municipal census is 877 @,@ 926 , a 7 @.@ 4 % change from its 2012 municipal census population of 817 @,@ 498 . The 2012 census captured more detailed demographic information on residents , including age and gender , marital status , employment status , length of residency , prior residence , employment transportation mode , citizenship and school residency , as well as dwellings and properties , including ownership , structure and status . Per its municipal census policy , the city 's next municipal census is scheduled for 2016 .
In the 2011 Census , the City of Edmonton had a population of 812 @,@ 201 living in 324 @,@ 756 of its 348 @,@ 672 total dwellings , an 11 @.@ 2 percent change from its 2006 population of 730 @,@ 372 . With a land area of 684 @.@ 37 km2 ( 264 @.@ 24 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 1 @,@ 186 @.@ 8 / km2 ( 3 @,@ 073 @.@ 8 / sq mi ) in 2011 . The census also reported that 50 @.@ 2 percent of the population ( 407 @,@ 325 ) was female while 49 @.@ 8 percent ( 404 @,@ 875 ) was male . The average age of the city 's population was 36 @.@ 0 years while there was an average 2 @.@ 5 people per household .
The Edmonton census metropolitan area ( CMA ) has the sixth @-@ greatest population of CMAs in Canada and the second @-@ greatest in Alberta , but has the largest land area in Canada . It had a population of 1 @,@ 159 @,@ 869 in the 2011 Census compared to its 2006 population of 1 @,@ 034 @,@ 945 . Its five @-@ year population change of 12 @.@ 1 percent was second only to the Calgary CMA between 2006 and 2011 . With a land area of 9 @,@ 426 @.@ 73 km2 ( 3 @,@ 639 @.@ 68 sq mi ) , the Edmonton CMA had a population density of 123 @.@ 0 / km2 ( 318 @.@ 7 / sq mi ) in 2011 . Statistics Canada 's latest estimate of the Edmonton CMA population , as of July 1 , 2013 , is 1 @,@ 289 @,@ 564 .
The Edmonton population centre is the core of the Edmonton CMA . This core includes the cities of Edmonton , Fort Saskatchewan and St. Albert , the Sherwood Park portion of Strathcona County , and portions of Parkland County and Sturgeon County . The Edmonton population centre
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several companies that have grown to international stature . The local retail market has also seen the creation of many successful store concepts , such as The Brick , Katz Group , AutoCanada , Boston Pizza , Pizza 73 , Liquor Stores GP ( which includes Liquor Depot , Liquor Barn , OK Liquor , and Grapes & Grains ) , Planet Organic , Shaw Communications , Empire Design , Running Room , Booster Juice , Earl 's , Fountain Tire and XS Cargo .
Edmonton 's geographical location has made it an ideal spot for distribution and logistics . CN Rail 's North American operational facility is located in the city , as well as a major intermodal facility that handles all incoming freight from the port of Prince Rupert in British Columbia .
= = = Retail = = =
Edmonton is home to several shopping malls , including Canada 's first mall , Westmount Centre ; and the largest mall in North America , West Edmonton Mall , which is also considered to be the 10th largest mall in the world . Other mentionable malls include Bonnie Doon Shopping Centre , Edmonton City Centre ( a combination of the former Edmonton Centre and Eaton Centre malls ) , Southgate Centre , Kingsway Mall , Northgate Centre , Abbotsfield Mall , Londonderry Mall , and Mill Woods Town Centre .
Edmonton also has many big box shopping centres and power centres . Some of the major ones include South Edmonton Common ( North America 's largest open air retail development ) , Skyview Power Centre , Terra Losa Centre , Oliver Square , Southpark Centre , The Meadows , Christy 's Corner , and Westpoint . In 2008 , construction started on the Windermere power centre .
In contrast to suburban centres , Edmonton has many urban retail locations . The largest of them all , Old Strathcona , includes many independent stores between 99 Street and 109 Street on Whyte Avenue and area . In around the downtown of Edmonton , there are a small handful of shopping districts , such as previously mentioned Edmonton City Centre mall , Jasper Avenue and 104 Street . Near Oliver , 124 Street is home to a significant number of retail stores . Edmonton is the Canadian testing @-@ ground for many American retailers , such as Bath & Body Works and Calvin Klein .
= = Arts and culture = =
Many events are anchored in the downtown Arts District , centred around Churchill Square ( named in honour of Sir Winston Churchill ) . On the south side of the river , the University district and Whyte Avenue contain theatres , concert halls , and various live music venues .
= = = Performing arts = = =
The Francis Winspear Centre for Music was opened in 1997 after years of planning and fundraising . Described as one of the most acoustically perfect concert halls in Canada , it is home to the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra and hosts a wide variety of shows every year . It seats 1 @,@ 932 patrons and houses the $ 3 @-@ million Davis Concert Organ , the largest concert organ in Canada . Across 102 Avenue is the Citadel Theatre , named after The Salvation Army Citadel in which Joe Shoctor first started the Citadel Theatre Company in 1965 . It is now one of the largest theatre complexes in Canada , with five halls , each specializing in different kinds of productions . On the University of Alberta grounds is the 2 @,@ 534 @-@ seat Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium , which were undertaken over a year of heavy renovations carried out as part of the province 's 2005 centennial celebrations . Both it and its southern twin in Calgary were constructed in 1955 for the province 's golden jubilee and have hosted many concerts , musicals , and ballets . The Edmonton Opera uses the Jubilee as its base of operations . On the front of the building is a quote from Suetonius ' Life of Augustus : " He found a city built of brick – left it built of marble . "
The Old Strathcona neighbourhood is home to the Theatre District , which holds the ATB Financial Arts Barns ( headquarters of the Edmonton International Fringe Festival ) , The Walterdale Playhouse , Catalyst Theatre , and the Varscona Theatre ( base of operations for several theatre companies , including Teatro la Quindicina , Shadow Theatre , Die @-@ Nasty , and Oh Susanna ! ) . Edmonton was named cultural capital of Canada in 2007 . The Ukrainian Dnipro Ensemble of Edmonton , along with other Ukrainian choirs such as the Ukrainian Male Chorus of Edmonton , helps preserve the Ukrainian musical culture within the parameters of the Canadian multicultural identity in Edmonton .
= = = Festivals = = =
Edmonton plays host to several large festivals each year , contributing to its nickname , " Canada 's Festival City " . Downtown Edmonton 's Churchill Square host numerous festivals each summer . The Works Art & Design Festival , which takes place from late June to early July , showcases Canadian and international art and design from well @-@ known award @-@ winning artists as well as emerging and student artists . The Edmonton International Street Performer 's Festival takes place in mid @-@ July and showcases street performance artists from around the world .
Edmonton 's main summer festival is K @-@ Days , formerly Klondike Days , Capital Ex and originally the Edmonton Exhibition . Founded in 1879 , the Edmonton Exhibition was originally an annual fair and exhibition that eventually adopted a gold rush theme , becoming Klondike Days in the 1960s . Northlands , the operators , renamed the festival to " Edmonton 's Capital Ex " or " Capital Ex " in 2006 . In 2012 , Edmonton Northlands conducted a poll to rename the festival that resulted in changing the name to " K @-@ Days " . Activities include carnival rides and fairways , music , trade shows , and daily fireworks .
Since 1960 , the Sourdough Raft Races have also been a popular event . Later in November , Edmonton plays host to the Canadian Finals Rodeo and Farmfair ; this is a significant event in Canada 's rodeo circuit and second only to the National Finals Rodeo in Las Vegas in prestige .
The Edmonton International Fringe Festival , held in mid @-@ August , is the largest fringe theatre festival in North America and second only to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival worldwide . In August , Edmonton is also host to the Edmonton Folk Music Festival , one of the most successful and popular folk music festivals in North America . Another major summer festival is the Edmonton Heritage Festival , which is an ethnocultural festival that takes place in Hawrelak Park on the Heritage Day long weekend . Many other festivals exist , such as Interstellar Rodeo , the Free Will Shakespeare Festival , the Dragon Boat Festival , the Whyte Avenue Art Walk , and the Edmonton International Film Festival .
= = = Museums and galleries = = =
There are many museums in Edmonton of various sizes . The largest is the Royal Alberta Museum ( RAM ) , which was formerly known as the Provincial Museum of Alberta until it was renamed in honour of Queen Elizabeth II 's 2005 Alberta centennial visit . The RAM houses over 10 million objects in its collection and showcases the culture and practices of the diverse aboriginal tribes of the region . The main building , overlooking the river valley west of the city centre in the Glenora neighbourhood , was opened in 1967 and is now in the early stages of large @-@ scale redevelopment .
The Telus World of Science is located in the Woodcroft neighbourhood northwest of the city centre . It opened in 1984 and has since been expanded several times . It contains five permanent galleries , one additional gallery for temporary exhibits , an IMAX theatre , a planetarium , an observatory , and an amateur radio station . The Edmonton Valley Zoo is in the river valley to the southwest of the city centre .
The Alberta Aviation Museum , located in a hangar at the City Centre Airport , was built for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan . Its collection includes both civilian and military aircraft , the largest of which are a Boeing 737 and two CF @-@ 101 Voodoos . It also has one of only 3 BOMARC missiles in Canada .
The Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre is also home to the Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum . The museum is dedicated to preserving the military heritage and the sacrifices made by the people of Edmonton and Alberta in general . The museum features two galleries and several smaller exhibits . The collection includes historic firearms , uniforms , souvenirs , memorabilia , military accoutrements , as well as a large photographic and archival collection spanning the pre @-@ World War One period to the present . The museum features an exhibit on the role of the 49th Battalion , CEF in Canada 's Hundred Days Offensive . The Telephone Historical Centre is a telephone museum also located in the Prince of Wales Armouries Heritage Centre in central Edmonton . In addition to a collection of artifacts tracing the history of the telephone , the museum has its own theatre featuring a brief film led by the robot Xeldon .
The Alberta Railway Museum is located in the rural northeast portion of the city . It contains a variety of locomotives and railroad cars from different periods , and includes a working steam locomotive . Since most of its exhibits are outdoors , it is only open between Victoria Day and Labour Day .
Fort Edmonton Park , Canada 's largest living history museum , is located in the river valley southwest of the city centre . Edmonton 's heritage is displayed through historical buildings ( many of which are originals moved to the park ) , costumed historical interpreters , and authentic artifacts . In total , it covers the region 's history from approximately 1795 to 1929 ( represented by Fort Edmonton ) , followed chronologically by 1885 , 1905 , and 1920 streets , and a recreation of a 1920s midway . A steam train , streetcars , automobiles and horse @-@ drawn vehicles may be seen in operation ( and utilized by the public ) around the park . The John Walter Museum and Historical Area ( c . 1875 to 1901 ) is on the Canadian Register of Historic Places . The University of Alberta operates its own internal Museums and Collections service .
The Art Gallery of Alberta ( AGA ) is the city 's largest single gallery . Formerly housed in an inconspicuous 1970s building downtown , the AGA collection had over 5 @,@ 000 pieces of art . The former AGA building was demolished in July 2007 to make way for construction of a new facility designed by Randall Stout . It was estimated to cost over $ 88 @-@ million and the amount that Edmonton City Council donated towards its construction was met with some controversy . The AGA officially opened on January 31 , 2010 . Independent galleries can be found throughout the city , especially along the 124 Street / Jasper Avenue corridor , known as the " gallery walk " .
= = = Music = = =
In the city 's early days , music was performed in churches and community halls . Edmonton has a history of opera and classical music performance ; both genres historically have been supported by a variety of clubs and associations . Edmonton 's first major radio station , CKUA , began broadcasting music in 1927 . The city is a centre for music instruction ; the University of Alberta began its music department in 1945 , and MacEwan University opened a jazz and musical theatre program in 1980 . Festivals of jazz , folk , and classical music are popular entertainment events in the city .
The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra has existed under various incarnations since 1913 . In 1952 , the Edmonton Philharmonic and the Edmonton Pops orchestras amalgamated to form the 60 @-@ member modern version . The Orchestra performs at the Francis Winspear Centre for Music .
The city also has a vibrant popular music scene , across genres including hip @-@ hop , reggae , R & B , rock , pop , metal , punk , country and electronica . Notable past and present local musicians include Robert Goulet , Tommy Banks , Tim Feehan , Cadence Weapon , Kreesha Turner , The Smalls , SNFU , Social Code , Stereos , Ten Second Epic , Tupelo Honey , Mac DeMarco , Shout Out Out Out Out , Purity Ring , The Wet Secrets , and numerous others .
= = = Nightlife = = =
There are several key areas of nightlife in the city of Edmonton . The most popular is the Whyte Avenue ( 82 Avenue ) strip , located between 109 Street and 99 Street ; it has the highest number of heritage buildings in Edmonton , and the nightlife ( bars , clubs , and restaurants ) are located throughout , but mostly west of Gateway Boulevard ( 103 Street ) . Once the heart of the town of Strathcona ( annexed by Edmonton on February 1 , 1912 ) , it fell into disrepair during the middle of the 20th century . Beginning in the 1970s , a coordinated effort to revive the area through the establishment of a business revitalization zone has produced an area rich with restored historical buildings and pleasant streetscapes . Its proximity to the University of Alberta has led to a high number of establishments ranging from restaurants and pubs to trendy clubs while hosting a wide variety of retail and specialty shops during the day . This area also contains two independent movie theatres : the Garneau and Princess theatres , as well as several live theatre , music , and comedy venues .
Downtown Edmonton has undergone a continual process of renewal and growth since the mid @-@ 1990s . Many buildings were demolished during the oil boom , starting in the 1960s and continuing into the 1980s , to make way for office towers . As such , there have always been numerous pub @-@ type establishments , as well as many hotel lounges and restaurants . The past decade has seen a strong resurgence in more mainstream venues . Edmonton also has a high demand for pub crawl tours in the city . Various clubs are also to be found along Edmonton 's main street , Jasper Avenue . The Edmonton City Centre mall also houses an Empire Theatres movie theatre , featuring nine screens . The nonprofit Metro Cinema shows a variety of alternative or otherwise unreleased films every week .
West Edmonton Mall holds several after @-@ hour establishments in addition to its many stores and attractions . Bourbon Street has numerous eating establishments ; clubs and casinos can also be found within the complex . Scotiabank Theatre ( formerly known as Silver City ) , at the west end of the mall , is a theatre that features twelve screens and an IMAX .
= = Sports and recreation = =
Edmonton has a number of professional sports teams , including the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League , Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League , Edmonton Energy of the International Basketball League , and FC Edmonton of the North American Soccer League . Junior sports clubs include the Edmonton Huskies and Edmonton Wildcats of the Canadian Junior Football League and the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Western Hockey League . Venues for Edmonton 's professional and junior sports teams include Commonwealth Stadium ( Eskimos ) , Argyll Velodrome , Rogers Place ( Oilers and Oil Kings ) , Edmonton Ballpark ( Prospects ) , the Universiade Pavilion ( Energy ) , and Clarke Stadium ( FC Edmonton , Huskies and Wildcats ) .
Edmonton 's teams have rivalries with Calgary 's teams and games between Edmonton and Calgary teams are often referred to as the Battle of Alberta .
Past notable hockey teams in Edmonton include : the original junior hockey incarnation of the Edmonton Oil Kings , with multiple league and national Memorial Cup championships playing in the Western Hockey League ; the Edmonton Flyers , with multiple Lester Patrick Cups and one national Allan Cup , and ; the Edmonton Roadrunners of the American Hockey League . Other past notable sports teams include ; the Edmonton Grads , a women 's basketball team with 108 local , provincial , national , and international titles and the world champions for 17 years in a row ; the Edmonton Trappers , a Triple @-@ A level baseball team with multiple division and league titles in the Pacific Coast League , and ; the Edmonton Rush , a box lacrosse team with one league championship .
Local university @-@ level sports teams include the U of A Golden Bears , the U of A Pandas , the NAIT Ooks , and the MacEwan Griffins . Local amateur teams , among others , include the Edmonton Gold of the Rugby Canada Super League and two flat track roller derby leagues : Oil City Roller Derby and E @-@ Ville Roller Derby .
From 2005 to 2012 , Edmonton hosted an annual circuit on the Indy Racing League known as the Edmonton Indy . In addition , Castrol Raceway hosts regular sprint car and a national IHRA events at their facility next to Edmonton International Airport .
Other past sporting events hosted by Edmonton include the 1978 Commonwealth Games , the 1983 World University Games ( Universiade ) , the 2001 World Championships in Athletics , the 2002 World Ringette Championships , the 2005 World Master Games , the 2006 Women 's Rugby World Cup , the 2007 and 2014 FIFA U @-@ 20 Women 's World Cup , the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , and the CN Canadian Women 's Open . Edmonton shared hosting duties with Calgary for the 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships .
= = Government = =
In 1892 Edmonton was incorporated as a town . The first mayor was Matthew McCauley , who established the first school board in Edmonton and Board of Trade ( later Chamber of Commerce ) and a municipal police service . Due to mayor McCauley 's good relationship with the federal Liberals this helped Edmonton to maintain political prominence over Strathcona , a rival settlement on the south bank of the North Saskatchewan River . Edmonton was incorporated as a city in 1904 and became the capital of Alberta in 1905 .
Unions and radical organizations such as the Industrial Workers of the World struggled for progressive social change through the early years , with the first reformer , James East , being elected in 1912 , followed by the first official Labour alderman , James Kinney , the following year . Many thousands of workers participated in the Edmonton general strike of 1919 and a strong block of Labour representatives were on council after the next election : James Kinney , James East , Sam McCoppen , Joe Clarke and Rice Sheppard .
Labour representation on city council would become a near @-@ majority in 1929 , and , during the Great Depression , a full majority from 1932 to 1934 . Jan Reimer became the city 's first female mayor , when she was elected in 1989 .
= = = Municipal politics = = =
Edmonton is represented by a mayor and 12 councillors — one for each of the 12 wards . On July 22 , 2009 City Council adopted an electoral system that divides Edmonton into 12 wards , instead of the previous two for each of six wards . This system came into effect with the following election in October 2010 . The most recent election was held in October 2013 , and elected members to a four @-@ year term .
= = = Provincial politics = = =
Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and holds all main provincial areas of government such as the Provincial Legislature of Alberta . The Edmonton region is represented by 20 MLAs , one for each provincial electoral district . Many of these boundaries have been changed , adjusted and renamed while the city has grown . In the current 29th Alberta Legislature all of Edmonton 's districts are represented by members from the governing Alberta New Democratic Party . Six of these members are cabinet ministers while one of them is also the Premier of Alberta , Rachel Notley .
= = = Crime = = =
The city 's police force , the Edmonton Police Service , was founded in 1892 , and had approximately 1 @,@ 400 officers in 2012 . Edmonton experienced a decrease in crime in the 1990s , an increase in the early 2000s , and another downturn at the end of the decade .
The Edmonton census metropolitan area ( CMA ) had a crime severity index of 84 @.@ 5 in 2013 , which is higher than the national average of 68 @.@ 7 . Its crime severity index was the fifth @-@ highest among CMAs in Canada behind Regina , Saskatoon , Kelowna and Vancouver . Edmonton had the fourth @-@ most homicides in 2013 at 27 .
= = = Military = = =
Edmonton is home to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group ( 1 CMBG ) , the Regular Force army brigade group of Land Force Western Area of the Canadian Army . Units in 1 CMBG include Lord Strathcona 's Horse ( Royal Canadians ) , 1 Combat Engineer Regiment , two of the three regular force battalions of Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry , and various headquarters , service , and support elements . Although not part of 1 CMBG , 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron and 1 Field Ambulance are located with the brigade group . All of these units are located at Lancaster Park , immediately north of the city . From 1943 , as CFB Namao ( now CFB Edmonton / Edmonton Garrison ) , it was a major air force base . In 1996 , all fixed @-@ wing aviation units were transferred to CFB Cold Lake .
The Canadian Airborne Training Centre had been located in the city in the 1980s . The move of 1 CMBG and component units from Calgary occurred in 1996 in what was described as a cost @-@ saving measure . The brigade had existed in Calgary since the 1950s , and Lord Strathcona 's Horse had traditionally been a Calgary garrison unit dating back to before World War I.
Edmonton also has a large army reserve element from 41 Canadian Brigade Group ( 41 CBG ) , including The Loyal Edmonton Regiment ( 4th Battalion , Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry ) ; 41 Combat Engineer Regiment ; HQ Battery , 20th Field Artillery Regiment ; and B Squadron of The South Alberta Light Horse , one of Alberta 's oldest army reserve units . Despite being far from Canada 's coasts , Edmonton is also the home of HMCS Nonsuch , a naval reserve division . There are numerous cadet corps of the different elements ( naval , army and air force ) within Edmonton as well .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Transportation = = =
= = = = Aviation = = = =
Edmonton is a major air transportation gateway to northern Alberta and northern Canada . The Edmonton International Airport ( EIA ) is the main airport serving the city .
The EIA provides passenger service to destinations in the United States , Europe , Mexico , and the Caribbean . The EIA is located within Leduc County , adjacent to the City of Leduc and the Nisku Industrial Business Park . With direct air distances from Edmonton to places such as London in Europe being shorter than to other main airports in western North America , Edmonton Airports is working to establish a major container shipping hub called Port Alberta .
= = = = Rail = = = =
Edmonton serves as a major transportation hub for Canadian National Railway , whose North American operations management centre is located at their Edmonton offices . It is also tied into the Canadian Pacific Railway network , which provides service from Calgary to the south and extends northeast of Edmonton to serve Alberta 's Industrial Heartland .
Inter @-@ city rail passenger rail service is provided by Via Rail 's premier train , the Canadian , as it travels between Vancouver , British Columbia , and Toronto , Ontario . Passenger trains stop at the Edmonton railway station three days a week in both directions . The train connects Edmonton to multiple stops in British Columbia , Alberta , Saskatchewan , Manitoba , and Ontario .
= = = = Public transit = = = =
The Edmonton Transit System ( ETS ) is the city 's public transit agency , operating the Edmonton Light Rail Transit ( LRT ) line as well as a fleet of buses . Approximately one @-@ third of people in the Edmonton Capital Region ( mostly from Edmonton proper ) use ETS per day ( 354 @,@ 440 out of 1 @,@ 034 @,@ 945 ) . There are approximately 280 @,@ 000 ETS bus riders on average per day .
From the 1990s to early 2009 , Edmonton was one of two cities in Canada still operating trolley buses , along with Vancouver . On June 18 , 2008 , City Council decided to abandon the Edmonton trolley bus system and the last trolley bus ran on May 2 , 2009 .
Scheduled LRT service began on April 23 , 1978 , with five extensions of the single line completed since . The original Edmonton line is considered to be the first " modern " light rail line in North America ( i.e. , built from scratch , rather than being an upgrade of an old system ) . It introduced the use of German @-@ designed rolling stock that subsequently became the standard light rail vehicle of the United States . The Edmonton " proof @-@ of @-@ payment " fare collection system adopted in 1980 – modelled after European ticket systems – became the North American transit industry 's preferred approach for subsequent light rail projects . The four @-@ year South LRT extension was opened in full on April 24 , 2010 , which sees trains travelling to Century Park ( located at 23 Avenue and 111 Street ) , making stops at South Campus and Southgate Centre along the way . A line to the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in north @-@ central Edmonton using the same high floor technology of the existing system opened September 6 , 2015 . Edmonton is also expanding the LRT to Mill Woods ( the southeast ) by 2020 and to Lewis Farms ( the west ) thereafter using low floor technology .
= = = = Roads = = = =
A largely gridded system forms most of Edmonton 's street and road network . The address system is mostly numbered , with streets running south to north and avenues running east to west . In built @-@ up areas built since the 1950s , local streets and major roadways generally do not conform to the grid system . Major roadways include Kingsway , Yellowhead Trail ( Highway 16 ) , Whitemud Drive and Anthony Henday Drive , and the city is connected to other communities elsewhere in Alberta , British Columbia , and Saskatchewan via the Yellowhead Highway to the west and east and the Queen Elizabeth II Highway ( Alberta Highway 2 ) to the south .
= = = = Trail system = = = =
There is an extensive multi @-@ use trail system for bicycles and pedestrians throughout the city ; however , most of this is within the river valley parkland system .
= = = Electricity and water = = =
Edmonton 's first power company established itself in 1891 and installed streetlights along the city 's main avenue , Jasper Avenue . The power company was bought by the Town of Edmonton in 1902 and remains under municipal ownership today as EPCOR . Also in charge of water treatment , in 2002 EPCOR installed the world 's largest ultraviolet ( UV ) water treatment or ultraviolet disinfection system at its E.L. Smith Water Treatment Plant .
= = = Waste disposal = = =
The Edmonton Composting Facility , the largest of its type in the world , is also the largest stainless steel building in North America . By 2016 , the city anticipates that it will divert more than 90 percent of the city 's household waste from the landfills . Among the innovative uses for the city 's waste includes a Christmas tree recycling program . The trees are collected each January and put through a woodchipper ; this material is used as an addition to the composting process . In addition , the wood chips absorb much of the odour produced by the compost by providing a biofilter element to trap odour causing gaseous results of the process .
Together , the Waste Management Centre and Wastewater Treatment plant are known as the Edmonton Waste Management Centre of Excellence . Research partners include the University of Alberta , the Alberta Research Council , the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology , and Olds College .
= = = Health care = = =
There are four main hospitals serving Edmonton : University of Alberta Hospital , Royal Alexandra Hospital , Misericordia Community Hospital , and Grey Nuns Community Hospital . Other area hospitals include Sturgeon Community Hospital in St. Albert , Leduc Community Hospital in Leduc , Westview Health Centre in Stony Plain , and Fort Saskatchewan Community Hospital in Fort Saskatchewan . Dedicated psychiatric care is provided at the Alberta Hospital . The Northeast Community Health Centre offers a 24 @-@ hour emergency room with no inpatient ward services . The University of Alberta Hospital is the centre of a larger complex of hospitals and clinics located adjacent to the university campus which comprises the Stollery Children 's Hospital , Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute , Cross Cancer Institute , Zeidler Gastrointestinal Health Centre , Ledcor Clinical Training Centre , and Edmonton Clinic . Several health research institutes , including the Heritage Medical Research Centre , Medical Sciences Building , Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research , and Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation , are also located at this site . A similar set @-@ up is also evident at the Royal Alexandra Hospital , which is connected to the Lois Hole Hospital for Women and Orthopaedic Surgery Centre . All hospitals are under the administration of Alberta Health Services , although Misericordia and Grey Nuns are run separately by Covenant Health .
= = Education = =
= = = Secondary = = =
Edmonton has three publicly funded school boards ( districts ) that provide kindergarten and grades 1 – 12 . The vast majority of students attend schools in the two large English language boards : Edmonton Public Schools , and the separate Edmonton Catholic School District . Also , since 1994 , the Francophone minority community has had their own school board based in Edmonton , the Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2 , which includes surrounding communities . The city also has a number of public charter schools that are independent of any board . All three school boards and public charter schools are funded through provincial grants and property taxes .
Some private schools exist as well , including Edmonton Academy , Progressive Academy and Tempo School . The Edmonton Society for Christian Education and Millwoods Christian School ( not part of the former ) used to be private schools ; however , both have become part of Edmonton Public Schools as alternative programs .
Both the Edmonton Public Schools and the Edmonton Catholic School District provide support and resources for those wishing to homeschool their children .
= = = Post @-@ secondary = = =
Those post @-@ secondary institutions based in Edmonton that are publicly funded include Concordia University College of Alberta , MacEwan University , The King 's University College , NorQuest College , the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology ( NAIT ) and the University of Alberta ( U of A ) . The publicly funded Athabasca University and the University of Lethbridge also have campuses in Edmonton .
The U of A is a board @-@ governed institution that has an annual revenue of over one billion dollars . In 2011 / 12 , the university had over 38 @,@ 000 students enrolled within nearly 400 undergraduate , graduate and professional programs , as well as over 15 @,@ 000 students enrolled in its faculty of extension . The U of A is also home to the second @-@ largest research library system in Canada .
In 2010 / 11 , MacEwan University had a total student population of over 43 @,@ 000 students , including nearly 14 @,@ 000 full @-@ time students , enrolled in programs offering bachelor 's degrees , university transfers , diplomas and certificates . NAIT has an approximate total of 61 @,@ 200 students enrolled in more than 200 programs while NorQuest College has approximately 8 @,@ 500 students enrolled in various full @-@ time , part @-@ time and continuing education programs .
Other post @-@ secondary institutions within Edmonton include Taylor University College and Seminary and Yellowhead Tribal College , a First Nations college .
= = Media = =
Edmonton has seven local broadcast television stations shown on basic cable TV or over @-@ the @-@ air , with the oldest broadcasters in the city being CTV ( 1961 ) and CBC ( 1954 ) . Most of Edmonton 's conventional television stations have made the switch to over @-@ the @-@ air digital broadcasting . The cable television providers in Edmonton are Telus ( for IPTV ) and Shaw Cable . Twenty @-@ one FM and eight AM radio stations are based in Edmonton .
Edmonton has two large @-@ circulation daily newspapers , the Edmonton Journal and the Edmonton Sun . The Journal , established in 1903 and owned by the Postmedia Network , has a daily circulation of 112 @,@ 000 , while the Sun , established in 1978 and owned by Sun Media , has a circulation of 55 @,@ 000 . The Journal no longer publishes a Sunday edition as of July 2012 .
There is one free daily newspaper in the city , Metro . The magazine Vue Weekly is published on a weekly basis and focuses on alternative news . The Edmonton Examiner is a city @-@ wide community based paper also published weekly . There are also a number of smaller weekly and community newspapers .
= = Sister cities = =
Edmonton has five sister cities , with one American city listed by Sister Cities International .
Gatineau , Quebec , Canada , since 1967
Harbin , China , since 1985
Nashville , Tennessee , United States , since 1990
Wonju , South Korea , since 1998
Bergen op Zoom , the Netherlands , since 2013
= Andy Harries =
Andrew D. M. Harries ( born 7 April 1954 ) is a British television and film producer . After graduating from Hull University in the 1970s , Harries began his television career on the Granada Television current affairs series World in Action , before moving on to freelance work . He directed and produced programmes for Jonathan Ross 's Channel X production company in the 1980s , before being appointed controller of the newly created comedy department at Granada in 1992 . Over the next decade he produced and executive produced several critically acclaimed series , including The Royle Family , Cold Feet and The Grimleys .
In 2000 his portfolio was expanded to include Granada 's drama productions . He worked on the revivals of Prime Suspect and Cracker , as well as the BAFTA @-@ winning television play The Deal . In 2004 he began work producing The Queen , which was released to critical acclaim in 2006 . Though he had spent 14 years with Granada , part of the ITV network , he became increasingly dissatisfied with the management of ITV after its corporate merger in 2003 , and publicly criticized the network in 2006 . He announced he would not be renewing his contract and departed in 2007 to form Left Bank Pictures . Since 2007 , Left Bank has produced the television series Wallander , Strike Back , Married Single Other , the feature film The Damned United , and has several more television series in development .
In addition to the awards won by programmes he has worked on , Harries was given a Special Achievement award by BAFTA in 2007 for his contributions to British television . The same year , he was ranked in The Guardian 's Media Top 100 , and Broadcast 's Top 100 Producers . He is married to novelist and director Rebecca Frayn .
= = Family = =
Rebecca Frayn ( Spouse ) , Emmy Harries ( Daughter ) , Jackson ( Jack ) Harries , Finnegan ( Finn ) Harries , Eliza Frayn ( Niece ) , Shayne Finn Zigich ( Nephew )
= = Early life and education = =
Andy Harries was born in Inverness , Scotland on 7 April 1954 and grew up in Peterborough , England , receiving primary education at West Town Primary School until 1961 , and secondary education at the public Oakham School . He grew up aspiring to be a war correspondent in Vietnam , or an investigative journalist ; his idols were Harold Evans , Jon Swain and John Pilger . He left college at the age of 17 with poor A Level results and became a trainee reporter on the Peterborough Evening Telegraph newspaper . His time on the newspaper raised his awareness of politics , and he sought to further his understanding of it by studying at university . He applied to various northern universities to break away from his southern middle @-@ class lifestyle , and was accepted at Hull University .
Harries stayed at Hull until he was 21 , though continued to work at the Evening Telegraph during holidays . At university he developed an interest in music journalism and found an outlet for this by writing reviews for Melody Maker .
= = Early career ( 1976 – 1981 ) = =
After leaving Hull , Harries moved to London to work for the Southern News Service news agency , writing diary pieces for the Daily Mail and News of the World from 1975 to 1976 . On the advice of a friend , he applied for a position as a researcher for Granada Television in Manchester . He did not understand the appeal of television production , and as a result he was turned away at two interviews before being hired in 1976 .
Shortly after being hired he was taken aside by the news producer and asked to read the on @-@ air bulletin for the nightly broadcast . He read the news for three months until one night when he condensed a six @-@ minute bulletin into three minutes . He attributed this to stage fright , which caused him to speak too fast . The rest of the production crew were not ready to move on to the next news items , leaving Harries standing in silence for several minutes . Harries recalled in a 2007 interview that Steve Morrison , the producer of the bulletin , called him into his office and berated him , telling him he did not deserve to be on television and that he would no longer be reading the news . Morrison 's remarks angered Harries to such a point that he assaulted the man . Aware that he was going to lose his job , he contacted a Granada colleague who got him a new job at Granada 's London centre , which he took up at the age of 23 .
Pursuing his interest in investigative journalism , Harries worked as a researcher on the current affairs programme World in Action , where he met Paul Greengrass . While Greengrass achieved success in exposing alleged corruption involving Manchester United F.C. chairman Louis Edwards , Harries investigated irregularities in the British Singles Chart . Greengrass 's investigation was a success , though Harries admits his own programme " didn 't make a blind bit of difference " .
= = Freelance and Channel X ( 1981 – 1992 ) = =
In 1981 , Harries left Granada and moved into freelance producing and directing . He directed the documentary series Africa in 1984 before beginning a collaboration with Paul Yule , with whom he made four films in Peru between 1985 and 1989 — Martin Chambi and the Heirs of the Incas , Our God the Condor , Iquitos , and Mario Vargas Llosa : The Novelist Who Would Be President — and working on editions of The South Bank Show and Arena . While directing a corporate video for BT he met Jonathan Ross , who was his assistant for the day . Ross invited Harries to direct a pilot for a chat show he and Alan Marke had developed that was based on Late Night with David Letterman . The pilot was a success and Ross found a television audience with The Last Resort with Jonathan Ross , which first aired in 1988 .
Harries formed a production company called Sleeping Partners with Greengrass in the latter part of the decade , which produced Ross 's The Incredibly Strange Film Show and comedian Lenny Henry 's Lenny Live and Unleashed film . The latter was directed by Harries and was edited together from a number of performances by Henry at the Hackney Empire in 1989 . The Guardian 's film critic called the direction " unobtrusive " .
The 1990s began with more direction and production for Ross and Marke 's Channel X production company ; in 1991 he made the documentary Viva Elvis ! and executive produced Middlemarch Films ' The Ghosts of Oxford Street , a musical about Oxford Street 's history . The script for Ghosts was written by Harries ' wife , Rebecca Frayn . The same year , he developed a script with Peter Morgan called Bhundu Beat , a film described by Variety as " a bizarre remake of A Hard Day 's Night featuring the briefly fashionable Zimbawean band the Bhundu Boys and Brit comic Lenny Henry " . With a development budget of £ 2 @,@ 000 , Harries sent Morgan on a research trip to Zimbabwe , taking a circuitous route that lasted for three days . Bhundu Beat was never made .
= = Second Granada career ( 1992 – 2007 ) = =
= = = Controller of Comedy = = =
At the 1991 Edinburgh Festival Fringe , Harries personally bought the television rights to An Evening with Gary Lineker , a comedy play written by Arthur Smith and Chris England based around a group of England fans at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Smith bet Harries £ 100 that he would not be able to get the adaptation on television before the next World Cup . Harries tried selling Smith and England 's screenplay to the BBC , Channel 4 , LWT , Yorkshire Television and Central Independent Television to no avail . The BBC offered to produce it as a studio play but Harries wanted a full @-@ length film to distinguish it from the original play , which was by then playing at London 's West End . He was reluctant to offer the script to Granada because of his previous experience with the company . However , in 1992 he was accepted the position of controller of comedy at Granada and An Evening with Gary Lineker was made . Harries was disappointed that pressure from Granada 's management had forced him to replace so many of the original stage cast ; England was replaced by Paul Merton , leaving Caroline Quentin as the only original actor . The Edinburgh Fringe played an important role in Harries ' early commissions at Granada ; he was not fond of traditional styles of comedy and was always looking for alternative comedians . These included Caroline Aherne , Steve Coogan and John Thomson ( though Coogan " got away " from him after the BBC offered to produce his Alan Partridge shows ) . After the failure of Bhundu Beat , Harries commissioned Peter Morgan to write " Mickey Love " in 1993 , one of a series of short comedy films for the Rik Mayall series Rik Mayall Presents .
In 1994 , after turning down an offer for " the number three position " at Channel 4 and extending his contract with Granada to become controller of entertainment and comedy , he commissioned The Mrs Merton Show from Aherne . In negotiating a second series with the BBC a few years later , another series from Aherne was included ; The Royle Family , a sitcom featuring a working @-@ class northern family , aired on BBC One from 1998 to 2000 . The first two episodes were filmed with a studio audience , something Harries did not approve of . He scrapped these episodes and had them refilmed without a laugh track . The Royle Family returned for a one @-@ off special in 2006 , an achievement Harries described as giving him no greater pleasure . A spin @-@ off of The Mrs Merton Show was commissioned by Harries from Aherne in 1999 ; Mrs Merton and Malcolm was based around Mrs Merton and her son Malcolm , played by Craig Cash . The programme was Aherne 's first critical failure , which Harries blamed on the BBC One schedulers .
In 1995 he commissioned a comedy drama on spec from Mike Bullen , a BBC radio producer and first @-@ time writer . Like An Evening with Gary Lineker , The Perfect Match was based around football and received respectable reviews . Harries was interested in producing more comedy dramas , based on the success of American programmes like Thirtysomething , and assigned Granada producer Christine Langan to work with Bullen . Langan and Bullen developed Cold Feet , which was broadcast in 1997 and was commissioned for a full series in 1998 . It won the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series in 2002 , which Harries collected with Bullen and Spencer Campbell . Harries executive produced two more series of Bullen 's ; Life Begins ( 2004 – 2006 ) and All About George ( 2005 ) .
His first panel show produced came in 1999 with Mel and Sue 's Casting Couch . The show was Mel and Sue 's first programme made for ITV following the success of Light Lunch for Channel 4 . Casting Couch had low viewing figures and was not recommissioned . It was one of several comedies commissioned by Harries in 1999 that were produced by Justin Judd . Others included Dark Ages and My Wonderful Life . Judd and Harries began developing Dark Ages — a sitcom set at the turn of the 2nd millennium — in 1997 but could not make it work with the writer at the time . They proposed it to Red Dwarf writer Rob Grant , who liked the idea , and wrote all six episodes . Dark Ages aired nightly during the Christmas 1999 period . A second series was proposed — Harries said it would " hit its stride " then — but ITV did not recommission it . My Wonderful Life was another ratings disaster . Harries blamed ITV Network Centre and publicly criticised the network , courting the ire of its director of channels David Liddiment .
= = = Drama and film brief = = =
In September 2000 , Harries ' portfolio was significantly expanded when he was appointed Granada 's controller of drama , following the resignations of Sue Hogg and Simon Lewis . 2002 commissions included Doctor Zhivago and Henry VIII . ITV would provide only £ 750 @,@ 000 for each hour of the serials , so Harries approached US broadcaster WGBH to make up the remaining funds . Following the merging of Granada Films with Granada Productions in 2002 , Harries ' brief was expanded to include films .
2003 was a significant year for Harries ' drama output ; Peter Morgan approached Granada with an idea for a drama documenting the conjectured pact between Tony Blair and Gordon Brown before the Labour Party leadership election , 1994 . Granada 's chief executive Charles Allen was not keen on producing The Deal but Harries and John Whiston persuaded him otherwise . ITV initially agreed to show it but pulled out before filming began . Harries offered it to Channel 4 , who took it within 24 hours . The Deal was a critical success and won the British Academy Television Award for Best Single Drama . That same year Harries brought back the drama serial Prime Suspect , which had not been produced since the star Helen Mirren quit in 1995 . Mirren agreed to return for Prime Suspect : The Last Witness only if it was " about something " . Two years later it returned for the seventh and final serial , entitled The Final Act , in which Jane Tennison , Mirren 's character , confronts her alcoholism in a sub @-@ plot . Lynda La Plante , who created Prime Suspect in 1989 , was critical of the decision to " make [ Tennison ] a drunk " , though Harries rebutted , saying , " Lynda was the one who started Jane Tennison drinking heavily — it 's not out of character " . In 2004 , Harries was ranked number eleven on a list of the most powerful figures in British TV drama , compiled by industry experts for the Radio Times .
During the read @-@ throughs for The Last Witness Harries watched other actors and production staff react to Mirren as if she was " like the Queen " . Already in pre @-@ production was a follow @-@ up to The Deal that would focus on the royal family in the week following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales . Peter Morgan was due to return as the writer , Stephen Frears was signed on as director and Harries suggested to Mirren that she play the Queen . Mirren agreed and the film , co @-@ produced by Granada and Pathé , was released in September 2006 . Among the numerous awards for which it was nominated were the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the Academy Award for Best Picture ( the former it won ) . Despite the success of the film , Harries once again expressed disappointment with ITV for not giving enough backing . In an interview the month before The Queen was released he criticised the management of ITV for being deeply complacent and arrogant , and expressed disappointment that drama on the channel was not as good as it once was . At the end of the year he announced that he would not be renewing his contract with the company . Entertainment industry commentators suggested that he would set up his own independent production company .
= = Left Bank Pictures ( 2007 – present ) = =
Rumours that he would start his own company , possibly with Caroline Aherne , had circulated since the 1990s . The predictions came to fruition in May 2007 when Harries announced the formation of Left Bank Pictures , which BBC Worldwide immediately took a 25 % share in . Left Bank was the first British production house to receive investment from BBC Worldwide , and there was some concern that there was a conflict of interest for the publicly funded BBC ; in The Guardian , Steve Hewlett wrote that the deal was a " back @-@ door way of getting around the rules preventing the BBC producing programmes for its British rivals " . Hewlett also commented that the investment might limit Left Bank 's future prospects , as it was " tied to " the BBC . At Left Bank , Harries proposed to produce two features films per year , as well as several television series . The company 's first television commission is Wallander , a three @-@ part series based on Henning Mankell 's Kurt Wallander novels . The series was made in association with Swedish company Yellow Bird for the BBC . It was broadcast in November and December 2008 , and a second series followed in 2010 .
In 2009 , Left Bank 's first feature film , The Damned United ( adapted by Peter Morgan from the David Peace novel ) was released . Also broadcast in 2009 was the comedy series School of Comedy and the crime drama Father & Son . Comedy drama series Married Single Other was filmed for ITV and was broadcast in 2010 . Harries executive produced the third part of Peter Morgan 's " Blair trilogy " , The Special Relationship , for HBO Films and BBC Films . It was first broadcast on the HBO networks in the United States in May 2010 .
On 23 August 2012 , Sony Pictures Television acquired a majority stake in Left Bank .
= = Acclaim = =
Left Bank 's inception lead to Harries being listed in The Guardian 's Media Top 100 , making his entry at number 66 . At the end of the year he was listed in Broadcast 's Top 100 Producers , being described as " one of the UK 's most outstanding drama producers " . In May 2007 , the British Academy of Film and Television Arts awarded him the Special Award in Honour of Alan Clarke . In December 2009 , the Radio Times ranked him at number six in their " Faces of 2010 " feature , a compilation of " the biggest names and the coming stars in the year ahead " . In Broadcast 's Top 100 for 2010 , Harries was ranked at number two in the executive producers category . He received an Academy Award nomination as producer of The Queen which saw a run of six Academy Award nominations with Helen Mirren memorably winning Best Actress .
The Royal Television Society conferred a Fellowship on Harries on 23 May 2011 for outstanding contributions to the broadcasting industry .
= = Personal life = =
Harries has been married to writer and director Rebecca Frayn since July 1992 . The couple have three children ; Jack and Finn ( identical twins ) born in 1993 , and Emmy Lou . Emmy Lou was conceived through in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) , an experience Harries worked into the storyline of Cold Feet and Frayn used as the basis for her novel One Life . Emmy Lou also had a cameo in The Queen as the little girl who hands flowers to the Queen outside Buckingham Palace . In 2008 , Jack appeared in the Channel 4 Comedy Lab pilot School of Comedy , and the subsequent E4 series , which was produced by Left Bank . Finn appears in a School of Comedy sketch entitled " Continuity Errors " , as a clone of Jack 's character . Jack and Finn also run a successful YouTube channel , JacksGap , which has attracted over 4 million subscribers . ( 3 @.@ 8 million subscribers , November 2014 )
After producing a South Bank Show profile and The Ghosts of Oxford Street , Harries remained good friends with Malcolm McLaren , and spoke at his funeral in April 2010 .
= = Filmography = =
= St Mary 's Church , Nantwich =
St Mary 's Church is in the centre of the market town of Nantwich , Cheshire , England . The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . It has been called the " Cathedral of South Cheshire " and it is considered by some to be one of the finest medieval churches , not only in Cheshire , but in the whole of England . The architectural writer Raymond Richards described it as " one of the great architectural treasures of Cheshire " , and Alec Clifton @-@ Taylor included it in his list of " outstanding " English parish churches .
The building dates from the 14th century , although a number of changes have since been made , particularly a substantial 19th @-@ century restoration by Sir George Gilbert Scott . The church and its octagonal tower are built in red sandstone . Features of the church 's interior include the lierne @-@ vaulted ceiling of the choir , the carved stone canopies of the sedilia in the chancel , and the intricately carved wooden canopies over the choirstalls together with the 20 misericords at the back of the stalls . The church is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Nantwich .
= = History = =
The first building on the site was a chapel of ease in the parish of Acton . In about 1130 both Acton church and Nantwich chapel came under control of the Cistercian abbey of Combermere . The building of the present church started in about 1340 in the Decorated style , which was the style most commonly used in English church building at that time . The masons , who came from Yorkshire , used local sandstone , probably from Eddisbury near Delamere . Building work was interrupted between 1349 and 1369 , probably due to an outbreak of the Black Death plague . By the 1380s the town 's prosperity had recovered and building work resumed . This phase of construction was carried out by master masons associated with Lichfield and Gloucester cathedrals , now building in the Perpendicular style . The south transept was endowed as a chantry chapel in 1405 . In the late @-@ 15th or early @-@ 16th century , the south porch was added , the nave roof was raised and the clerestory windows were added . Following the dissolution of the monasteries , six chantry chapels were removed in 1548 . Between 1572 and 1577 the transept ceilings were renewed , and between 1615 and 1633 the church floor was raised because of flooding , a west gallery was built , and the walls were painted white , with the addition of scriptural texts . The church was briefly used as a prison for Royalists captured at the battles of Nantwich and Preston during the Civil War .
Between 1727 and 1777 , the north and south galleries and a new west door were added , and windows were repaired . However , by 1789 the general structure of the church had deteriorated so much that it was said to be " so ruinous that the inhabitants cannot safely assemble " . In the 19th century Sir George Gilbert Scott was brought in to direct a very extensive restoration . Amongst other alterations , he removed the galleries , the box pews , and many old memorials ; the floor level was lowered and the transept roofs were pitched higher . Much of the eroded stone was replaced by sandstone from quarries at Runcorn , but not everyone was happy with the scale and nature of Scott 's restoration . The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner complained about the replacement of a Decorated doorway and a Perpendicular window with corresponding structures in the style of the late @-@ 13th century . The local representative of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings at the time was of the opinion that " Very great injury was done to this Church in the Restoration ... " . Clifton @-@ Taylor complained about the way in which part of the church walls have subsequently been pointed . The last major work to be carried out on the church was in 1878 , under the direction of local architect Thomas Bower , when the south porch was restored at a cost of £ 900 ( equivalent to £ 80 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Exterior = = =
The church is built in red sandstone and is cruciform in shape . Its plan consists of a four @-@ bay nave with north and south aisles , a south porch with two storeys , a central tower , north and south transepts , and a three @-@ bay chancel , to the north of which is a two @-@ storey treasury . The tower is square below and octagonal above . Both transepts are of three bays and the northernmost bay of the north transept was formerly a Lady chapel . The other two bays were dedicated to Saint George . The south transept was known as the Kingsley Chapel . Pevsner , in addition to complaining about some aspects of Scott 's restoration , comments on the abrupt change from the Decorated to the Perpendicular style , no doubt the consequence of the interruption to building work caused by the Black Death . This is particularly so in the chancel where the side windows are " very rich Decorated " , with crocketed gables and highly decorated buttresses and pinnacles , while the seven @-@ light east window , also under a crocketed gable , is " pure Perpendicular " . The aisle windows and all the windows in the north transept are Decorated , while in the south transept one window is Decorated and all the others are Perpendicular . The bell @-@ openings in the tower are Decorated . Pevsner describes the tower as being the " crowning motif " of the church .
= = = Interior = = =
= = = = Nave , transepts and porch = = = =
The south wall of the nave shows the line of the original roof before it was raised , and contains faint remains of paintings dating from the 19th century , which consist of scriptural inscriptions . In the nave is a Jacobean pulpit , designed by Thomas Finch and made in 1601 , which was once part of a three @-@ decker pulpit . It was damaged in 1683 by a falling roof beam and was reduced in the 1855 restoration . Hanging on the wall of the nave are a number of Tudor boards which were taken from the ceiling of the south transept in 1964 ; one of these is dated 1577 . In the south aisle is a small painting of The Widow 's Mite by Jules Bouvier . A second pulpit , made of stone and dating from the late @-@ 14th century , is attached to the northeast pier of the crossing . This is designed to appear like a large chalice , and is decorated with panel tracery . The wooden crossing vault was designed by Scott . The roof of the north transept is also wooden , but of Tudor design . In the north wall of the transept is an aumbry and in the northeast corner is an oven with a chimney , which was used for baking Communion wafers . The transept contains an oak chest dated 1676 and a bench dated 1737 . In the east wall of north transept are a piscina and another aumbry .
There is another piscina in the south transept , although this is damaged , along with an alabaster effigy of Sir David Craddock , who died in about 1384 . The effigy was damaged in the Civil War , and was found buried under the chancel floor during the 19th @-@ century restoration . Sir David , who came from Nantwich , was once Mayor of Bordeaux , Justicar of Wales and a money @-@ lender to Richard II . The south transept also contains a tomb dated 1614 , which was transferred from the former St Chad 's Church , Wybunbury in 1982 . This is constructed of alabaster and limestone and includes effigies of Sir Thomas Smith , mayor and sheriff of Chester , and his wife , Anne . In addition the transept contains a number of brass memorials . At the back of the church along the west wall are the Jubilee curtains which were made by the church 's Tapestry Group to commemorate the silver jubilee of Elizabeth II in 1977 . In the porch the stone vaulting dates from 1879 and it contains the carving of a green man , while on the outside of the porch are carvings of the Four Evangelists . The room over the porch houses a library of theological books , including a complete edition ( which is thought to be unique ) of the Sarum Hymns and Sequences , printed in 1539 by Wynkyn de Worde .
= = = = Chancel = = = =
The ceiling of the chancel consists of a stone lierne vault with almost 70 carved bosses dating from the 14th century . The eastern bosses depict the life of Mary and the western ones Christ 's Passion and Resurrection . Over each choirstall is a carved wooden triple @-@ arched canopy . The canopies are described as having " a complexity unsurpassed in English medieval woodcarving " . Clifton @-@ Taylor considered that they are the finest in the country , although he complained that they have been stained nearly black . At the lower ends of the canopies are Victorian carvings of angels , grotesques and foliage and below these are carvings on corbels of subjects such as mermaids , centaurs , wyverns and musical angels . At the back of the choirstalls are 20 misericords which date from the early – mid 15th century . Under of each of these is a different carving ; the subjects include Saint George and the Dragon , the Virgin and a unicorn , and a pelican with her brood . At the ends of the choirstalls are carvings of poppyheads , wyverns and a green man . The altar table is Elizabethan and is dated 1638 . In the north wall of the sanctuary is an aumbry and on the opposite wall are a canopied piscina and a triple sedilia , also with canopies . These canopies are described as being " among the showpieces of the 14th century masons " . The reredos was dedicated in 1919 and contains carvings of Christ on the Cross , Mary and John , and the four national saints , Saints George , Andrew , Patrick and David . The canopies above them echo those of the choirstalls .
= = = = Stained glass and other features = = = =
The stained glass in the west window dates from 1875 ; it was made by Clayton and Bell and depicts the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple . Also by Clayton and Bell is a window at the west end of the north wall of the nave depicting Enoch , Noah , Job and Abel . To the east of this is a window designed by Michael Farrar @-@ Bell dated 1985 , to the memory of a local farmer , depicting the Creation . Beyond this is a window from 1901 made by Reuben Bennett which depicts the Good Shepherd with David and Miriam . On the south wall of the nave is a window from 1919 by Harry Clarke depicting Richard Coeur @-@ de @-@ Lion , saints and military emblems . In other windows on the south wall there are fragments of old glass . The north wall of the north transept contains a window with stained glass by Kempe which incorporates some pieces of medieval glass and depicts the Tree of Jesse . On the east wall of the transept are two windows by John Hardman which date from 1862 and 1864 . The south transept contains a window dating from 1855 with stained glass by William Wailes . The east window was reglazed in 1876 by Clayton and Bell ; it shows episodes from the life of Christ with figures of apostles and prophets . In the porch is more stained glass by Kempe , dating from 1878 .
The original organ was moved from its central position in the crossing to the north transept during Scott 's restoration . The instrument performed badly following the move , which was attributed to the cold and dampness of its new position . Consequently , it was moved to the south transept , but it performed no better there , and in 1889 it was sold to Haydock church . The present organ was built in 1890 by Forster and Andrews and partly rebuilt in about 1925 . It was again rebuilt in 1973 by Charles Whiteley and Company , who installed electro @-@ pneumatic action among other additions and repairs . Rushworth and Dreaper made further additions during their 1994 restoration . The parish registers date back to 1539 and contain much material relating to Nantwich 's history . There is a ring of eight bells , four of which were cast by Rudhall of Gloucester in 1713 , and the other four by John Taylor and Company in 1922 .
= = Present day = =
The church attracts large numbers each Sunday . It offers a range of services , from the traditional to the contemporary . During the week there are activities for children , young people and adults . The Rector is Canon Dr. Barry Wilson . Other clergy include the Revd Stephen Snelling and the Revd Tim Watson . The Director of Music is Tony Metcalfe . Various events , including concerts , are held in the church . Nantwich Choral Society perform in a number of venues and its " chosen venue " is St Mary 's because " its acoustics are superb " .
= Monique Jeffries =
Detective Monique Jeffries is a fictional character played by Michelle Hurd in the American crime drama television series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on NBC . A regular character during the first season , Jeffries is a tough and street @-@ wise detective with the New York City Police Department 's Special Victims Unit , and briefly the partner of John Munch ( Richard Belzer ) . After getting traumatized by a near @-@ death experience , Jeffries is relieved of active duty when she admits to having sex with a suspect in a previous rape case .
Hurd was cast after having appeared in other television shows by Law & Order creator Dick Wolf . Although Wolf promised her Jeffries would develop more over time , Hurd grew frustrated with the lack of material for her character . The show 's producers hesitated to keep her as Munch 's full @-@ time partner and considered eliminating the character from the show altogether . Hurd eventually departed herself to join the drama television series Leap Years . The actress earned some critical praise for her performance as Jeffries , but several commentators said the character was never properly fleshed out .
= = Character biography = =
Monique Jeffries is a tough and street @-@ wise detective with the Special Victims Unit of the New York City Police Department . After briefly partnering with Ken Briscoe ( Chris Orbach ) , she becomes the permanent partner of John M
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parking garage and the commuter rail Millennium Station , it is considered the world 's largest rooftop garden .
Some observers consider Millennium Park to be the city 's most important project since the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 . It far exceeded its originally proposed budget of $ 150 million . The final cost of $ 475 million was borne by Chicago taxpayers and private donors . The city paid $ 270 million ; private donors paid the rest , and assumed roughly half of the financial responsibility for the cost overruns . The construction delays and cost overruns were attributed to poor planning , many design changes , and cronyism . Many critics have praised the completed park .
= = Background = =
From 1852 until 1997 , the Illinois Central Railroad owned a right of way between downtown Chicago and Lake Michigan , in the area that became Grant Park and used it for railroad tracks . In 1871 , Union Base @-@ Ball Grounds was built on part of the site that became Millennium Park ; the Chicago White Stockings played home games there until the grounds were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire . Lake Front Park , the White Stockings ' new ball grounds , was built in 1878 with a short right field due to the railroad tracks . The grounds were improved and the seating capacity was doubled in 1883 , but the team had to move after the season ended the next year , as the federal government had given the city the land " with the stipulation that no commercial venture could use it " . Daniel Burnham planned Grant Park around the Illinois Central Railroad property in his 1909 Plan of Chicago . In 1997 , when the city gained airspace rights over the tracks , it decided to build a parking facility over them in the northwestern corner of Grant Park . Eventually , the city realized that a grand civic amenity might lure private dollars in a way that a municipal improvement would not , and thus began the effort to create Millennium Park . The park was originally planned under the name Lakefront Millennium Park .
The park was conceived as a 16 @-@ acre ( 65 @,@ 000 m2 ) landscape @-@ covered bridge over an underground parking structure to be built on top of the Metra / Illinois Central Railroad tracks in Grant Park . Originally , the park was to be designed by Skidmore , Owings & Merrill , but gradually additional architects and artists such as Frank Gehry and Thomas Beeby were incorporated into the plan . Sponsors were sought by invitation only .
In February 1999 , the city announced it was negotiating with Frank Gehry to design a proscenium arch and orchestra enclosure for a bandshell , as well as a pedestrian bridge crossing Columbus Drive , and that it was seeking donors to cover his work . At the time , the Chicago Tribune dubbed Gehry " the hottest architect in the universe " in reference to the acclaim for his Guggenheim Museum Bilbao , and they noted the designs would not include Mayor Richard M. Daley 's trademarks , such as wrought iron and seasonal flower boxes . Millennium Park project manager Edward Uhlir said " Frank is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture , " and noted that no other architect was being sought . Gehry was approached several times by Skidmore architect Adrian Smith on behalf of the city . His hesitance and refusal to accept the commission was overcome by Cindy Pritzker , the philanthropist , who had developed a relationship with the architect when he won the Pritzker Prize in 1989 . According to John H. Bryan , who led fund @-@ raising for the park , Pritzker enticed Gehry in face @-@ to @-@ face discussions , using a $ 15 million funding commitment toward the bandshell 's creation . Having Gehry get involved helped the city realize its vision of having modern themes in the park ; upon rumors of his involvement the Chicago Sun @-@ Times proclaimed " Perhaps the future has arrived " , while the Chicago Tribune noted that " The most celebrated architect in the world may soon have a chance to bring Chicago into the 21st Century " .
Plans for the park were officially announced in March 1998 and construction began in September of that year . Initial construction was under the auspices of the Chicago Department of Transportation , because the project bridges the railroad tracks . However , as the project grew and expanded , its broad variety of features and amenities outside the scope of the field of transportation placed it under the jurisdiction of the city 's Public Buildings Commission .
In April 1999 , the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated $ 15 million to fund Gehry 's bandshell and an additional nine donors committed $ 10 million . The day of this announcement , Gehry agreed to the design request . In November , when his design was unveiled , Gehry said the bridge design was preliminary and not well @-@ conceived because funding for it was not committed . The need to fund a bridge to span the eight @-@ lane Columbus Drive was evident , but some planning for the park was delayed in anticipation of details on the redesign of Soldier Field . In January 2000 , the city announced plans to expand the park to include features that became Cloud Gate , the Crown Fountain , the McDonald 's Cycle Center , and the BP Pedestrian Bridge . Later that month , Gehry unveiled his new winding design for the bridge .
Mayor Daley 's influence was key in getting corporate and individual sponsors to pay for much of the park . Bryan , the former chief executive officer ( CEO ) of Sara Lee Corporation who spearheaded the fundraising , says that sponsorship was by invitation and no one refused the opportunity to be a sponsor . One Time magazine writer describes the park as the crowning achievement for Mayor Daley , while another suggests the park 's cost and time overages were examples of the city 's mismanagement . The July 16 – 18 , 2004 , opening gala was sponsored by J.P. Morgan Chase & Co .
The community surrounding Millennium Park has become one of the most fashionable residential addresses in Chicago . In 2006 , Forbes named the park 's 60602 zip code as the hottest in terms of price appreciation in the country , with upscale buildings such as The Heritage at Millennium Park ( 130 N. Garland ) leading the way for other buildings , such as Waterview Tower , The Legacy and Joffrey Tower . The median sale price for residential real estate was $ 710 @,@ 000 in 2005 according to Forbes , also ranking it on the list of most expensive zip codes . The park has been credited with increasing residential real estate values by $ 100 per square foot ( $ 1 @,@ 076 per m2 ) .
= = Features = =
Millennium Park is a portion of the 319 @-@ acre ( 1 @.@ 3 km2 ) Grant Park , known as the " front lawn " of downtown Chicago , and has four major artistic highlights : the Jay Pritzker Pavilion , Cloud Gate , the Crown Fountain , and the Lurie Garden . Millennium Park is successful as a public art venue in part due to the grand scale of each piece and the open spaces for display . A showcase for postmodern architecture , it also features the McCormick Tribune Ice Skating Rink , the BP Pedestrian Bridge , the Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance , Wrigley Square , the McDonald 's Cycle Center , the Exelon Pavilions , the AT & T Plaza , the Boeing Galleries , the Chase Promenade , and the Nichols Bridgeway .
Millennium Park is considered one of the largest green roofs in the world , having been constructed on top of a railroad yard and large parking garages . The park , which is known for being user friendly , has a very rigorous cleaning schedule with many areas being swept , wiped down or cleaned multiple times a day . Although the park was unveiled in July 2004 , some features opened earlier , and upgrades continued for some time afterwards . Along with the cultural features above ground ( described below ) the park has its own 2218 @-@ space parking garage .
= = = Jay Pritzker Pavilion = = =
The centerpiece of Millennium Park is the Jay Pritzker Pavilion , a bandshell designed by Frank Gehry . The pavilion has 4 @,@ 000 fixed seats , plus additional lawn seating for 7 @,@ 000 ; the stage is framed by curving plates of stainless steel , characteristic of Gehry . It was named after Jay Pritzker , whose family is known for owning Hyatt Hotels and was a major donor . The Pritzker Pavilion is Grant Park 's outdoor performing arts venue for small events , and complements Petrillo Music Shell , the park 's older and larger bandshell . The pavilion is built partially atop the Harris Theater for Music and Dance , the park 's indoor performing arts venue , with which it shares a loading dock and backstage facilities . The pavilion is seen as a major upgrade from the Petrillo Music Shell for those events it hosts . Initially , the pavilion 's lawn seats were free for all concerts , but this changed when Tori Amos performed the first rock concert there on August 31 , 2005 .
The Pritzker Pavilion is the home of the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and the Grant Park Music Festival , the nation 's only remaining free , municipally supported , outdoor , classical music series . The Festival is presented by the Chicago Park District and the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs . The Pavilion hosts a wide range of other music series and annual performing arts events . Performers ranging from mainstream rock bands to classical musicians and opera singers have appeared at the pavilion , which also hosts physical fitness activities such as yoga . All rehearsals at the pavilion are open to the public ; trained guides are available for the music festival rehearsals , which are well @-@ attended .
The construction of the pavilion created a legal controversy , given that there are historic limitations on the height of buildings in Grant Park . To avoid these legal restrictions , the city classifies the bandshell as a work of art rather than a building . With several design and assembly problems , the construction plans were revised over time , with features eliminated and others added as successful fundraising allowed the budget to grow . In the end , the performance venue was designed with a large fixed seating area , a Great Lawn , a trellis network to support the sound system , and a headdress fashioned from signature Gehry stainless steel . It features a sound system with an acoustic design that replicates an indoor concert hall sound experience . The pavilion and Millennium Park have received favorable recognition by critics , especially for their accessibility ; an accessibility award ceremony held at the pavilion in 2005 described it as " one of the most accessible parks — not just in the United States but possibly the world " .
= = = AT & T Plaza and Cloud Gate = = =
The AT & T Plaza is a public space that hosts the Cloud Gate sculpture . The plaza opened in July 2004 with the unveiling of the sculpture during the grand opening weekend of the park . Ameritech donated $ 3 million for the naming right for the plaza , but it was SBC Plaza when the park opened , as a merger had changed the company name to SBC Communications . The 2005 merger of SBC and AT & T Corporation led to the present name . The sculpture and the AT & T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill , between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink . The plaza has become a place to view the McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink . During the holiday season , the plaza hosts Christmas caroling . Cloud Gate is a three @-@ story steel sculpture that has been dubbed " The Bean " by Chicagoans , because of its legume @-@ like shape . The sculpture is the first public artwork in the United States by world @-@ renowned artist Anish Kapoor . The privately funded piece cost $ 23 million , considerably more than the original estimate of $ 6 million . Composed of 168 stainless steel plates welded together , its highly polished exterior has no visible seams . It is 33 by 66 by 42 feet ( 10 m × 20 m × 13 m ) and weighs 110 short tons ( 100 t ; 98 long tons ) .
After Kapoor 's design for the sculpture was selected during a design competition , numerous technological concerns regarding the design 's construction and assembly arose , in addition to concerns regarding the sculpture 's upkeep and maintenance . Experts were consulted , some of whom believed the design could not be implemented . Eventually , a feasible method was found , but the sculpture 's construction fell behind schedule . Cloud Gate was unveiled in an incomplete form during the Millennium Park grand opening celebration , as the grid of welds around each metal panel was still visible . The sculpture was concealed again while it was completed ; in early 2005 , workers polished out the seams . Cloud Gate was formally dedicated on May 15 , 2006 , and it has since gained considerable popularity , both domestically and internationally .
Cloud Gate ( also known as " the Bean " ) is a reflective steel sculpture that is inspired by liquid mercury ; the sculpture 's surface reflects and distorts the city 's skyline . The curved , mirror @-@ like surface of the sculpture provides striking reflections of visitors , the city skyline ( particularly the historic Michigan Avenue " streetwall " ) and the sky . Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate 's 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) high arch . On the underside is the " omphalos " ( Greek for " navel " ) , a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections . The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor 's artistic themes and is popular with tourists as a photo @-@ taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties .
= = = Crown Fountain = = =
The Crown Fountain is an interactive work of public art and video sculpture , named in honor of Chicago 's Crown family and opened in July 2004 . It was designed by Catalan conceptual artist Jaume Plensa and executed by Krueck and Sexton Architects . The fountain is composed of a black granite reflecting pool placed between a pair of transparent glass brick towers . The towers are 50 feet ( 15 m ) tall , and use light @-@ emitting diodes behind the bricks to display digital videos on their inward faces . Construction and design of the Crown Fountain cost $ 17 million .
Weather permitting , the water operates from May to October , intermittently cascading down the two towers and spouting through a nozzle on each tower 's front face . To achieve the effect in which water appears to be flowing from subjects ' mouths , each video has a segment where the subject 's lips are puckered , which is then timed to correspond to the spouting water , reminiscent of gargoyle fountains ; this happens roughly every five minutes . The park and fountain are open to the public daily from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m.
Residents and critics have praised the fountain for its artistic and entertainment features . It highlights Plensa 's themes of dualism , light , and water , extending the use of video technology from his prior works . The fountain promotes physical interaction between the public and the water in an artistic setting . Both the fountain and Millennium Park are highly accessible because of their universal design .
The Crown Fountain has been the most controversial of all the Millennium Park features . Before it was built , some were concerned that the sculpture 's height violated the aesthetic tradition of the park . After construction , surveillance cameras were installed atop the fountain , which led to a public outcry ( and their quick removal ) . However , the fountain has survived its somewhat contentious beginnings to find its way into Chicago pop culture . It is a popular subject for photographers and a common gathering place . While some of the videos displayed are of scenery , most attention has focused on its video clips of local residents , in which almost a thousand Chicagoans randomly appear on two screens . The fountain is a public play area and offers people an escape from summer heat , allowing children to frolic in the fountain 's water .
= = = Lurie Garden = = =
The Lurie Garden is a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ acre ( 10 @,@ 000 m2 ) public garden located at the southern end of Millennium Park ; designed by Kathryn Gustafson , Piet Oudolf , and Robert Israel , it opened on July 16 , 2004 . The garden is a combination of perennials , bulbs , grasses , shrubs and trees . It is the featured nature component of the world 's largest green roof . The garden cost $ 13 @.@ 2 million and has a $ 10 million financial endowment for maintenance and upkeep . It was named after philanthropist Ann Lurie , who donated the $ 10 million endowment . The garden is a tribute to the city , whose motto is " Urbs in Horto " , Latin for " City in a Garden " . The Lurie Garden is composed of two " plates " . The dark plate depicts Chicago 's history by presenting shade @-@ loving plants , and has a combination of trees that will provide a shade canopy for these plants when they fill in . The light plate , which has no trees , represents the city 's future with sun @-@ loving perennials that thrive in heat and light .
= = = McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink and Park Grill = = =
The McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink is a multipurpose venue located along the western edge of Millennium Park opposite the streetwall of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District . On December 20 , 2001 , it became the first attraction in Millennium Park to open , a few weeks ahead of the Millennium Park underground parking garage . The $ 3 @.@ 2 million plaza was funded by a donation from the McCormick Tribune Foundation . For four months a year , it operates as McCormick Tribune Ice Rink , a free public outdoor ice skating rink . It is generally open for skating from mid @-@ November until mid @-@ March and hosts over 100 @,@ 000 skaters annually . It is known as one of Chicago 's better outdoor people watching locations during the winter months . The rink is operated by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs rather than the Chicago Park District , which operates most major public ice skating rinks in Chicago .
For the rest of the year , it serves as The Plaza at Park Grill or Park Grill Plaza , Chicago 's largest al fresco dining facility . The 150 @-@ seat outdoor restaurant offers scenic views of the park , and hosts various culinary events and musical performances during its months of operation . From June 21 to September 15 , 2002 , the plaza served as an open @-@ air exhibition space and hosted the inaugural exhibit in Millennium Park , Exelon Presents Earth From Above by Yann Arthus @-@ Bertrand , a French aerial photographer .
The Park Grill Plaza is affiliated with the 300 @-@ seat indoor Park Grill restaurant , located beneath the AT & T Plaza and Cloud Gate . The Park Grill is the only full @-@ service restaurant in Millennium Park and opened on November 24 , 2003 . It regularly places among the leaders in citywide best @-@ of competitions for best burger , and it is widely praised for its views . The restaurant has been the focus of controversies about the numerous associates of Mayor Daley who are investors , its exclusive location and lucrative contract terms . One of the most financially successful restaurants in Chicago , the Park Grill remains exempt from property taxes after a multi @-@ year litigation which reached the appellate courts in Illinois .
= = = BP Pedestrian Bridge = = =
The BP Pedestrian Bridge is a girder footbridge over Columbus Drive that connects Millennium Park with Maggie Daley Park ( formerly , Daley Bicentennial Plaza ) , both parts of the larger Grant Park . The pedestrian bridge is the first bridge Gehry designed to be built , and was named for BP plc , which donated $ 5 million to the construction of the park . It opened on July 16 , 2004 , along with the rest of Millennium Park . Gehry had been courted by the city to design the bridge and the neighboring Jay Pritzker Pavilion , and eventually agreed to do so after the Pritzker family funded the Pavilion . The bridge is known for its aesthetics , and Gehry 's style is seen in its biomorphic allusions and extensive sculptural use of stainless steel plates to express abstraction . The bridge is referred to as snakelike in character due to its curving form . The bridge 's design , which meets highway standards to accommodate rushes of pedestrian traffic simultaneously exiting Pritzker Pavilion events , enables it to bear a heavy load .
The pedestrian bridge serves as a noise barrier for the pavilion , blocking traffic sounds from Columbus Drive . It is a connecting link between Millennium Park and destinations to the east , such as the nearby lakefront , other parts of Grant Park and a parking garage . The BP Bridge uses a concealed box girder design with a concrete base , and its deck is covered by hardwood floor boards . It is designed without handrails , using stainless steel parapets instead . The total length is 935 feet ( 285 m ) , with a five percent slope on its inclined surfaces that makes it barrier @-@ free and accessible . It has won awards for its use of sheet metal . Although the bridge is closed in winter because ice cannot be safely removed from its wooden walkway , it has received favorable reviews for its design and aesthetics .
= = = Harris Theater = = =
The Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance is a 1525 @-@ seat theater for the performing arts located along the northern edge of Millennium Park . Constructed in 2002 – 03 , it is the city 's premier performance venue for small- and medium @-@ sized performance groups , which had previously been without a permanent home and were underserved by the city 's performing venue options . The theater , which is largely underground due to Grant Park @-@ related height restrictions , was named for its primary benefactors , Joan and Irving Harris . It serves as the park 's indoor performing venue , a compliment to Jay Pritzker Pavilion , which hosts the park 's outdoor performances . Among the regularly featured local groups are the Joffrey Ballet , Hubbard Street Dance Chicago and Chicago Opera Theater . It provides subsidized rental , technical expertise , and marketing support for the companies using it , and turned a profit in its fourth fiscal year .
The Harris Theater has hosted notable national and international performers , such as the New York City Ballet , which made its first visit to Chicago in over 25 years ( in 2006 ) . The theater began offering subscription series of traveling performers in its 2008 – 09 fifth anniversary season . Performances through this series have included the San Francisco Ballet , Mikhail Baryshnikov , and Stephen Sondheim .
The theater has been credited as contributing to the performing arts renaissance in Chicago , and it has been favorably reviewed for its acoustics , sightlines , proscenium and for providing a home base for numerous performing organizations . Although it is seen as a high @-@ caliber venue for its music audiences , the theater is regarded as less than ideal for jazz groups , because it is more expensive and larger than most places where jazz is performed . The design has been criticized for traffic flow problems , with an elevator bottleneck . However , the theater 's prominent location and its underground design to preserve Millennium Park have been praised . Although there were complaints about high @-@ priced events in its early years , discounted ticket programs were introduced in the 2009 – 10 season .
= = = Wrigley Square = = =
Wrigley Square is a public square located in the northwest corner of Millennium Park near the intersection of East Randolph Street and North Michigan , across from the Historic Michigan Boulevard District . It contains the Millennium Monument , a nearly full @-@ sized replica of the semicircle of paired Greek Doric @-@ style columns ( called a peristyle ) that originally sat in this area of Grant Park between 1917 and 1953 . The square also contains a large lawn and a public fountain . The William Wrigley , Jr . Foundation contributed $ 5 million for the monument and square , which was named in its honor . The pedestal of the Millennium Monument 's peristyle is inscribed with the names of the 115 financial donors who made the 91 contributions of at least $ 1 million each to help pay for Millennium Park .
= = = McDonald 's Cycle Center = = =
The McDonald 's Cycle Center is a 300 @-@ space heated and air conditioned indoor bike station located in the northeast corner of Millennium Park . The facility provides lockers , showers , a snack bar with outdoor summer seating , bike repair , bike rental and other amenities for downtown bicycle commuters and utility cyclists . The bike station also accommodates runners and in @-@ line skaters , and provides space for a Chicago Police Department Bike Patrol Group . The city @-@ built center opened in July 2004 as the Millennium Park Bike Station ; since June 2006 , it has been sponsored by McDonald 's and several other partners , including city departments and bicycle advocacy organizations . Suburban Chicago @-@ based McDonald 's sponsorship of the Cycle Center fit in well with its efforts to help its customers become more healthy by encouraging " balanced , active lifestyles " . The Cycle Center is accessible by membership and day pass .
Planning for the Cycle Center was part of the larger " Bike 2010 Plan " , in which the city aimed to make itself more accommodating to bicycle commuters . This plan ( since replaced by the " Bike 2015 Plan " ) included provisions for front @-@ mounted two @-@ bike carriers on Chicago Transit Authority ( CTA ) buses , permitting bikes to be carried on Chicago ' L ' trains , installing numerous bike racks and creating bicycle lanes in streets throughout the city . Additionally , the Chicago metropolitan area 's other mass transit providers , Metra and Pace , have developed increased bike accessibility . Mayor Daley was an advocate of the plan , noting it is also an environmentally friendly effort to cut down on traffic . Environmentalists , urban planners and cycling enthusiasts around the world have expressed interest in the Cycle Center , and want to emulate what they see as a success story in urban planning and transit @-@ oriented development . Pro @-@ cycling and environmentalist journalists in publications well beyond Chicago have described the Cycle Center as exemplary , impressive , unique and ground @-@ breaking . The Toronto Star notes that it is revered as " a kind of Shangri @-@ La " , and describes it as " a jewel @-@ like glass building on the Chicago waterfront , [ that ] has many of the amenities of an upscale health club [ ... ] close to the heart of the city " , with the additional statement that " It 's not heaven , but it 's close " . A Vancouver official told The Oregonian that it was " the ultimate in bicycle stations " , and would be natural for bicycle friendly cities to emulate .
= = = Exelon Pavilions = = =
The Exelon Pavilions are a set of four solar energy @-@ generating structures in Millennium Park . The pavilions provide sufficient energy to power the equivalent of 14 Energy star @-@ rated energy @-@ efficient houses in Chicago . The pavilions were designed in January 2001 and construction began in January 2004 . The Southeast and Southwest Exelon Pavilions ( jointly the South Exelon Pavilions ) along Madison Street were completed and opened in July 2004 , and flank the Lurie Garden . The Northeast and Northwest Exelon Pavilions ( jointly the North Exelon Pavilions ) flank the Harris Theater along Randolph Street and were completed in November 2004 , with a grand opening on April 30 , 2005 . Besides producing energy , three of the four pavilions provide access to the park 's underground parking garages and the fourth serves as the park 's welcome center . Exelon , a company that generates the electricity transmitted by its subsidiary Commonwealth Edison , donated approximately $ 6 million for the pavilions .
= = = Boeing Galleries = = =
The Boeing Galleries are a pair of outdoor exhibition spaces within Millennium Park ; they are located along the south and north mid @-@ level terraces , above and east of Wrigley Square and the Crown Fountain . They were added after the park opened ; in March 2005 , Boeing President and Chief Executive Officer James Bell announced the firm would make a $ 5 million grant to fund construction of the spaces , and for an endowment to " help fund visual arts exhibitions " in them . The galleries , which were built between March and June 2005 , have hosted grand @-@ scale art exhibits , some of which have run for two full summers .
= = = Chase Promenade = = =
The Chase Promenade is an open @-@ air tree @-@ lined pedestrian walkway in Millennium Park that opened July 16 , 2004 . The promenade was made possible by a gift from the Bank One Foundation ; Bank One merged with JPMorgan Chase in 2004 , and the name became Chase Promenade . The 8 @-@ acre ( 32 @,@ 000 m2 ) walkway accommodates exhibitions , festivals and other family events . It also serves as a private @-@ event rental venue . The Chase Promenade hosted the 2009 Burnham Pavilions , which were the cornerstone of the citywide Burnham Plan centennial celebration .
= = = Nichols Bridgeway = = =
The Nichols Bridgeway , a pedestrian bridge that opened on May 16 , 2009 , connects the south end of Millennium Park with the Modern Wing of the Art Institute of Chicago . The bridge begins at the southwest end of the Jay Pritzker Pavilion 's Great Lawn and extends across Monroe Street , where it connects to the third floor of the Art Institute 's West Pavilion . The bridge design by Renzo Piano , the architect of the Modern Wing , was inspired by the hull of a boat .
The Nichols Bridgeway is approximately 620 ft ( 190 m ) long and 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wide . The bottom of the bridge is made of white , painted structural steel , the floor is made of aluminum planking and the 42 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) tall railings are steel set atop stainless steel mesh . The bridge features anti @-@ slip walkways and heating elements to prevent the formation of ice . It meets standards for universal accessibility , as required by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( ADA ) . The bridge is named after museum donors Alexandra and John Nichols .
= = Budget = =
During development and construction of the park , many structures were added , redesigned or modified . These changes often resulted in budget increases . For example , the bandshell 's proposed budget was $ 10 @.@ 8 million . When the elaborate , cantilevered Gehry design required extra pilings to be driven into the bedrock to support the added weight , the cost of the bandshell eventually spiraled to $ 60 @.@ 3 million . The cost of the park , as itemized in the following table , amounted to almost $ 500 million .
Mayor Daley at first placed much of the blame for the delay and cost overrun on Frank Gehry , who designed the pavilion and its connecting bridge ; Daley 's office later apologized to the architect . A 2001 investigative report by the Chicago Tribune described the park then under construction and its budget overruns as an " expensive public @-@ works debacle that can be traced to haphazard planning , design snafus and cronyism " . According to Lois Weisberg , commissioner of the Department of Cultural Affairs , and James Law , executive director of the Mayor 's Office of Special Events , once the full scope of the project was finalized the project was completed within the revised budget .
= = Use = =
Millennium Park had 3 million visitors in its first year ; annual attendance was projected to grow to between 3 @.@ 31 and 3 @.@ 65 million by 2010 . According to Crain 's Chicago Business , however , the park had about 4 million visitors in 2009 . In addition to the different uses detailed for each of the permanent features ( above ) , the park has hosted some other notable events , including the annual Grant Park Music Festival , and two temporary pavilions to mark the centennial of Daniel Burnham 's 1909 Plan of Chicago . Millennium Park has also been featured in several films and television shows .
= = = Grant Park Music Festival = = =
The Grant Park Music Festival ( formerly Grant Park Concerts ) is an annual 10 @-@ week classical music concert series , which features the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and the Grant Park Chorus as well as guest performers and conductors . Since 2004 , the festival has been housed in the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park . On occasion , the festival has been held at the Harris Theater instead of the Pritzker Pavilion . The festival has earned non @-@ profit organization status , and claims to be the nation 's only free , outdoor classical music series .
The Grant Park Music Festival has been a Chicago tradition since 1931 , when Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak suggested free concerts to lift spirits of Chicagoans during the Great Depression . The tradition of symphonic Grant Park Music Festival concerts began in 1935 . The 2004 season , during which the festival moved to the Pritzker Pavilion , was the event 's 70th season . Formerly , the Grant Park Music Festival was held at the Petrillo Music Shell in Grant Park .
Over time the festival has had various financial supporters , three primary locations and one name change . At times it has been broadcast nationally on the National Broadcasting Corporation ( NBC ) and Columbia Broadcasting Service ( CBS ) radio networks , and many of the world 's leading classical musicians have performed there . In 2000 , the festival organizers agreed to release some of the concerts to the public via compact disc recordings .
= = = Installation of Burnham Pavilions in 2009 = = =
In 2009 , architects Zaha Hadid and Ben van Berkel were invited to design and build two pavilions on the Chase Promenade South , to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Daniel Burnham 's 1909 Plan of Chicago . The pavilions were privately funded and were designed to be temporary structures . They served as the focal point of Chicago 's year @-@ long celebration of Burnham 's Plan , and were meant to symbolize the city 's continued pursuit of the plan 's architectural vision .
The van Berkel Pavilion was composed of two parallel rectangular planes joined by curving scoops , all built on a steel frame covered with glossy white plywood . It was situated on a raised platform , which was sliced by a ramp entrance , making it ADA accessible . The Hadid Pavilion was a tensioned fabric shell fitted over a curving aluminum framework made of more than 7 @,@ 000 pieces . A centennial @-@ themed video presentation was projected on its interior fabric walls after dark .
Both pavilions were scheduled to be unveiled on June 19 , 2009 . However , Hadid 's pavilion was not ready in time ; it had construction delays and a construction team change , which led to coverage of the delay in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal . Only its aluminum skeleton was available for public viewing on the scheduled date ; the work was completed and unveiled on August 4 , 2009 . The van Berkel pavilion was temporarily closed for repairs August 10 – 14 , due to unanticipated wear and tear . Both pavilions were dismantled after November 1 , 2009 ; the materials from van Berkel 's were recycled , while Hadid 's was stored for possible exhibition elsewhere .
= = = Christmas tree = = =
In October 2015 , the City announced that its official annual Christmas tree lighting , which had been held at Daley Center since 1966 ( except for 1982 ) , would be held at the park in order that the official Christmas tree of the city could be closer to ice skating at McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink , the annual Christmas caroling at Cloud Gate and to the new offerings of the nearby Maggie Daley Park . The annual lighting will occur near Michigan Avenue and Washington Street . Some parties opposed the move that separated the annual tree from the Christkindlmarket and the Chicago Picasso . The city 's first official tree lighting by Mayor Carter Harrison , Jr. in 1913 had been held in Grant Park on Michigan Avenue two blocks south of the new location .
= = = In popular culture = = =
Jeff Garlin claims that I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With was the first Hollywood movie to incorporate Millennium Park . The film was not released until 2006 , after the release of several other movies . These include the 2005 film The Weather Man , which starred Nicolas Cage and was filmed in part at the park 's McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink . The 2006 romantic comedy The Break @-@ Up shot scenes in the park , then had to reshoot some of them because Cloud Gate was under cover in some of the initial shots . Other movies which include scenes filmed in Millennium Park include the 2005 thriller Derailed , the 2006 romance The Lake House , and the 2007 thriller Butterfly on a Wheel . At least two television series have filmed in the park , including Leverage and Prison Break , which featured shots of the Crown Fountain in the first few episodes of its first season ( 2005 ) . In the ending scene of Source Code ( 2011 ) , Jake Gyllenhaal 's and Michelle Monaghan 's characters are seen walking through Millennium Park , and make their way to the Cloud Gate . In the 2012 romantic comedy , The Vow , the characters run from the Art Institute of Chicago across the Nichols Bridgeway to Millennium Park , where they kiss under Cloud Gate .
= = Criticism and controversy = =
= = = Height restrictions = = =
In 1836 , a year before Chicago was incorporated , the Board of Canal Commissioners held public auctions for the city 's first lots . Foresighted citizens , who wanted the lakefront kept as public open space , convinced the commissioners to designate the land east of Michigan Avenue between Randolph Street and Park Row ( 11th Street ) " Public Ground — A Common to Remain Forever Open , Clear and Free of Any Buildings , or Other Obstruction , whatever . " Grant Park has been " forever open , clear and free " since , protected by legislation that has been affirmed by four previous Illinois Supreme Court rulings . In 1839 , United States Secretary of War Joel Roberts Poinsett upon decommissioning the Fort Dearborn reserve , declared the land between Randolph Street and Madison Street east of Michigan Avenue " Public Ground forever to remain vacant of buildings " .
Aaron Montgomery Ward , who is known both as the inventor of mail order and the protector of Grant Park , twice sued the city of Chicago to force it to remove buildings and structures from Grant Park and to keep it from building new ones . In 1890 , arguing that Michigan Avenue property owners held easements on the park land , Ward commenced legal actions to keep the park free of new buildings . In 1900 , the Illinois Supreme Court concluded that all landfill east of Michigan Avenue was subject to dedications and easements . In 1909 , when Ward sought to prevent the construction of the Field Museum of Natural History in the center of the park , the courts affirmed his arguments .
As a result , the city has what are termed Montgomery Ward height restrictions on buildings and structures in Grant Park . However , the Crown Fountain and the 139 @-@ foot ( 42 m ) Pritzker Pavilion were exempt from the height restrictions , because they were classified as works of art and not buildings or structures . According to The Economist , the pavilion is described as a work of art to dodge the protections established by Ward , who is said to continue to rule and protect Grant Park from his grave . The Harris Theater , which is adjacent to Pritzker Pavilion , was built almost entirely underground to avoid the height restrictions . The height of the Crown Fountain , which is also exempted as a work of art , has been described as stemming from a " pissing contest " with other park feature artists .
= = = Financial issues = = =
The Millennium Park project has been the subject of some criticism since its inception . In addition to concerns about cost overruns , individuals and organizations have complained that the money spent on the park might have gone to other worthy causes , citing poverty in Chicago and problems in the city 's schools . Although the park 's design and architectural elements have won wide praise , there has been some criticism of its aesthetics . Other criticism has revolved around the larger issue of corruption and political favoritism in the city ; The New York Times reported in July 2004 that an inflated contract for park cleanup had gone to a company that made large contributions to Mayor Daley 's election campaign . The park 's only full service restaurant , Park Grill , has been criticized for its connection to numerous friends and associates of the mayor .
Concerns have also been raised over the mixed use of taxpayer and corporate funding and associated naming rights for sections of the park . While a monument in Wrigley Square honors the park 's many private and corporate donors , many park features are also named for their corporate underwriters , with the sponsors ' names prominently indicated with stone markers ( The Boeing Gallery , The Exelon Pavilion , The AT & T Plaza , The Wrigley Square ) . Some critics have deemed this to be inappropriate for a public space . Julie Deardorff , Chicago Tribune health and fitness reporter , described the naming of the McDonald 's Cycle Center as a continuation of the " ' McDonaldization ' of America " and as somewhat " insidious " because the company is making itself more prominent as the social sentiment is to move away from fast food . Timothy Gilfoyle , author of Millennium Park : Creating a Chicago Landmark , notes that a controversy surrounds the " tasteless " corporate naming of several of the Park 's features , including the BP Bridge , named for an oil company . Naming rights were sold for high fees , and Gilfoyle was not the only one who chastised park officials for selling naming rights to the highest bidder . Public interest groups have crusaded against commercialization of Chicago parks . However , many of the donors have a long history of local philanthropy and their funds were essential to provide necessary financing for several park features .
Ticket prices for both the Harris Theater and the Pritzker Pavilion have been controversial . John von Rhein , classical music critic for the Chicago Tribune , notes that the theater 's size poses a challenge to performers attempting to fill its seats , and feels that it overemphasizes high @-@ priced events . In 2009 – 2010 , the theater introduced two discounted ticket programs : a $ 5 lunchtime series of 45 @-@ minute dance performances , and a $ 10 ticket program for in @-@ person , cash @-@ only purchases in the last 90 minutes before performances . Once the pavilion was built , the initial plan was that the lawn seating would be free for all events . An early brochure for the Grant Park Music Festival said " You never need a ticket to attend a concert ! The lawn and the general seating section are always admission free . " However , when parking garage revenue fell short of estimates during the first year , the city charged $ 10 for lawn seating at the August 31 , 2005 , concert by Tori Amos . Amos , a classically trained musician who chose only piano and organ accompaniment for her concert , earned positive reviews as the inaugural rock and roll performer in a venue that regularly hosts classical music . The city justified the charge by contending that since the pavilion is an open @-@ air venue , there were many places in Millennium Park where people could have enjoyed the music or the atmosphere of the park without having to pay .
= = = Use restrictions = = =
When Millennium Park first opened in 2004 , Metra police stopped a Columbia College Chicago journalism student working on a photography project , and confiscated his film because of fears of terrorism . In 2005 , Cloud Gate attracted some controversy when a professional photographer without a paid permit was denied access to the piece . As is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law , the artist holds the copyright for the sculpture . The public may freely photograph Cloud Gate , but permission from Kapoor or the City of Chicago ( which has licensed the art ) is required for any commercial reproductions of the photographs . Initially the city charged photographers permit fees of $ 350 per day for professional still photographers , $ 1 @,@ 200 per day for professional videographers and $ 50 per hour for wedding photographers . The policy has been changed so permits are only required for large @-@ scale film , video and photography requiring 10 @-@ person crews .
Almost all of Millennium Park was closed for a day for corporate events in 2005 and 2006 . Closing a public park partly paid for with taxpayer money was controversial , as was the exclusion of commuters who walk through the park and tourists lured by its attractions . On September 8 , 2005 , Toyota Motor Sales USA paid $ 800 @,@ 000 to rent all park venues from 6 a.m. to 11 p.m , except Wrigley Square , the Lurie Garden , the McDonald 's Cycle Center and the Crown Fountain . The city said the money was used to fund day @-@ to @-@ day operations , and for free events in the park , including the Lurie Garden Festival , a Steppenwolf Theater production , musical performers along the Chase Promenade all summer long , a jazz series , and children 's concerts . The name of Toyota , one of the sponsors , was included on Millennium Park brochures , web site , and advertising signage . The closure provided a public relations opportunity for General Motors , which shuttled 1 @,@ 500 tourists from the park to see other Chicago attractions . Toyota said it considered $ 300 @,@ 000 a rental expense and $ 500 @,@ 000 a sponsoring donation . On August 7 , 2006 , Allstate , which paid $ 200 @,@ 000 as a rental expense and $ 500 @,@ 000 as a sponsoring donation , acquired the visitation rights to a different set of park features ( including Lurie Garden ) , and only had exclusive access to certain features after 4 p.m.
The park is closed from 11 p.m. to 6 a.m. daily . Chicago is a dog @-@ friendly city with a half dozen dog beaches , however the city does not permit dogs in the park . Only on @-@ duty service dogs for the disabled or visually impaired are permitted .
= = = Surveillance cameras = = =
In November 2006 , the Crown Fountain became the focus of a public controversy when the city added surveillance cameras atop each tower . Purchased with a $ 52 million Department of Homeland Security grant , the cameras augmented eight others covering all of Millennium Park . City officials had consulted the architects who collaborated with Plensa on the tower designs , but not Plensa himself . Public reaction was negative , as bloggers and the artistic community decried the cameras as inappropriate and a blight on the towers . The city said that the cameras would be replaced with permanent , less intrusive models in several months ; it contended that the cameras , similar to those used throughout Chicago in high @-@ crime areas and at traffic intersections , had been added largely for security reasons but also partly to help park officials monitor burnt @-@ out LED lights on the fountain . The Chicago Tribune published an article on the cameras and the public reaction ; the cameras were removed the next day , with Plensa 's support .
= = Reception and recognition = =
The Financial Times describes Millennium Park as " an extraordinary public park that is set to create new iconic images of the city " , and further notes that it is " a genuinely 21st @-@ century interactive park [ that ] could trigger a new way of thinking about public outdoor spaces " . Time magazine views both Cloud Gate and the Jay Pritzker Pavilion as part of a well @-@ planned visit to Chicago . Frommer 's lists exploring Millennium Park as one of the four best free things to do in the city , and it commends the park for its various artistic offerings . Lonely Planet recommends an hour @-@ long stroll to see the park 's playful art . The park is praised as a " showcase of art and urban design " by the San Francisco Chronicle , while Time refers to it as an " artfully re @-@ arranged [ ... ] civic phantasmagoria like Antonio Gaudí 's Park Güell in Barcelona , with the difference that this one is the product of an ensemble of creative spirits " . The book 1 @,@ 000 Places to See in the U.S.A. & Canada Before You Die describes Millennium Park as a renowned attraction .
The park was designed to be accessible ; it only needs a single wheelchair lift and its accessibility won its project director the 2005 Barrier @-@ Free America Award . The McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink and the Jay Pritzker Pavilion both provide accessible restrooms . The park opened with 78 women 's toilet fixtures and 45 for men , with heated facilities on the east side of the Pritzker Pavilion . It also had about six dozen park benches designed by Kathryn Gustafson , the landscape architect responsible for the Lurie Garden . In 2005 , the park won the Green Roof Award of Excellence in the Intensive Industrial / Commercial category from Green Roofs for
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Healthy Cities ( GRHC ) . GRHC considers the park to be one of the largest green roofs in the world ; it covers " a structural deck supported by two reinforced concrete cast @-@ in @-@ place garages and steel structures that span over the remaining railroad tracks " . In 2005 the park also received Travel + Leisure 's Design Award for " Best Public Space " , and the American Public Works Association 's " Project of the Year " Award . In its first year , the park , its features and associated people received over 30 awards .
Some mayors from other cities have admired the park as an example of successful urban planning . The mayor of Shanghai enjoyed his visit to the park , and San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom wished his city could create a similar type of civic amenity . Closer to home , Blair Kamin , the Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning architecture critic for the Chicago Tribune , concluded his 2004 review of Millennium Park with the following : " ... a park provides a respite from the city , yet it also reflects the city . In that sense , all of Millennium Park mirrors the rebirth of Chicago ... the ambition of its patrons , the creativity of its artists and architects , and the ongoing miracle of its ability to transform a no place into a someplace that 's extraordinary . " In 2009 Millennium Park won the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal .
= Uppsala Cathedral =
Uppsala Cathedral ( Swedish : Uppsala domkyrka ) is a cathedral located between Uppsala University and the River Fyris in the centre of Uppsala , southeastern Sweden . Controlled by the Lutheran Church of Sweden , Uppsala Cathedral is the seat of the Archbishop of Uppsala , the primate of Sweden . The archbishop is Antje Jackelén and the current bishop is Ragnar Persenius .
The cathedral dates to the late 13th century and at a height of 118 @.@ 7 metres ( 389 ft ) , it is the tallest church in the Nordic countries . Originally built under Roman Catholicism , it was used for coronations of Swedish monarchs for a lengthy period following the Protestant Reformation . Several of its chapels were converted to house the tombs of Swedish monarchs , including Gustav Vasa and John III . Carl Linnaeus , Olaus Rudbeck , Emanuel Swedenborg , and several archbishops are also buried here .
The church was designed in the French Gothic style by French architects including Étienne de Bonneuil . It is in the form of a cross formed by the nave and transept . Most of the structure was built between 1272 and 1420 but the western end was completed only in the middle of the 15th century . Twin towers were built shortly afterwards on the west end of the church . High spires were added later , but after a fire in 1702 , they were adorned with low helms by Carl Hårleman in 1735 . They were completely redesigned by Helgo Zetterwall who undertook substantial changes to the building in the 1880s . The cathedral 's principal construction material is brick but the pillars and many details are of Gotland limestone .
The vaults were all built according to the original 13th @-@ century plan although some of them were erected as late as around 1440 . In addition to the artwork in the funeral chapels , several of the church 's older furnishings can be seen in the Treasury Museum . In 1702 , many features were destroyed in a major fire . During the renovation work carried out in the 1970s , many of the medieval frescoes which had been whitewashed over after the Reformation were uncovered and restored .
= = History = =
At the end of the Viking Era , the pagan temple at Gamla Uppsala ( Old Uppsala ) , about 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) to the north of today 's Uppsala , was replaced by a Christian church . Although the exact date of its construction is not known , in 1123 Siward was ordained Bishop of Uppsala by the Archbishop of Bremen @-@ Hamburg . It is however uncertain if Siward ever assumed office , as he had been expelled and was in Germany in the early 1130s . The catalogue of bishops mentions Severeinus as the first bishop , and he may have been the replacement for Siward . Henrik , ‘ Finland 's Apostle ’ , was the fourth bishop . In 1164 , Sweden became an archbishopric under the control of Lund . The first archbishop was the Cistercian monk Stefan of Alvastra .
After the cathedral in Gamla Uppsala was damaged by fire in 1204 , the Chapter sought permission from the Holy See to move the building to a larger site . Pope Alexander IV granted this request in 1258 on condition that the name of Uppsala be maintained . At a meeting in Söderköping in September 1270 , Archbishop Fulco Angelus and the cathedral chapter decided the site should be in Östra Aros . Formal authorization of the move was issued in 1271 by Bishop Carolus of Västerås whom the Pope had appointed to oversee the case .
About 1272 , work began on building a new cathedral in Östra Aros near the Fyris River to the south . It was constructed on the site of the earlier stone church dedicated to the Holy Trinity , located almost exactly where the cathedral 's chancel now stands . It was here that Sweden 's patron saint Eric Jedvardsson had attended mass before he was murdered in 1160 . The name of Uppsala was kept , and the surrounding town Östra Aros soon changed its name accordingly . The relics of Saint Eric , the treasure of Uppsala , were moved from Gamla Uppsala to the new site in 1273 , along with the formal move of the archbishopric . The church was designed by French architects although the name of the author of the detailed initial plans who supervised work until 1281 has not been recorded . In 1287 , a promissory note drawn up by the provost of Paris covers the expenses to be incurred by master builder Étienne de Bonneuil and his assistants in travelling to Sweden to work on the construction of a cathedral at Uppsala . Étienne is credited with work at the east and south chapels of the chancel , the transepts and probably the south portal , although in most of his work he appears to have meticulously followed the plans of his predecessor . Progress was slow as a result of the cold climate , the plague and many financial difficulties . It was not until the end of the 14th century that work on the initial plans was completed , thanks in particular to the contribution of the master builder Nikolaus från Västerås who began construction of the nave .
When consecrated in 1435 by Archbishop Olaus Laurentii , the cathedral still was not complete . It was dedicated to Saint Lawrence , highly cherished in all of Sweden at that time ; Saint Eric , the patron saint of Sweden ( though never canonised by the Roman Catholic Church ) ; and Saint Olaf , the patron saint of Norway . It was completed over the following decades . Although there are no documentary records of the consecration , there are several references from the same period to the cathedral 's chapels , including their altars which were dedicated to the Holy Cross , to the Virgin Mary or to other saints . The last main component of the cathedral , the towers , were built between 1470 and 1489 . The cathedral was damaged by fire on several occasions , especially during the great fire of 1702 which destroyed much of the city . Restoration work was not completed until the middle of the century .
The church was not the regular place of worship of laypeople until the Reformation . It was reserved for official services of the Catholic Church hierarchy ( by the cathedral 's canons ) . The parish churches in Uppsala were the Holy Trinity Church or Bondkyrkan , ‘ Peasant Church ’ , as it was often called ; Church of Saint Peter ; Church of Our Lady ; and a Franciscan friary . The last three had been built on the east side of the Fyris River , which was the central business district , and remains so to date . They were successively torn down during the Reformation . The Cathedral was also the coronation church for many of Sweden 's kings and queens until 1719 . It was the site of celebrating coronations from the Middle Ages until the end of the 17th century . Stockholm 's Cathedral Storkyrkan became the official coronation church .
From 1885 to 1893 , the architect Helgo Zettervall ( 1831 @-@ 1907 ) undertook comprehensive restoration work , seeking to give the cathedral a French High Gothic appearance although he has been criticized for not respecting the building 's original Baltic Gothic style . He also added pointed French spires to the towers , bringing the cathedral up to a height of 118 @.@ 7 m ( 389 ft ) , so making it as high as it was long . In an attempt to give the cathedral a slimmer appearance , Zettervall significantly altered large portions of the medieval outer brick walls and removed the decorative white @-@ washed ‘ blind windows ’ on the gables which had been similar to those on the nearby Holy Trinity Church .
Further renovation work in the early 1970s led to improvements in the building 's structure and included restoration of the walls and windows . Large portions of cement additions by Zettervall to the exterior structure of the cathedral were removed decades later as they adversely affected the building 's fabric . In 1989 , Pope John Paul II took part in an ecumenical service in Uppsala Cathedral with Archbishop Bertil Werkström . Fire protection equipment was installed in 2010 and the electrical and heating systems have been replaced .
= = Architecture = =
The cathedral is the tallest church building in Scandinavia . Its height of 118 @.@ 7 m ( 389 ft ) is the same as its length while it has a breadth of 45 m ( 148 ft ) . The height inside is 27 metres ( 89 ft ) . The church was designed in the French High Gothic style by French master builders including Étienne de Bonneuil . Built high on a gravel ridge southwest of the River Fyris , its Latin cross ground plan consists of a three @-@ aisled basilica ( a central nave flanked by two lateral aisles ) with single @-@ aisle transepts , and a four @-@ bay chancel with an ambulatory surrounded by five chapels . The seven @-@ bay nave is bordered by chantry chapels on either side . Starting with the eastern end of the church and the chapels surrounding the chancel , most of the structure was built between 1270 and 1420 but the western end of the nave was completed only in the middle of the 15th century while the towers took decades more to complete . The principal material is red brick but the cathedral was built on a stone foundation and the chancel pillars and many details are of Gotland limestone . ( The nave pillars were originally of brick but were replaced with limestone as part of the restoration work carried out under Helgo Zettervall from 1885 to 1893 . )
The twin towers at the west end of the church were first mentioned in 1563 . Several additions to both the interior and exterior of the church were made after a fire in 1572 under the leadership of Franciscus Pahr , known for his work on castles . The turret and pinnacles which can be seen in older drawings were added as well as the first spires on the west towers which were designed by Antonius Watz . In the 1690s , Nicodemus Tessin designed a new burial chapel to the east of the south transept , the most significant alteration to the plan of the cathedral since the Middle Ages . From the outside , his design respected the traditions of medieval architecture with tall Gothic windows but the interior was decorated in Tessin 's usual Classical Baroque style .
In the 17th century , the towers were redesigned in the Dutch Renaissance style but after the serious fire of 1702 they were temporarily replaced by low wooden tops . At the same time , the buttresses were removed giving the cathedral the rather plain look conveyed by pictures of the period . Only in 1740 were copper @-@ faced spires installed , designed by Carl Hårleman . At the same time , Hårleman carried out significant work on the west façade . Today 's towers are the work of Helgo Zettervall who completely rebuilt them in the 1880s , substantially increasing their height . After the serious fire of 1702 , the original flying buttresses were removed and a higher roof was built .
Although the cathedral was designed by French architects , it exhibits a number of differences from the cathedrals of northern France . Above all , it is essentially constructed of brick rather than stone . Brick could easily be produced locally but stone had to be imported from the distant quarries of Gotland . As bricks and mortar are not as strong as stone , the walls had to be thicker although the pillars needed to support the vaulted ceiling of the chancel were made of limestone ( although those in the nave are of brick ) . The north transept portal is also built of limestone , no doubt as it was needed to support the rose window , also structured in limestone itself . While the chancel and the transept are clearly of French design , the nave which was built somewhat later displays German and Swedish characteristics . Constructed in about 1330 , the rose window over the northeast portal is still entirely French . Nicolaus from Västerås , the Swede who directed work on the nave from the 1360s , appears to have slightly modified the original plans , adding confessional side @-@ chapels and including a few features of German origin . It is interesting to note that cross @-@ vaults were nevertheless installed , rather than star @-@ shaped vaults which were more common at the time . Work on the western end of the building began in 1431 with the construction of the west portal which was influenced by the style of Vadstena Abbey . The towers , however , still exhibited features typical of 13th @-@ century French architecture , indicating that the original plans were still in use at the time . Overall , despite minor differences , Uppsala Cathedral still reflects the style of the 13th @-@ century cathedrals of northern France .
= = Interior = =
The Coronation Vault stands 27 m ( 89 ft ) above the point at which the transept crosses the nave . It is where most of Sweden 's monarchs were crowned from the Middle Ages until 1719 . During the restoration in the 1880s , the interior ceiling and walls of the cathedral were decorated in the Neo @-@ Gothic style . Some depictions , such as one of the Reformation 's Martin Luther , added figures beyond the cathedral 's medieval heritage . During the renovation work carried out in the 1970s , many of the medieval frescoes which had been whitewashed over after the Reformation were uncovered and restored . The high altar is used for the cathedral 's services on the most important feast days in the church calendar . It is also here that all Swedish bishops are ordained . The silver chandelier is from 1647 . The large crucifix in silver and crystal from Orrefors was installed in 1976 .
= = = Chapels = = =
The cathedral 's largest chapel , the Vasa Chapel , at the eastern end of the chancel , was originally known as the Chapel of the Virgin Mary . It later became a burial monument for Gustav Vasa and his family . Completed in 1583 , it is decorated with the national arms of Sweden as well as with some of the oldest known Swedish and Finnish coats of arms . The Finsta Chapel or St Eric 's Chapel on the north @-@ west corner of the chancel houses the relics of Eric the Holy , the patron saint of Sweden , who was killed in 1160 on the site where Uppsala Cathedral was later built . His shrine was moved from the first cathedral in Gamla Uppsala as soon as work began on the new building . In 1580 , King John III melted his shrine down but replaced it with a new gold @-@ plated one which still contains Eric 's relics and crown . The name Finsta originates from the Uppland estate where Judge Birger Persson and his wife were born . They were entombed in the chapel in 1328 . A relic of their daughter Saint Bridget housed in a small gold @-@ plated shrine was donated by the Saint Bridget Order in 1990 .
Next to the Finsta Chapel , the Sture Chapel is the memorial tomb of the three members of the Sture family who were murdered in by King Eric XIV in 1567 . The reredos ( 1520 ) depicts the story of Mary 's parents , Anne and Joachim . At the end of the 16th century , the church 's sacristy was converted into a burial chapel for Queen Catherine Jagellon or Katarina Jagellonica , the wife of King John III , who is also entombed there . The Jagellonica Chapel takes its name from her . The monument , crowned by a marble vault , was designed by Willem Boy .
= = = Windows = = =
Several windows maintain their original shape and size . The original stained @-@ glass decorations were almost all lost in the 1702 fire and were simply replaced by normal glass . The current stained @-@ glass designs were added during the renovation at the end of the 19th century , most of them by the Gothenburg firm , Svenska Glasmåleri . The large windows above the portals depict the Trinity : God the Father over the west door , God the Son above the south door ( the largest in the church ) , and God the Holy Spirit above the north door . Crafted in limestone , the rose window at the north portal is the oldest , unchanged since the 13th century .
= = = Treasury and artefacts = = =
Located in the north tower , the cathedral Treasury Museum displays a number of gold and silver articles used in the religious services . There is also a collection of textiles including Queen Margaret 's golden gown . The burial regalia of Gustav Vasa , John III and their wives can also be seen .
Other artefacts in the cathedral include tapestries in the Chapel of Remembrance from 1976 which record important events in the cathedral 's history . The ornate pulpit ( 1710 ) , the largest in Sweden , was designed by Nicodemus Tessin and carved by Burchard Precht . It was a gift from Queen Hedvig Eleonora after the fire of 1702 . Decorations include John the Baptist preaching in the desert , Saint Paul in Athens and the parable of the Labourers in the Vineyard .
One of the new bells installed after the devastating fire of 1702 is called Thornan . It was taken from Toruń , Poland as war booty in 1703 by the Swedish forces of Carl XII during the Great Northern War .
In the Vasa Chapel , there are seven large fresco paintings executed by Johan Gustaf Sandberg ( 1782 – 1854 ) over a period of several years . They depict important events in the life of Gustav Vasa . One of the most famous is Talet till dalkarlarna vid Mora kyrka ( Speech to the people of Dalarna outside Mora Church ) . Frescos also decorate the vaults of the nave .
Initially , as in some of the continental cathedrals , the interior was decorated with designs emphasizing the arch ribs and portal components . Even the brick was painted with red and white stripes . In the 15th century , frescos of figures in the Late Gothic style with decorative vine leaves were painted in various parts of the church . Traces of these have been found in the chancel and in the chapel which was originally dedicated to St Eric and St Olaf . Unfortunately , they have now been heavily restored . The frescos in the chancel were probably painted by Albertus Pictor 's workshop .
= = Interred notables = =
A number of Swedish monarchs and other notable people were buried inside the cathedral :
Gustav Vasa , 16th @-@ century King of Sweden . Nearly a decade before his death , he had expressed a wish to be buried in the cathedral . He is buried with his three wives , although only two are depicted on the sarcophagus designed by Willem Boy . The king and his wives are interred in what was once the Chapel of the Virgin Mary . The only remaining indication of the original intention of the chapel are the painted yellow stars against a blue background on its vaulted ceiling , symbols of Saint Mary in Catholic tradition .
John III ( died 1592 ) , the second son of Gustav Vasa , and his second wife Gunilla Bielke are also buried in the Virgin Mary Chapel . His first wife , Catherine Jagiellon from Poland , has a burial chapel of her own on the north side of the chancel .
Princess Elizabeth ( died 1597 ) , Gustav Vasa 's youngest daughter is buried in the Finsta Chapel adjacent to Virgin Mary 's Chapel .
The noblemen Svante Sture ( 1517 – 1567 ) and his sons Nils ( 1543 – 1567 ) and Erik ( 1546 – 1567 ) who were all killed by Erik XIV in the Sture Murders are entombed in the Sture Chapel . The clothes they were wearing at the time of their death are displayed in the Treasury Museum .
Carl Linnaeus ( 1707 – 1778 ) , the 18th @-@ century world @-@ famous botanist and professor at Uppsala University , has a memorial designed by Tobias Sergel next to the Chapel of Remembrance .
Olaus Rudbeck , Swedish polymath and one of the discoverers of the lymphatic system .
Emanuel Swedenborg , 18th @-@ century scientist and mystic . He was not originally interred here , but his remains were transported to Uppsala from England in 1908 .
Nathan Söderblom ( 1866 – 1931 ) , archbishop of Uppsala and Nobel Peace Prize recipient . His tomb is at the foot of the steps to the high altar .
Eric the Saint , 12th @-@ century king and national saint , whose relics are in the Finsta Chapel .
Laurentius Petri ( 1499 – 1573 ) , Sweden 's first Lutheran archbishop , buried at the foot of the altar steps .
Relics of Saint Bridget or Heliga Birgitta ( 1303 – 1373 ) have been placed in a shrine in the Finsta Chapel inspired by the clothing of the Saint Bridget Order .
Folke Johansson Ängel , Archbishop of Uppsala ( 1267 – 1277 )
= = = Dag Hammarskjöld memorial = = =
In the cathedral there is a small memorial to Dag Hammarskjöld , former Secretary @-@ General of the United Nations , who was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . A stone bears the inscription :
Icke jag
utan Gud i mig
Dag Hammarskjöld 1905 – 1961
The English translation is " Not I , but God in me . "
= = Open to visitors = =
The cathedral is located on Domkyrkoplan in the centre of Uppsala . It is open to visitors most days from 8 am to 6 pm . The Treasury Museum in the north tower is open from 10 am to 4 pm , Sundays from 12 @.@ 30 pm .
= UFC 94 =
UFC 94 : St @-@ Pierre vs. Penn 2 was a mixed martial arts ( MMA ) pay @-@ per @-@ view event promoted by the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) on January 31 , 2009 . The card featured five televised MMA bouts , as well as five un @-@ aired preliminary bouts . It was the second UFC event of 2009 and took place on the weekend of Super Bowl XLIII .
The main event featured the UFC Welterweight Champion , Georges St @-@ Pierre , defending his title against UFC Lightweight Champion and former UFC Welterweight Champion B.J. Penn . This represented the first time two current titleholders competed against each other in the UFC . The contest was heavily promoted , featuring a publicity tour to Canada and Hawaii , as well as the introduction of UFC Primetime , a preview show that cost $ 1 @.@ 7 million to produce . The co @-@ main event of the evening was a battle between two undefeated light heavyweights sporting 13 – 0 records in Lyoto Machida and Thiago Silva .
= = Background = =
The main event featured the UFC Welterweight Champion Georges St @-@ Pierre defending his championship against UFC Lightweight Champion B.J. Penn in a fight contested at the UFC welterweight limit of 170 pounds ( 77 @.@ 1 kg ) . The fight represented the first time two current title holders faced off in the UFC . Penn also sought to become the first fighter in the UFC to concurrently hold two championships in two separate weight classes . The UFC 94 main event was met with a high level of anticipation from both the media and the fans . Sherdog called the fight between St @-@ Pierre and Penn the most anticipated bout of 2009 , and NBC Sports described it as one of the most anticipated fights in MMA history . In an article previewing the fight , Dave Meltzer discussed the over @-@ usage of exaggerations to promote contests in combat sports , but argued that the January 31 match between St @-@ Pierre and Penn was " one of the true epic matches in the history of the sport . " The fans voiced their opinion in a poll conducted by Inside MMA , where 45 percent of the viewers voted the match up between St @-@ Pierre and Penn as the most anticipated fight to take place between December and February . The poll also featured ( in descending order according to the results ) Fedor Emelianenko vs. Andrei Arlovski , Wanderlei Silva vs. Quinton Jackson , and Rich Franklin vs. Dan Henderson .
St @-@ Pierre is a fighter with very strong wrestling , and trains with the Canadian Olympic team . His conditioning , strength and athleticism have also been identified as strong attributes . He became the undisputed UFC Welterweight Champion by winning the interim @-@ championship against Matt Hughes at UFC 79 , and successfully unifying the championship against Welterweight title holder Matt Serra at UFC 83 in Quebec , St @-@ Pierre 's home province . St @-@ Pierre 's fight prior to the UFC 94 event was a successful title defense against Jon Fitch at UFC 87 via unanimous decision , where he won every round on the judge 's scorecards . Penn is a fighter noted for his outstanding jiu @-@ jitsu , as he is the first non @-@ Brazilian to win the World Jiu @-@ Jitsu Championship at the black belt level . His other notable strengths include boxing , and wrestling / takedown defense . Penn captured the vacant UFC Lightweight Championship by defeating Joe Stevenson at UFC 80 . The belt was vacant as a result of the California State Athletic Commission stripping then @-@ champion Sean Sherk of the title for testing positive for anabolic steroid Nandrolone , or more commonly known as Decadurabolin , following a title defense . Penn entered the UFC 94 fight following a successful title defense as well , with a 3rd round TKO of former champion Sean Sherk at UFC 84 . St @-@ Pierre and Penn had fought once before in a welterweight number one contenders match at UFC 58 on March 4 , 2006 , where St @-@ Pierre won in a very evenly matched contest by split decision .
Promotion for the St @-@ Pierre and Penn contest began in November 2008 , with UFC President Dana White , and the two main event fighters embarking on publicity tours in Toronto , Canada and Honolulu , Hawaii . The fighters answered various fan questions , and signed autographs . In an effort to further promote the contest , the UFC introduced UFC Primetime , a three @-@ part series that cost $ 1 @.@ 7 million to produce . UFC Primetime detailed the final preparations of St @-@ Pierre and Penn 's before their fight . Spike aired the half @-@ hour episodes on the final three Wednesdays leading up to the fight , beginning on January 14 , 2009 and concluding on January 28 , 2009 . Camera crews spent twenty five days with each fighter rather than the three days for a standard UFC Countdown preview show , and episodes aired shortly after they were filmed . The episodes were aired quickly to provide weekly updates on each fighter 's current status . After the first episode aired , it was reported by MMAjunkie.com that B.J. Penn was unhappy with his portrayal in the program , and wanted to withdraw from the project . Penn made a subsequent appearance on TapouT radio to discuss this report and confirmed that he has taken issue with his portrayal on the show . He was adamant that he would not continue to allow filming unless his portrayal changed . In the end , UFC Primetime proved to be a ratings success , as it was announced by Spike that the program was the most watched UFC preview show ever , drawing 1 @.@ 4 million viewers for its first episode ( 880 @,@ 000 viewers for first airing and 614 @,@ 000 viewers for an immediate repeat ) . The second episode averaged 825 @,@ 000 viewers , while the third episode drew 662 @,@ 000 viewers .
The co @-@ main event featured a bout between two top contenders and undefeated light heavyweights , Lyoto Machida and Thiago Silva . The two were originally scheduled to meet at UFC 89 , but a back injury forced Silva to withdraw from the contest . UFC President Dana White indicated in the pre @-@ fight press conference that Machida would receive a title shot with a victory , while Silva would need to defeat Machida and win one more contest before earning the same opportunity . Machida is a fighter who prefers to counter @-@ strike , and combines Shotokan Karate , sumo wrestling and Brazilian jiu @-@ jitsu to form his own style . Silva is a Brazilian jiu @-@ jitsu black belt , but prefers to fight standing . Machida entered the UFC 94 fight following a unanimous decision victory over former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Tito Ortiz at UFC 84 , where he won every round on the judge 's scorecards . Thiago Silva entered the contest with 1st round TKOs over Antonio Mendes at UFC 84 , and Houston Alexander at UFC 78 .
The event also featured the return of two more fighters from injury , in Karo Parisyan and Stephan Bonnar . Parisyan , a judo standout , had to withdraw from a scheduled fight against Yoshiyuki Yoshida at UFC 88 with a back injury just one day before the fight . His opponent for UFC 94 was undefeated South Korean welterweight Dong Hyun Kim . Bonnar , a light heavyweight , was to take on Matt Hamill at UFC Fight Night 13 , but a left knee injury during training forced him out of that bout . His opponent , the 21 @-@ year @-@ old Jon Jones was a national amateur wrestling champion and coming off a unanimous decision victory over Andre Gusmão at UFC 87 , where he took the fight on three weeks notice . Rounding out the main card was a lightweight contest between the winner of the fifth season of the UFC 's reality television series and MMA competition The Ultimate Fighter , Nate Diaz , and contender Clay Guida . The Ultimate Fighter is a single @-@ elimination reality series featuring fledging professional MMA fighters competing for the title of The Ultimate Fighter , and a six @-@ figure , multi @-@ fight contract with the UFC . Diaz is a Brazilian jiu @-@ jitsu brown belt under Cesar Gracie , and Guida is noted by MMA journalist Sam Caplan as one of the UFC 's most highly regarded fighters . The two were expected to fight in December 2008 , but the fight failed to materialize due to a foot injury to Guida .
= = Event = =
The event consisted of ten mixed martial arts bouts all sanctioned by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and contested under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts . All bouts consisted of three five @-@ minute rounds except for the main @-@ event championship match between St @-@ Pierre and Penn which was five five @-@ minute rounds . Five of the bouts were part of the non @-@ televised preliminary card . The reported attendance was 14 @,@ 885 with a total gate of $ 4 @,@ 290 @,@ 020 . The UFC announced on January 14 , 2009 that the event was completely sold out , however MMAjunkie.com noted that at the time of announcement , it was still possible to find single tickets . The reported buyrate of the pay @-@ per @-@ view was 800 @,@ 000 .
= = = Preliminary card = = =
The event 's five preliminary fights all went the full three rounds , ending in decisions . In the first bout of the evening , Dan Cramer became the first fighter to be successful in a professional mixed martial arts debut at a UFC pay @-@ per @-@ view event since Marcio Cruz at UFC 55 . In his fight with Matt Arroyo , Cramer executed a takedown and attempted punches on the ground while avoiding the Brazilian Jiu @-@ Jitsu brown @-@ belt 's submissions during the first two rounds , while the third and final round saw Arroyo taking Cramer 's back on the ground and unsuccessfully going for a rear naked choke . Two of the three judges scored the bout 29 – 28 for Cramer while the remaining third judge saw it 28 – 29 for Arroyo , giving Cramer the split @-@ decision victory .
In the second bout of the event , Jake O 'Brien rebounded from two TKO losses in a row with a split @-@ decision win over Christian Wellisch . O 'Brien , a former wrestler at Purdue University , was able to take Wellisch down and control his opponent on the ground but was hurt on the feet in the first and second rounds . The judges saw it 29 – 28 , 28 – 29 and 29 – 28 in favor of O 'Brien . This was both fighters first fight at light heavyweight after dropping down from heavyweight .
In one of the two bouts being awarded " Fight of the Night " bonuses , John Howard defeated Chris Wilson by split decision in their welterweight contest . Howard was able to take down Wilson in all three rounds where he scored with ground @-@ and @-@ pound and once went for a rear naked choke . Wilson had some success on his feet , but Howard landed the harder strikes . The contest was scored twice 29 – 28 for Howard and once 28 – 29 for Wilson .
The only lightweight bout on the preliminary card saw Thiago Tavares defeating Manny Gamburyan by unanimous decision . Tavares went for ground @-@ and @-@ pound after takedowns , while the smaller Gamburyan tried to push the pace on the feet but was unable to counter Tavares ' more powerful strikes . All three judges scored it 29 – 28 in favor of Tavares .
In the last fight on the preliminary card , American Kickboxing Academy 's Jon Fitch faced Akihiro Gono . The bout saw Fitch continually taking down Gono and landing with ground @-@ and @-@ pound punches on the downed opponent . Fitch came close to submitting Gono in the first and second rounds when he went for a rear naked choke and an armbar respectively , but he was unable to finish the Japanese fighter . All three judges scored the bout in favor of Fitch , two scoring it 30 – 27 with one judge seeing it 30 – 26 giving Fitch the unanimous decision victory .
= = = Main card = = =
The first bout on the televised portion of the event saw Nate Diaz taking on Clay Guida in a lightweight contest . Diaz , who had an eight @-@ inch reach advantage on Guida , was able to frustrate him with punches on the feet while Guida has success with leg @-@ kicks followed by a right hand straight . After closing the distance , Guida used his wrestling experience to avoid submissions while controlling and pressuring Diaz both in the clinch and on the ground throughout the fight . Diaz rallied with punches in the final round but was unable to finish off Guida . The judges scored the bout 29 – 28 twice for Guida and once for Diaz for the split @-@ decision victory . The bout was awarded the event 's second " Fight of the Night " honor gaining both fighters a $ 65 @,@ 000 bonus .
The second bout saw two judo black belts fighting as Karo Parisyan went up against undefeated Dong Hyun Kim in a matchup at welterweight . Kim took Parisyan 's back in the first round and threatened with submissions as Parisyan attempted to regain position , while the second round saw Parisyian executing a judo @-@ throw and going for a kimura @-@ submission . The final round was mostly spent in the clinch with both fighters getting takedowns . Parisyian was awarded a split @-@ decision victory with the scores 29 – 28 , 28 – 29 and 29 – 28 . However , the result was later changed to a " no contest " after Parisyian tested positive for three banned painkillers in the post @-@ fight drug test also resulting in a nine months suspension and $ 32 @,@ 000 fine .
In only his second fight for the UFC , Jon Jones took on The Ultimate Fighter 1 runner @-@ up Stephan Bonnar at light heavyweight in the third fight on the main card . Jones was able to execute multiple throws and takedowns during the first two rounds , at one point suplexing Bonnar . Jones also had the most success striking and was able to knock down his opponent with a spinning elbow @-@ strike . Bonnar rallied with strikes against the tiring Jones in the third round , but the bout went the distance with the judges scoring it 29 – 28 once and 30 – 27 twice all in favor of Jones .
The fourth fight featured two undefeated Brazilians meeting at light heavyweight in Lyoto Machida and Thiago Silva . Machida was able to knock down Silva twice during the first round before ultimately knocking him out after tripping him and jumping in landing the knockout punch at 4 : 59 of the first round . The finish marked the first win for Machida by knockout , and netted him a $ 65 @,@ 000 bonus as it was awarded " Knockout of the Night " .
The fifth and final bout of the main card was the UFC Welterweight Championship match between Georges St @-@ Pierre and B.J. Penn , regulated by referee Herb Dean . The bout started out with the two fighters clinching and throwing knees . St @-@ Pierre dropped down for a single @-@ leg takedown but Penn defended while standing on one leg with his back to the cage . Unable to get the takedown , St @-@ Pierre let go and connected with a right hand punch . They met up and clinched in the middle of the cage with St @-@ Pierre pushing Penn towards the fence . There , St @-@ Pierre attempted a takedown but went back the clinch when he was unable to finish it . The two fighters continued trading punches to end the first round .
Round two started with two fighters throwing strikes with St @-@ Pierre landing a punch drawing blood from Penn 's nose . St @-@ Pierre then clinched up and tripped Penn to the ground . There Penn attempted to defend using the rubber guard , but St @-@ Pierre passed to half @-@ guard and eventually side @-@ control while landing punches . The two continued grappling with Penn taking several ground @-@ and @-@ pound punches from St @-@ Pierre until the round ended .
The third and fourth rounds saw St @-@ Pierre continue his ground @-@ and @-@ pound on a visibly discouraged Penn , and at the end of the fourth , Penn 's corner motioned for the cage @-@ side doctor to stop the fight . The referee waved off the contest , officially declaring St @-@ Pierre the winner , retaining his UFC Welterweight Championship , by TKO due to " referee stoppage on doctor 's advice " .
= = St @-@ Pierre greasing controversy = =
The contest between St @-@ Pierre and Penn was a source of significant controversy . In between rounds one and two , as well as round three , one of St @-@ Pierre 's cornermen , Phil Nurse , was seen applying petroleum jelly ( brand name Vaseline ) on the shoulder and the back of St @-@ Pierre by members of the Nevada State Athletic Commission ( NSAC ) . Vaseline is used to aid cuts in boxing as well as MMA , but applying it to parts of the body other than the face is illegal because of the element of grappling in the sport . A fighter that is " slippery " as a result of the vaseline will have an added advantage , because friction and grip are compromised . UFC President Dana White addressed the issue during a radio appearance in Boston , Massachusetts . He indicated that he did not believe the vaseline influenced the outcome of the fight , but still expected Nurse to be punished .
Penn 's brother revealed two days after the bout that the Penn camp would be making a formal complaint to the NSAC . In addition , Penn 's head coach , Rudy Valentino alleged that St @-@ Pierre also had an illegal substance on his body during his April 2008 rematch with Matt Serra . NSAC Executive Director Keith Kizer confirmed that improprieties had occurred in St @-@ Pierre 's corner . He witnessed St @-@ Pierre 's cornerman Phil Nurse apply Vaseline to St @-@ Pierre 's face and then immediately rub St @-@ Pierre 's shoulders and back before Nurse wiped his hands . Kizer had St @-@ Pierre 's back wiped down after the second round , and confirmed after the third round that no Vaseline was being applied . Kizer was critical of the cornerman 's action , but expressed doubts that the controversy would overturn St @-@ Pierre 's victory .
On March 12 , 2009 , B.J. Penn filed a formal request for investigation to the NSAC stating that St @-@ Pierre used an illegal " greasing " agent on his body during the fight . The formal , written complaint consisted of twenty pages . It began by stating that " other renowned fighters " have also had similar experiences with St @-@ Pierre , that his body was " unnaturally slippery . " It continued by accounting an apparent " pre @-@ bout warning " made by Penn 's camp to the NSAC that St @-@ Pierre will engage in the illegal application of vaseline . Next , a request to monitor St @-@ Pierre and members of the team to prevent future misconduct was made , namely a monitored shower of St @-@ Pierre and / or hygiene cleansing . The written statement concluded with Penn seeking fines against trainer Greg Jackson , Nurse , and " other unnamed individuals " of $ 250 @,@ 000 each . In addition , that St @-@ Pierre 's license be suspended or revoked , and that the result of the bout be changed to a no @-@ contest .
St @-@ Pierre 's trainer Greg Jackson denied any wrongdoing , stating that Nurse was rubbing and tapping on St @-@ Pierre 's body as part of a drill to aid in his breathing techniques . Jackson said that any Vaseline transferred from residue on Nurse 's fingers was accidental and wiped off when pointed out . Georges St @-@ Pierre spoke to Sports Illustrated with regard to the controversy stating , " I haven 't seen the fight yet , but I remember at some point something happened and the athletic commission was complaining . They used a towel to wet my back and wipe it off . I don 't mind . I didn 't put Vaseline on myself and I 'm not a cheater . " However , St @-@ Pierre offered Penn a rematch in the summer that Penn verbally accepted but is unlikely to happen due to the fact they have both since been scheduled for title defenses .
On March 17 , 2009 , the NSAC held a formal hearing about the matter . Penn , his mother Lorraine Shin , and his attorney were present to make statements . Greg Jackson , Phil Nurse , and St @-@ Pierre 's attorney participated in the hearing as the opposing side . St @-@ Pierre himself was not present . Shin read from a written statement , urging the NSAC to " do the right thing " , and punish St @-@ Pierre to the " fullest extent of authority . " Jackson and Nurse apologized for the incident , but maintained that they did not knowingly cheat . At the hearing 's conclusion , the NSAC Executive Director stated that St @-@ Pierre 's victory would not be changed to a no contest , nor would other sanctions , such as the loss of licenses be taken , unless a member of the NSAC files a disciplinary complaint against any of the accused . However , the committee left it ambiguous whether the matter was conclusively closed . Representatives from the Penn camp indicated that they were " unsure " of their next move .
= = Subsequent events = =
Following the main event at UFC 94 , top welterweight contender Thiago Alves made his way into the cage to congratulate St @-@ Pierre on the victory . After interviews with both fighters , it was announced that Alves would be next to challenge for St @-@ Pierre 's championship . This fight has since taken place and was the co @-@ main event of the UFC 100 card . St @-@ Pierre 's dominant victory also opened up discussion for a possible " superfight " with UFC Middleweight Champion Anderson Silva in 2010 . Dana White stated that this bout was a possibility , and he would like to see it . St @-@ Pierre has also expressed interest in the fight .
After Penn 's loss to St @-@ Pierre , reports surfaced that the UFC Lightweight Champion was contemplating retirement . However , during his first public appearance since the loss in Honolulu , Hawaii , he announced that he would continue to fight . He admitted that he was affected by the loss , and that " a lot of things were going through his head . " In regards to his next bout , Penn stated that he was in negotiation to fight top contender Kenny Florian in the summer of 2009 . Penn would go on and defeat Florian at UFC 101 , winning in the fourth round by rear naked choke .
In the wake of the Vaseline controversy , the UFC responded by implementing immediate rule changes on February 7 , 2009 . These changes were discussed by longtime cutman Jacob " Stitch " Duran . According to Duran , under the new rules , only cutmen who are independent of both corners will be allowed to apply Vaseline to the fighter 's faces . However , Duran was not able to confirm whether the rules will apply at all UFC events or just the events that take place in Nevada .
Despite Lyoto Machida 's knockout of Thiago Silva , Dana White indicated that he was not the number one contender for a title shot . Instead , a scheduled fight between former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Quinton Jackson and Keith Jardine would determine Machida 's title fate . A victory for Jackson would earn him a fight with champion Rashad Evans , but a win for J
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319 – 332 ) , episodes from the New Testament ( The Gospels , lines 333 – 686 ) , and an epilogue ( lines 687 – 694 ) . At the beginning of the poem , Proba references her earlier poetry , before rejecting it in the name of Christ . She then describes herself as a prophet , calls upon both God and the Holy Spirit ( scorning the help of the Muses ) , and announces her intentions to record the story of Jesus . At the conclusion of the poem 's invocation , Proba states her poem 's main purpose : to " tell how Virgil sang the offices of Christ . "
The Old Testament episodes concern the creation of the world , the Fall of Man , the Great Flood , and the Exodus out of Egypt . Proba 's presentation of Creation — which is largely based on rewordings of Virgil 's Georgics — reorganizes what is found in Genesis to more closely align the biblical account with then @-@ contemporary Greco @-@ Roman beliefs concerning the origin of the world . Consequently , " some stages of creation are abbreviated while others are amplified or even transposed " to " avoid repetitions and contradictory elements " , such as the double creation of man ( cf . Genesis 1 : 25 – 27 and Genesis 2 : 18 – 19 ) . During the presentation of the events leading to the Fall of Man , Eve 's actions are largely based around the story of Dido , ( cf . Book IV , Aen . ) . The Serpent is described using lines describing Laocoön 's death ( cf . Book II , Aen . ) , as well as the snake sent by the fury Alecto to enrage Amata ( cf . Book VII , Aen . ) To describe human life after the Fall , Proba makes heavy use of the first two books of the Georgics , specifically the sections that discuss the Iron Age of Man ; in this way , Proba is able to connect the Greco @-@ Roman concept of the " Ages of Man " with the Christian concept of the " Fall of Man " .
Directly after the Old Testament stories , Proba once again appeals to God , before discussing the birth of Jesus . The following New Testament episodes then deal with the life of Jesus , his crucifixion , and the coming of the Holy Spirit . While Jesus is often described using language befitting a hero ( see below ) , Mary is described using lines that originally related to Venus and Dido . Curiously , Joseph is omitted entirely . Furthermore , Mary 's role has been interpreted by many scholars as either Proba 's representing : Mary alone as a " heroic protagonist " , or conversely as a character lacking any female attributes who is thus " impersonal " . The Sermon on the Mount is notable in that it begins by borrowing the Sibyl of Cumae 's description of punishment for the unrighteous ( cf . Book VI , Aen . ) . This has led some scholars to contend that this portion of De laudibus Christi is the first account of Hell in Christian poetry . Christ 's deeds are telescoped down to three events : Jesus calming the sea , walking on water , and calling his first disciples . Proba conveys the cruxifixction by using , most notably , several lines describing Hadean punishment ( cf . Book VI , Aen . ) , among others . Following Christ 's death , Proba uses various lines that reference the erotic love between Dido and Aeneas , which are transformed to signify " the sacred love of Christ and his followers . " After Christ is resurrected , he addresses his followers , describing the world to come via the prophecy delivered by Celaeno and the Oracle of Delos ( cf . Book III , Aen . ) . Finally , the ascension , is represented using language that originally described Mercury .
Due to the heavy borrowing from Virgil , Proba 's Christ is very similar to the Virgilian epic hero , in that he is : seeking a goal that is greater than merely his human happiness , initiating a realm in which there would exist " dominion without end " , and projecting an aura of divinity . Proba 's entire purpose , argue Clark and Hatch , was therefore to " imbue the Christ with heroic virtues " akin to the Virgilian hero . She does this in three major ways . First , Proba physically describes Jesus as being remarkably beautiful , as well as having " a magnificent and commanding presence " similar to Aeneas . Second , Proba recasts the entire crucifixion episode so that Jesus does not go meekly to his death , but rather lashes out angrily at his persecutors . Proba 's reconfiguration of Jesus 's crucifixion is therefore more in line with Aeneas ' " vengeful action " against Turnus at the end of book twelve of the Aeneid . Finally , Proba transfers unto Jesus parts of the various prophecies scattered throughout the Aeneid that detail the future glory of Aeneas and Rome , recasting these oracular episodes in a Christian light .
= = Proba 's motivation = =
R. P. H. Green argues that Proba ’ s work was a reaction to Roman Emperor Julian ’ s law that forbade Christian from teaching classical Greek and Latin mythological literature in which they themselves did not believe . Proba ’ s goal , Green argues , was to present “ Vergil without [ pagan ] gods , and [ thus ] a Vergil no longer vulnerable to Christian criticism . ” In this way , a Christian teacher could use this text to discuss Virgil without compromising their moral integrity . Another related hypothesis later emerged , put forth by scholar Aurelio Amatucci , which suggested that Proba had created the cento in order to teach her children stories from the Bible . However , there is no direct evidence implying that the work was created by Proba to be a teaching tool .
Clark and Hatch postulate that the distinctly Virgilian nature of Jesus in the cento could very well have been Proba 's attempt at responding to and rebutting the rather unflattering and demonizing descriptions of Jesus put forth by Julian in his works Caesares and Contra Galilaeos . Clark and Hatch , however , concede that while the hypothesis is intriguing , it is largely unfalsifiable due to lack of information about Proba , the date of the cento 's creation , and her intentions .
= = Reception = =
Around the time of its creation , Proba ’ s cento was immensely popular ; it is attested not only in manuscript records , but also the records of claustral libraries . The work was also heavily used in schools alongside St. Augustine ’ s De Doctrina Christiana ( with Proba ’ s work often eclipsing Augustine ’ s in popularity ) . Cătălina Mărmureanu et al. argue that the work was so popular because of its accessible Virgilian style , and because Proba presented herself as “ meek ” female , which appealed to the “ misogynistic views of the general public ” .
The work did have its early detractors . It is believed by many that Jerome criticized this work , for in a letter written from Bethlehem to Paulinus of Nola in which he criticized Virgilian centos , he warned against following an " old chatterbox " ( garrula anus ) , and those who think of calling " the Christless Maro [ i.e. Virgil ] a Christian " ( non [ ... ] Maronem sine Christo possimus dicere Christianum ) . According to historian James Westfall Thompson , Jerome “ strongly inveighed against this method of destroying the sense of a pagan author [ and ] his love of the classics and his Christian piety were alike offended . ” Another critic of the poem was Pope Gelasius I ( 492 – 496 ) , who declared the De laudibus Christi apocryphal , and he added it to his decretal " Of books to be received and not to be received " . This meant that while the poem was not considered heretical , it was forbidden for it to be read in public .
Despite these criticisms , Roman Emperor Arcadius ( AD 395 – 408 ) received a copy of the poem , and his version contains a fifteen line dedication noting that Proba 's work is " Maro changed for the better in a sacred meaning ” ( Maronem mutatum in melius divino [ ... ] sensu ) . It was also presented to Aelia Eudocia , the wife of Emperor Theodosius II ( AD 408 – 450 ) . During Late Antiquity , Archbishop Isidore of Seville ( AD 560 – 636 ) wrote highly of Proba , calling her the “ only woman among the men of the church ” ( Proba [ ... ] femina inter viros ecclesiasticos [ ... ] posita sola ) , and while he argued that the work was not worth much praise , her ingenuity in regards to its creation indeed was ( Cuius quidem non miramur studium sed laudamus ingenium ) . In the Middle Ages , Proba and her work would go on to be praised as examples of learnedness . Petrarch implicitly referenced De laudibus Christi in a letter discussing female geniuses , and in AD 1374 Giovanni Boccaccio included Proba on his list of famous women . In AD 1472 , the poem was first printed ; this means that Faltonia Betitia Proba may very well have been the first female author to have her work duplicated via the printing press .
Scholarship in the 19th and 20th centuries was much more critical of the work , with William Smith 's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology referring to the poem as " trash " worthy of " no praise " . It was also used by classicists and philologists of the era as an example of " late antiquity 's ' poverty of ideas ' " . Despite the disgust directed at the work during the 19th and 20th centuries , scholars have recently begun to re @-@ examine the work in a more positive light , seeing it as an interesting piece of literature worthy of study . Exemplifying such an opinion , Cullhed considers the work " of considerable historical and cultural importance [ for ] it belongs to the small number of ancient texts with a female author and stands out as one of our earliest extant Christian Latin poems . "
= = Authorship controversy = =
The work is traditionally ascribed to Faltonia Betitia Proba , based largely on the assertion of Isidore , who notes that the work was the product of a woman named Proba who was the wife of a man named Adelphus ( Proba , uxor Adelphi , centonem ex Vergilio [ ... ] expressit ) . However , classicist and medievalist Danuta Shanzer argued that the work was not actually created by Faltonia Betitia Proba , but rather her granddaughter , Anicia Faltonia Proba , a noblewoman who lived at the end of the fourth and beginning of the fifth centuries AD . Shanzer and others who agree with her developed several arguments as to why they believed that the work was not Faltonia Betitia Proba ’ s . First , they argue that lines 13 – 17 of De laudibus Christi bear a resemblance to lines 20 – 24 of the later poem Carmen contra paganos which is purported to have been penned after Faltonia Betitia Proba 's death . Second , they believe that the poem must have been written after AD 387 , because it alludes to a debate about the date of Easter , which only took place in 387 . Third , they see Jerome ’ s allusion to the poem ( discussed above ) as a reference to a living individual ( i.e. Anicia Proba ) . Fourth , they contend that Faltonia Betitia Proba had actually died during the war between Magnentius and Consantius , a war alluded to in the invocation of De laudibus Christi . Fifth and finally , they argue that Anicia Proba must have written the work since the author is referred to as “ mother of the Anicians ” in a later manuscript , as well as the “ eminent Roman Mistress ” in another ; these are titles only Anicia Proba would have received .
Sigrid Cullhed , in her 2015 book Proba the Prophet , collects various counterpoints to Shanzer et al . ’ s claims . First , Cullhed disputes the first argument , noting that “ there are no ‘ grounds for determining priority ’ ” of the lines . In regards to the second point , Cullhed notes that the supposed reference to the AD 387 debate about Easter could have easily referred to an earlier dispute . Countering the third point , Cullhed notes out that many other scholars feel that Jerome would have never insulted Anicia Proba since he praised her as “ the richest , noblest and most powerful woman in Rome ” in another letter ( this opinion is reiterated by Green ) . In regards to the fourth argument , Cullhed notes that Faltonia Betitia Proba ’ s supposed death in AD 351 may very well be unfounded . Opposing the fifth point , Cullhed argues that the titles used to refer to the author could have been inserted after the fact , sometime in the Middle Ages . Finally , Cullhed brings forth new evidence , arguing that if Anicia Proba had penned De laudibus Christi , it is likely that the Latin poet Claudian would have mentioned her poetic skills in his panegyric that celebrated the joint consulship of Anicia Proba 's two sons , Anicius Hermogenianus Olybrius and Anicius Probinus in AD 395 . Cullhed summarizes her argument by saying : “ The evidence for discrediting Isidore ’ s attribution [ of Faltonia Betitia Proba as the cento 's author ] is not sufficient , and so , I will assume that the cento was written in the mid @-@ fourth century by Faltonia Betitia Proba . ” Likewise , Karl Schenkl argues that scholars should accept the testimony of Isidore , who clearly attributes De laudibus Christi to Faltonia Betitia Proba . The general consensus of classicists and scholars today is that De laudibus Christi was indeed arranged by Faltonia Betitia Proba .
= Zhang Heng =
Zhang Heng ( Chinese : 張衡 ; AD 78 – 139 ) , formerly romanized as Chang Heng , was a Han Chinese polymath from Nanyang who lived during the Han dynasty . Educated in the capital cities of Luoyang and Chang 'an , he achieved success as an astronomer , mathematician , scientist , engineer , inventor , geographer , cartographer , artist , poet , statesman , and literary scholar .
Zhang Heng began his career as a minor civil servant in Nanyang . Eventually , he became Chief Astronomer , Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages , and then Palace Attendant at the imperial court . His uncompromising stance on historical and calendrical issues led to his becoming a controversial figure , preventing him from rising to the status of Grand Historian . His political rivalry with the palace eunuchs during the reign of Emperor Shun ( r . 125 – 144 ) led to his decision to retire from the central court to serve as an administrator of Hejian in Hebei . Zhang returned home to Nanyang for a short time , before being recalled to serve in the capital once more in 138 . He died there a year later , in 139 .
Zhang applied his extensive knowledge of mechanics and gears in several of his inventions . He invented the world 's first water @-@ powered armillary sphere to assist astronomical observation ; improved the inflow water clock by adding another tank ; and invented the world 's first seismometer , which discerned the cardinal direction of an earthquake 500 km ( 310 mi ) away . He improved previous Chinese calculations for pi . In addition to documenting about 2 @,@ 500 stars in his extensive star catalog , Zhang also posited theories about the Moon and its relationship to the Sun : specifically , he discussed the Moon 's sphericity , its illumination by reflected sunlight on one side and the hidden nature of the other , and the nature of solar and lunar eclipses . His fu ( rhapsody ) and shi poetry were renowned in his time and studied and analyzed by later Chinese writers . Zhang received many posthumous honors for his scholarship and ingenuity ; some modern scholars have compared his work in astronomy to that of the Greco @-@ Roman Ptolemy ( AD 86 – 161 ) .
= = Life of Zhang Heng = =
= = = Early life = = =
Born in the town of Xi 'e in Nanyang Commandery ( north of the modern Nanyang City in Henan province ) , Zhang Heng came from a distinguished but not very affluent family . His grandfather Zhang Kan had been governor of a commandery and one of the leaders who supported the restoration of the Han by Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 – 57 ) , following the death of the usurping Wang Mang of the Xin ( AD 9 – 23 ) . At age ten , Zhang 's father died , leaving him in the care of his mother and grandmother . An accomplished writer in his youth , Zhang left home in the year 95 to pursue his studies in the capitals of Chang 'an and Luoyang . While traveling to Luoyang , Zhang passed by a hot spring near Mount Li and dedicated one of his earliest fu poems to it . This work , entitled " Fu on the Hot Springs " ( Wēnquán fù 溫泉賦 ) , describes the throngs of people attending the hot springs , which later became famous as the " Huaqing Hot Springs " , a favorite retreat of imperial concubine Yang Guifei during the Tang dynasty . After studying for some years at Luoyang 's Taixue , he was well @-@ versed in the classics and friends with several notable persons , including the mathematician and calligrapher Cui Yuan ( 78 – 143 ) , the official and philosophical commentator Ma Rong ( 79 – 166 ) , and the philosopher Wang Fu ( 78 – 163 ) . Government authorities offered Zhang appointments to several offices , including a position as one of the Imperial Secretaries , yet he acted modestly and declined . At age twenty @-@ three , he returned home with the title " Officer of Merit in Nanyang " , serving as the master of documents under the administration of Governor Bao De ( in office from 103 – 111 ) . As he was charged with composing inscriptions and dirges for the governor , he gained experience in writing official documents . As Officer of Merit in the commandery , he was also responsible for local appointments to office and recommendations to the capital of nominees for higher office . He spent much of his time composing rhapsodies on the capital cities . When Bao De was recalled to the capital in 111 to serve as a minister of finance , Zhang continued his literary work at home in Xi 'e . Zhang Heng began his studies in astronomy at the age of thirty and began publishing his works on astronomy and mathematics .
= = = Official career = = =
In 112 , Zhang was summoned to the court of Emperor An ( r . 106 – 125 ) , who had heard of his expertise in mathematics . When he was nominated to serve at the capital , Zhang was escorted by carriage — a symbol of his official status — to Luoyang , where he became a court gentleman working for the Imperial Secretariat . He was promoted to Chief Astronomer for the court , serving his first term from 115 – 120 under Emperor An and his second under the succeeding emperor from 126 – 132 . As Chief Astronomer , Zhang was a subordinate of the Minister of Ceremonies , one of Nine Ministers ranked just below the Three Excellencies . In addition to recording heavenly observations and portents , preparing the calendar , and reporting which days were auspicious and which ill @-@ omened , Zhang was also in charge of an advanced literacy test for all candidates to the Imperial Secretariat and the Censorate , both of whose members were required to know at least 9 @,@ 000 characters and all major writing styles . Under Emperor An , Zhang also served as Prefect of the Majors for Official Carriages under the Ministry of Guards , in charge of receiving memorials to the throne ( formal essays on policy and administration ) as well as nominees for official appointments .
When the government official Dan Song proposed the Chinese calendar should be reformed in 123 to adopt certain apocryphal teachings , Zhang opposed the idea . He considered the teachings to be of questionable stature and believed they could introduce errors . Others shared Zhang 's opinion and the calendar was not altered , yet Zhang 's proposal that apocryphal writings should be banned was rejected . The officials Liu Zhen and Liu Taotu , members of a committee to compile the dynastic history Dongguan Hanji ( 東觀漢記 ) , sought permission from the court to consult Zhang Heng . However , Zhang was barred from assisting the committee due to his controversial views on apocrypha and his objection to the relegation of Emperor Gengshi 's ( r . 23 – 25 ) role in the restoration of the Han Dynasty as lesser than Emperor Guangwu 's . Liu Zhen and Liu Taotu were Zhang 's only historian allies at court , and after their deaths Zhang had no further opportunities for promotion to the prestigious post of court historian .
Despite this setback in his official career , Zhang was reappointed as Chief Astronomer in 126 after Emperor Shun of Han ( r . 125 – 144 ) ascended to the throne . His intensive astronomical work was rewarded only with the rank and salary of 600 bushels , or shi , of grain ( mostly commuted to coin cash or bolts of silk ) . To place this number in context , in a hierarchy of twenty official ranks , the lowest @-@ paid official earned the rank and salary of 100 bushels and the highest @-@ paid official earned 10 @,@ 000 bushels during the Han . The 600 @-@ bushel rank was the lowest the emperor could directly appoint to a central government position ; any official of lower status was overseen by central or provincial officials of high rank .
In 132 , Zhang introduced an intricate seismometer to the court , which he claimed could detect the precise cardinal direction of a distant earthquake . On one occasion his device indicated that an earthquake had occurred in the northwest . As there was no perceivable tremor felt in the capital his political enemies were briefly able to relish the failure of his device , until a messenger arrived shortly afterwards to report that an earthquake had occurred about 400 km ( 248 mi ) to 500 km ( 310 mi ) northwest of Luoyang in Gansu province .
A year after Zhang presented his seismometer to the court , officials and candidates were asked to provide comments about a series of recent earthquakes which could be interpreted as signs of displeasure from Heaven . The ancient Chinese viewed natural calamities as cosmological punishments for misdeeds that were perpetrated by the Chinese ruler or his subordinates on earth . In Zhang 's memorial discussing the reasons behind these natural disasters , he criticized the new recruitment system of Zuo Xiong which fixed the age of eligible candidates for the title " Filial and Incorrupt " at age forty . The new system also transferred the power of the candidates ' assessment to the Three Excellencies rather than the Generals of the Household , who by tradition oversaw the affairs of court gentlemen . Although Zhang 's memorial was rejected , his status was significantly elevated soon after to Palace Attendant , a position he used to influence the decisions of Emperor Shun . With this prestigious new position , Zhang earned a salary of 2 @,@ 000 bushels and had the right to escort the emperor .
As Palace Attendant to Emperor Shun , Zhang Heng attempted to convince him that the court eunuchs represented a threat to the imperial court . Zhang pointed to specific examples of past court intrigues involving eunuchs , and convinced Shun that he should assume greater authority and limit their influence . The eunuchs attempted to slander Zhang , who responded with a fu rhapsody called " Fu on Pondering the Mystery " , which vents his frustration . Rafe de Crespigny states that Zhang 's rhapsody used imagery similar to Qu Yuan 's ( 340 – 278 BC ) poem " Li Sao " and focused on whether or not good men should flee the corrupted world or remain virtuous within it .
= = Literature and poetry = =
While working for the central court , Zhang Heng had access to a variety of written materials located in the Archives of the Eastern Pavilion . Zhang read many of the great works of history in his day and claimed he had found ten instances where the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian ( 145 – 90 BC ) and the Book of Han by Ban Gu ( AD 32 – 92 ) differed from other ancient texts that were available to him . His account was preserved and recorded in the 5th century text of the Book of Later Han by Fan Ye ( 398 – 445 ) . His rhapsodies and other literary works displayed a deep knowledge of classic texts , Chinese philosophy , and histories . He also compiled a commentary on the Taixuan ( 太玄 , " Great Mystery " ) by the Daoist author Yang Xiong ( 53 BC – AD 18 ) .
Xiao Tong ( 501 – 531 ) , a crown prince of the Liang Dynasty ( 502 – 557 ) , immortalized several of Zhang 's works in his literary anthology , Selections of Refined Literature ( Wen xuan 文選 ) . Zhang 's rhapsodies ( 賦 , fu ) include " Western Metropolis Rhapsody " ( 西京賦 ) , " Eastern Metropolis Rhapsody " ( 東京賦 ) , " Southern Capital Rhapsody " ( 南都賦 ) , " Rhapsody on Contemplating the Mystery " ( 思玄賦 ) , and " Rhapsody on Returning to the Fields " ( 歸田賦 ) . The latter fuses Daoist ideas with Confucianism and was a precursor to later Chinese metaphysical nature poetry , according to Liu Wu @-@ chi . A set of four short lyric poems ( shi 詩 ) entitled " Lyric Poems on Four Sorrows " ( 四愁詩 ) , is also included with Zhang 's preface . This set constitutes some of the earliest heptasyllabic shi Chinese poetry written . While still in Luoyang , Zhang became inspired to write his " Western Metropolis Rhapsody " and " Eastern Metropolis Rhapsody " , which were based on the " Rhapsody on the Two Capitals " by the historian Ban Gu . Zhang 's work was similar to Ban 's , although the latter fully praised the contemporaneous Eastern Han regime while Zhang provided a warning that it could suffer the same fate as the Western Han if it too declined into a state of decadence and moral depravity . These two works satirized and criticized what he saw as the excessive luxury of the upper classes . Zhang 's " Southern Capital Rhapsody " commemorated his home city of Nanyang , home of the restorer of the Han Dynasty , Guangwu .
In Zhang Heng 's poem " Four Sorrows " , he laments that he is unable to woo a beautiful woman due to the impediment of mountains , snows and rivers . Rafe de Crespigny , Tong Xiao , and David R. Knechtges claim that Zhang wrote this as an innuendo hinting at his inability to keep in contact with the emperor , hindered by unworthy rivals and petty men . This poem is one of the first in China to have seven words per line . His " Four Sorrows " reads :
In another poem of his called " Stabilizing the Passions " ( 定情賦 ) — preserved in a Tang Dynasty ( 618 – 907 ) encyclopedia , but referred to earlier by Tao Qian ( 365 – 427 ) in praise of Zhang 's lyrical minimalism — Zhang displays his admiration for an attractive and exemplary woman . This simpler type of fu poem influenced later works by the prominent official and scholar Cai Yong ( 132 – 192 ) . Zhang wrote :
Zhang 's long lyrical poems also revealed a great amount of information on urban layout and basic geography . His rhapsody " Sir Based @-@ On @-@ Nothing " provides details on terrain , palaces , hunting parks , markets , and prominent buildings of Chang 'an , the Western Han capital . Exemplifying his attention to detail , his rhapsody on Nanyang described gardens filled with spring garlic , summer bamboo shoots , autumn leeks , winter rape @-@ turnips , perilla , evodia , and purple ginger . Zhang Heng 's writing confirms the size of the imperial hunting park in the suburbs of Chang 'an , as his estimate for the circumference of the park 's encircling wall agrees with the historian Ban Gu 's estimate of roughly 400 li ( one li in Han times was equal to 415 @.@ 8 m , or 1 @,@ 364 ft , making the circumference of the park wall 166 @,@ 320 m , or 545 @,@ 600 ft ) . Along with Sima Xiangru ( 179 – 117 BC ) , Zhang listed a variety of animals and hunting game inhabiting the park , which were divided in the northern and southern portions of the park according to where the animals had originally came from : northern or southern China . Somewhat similar to the description of Sima Xiangru , Zhang described the Western Han emperors and their entourage enjoying boat outings , water plays , fishing , and displays of archery targeting birds and other animals with stringed arrows from the tops of tall towers along Chang 'an 's Kunming Lake . The focus of Zhang 's writing on specific places and their terrain , society , people , and their customs could also be seen as early attempts of ethnographic categorization . In his poem " Xijing fu " , Zhang shows that he was aware of the new foreign religion of Buddhism , introduced via the Silk Road , as well as the legend of the birth of Buddha with the vision of the white elephant bringing about conception . In his " Western Metropolis Rhapsody " ( 西京賦 ) , Zhang described court entertainments such as juedi ( 角抵 ) , a form of theatrical wrestling accompanied by music in which participants butted heads with bull horn masks .
With his " Responding to Criticism " ( Ying jian 應間 ) , a work modeled on Yang Xiong 's " Justification Against Ridicule " , Zhang was an early writer and proponent of the Chinese literary genre shelun , or hypothetical discourse . Authors of this genre created a written dialogue between themselves and an imaginary person ( or a real person of their entourage or association ) ; the latter poses questions to the author on how to lead a successful life . He also used it as a means to criticize himself for failing to obtain high office , but coming to the conclusion that the true gentleman displays virtue instead of greed for power . In this work , Dominik Declercq asserts that the person urging Zhang to advance his career in a time of government corruption most likely represented the eunuchs or Empress Liang 's ( 116 – 150 ) powerful relatives in the Liang clan . Declercq states that these two groups would have been " anxious to know whether this famous scholar could be lured over to their side " , but Zhang flatly rejected such an alignment by declaring in this politically charged piece of literature that his gentlemanly quest for virtue trumped any desire of his for power .
Zhang wrote about the various love affairs of emperors dissatisfied with the imperial harem , going out into the city incognito to seek out prostitutes and sing @-@ song girls . This was seen as a general criticism of the Eastern Han emperors and their imperial favorites , guised in the criticism of earlier Western Han emperors . Besides criticizing the Western Han emperors for lavish decadence , Zhang also pointed out that their behavior and ceremonies did not properly conform with the Chinese cyclical beliefs in yin and yang . In a poem criticizing the previous Western Han Dynasty , Zhang wrote :
= = Achievements in science and technology = =
= = = Astronomy and mathematics = = =
For centuries the Chinese approximated pi as 3 ; Liu Xin ( d . AD 23 ) made the first known Chinese attempt at a more accurate calculation of 3 @.@ 1457 , but there is no record detailing the method he used to obtain this figure . In his work around 130 , Zhang Heng compared the celestial circle to the diameter of the earth , proportioning the former as 736 and the latter as 232 , thus calculating pi as 3 @.@ 1724 . In Zhang 's day , the ratio 4 : 3 was given for the area of a square to the area of its inscribed circle and the volume of a cube and volume of the inscribed sphere should also be 42 : 32 . In formula , with D as diameter and V as volume , D3 : V = 16 : 9 or V = <formula> D3 ; Zhang realized that the value for diameter in this formula was inaccurate , noting the discrepancy as the value taken for the ratio . Zhang then attempted to remedy this by amending the formula with an additional <formula> D3 , hence V
= <formula> D3 + <formula> D3 =
<formula> D3 . With the ratio of the volume of the cube to the inscribed sphere at 8 : 5 , the implied ratio of the area of the square to the circle is √ 8 : √ 5 . From this formula , Zhang calculated pi as the square root of 10 ( or approximately 3 @.@ 162 ) . Zhang also calculated pi as <formula> = 3 @.@ 1466 in his book Ling Xian ( 靈憲 ) . In the 3rd century , Liu Hui made the calculation more accurate with his π algorithm , which allowed him to obtain the value 3 @.@ 14159 . Later , Zu Chongzhi ( 429 – 500 ) approximated pi as <formula> or 3 @.@ 141592 , the most accurate calculation for pi the ancient Chinese would achieve .
In his publication of AD 120 called The Spiritual Constitution of the Universe ( 靈憲 , Ling Xian , lit . " Sublime Model " ) , Zhang Heng theorized that the universe was like an egg " as round as a crossbow pellet " with the stars on the shell and the Earth as the central yolk . This universe theory is congruent with the geocentric model as opposed to the heliocentric model . Although the ancient Warring States ( 403 – 221 BC ) Chinese astronomers Shi Shen and Gan De had compiled China 's first star catalogue in the 4th century BC , Zhang nonetheless catalogued 2 @,@ 500 stars which he placed in a " brightly shining " category ( the Chinese estimated the total to be 14 @,@ 000 ) , and he recognized 124 constellations . In comparison , this star catalogue featured many more stars than the 850 documented by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus ( c . 190 – c.120 BC ) in his catalogue , and more than Ptolemy ( AD 83 – 161 ) , who catalogued over 1 @,@ 000 . Zhang supported the " radiating influence " theory to explain solar and lunar eclipses , a theory which was opposed by Wang Chong ( AD 27 – 97 ) . In the Ling Xian , Zhang wrote :
The Sun is like fire and the Moon like water . The fire gives out light and the water reflects it . Thus the moon 's brightness is produced from the radiance of the Sun , and the Moon 's darkness is due to ( the light of ) the sun being obstructed . The side which faces the Sun is fully lit , and the side which is away from it is dark . The planets ( as well as the Moon ) have the nature of water and reflect light . The light pouring forth from the Sun does not always reach the moon owing to the obstruction of the earth itself — this is called ' an @-@ xu ' , a lunar eclipse . When ( a similar effect ) happens with a planet ( we call it ) an occultation ; when the Moon passes across ( the Sun 's path ) then there is a solar eclipse .
Zhang Heng viewed these astronomical phenomena in supernatural terms as well . The signs of comets , eclipses , and movements of heavenly bodies could all be interpreted by him as heavenly guides on how to conduct affairs of state . Contemporary writers also wrote about eclipses and the sphericity of heavenly bodies . The music theorist and mathematician Jing Fang ( 78 – 37 BC ) wrote about the spherical shape of the Sun and Moon while discussing eclipses :
The Moon and the planets are Yin ; they have shape but no light . This they receive only when the Sun illuminates them . The former masters regarded the Sun as round like a crossbow bullet , and they thought the Moon had the nature of a mirror . Some of them recognized the Moon as a ball too . Those parts of the Moon which the Sun illuminates look bright , those parts which it does not , remain dark .
The theory posited by Zhang and Jing was supported by later pre @-@ modern scientists such as Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) , who expanded on the reasoning of why the Sun and Moon were spherical .
= = = Extra tank for inflow clepsydra = = =
The outflow clepsydra was a timekeeping device used in China as long ago as the Shang Dynasty ( c . 1600 – c . 1050 BC ) , and certainly by the Zhou Dynasty ( 1122 – 256 BC ) . The inflow clepsydra with an indicator rod on a float had been known in China since the beginning of the Han Dynasty in 202 BC and had replaced the outflow type . The Han Chinese noted the problem with the falling pressure head in the reservoir , which slowed the timekeeping of the device as the inflow vessel was filled . Zhang Heng was the first to address this problem , indicated in his writings from 117 , by adding an extra compensating tank between the reservoir and the inflow vessel . Zhang also mounted two statuettes of a Chinese immortal and a heavenly guard on the top of the inflow clepsydra , the two of which would guide the indicator rod with their left hand and point out the graduations with their right . Joseph Needham states that this was perhaps the ancestor of all clock jacks that would later sound the hours found in mechanical clocks by the 8th century , but he notes that these figures did not actually move like clock jack figurines or sound the hours . Many additional compensation tanks were added to later clepsydras in the tradition of Zhang Heng . In 610 the Sui Dynasty ( 581 – 618 ) engineers Geng Xun and Yuwen Kai crafted an unequal @-@ armed steelyard balance able to make seasonal adjustments in the pressure head of the compensating tank , so that it could control the rate of water flow for different lengths of day and night during the year . Zhang mentioned a " jade dragon 's neck " , which in later times meant a siphon . He wrote of the floats and indicator @-@ rods of the inflow clepsydra as follows :
Bronze vessels are made and placed one above the other at different levels ; they are filled with pure water . Each has at the bottom a small opening in the form of a ' jade dragon 's neck ' . The water dripping ( from above ) enters two inflow receivers ( alternately ) , the left one being for the night and the right one for the day . On the covers of each ( inflow receiver ) there are small cast statuettes in gilt bronze ; the left ( night ) one is an immortal and the right ( day ) one is a policeman . These figures guide the indicator @-@ rod ( lit. arrow ) with their left hands , and indicate the graduations on it with their right hands , thus giving the time .
= = = Water @-@ powered armillary sphere = = =
Zhang Heng is the first person known to have applied hydraulic motive power ( i.e. by employing a waterwheel and clepsydra ) to rotate an armillary sphere , an astronomical instrument representing the celestial sphere . The Greek astronomer Eratosthenes ( 276 – 194 BC ) invented the first armillary sphere in 255 BC . The Chinese armillary sphere was fully developed by 52 BC , with the astronomer Geng Shouchang 's addition of a permanently fixed equatorial ring . In AD 84 the astronomers Fu An and Jia Kui added the ecliptic ring , and finally Zhang Heng added the horizon and meridian rings . This invention is described and attributed to Zhang in quotations by Hsu Chen and Li Shan , referencing his book Lou Shui Chuan Hun Thien I Chieh ( Apparatus for Rotating an Armillary Sphere by Clepsydra Water ) . It was likely not an actual book by Zhang , but a chapter from his Hun I or Hun I Thu Chu , written in 117 AD . His water @-@ powered armillary influenced the design of later Chinese water clocks and led to the discovery of the escapement mechanism by the 8th century . The historian Joseph Needham ( 1900 – 1995 ) states :
What were the factors leading to the first escapement clock in China ? The chief tradition leading to Yi Xing ( AD 725 ) was of course the succession of ' pre @-@ clocks ' which had started with Zhang Heng about 125 . Reason has been given for believing that these applied power to the slow turning movement of computational armillary spheres and celestial globes by means of a water @-@ wheel using clepsydra drip , which intermittently exerted the force of a lug to act on the teeth of a wheel on a polar @-@ axis shaft . Zhang Heng in his turn had composed this arrangement by uniting the armillary rings of his predecessors into the equatorial armillary sphere , and combining it with the principles of the water @-@ mills and hydraulic trip @-@ hammers which had become so widespread in Chinese culture in the previous century .
Zhang did not initiate the Chinese tradition of hydraulic engineering , which began during the mid Zhou Dynasty ( c . 6th century BC ) , through the work of engineers such as Sunshu Ao and Ximen Bao . Zhang 's contemporary , Du Shi , ( d . AD 38 ) was the first to apply the motive power of waterwheels to operate the bellows of a blast furnace to make pig iron , and the cupola furnace to make cast iron . Zhang provided a valuable description of his water @-@ powered armillary sphere in the treatise of 125 , stating :
The equatorial ring goes around the belly of the armillary sphere 91 and 5 / 19 ( degrees ) away from the pole . The circle of the ecliptic also goes round the belly of the instrument at an angle of 24 ( degrees ) with the equator . Thus at the summer solstice the ecliptic is 67 ( degrees ) and a fraction away from the pole , while at the winter solstice it is 115 ( degrees ) and a fraction away . Hence ( the points ) where the ecliptic and the equator intersect should give the north polar distances of the spring and autumn equinoxes . But now ( it has been recorded that ) the spring equinox is 90 and 1 / 4 ( degrees ) away from the pole , and the autumn equinox is 92 and 1 / 4 ( degrees ) away . The former figure is adopted only because it agrees with the ( results obtained by the ) method of measuring solstitial sun shadows as embodied in the Xia ( dynasty ) calendar .
Zhang Heng 's water @-@ powered armillary sphere had profound effects on Chinese astronomy and mechanical engineering in later generations . His model and its complex use of gears greatly influenced the water @-@ powered instruments of later astronomers such as Yi Xing ( 683 – 727 ) , Zhang Sixun ( fl . 10th century ) , Su Song ( 1020 – 1101 ) , Guo Shoujing ( 1231 – 1316 ) , and many others . Water @-@ powered armillary spheres in the tradition of Zhang Heng 's were used in the eras of the Three Kingdoms ( 220 – 280 ) and Jin Dynasty ( 265 – 420 ) , yet the design for it was temporarily out of use between 317 and 418 , due to invasions of northern Xiongnu nomads . Zhang Heng 's old instruments were recovered in 418 , when Emperor Wu of Liu Song ( r . 420 – 422 ) captured the ancient capital of Chang 'an . Although still intact , the graduation marks and the representations of the stars , Moon , Sun , and planets were quite worn down by time and rust . In 436 , the emperor ordered Qian Luozhi , the Secretary of the Bureau of Astronomy and Calendar , to recreate Zhang 's device , which he managed to do successfully . Qian 's water @-@ powered celestial globe was still in use at the time of the Liang Dynasty ( 502 – 557 ) , and successive models of water @-@ powered armillary spheres were designed in subsequent dynasties .
= = = Zhang 's seismograph = = =
From the earliest times , the Chinese were concerned with the destructive force of earthquakes . It was recorded in Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian of 91 BC that in 780 BC an earthquake had been powerful enough to divert the courses of three rivers . It was not known at the time that earthquakes were caused by the shifting of tectonic plates in the Earth 's crust ; instead , the people of the ancient Zhou Dynasty explained them as disturbances with cosmic yin and yang , along with the heavens ' displeasure with acts committed ( or the common peoples ' grievances ignored ) by the current ruling dynasty . These theories were ultimately derived from the ancient text of the Yijing ( Book of Changes ) , in its fifty @-@ first hexagram . There were other early theories about earthquakes , developed by those such as the ancient Greeks . Anaxagoras ( c . 500 – 428 BC ) believed that they were caused by excess water near the surface crust of the earth bursting into the Earth 's hollows ; Democritus ( c . 460 – 370 BC ) believed that the saturation of the Earth with water caused them ; Anaximenes ( c . 585 – c . 525 BC ) believed they were the result of massive pieces of the Earth falling into the cavernous hollows due to drying ; and Aristotle ( 384 – 322 BC ) believed they were caused by instability of vapor ( pneuma ) caused by the drying of the moist Earth by the Sun 's rays .
During the Han Dynasty , many learned scholars — including Zhang Heng — believed in the " oracles of the winds " . These oracles of the occult observed the direction , force , and timing of the winds , to speculate about the operation of the cosmos and to predict events on Earth . These ideas influenced Zhang Heng 's views on the cause of earthquakes . Against the grain of earlier theories proposed by his fellow Chinese and contemporary Greeks , Zhang Heng believed that earthquakes were caused by wind and air , writing :
The chief cause of earthquake is air , an element naturally swift and shifting from place to place . As long as it is not stirred , but lurks in a vacant space , it reposes innocently , giving no trouble to objects around it . But any cause coming upon it from without rouses it , or compresses it , and drives it into a narrow space ... and when opportunity of escape is cut off , then ' With deep murmur of the Mountain it roars around the barriers ' , which after long battering it dislodges and tosses on high , growing more fierce the stronger the obstacle with which it has contended .
In 132 , Zhang Heng presented to the Han court what many historians consider to be his most impressive invention , the first seismometer . It was named " earthquake weathervane " ( houfeng didongyi 候風地動儀 , lit. instrument for measuring the seasonal winds and the movements of the Earth ) , and it was able to roughly determine the direction ( out of eight directions ) where the earthquake came from . According to the Book of Later Han ( compiled by Fan Ye in the 5th century ) , his bronze urn @-@ shaped device , with a swinging pendulum inside , was able to detect the direction of an earthquake hundreds of miles / kilometers away . This was essential for the Han government in sending quick aid and relief to regions devastated by this natural disaster . The Book of Later Han records that , on one occasion , Zhang 's device was triggered , though no observer had felt any seismic disturbance ; several days later a messenger arrived from the west and reported that an earthquake had occurred in Longxi ( modern Gansu Province ) , the same direction that Zhang 's device had indicated , and thus the court was forced to admit the efficacy of the device .
To indicate the direction of a distant earthquake , Zhang 's device dropped a bronze ball from one of eight tubed projections shaped as dragon heads ; the ball fell into the mouth of a corresponding metal object shaped as a toad , each representing a direction like the points on a compass rose . His device had eight mobile arms ( for all eight directions ) connected with cranks having catch mechanisms at the periphery . When tripped , a crank and right angle lever would raise a dragon head and release a ball which had been supported by the lower jaw of the dragon head . His device also included a vertical pin passing through a slot in the crank , a catch device , a pivot on a projection , a sling suspending the pendulum , an attachment for the sling , and a horizontal bar supporting the pendulum . Wang Zhenduo ( 王振鐸 ) argued that the technology of the Eastern Han era was sophisticated enough to produce such a device , as evidenced by contemporary levers and cranks used in other devices such as crossbow triggers .
Later Chinese of subsequent periods were able to reinvent Zhang 's seismometer . They included the 6th @-@ century mathematician and surveyor Xindu Fang of the Northern Qi Dynasty ( 550 – 577 ) and the astronomer and mathematician Lin Xiaogong of the Sui Dynasty ( 581 – 618 ) . Like Zhang , Xindu Fang and Lin Xiaogong were given imperial patronage for their services in craftsmanship of devices for the court . By the time of the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) , it was acknowledged that all devices previously made were preserved , except for that of the seismometer . This was discussed by the scholar Zhou Mi around 1290 , who remarked that the books of Xindu Fang and Lin Xiaogong detailing their seismological devices were no longer to be found . Horwitz , Kreitner , and Needham speculate if Tang Dynasty ( 618 – 907 ) era seismographs found their way to contemporary Japan ; according to Needham , " instruments of apparently traditional type there in which a pendulum carries pins projecting in many directions and able to pierce a surrounding paper cylinder , have been described . "
Hong @-@ sen Yan states that modern replicas of Zhang 's device have failed to reach the level of accuracy and sensitivity described in Chinese historical records . Wang Zhenduo presented two different models of the seismometer based on the ancient descriptions of Zhang 's device . In his 1936 reconstruction , the central pillar ( du zhu ) of the device was a suspended pendulum acting as a movement sensor , while the central pillar of his second model in 1963 was an inverted pendulum . According to Needham , while working in the Seismological Observatory of Tokyo University in 1939 , Akitsune Imamura and Hagiwara made a reconstruction of Zhang 's device . While it was John Milne and Wang Zhenduo who argued early on that Zhang 's " central pillar " was a suspended pendulum , Imamura was the first to propose an inverted model . He argued that transverse shock would have rendered Wang 's immobilization mechanism ineffective , as it would not have prevented further motion that could knock other balls out of their position . On June 13 , 2005 , modern Chinese seismologists announced that they had successfully created a replica of the instrument .
Anthony J. Barbieri @-@ Low , a Professor of Early Chinese History at the University of California , Santa Barbara , names Zhang Heng as one of several high @-@ ranking Eastern @-@ Han officials who engaged in crafts that were traditionally reserved for artisans ( gong 工 ) , such as mechanical engineering . Barbieri @-@ Low speculates that Zhang only designed his seismometer , but did not actually craft the device himself . He asserts that this would most likely have been the job of artisans commissioned by Zhang . He writes : " Zhang Heng was an official of moderately high rank and could not be seen sweating in the foundries with the gong artisans and the government slaves . Most likely , he worked collaboratively with the professional casters and mold makers in the imperial workshops . "
= = = Cartography = = =
The Wei ( 220 – 265 ) and Jin Dynasty ( 265 – 420 ) cartographer and official Pei Xiu ( 224 – 271 ) was the first in China to describe in full the geometric grid reference for maps that allowed for precise measurements using a graduated scale , as well as topographical elevation . However , map @-@ making in China had existed since at least the 4th century BC with the Qin state maps found in Gansu in 1986 . Pinpointed accuracy of the winding courses of rivers and familiarity with scaled distance had been known since the Qin and Han Dynasty , respectively , as evidenced by their existing maps , while the use of a rectangular grid had been known in China since the Han as well . Historian Howard Nelson states that , although the accounts of Zhang Heng 's work in cartography are somewhat vague and sketchy , there is ample written evidence that Pei Xiu derived the use of the rectangular grid reference from the maps of Zhang Heng . Rafe de Crespigny asserts that it was Zhang who established the rectangular grid system in Chinese cartography . Needham points out that the title of his book Flying Bird Calendar may have been a mistake , and that the book is more accurately entitled Bird 's Eye Map . Historian Florian C. Reiter notes that Zhang 's narrative " Guitian fu " contains a phrase about applauding the maps and documents of Confucius of the Zhou Dynasty , which Reiter suggests places maps ( tu ) on a same level of importance with documents ( shu ) . It is documented that a physical geography map was first presented by Zhang Heng in 116 AD , called a Ti Hsing Thu .
= = = Odometer and south @-@ pointing chariot = = =
Zhang Heng is often credited with inventing the first odometer , an achievement also attributed to Archimedes ( c . 287 – 212 BC ) and Heron of Alexandria ( fl . AD 10 – 70 ) . Similar devices were used by the Roman and Han @-@ Chinese empires at about the same period . By the 3rd century , the Chinese had termed the device the ji li gu che , or " li @-@ recording drum carriage " ( the modern measurement of li = 500 m / 1640 ft ) .
Ancient Chinese texts describe the mechanical carriage 's functions ; after one li was traversed , a mechanically driven wooden figure struck a drum , and after ten li had been covered , another wooden figure struck a gong or a bell with its mechanically operated arm . However , there is evidence to suggest that the invention of the odometer was a gradual process in Han Dynasty China that centered on the " huang men " — court people ( i.e. eunuchs , palace officials , attendants and familiars , actors , acrobats , etc . ) who followed the musical procession of the royal " drum @-@ chariot " . There is speculation that at some time during the 1st century BC the beating of drums and gongs was mechanically driven by the rotation of the road wheels . This might have actually been the design of Luoxia Hong ( c . 110 BC ) , yet by at least 125 the mechanical odometer carriage was already known , as it was depicted in a mural of the Xiao Tang Shan Tomb .
The south @-@ pointing chariot was another mechanical device credited to Zhang Heng . It was a non @-@ magnetic compass vehicle in the form of a two @-@ wheeled chariot . Differential gears driven by the
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" committed the " blood @-@ soaked and inhumane crime . " The militant group promised the families of the victims that it would take revenge " for every single martyr " . The Taliban also accused Afghan security officials of being complicit in the attack . The militant group called off peace talks in the wake of the deadly rampage . On 13 March , the Taliban launched an attack on an Afghan government delegation which was visiting the site of the killings , killing one government soldier and injuring three .
= Władysław II Jagiełło =
Jogaila , later Władysław II Jagiełło ( Polish pronunciation : [ vwadɨˈswaf jaˈgʲɛwwɔ ] ) ( c . 1352 / 1362 – 1 June 1434 ) was Grand Duke of Lithuania ( 1377 – 1434 ) , King of Poland ( 1386 – 1399 ) alongside his wife Jadwiga , and then sole King of Poland . He ruled in Lithuania from 1377 . Born a pagan , in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as Władysław in Kraków , married the young Queen Jadwiga , and was crowned King of Poland as Władysław II Jagiełło . In 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity . His own reign in Poland started in 1399 , upon death of Queen Jadwiga , and lasted a further thirty @-@ five years and laid the foundation for the centuries @-@ long Polish – Lithuanian union . He was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland that bears his name and was previously also known as the Geminid dynasty in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The dynasty ruled both states until 1572 , and became one of the most influential dynasties in the late medieval and early modern Central and Eastern Europe . During his reign , the Polish @-@ Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world .
Jogaila was the last pagan ruler of medieval Lithuania . After he became King of Poland , as a result of the Union of Krewo , the newly formed Polish @-@ Lithuanian union confronted the growing power of the Teutonic Knights . The allied victory at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 , followed by the Peace of Thorn , secured the Polish and Lithuanian borders and marked the emergence of the Polish – Lithuanian alliance as a significant force in Europe . The reign of Władysław II Jagiełło extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland 's Golden Age .
= = Early life = =
= = = Lithuania = = =
Little is known of Jogaila 's early life , and even his year of birth is not certain . Previously historians assumed he was born in 1352 , but some recent research suggests a later date — about 1362 . He was a descendant of the Gediminid dynasty and was probably born in Vilnius . His parents were Algirdas , Grand Duke of Lithuania , and his second wife , Uliana , daughter of Alexander I , Grand Prince of Tver .
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania to which Jogaila succeeded as Grand Duke in 1377 was a political entity composed of two leading , but very different nationalities and two political systems : ethnic Lithuania in the north @-@ west and the vast Ruthenian territories of former Kievan Rus ' , comprising the lands of modern Ukraine , Belarus , and parts of western Russia . At first , Jogaila — like his father — based his rule in the southern and eastern territories of Lithuania , while his uncle , Kęstutis , the Duke of Trakai , continued to rule the north @-@ western region . Jogaila 's succession , however , soon placed this system of dual rule under strain .
At the start of his reign , Jogaila was preoccupied with unrest in the Lithuanian Rus ' lands . In 1377 – 78 , Andrei of Polotsk , the eldest son of Algirdas , challenged Jogaila 's authority and sought to become Grand Duke . In 1380 , Andrei and another brother , Dmitry , sided with Prince Dmitri of Moscow against Jogaila 's alliance with emir Mamai , de facto khan of the Golden Horde . Jogaila failed to support Mamai , lingering in the vicinity of the battlefield , which led to Mamai 's army 's significant defeat at the hands of Prince Dmitri in the Battle of Kulikovo . The Muscovites ' Pyrrhic victory over the Golden Horde , in the long term , signified , however , the beginning of a slow climb to power by the Grand Duchy of Moscow , which became within a century the most serious rival and threat to the integrity , well @-@ being and survival of Lithuania . However , in 1380 Muscovy was greatly weakened by tremendous losses suffered during the battle and thus , in the same year , Jogaila was free to begin a struggle for supremacy with Kęstutis .
In the north @-@ west , Lithuania faced constant armed incursions from the Teutonic Knights — founded after 1226 to fight and convert the pagan Baltic tribes of Prussians , Yotvingians and Lithuanians . In 1380 , Jogaila secretly concluded the secret Treaty of Dovydiškės , directed against Kęstutis . When Kęstutis discovered the plan , the Lithuanian Civil War began . He seized Vilnius , overthrew Jogaila , and pronounced himself grand duke in his place . In 1382 , Jogaila raised an army from his father 's vassals and confronted Kęstutis near Trakai . Kęstutis and his son Vytautas entered Jogaila 's encampment for negotiations but were tricked and imprisoned in the Kreva Castle , where Kęstutis was found dead , probably murdered , a week later . Vytautas escaped to the Teutonic fortress of Marienburg and was baptised there under the name Wigand .
Jogaila formulated the Treaty of Dubysa , which rewarded the Knights for their aid in defeating Kęstutis and Vytautas by promising Christianisation and granting them Samogitia west of the Dubysa river . However , when Jogaila failed to ratify the treaty , the Knights invaded Lithuania in the summer of 1383 . In 1384 , Jogaila reconciled with Vytautas promising to return his patrimony in Trakai . Vytautas then turned against the Knights , attacking and looting several Prussian castles .
= = = Baptism and marriage = = =
Jogaila 's Russian mother Uliana of Tver urged him to marry Sofia , daughter of Prince Dmitri of Moscow , who required him first to convert to Orthodoxy . That option , however , was unlikely to halt the crusades against Lithuania by the Teutonic Knights , who regarded Orthodox Christians as schismatics and little better than heathens . Jogaila chose therefore to accept a Polish proposal to become a Catholic and marry the eleven @-@ year @-@ old Queen Jadwiga of Poland . The nobles of Malopolska made this offer to Jogaila for many reasons . They wanted to neutralize the dangers posed by Lithuania itself and to secure the fertile territories of Galicia – Volhynia . The Polish nobles saw the offer as an opportunity for increasing their privileges and avoiding Austrian influence , brought by Jadwiga 's previous fiancé William , Duke of Austria .
On 14 August 1385 in Kreva Castle , Jogaila confirmed his prenuptial promises in the Union of Krewo ( Union of Kreva ) . The promises included the adoption of Christianity , repatriation of lands " stolen " from Poland by its neighbours , and terras suas Lithuaniae et Russiae Coronae Regni Poloniae perpetuo applicare , a clause interpreted by historians to mean anything from a personal union between Lithuania and Poland to a complete incorporation of Lithuania into Poland . The agreement at Kreva has been described both as far @-@ sighted and as a desperate gamble .
Jogaila was duly baptised at the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków on 15 February 1386 and from then on formally used the name Władysław or Latin versions of it . The marriage took place three days later , and on 4 March 1386 Jogaila was crowned King Władysław by archbishop Bodzanta . He was also to be legally adopted by Jadwiga 's mother , Elizabeth of Bosnia , so retaining the throne in the event of Jadwiga 's death . The royal baptism triggered the conversion of most of Jogaila 's court and noblemen , as well as mass baptisms in Lithuanian rivers , a beginning of the final Christianization of Lithuania . Though the ethnic Lithuanian nobility were the main converts to Catholicism — both paganism and the Orthodox rite remained strong among the peasants — the king 's conversion and its political implications created lasting repercussions for the history of both Lithuania and Poland .
= = Ruler of Lithuania and Poland = =
= = = Accession = = =
Władysław II Jagiello and Queen Jadwiga reigned as co @-@ monarchs ; and though Jadwiga probably had little real power , she took an active part in Poland 's political and cultural life . In 1387 , she led two successful military expeditions to Red Ruthenia , recovered lands her father Louis I of Hungary had transferred from Poland to Hungary , and secured the homage of Petru I , Voivode of Moldavia . In 1390 , she also personally opened negotiations with the Teutonic Order . Most political responsibilities , however , fell to Jagiello , with Jadwiga attending to the cultural and charitable activities for which she is still revered .
Soon after Jagiello 's accession to the Polish throne , Jagiello granted Vilnius a city charter like that of Kraków , modeled on the Magdeburg Law ; and Vytautas issued a privilege to a Jewish commune of Trakai on almost the same terms as privileges issued to the Jews of Poland in the reigns of Boleslaus the Pious and Casimir the Great . Władysław 's policy of unifying the two legal systems was partial and uneven at first but achieved a lasting influence . By the time of the Union of Lublin in 1569 , there was not much difference between the administrative and judicial systems in force in Lithuania and Poland .
One effect of Jagiello 's measures was to be the advancement of Catholics in Lithuania at the expense of Orthodox elements ; in 1387 and 1413 , for example , Lithuanian Catholic boyars were granted special judicial and political privileges denied to the Orthodox boyars . As this process gained momentum , it was accompanied by the rise of both Rus ' and Lithuanian identity in the fifteenth century .
= = = Challenges = = =
Jagiello 's baptism failed to end the crusade of the Teutonic Knights , who claimed his conversion was a sham , perhaps even a heresy , and renewed their incursions on the pretext that pagans remained in Lithuania . From then on , however , the Order found it harder to sustain the cause of a crusade and faced the growing threat to its existence posed by the Kingdom of Poland and a genuinely Christian Lithuania alliance . Władysław sponsored the creation of the diocese of Vilnius under bishop Andrzej Wasilko , the former confessor of Elisabeth of Hungary . The bishopric , which included Samogitia , then largely controlled by the Teutonic Order , was subordinated to the see of Gniezno and not to that of Teutonic Königsberg . The decision may not have improved Władysław 's relations with the Order , but it served to introduce closer ties between Lithuania and Poland , enabling the Polish church to freely assist its Lithuanian counterpart .
In 1389 , Władysław 's rule in Lithuania faced a revived challenge from Vytautas , who resented the power given to Skirgaila in Lithuania at the expense of his own patrimony . Vytautas started a civil war in Lithuania , aiming to become the Grand Duke . On 4 September 1390 , the joint forces of Vytautas and the Teutonic Grand Master , Konrad von Wallenrode , laid siege to Vilnius , which was held by Władysław 's regent Skirgaila with combined Polish , Lithuanian and Ruthenian troops . Although the Knights lifted the siege of the castle after a month , they reduced much of the outer city to ruins . This bloody conflict was eventually brought to a temporary halt in 1392 with the Treaty of Ostrów , by which Władysław handed over the government of Lithuania to his cousin in exchange for peace : Vytautas was to rule Lithuania as the Grand Duke ( magnus dux ) until his death , under the overlordship of the Supreme Duke ( dux supremus ) in the person of the Polish monarch . Skirgaila was moved from the Duchy of Trakai to become prince of Kiev . Vytautas initially accepted his status but soon began to pursue Lithuania 's independence from Poland .
The protracted period of war between the Lithuanians and the Teutonic Knights was ended on 12 October 1398 by the Treaty of Salynas , named after the islet in the Neman River where it was signed . Lithuania agreed to cede Samogitia and assist the Teutonic Order in a campaign to seize Pskov , while the Order agreed to assist Lithuania in a campaign to seize Novgorod . Shortly afterwards , Vytautas was crowned as a king by local nobles ; but the following year his forces and those of his ally , Khan Tokhtamysh of the White Horde , were crushed by the Timurids at the Battle of the Vorskla River , ending his imperial ambitions in the east and obliging him to submit to Władysław 's protection once more .
= = King of Poland = =
= = = Early actions = = =
On 22 June 1399 , Jadwiga gave birth to a daughter , baptised Elizabeth Bonifacia , but within a month the mother and daughter died , leaving Władysław sole ruler of the Kingdom of Poland and without an heir nor much legitimacy to rule the kingdom . Jadwiga 's death undermined Władysław 's right to the throne , and as a result old conflicts between the nobility of Lesser Poland , generally sympathetic to Władysław , and the gentry of Greater Poland began to surface . In 1402 , Władysław answered the rumblings against his rule by marrying Anna of Celje , a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland , a political match that re @-@ legitimised his reign .
The Union of Vilnius and Radom of 1401 confirmed the status of Vytautas as grand duke under Władysław 's overlordship , while assuring the title of grand duke to the heirs of Władysław rather than those of Vytautas : should Władysław die without heirs , the Lithuanian boyars were to elect a new monarch . Since no heir had yet been produced by either monarch , the implications of the union were unforeseeable , but it forged bonds between the Polish and Lithuanian nobility and a permanent defensive alliance between the two states , strengthening Lithuania 's hand for a new war against the Teutonic Order in which Poland officially took no part . While the document left the liberties of the Polish nobles untouched , it granted increased power to the boyars of Lithuania , whose grand dukes had till then been unencumbered by checks and balances of the sort attached to the Polish monarchy . The Union of Vilnius and Radom therefore earned Władysław a measure of support in Lithuania .
In late 1401 , the new war against the Order overstretched the resources of the Lithuanians , who found themselves fighting on two fronts after uprisings in the eastern provinces . Another of Władysław 's brothers , the malcontent Švitrigaila , chose this moment to stir up revolts behind the lines and declare himself grand duke . On 31 January 1402 , he presented himself in Marienburg , where he won the backing of the Knights with concessions similar to those made by Jogaila and Vytautas during earlier leadership contests in the Grand Duchy .
= = = Against the Teutonic Order = = =
The war ended in the Treaty of Raciąż on 22 May 1404 . Władysław acceded to the formal cession of Samogitia and agreed to support the Order 's designs on Pskov ; in return , Konrad von Jungingen undertook to sell Poland the disputed Dobrzyń Land and the town of Złotoryja , once pawned to the Order by Władysław Opolski , and to support Vytautas in a revived attempt on Novgorod . Both sides had practical reasons for signing the treaty at that point : the Order needed time to fortify its newly acquired lands , the Poles and Lithuanians to deal with territorial challenges in the east and in Silesia .
Also in 1404 , Władysław held talks at Vratislav with Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia , who offered to return Silesia to Poland if Władysław supported him in his power struggle within the Holy Roman Empire . Władysław turned the deal down with the agreement of both Polish and Silesian nobles , unwilling to burden himself with new military commitments in the west .
= = = Polish – Lithuanian – Teutonic war = = =
In December 1408 , Władysław and Vytautas held strategic talks in Navahrudak Castle , where they decided to foment a Samogitian uprising against Teutonic rule to draw German forces away from Pomerelia . Władysław promised to repay Vytautas for his support by restoring Samogitia to Lithuania in any future peace treaty . The uprising , which began in May 1409 , at first provoked little reaction from the Knights , who had not yet consolidated their rule in Samogitia by building castles ; but by June their diplomats were busy lobbying Władysław 's court at Oborniki , warning his nobles against Polish involvement in a war between Lithuania and the Order . Władysław , however , bypassed his nobles and informed new Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen that if the Knights acted to suppress Samogitia , Poland would intervene . This stung the Order into issuing a declaration of war against Poland on 6 August , which Władysław received on 14 August in Nowy Korczyn .
The castles guarding the northern border were in such bad condition that the Knights easily captured those at Złotoryja , Dobrzyń and Bobrowniki , the capital of Dobrzyń Land , while German burghers invited them into Bydgoszcz ( German : Bromberg ) . Władysław arrived on the scene in late September , retook Bydgoszcz within a week , and came to terms with the Order on 8 October . During the winter , the two armies prepared for a major confrontation . Władysław installed a strategic supply depot at Płock in Masovia and had a pontoon bridge constructed and transported north down the Vistula .
Meanwhile , both sides unleashed diplomatic offensives . The Knights dispatched letters to the monarchs of Europe , preaching their usual crusade against the heathens ; Władysław countered with his own letters to the monarchs , accusing the Order of planning to conquer the whole world . Such appeals successfully recruited many foreign knights to each side . Wenceslas IV of Bohemia signed a defensive treaty with the Poles against the Teutonic Order ; his brother , Sigismund of Luxembourg , allied himself with the Order and declared war against Poland on 12 July , though his Hungarian vassals refused his call to arms .
= = = Battle of Grunwald = = =
Main article : Battle of Grunwald
When the war resumed in June 1410 , Władysław advanced into the Teutonic heartland at the head of an army of about 20 @,@ 000 mounted nobles , 15 @,@ 000 armed commoners , and 2 @,@ 000 professional cavalry mainly hired from Bohemia . After crossing the Vistula over the pontoon bridge at Czerwińsk , his troops met up with those of Vytautas , whose 11 @,@ 000 light cavalry included Lithuanians , Ruthenians , and Tatars . The Teutonic Order 's army numbered about 18 @,@ 000 cavalry , mostly Germans and 5 @,@ 000 infantry . On 15 July , at the Battle of Grunwald after one of the largest and most ferocious battles of the Middle Ages , the allies won a victory so overwhelming that the Teutonic Order 's army was virtually annihilated , with most of its key commanders killed in combat , including Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen and Grand Marshal Friedrich von Wallenrode . Thousands of troops were reported to have been slaughtered on either side .
The road to the Teutonic capital Marienburg now lay open , the city undefended ; but for reasons the sources do not explain , Władysław hesitated to pursue his advantage . On 17 July , his army began a laboured advance , arriving at Marienburg only on 25 July , by which time the new Grand Master , Heinrich von Plauen , had organised a defence of the fortress . The apparent half @-@ heartedness of the ensuing siege , called off by Władysław on 19 September , has been ascribed variously to the impregnability of the fortifications , to high casualty figures among the Lithuanians , to Władysław 's unwillingness to risk further casualties , or to his desire to keep the Order weakened but undefeated as to not upset the balance of power between Poland ( which would most likely acquire most of the Order possessions if it was totally defeated ) and Lithuania ; but a lack of sources precludes a definitive explanation .
= = = Dissent = = =
The war ended in 1411 with the Peace of Thorn , in which neither Poland nor Lithuania drove home their negotiating advantage to the full , much to the discontent of the Polish nobles . Poland regained Dobrzyń Land , Lithuania regained Samogitia , and Masovia regained a small territory beyond the Wkra river . Most of the Teutonic Order 's territory , however , including towns that had surrendered , remained intact . Władysław then proceeded to release many high @-@ ranking Teutonic Knights and officials for apparently modest ransoms . The cumulative expense of the ransoms , however , proved a drain on the Order 's resources . This failure to exploit the victory to his nobles ' satisfaction provoked growing opposition to Władysław 's regime after 1411 , further fuelled by the granting of Podolia , disputed between Poland and Lithuania , to Vytautas , and by the king 's two @-@ year absence in Lithuania .
In an effort to outflank his critics , Władysław promoted the leader of the opposing faction , bishop Mikołaj Trąba , to the archbishopric of Gniezno in autumn 1411 and replaced him in Kraków with Wojciech Jastrzębiec , a supporter of Vytautas . He also sought to create more allies in Lithuania . In the Union of Horodło , signed on 2 October 1413 , he decreed that the status of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was " tied to our Kingdom of Poland permanently and irreversibly " and granted the Catholic nobles of Lithuania privileges equal to those of the Polish szlachta . The act included a clause prohibiting the Polish nobles from electing a monarch without the consent of the Lithuanian nobles , and the Lithuanian nobles from electing a grand duke without the consent of the Polish monarch .
= = = Last conflicts = = =
In 1414 , a sporadic new war broke out , known as the " Hunger War " from the Knights ' scorched @-@ earth tactics of burning fields and mills ; but both the Knights and the Lithuanians were too exhausted from the previous war to risk a major battle , and the fighting petered out in the autumn . Hostilities did not flare up again until 1419 , during the Council of Constance , when they were called off at the papal legate 's insistence .
The Council of Constance proved a turning point in the Teutonic crusades , as it did for several European conflicts . Vytautas sent a delegation in 1415 , including the metropolitan of Kiev and Samogitian witnesses ; they arrived at Constance at the end of that year to express their preference for being " baptised with water and not with blood " . The Polish envoys , among them Mikołaj Trąba , Zawisza Czarny , and Paweł Włodkowic , lobbied for an end to the forced conversion of heathens and to the Order 's aggression against Lithuania and Poland . As a result of the Polish – Lithuanian diplomacy , the council , though scandalised by Włodkowic 's questioning of the legitimacy of the monastic state , denied the Order 's request for a further crusade and instead entrusted the conversion of the Samogitians to Poland – Lithuania .
The diplomatic context at Constance included the revolt of the Bohemian Hussites , who looked upon Poland as an ally in their wars against Sigismund , the emperor elect and new king of Bohemia . In 1421 , the Bohemian Diet declared Sigismund deposed and formally offered the crown to Władysław on condition that he accept the religious principles of the Four Articles of Prague , which he was not prepared to do . After Władysław 's refusal , Vytautas was postulated ( elected in absentia ) as Bohemian king , but he assured the pope that he opposed the heretics . Between 1422 and 1428 , Władysław 's nephew , Sigismund Korybut , attempted a regency in war @-@ torn Bohemia , with little success . Vytautas accepted Sigismund 's offer of a royal crown in 1429 — apparently with Władysław 's blessing — but Polish forces intercepted the crown in transit and the coronation was cancelled .
In 1422 , Władysław fought another war , known as the Gollub War , against the Teutonic Order , defeating them in under two months before the Order 's imperial reinforcements had time to arrive . The resulting Treaty of Melno ended the Knights ' claims to Samogitia once and for all and defined a permanent border between Prussia and Lithuania . Lithuania was given the province of Samogitia , with the port of Palanga , but the city of Klaipėda was left to the Order . This border remained largely unchanged for roughly 500 years , until 1920 . The terms of this treaty have , however , been seen as turning a Polish victory into defeat , as a result of Władysław 's renunciation of Polish claims to Pomerania , Pomerelia , and Chełmno Land , for which he received only the town of Nieszawa in return . The Treaty of Melno closed a chapter in the Knights ' wars with Lithuania but did little to settle their long @-@ term issues with Poland . Further sporadic warfare broke out between Poland and the Knights between 1431 and 1435 .
Cracks in the cooperation between Poland and Lithuania after the death of Vytautas in 1430 had offered the Knights a revived opportunity for interference in Poland . Władysław supported his brother Švitrigaila as grand duke of Lithuania , but when Švitrigaila , with the support of the Teutonic Order and dissatisfied Rus ' nobles , rebelled against Polish overlordship in Lithuania , the Poles , under the leadership of Bishop Zbigniew Oleśnicki of Kraków , occupied Podolia , which Władysław had awarded to Lithuania in 1411 , and Volhynia . In 1432 , a pro @-@ Polish party in Lithuania elected Vytautas 's brother Žygimantas as grand duke , leading to an armed struggle over the Lithuanian succession which stuttered on for years after Władysław 's death .
= = = Succession = = =
Władysław 's second wife , Anna of Celje , had died in 1416 , leaving a daughter , Jadwiga . In 1417 , Władysław married Elisabeth of Pilica , who died in 1420 without bearing him a child , and two years later , Sophia of Halshany , who bore him two surviving sons . The death in 1431 of Princess Jadwiga , the last heir of Piast blood , released Władysław to make his sons by Sophia of Halshany his heirs , though he had to sweeten the Polish nobles with concessions to ensure their agreement , since the monarchy was elective . Władysław finally died in 1434 , leaving Poland to his elder son , Władysław III , and Lithuania to his younger , Casimir , both still minors at the time . The Lithuanian inheritance , however , could not be taken for granted . His death in 1434 ended the personal union between the two realms , and it was not clear what would take its place .
= = Family tree ( incomplete ) = =
= Kawachi @-@ class battleship =
The Kawachi class ( 河内型戦艦 , Kawachi @-@ gata senkan ) was a two @-@ ship class of dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the first decade of the 20th century . Both ships bombarded German fortifications at Tsingtao during the Battle of Tsingtao in 1914 , but saw no other combat in World War I. Kawachi sank in 1918 after an explosion in her ammunition magazine with the loss of over 600 officers and crewmen . Settsu was disarmed in 1922 and converted into a target ship two years later to meet the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and served until she was sunk in 1945 by American carrier aircraft . The ship was refloated after the war and scrapped in 1946 – 47 .
= = Background = =
The Kawachi class was ordered on 22 June 1907 under the 1907 Warship Supplement Program after the Russo @-@ Japanese War as Japan 's first dreadnoughts , although their construction was delayed by a severe depression . They were one of the first steps in the fulfillment of the recently adopted Eight @-@ Eight Fleet Program that required a fleet of eight dreadnoughts and armored cruisers . Their design was based on the Aki with a uniform 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) main @-@ gun armament in the hexagonal layout used by the German dreadnoughts of the Nassau and Helgoland classes .
The first iteration of the design had six twin @-@ gun turrets , with two pairs of superfiring turrets fore and aft of the superstructure and the two other turrets amidships " en echelon " to maximize end @-@ on fire . This layout was rejected as it exceeded the informal 20 @,@ 000 long tons ( 20 @,@ 321 t ) limit . The design was then revised with the turrets in the hexagonal layout using the same 45 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ inch guns used in the preceding battleships . In early 1908 , the IJN received reports that the Royal Navy 's latest battleships used longer 50 @-@ caliber guns . The Chief of the Naval General Staff , Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō , pushed to use these guns ; cost considerations prevented all the guns from having the same barrel length , so they were used only in the fore and aft turrets .
= = Description = =
The two ships had different bow designs for comparison purposes ; Settsu 's clipper bow was longer than Kawachi 's vertical stem . Otherwise the two ships were externally virtually identical . The ships had an overall length of 526 – 533 feet ( 160 @.@ 3 – 162 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 84 feet 3 inches ( 25 @.@ 7 m ) , and a normal draft of 27 – 27 @.@ 8 feet ( 8 @.@ 2 – 8 @.@ 5 m ) . They displaced 20 @,@ 823 – 21 @,@ 443 long tons ( 21 @,@ 157 – 21 @,@ 787 t ) at normal load and had a metacentric height of 5 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 59 m ) . Their crew ranged from 999 to 1100 officers and enlisted men .
= = = Propulsion = = =
The Kawachi @-@ class vessels were fitted with a pair of license @-@ built Curtis steam turbine sets , each set driving one propeller , using steam from 16 Miyabara water @-@ tube boilers with a working pressure of 17 @.@ 5 bar ( 1 @,@ 750 kPa ; 254 psi ) . The turbines were rated at a total of 25 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 19 @,@ 000 kW ) for a design speed of 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . During testing , the turbines of both ships proved to be significantly more powerful than designed , 30 @,@ 399 shp ( 22 @,@ 669 kW ) for Kawachi and 32 @,@ 200 shp ( 24 @,@ 000 kW ) for Settsu , although the speeds attained on sea trials are unknown . The ships carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 300 long tons ( 2 @,@ 300 t ) of coal and 400 long tons ( 410 t ) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 2 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 000 km ; 3 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
The Kawachi class carried four 50 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ inch guns mounted in two twin @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft of the superstructure . Settsu 's guns were ordered from Vickers and Kawachi 's were built in Japan . The fore and aft turrets could each traverse 270 ° . They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 3 @,@ 000 ft / s ( 910 m / s ) ; this gave a maximum range of 24 @,@ 000 yards ( 22 @,@ 000 m ) . The eight 45 @-@ caliber 12 @-@ inch 41st Year Type were mounted in four twin @-@ gun wing turrets , two on each side . Each turret could traverse 160 ° . The 45 @-@ caliber guns fired the same shell as the longer guns , although muzzle velocity was reduced to 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ( 850 m / s ) and range to 21 @,@ 872 yards ( 20 @,@ 000 m ) . Each 12 @-@ inch gun was provided with 80 rounds , normally loaded at an elevation of + 5 ° , although they could be loaded at any angle up to + 13 ° . The guns had an elevation range of -5 ° to + 25 ° .
Their secondary armament consisted of ten 45 @-@ caliber 6 @-@ inch 41st Year Type guns , mounted in casemates in the sides of the hull , and eight 40 @-@ caliber quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch 41st Year Type guns . The 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) gun fired a 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) AP shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 706 ft / s ( 825 m / s ) and the ships carried 150 rounds for each gun . The shell of the 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) gun weighed 45 pounds ( 20 @.@ 4 kg ) and was fired at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 150 ft / s ( 660 m / s ) . Each gun was also provided with 150 rounds .
The ships were also equipped with a dozen 40 @-@ caliber QF 3 @-@ inch 41st Year Type guns for defense against torpedo boats and four shorter 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) guns were used as saluting guns or mounted on the ships ' boats . Both of these guns fired 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 67 kg ) shells with muzzle velocities of 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ) and 1 @,@ 500 feet per second ( 450 m / s ) respectively . They carried a total of 1 @,@ 200 rounds for the longer guns and another 1 @,@ 200 for the shorter guns .
In addition , they were fitted with five submerged 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes , two on each broadside and one in the stern . Two of the ships ' boats could carry torpedoes and the ships carried a total of 24 Type 43 torpedoes . These had a 209 @-@ pound ( 95 kg ) warhead and a maximum range of 5 @,@ 500 yards ( 5 @,@ 000 m ) at a speed of 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) .
= = = Armor = = =
The waterline main belt of the Kawachi @-@ class ships consisted of Krupp cemented armor that had a maximum thickness of 12 inches ( 305 mm ) amidships and tapered to a thickness of 5 inches ( 127 mm ) inches at the ends of the ship . Approximately 6 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) of the belt was above the waterline and 6 feet 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 95 m ) below it . Above the belt was a strake of armor 8 inches ( 203 mm ) thick that covered the side of the hull up to the height of the middle deck . Above that was a 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) strake that protected the casemates . The barbettes for the main guns were 11 inches ( 280 mm ) thick above the weather deck and 9 inches ( 229 mm ) below it . The armor of all the 12 @-@ inch gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 11 inches with a 3 @-@ inch roof . The deck armor was 1 @.@ 1 inches ( 29 mm ) thick and the conning tower was protected by 10 inches ( 254 mm ) of armor .
= = Ships = =
= = Service = =
Following the Japanese ship @-@ naming conventions , Kawachi and Settsu were named after ancient Japanese provinces , both now a part of Osaka prefecture . The only significant action performed by either ship during World War I was when they bombarded German fortifications in October – November 1914 during the final stage of the Battle of Tsingtao . They were both assigned to the First Squadron until they were refitted in 1917 and 1916 respectively . Upon their completion of their refits , both ships were assigned to the Second Squadron . On 12 July 1918 , Kawachi was sunk in an accidental magazine explosion in Tokuyama Bay that killed over 600 crewmen . Stricken from the Navy List on 21 September 1918 , the wreck was later partially dismantled although most of the hull was abandoned in place to serve as an artificial reef .
Settsu was reassigned to the First Squadron later that month . By this time , the dozen 40 @-@ caliber 3 @-@ inch 4th Year Type guns had been removed and four 3 @-@ inch anti @-@ aircraft guns were added . Two of the torpedo tubes were also removed . The ship served as the flagship for Emperor Taishō for the naval reviews held in 1918 and 1919 . She was placed in reserve in late 1919 and reboilered during an overhaul that lasted until 1921 . Settsu was disarmed in 1922 under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and stricken from the Navy List on 1 October 1923 . The following year , the ship was converted into a target ship with her armor reinforced to withstand hits .
In 1935 – 1937 , the ship was converted to radio @-@ control which allowed her to be maneuvered by operators aboard another ship and additional armor was added . At the beginning of the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War in 1937 , she transported a battalion of naval troops to the Shanghai area . Settsu simulated the radio traffic of eight aircraft carriers at the beginning of the Pacific War in an effort to deceive Allied intelligence as to the locations and activities of the Japanese carriers . For the rest of the war she served as a target for carrier pilots . Settsu was badly damaged when Allied carrier aircraft attacked the IJN base at Kure in July 1945 and was forced to beach herself lest she sink . The ship was stricken from the Navy List on 20 November and her hulk was raised and broken up in 1946 – 1947 .
= HMS Escort ( H66 ) =
HMS Escort was an E @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . Although assigned to the Home Fleet upon completion , the ship was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1935 – 36 , during the Abyssinia Crisis . During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 1939 , she spent considerable time in Spanish waters , enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict . Escort was assigned to convoy escort and anti @-@ submarine patrol duties in the Western Approaches , when World War II began in September 1939 . During the Norwegian Campaign , the ship escorted ships of the Home Fleet , although she did tow her sister HMS Eclipse after the latter ship had been badly damaged by German air attack . Escort was assigned to Force H in late June , and participated in the Attack on Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir in early July . She was torpedoed a few days later , by an Italian submarine , but was towed for three days towards Gibraltar before she foundered .
= = Description = =
The E @-@ class ships were slightly improved versions of the preceding D class . They displaced 1 @,@ 405 long tons ( 1 @,@ 428 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 940 long tons ( 1 @,@ 970 t ) at deep load . The ships had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet 3 inches ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by three Admiralty three @-@ drum boilers . The turbines developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 @.@ 5 knots ( 65 @.@ 7 km / h ; 40 @.@ 9 mph ) . Escort carried a maximum of 470 long tons ( 480 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 6 @,@ 350 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 760 km ; 7 @,@ 310 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ships ' complement was 145 officers and ratings .
The ships mounted four 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , they had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0
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@.@ 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . The E class was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted ; 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began .
= = Service = =
Escort was ordered from Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company , at Greenock , Scotland on 1 November 1932 , under the 1931 Construction Programme . She was laid down on 30 March 1933 , and launched on 29 March 1934 . She was commissioned on 30 October 1934 , at a total cost of £ 249 @,@ 587 , excluding government @-@ furnished equipment like the armament . Upon commissioning the ship was assigned to the 5th Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet , aside from a brief deployment in the West Indies between January and March 1935 . Afterwards , she was refitted in Sheerness from 27 March to 30 April . Escort was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet from September 1935 to March 1936 , during the Abyssinian Crisis . She struck a lock while at Sheerness and required seven weeks of repairs that were not completed until 5 September . The ship patrolled Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War , enforcing the edicts of the Non @-@ Intervention Committee until 24 March 1939 , when she returned to the United Kingdom . Escort became tender to the light cruiser HMS Caledon of the Reserve Fleet upon her return , and was not recommissioned until 2 August , when she was assigned to the 12th Destroyer Flotilla .
On 3 September , Escort and her sister HMS Electra rescued some 300 @-@ odd survivors from the ocean liner SS Athenia , which had been torpedoed by the German submarine U @-@ 30 . The ship was assigned to convoy escort and anti @-@ submarine duties in the Western Approaches Command . She was transferred to Rosyth in December , for similar duties in the North Sea . Escort was refitted at Falmouth between 10 January and 12 February 1940 , and resumed her duties afterwards . Together with the destroyers HMS Inglefield and HMS Imogen , she sank the German submarine U @-@ 63 on 25 February , after the German vessel had been spotted by the submarine HMS Narwhal some 90 miles ( 140 km ) east of the Orkney Islands .
When the Norwegian Campaign began in early April , Escort was transferred to the Home Fleet , and was screening the capital ships when they sortied into the North Sea looking for the German ship on 9 April . After her sister Eclipse was damaged by air attack on 11 April , Escort towed her to Sullom Voe . The ship escorted the aircraft carriers HMS Glorious and HMS Ark Royal from 25 April , as their aircraft attacked German targets in Norway . She accompanied Glorious when that ship returned to Scapa Flow to refuel and replenish her aircraft on 27 April . The ship was slightly damaged in a collision with the Polish ocean liner Chrobry on 11 May . Escort was based in Scapa Flow as part of the Home Fleet until 26 June , when she sailed for Gibraltar to join Force H. It is uncertain if her rear set of torpedo tubes were replaced by a 3 @-@ inch ( 76 @.@ 2 mm ) ( 12 @-@ pounder ) AA gun at this time . She arrived on 2 July , and joined Force H in attacking ships of the French Navy at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir the next day . During Operation MA 5 , a planned air attack on Italian airfields in Sardinia , Escort was torpedoed by the Italian submarine Guglielmo Marconi on 11 July after the attack had been cancelled due to lack of surprise . The torpedo blew a hole 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) wide between the two boiler rooms , but only killed two members of the crew . Later that morning she foundered .
= Typhoon Pamela ( 1976 ) =
Typhoon Pamela was a powerful typhoon that struck the U.S. territory of Guam in May 1976 , causing about $ 500 million in damage ( USD ) . The sixth named storm and third typhoon of the 1976 Pacific typhoon season , Pamela developed on May 14 from a trough in the Federated States of Micronesia in the area of the Nomoi Islands . It executed a counterclockwise loop and slowly intensified , bringing heavy rains to the islands in the region . Ten people died on Chuuk due to a landslide . After beginning a steady northwest motion toward Guam , Pamela attained its peak winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) .
On May 21 , the large eye of the typhoon crossed Guam , producing typhoon @-@ force winds ( greater than 118 km / h or 73 mph ) for a period of 18 hours . An estimated 80 % of the buildings on the island were damaged to some degree , including 3 @,@ 300 houses that were destroyed . Pamela 's slow motion produced 856 mm ( 33 @.@ 7 in ) of rainfall , making May 1976 the wettest on record in Guam . Despite the high damage , well @-@ executed warnings kept the death toll to only one . After affecting the island , the typhoon weakened and turned northeastward , passing near Iwo Jima before becoming an extratropical cyclone .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origins of Typhoon Pamela were from a tropical disturbance that persisted in the eastern end of the equatorial trough on May 13 . At the time , it was located about 425 km ( 265 mi ) north of Chuuk in the Federated States of Micronesia . The disturbance was initially difficult to locate as it tracked generally to the south and southwest , a motion caused by a southward @-@ moving tropical upper tropospheric trough . On May 14 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) indicated that the system developed into a tropical cyclone . That same day , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) followed suit and classified it as Tropical Depression 06W . The next day , data from the Typhoon Chasers indicated that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Pamela . It was able to intensify after the trough receded northward , developing outflow . The storm turned to the south and east , gradually executing a counterclockwise loop through the FSM . This was due to a building ridge between Pamela and Typhoon Olga to its west . On May 16 , observations from Satawan in the Caroline Islands indicated that Pamela attained typhoon status , which is a tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of at least 118 km / h ( 74 mph ) . This was confirmed the next day by the Typhoon Chasers .
Upon attaining typhoon status , Pamela was a small tropical cyclone with a central dense overcast spanning 280 km ( 175 mi ) in diameter . After completing its counterclockwise loop , the typhoon began a slow motion to the northwest , once the ridge to its west diminished . On May 18 , it passed within 95 km ( 60 mi ) of Chuuk , and around that time Pamela developed a circular eye about 18 km ( 12 mi ) in diameter . The typhoon steadily intensified as it began a more steady northwest movement due to a ridge to its east , and on May 19 Pamela attained peak winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) about 485 km ( 300 mi ) southeast of Guam . At that time , it had gusts to 295 km / h ( 185 mph ) .
Typhoon Pamela maintained peak intensity for about 18 hours , during which the Typhoon Chasers reported an atmospheric pressure of 921 millibars ( 27 @.@ 2 inHg ) ; the aircraft also reported concentric eyewalls . The JMA estimated the minimum pressure was slightly lower at 920 millibars ( 27 inHg ) . A trough passing to its north caused the typhoon to turn more to the north @-@ northwest . Around 0400 UTC on May 21 , the eyewall of Pamela struck southeastern Guam with winds of about 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) . Over a three @-@ hour period , the 37 km ( 23 mi ) wide eye crossed the island . After leaving the island , Pamela continued steadily northwestward for two days while maintaining its intensity . On May 23 , it turned to the north and northeast due to a break in the subtropical ridge . The typhoon passed 28 km ( 17 mi ) east of Iwo Jima with winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . As Pamela accelerated over cooler waters and into an area of higher wind shear , it rapidly weakened and was downgraded to a tropical storm on May 25 . The next day , the storm became extratropical , which lasted until June 1 before dissipating over the Bering Sea .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Pamela first presented a threat to Guam on May 16 when it first attained typhoon status . All subsequent forecasts anticipated the typhoon would pass within 185 km ( 115 mi ) . In response to Pamela 's approach , Guam was placed under Typhoon Condition of Readiness III ( TCCOR 3 ) on May 18 . This was upgrade to TCCOR II on later that day , and TCCOR I the next day . The Navy and Air Force evacuated assets . Before the typhoon 's arrival , officials advised residents to store water prior to the storm 's arrival . About 2 @,@ 100 people in vulnerable wooden homes were evacuated to storm shelters set up in schools and public offices .
= = = Chuuk islands = = =
While passing between the Losap and Namoluk atolls in the Mortlock Islands , Pamela produced winds of over 102 km / h ( 63 mph ) . Different communities experienced differing levels of damage from the storm . The islands of Etal , Namoluk , and Kutu received the most damage as storm waves submerged these islands for over 15 to 18 hours . Across these islands , the typhoon left heavy crop and reef damage . Islands such as Satawan and Lukunor received more moderate damage from the storm . No deaths were reported in the Morlock Islands .
From May 17 to 18 , at the Weather Service on Chuuk , Pamela dumped 14 @.@ 59 in ( 371 mm ) of rain . The rains resulted in mudslide that killed 10 people on Moen , many of whom lived in a single buried house ; several people were also injured . Winds reached 91 km / h ( 56 km / h ) .
= = = Mariana Islands = = =
The typhoon produced tropical @-@ storm force gusts and 10 in ( 250 mm ) of rain on Saipan . The impact there was minor .
While slowly crossing Guam , Pamela produced winds of over 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) across the entire island over a six @-@ hour period , causing widespread heavy damage . Typhoon @-@ force winds were reported for 18 hours , and tropical storm @-@ force winds were reported for 30 hours . As the eye was crossing the island , the winds rapidly vacillated between gusts of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) to calmness in the span of a few minutes ; this created a large pressure gradient that caused additional damage . The typhoon dropped a total of 856 mm ( 33 @.@ 7 in ) of rainfall , including 690 mm ( 27 in ) in a 24 @-@ hour period , on the island . This contributed to May 1976 being Guam 's wettest month on record .
In Apra Harbor , ten ships or tugs were sunk , as were numerous smaller vessels . One of the ships that survived in the harbor was the cutter Basswood of the Coast Guard , which recorded a wind gust of 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) . Pamela 's damage prevented regular flights in and out of the island .
The typhoon left extensive damage to military and civilian properties on the island , estimated at around $ 500 million ( 1976 USD ) . Trees were also uprooted throughout the island . Although Pamela was not as strong as Typhoon Karen in 1962 , it proved more costly due to its slow movement . Concrete buildings largely survived the storm , but power lines and wooden structures were devastated . The typhoon cut off all public utilities on the island as well as Guam 's two radio stations . The American Red Cross estimated that Pamela destroyed 3 @,@ 300 houses and significantly damaged another 3 @,@ 200 . Government officials preliminarily estimated that 80 % of the buildings were damaged to some degree , of which half were destroyed . Overall , 14 @,@ 000 families sustained damage during the storm . About 300 people on the island were injured , and although the Red Cross reported three fatalities , the JTWC reported only one death in Guam in the year @-@ end report . The low death total was attributed to timely warnings and forecasts .
= = Aftermath = =
The disruption on Guam was significant enough that the JTWC 's backup location at Yokota Air Base in Japan assumed forecasting and warning responsibilities for five days starting on May 20 . The cleanup and recovery took months , assisted by military personnel . During the aftermath , food shortages resulted in long lines for aid at Andersen Air Force Base . Due to Pamela as well as the occurrence of other disasters in 1976 , the American Red Cross went into debt , after providing about $ 10 million in assistance to 16 @,@ 000 families . The agency set up 29 shelters for 2 @,@ 600 people .
On May 22 , a day after the typhoon struck the island , U.S. President Gerald Ford declared Guam a major disaster area . In September 1976 , the United States Senate passed a bill that included aid for the storm victims . Ultimately , the U.S. government provided $ 200 million in aid and reconstruction funding in the two years following the typhoon 's passage . This included about $ 80 million to repair Guam 's military facilities , which took several years to complete . Following the typhoon 's passage and through the 1980s , the island 's wooden homes underwent the process of being replaced by safer concrete homes .
= District Railway =
The Metropolitan District Railway ( commonly known as the District Railway ) was a passenger railway that served London from 1868 to 1933 . Established in 1864 to complete the inner circle , an underground railway in London , the first part of the line opened using gas @-@ lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives . The Metropolitan Railway operated all services until the District introduced its own trains in 1871 . The railway was soon extended westwards through Earl 's Court to Fulham , Richmond , Ealing and Hounslow . After completing the inner circle and reaching Whitechapel in 1884 , it was extended to Upminster in Essex in 1902 .
To finance electrification at the beginning of the 20th century , American financier Charles Yerkes took it over and made it part of his Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) group . Electric propulsion was introduced in 1905 , and by the end of the year electric multiple units operated all of the services . On 1 July 1933 , the District Railway and the other UERL railways were merged with the Metropolitan Railway and the capital 's tramway and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board .
Today , former District Railway tracks and stations are used by the London Underground 's District , Piccadilly and Circle lines .
= = History = =
= = = Origins , 1863 – 1886 = = =
= = = = Inner Circle = = = =
In 1863 , the Metropolitan Railway ( also known as the Met ) opened the world 's first underground railway . The line was built from Paddington beneath the New Road , connecting the main line railway termini at Paddington , Euston and King 's Cross . Then it followed Farringdon Road to a station at Farringdon Street in Smithfield , near the capital 's financial heart in the City .
The Met 's early success prompted a flurry of applications to parliament in 1863 for new railways in London , many competing for similar routes . The House of Lords established a select committee that recommended an " inner circuit of railway that should abut , if not actually join , nearly all of the principal railway termini in the Metropolis " . For the 1864 parliamentary session , railway schemes were presented that met the recommendation in varying ways and a joint committee composed of members of both Houses of Parliament reviewed the options .
Proposals to extend west and then south from Paddington to South Kensington and east from Moorgate to Tower Hill were accepted and received Royal Assent on 29 July 1864 . To complete the circuit , the committee encouraged the amalgamation of two schemes proposed to run via different routes between Kensington and the City and a combined proposal under the name Metropolitan District Railway was agreed on the same day . Initially , the District and the Met were closely associated and it was intended that they would soon merge . The Met 's chairman and three other directors were on the board of the District , John Fowler was the engineer of both companies and the construction works for all of the extensions were let as a single contract . The District was established as a separate company to enable funds to be raised independently of the Met .
Unlike the railway the Metropolitan had opened in 1863 , the route did not follow an easy alignment under existing roads and land values were higher , so compensation payments for property were much higher . To ensure ventilation , the line west of Gloucester Road was carried in open cuttings , the rest mainly in a cut and cover tunnel 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) wide and 15 feet 9 inches ( 4 @.@ 80 m ) deep ; at the stations the platform ends were left open . Construction costs and compensation payments were so high that the cost of the first section of the District from South Kensington to Westminster was £ 3 million , almost three times the cost of the Met 's original , longer line . On 24 December 1868 , the District opened its line from South Kensington to Westminster , with stations at South Kensington , Sloane Square , Victoria , St. James 's Park and Westminster Bridge ( now Westminster ) , the Met extending eastwards from Brompton to a shared station at South Kensington on the same day .
The District also had parliamentary permission to extend westward from Brompton ( Gloucester Road ) station and , on 12 April 1869 , it opened a single track line from there to West Brompton on the West London Railway . There were no intermediate stations and this service initially operated as a shuttle . By summer 1869 additional tracks had been laid between South Kensington to Brompton ( Gloucester Road ) and from Kensington ( High Street ) to a junction with the line to West Brompton . During the night of 5 July 1870 the District secretly built the disputed Cromwell curve connecting Brompton ( Gloucester Road ) and Kensington ( High Street ) . East of Westminster , the next section ran in the newly constructed Victoria Embankment built by the Metropolitan Board of Works along the north bank of the River Thames . The line was opened from Westminster to Blackfriars on 30 May 1870 with stations at Charing Cross ( now Embankment ) , The Temple ( now Temple ) and Blackfriars .
The Met initially operated all services , receiving 55 per cent of the gross receipts for a fixed level of service . The District were also charged for any extra trains and the District 's share of the income dropped to about 40 per cent . The District 's level of debt meant that merger was no longer attractive to the Met and its directors resigned from the District 's board . To improve its finances , the District gave the Met notice to terminate the operating agreement . Struggling under the burden of high construction costs , the District was unable to continue with the original scheme to reach Tower Hill and made a final extension of its line one station further east from Blackfriars to a previously unplanned City terminus at Mansion House .
On Saturday 1 July 1871 , an opening banquet was attended by the Prime Minister William Gladstone , who was also a shareholder . The following Monday , Mansion House opened and the District began running its own trains . From this date , the two companies operated a joint inner circle service between Mansion House and Moorgate Street via South Kensington and Edgware Road that ran every ten minutes . This was supplemented by a District service every ten minutes between Mansion House and West Brompton , and Hammersmith & City Railway and Great Western Railway ( GWR ) suburban services between Edgware Road and Moorgate Street . The permissions for the railway east of Mansion House were allowed to lapse . At the other end of the line , the District part of South Kensington station opened on 10 July 1871 and Earl 's Court station opened on the West Brompton extension on 30 October 1871 .
= = = = West to Putney Bridge , Richmond , Ealing and Hounslow = = = =
The District Railway 's main expansion was to the west . A small station at Earl 's Court , between Gloucester Road and West Brompton , opened on 31 October 1871 with three platforms . Lillie Bridge depot , opened in 1872 , was built parallel to the West London Joint Railway and initially accessed by a curve onto the West London Line . This curve allowed , from 1 February 1872 , the London & North Western Railway ( L & NWR ) to run a half @-@ hourly outer circle service from Broad Street to Mansion House via Willesden Junction , Addison Road and Earls Court . From 1 October 1872 , the GWR also ran a half @-@ hourly middle circle service from the Met 's Moorgate Street station to Mansion House via Paddington and Earl 's Court .
Permission to build a railway 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) long to Hammersmith was granted on 7 July 1873 the independent Hammersmith Extension Railway having been formed to raise the necessary capital . The new line started from a junction on the curve to Addison Road and also allowed easier access to Lillie Bridge depot . It opened on 9 September 1874 with one intermediate station at North End ( Fulham ) ( renamed West Kensington in 1877 ) and a terminus at Hammersmith , and was served by through trains to Mansion House . West Brompton was now served by a shuttle to Earl 's Court . Earl 's Court station burnt down in 1875 and a larger replacement with four tracks and two island platforms opened on 1 February 1878 . This was sited to the west of the original station ; to the east of the station a flying junction was built to separate traffic to Kensington ( High Street ) and from Gloucester Road .
In December 1876 , six trains per hour ran on the inner circle between Mansion House and Aldgate . The District operated four trains per hour from Mansion House to Hammersmith . Also leaving every hour from Mansion House were two GWR middle circle services to Aldgate via Addison Road and two L & NWR services to Broad Street via Willesden Junction . Three services an hour travelled between West Brompton and Earl 's Court .
In 1864 the London and South Western Railway ( L & SWR ) had obtained permission for a railway to serve Richmond . The route headed north from Addison Road on the West London Railway before curving round to serve Hammersmith at a station at Hammersmith ( Grove Road ) ( linked to the Hammersmith & City Railway station by footbridge ) , Turnham Green , Brentford Road ( Gunnersbury from 1871 ) and Kew Gardens and Richmond . The line opened on 1 January 1869 , the L & SWR running services from Waterloo and Ludgate Hill via Addison Road , and the L & NWR running services from Broad Street to Richmond from a link at Brentford Road to the North London Line at South Action . Stations opened on the line at Shaftesbury Road ( Ravenscourt Park from 1888 ) and Shepherds Bush on 1 May 1874 .
In 1875 permission was given for a 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) link from the District station at Hammersmith to a junction just east of Ravenscourt Park . As the L & SWR line was on a viaduct and the District line in a cutting , the line rose steeply . On 1 June 1877 , the Hammersmith branch was extended to Richmond , initially with a service of one train an hour to Mansion House . The Met and GWR Hammersmith & City line had access by a link just north of their Hammersmith station and diverted a service to Richmond from 1 October 1877 .
From 1 May 1878 to 30 September 1880 , the Midland Railway operated a circular service from St Pancras to Earl 's Court via Dudding Hill , Acton and the L & SWR to Hammersmith . In 1879 the District opened a junction west of L & SWR 's Turnham Green station for a 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) line to Ealing . With stations at Acton Green ( now Chiswick Park ) , Mill Hill Park ( now Acton Town ) , Ealing Common and Ealing Broadway , the Ealing station was built just north of the GWR station . On 4 July 1878 , permission was granted to extend the West Brompton branch as far as the Thames . Stations opened at Walham Green ( now Fulham Broadway ) , Parsons Green . The line terminated at Putney Bridge & Fulham ( now Putney Bridge ) . The line opened on 1 March 1880 , in time for the University Boat Race held that year on 22 March . Initially the service was two trains an hour to Mansion House , supplemented from 1 April by two trains an hour to High Street Kensington .
In 1866 , permission had been granted to landowners in the Hounslow area for a Hounslow and Metropolitan Railway to connect to a proposed Acton & Brentford Railway . However , this had never been built , but with the District now at Acton there was an alternative . Permission was granted in 1880 for a nearly 5 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) railway from Mill Hill Park station to Hounslow Barracks , with stations at South Ealing , Boston Road and Spring Grove , and agreement reached for the District to work the line . On 1 May 1883 the District started a service to Hounslow Town , calling at South Ealing , Boston Road ( now Boston Manor ) and Osterley & Spring Grove ( now Osterley ) . A single @-@ track line from junction near Hounslow Town to Hounslow Barracks ( now Hounslow West ) opened a year later in 1884 . Traffic was light and Hounslow Barracks was initially served by a shuttle to Osterley & Spring Grove that connected to an off @-@ peak Hounslow Town to Mill Hill Park train . Hounslow Town station closed in 1886 and Heston Hounslow station ( now Hounslow Central ) opened .
From 1 March 1883 to 30 September 1885 , via a connection to the GWR tracks at Ealing , the District ran a service to Windsor .
= = = Expansion , 1874 – 1900 = = =
= = = = Completing the circle = = = =
Conflict between the Met and the District and the expense of construction delayed the completion of the inner circle . In 1874 , frustrated City financiers formed the Metropolitan Inner Circle Completion Railway Company with the aim of finishing the route . The company was supported by the District railway and obtained parliamentary authority on 7 August 1874 , but struggled with funding . The time allowed was extended in 1876 . A meeting between the District and Metropolitan was held in 1877 , the Met now wishing to access the South Eastern Railway ( SER ) via the East London Railway ( ELR ) . Both companies promoted and obtained an Act of Parliament in 1879 for the extension and a link to the ELR . The Act also ensured future co @-@ operation by allowing both companies access to the whole circle . A large contribution was made by authorities for road and sewer improvements . In 1882 the Met extended its line from Aldgate to a temporary station at Tower of London . Two contracts to build joint lines were placed , one from Mansion House to the Tower in 1882 and a second from the circle north of Aldgate to Whitechapel with a curve onto the ELR in 1883 . From 1 October 1884 the District and Metropolitan began local services from St Mary 's via this curve onto the East London Railway to SER 's New Cross station . After an official opening ceremony on 17 September and trial running , a circular service started on Monday 6 October 1884 . On the same day the District extended its services to Whitechapel and over the ELR to New Cross , calling at new joint stations at Aldgate East and St Mary 's . Joint stations opened on the circle line at Cannon Street , Eastcheap ( Monument from 1 November 1884 ) and Mark Lane . The Met 's Tower of London station closed on 12 October 1884 after the District refused to sell tickets to the station . After opening the District service from New Cross four trains an hour ran alternately to Hammersmith or Putney , but as passenger demand was low after a month this was reduced to two trains an hour to Ealing . Four trains an hour went from Whitechapel , two to Putney , one to Hammersmith and one to Richmond . The middle and outer circle services continued operating from Mansion House at two per hour each . Initially the inner circle service was eight trains an hour , completing the 13 miles ( 21 kilometres ) circuit in 81 – 84 minutes , but this proved impossible to maintain and service was reduced to six trains an hour with a 70 @-@ minute timing in 1885 . Initially guards were permitted no relief breaks during their shift until September 1885 when they were permitted three 20 @-@ minute breaks .
= = = = South to Richmond and east to East Ham = = = =
Several schemes to cross the Thames at Putney Bridge to Guildford , Surbiton or Wimbledon had been proposed and received approval from Parliament , although the District had been unable to raise the necessary funding . In 1886 the L & SWR replaced these plans with the Wimbledon and Fulham Railway that started on the west side of Wimbledon and crossing Thames to meet the District 's Putney Bridge station . The line had intermediate stations at Wimbledon Park , Southfields and East Putney and a junction connected the line to the L & SWR 's Waterloo to Reading Line just north of East Putney station . The District had running rights and extended some Putney services to Wimbledon on 3 June 1889 .
In 1897 the nominally independent Whitechapel & Bow Railway received permission for a link from the District Railway at Whitechapel to the London , Tilbury and Southend Railway ( LT & SR ) at an above @-@ ground junction at Bow , to the west of Bromley station . The LT & SR and District jointly took over the company the following year and the line opened on 2 June 1902 with new stations at Stepney Green , Mile End and Bow Road . Some District services were extended from Whitechapel to East Ham and one train each morning and evening ran through to Upminster . In July 1902 four trains an hour ran from Bow Road ( 2 to 3 from East Ham ) to Ealing or Wimbledon and two trains an hour from New Cross served Hammersmith or Richmond . The outer circle continued to run from Mansion House , the GWR 's middle circle having started at Earl 's Court from 1900 .
The District sought to serve Harrow and Uxbridge and in 1892 a route from Ealing to Roxeth ( South Harrow ) was surveyed and a bill presented in the name of the nominally independent Ealing and South Harrow Railway ( E & SHR ) . Construction started in 1897 and by the end of 1899 it was largely complete , but with low traffic prospects remained unopened . To reach Uxbridge a line from South Harrow via Ruislip was authorised in 1897 . The District had problems raising the finance and the Metropolitan offered a rescue package whereby they would build a branch from Harrow to Rayners Lane and take over the line to Uxbridge , with the District retaining running rights for up to three trains an hour . The Metropolitan built the railway to Uxbridge and began running services on 4 July 1904 .
= = = Electrification , 1900 – 1906 = = =
= = = = Development = = = =
At the start of the 20th century the District and Metropolitan railways faced increased competition in central London from new , electric , deep @-@ level tube lines . The City & South London Railway had been a great success when it opened in 1890 . After the opening of the Central London Railway in 1900 from Shepherd 's Bush to the City with a flat rate fare of 2d , the District and Metropolitan together lost four million passengers between the second half of 1899 and the second half of 1900 . The use of steam propulsion led to smoke @-@ filled stations and carriages that were unpopular with passengers and electrification was seen as the way forward . However , electric traction was still in its infancy and agreement would be needed with the Metropolitan because of the shared ownership of the inner circle . A jointly owned train of six coaches successfully ran an experimental passenger service on the Earl 's Court to High Street Kensington section for six months in 1900 . Tenders were then requested and in 1901 a Metropolitan and District joint committee recommended the Ganz three @-@ phase AC system with overhead wires . Initially this was accepted by both parties .
The District found an investor to finance the upgrade in 1901 , American Charles Yerkes . On 15 July 1901 , Yerkes established the Metropolitan District Electric Traction Company with himself as managing director and raised £ 1 million to carry out the electrification , including construction of the generating station and supplying the new rolling stock . Yerkes soon had control of the District Railway and his experiences in the United States led him to favour DC with a track level conductor rail similar to that in use on the City & South London Railway and Central London Railway . After arbitration by the Board of Trade , the DC system was adopted .
The District had permission for a deep @-@ level tube beneath the sub @-@ surface line between Earl 's Court and Mansion House and in 1898 bought the Brompton and Piccadilly Circus Railway with authority for a tube from South Kensington to Piccadilly Circus . These plans were combined with those of the Great Northern and Strand Railway , a tube railway with permission to build a line from Strand to Wood Green , to create the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway ( GNP & BR ) . The section of the District 's deep @-@ level tube from South Kensington to Mansion house was dropped from plans . In April 1902 , the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) was established , with Yerkes as chairman , to control these companies and manage the planned works . On 8 June 1902 , the UERL took over the Traction Company and paid off the company 's shareholders with cash and UERL shares .
The UERL built a large power station that would be capable of providing power for the District lines and the underground lines planned . Work began in 1902 at Lots Road , by Chelsea Creek and in February 1905 Lots Road Power Station began generating electricity at 11 kV 33 1 ⁄ 3 Hz , conveyed by high voltage cables to substations that converted this to approximately 550V DC .
While the power station was being built , the District electrified the Ealing to Harrow line that was not yet open . It was equipped with automatic signalling using track circuits and pneumatic semaphore signals , and trials were run with two seven car trains . In August 1903 , an order was placed for 420 cars and a new maintenance depot was built west of Mill Hill Park ( now Acton Town ) .
After the trials , the line to South Harrow opened in June 1903 , from 23 June with a shuttle to Park Royal & Twyford Abbey ( now Park Royal ) for that year 's Royal Agricultural Show . The rest of the line to South Harrow opened the following week on 28 June , with stations at North Ealing , Park Royal & Twyford Abbey , Perivale @-@ Alperton ( now Alperton ) , Sudbury Town , Sudbury Hill and South Harrow .
= = = = Electric services = = = =
Electric services began on 13 June 1905 between Hounslow and South Acton , using the line from Mill Hill Park to South Acton for a passenger service for the first time . Hounslow Town station was reopened , trains reversing at the station before continuing to Hounslow Barracks using a new single track curve . On 1 July 1905 electric trains began running from Ealing to Whitechapel , and on the same day the Metropolitan and District railways both introduced electric units on the inner circle . However , a Metropolitan multiple unit overturned the positive current rail on the District Railway , and investigation showed an incompatibility between the way the shoe @-@ gear was mounted on the Met trains and the District Railway track , and the Met trains were withdrawn from the District lines . After modification the Met returned and electric trains took over on 24 September , reducing the travel time around the circle from seventy to fifty minutes . By September , after withdrawing services over the unelectrified East London Line and the LT & SR east of East Ham , the District were running electric services on all remaining routes . From December 1905 the L & NWR service was hauled by electric locomotives from Mansion House to Earl 's Court , where a L & NWR steam locomotive took over .
In 1907 the weekday off @-@ peak service was four trains per hour from East Ham to Ealing Broadway , four per hour from Mansion House to alternately Richmond and Wimbledon and two per hour from Wimbledon to High Street Kensington and Ealing Broadway to Whitechapel . Four trains per hour ran from Putney Bridge to Earl 's Court , two continuing to High Street Kensington . From South Harrow there were two trains per hour to Mill Hill Park , and four trains per hour from Hounslow Barracks to Mill Hill Park , two of these continuing to South Acton .
Meanwhile , the UERL 's GNP & BR tube railway was under construction , surfacing west of West Kensington and entering two terminal platforms on the north side of the District 's Hammersmith station . A new station , Barons Court , was built with two island platforms , one for each railway . As there was space at Lillie Bridge Depot after the District had moved to Mill Hill Park , the GNP & BR took over
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i @-@ Single / iTunes Digital Remixes
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Madonna vs Avicii – Avicii 's UMF Mix ) – 5 : 16
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Dave Audé Remix ) – 8 : 05
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Justin Cognito Remix ) – 4 : 48
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Kim Fai Remix ) – 6 : 33
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Lucky Date Remix ) – 5 : 06
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Offer Nissim Remix ) – 6 : 49
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Dada Life Remix ) – 5 : 15
" Girl Gone Wild " ( Rebirth Remix ) – 6 : 49
= = Credits and personnel = =
Management
Recorded at MSR Studios , New York City and Sarm West Studios , Notting Hill , London
Benny and Alle Benassi appear on behalf of Spaceship Management and Ultra Empire
Webo Girl Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) , Ultra Tunes ( ASCAP ) , Def Jam Music Publishing ( ASCAP ) , Ultra Empire ( BMI ) , Basic Studio ( SIAE ) and Cock an Ear Productions ( SIAE )
Personnel
Madonna – lead vocals , songwriter , producer
Jenson Vaughan – songwriter
Alessandro " Alle " Benassi – songwriter , producer
Marco " Benny " Benassi – songwriter , producer
Demacio " Demo " Castellon – recording , mixing for The Demolition Crew
Philippe Weiss – recording
Graham Archer – recording
Angie Teo – recording
Stephen " The Koz " Kozmeniuk – editing , vocoder for The Demolition Crew
Mert and Marcus – cover art photographer
Credits and personnel adapted from MDNA album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = = Certifications = = =
= = Release history = =
= ( You Drive Me ) Crazy Tour =
The You Drive Me Crazy Tour ( also known as Crazy 2k Tour ) was the second concert tour by American recording artist Britney Spears . It was launched in support of her studio albums ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) . The tour was designed as a continuation of the ... Baby One More Time Tour and a prelude to the Oops ! ... I Did It Again Tour . It was sponsored by Got Milk ? and Polaroid .
The tour was divided into various segments , with each segment being followed by an interlude to the next segment , and it ended with an encore . The set list consisted of nine songs , seven from ... Baby One More Time and two unreleased songs from Oops ! ... I Did It Again , her then @-@ upcoming album . During the tour , Spears was accused of lip synching , although she denied these claims . The show was recorded and broadcast on Fox . A DVD entitled Live and More ! was also released .
= = Background and development = =
On December 17 , 1999 , during the premiere of the music video for " From the Bottom of My Broken Heart " on Total Request Live , Spears called the show to announce March US tour dates . The tour was designed as a continuation of the ... Baby One More Time Tour and a prelude to her future world tour . The leg 's main sponsor was Got Milk ? . Media director Peter Gardiner explained , " Britney is magic with teen @-@ age girls , and that 's an absolutely crucial target for milk " . Spears shot an advertising campaign to be shown before her performances began . The secondary sponsor was Polaroid and the corporation released the Polaroid I @-@ Zone as the official camera of the tour . Spears also used the I @-@ Zone onstage to take pictures of the audience and further promote the product .
The stage of the ( You Drive Me ) Crazy Tour was similar to that of the ... Baby One More Time Tour , although much bigger . There were many special effects , including smoke machines and fireworks that erupted during the show . There was a giant projection screen that resembled the magical mirror from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . Also present was a mechanical magic carpet in which Spears sat and flew over the first 100 feet above the crowd . Spears , who had five costumes changes during the show , was joined on stage by eight dancers . The setlist consisted of nine songs , seven from her debut album and two unreleased songs from her then upcoming album , Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) .
= = Concert synopsis = =
The show opened with a skit in which the dancers came out of lockers and stayed in the stage until a bell rang . They all sat until a female teacher voice started calling their names . After the teacher called Spears , she emerged at the top of the staircase in a cloud of smoke , wearing a top and white stretch pants , to perform a short dance mix of " ... Baby One More Time " . She then entered one of the lockers and appeared in another one on the opposite side of the stage to perform " ( You Drive Me ) Crazy " . Spears briefly talked to the audience , the segment continued with performances of " Born to Make You Happy " and " I Will Be There " . After a dance interlude , Spears appeared onstage sitting on the magic carpet and flew over the audience while singing " Don 't Let Me Be the Last to Know " . When she returned to the stage , she performed another song from her upcoming album , " Oops ! ... I Did It Again " . Spears addressed the audience again before the " Who is the Ultimate Heartbreaker ? " interlude , in which her dancers picked a boy from the audience and invited him onstage . Spears took to the stage again wearing a jacket and dedicated the performance of " From the Bottom of My Broken Heart " to the boy . She took off her jacket to reveal a pair of black pants that featured a sequined red heart in the back and performed " The Beat Goes On " . After two interludes that presented her dancers and band , Spears appeared onstage to perform " Sometimes " . The encore consisted of a dance @-@ oriented performance of " ... Baby One More Time " .
= = Critical response = =
Jae @-@ Ha Kim of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times said that Spears " showed why she has got a leg up on blonder competitors such as Christina Aguilera , Jessica Simpson and Mandy Moore . Aguilera may have a better voice ( and a Grammy to validate it ) , but Spears has that ' it ' factor that worked for pinup queens of the past , such as Farrah Fawcett " . Adam Graham of Central Michigan Life commented that " although the show was only about 10 songs long and the authenticity of her voice was in question throughout , it was really truly hard to walk away feeling anything but completely gratified " . Dave Tianen of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel believed that the show " was energetic , good @-@ humored , fast @-@ paced and bright " .
During the tour , accusations of lip synching arose . Spears talked to Rolling Stone about the accusations , saying ,
" There 's a delay in the screen above me , so if you listen to the music and watch the screen , they don 't sync up . I think that confuses people . But I 'm singing every song . I 'm singing my ass off . [ ... ] There are times during the show , when I 'm dancing so much , where I get out of breath , and we have a signal where I 'm dying and they 'll help me out . Believe me , I 'd give anything to do a show where I just sit there and sing " .
= = Broadcasts and recordings = =
On April 20 , 2000 , the concert at Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu , Hawaii was taped . On June 5 , 2000 , it was broadcast in a special in Fox . On November 21 , 2000 , Jive Records released the Britney Spears : Live and More ! DVD , which included the Fox special . It was certified three @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 300 @,@ 000 copies in DVD units .
= = Opening acts = =
LFO ( North America ) ( select venues )
Bosson ( North America ) ( select venues )
Destiny 's Child ( Honolulu )
= = Setlist = =
" School Roll Call " ( Performance Introduction )
" ( You Drive Me ) Crazy " ( contains elements from " ... Baby One More Time " )
" Born to Make You Happy "
" I Will Be There "
" Hand Jive " ( Dance Interlude )
" Don 't Let Me Be the Last to Know "
" Oops ! ... I Did It Again "
" Who is the Ultimate Heartbreaker ? " ( Performance Interlude )
" From the Bottom of My Broken Heart "
" The Beat Goes On "
" Meet the Dancers " ( Dance Interlude )
" Meet the Band " ( Performance Interlude )
" Sometimes "
" ... Baby One More Time "
Source :
= = Tour dates = =
Cancellations and rescheduled shows
= = = Box office score data = = =
= Barbarian : The Ultimate Warrior =
Barbarian : The Ultimate Warrior is a video game first released for Commodore 64 personal computers in 1987 ; the title was developed and published by Palace Software , and ported to other computers in the following months . The developers licensed the game to Epyx , who published it as Death Sword in the United States . Barbarian is a fighting game that gives players control over sword @-@ wielding barbarians . In the game 's two @-@ player mode , players pit their characters against each other . Barbarian also has a single @-@ player mode , in which the player 's barbarian braves a series of challenges set by an evil wizard to rescue a princess .
Instead of using painted artwork for the game 's box , Palace Software used photos of hired models . The photos , also used in advertising campaigns , featured Michael Van Wijk ( who would later become famous as ' Wolf ' in the TV series Gladiators ) as the hero and bikini @-@ clad Maria Whittaker , a model who was then associated with The Sun tabloid 's Page Three topless photo shoots . Palace Software 's marketing strategy provoked controversy in the United Kingdom , with protests focused on the sexual aspects of the packaging rather than decapitations and other violence within the game . The ensuing controversy boosted Barbarian 's profile , helping to make it a commercial success . Game critics were impressed with its fast and furious combat , and dashes of humour . The game was Palace Software 's critical hit ; boosted by Barbarian 's success , Palace Software expanded its operations and started publishing other developers ' work . In 1988 , the company released a sequel , Barbarian II : The Dungeon of Drax .
= = Gameplay = =
Barbarian : The Ultimate Warrior is a fighting game that supports one or two players . Players assume the roles of sword @-@ wielding barbarians , who battle in locales such as a forest glade and a " fighting pit " . The game 's head @-@ to @-@ head mode lets a player fight against another or the computer in time @-@ limited matches . The game also features a single @-@ player story mode , which comprises a series of plot @-@ connected challenges .
Using joysticks or the keyboard , players move their characters around the arena , jumping to dodge low blows and rolling to dodge or trip the opponent . By holding down the fire button and moving the controller , players direct the barbarians to kick , headbutt , or attack with their swords . Each barbarian has 12 life points , which are represented as 6 circles in the top corners of the interface . A successful attack on a barbarian takes away one of his life points ( half a circle ) . The character dies when his life points are reduced to zero . Alternatively , a well @-@ timed blow to the neck decapitates the barbarian , killing him instantly , upon which a goblin enters the arena , kicks the head , and drags the body away .
If the players do not input any commands for a time , the game attempts a self @-@ referencing action to draw their attentions : the barbarians turn to face the players , shrug their shoulders , and say " C 'mon " . The game awards points for successful attacks ; the more complex the move , the higher the score awarded . A score board displays the highest points achieved for the game .
= = = Single @-@ player story mode = = =
In the single @-@ player story mode , the player controls a nameless barbarian who is on a quest to defeat the evil wizard Drax . Princess Mariana has been kidnapped by Drax , who is protected by 8 barbarian warriors . The protagonist engages each of the other barbarians in single combat to the death . Overcoming them , he faces the wizard . After the barbarian has killed Drax , Mariana drops herself at her saviour 's feet and the screen fades to black . The United States version of the game names the protagonist Gorth .
= = Development = =
In 1985 , Palace Software hired Steve Brown as a game designer and artist . He thought up the concept of pitting a broom @-@ flying witch against a monster pumpkin , and created Cauldron and Cauldron II : The Pumpkin Strikes Back . The two games were commercial successes and Brown was given free rein for his third work . He was inspired by Frank Frazetta 's fantasy paintings to create a sword fighting game that was " brutal and as realistic as possible " .
Brown based the game and its characters on the Conan the Barbarian series , having read all of Robert E Howard 's stories of the eponymous warrior . He conceptualised 16 moves and practiced them with wooden swords , filming his sessions as references for the game 's animation . One move , the Web of Death , was copied from the 1984 sword and sorcery film Conan the Destroyer . Spinning the sword like a propeller , Brown " nearly took [ his ] eye out " when he practiced the move . Playing back the videos , the team traced each frame of action onto clear plastic sheets laid over the television screen . The tracings were transferred on a grid that helped the team map the swordplay images , pixel by pixel , to a digital form . Brown refused to follow the convention of using small sprites to represent the fighters in the game , forcing the coders to conceive a method to animate larger blocks of graphics : Palace Software 's co @-@ founder Richard Leinfellner said they " multiplexed the sprites and had different look @-@ up tables for different frames . "
Feeling that most of the artwork on game boxes at that time were " pretty poor " , Brown suggested that an " iconic fantasy imagery with real people would be a great hook for the publicity campaign . " His superiors agreed and arranged a photo shoot , hiring models Michael Van Wijk and Maria Whittaker to pose as the barbarian and princess . Whittaker was a topless model , who frequently appeared on Page 3 of the tabloid , The Sun . She wore a tiny bikini for the shoot while Van Wijk , wearing only a loincloth , posed with a sword . Palace Software also packaged a poster of Whittaker in costume with the game . Just before release , the company discovered that fellow developer Psygnosis was producing a game also titled Barbarian , albeit of the platform genre . After several discussions , Palace Software appended the subtitle " The Ultimate Warrior " to differentiate the two products .
The sounds of the characters are taken from the 1985 film Red Sonja . Most notably the " EEY @-@ ECH ! " sound that plays when the player attempts to decapitate an opponent . This particular sound can be found near the beginning of the movie when Arnold 's character is ambushed after pulling an arrow out of the lady 's back .
= = = Releases = = =
Barbarian was released in 1989 for the Commodore 64 and in the months that followed , most other home computers . These machines were varied in their capabilities , and the software ported to them was modified accordingly . The version for the 8 @-@ bit ZX Spectrums is mostly monochromatic , displaying the outlines of the barbarians against single @-@ colour backgrounds . The sounds are recorded at a lower sampling rate . Conversely , the version for the Atari ST , which has 16- and 32 @-@ bit buses , presents a greater variety of backgrounds and slightly higher quality graphics than the original version . Its story mode also pits 10 barbarians against the player instead of the usual 8 . Digitised sound samples are used in the Atari ST and 32 @-@ bit Amiga versions ; the latter also features digitised speech . Each fight begins with the announcement of " Prepare to die ! " , and metallic sounding thuds and clangs ring out as swords clash against each other .
After the initial releases , Barbarian was re @-@ released several times ; budget label Kixx published these versions without Whittaker on the covers . Across the Atlantic , video game publisher Epyx acquired the license to Barbarian and released it under the title Death Sword as part of their " Maxx Out ! " video game series .
= = Reception and legacy = =
During the 1980s , the prevalent attitude was that video games were for children . Barbarian 's advertisements , showing a scantily dressed model known for topless poses , triggered significant outcries of moral indignity . Electron User magazine received letters from readers and religious bodies , who called the image " offensive and particularly insulting to women " and an " ugly pornographic advertisement " . Chris Jager , a writer for PC World , considered the cover " a trashy controversy @-@ magnet featuring a glamour @-@ saucepot " and a " big bloke [ in leotard ] " . According to Leinfellner , the controversy did not negatively affect Barbarian , but boosted the game 's sales and profile tremendously . Video game industry observers Russell DeMaria and Johnny Wilson commented that the United Kingdom public were more concerned over scantily clad Whittaker than the gory contents in the game . Conversely , Barbarian was banned in Germany by the Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien for its violent contents . The ban forbade promotion of the game and its sale to customers under the age of 18 . A censored version of the game , which changed the colour of the blood to green , was later permitted to be freely sold in the country . Barbarian 's mix of sex and violence was such that David Houghton , writer for GamesRadar , said the game would be rated " Mature " by the Entertainment Software Rating Board if it was published in 2009 .
Reviewers were impressed with Barbarian 's gory gameplay . Zzap ! 64 's Steve Jarratt appreciated the " fast and furious " action and his colleague Ciaran Brennan said Barbarian should have been the licensed video game to the fantasy action film Highlander ( which had a lot of sword fights and decapitations ) instead . Amiga Computing 's Brian Chappell enjoyed " hacking the foe to bits , especially when a well aimed blow decapitates him . " Several other reviewers express the same satisfaction in lopping the heads off their foes . Although shocked at the game 's violence , Antic 's reviewer said the " sword fight game is the best available on the ST . " According to Jarratt , Barbarian represented " new heights in bloodsports " . Equally pleasing to the reviewers at Zzap ! 64 and Amiga User International 's Tony Horgan was the simplicity of the game ; they observed that almost anyone could quickly familiarise themselves with the game mechanics , making the two @-@ player mode a fun and quick pastime .
Although the barbarian characters use the same basic blocky sprites , they impressed reviewers at Zzap ! 64 and Amiga Computing with their smooth animation and lifelike movements . Reviewers of the Amiga version , however , expressed disappointment with the port for failing to exploit the computer 's greater graphics capability and implement more detailed character sprites . Its digitised sounds , however , won praise from Commodore User 's Gary Penn . Advanced Computer Entertainment 's reviewers had similar thoughts over the Atari ST port .
Reviewing for Computer and Video Games , Paul Boughton was impressed by the game 's detailed gory effects , such as the aftermath of a decapitation , calling them " hypnotically gruesome " . It was these little touches that " [ makes ] the game worthwhile " , according to Richard Eddy in Crash . Watching " the head [ fall ] to the ground [ as blood spurts from the ] severed neck , accompanied by a scream and satisfying thud as the torso tumbles " proved to be " wholesome stuff " for Chappell , and the scene was a " great retro gaming moment " for Retro Gamer 's staff . The cackling goblin , which drags off the bodies , endeared him to some reviewers ; the team at Retro Gamer regretted that the creature did not have his own game . The actions of the barbarian also impressed them to nominate him as one of their top 50 characters from the early three decades of video gaming .
Barbarian proved to be a big hit , and Palace started planning to publish a line of sequels ; Leinfellner said he received royalty cheques for approximately seven years , the first of which was for £ 20 @,@ 000 . Barbarian II : The Dungeon of Drax was released in 1988 , and Barbarian III was in the works . Van Wijk and Whittaker were hired again to grace the box cover and advertisements . After the success with Barbarian , Palace Software began to expand its portfolio by publishing games that were created by other developers . Barbarian , however , remained its most popular game , best remembered for its violent sword fights and Maria Whittaker .
In 2011 , Anuman Interactive ( French publisher ) launched a remake of the game , adapted to mobile devices and computers : Barbarian - The Death Sword .
In 2012 , the Italian guitarist Marco Sfogli included a cover of the main theme on his album reMarcoble .
= Oliver Bosbyshell =
Oliver Christian Bosbyshell ( January 3 , 1839 – August 1 , 1921 ) was Superintendent of the United States Mint at Philadelphia from 1889 to 1894 . He also claimed to have been the first Union soldier wounded by enemy action in the Civil War , stating that he received a bruise on the forehead from an object thrown by a Confederate sympathizer while his unit was marching through Baltimore in April 1861 .
Bosbyshell was born in Mississippi . His parents were of old Philadelphia stock , and he was raised in Schuylkill County , Pennsylvania . After briefly working on the railroad and then studying law , Bosbyshell enlisted in the Union cause on the outbreak of war . Following a brief period of service in the 25th Pennsylvania Volunteer Regiment , he joined the 48th Pennsylvania , remaining in that regiment for three years . He saw action in such battles as Second Bull Run and Antietam . He rose to the rank of major and led his regiment , but was mustered out upon the expiration of his term of service in October 1864 , having been refused a leave of absence .
After leaving the army , Bosbyshell returned to Pennsylvania and worked in two unsuccessful businesses ; he also involved himself in Republican politics and in the activities of the Grand Army of the Republic , a veterans ' group . He was appointed to a post at the Philadelphia Mint in 1869 , and became chief coiner in 1876 and superintendent in 1889 , serving for four years . One of Bosbyshell 's underlings at the mint stole gold bars and , as they were not all recovered when the culprit was arrested , Bosbyshell was held responsible for the loss by virtue of his office . He was absolved of this liability by act of Congress in 1899 . In his later years , he was an officer of an insurance company ; he died in 1921 .
= = Early life and Civil War = =
Oliver Christian Bosbyshell was born in Vicksburg , Mississippi , on January 3 , 1839 , the son of Oliver Christian and Mary Ann ( Whitney ) Bosbyshell . Both his parents were from old Philadelphia families ; the couple had taken up temporary residence in Vicksburg . The senior Oliver Bosbyshell was engaged in the commission business . He contracted bronchitis while fighting a fire that destroyed his warehouse , and died in Philadelphia after a sea voyage taken in the hope of recovering his health . Eight weeks later , his son was born , and Mary Bosbyshell returned from Mississippi with him to her father 's house in Schuylkill County , Pennsylvania . Young Oliver grew up there , and attended local public schools . At age 15 , he left school to become a telegraph messenger and for the next three years took various jobs in that field before deciding to pursue a career in the law . He first studied with attorney Francis W. Hugbee , then with his uncle , William Whitney ; both were in Pottsville . He was still engaged as a student in 1861 , when the Civil War broke out .
On April 15 , 1861 , President Abraham Lincoln called for 50 @,@ 000 volunteers to fight to preserve the Union . The following day , Bosbyshell joined the Washington Artillerists , a local militia company , which quickly set out for Washington . En route , the company had to march through the streets of Baltimore on April 17 . A hostile crowd of Confederate sympathizers gathered ; according to accounts in his lifetime , he was struck by a missile variously described as a stone or a brick . Although it gave him a large bruise and momentarily stunned him , the object drew no blood ; Private Bosbyshell was purportedly the first man wounded in the Union cause , while an African @-@ American servant , hit a few minutes later by a missile which broke the skin , was deemed the first man to have shed his blood for the Union . However , official records do not list Bosbyshell among the casualties of the Baltimore riots .
In Washington , the company was quartered in the Ladies ' Gallery of the Senate Chamber , in the Capitol . The 350 Pennsylvania troops who first reached Washington on April 18 became known as the First Defenders and , after the war , the survivors formed an association with that name . While they were lodged at the Capitol , President Lincoln , Secretary of State William H. Seward , and Secretary of War Simon Cameron visited . Bosbyshell recalled Lincoln , " yes , here , towering over all in the room was the great central figure of the war . I remember how I was impressed by the kindliness of his face and awkward hanging of his arms and legs , his apparent bashfulness in the presence of these first soldiers of the Republic , and with it all a grave , rather mournful bearing in his attitude . "
The Washington Artillerists were redesignated as Company H of the 25th Pennsylvania Volunteers , and were sent down the Potomac River to Fort Washington , where the company spent three months strengthening the fortifications . Bosbyshell was offered a first lieutenancy in the regular Army , which he declined , stating that he preferred volunteer service . When the company 's term of enlistment expired , Bosbyshell rejoined Union forces as a second lieutenant in Company G , 48th Pennsylvania Volunteers , to serve a three @-@ year term from October 1 , 1861 .
For about a month after his re @-@ enlistment , Bosbyshell was regimental recruiting officer in Harrisburg , but on November 11 , sailed with his regiment from Fortress Monroe , Virginia , to Hatteras , North Carolina . There he served as acting adjutant of his regiment , and as judge advocate for courts @-@ martial . When General Ambrose Burnside launched an attack on New Bern , he took six companies of the 48th with him , as well as Bosbyshell , though Company G was not included among the Union forces . In April and May 1862 , Bosbyshell received successive promotions to first lieutenant and captain and was assigned to command his company , which he did at such battles as Second Bull Run , Antietam , and Fredericksburg . After Fredericksburg , he was again assigned to serve in courts @-@ martial ; when the regiment was moved west in early 1863 , Bosbyshell was assigned as provost marshal of Louisville , Kentucky . While stationed at Louisville , he returned home to Pennsylvania on leave of absence to marry Martha Stem , daughter of a minister .
When the regiment was ordered to Tennessee in September 1863 to take part in Union actions there , Bosbyshell was made Acting Assistant Adjutant @-@ General for the First Brigade of the Ninth Corps , of which the 48th was part . He fought at Blue Springs and Campbell 's Station , and took part in the siege of Knoxville . In 1864 , he returned to Pennsylvania again to help bring the regiment up to strength . Returning to his brigade post , he commanded African @-@ American troops in the Wilderness Campaign .
On July 10 , 1864 , Bosbyshell was promoted to major and ordered to command the 48th , though he remained at his brigade post temporarily . At this time , Union forces were besieging Petersburg , south of the Confederate capital , Richmond , Virginia . The acting commander of the 48th , Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pleasants , in civilian life a mining engineer , conceived the idea of digging under the Confederate lines and exploding a giant bomb . After weeks of preparation , the bomb was exploded on July 30 , creating a huge pit in the ground and a hole in the Confederate lines . After initial shock , the Confederates rallied and repulsed the attempt to break the lines , aided by Union bungling . Bosbyshell led African @-@ American troops into action in the Battle of the Crater ; they suffered over 400 casualties . With Pleasants promoted to General Robert B. Potter 's staff , Bosbyshell took command of the 48th on August 2 , 1864 .
Bosbyshell led his command at Globe Tavern and at Peebles 's Farm . In September 1864 , he sought leave of absence to return to Pennsylvania on personal business . When this was refused , and with his three @-@ year term of service having expired , he was mustered out on October 1 , 1864 .
= = Return to Pennsylvania = =
Having returned to Pottsville , Bosbyshell entered first the banking business , and then the book and stationary trade , each time with " disastrous " results . A Republican , he ran for prothonotary of Schuylkill County in 1866 , but was defeated .
Shortly after the war , the Grand Army of the Republic ( GAR ) , a Union veteran 's group , was founded . During Bosbyshell 's campaign to become prothonotary , he was asked to organize the Schuylkill County branch , but declined because of his status as a candidate . The following year , however , he joined the GAR , organizing Post 24 in Pottsville . He became Schuylkill County district commander of the GAR soon after , and in 1869 was elected Pennsylvania 's GAR department commander .
In 1869 , Bosbyshell was hired as Register of Deposits of the Philadelphia Mint , and moved to that city . The Chief Coiner , A. Loudon Snowden , was impressed by Bosbyshell , and promoted him to Assistant Coiner in 1872 . When Snowden left the Mint to accept a position as postmaster in 1876 , President Ulysses Grant promoted Bosbyshell in his place . Grant nominated Bosbyshell on December 14 , 1876 ; he was confirmed by the Senate on December 26 . According to numismatic historian Q. David Bowers , Bosbyshell , while serving as Chief Coiner , used Mint facilities and out @-@ of @-@ date dies to strike rare three @-@ dollar pieces , including the 1873 , 1875 , and 1876 issues . During Bosbyshell 's tenure , quantities of pattern coins , restrikes , and pieces struck in different metals flowed to well @-@ connected collectors and dealers , and Bosbyshell sold a large personal collection of such pieces shortly after leaving office .
Bosbyshell served as Chief Coiner until early 1885 ; with the approaching advent of the first Cleveland administration , Democrats would be appointed as Mint officials , and Bosbyshell secured a position as chief clerk in the Philadelphia City Controller 's office . Bosbyshell was hired , despite the fact that he was a Republican in a Democratic @-@ run municipal administration , because of his friendship with Controller Robert Dechert .
Having maintained his involvement in the GAR , Bosbyshell was in charge of the committee on arrangements for the Tenth National Encampment of the GAR , at Philadelphia in 1876 . In 1879 , he was elected as commander of Post 2 in that city . He also joined the Second Regiment of the Pennsylvania National Guard , and was elected major in 1878 and lieutenant colonel in 1880 .
= = Mint superintendent ( 1889 – 1894 ) = =
On October 17 , 1889 , President Benjamin Harrison commissioned Bosbyshell as superintendent of the Philadelphia Mint . As the Senate was not sitting , Bosbyshell received a recess appointment . Bosbyshell filed his oath of office on November 1 , 1889 . On his first day on the job , he was greeted with a bouquet of flowers and a large pile of mail from office @-@ seekers . He gave receipts for the Mint property he was now responsible for , and found no errors in the accounts of his predecessor . On December 16 , 1889 , with the Senate in session , Harrison nominated Bosbyshell . The following day , Vermont Senator Justin Morrill , on behalf of the Senate Finance Committee , to which Bosbyshell 's nomination had been referred , recommended that he be confirmed . The Senate did so on December 19 .
In 1890 , Bosbyshell deposited $ 4 @,@ 200 of federal funds in the Keystone National Bank , which then went bankrupt . Bosbyshell was responsible for the debt , which was only $ 300 less than his annual salary , and paid it off by stages , completing the payments in 1894 . In August 1890 , Bosbyshell was elected colonel of his National Guard regiment ; the vote was unexpectedly close , as he was disliked by some of his fellow officers . Following the Homestead Riots in July 1892 , Pennsylvania Governor Robert E. Pattison ordered militia to the strike @-@ torn town to restore order . Bosbyshell led his guard regiment to Homestead , where the strikers offered no resistance . In August 1893 , he resigned from the regiment .
Before Congress abolished the practice in 1873 , the government made silver legal tender alongside gold . This led to one of the great political controversies of the late 1800s , as many called for a return to pre @-@ 1873 laws , which would require the government to take all the silver offered it and then return it , struck into silver dollars . On January 3 , 1891 , two " free silver " advocates called at the Philadelphia Mint with a large ingot of silver , and asked for it to be coined . When the weighing clerk declined , they asked to see Bosbyshell , who received them , but refused their demand . He did , however , write at their request a letter stating that the laws forbade coinage of silver provided by the public .
Bosbyshell was Mint Superintendent while the Mint created new coin designs , including the Barber coinage , Columbian half dollar , and Isabella quarter . In the case of the quarter , issued in 1893 , Bosbyshell was involved in the consultations within the Mint over the design , and sent a letter to Caroline Peddle , who was initially hired to design the piece , requiring that the image of Queen Isabella on the coin not wear a crown . Soon after , Peddle withdrew from the project .
Cleveland was elected for a second non @-@ consecutive term in November 1892 . With the Democrats in power again , new Mint Director Robert Preston in late March 1894 ordered Bosbyshell to turn over the Philadelphia Mint to his successor , Dr. Eugene Townsend . This required the counting of every coin in the facility , including cents and nickels . After consulting with the sureties on his bond as superintendent , Bosbyshell objected to resigning until the count ( expected to take three months ) was complete , but nevertheless left office as directed on March 31 , 1894 .
= = Later years , interests , and death = =
Bosbyshell had been elected vice @-@ president of the Fidelity National Life Insurance Company in February 1893 ; in December of that year he was elected treasurer instead , a post he still held as of 1908 . President McKinley appointed him a member of the 1898 Assay Commission .
In September 1893 , a major theft at the Philadelphia Mint had been discovered . Henry Cochran , weighing clerk , had been surreptitiously extracting gold bars from a vault sealed in 1887 , not with a solid door but with a latticed one that was somewhat loose . Bosbyshell , in taking custody of the Philadelphia Mint 's assets from his predecessor , Daniel Fox , had not asked for the gold to be weighed . When the gold was taken out to be converted into coin in 1893 , the shortage was discovered . Although some of the gold was recovered , there was still a shortage of $ 12 @,@ 810 @.@ 82 , and the government brought suit against Bosbyshell after he left office in 1894 , securing judgment against him and the sureties on his bond . Bosbyshell appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , which ruled against him . The district court had ruled for Bosbyshell on the matter of 733 silver dollars said to be missing , leaving only the question of the gold . Bosbyshell asked for review by the Supreme Court , but also sought legislative relief , and on February 2 , 1899 , Congress absolved him of the debt , making the court case moot .
With the outbreak of the Spanish – American War in 1898 , Bosbyshell organized and served as colonel of the Nineteenth Pennsylvania National Guard Regiment , which was used for homeland defense . He remained in that capacity from August 1898 until November 1899 .
As well as the GAR , Bosbyshell had many interests and activities . An Episcopalian , he was a vestryman of the Church of the Savior in Philadelphia ; for many years he conducted the choir and involved himself in Sunday school work , often as superintendent . He memorialized his regiment 's wartime experiences with The 48th in the War , published in 1895 , and was a member of several other veterans societies . He was also chairman of the Board of Trustees of the University Lodge of Masons . Taking an interest in genealogy , around 1910 he published Descendants of Christian and Elizabeth ( Oliver ) Bosbyshell 1782 – 1910 .
Oliver Bosbyshell died on August 1 , 1921 , after suffering a stroke . He was survived by one of his children , Oliver , and by several grandchildren . He had four sons with his wife Martha , who died in 1914 ; their eldest son Nathan died in Los Angeles in 1888 at age 23 .
= Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt , BWV 112 =
Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt ( The Lord is my faithful Shepherd ) , BWV 112 , is a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach , a church cantata for the second Sunday after Easter . Bach composed the chorale cantata in Leipzig and first performed it on 8 April 1731 . It is based on the hymn by Wolfgang Meuslin , a paraphrase of Psalm 23 written in 1530 , sung to a melody by Nikolaus Decius .
Bach , the Thomaskantor in Leipzig from May 1723 , composed this cantata to complete his second cantata cycle of chorale cantatas , begun in 1724 . He used the lyrics of the hymn unchanged , which reflect the psalm and Jesus as the Good Shepherd . Bach structured the work in five movements . The outer choral movements are a chorale fantasia and a four @-@ part closing chorale , both on the hymn tune . Bach set the inner stanzas as aria – recitative – aria , with music unrelated to the hymn tune . He scored the cantata for four vocal soloists , a four @-@ part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns , two oboes d 'amore , strings and continuo . Bach scholars agree that the brass instruments , normally reserved for Feast days , could come from an earlier chorale fantasia of the same melody with the text of the German Gloria .
= = History and words = =
In his second year as Thomaskantor in Leipzig , Bach composed chorale cantatas between the first Sunday after Trinity of 1724 and Palm Sunday of 1725 , but for Easter he returned to cantatas on more varied texts . He had not composed a chorale cantata yet for the occasion Misericordias Domini , the second Sunday after Easter . The prescribed readings for that Sunday were from the First Epistle of Peter ( Christ as a model – 1 Peter 2 : 21 – 25 ) , and from the Gospel of John , ( the Good Shepherd – John 10 : 11 – 16 ) .
During the cycle of 1724 / 25 , the text of the inner stanzas of a hymn was paraphrased by a contemporary poet with whom Bach collaborated . In this cantata however , Bach used the hymn text unchanged , a 1530 hymn in five stanzas written by Wolfgang Meuslin as a paraphrase of Psalm 23 . The hymn is sung to the melody of " Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr " , the German Goria , by Nikolaus Decius ( 1522 ) . Meusin 's hymn is different from the one with the same opening line by Cornelius Becker , but sung to the same melody , which Bach had used in his other two cantatas for the same occasion , Du Hirte Israel , höre , BWV 104 and Ich bin ein guter Hirt , BWV 85 . The hymn 's topic , the Lord as the Good Shepherd , has traditionally been used for Jesus and is thus related to the gospel .
Bach first performed the cantata at the Nikolaikirche on 8 April 1731 .
= = Structure and scoring = =
Bach structured the cantata in five movements . The text and tune of the hymn are kept in the outer choral movements , a chorale fantasia and a four @-@ part closing chorale , which frame a alternating arias and a recitative . Bach scored the work for four vocal soloists ( soprano , alto , tenor , bass ) , a four @-@ part choir and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of two horns ( Co ) , two oboes d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) and basso continuo .
In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The continuo , playing throughout , is not shown .
= = Music = =
In the opening chorus , a chorale fantasia , the melody of the German Gloria " Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr " is embedded in an orchestral concerto . The movement opens with calls derived from the chorale tune played on the two horns , leading to a free concerto with the strings and oboes . The cantus firmus is sung by the soprano in long notes , while the lower voices engage in imitation . John Eliot Gardiner compares the movement to the openings of the two former cantatas for the same occasion : " The presence of two horns ... reveals a much more regal portrait of the Good Shepherd than we have previously met . " Both Alfred Dürr and Klaus Hofmann assume that the music was not originally composed for this pastoral text , but previously , for the Gloria . Bach had composed a different chorale fantasia on the same melody in Auf Christi Himmelfahrt allein , BWV 128 , with similar instrumentation .
The inner three movements quote the text of the hymn without change , but their music is not related to the hymn tune . The alto aria is accompanied by an obbligato oboe . It is structured in two similar parts , and is in pastoral 6 / 8 time . The steady flow of the oboe can be seen as depicting the " pure water " mentioned in the text , the steps in the continuo as " the steps made on this significant journey " " on the pathway of the righteousness of His commandments " .
The central movement begins as an arioso , accompanied by the continuo , illustrating the walk through the " valley of darkness " . The second part is a dramatic recitative with strings , first expressing " Verfolgung , Leiden , Trübsal " ( persecution , sorrow , trouble ) in a broken melodic line against sustained string chords , then " Thy rod and Thy staff comfort me " , where the " first violins weave a comforting little melody " .
The following duet expresses enjoyment at God 's table in a dance , a bourrée .
The cantata closes with a four @-@ part chorale , most instruments playing colla parte , while the horns play different parts because of their limited range .
= = Selected recordings = =
The selection is taken from the listing on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are roughly marked as large by red background ; instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green under the header Instr ..
= Alejandro Sanz =
Alejandro Sanz ( Spanish pronunciation : [ aleˈxandɾo ˈsanθ ] ; born Alejandro Sánchez Pizarro ; December 18 , 1968 ) is a Spanish singer @-@ songwriter and musician . For his work , Sanz has won a total of fifteen Latin Grammy Awards and three Grammy Awards . He has won the Latin Grammy for Album of the Year three times , more than any other artist . The singer is notable for his flamenco @-@ influenced ballads , but he has also experimented with rock , funk , electronic , jazz and many genres from latin music .
Born in Madrid , Sanz began playing guitar at age seven , taking influence from his family 's flamenco roots . Sanz released his debut album at age nineteen , although he did not gain commercial success in Spain until his second release , Viviendo Deprisa . His next two records , Si Tú Me Miras ( 1993 ) and 3 ( 1995 ) also fared well commercially , but it was his 1997 breakthrough album Más that garnered international success . El Alma al Aire followed in 2000 , selling more than a million copies in its first week . In 2002 , he became the first Spanish artist to record an MTV Unplugged album . En 1991 , for the album Viviendo Deprisa , made song in English called " Blowfish "
His collaboration with Shakira on the 2005 single " La Tortura " reached number one on several charts worldwide . His albums No Es lo Mismo ( 2003 ) and El Tren de los Momentos ( 2006 ) showed Sanz experimenting with more diverse styles of music , while his most recent release , Paraíso Express ( 2009 ) served as a return to form for the musician . He signed to Universal Music Group in 2011 and released his tenth studio album , La Música No Se Toca , on September 25 , 2012 , followed by Sirope on May 4 , 2015 .
= = Early life = =
Sanz was born in Madrid , Spain , on December 18 , 1968 , the youngest son of María Pizarro and Jesús Sánchez . He grew up in the neighborhood of Moratalaz in eastern Madrid . Sanz recalled that " Back then , kids grew up on the street ... I was a bit like the group troubadour ; the one who played the guitar and sang . That kept me out of a lot of trouble . " Sanz 's father , a door @-@ to @-@ door book salesman , played guitar professionally , which inspired seven @-@ year @-@ old Sanz to learn to play the instrument . He pursued the instrument with an intensity that eventually frustrated his mother , who broke his guitar one morning after his playing kept the family from sleeping .
He was exposed to traditional flamenco music as a child while vacationing each summer in his parents ' native Andalusia in southern Spain . Originally , Sanz intended to become a flamenco performer , but he found the music teachers to be overly strict . Commenting on his early experiences , Sanz explained , " Flamenco can be very hard on beginners . If you lose the rhythm , they toss you out with , ' You 're no good , boy ! ' They 're very strict and very cruel . But it 's also a marvelous education , because you either learn to play or else . " He felt that he could not compete with his peers , and decided to focus on creating pop music with flamenco influences , viewing flamenco to be a " lifestyle " better suited to others .
= = Recording career = =
= = = 1989 – 96 : First four albums = = =
As a teenager , Sanz performed in various venues in his hometown . He became acquainted with Miguel Ángel Arenas , a music industry executive who had signed several popular Spanish groups such as Mecano . Arenas helped Sanz find work , eventually leading to a record deal with the Spanish label Hispavox . In 1989 Sanz released his debut album , Los Chulos Son Pa ' Cuidarlos under the name of Alejandro Magno ( Spanish for " Alexander the Great " ) . The record , which fused techno and flamenco , was met with critical and commercial indifference , and today Sanz views the record to be " insignificant " . However , the album is now considered to be a collector 's item . In an attempt to promote Los Chulos Son Pa ' Cuidarlos , he performed at strip clubs , playing short sets between acts . This proved to be unsuccessful and Sanz took a break from music , choosing to study business administration . He also took a job at a recording studio in which he wrote material for other artists . He persuaded Arenas to send demos of his songs to record companies , which led to being signed by Warner Music Latina . At this time , he began performing under his current name .
Sanz 's rise to fame began in 1991 , when he released his first album from Warner , Viviendo Deprisa . The record and the songs " Pisando Fuerte " and " Se le Apagó la Luz " helped him gain a dedicated fan base in Spain . In 1993 , he released Si Tú Me Miras shortly followed by a live album , titled Básico . That same year , he recorded a song entitled " Mi Primera Canción " with flamenco pioneer Paco de Lucía , whom Sanz idolized as a child . He released his third studio album since changing his stage name , 3 , in 1995 . In addition to Spanish , 3 was also released in Italian and Portuguese . " La Fuerza del Corazón " , the first single released from 3 , was his first song to chart internationally . All three albums proved to be successful , reaching multi @-@ platinum status in Spain .
= = = 1997 – 2002 : Más , El Alma al Aire , and MTV Unplugged = = =
Sanz spent two years in Milan , Italy to work on a follow @-@ up for 3 . For the album , he wished to create a " true fusion " of many different sounds , and began studying the saxophone and piano in addition to guitar . In 1997 , Sanz released his fifth studio album , Más , a record containing ballads strongly influenced by flamenco , pop , and tropical rhythms . Driven by the singles " Corazón Partío " , " Y , ¿ Si Fuera Ella ? " , " Amiga Mía " , " Aquello Que Me Diste " , and " Siempre Es de Noche " , Más sold more than two million copies in Spain and was certified 22 × Platinum in the country , making it the best @-@ selling album in Spanish history . The album remained on the Billboard Latin Albums chart for 74 weeks , and one year after the record 's release , Sanz was granted an Ondas Award for Best Song for " Corazón Partío " . According to David Cazares of the South Florida Sun @-@ Sentinel , the album " made Sanz an international star on the strength of the pop @-@ salsa hit ' Corazón Partío ' , a song on the lips of fans from Spain to Cuba and the United States . " Following the success of the album , Sanz began touring in United States for the first time .
His fifth album , El Alma al Aire , released September 26 , 2000 , featured Sanz exploring a wider array of musical genres , including jazz , R & B , soul and tango . In Spain , the album sold more than one million copies in the first week , breaking the record of one million copies sold in four months , also set by Sanz with his previous album , Más . At the 2001 Latin Grammy Awards , Sanz walked away with four awards : Best Pop Male Vocal Album and Album of the Year for El Alma al Aire , and Record of the Year and Song of the Year for the title track from the album . Later that year , El Alma al Aire was released in a special edition including Sanz 's duets with Irish band The Corrs . In October 2001 , Sanz collaborated with Michael Jackson and various other artists on the Spanish version of the charity single " What More Can I Give " , which benefited the victims of the September 11 attacks .
In 2002 , Sanz recorded MTV Unplugged at the Gusman Center for the Performing Arts in Miami , Florida . He was the first Spanish artist to record and release an MTV Unplugged album . For Sanz , the recording of the album " changed the way I do my music . It was a rediscovery of how to perform , and also how to record , music with live musicians . That was the spirit of the music in its pure form , though [ it is ironic ] that the more people who are playing , the more simple it is . " With the MTV Unplugged , he garnered three Latin Grammy Awards ( Album of the Year , Recording of the Year and Song of the Year for " Y Sólo Se Me Ocurre Amarte " ) .
= = = 2003 – 07 : No Es lo Mismo and El Tren de los Momentos = = =
On September 2 , 2003 , Sanz released his sixth studio album , No Es lo Mismo . On this record , Sanz took a more political approach than he had on previous releases . The song " Sandy a Orilla do Mundo " discusses oil spills on the Spanish coast , while " Labana " tells the story of people fleeing from Cuba on makeshift rafts . The album won four awards at the 2004 Latin Grammy Awards , including Album of the Year and Record of the Year . Sanz was unable to attend the event and his awards were accepted by presenters and colleagues . Also in 2004 , he became the first Spanish musician to give a lecture at Harvard University , speaking about Hispanic culture at the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies .
In 2005 , Sanz collaborated with Shakira on her song " La Tortura " . Co @-@ written by Sanz , the song became an international hit , breaking the record for the most weeks at the number one spot on the Hot Latin Songs chart . The song exposed Sanz to a more diverse audience , and helped build anticipation for his next release . The first single from the album El Tren de los Momentos , " A la Primera Persona " , became his first song to enter the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 100 on the chart . The record was also noted for its guest appearances , which featured Shakira , Juanes , Alex González of Maná , and Residente of Calle 13 .
In the spring of 2007 , Sanz suffered a mental breakdown and took two months off in the middle of a world tour at the request of his doctor . The breakdown was caused
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attack . General Bülow noted that the way to Plancenoit lay open and that the time was 16 : 30 .
At about this time , as the French cavalry attack was in full spate , the 15th Brigade IV Corps was sent to link up with the Nassauers of Wellington 's left flank in the Frichermont @-@ La Haie area with the brigade 's horse artillery battery and additional brigade artillery deployed to its left in support . Napoleon sent Lobau 's corps to intercept the rest of Bülow 's IV Corps proceeding to Plancenoit . The 15th Brigade threw Lobau 's troops out of Frichermont with a determined bayonet charge , then proceeded up the Frichermont heights , battering French Chasseurs with 12 @-@ pounder artillery fire , and pushed on to Plancenoit . This sent Lobau 's corps into retreat to the Plancenoit area , driving Lobau past the rear of the Armee Du Nord 's right flank and directly threatening its only line of retreat . Hiller 's 16th Brigade also pushed forward with six battalions against Plancenoit .
Napoleon had dispatched all eight battalions of the Young Guard to reinforce Lobau , who was now seriously pressed . The Young Guard counter @-@ attacked and , after very hard fighting , secured Plancenoit , but were themselves counter @-@ attacked and driven out . Napoleon sent two battalions of the Middle / Old Guard into Plancenoit and after ferocious bayonet fighting — they did not deign to fire their muskets — this force recaptured the village .
= = = Zieten 's flank march = = =
Throughout the late afternoon , Zieten 's I Corps had been arriving in greater strength in the area just north of La Haie . General Müffling , Prussian liaison to Wellington , rode to meet I Corps . Zieten had by this time brought up his 1st Brigade , but had become concerned at the sight of stragglers and casualties from the Nassau units on Wellington 's left and from the Prussian 15th Brigade . These troops appeared to be withdrawing and Zieten , fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general retreat , was starting to move away from Wellington 's flank and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit . Zieten had also received a direct order from Blücher to support Bülow , Zieten obeyed and marched to Bülow 's aid . Müffling saw this movement away and persuaded Zieten to support Wellington 's left flank . Müffling warned Zieten that " The battle is lost if the corps does not keep on the move and immediately support the English army " . Zieten resumed his march to support Wellington directly , and the arrival of his troops allowed Wellington to reinforce his crumbling centre by moving cavalry from his left .
The French were expecting Grouchy to march to their support from Wavre , and when Zieten 's I Corps appeared at Waterloo instead of Grouchy , " the shock of disillusionment shattered French morale " and " the sight of Zieten 's arrival caused turmoil to rage in Napoleon 's army " . I Corps proceeded to attack the French troops before Papelotte and by 19 : 30 the French position was bent into a rough horseshoe shape . The ends of the line were now based on Hougoumont on the left , Plancenoit on the right , and the centre on La Haie . Durutte had taken the positions of La Haie and Papelotte in a series of attacks , but now retreated behind Smohain without opposing the Prussian 24th Regiment as it retook both . The 24th advanced against the new French position , was repulsed , and returned to the attack supported by Silesian Schützen ( riflemen ) and the F / 1st Landwehr . The French initially fell back before the renewed assault , but now began seriously to contest ground , attempting to regain Smohain and hold on to the ridgeline and the last few houses of Papelotte .
The 24th Regiment linked up with a Highlander battalion on its far right and along with the 13th Landwehr regiment and cavalry support threw the French out of these positions . Further attacks by the 13th Landwehr and the 15th Brigade drove the French from Frichermont . Durutte 's division , finding itself about to be charged by massed squadrons of Zieten 's I Corps cavalry reserve , retreated from the battlefield . The soldiers of D ’ Erlon ’ s Corps alongside this attack on Durutte 's division also broke and fled in panic , while to the west the French Middle Guard were assaulting Wellington ’ s centre . The Prussian I Corps then advanced towards the Brussels road and the only line of retreat available to the French .
= = = Attack of the Imperial Guard = = =
Meanwhile , with Wellington 's centre exposed by the fall of La Haye Sainte and the Plancenoit front temporarily stabilised , Napoleon committed his last reserve , the hitherto @-@ undefeated Imperial Guard infantry . This attack , mounted at around 19 : 30 , was intended to break through Wellington 's centre and roll up his line away from the Prussians . Although it is one of the most celebrated passages of arms in military history , it had been unclear which units actually participated . It appears that it was mounted by five battalions of the Middle Guard , and not by the grenadiers or chasseurs of the Old Guard . Three Old Guard battalions did move forward and formed the attack 's second line , though they remained in reserve and did not directly assault the allied line .
... I saw four regiments of the middle guard , conducted by the Emperor , arriving . With these troops , he wished to renew the attack , and penetrate the centre of the enemy . He ordered me to lead them on ; generals , officers and soldiers all displayed the greatest intrepidity ; but this body of troops was too weak to resist , for a long time , the forces opposed to it by the enemy , and it was soon necessary to renounce the hope which this attack had , for a few moments , inspired .
Napoleon himself oversaw the initial deployment of the Middle and Old Guard . The Middle Guard formed in battalion squares , each about 550 men strong , with the 1st / 3rd Grenadiers , led by Generals Friant and Poret de Morvan , on the right along the road , to their left and rear was General Harlet leading the square of the 4th Grenadiers , then the 1st / 3rd Chasseurs under General Michel , next the 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs and finally the large single square of two battalions of 800 soldiers of the 4th Chasseurs led by General Henrion . Two batteries of Imperial Guard Horse Artillery accompanied them with sections of two guns between the squares . Each square was led by a general and Marshal Ney , mounted on his 5th horse of the day , led the advance .
Behind them , in reserve , were the three battalions of the Old Guard , right to left 1st / 2nd Grenadiers , 2nd / 2nd Chasseurs and 1st / 2nd Chasseurs . Napoleon left Ney to conduct the assault , however Ney led the Middle Guard on an oblique towards the Allied centre right instead of attacking straight up the centre , Napoleon would send Ney 's senior ADC Colonel Crabbé to order Ney to adjust . But Crabbé was unable to get there in time . Other troops rallied to support the advance of the Guard . On the left infantry from Reille 's corps that was not engaged with Hougoumont and cavalry advanced . On the right all the now rallied elements of D 'Érlon 's corps once again ascended the ridge and engaged the allied line . Of these , Pégot 's brigade broke into skirmish order and moved north and west of La Haye Sainte and provided fire support to Ney , once again unhorsed , and Friant 's 1st / 3rd Grenadiers . The Guards first received fire from some Brunswick battalions , but the return fire of the grenadiers forced them to retire . Next , Colin Halket 's brigade front line consisting of the 30th Foot and 73rd traded fire but they were driven back in confusion into the 33rd and 69th regiments , Halket was shot in the face and seriously wounded and the whole brigade retreated in a mob . Other allied troops began to give way as well . A counter attack by the Nassauers and the remains of Kielmansegge 's brigade from the allied second line , led by the Prince of Orange , was also thrown back and the Prince of Orange was seriously wounded . General Harlet brought up the 4th Grenadiers and the allied centre was now in serious danger of breaking . It was at this moment that the timely arrival of the Dutch General Chassé turned the tide in favour of the allies .
Chassé 's relatively fresh Dutch division was sent against them , led by a battery of Dutch horse @-@ artillery commanded by Captain Krahmer de Bichin . The battery opened a destructive fire into the victorious 1st / 3rd Grenadiers ' flank . This still did not stop the Guard 's advance , so Chassé ordered his first brigade ( Colonel Hendrik Detmers ) to charge the outnumbered French with the bayonet , who faltered and broke .
The 4th Grenadiers , seeing their comrades retreat and having suffered heavy casualties themselves , now wheeled right about and retired .
To the left of the 4th Grenadiers were the two squares of the 1st / and 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs who angled further to the west and had suffered more from artillery fire than the grenadiers . But as their advance mounted the ridge they found it apparently abandoned and covered with dead . Suddenly 1 @,@ 500 British Foot Guards under Maitland who had been lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery rose and devastated them with point @-@ blank volleys . The chasseurs deployed to answer the fire , but began to waver , some 300 falling from the first volley , killing General Michel . A bayonet charge by the Foot Guards then broke them , the British losing order in their pursuit .
The 4th Chasseurs battalion , 800 strong , now came up on the flank of the British guardsmen and the two battalions of British Foot Guards lost all cohesion and dashed back up the slope as a disorganized crowd with the chasseurs in pursuit . At the crest the chasseurs came upon the battery that had caused severe casualties on the 1st and 2nd / 3rd Chasseurs , they opened fire and swept away the gunners . The left flank of the square now came under fire from a heavy formation of British skirmishers , the chasseurs drove them back , but the skirmishers were replaced as the 52nd Light Infantry , led by John Colborne , wheeled in line onto the chasseurs ' flank and poured a devastating fire into them , the chasseurs returned a very sharp fire killing or wounding some 150 men of the 52nd . The 52nd then charged . Under this onslaught , the chasseurs broke .
The last of the Guard retreated headlong . A ripple of panic passed through the French lines as the astounding news spread : " La Garde recule . Sauve qui peut ! " ( " The Guard is retreating . Every man for himself ! " ) Wellington now stood up in Copenhagen 's stirrups and waved his hat in the air to signal a general advance . His army rushed forward from the lines and threw themselves upon the retreating French .
The surviving Imperial Guard rallied on their three reserve battalions ( some sources say four ) just south of La Haye Sainte for a last stand . A charge from Adam 's Brigade and the Hanoverian Landwehr Osnabrück Battalion , plus Vivian 's and Vandeleur 's relatively fresh cavalry brigades to their right , threw them into confusion . Those left in semi @-@ cohesive units retreated towards La Belle Alliance . It was during this retreat that some of the Guards were invited to surrender , eliciting the famous , if apocryphal , retort " La Garde meurt , elle ne se rend pas ! " ( " The Guard dies , it does not surrender ! " )
= = = Prussian capture of Plancenoit = = =
At about the same time , the Prussian 5th , 14th , and 16th Brigades were starting to push through Plancenoit , in the third assault of the day . The church was by now on fire , while its graveyard — the French centre of resistance — had corpses strewn about " as if by a whirlwind " . Five Guard battalions were deployed in support of the Young Guard , virtually all of which was now committed to the defence , along with remnants of Lobau 's corps . The key to the Plancenoit position proved to be the Chantelet woods to the south . Pirch 's II Corps had arrived with two brigades and reinforced the attack of IV Corps , advancing through the woods .
The 25th Regiment 's musketeer battalions threw the 1 / 2e Grenadiers ( Old Guard ) out of the Chantelet woods , outflanking Plancenoit and forcing a retreat . The Old Guard retreated in good order until they met the mass of troops retreating in panic , and became part of that rout . The Prussian IV Corps advanced beyond Plancenoit to find masses of French retreating in disorder from British pursuit . The Prussians were unable to fire for fear of hitting Wellington 's units . This was the fifth and final time that Plancenoit changed hands .
French forces not retreating with the Guard were surrounded in their positions and eliminated , neither side asking for nor offering quarter . The French Young Guard Division reported 96 per cent casualties , and two @-@ thirds of Lobau 's Corps ceased to exist .
Despite their great courage and stamina , the French Guards fighting in the village began to show signs of wavering . The church was already on fire with columns of red flame coming out of the windows , aisles and doors . In the village itself — still the scene of bitter house @-@ to @-@ house fighting — everything was burning , adding to the confusion . However , once Major von Witzleben 's manoeuvre was accomplished and the French Guards saw their flank and rear threatened , they began to withdraw . The Guard Chasseurs under General Pelet formed the rearguard . The remnants of the Guard left in a great rush , leaving large masses of artillery , equipment and ammunition wagons in the wake of their retreat . The evacuation of Plancenoit led to the loss of the position that was to be used to cover the withdrawal of the French Army to Charleroi . The Guard fell back from Plancenoit in the direction of Maison du Roi and Caillou . Unlike other parts of the battlefield , there were no cries of " Sauve qui peut ! " here . Instead , the cry " Sauvons nos aigles ! " ( " Let 's save our eagles ! " ) could be heard .
= = = French disintegration = = =
The French right , left , and centre had all now failed . The last cohesive French force consisted of two battalions of the Old Guard stationed around La Belle Alliance ; they had been so placed to act as a final reserve and to protect Napoleon in the event of a French retreat . He hoped to rally the French army behind them , but as retreat turned into rout , they too were forced to withdraw , one on either side of La Belle Alliance , in square as protection against Coalition cavalry . Until persuaded that the battle was lost and he should leave , Napoleon commanded the square to the left of the inn . Adam 's Brigade charged and forced back this square , while the Prussians engaged the other .
As dusk fell , both squares withdrew in relatively good order , but the French artillery and everything else fell into the hands of the allies . The retreating Guards were surrounded by thousands of fleeing , broken French troops . Coalition cavalry harried the fugitives until about 23 : 00 , with Gneisenau pursuing them as far as Genappe before ordering a halt . There , Napoleon 's abandoned carriage was captured , still containing diamonds left behind in the rush to escape . These became part of King Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia 's crown jewels ; one Major Keller of the F / 15th received the Pour le Mérite with oak leaves for the feat . By this time 78 guns and 2 @,@ 000 prisoners had also been taken , including more generals .
There remained to us still four squares of the Old Guard to protect the retreat . These brave grenadiers , the choice of the army , forced successively to retire , yielded ground foot by foot , till , overwhelmed by numbers , they were almost entirely annihilated . From that moment , a retrograde movement was declared , and the army formed nothing but a confused mass . There was not , however , a total rout , nor the cry of sauve qui peut , as has been calumniously stated in the bulletin .
In the middle of the position occupied by the French army , and exactly upon the height , is a farm ( sic ) , called La Belle Alliance . The march of all the Prussian columns was directed towards this farm , which was visible from every side . It was there that Napoleon was during the battle ; it was thence that he gave his orders , that he flattered himself with the hopes of victory ; and it was there that his ruin was decided . There , too , it was that , by happy chance , Field Marshal Blücher and Lord Wellington met in the dark , and mutually saluted each other as victors .
Other sources agree that that the meeting of the commanders took place near La Belle Alliance , with this occurring at around 21 : 00 . However , historian Peter Hofschröer has written that Wellington and Blücher met at Genappe around 22 : 00 , signifying the end of the battle .
= = Aftermath = =
Waterloo cost Wellington around 15 @,@ 000 dead or wounded and Blücher some 7 @,@ 000 ( 810 of which were suffered by just one unit : the 18th Regiment , which served in Bülow 's 15th Brigade , had fought at both Frichermont and Plancenoit , and won 33 Iron Crosses ) . Napoleon 's losses were 24 @,@ 000 to 26 @,@ 000 killed or wounded and included 6 @,@ 000 to 7 @,@ 000 captured with an additional 15 @,@ 000 deserting subsequent to the battle and over the following days .
22 June . This morning I went to visit the field of battle , which is a little beyond the village of Waterloo , on the plateau of Mont @-@ Saint @-@ Jean ; but on arrival there the sight was too horrible to behold . I felt sick in the stomach and was obliged to return . The multitude of carcasses , the heaps of wounded men with mangled limbs unable to move , and perishing from not having their wounds dressed or from hunger , as the Allies were , of course , obliged to take their surgeons and waggons with them , formed a spectacle I shall never forget . The wounded , both of the Allies and the French , remain in an equally deplorable state .
At 10 : 30 on 19 June General Grouchy , still following his orders , defeated General Thielemann at Wavre and withdrew in good order — though at the cost of 33 @,@ 000 French troops that never reached the Waterloo battlefield . Wellington sent his official dispatch describing the battle to England on 19 June 1815 ; it arrived in London on 21 June 1815 and was published as a London Gazette Extraordinary on 22 June . Wellington , Blücher and other Coalition forces advanced upon Paris .
Napoleon announced his second abdication on 24 June 1815 . In the final skirmish of the Napoleonic Wars , Marshal Davout , Napoleon 's minister of war , was defeated by Blücher at Issy on 3 July 1815 . Allegedly , Napoleon tried to escape to North America , but the Royal Navy was blockading French ports to forestall such a move . He finally surrendered to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS Bellerophon on 15 July . There was a campaign against French fortresses that still held out ; Longwy capitulated on 13 September 1815 , the last to do so . The Treaty of Paris was signed on 20 November 1815 . Louis XVIII was restored to the throne of France and Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena , where he died in 1821 .
Royal Highness , – Exposed to the factions which divide my country , and to the enmity of the great Powers of Europe , I have terminated my political career ; and I come , like Themistocles , to throw myself upon the hospitality ( m 'asseoir sur le foyer ) of the British people . I claim from your Royal Highness the protections of the laws , and throw myself upon the most powerful , the most constant , and the most generous of my enemies .
Maitland 's 1st Foot Guards , who had defeated the Chasseurs of the Guard , were thought to have defeated the Grenadiers , although they had only faced Chasseurs of the newly raised Middle Guard . They were nevertheless awarded the title of Grenadier Guards in recognition of their feat and adopted bearskins in the style of the Grenadiers . Britain 's Household Cavalry likewise adopted the cuirass in 1821 in recognition of their success against their armoured French counterparts . The effectiveness of the lance was noted by all participants and this weapon subsequently became more widespread throughout Europe ; the British converted their first light cavalry regiment to lancers in 1816 , their uniforms , of Polish origin , were based on those of the Imperial Guard lancers .
= = Analysis = =
= = = Historical importance = = =
Waterloo was a decisive battle in more than one sense . Every generation in Europe up to the outbreak of the First World War looked back at Waterloo as the turning point that dictated the course of subsequent world history . In retrospect , it was seen as the event that ushered in the Concert of Europe , an era characterised by relative peace , material prosperity and technological progress . The battle definitively ended the series of wars that had convulsed Europe , and involved many other regions of the world , since the French Revolution of the early 1790s . It also ended the First French Empire and the political and military career of Napoleon Bonaparte , one of the greatest commanders and statesmen in history .
It was followed by almost four decades of international peace in Europe . No further major conflict occurred until the Crimean War . Changes to the configuration of European states , as refashioned after Waterloo , included the formation of the Holy Alliance of reactionary governments intent on repressing revolutionary and democratic ideas , and the reshaping of the former Holy Roman Empire into a German Confederation increasingly marked by the political dominance of Prussia . The bicentenary of Waterloo has prompted renewed attention to the geopolitical and economic legacy of the battle and the century of relative transatlantic peace which followed .
= = = Views on the reasons for Napoleon 's defeat = = =
General Antoine @-@ Henri , Baron Jomini , one of the leading military writers on the Napoleonic art of war , had a number of very cogent explanations of the reasons behind Napoleon 's defeat at Waterloo .
In my opinion , four principal causes led to this disaster :
The first , and most influential , was the arrival , skilfully combined , of Blücher , and the false movement that favoured this arrival ; the second , was the admirable firmness of the British infantry , joined to the sang @-@ froid and aplomb of its chiefs ; the third , was the horrible weather , that had softened the ground , and rendered the offensive movements so toilsome , and retarded till one o 'clock the attack that should have been made in the morning ; the fourth , was the inconceivable formation of the first corps , in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack .
Wellington himself wrote in his official dispatch back to London : " I should not do justice to my own feelings , or to Marshal Blücher and the Prussian army , if I did not attribute the successful result of this arduous day to the cordial and timely assistance I received from them . The operation of General Bülow upon the enemy 's flank was a most decisive one ; and , even if I had not found myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the final result , it would have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed , and would have prevented him from taking advantage of them if they should unfortunately have succeeded " .
Despite their differences on other matters , discussed at length in Carl von Clausewitz 's study of the Campaign of 1815 and Wellington 's famous 1842 essay in reply to it , the Prussian theorist and historian Clausewitz agreed with Wellington on this assessment . Indeed , Clausewitz viewed the battle prior to the Prussian intervention more as a mutually exhausting stalemate than as an impending French victory , with the advantage , if any , leaning towards Wellington .
Many modern authors , however , share the view that Wellington faced imminent defeat without Prussian help . For example , Parkinson ( 2000 ) writes : " Neither army beat Napoleon alone . But whatever the part played by Prussian troops in the actual moment when the Imperial Guard was repulsed , it is difficult to see how Wellington could have staved off defeat , when his centre had been almost shattered , his reserves were almost all committed , the French right remained unmolested and the Imperial Guard intact . … . Blücher may not have been totally responsible for victory over Napoleon , but he deserved full credit for preventing a British defeat " . Steele ( 2014 ) writes : " Blücher ’ s arrival not only diverted vital reinforcements , but also forced Napoleon to accelerate his effort against Wellington . The tide of battle had been turned by the hard @-@ driving Blücher . As his Prussians pushed in Napoleon 's flank . Wellington was able to shift to the offensive " .
= = Battlefield today = =
Some portions of the terrain on the battlefield have been altered from their 1815 appearance . Tourism began the day after the battle , with Captain Mercer noting that on 19 June " a carriage drove on the ground from Brussels , the inmates of which , alighting , proceeded to examine the field " . In 1820 , the Netherlands ' King William I ordered the construction of a monument . The Lion 's Hillock , a giant mound , was constructed here using 300 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 390 @,@ 000 cu yd ) of earth taken from the ridge at the centre of the British line , effectively removing the southern bank of Wellington 's sunken road .
Every one is aware that the variously inclined undulations of the plains , where the engagement between Napoleon and Wellington took place , are no longer what they were on 18 June 1815 . By taking from this mournful field the wherewithal to make a monument to it , its real relief has been taken away , and history , disconcerted , no longer finds her bearings there . It has been disfigured for the sake of glorifying it . Wellington , when he beheld Waterloo once more , two years later , exclaimed , " They have altered my field of battle ! " Where the great pyramid of earth , surmounted by the lion , rises to @-@ day , there was a hillock which descended in an easy slope towards the Nivelles road , but which was almost an escarpment on the side of the highway to Genappe . The elevation of this escarpment can still be measured by the height of the two knolls of the two great sepulchres which enclose the road from Genappe to Brussels : one , the English tomb , is on the left ; the other , the German tomb , is on the right . There is no French tomb . The whole of that plain is a sepulchre for France .
The alleged remark by Wellington about the alteration of the battlefield as described by Hugo was never documented , however .
Other terrain features and notable landmarks on the field have remained virtually unchanged since the battle . These include the rolling farmland to the east of the Brussels – Charleroi Road as well as the buildings at Hougoumont , La Haye Sainte , and La Belle Alliance .
Apart from the Lion Mound , there are several more conventional but noteworthy monuments throughout the battlefield . A cluster of monuments at the Brussels – Charleroi and Braine L 'Alleud – Ohain crossroads marks the mass graves of British , Dutch , Hanoverian and King 's German Legion troops . A monument to the French dead , entitled L 'Aigle blessé ( " The Wounded Eagle " ) , marks the location where it is believed one of the Imperial Guard units formed a square during the closing moments of the battle .
A monument to the Prussian dead is located in the village of Plancenoit on the site where one of their artillery batteries took position . The Duhesme mausoleum is one among the few graves of the fallen . It is located at the side of Saint Martin 's Church in Ways , a hamlet in the municipality of Genappe . Seventeen fallen officers are buried in the crypt of the British Monument in the Brussels Cemetery in Evere . The remains of a 23 @-@ year @-@ old soldier named Friederich Brandt were discovered in 2012 . He was a slightly hunchbacked infantryman , 1 @.@ 60 metres ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) tall , and was hit in the chest by a French bullet . His rifle , coins , and position on the battlefield identified him as an Hanoverian fighting in the King 's German Legion .
= = Coin controversy = =
As part of the bicentennial celebration of the battle , in 2015 Belgium minted a 2 Euro coin depicting the Lion monument over a map of the field of battle . France officially protested this issue , while the Belgian government noted that the French mint sells souvenir medals at Waterloo . After 180 @,@ 000 coins were minted but not released , the issue was melted . Instead , Belgium issued an identical commemorative coin in the non @-@ standard value of 2 ½ Euros . Legally only valid within the issuing country ( but unlikely to circulate ) it was minted in brass , packaged , and sold by the Belgian mint for 6 Euros . A 10 Euro coin , showing Wellington , Blücher , their troops and the silhouette of Napoleon , was also available in silver for 42 Euros .
= Snake scales =
Snakes , like other reptiles , have a skin covered in scales . Snakes are entirely covered with scales or scutes of various shapes and sizes , known as snakeskin as a whole . Scales protect the body of the snake , aid it in locomotion , allow moisture to be retained within , alter the surface characteristics such as roughness to aid in camouflage , and in some cases even aid in prey capture ( such as Acrochordus ) . The simple or complex colouration patterns ( which help in camouflage and anti @-@ predator display ) are a property of the underlying skin , but the folded nature of scaled skin allows bright skin to be concealed between scales then revealed in order to startle predators .
Scales have been modified over time to serve other functions such as ' eyelash ' fringes , and protective covers for the eyes with the most distinctive modification being the rattle of the North American rattlesnakes .
Snakes periodically moult their scaly skins and acquire new ones . This permits replacement of old worn out skin , disposal of parasites and is thought to allow the snake to grow . The arrangement of scales is used to identify snake species .
Snakes have been part and parcel of culture and religion . Vivid scale patterns have been thought to have influenced early art . The use of snake @-@ skin in manufacture of purses , apparel and other articles led to large @-@ scale killing of snakes , giving rise to advocacy for use of artificial snake @-@ skin . Snake scales are also to be found as motifs in fiction , art and films .
= = Functions of scales = =
The scales of a snake primarily serve to reduce friction as it moves , since friction is the major source of energy loss in snake locomotion .
The ventral ( or belly ) scales , which are large and oblong , are especially low @-@ friction , and some arboreal species can use the edges to grip branches . Snake skin and scales help retain moisture in the animal 's body . Snakes pick up vibrations from both the air and the ground , and can differentiate the two , using a complex system of internal resonances ( perhaps involving the scales ) .
= = Evolution = =
Reptiles evolved from amphibious ancestors which left the aquatic lifestyle and became terrestrial . To prevent loss of moisture reptilian skin lost the softness and moisture of amphibian skin and developing a thick stratum corneum with multiple layers of lipids which served as an impermeable barrier as well as provided protection from the ultraviolet . Over time , reptilian skin cells became highly keratinised , horny , sturdy and desiccated . The surfaces of the dermis and epidermis of all reptilian scales form a single contiguous sheet , as can be seen when the snake sheds its skin as a whole .
= = Morphology of scales = =
Snake scales are formed by the differentiation of the snake 's underlying skin or epidermis . Each scale has an outer surface and an inner surface . The skin from the inner surface hinges back and forms a free area which overlaps the base of the next scale which emerges below this scale . A snake hatches with a fixed number of scales . The scales do not increase in number as the snake matures nor do they reduce in number over time . The scales however grow larger in size and may change shape with each moult .
Snakes have smaller scales around the mouth and sides of the body which allow expansion so that a snake can consume prey of much larger width than itself . Snake scales are made of keratin , the same material that hair and fingernails are made of . They are cool and dry to touch .
= = = Surface and shape = = =
Snake scales are of different shapes and sizes . Snake scales may be granular , have a smooth surface or have a longitudinal ridge or keel on it . Often , snake scales have pits , tubercles and other fine structures which may be visible to the naked eye or under a microscope . Snake scales may be modified to form fringes , as in the case of the Eyelash Bush Viper , Atheris ceratophora , or rattles as in the case of the rattlesnakes of North America .
Certain primitive snakes such as boas , pythons and certain advanced snakes such as vipers have small scales arranged irregularly on the head . Other more advanced snakes have special large symmetrical scales on the head called shields or plates .
Snake scales occur in variety of shapes . They may be cycloid as in family Typhlopidae , long and pointed with pointed tips , as in the case of the Green Vine Snake Ahaetulla nasuta , broad and leaf @-@ like , as in the case of green pit vipers Trimeresurus spp or as broad as they are long , for example , as in Rat snake Ptyas mucosus . In some cases , scales may be keeled weakly or strongly as in the case of the Buff @-@ striped keelback Amphiesma stolatum . They may have bidentate tips as in some spp of Natrix . Some snakes , such as the Short Seasnake Lapemis curtus , may have spinelike and juxtaposed scales while others may have large and non @-@ overlapping knobs as in the case of the Javan Mudsnake Xenodermis javanicus .
Another example of differentiation of snake scales is a transparent scale called the brille or spectacle which covers the eye of the snake . The brille is often referred to as a fused eyelid . It is shed as part of the old skin during moulting .
= = = Rattles = = =
The most distinctive modification of the snake scale is the rattle of rattlesnakes , such as those of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus . The rattle is made up of a series of loosely linked , interlocking chambers that when shaken , vibrate against one another to create the warning signal of a rattlesnake . Only the bottom button is firmly attached to the tip of the tail .
At birth , a rattlesnake hatchling has only a small button or ' primordial rattle ' which is firmly attached to the tip of the tail . The first segment is added when the hatchling sheds its skin for the first time . A new section is added each time the skin is shed until a rattle is formed . The rattle grows as the snake ages but segments are also prone to breaking off and hence the length of a rattle is not a reliable indicator of the age of a snake .
= = = Colour = = =
Scales , more specifically , mostly consist of hard beta keratins which are basically transparent . The colours of the scale are due to pigments in the inner layers of the skin and not due to the scale material itself . Scales are hued for all colours in this manner except for blue and green . Blue is caused by the ultrastructure of the scales . By itself , such a scale surface diffracts light and gives a blue hue , while , in combination with yellow from the inner skin it gives a beautiful iridescent green .
Some snakes have the ability to change the hue of their scales slowly . This is typically seen in cases where the snake becomes lighter or darker with change in season . In some cases , this change may take place between day and night .
= = = Ecdysis = = =
The shedding of scales is called ecdysis , or , in normal usage moulting or sloughing . In the case of snakes , the complete outer layer of skin is shed in one layer . Snake scales are not discrete but extensions of the epidermis hence they are not shed separately , but are ejected as a complete contiguous outer layer of skin during each moult , akin to a sock being turned inside out .
Moulting serves a number of functions – firstly , the old and worn skin is replaced , secondly , it helps get rid of parasites such as mites and ticks . Renewal of the skin by moulting is supposed to allow growth in some animals such as insects , however this view has been disputed in the case of snakes .
Moulting is repeated periodically throughout a snake 's life . Before a moult , the snake stops eating and often hides or moves to a safe place . Just before shedding , the skin becomes dull and dry looking and the eyes become cloudy or blue @-@ colored . The inner surface of the old outer skin liquefies . This causes the old outer skin to separate from the new inner skin . After a few days , the eyes clear and the snake " crawls " out of its old skin . The old skin breaks near the mouth and the snake wriggles out aided by rubbing against rough surfaces . In many cases the cast skin peels backward over the body from head to tail , in one piece like an old sock . A new , larger , and brighter layer of skin has formed underneath .
An older snake may shed its skin only once or twice a year , but a younger ,
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Homer does not intend to eat the pony and has no knowledge of the " state 's stringent usury laws . " Homer buys the pony ( named Princess ) for Lisa , who , after waking up to find it lying next to her ( in a parody of The Godfather ) , gallops into her parents ' bedroom happily telling Homer she loves him . While he is happy that Lisa is no longer angry with him , Homer faces an enraged Marge and she berates him for making such an extravagant purchase even after she warned him against it . Bart is also disappointed with Homer and demands a moped . He is quickly silenced by Homer for it .
In order to pay the rent for Princess 's shelter , Homer takes a second job working for Apu at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart . Homer becomes extremely exhausted after trying to work both jobs . Finally , Marge admits to the children that their father has been working two jobs to pay for the pony . Lisa is expecting Marge to say she must give up the pony , especially when Bart aggressively says he can make her do so . But Marge firmly rebukes Bart , explaining that it 's something Lisa needs to decide for herself . After watching a meek , sleep @-@ deprived Homer being bullied by his own son at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , Lisa agrees to give up the pony , and she shares a heart @-@ breaking goodbye with Princess . Lisa tells Homer that there is a " big dumb animal " she loves even more than her horse : that being Homer himself . Homer happily quits his job , much to Apu 's dismay and yet admits he was one of his better workers despite his crude nature .
= = Production = =
" Lisa 's Pony " was written by Al Jean and Mike Reiss , who were show runners of The Simpsons when the episode was produced . According to Reiss , being a show runner is a stressful job as he has to supervise all the processes the episodes go through . Jean and Reiss were working approximately 80 – 100 hours a week when they were assigned to write an episode on top of their regular job . " Lisa 's Pony " was written between 10 @.@ 00 p.m. and 1 @.@ 00 a.m. every night after they had finished their 12- to 14 @-@ hour workday . They came up with idea for it while going through a list of Lisa 's interests , and Jean told Reiss , " Lisa likes ponies ; we [ should ] give her a pony . " While writing down ideas for the story , they decided to explore the consequences of having a pony in a suburban house .
Carlos Baeza served as animation director for the episode . The Simpsons creator Matt Groening said animating horses is " the most difficult thing to do . " The animators used Eadweard Muybridge 's famous animation of a horse galloping and other photo references as models for Princess . In the talent show scene , Lisa is lit up by a spotlight when she performs with her saxophone . After the episode came back from the animation studio in Korea , the staff noticed that the light was colored blue , making Lisa look like " a Smurf . " The scene had to be re @-@ animated in the United States , and the spotlight effect was reduced .
The woman who sells the pony to Homer is based on actress Katharine Hepburn . Cast member Tress MacNeille provided the voice for the character . Lunchlady Doris , a recurring character on The Simpsons , made her first appearance on the show in this episode as one of the judges in the talent show . She was voiced by the show 's script supervisor Doris Grau , who had a " beautiful , tobacco @-@ cured voice " the staff thought was perfect for the role . Following Grau 's death in 1995 , the characters she voiced were retired out of respect , with the exception of Lunchlady Doris who stayed on the show without speaking roles .
= = Cultural references = =
The beginning of the episode , in which Homer has a dream of himself as an ape , is a reference to the Dawn of Man sequence from the 1968 science @-@ fiction film 2001 : A Space Odyssey . The Simpsons director David Silverman had difficulties with making the ape resemble Homer and struggled with the design for several hours . After hurting Lisa 's feelings at talent show , Homer watches old home movies of him and Lisa , including one in which a young Homer is seen watching Fantasy Island on television instead of paying attention to Lisa 's taking her first steps . The scene in which Lisa wakes up in her bed and discovers the pony lying next to her is a reference to a scene in the 1972 film The Godfather , in which a character awakens to discover the severed head of his favorite horse placed in his bed . The musical chords used in the episode are the same as in the film but shortened . While driving home from the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , Homer falls asleep behind the wheel and dreams that he is in Slumberland , drawn in the style of Winsor McCay 's Little Nemo in Slumberland . The song " Golden Slumbers " by The Beatles plays during the sequence .
One of the children at the talent show performs the song " My Ding @-@ a @-@ Ling " by Chuck Berry . According to Jean , it was a " huge difficulty " to clear the rights for the song so that it could be used on the show . John Boylan , who produced the album The Simpsons Sing the Blues , personally appealed to Berry to clear the song for them . The lyrics to " My Ding @-@ a @-@ Ling " , with their sly tone and innuendo , caused many radio stations to ban the song . This is parodied in the episode when Principal Skinner rushes the child off the stage before he is able to finish the first line of the refrain . The man who owns the music shop Homer visits is based on actor Wally Cox .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Lisa 's Pony " finished 35th in the ratings for the week of November 4 – 10 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 8 , equivalent to approximately 12 @.@ 7 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week . " Lisa 's Pony " was released with the episode " Treehouse of Horror II " on a Video Home System ( VHS ) collection in 1999 , called Best of the Simpsons . Homer 's voice actor , Dan Castellaneta , received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance in 1992 for his performance in the episode .
Since airing , the episode has received positive reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called the episode " good stuff " and praised the " nice flashbacks to Lisa as a baby . " Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict said " Lisa 's Pony " is a " priceless part " of the show because of its " meshing of old storylines with new experiences , combined with some of the best jokes in the series . " Gibron gave the episode a perfect score of 100 . Cinema Blend 's Bryce Wilson called " Lisa 's Pony " one of the best Lisa episodes , and added that the only words to describe it are " funny as hell . " Nate Meyers of Digitally Obsessed gave the episode a 5 / 5 rating , praising it for its references to The Godfather and 2001 : A Space Odyssey that " film buffs will find uproarious . " Meyers added that Homer and Lisa 's relationship is " the heart of the episode , showing Homer to be more than just a brute . " The episode 's reference to The Godfather was named the seventh greatest film reference in the history of the show by Total Film 's Nathan Ditum . The Star @-@ Ledger named this episode 's reference to 2001 : A Space Odyssey one of their favorite references to Stanley Kubrick on The Simpsons .
Niel Harvey of The Roanoke Times called the episode a " classic bit of Simpsonia , " and The Baltimore Sun 's Kevin Valkenburg named it one of the " truly classic " The Simpsons episodes . The Guardian 's David Eklid said episodes such as " Lisa 's Pony " and " Stark Raving Dad " make season three " pretty much [ the ] best season of any television show , ever . " In addition , Molly Griffin of The Observer commented that " Lisa 's Pony " is one of the season three episodes that " make the show into the cultural force it is today . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson , however , gave the episode a less positive review , commenting that episodes " in which Homer has to redeem himself to others aren 't a rarity , and ' Lisa 's Pony ' falls in the middle of that genre 's pack . Homer 's escapades at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart definitely add life to the proceedings , and some of his other antics make the show good . I like ' Lisa 's Pony ' but don 't consider it to offer a great program . "
According to Greg Suarez of The Digital Bits , " Lisa 's Pony " is considered a fan favorite . In a list of the show 's top 10 episodes , compiled by the webmaster of the fan site The Simpsons Archive and published by USA Today , this episode was listed in seventh place . Paul Cantor , a professor of English at the University of Virginia , utilized " Lisa 's Pony " as an example that The Simpsons does not promote negative morals and values , which some critics have criticized the show for .
= Battle of Austerlitz =
The Battle of Austerlitz ( 2 December 1805 / 11 Frimaire An XIV FRC ) , also known as the Battle of the Three Emperors , was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars . In what is widely regarded as the greatest victory achieved by Napoleon , the Grande Armée of France defeated a larger Russian and Austrian army led by Tsar Alexander I and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II . The battle occurred near the village of Austerlitz in the Austrian Empire ( modern @-@ day Slavkov u Brna in the Czech Republic ) . Because of the near @-@ perfect execution of a calibrated but dangerous plan , the battle is seen as a tactical masterpiece of the same stature as Cannae , the celebrated triumph by Hannibal some 2 @,@ 000 years before . Austerlitz brought the War of the Third Coalition to a rapid end , with the Treaty of Pressburg signed by the Austrians later in the month .
After eliminating an Austrian army during the Ulm Campaign , French forces managed to capture Vienna in November 1805 . The Austrians avoided further conflict until the arrival of the Russians bolstered Allied numbers . Napoleon sent his army north in pursuit of the Allies , but then ordered his forces to retreat so he could feign a grave weakness . Desperate to lure the Allies into battle , Napoleon gave every indication in the days preceding the engagement that the French army was in a pitiful state , even abandoning the dominant Pratzen Heights near Austerlitz . He deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank , enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line . A forced march from Vienna by Marshal Davout and his III Corps plugged the gap left by Napoleon just in time . Meanwhile , the heavy Allied deployment against the French right weakened their center on the Pratzen Heights , which was viciously attacked by the IV Corps of Marshal Soult . With the Allied center demolished , the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically , capturing thousands of prisoners in the process .
The Allied disaster significantly shook the faith of Emperor Francis in the British @-@ led war effort . France and Austria agreed to an armistice immediately and the Treaty of Pressburg followed shortly after , on 26 December . Pressburg took Austria out of both the war and the Coalition while reinforcing the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and of Lunéville between the two powers . The treaty confirmed the Austrian loss of lands in Italy and Bavaria to France , and in Germany to Napoleon 's German allies . It also imposed an indemnity of 40 million francs on the defeated Habsburgs and allowed the fleeing Russian troops free passage through hostile territories and back to their home soil . Critically , victory at Austerlitz permitted the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine , a collection of German states intended as a buffer zone between France and Central Europe . The Confederation rendered the Holy Roman Empire virtually useless , so the latter collapsed in 1806 after Francis abdicated the imperial throne , keeping Francis I of Austria as his only official title . These achievements , however , did not establish a lasting peace on the continent . Prussian worries about growing French influence in Central Europe sparked the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806 .
= = Prologue = =
Europe had been in turmoil since the start of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792 . In 1797 , after five years of war , the French Republic subdued the First Coalition , an alliance of Austria , Prussia , Great Britain , Spain , and various Italian states . A Second Coalition , led by Britain , Austria and Russia , and including the Ottoman Empire , Portugal and Naples , was formed in 1798 , but by 1801 , this too had been defeated , leaving Britain the only opponent of the new French Consulate . In March 1802 , France and Britain agreed to end hostilities under the Treaty of Amiens . For the first time in ten years , all of Europe was at peace .
But many problems persisted between the two sides , making implementation of the treaty increasingly difficult . The British government resented having to return the Cape Colony and most of the Dutch West Indian islands to the Batavian Republic . Napoleon was angry that British troops had not evacuated the island of Malta . The tense situation only worsened when Napoleon sent an expeditionary force to crush the Haitian Revolution . In May 1803 , Britain declared war on France .
= = = Third Coalition = = =
In December 1804 , an Anglo @-@ Swedish agreement led to the creation of the Third Coalition . British Prime Minister William Pitt spent 1804 and 1805 in a flurry of diplomatic activity geared towards forming a new coalition against France , and by April 1805 , Britain and Russia had signed an alliance . Having been defeated twice in recent memory by France , and being keen on revenge , Austria joined the coalition a few months later .
= = Forces = =
= = = French Imperial army = = =
Before the formation of the Third Coalition , Napoleon had assembled an invasion force , called the Armée d 'Angleterre ( Army of England ) around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France . He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England , and was so confident of success that he had commemorative medals struck to celebrate the conquest of the English . Although they never invaded , Napoleon 's troops received careful and invaluable training for any possible military operation . Boredom among the troops occasionally set in , but Napoleon paid many visits and conducted lavish parades in order to boost morale .
The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon would later call La Grande Armée . At the start , this French army had about 200 @,@ 000 men organized into seven corps , which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannon each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue . A single corps ( properly situated in a strong defensive position ) could survive at least a day without support , giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign .
In addition to these forces , Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22 @,@ 000 organized into two cuirassier divisions , four mounted dragoon divisions , one division of dismounted dragoons and one of light cavalry , all supported by 24 artillery pieces . By 1805 , the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350 @,@ 000 men , who were well equipped , well trained , and led by competent officers .
= = = Russian Imperial army = = =
The Russian army in 1805 had many characteristics of Ancien Régime organization . There was no permanent formation above the regimental level , and senior officers were mostly recruited from aristocratic circles ; commissions were generally given to the highest bidder , regardless of competence . The Russian infantry was considered one of the most efficient in Europe , however , and there was fine Russian artillery manned by soldiers who regularly fought hard to prevent their pieces from falling into enemy hands .
= = = Austrian Imperial army = = =
Archduke Charles , brother of the Austrian Emperor , had started to reform the Austrian army in 1801 by taking away power from the Hofkriegsrat , the military @-@ political council responsible for the armed forces . Charles was Austria 's best field commander , but he was unpopular at court and lost much influence when , against his advice , Austria decided to go to war with France . Karl Mack became the new main commander in Austria 's army , instituting reforms on the eve of the war that called for a regiment to be composed of four battalions of four companies , rather than three battalions of six companies . Austrian cavalry was considered the best in Europe , and one of the best of the time anywhere .
= = Preliminary moves = =
In August 1805 , Napoleon , Emperor of the French since December of the previous year , turned his sights from the English Channel to the Rhine in order to deal with the new Austrian and Russian threats . On 25 September after a feverish march in great secrecy , 200 @,@ 000 French troops began to cross the Rhine on a front of 260 km ( 160 mi ) . Mack had gathered the greater part of the Austrian army at the fortress of Ulm in Swabia ( modern day southern Germany ) .
Napoleon swung his forces southward in a wheeling movement that put the French at the Austrian rear . The Ulm Maneuver was well @-@ executed and on 20 October Mack and 23 @,@ 000 Austrian troops surrendered at Ulm , bringing the number of Austrian prisoners of the campaign to 60 @,@ 000 . Although this spectacular victory was soured by the defeat of the Franco @-@ Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar the following day , French success on land continued as Vienna fell in November . The French gained 100 @,@ 000 muskets , 500 cannon , and intact bridges across the Danube .
Meanwhile , Russian delays prevented them from saving the Austrian armies ; the Russians then withdrew to the northeast , to await reinforcements and link up with surviving Austrian units . Tsar Alexander I appointed general Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the combined Russo @-@ Austrian force . On 9 September 1805 , Kutuzov arrived at the battlefield , quickly contacting Francis I of Austria and his courtiers to discuss strategy and logistics . Under pressure from Kutuzov , the Austrians agreed to supply munitions and weapons in a timely manner . Kutuzov also spotted shortcomings in the Austrian defense plan , which he called " very dogmatic . " He objected to Austrian annexation of the land recently under Napoleon 's control , because this would make the local people distrust the allied force .
The French followed after Kutuzov , but soon found themselves in a difficult position . Prussian intentions were unknown and could be hostile , the Russian and Austrian armies had converged , and French lines of communication were extremely long , requiring strong garrisons to keep them open . Napoleon realized that to capitalize on the success at Ulm , he had to force the Allies to battle and defeat them .
On the Russian side , Kutuzov also realized Napoleon needed to do battle ; so instead of clinging to the " suicidal " Austrian defense plan , Kutuzov decided to retreat . He ordered Pyotr Bagration to contain the French at Vienna with 600 soldiers , and instructed Bagration to accept Murat 's ceasefire proposal so that the Allied Army could have more time to retreat . It was later discovered that the proposal was false and had been used in order to launch a surprise attack on Vienna . Nonetheless , Bagration was able to hold off the French assault for a time by negotiating an armistice with Murat , thereby providing Kutuzov time to position himself with the Russian rearguard near Hollabrunn .
Murat initially refrained from an attack , believing the entire Russian army stood before him . Napoleon soon realized Murat 's mistakes and ordered him to pursue quickly ; but the allied army had already retreated to Olmutz . According to Kutuzov 's plan , the Allies would retreat further to the Carpathian region and " at Galicia , I will bury the French . "
Napoleon did not stay still . The French Emperor decided to set a psychological trap in order to lure the Allies out . Days before any fighting , Napoleon had been giving the impression that his army was weak and that he desired a negotiated peace . About 53 @,@ 000 French troops — including Soult , Lannes and Murat 's forces — were assigned to take Austerlitz and the Olmutz road , occupying the enemy 's attention . The Allied forces , numbering about 89 @,@ 000 , seemed far superior and would be tempted to attack the outnumbered French army . However , the Allies did not know that Bernadotte , Mortier and Davout were already within the supported distance , and could be called in by forced marches from Iglau and Vienna respectively , raising the French number to 75 @,@ 000 troops .
Napoleon 's lure did not stop at that . On 25 November , General Savary was sent to the Allied headquarters at Olmutz to deliver Napoleon 's message expressing his desire to avoid a battle , while secretly examining the Allied forces ' situation . As expected , the overture was seen as a sign of weakness . When Francis I offered an armistice on the 27th , Napoleon accepted enthusiastically . On the same day , Napoleon ordered Soult to abandon both Austerlitz and the Pratzen Heights and , while doing so , to create an impression of chaos during the retreat that would induce the enemy to occupy the Heights .
The next day ( 28 November ) , the French Emperor requested a personal interview with Alexander I and received a visit from the Tsar 's most impetuous aide , Count Dolgorouki . The meeting was another part of the trap , as Napoleon intentionally expressed anxiety and hesitation to his opponents . Dolgorouki reported to the Tsar an additional indication of French weakness .
The plan was successful . Many of the Allied officers , including the Tsar 's aides and the Austrian Chief of Staff Franz von Weyrother , strongly supported an immediate attack and appeared to sway Tsar Alexander . Kutuzov 's plan to retreat further to the Carpathian region was rejected , and the Allied forces soon fell into Napoleon 's trap .
= = Battle = =
The battle began with the French army outnumbered . Napoleon had some 72 @,@ 000 men and 157 guns for the impending battle , with about 7 @,@ 000 troops under Davout still far to the south in the direction of Vienna . The Allies had about 85 @,@ 000 soldiers , seventy percent of them Russian , and 318 guns .
At first , Napoleon was not totally confident of victory . In a letter written to Minister of Foreign Affairs Talleyrand , Napoleon requested Talleyrand not tell anyone about the upcoming battle because he did not want to disturb Empress Joséphine . According to Frederick C. Schneid , the French Emperor 's chief worry was how he could explain to Joséphine a French defeat .
= = = Battlefield = = =
The battle took place about six miles ( ten kilometers ) southeast of the town of Brno , between that town and Austerlitz ( Czech : Slavkov u Brna ) in what is now the Czech Republic . The northern part of the battlefield was dominated by the 700 @-@ foot ( 210 @-@ meter ) Santon Hill and the 880 @-@ foot ( 270 @-@ meter ) Zuran ( Žuráň ) Hill , both overlooking the vital Olomouc / Brno road , which was on an east / west axis . To the west of these two hills was the village of Bellowitz ( Bedřichovice ) , and between them the Bosenitz ( Roketnice ) stream went south to link up with the Goldbach ( Říčka ) stream , the latter flowing by the villages of Kobelnitz ( Kobylnice ) , Sokolnitz ( Sokolnice ) , and Telnitz ( Telnice ) .
The centerpiece of the entire area was the Pratzen ( Prace ) Heights , a gently sloping hill about 35 to 40 feet ( 10 to 12 meters ) in height . An aide noted that Napoleon repeatedly told his marshals , " Gentlemen , examine this ground carefully , it is going to be a battlefield ; you will have a part to play upon it . "
= = = Allied plans and dispositions = = =
An Allied council met on 1 December to discuss proposals for the battle . Most of the Allied strategists had two fundamental ideas in mind : making contact with the enemy and securing the southern flank that held the communication line to Vienna . Although the Tsar and his immediate entourage pushed hard for a battle , Emperor Francis of Austria was more cautious and , as mentioned , he was seconded by Kutuzov , the Commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Russians and the Allied troops . The pressure to fight from the Russian nobles and the Austrian commanders , however , was too strong , and the Allies adopted the plan of the Austrian Chief @-@ of @-@ Staff , Franz von Weyrother . This called for a main drive against the French right flank , which the Allies noticed was lightly guarded , and diversionary attacks against the French left . The Allies deployed most of their troops into four columns that would attack the French right . The Russian Imperial Guard was held in reserve while Russian troops under Bagration guarded the Allied right . The Russian Tsar rudely stripped the authority of Commander @-@ in @-@ chief M. I. Kutuzov and gave it to Franz von Weyrother . In the battle , Kutuzov could only command the IV Corps of the Allied army , although he was still the de jure commander because the Tsar was afraid to take over in case his favoured plan failed .
= = = French plans and dispositions = = =
Napoleon was hoping that the Allied forces would attack , and to encourage them , he deliberately weakened his right flank . On 28 November Napoleon met with his marshals at Imperial Headquarters , who informed him of their qualms about the forthcoming battle . He shrugged off their suggestion of retreat .
Napoleon 's plan envisioned that the Allies would throw many troops to envelop his right flank in order to cut the French communication line from Vienna . As a result , the Allies ' center and left flank would be exposed and become vulnerable . To encourage them to do so , Napoleon abandoned the strategic position on the Pratzen Heights , faking the weakness of his forces and his own caution . Meanwhile , Napoleon 's main force was to be concealed in a dead ground opposite the Heights . According to the plan , the French troops would attack and recapture the Pratzen Heights , then from the Heights they would launch a decisive assault to the center of the Allied army , cripple them , and encircle them from the rear .
If the Russian force leaves the Pratzen Heights in order to go to the right side , they will certainly be defeated .
The massive thrust through the Allied center was conducted by 16 @,@ 000 troops of Soult 's IV Corps . IV Corps ' position was cloaked by dense mist during the early stage of the battle ; in fact how long the mist lasted was vital to Napoleon 's plan : Soult 's troops would become uncovered if the mist dissipated too soon , but if it lingered too long , Napoleon would be unable to determine when the Allied troops had evacuated Pratzen Heights , preventing him from timing his attack properly .
Meanwhile , to support his weak right flank , Napoleon ordered Davout 's III Corps to force march all the way from Vienna and join General Legrand 's men , who held the extreme southern flank that would bear the heaviest part of the Allied attack . Davout 's soldiers had 48 hours to march 110 km ( 68 mi ) . Their arrival was crucial in determining the success of the French plan . Indeed , the arrangement of Napoleon on the right flank was very risky as the French had only minimal troops garrisoning there . However , Napoleon was able to use such a risky plan because Davout — the commander of III Corps — was one of Napoleon 's best marshals , because the right flank 's position was protected by a complicated system of streams and lakes , and because the French had already settled upon a secondary line of retreat through Brunn . The Imperial Guard and Bernadotte 's I Corps were held in reserve while the V Corps under Lannes guarded the northern sector of the battlefield , where the new communication line was located .
By 1 December 1805 , the French troops had been shifted in accordance with the Allied movement southward , as Napoleon expected .
= = = Battle is joined = = =
The battle began at about 8 a.m. with the first allied column attacking the village of Telnitz , which was defended by the 3rd Line Regiment . This sector of the battlefield witnessed heavy fighting in this early action as several ferocious Allied charges evicted the French from the town and forced them onto the other side of the Goldbach . The first men of Davout 's corps arrived at this time and threw the Allies out of Telnitz before they too were attacked by hussars and reabandoned the town . Additional Allied attacks out of Telnitz were checked by French artillery .
Allied columns started pouring against the French right , but not at the desired speed , so the French were mostly successful in curbing the attacks . Actually , the Allied deployments were mistaken and poorly timed : cavalry detachments under Liechtenstein on the Allied left flank had to be placed in the right flank and in the process they ran into and slowed down part of the second column of infantry that was advancing towards the French right . At the time , the planners thought this slowing was disastrous , but later on it helped the Allies . Meanwhile , the leading elements of the second column were attacking the village of Sokolnitz , which was defended by the 26th Light Regiment and the Tirailleurs , French skirmishers . Initial Allied assaults proved unsuccessful and General Langeron ordered the bombardment of the village . This deadly barrage forced the French out , and at about the same time , the third column attacked the castle of Sokolnitz . The French , however , counterattacked and regained the village , only to be thrown out again . Conflict in this area ended temporarily when Friant 's division ( part of III Corps ) retook the village . Sokolnitz was perhaps the most fought over area in the battlefield and would change hands several times as the day progressed .
While the allied troops attacked the French right flank , Kutuzov 's IV Corp stopped at the Pratzen Heights and stayed still . Just like Napoleon , Kutuzov realized the importance of Pratzen and decided to protect the position . But the young Tsar did not , so he expelled the IV Corp from the Heights . This act quickly pushed the Allied army into her grave .
= = = " One sharp blow and the war is over " = = =
At about 8 : 45 a.m. , satisfied at the weakness in the enemy center , Napoleon asked Soult how long it would take for his men to reach the Pratzen Heights , to which the Marshal replied , " Less than twenty minutes , sire . " About 15 minutes later , Napoleon ordered the attack , adding , " One sharp blow and the war is over . "
A dense fog helped to cloud the advance of St. Hilaire 's French division , but as they went up the slope the legendary ' Sun of Austerlitz ' ripped the mist apart and encouraged them forward . Russian soldiers and commanders on top of the heights were stunned to see so many French troops coming towards them . Allied commanders moved some of the delayed detachments of the fourth column into this bitter struggle . Over an hour of fighting destroyed much of this unit . The other men from the second column , mostly inexperienced Austrians , also participated in the struggle and swung the numbers against one of the best fighting forces in the French army , eventually forcing them to withdraw down the slopes . However , gripped by desperation , St. Hilaire 's men struck hard once more and bayoneted the Allies out of the heights . To the north , General Vandamme 's division attacked an area called Staré Vinohrady ( " Old Vineyards " ) and , through talented skirmishing and deadly volleys , broke several Allied battalions .
The battle had firmly turned in France 's favour , but it was far from over . Napoleon ordered Bernadotte 's I Corps to support Vandamme 's left and moved his own command center from Žuráň Hill to St. Anthony 's Chapel on the Pratzen Heights . The difficult position of the Allies was confirmed by the decision to send in the Russian Imperial Guard ; Grand Duke Constantine , Tsar Alexander 's brother , commanded the Guard and counterattacked in Vandamme 's section of the field , forcing a bloody effort and the only loss of a French standard in the battle ( a battalion of the 4th Line Regiment was defeated ) . Sensing trouble , Napoleon ordered his own heavy Guard cavalry forward . These men pulverized their Russian counterparts , but with both sides pouring in large masses of cavalry , no victory was clear .
The Russians had a numerical advantage but soon the tide swung as Drouet 's Division , the 2nd of Bernadotte 's I Corps , deployed on the flank of the action and allowed French cavalry to seek refuge behind their lines . The horse artillery of the Guard also inflicted heavy casualties on the Russian cavalry and fusiliers . The Russians broke and many died as they were pursued by the reinvigorated French cavalry for about a quarter of a mile . The casualties of the Russians in Pratzen included Kutuzov ( severely wounded ) and his son @-@ in @-@ law Ferdinand von Tiesenhausen ( KIA ) .
= = = Endgame = = =
I was ... under fierce and continuous canister fire ... Many soldiers , now incessantly engaged in battle from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. , had no cartridges left . I could do nothing but retreat ...
Meanwhile , the northernmost part of the battlefield was also witnessing heavy fighting . Prince Liechtenstein 's heavy cavalry began to assault Kellerman 's lighter cavalry forces after eventually arriving at the correct position in the field . The fighting initially went well for the French , but Kellerman 's forces took cover behind General Caffarelli 's infantry division once it became clear Russian numbers were too great . Caffarelli 's men halted the Russian assaults and permitted Murat to send two cuirassier divisions ( one commanded by d 'Hautpoul and the other one by Nansouty ) into the fray to finish off the Russian cavalry for good . The ensuing mêlée was bitter and long , but the French ultimately prevailed . Lannes then led his V Corps against Bagration 's men and after hard fighting managed to drive the skilled Russian commander off the field . He wanted to pursue , but Murat , who was in control of this sector in the battlefield , was against the idea .
Napoleon 's focus now shifted towards the southern end of the battlefield where the French and the Allies were still fighting over Sokolnitz and Telnitz . In an effective double @-@ pronged assault , St. Hilaire 's division and part of Davout 's III Corps smashed through the enemy at Sokolnitz and persuaded the commanders of the first two columns , Generals Kienmayer and Langeron , to flee as fast as they could . Buxhowden , the commander of the Allied left and the man responsible for leading the attack , was completely drunk and fled as well . Kienmayer covered his withdrawal with the O 'Reilly light cavalry , who gallantly managed to defeat five of six French cavalry regiments before they too had to retreat .
General panic now seized the Allied army and it abandoned the field in all possible directions . A famous episode occurred during this retreat : Russian forces that had been defeated by the French right withdrew south towards Vienna via the Satschan frozen ponds . French artillery pounded towards the men , and the ice was broken due to the bombardment . The men drowned in the cold ponds , dozens of Russian artillery pieces going down with them . Estimates of how many guns were captured differ : there may have been as few as 38 or more than 100 . Sources also differ about casualties , with figures ranging between 200 and 2 @,@ 000 dead . Many drowning Russians were saved by their victorious foes . However , local evidence , only later made public , suggests that Napoleon 's account of the catastrophe may have been totally invented ; on his instructions the lakes were drained a few days after the battle and the corpses of only two or three men , with some 150 horses , were found .
= = Military and political results = =
Allied casualties stood at about 36 @,@ 000 out of an army of 85 @,@ 000 , which represented about 40 % of their effective forces . The French lost around 9 @,@ 000 out of an army of 73 @,@ 000 , or about 12 % of their forces . The Allies also lost some 180 guns and about 50 standards . The great victory was met by sheer amazement and delirium in Paris , where just days earlier the nation had been teetering on the brink of financial collapse . Napoleon wrote to Josephine , " I have beaten the Austro @-@ Russian army commanded by the two emperors . I am a little weary .... I embrace you . " Tsar Alexander perhaps best summed up the harsh times for the Allies by stating , " We are babies in the hands of a giant . " The Holy Roman Emperor Francis II is remembered to have said after the allied defeat in the Battle of Austerlitz : " The British are dealers of human flesh . They pay others to fight in their place . "
After hearing the news of Austerlitz William Pitt referred to a map of Europe , " Roll up that map ; it will not be wanted these ten years . "
France and Austria signed a truce on 4 December and the Treaty of Pressburg 22 days later took the latter out of the war . Austria agreed to recognize French territory captured by the treaties of Campo Formio ( 1797 ) and Lunéville ( 1801 ) , cede land to Bavaria , Wurttemberg , and Baden , which were Napoleon 's German allies , and pay 40 million francs in war indemnities , and Venice was given to the Kingdom of Italy . It was a harsh end for Austria , but certainly not a catastrophic peace . The Russian army was allowed to withdraw to home territory and the French ensconced themselves in Southern Germany . The Holy Roman Empire was effectively wiped out , 1806 being seen as its final year . Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine , a string of German states meant to serve as a buffer between France and Prussia . Prussia saw these and other moves as an affront to its status as the main power of Central Europe and it went to war with France in 1806 .
= = Rewards = =
Napoleon 's words to his troops after the battle were full of praise : Soldats ! Je suis content de vous ( English : Soldiers ! I am pleased with you ) . The Emperor provided two million golden francs to the higher officers and 200 francs to each soldier , with large pensions for the widows of the fallen . Orphaned children were adopted by Napoleon personally and were allowed to add " Napoleon " to their baptismal and family names . This battle is one of four that Napoleon never awarded a victory title , the others being Marengo , Jena , and Friedland .
= = Popular conceptions = =
Artists and musicians on the side of France and her conquests expressed their sentiment in populist and elite art of the time . Prussian music critic E.T.A. Hoffmann , in his famous review of Beethoven 's 5th Symphony , " singles out for special abuse a certain Bataille des trois Empereurs , a French battle symphony by Louis Jadin celebrating Napoleon 's victory at Austerlitz . "
= = Historical views = =
Napoleon did not succeed in defeating the Allied army as thoroughly as he wanted , but historians and enthusiasts alike recognize that the original plan provided a significant victory , comparable to other great tactical battles such as Cannae . Some historians suggest that Napoleon was so successful at Austerlitz that he lost touch with reality , and what used to be French foreign policy became a " personal Napoleonic one " after the battle . In French history , Austerlitz is acknowledged as an impressive military victory , and in the 19th century , when fascination with the First Empire was at its height , the battle was revered by the likes of Victor Hugo , who " in the depth of [ his ] thoughts " was hearing the " noise of the heavy cannon rolling towards Austerlitz . " In the 2005 bicentennial , however , controversy erupted when neither French President Jacques Chirac nor Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin attended any functions commemorating the battle . On the other hand , some residents of France 's overseas departments protested against what they viewed as the " official commemoration of Napoleon , " arguing that Austerlitz should not be celebrated since they believed that Napoleon committed genocide against colonial people .
After the battle , Tsar Alexander I laid all the blame on M. I. Kutuzov , Commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Allied Army . However , it is clear that Kutuzov 's plan was to retreat farther to the rear where the Allied Army had a sharp advantage in logistics . Had the Allied Army retreated further , they might have been reinforced by Archduke Charles 's troops from Italy , and the Prussians might have joined the coalition against Napoleon . A French army at the end of her supply lines , in a place which had no food supplies , might have faced a very different ending from the one they achieved at the real battle of Austerlitz . This essentially was Kutuzov 's successful strategy in 1812 , after the Battle of Borodino .
= Baseball and Bloomers =
Baseball and Bloomers , also known as Baseball in Bloomers , is
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1600 – 1675 : Facsimiles of Twenty @-@ Six Manuscripts and an Edition of the Texts , vol . 10 ( ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8240 @-@ 8240 @-@ 6 ) , by Garland Publishing of New York in 1987 , with an introduction by Elise Bickford Jorgens .
= Somerhill House =
Somerhill House is a Grade I listed Jacobean mansion situated near Tonbridge , Kent , United Kingdom . It was built for Richard de Burgh in 1611 – 13 . The estate was sequestrated by Parliament in 1645 , and restored to its rightful owner in 1660 . The building had become derelict by the mid @-@ eighteenth century but was later restored . Somerhill was painted by Turner in 1811 . It was bought by a member of the Goldsmid family in 1849 and greatly extended between 1879 and 1897 , making it the second largest house in Kent , after Knole House , Sevenoaks .
Somerhill housed a Prisoner of War camp , Prisoner of War Camp No. 40 , during the Second World War , following which it became the home of the d 'Avigdor @-@ Goldsmids and was visited by many celebrities of the time . Somerhill was sold by the d 'Avigdor @-@ Goldsmids in 1980 , and again went into decline , being damaged by vandalism and storms . In 1993 , The Schools at Somerhill moved in , as of July 2016 the building is used as a school .
= = Location = =
Somerhill House lies 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) south of Tonbridge at grid reference TQ 6086 4510 , in the civil parish of Tudeley @-@ cum @-@ Capel , which falls under Tunbridge Wells Borough Council .
= = Description = =
Somerhill is built of sandstone . The stone also contains iron , which gives it a red colour . This stone is known as Calverley Stone . The house is in the shape of a letter " H " , with the main hall forming the bar of the " H " . The main elevation of the house faces west . The building is three storeys high , with a half @-@ basement . It has five gables on the main elevation . The roof is of an A @-@ frame construction , clad in Kentish peg tiles . The south wing houses the library , the second longest room in Kent at 93 feet ( 28 m ) long , exceeded only by the Gallery at Knole House , Sevenoaks . The main staircase is in the south wing . The north wing housed service rooms and the kitchen , with a parlour at the rear .
As built , the house measured almost 100 feet ( 30 m ) in depth internally . The hall measures 23 feet ( 7 @.@ 0 m ) by 47 feet ( 14 @.@ 3 m ) . To its north was a 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) by 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) drawing room . The dining room , located to the right of the hall measured 22 feet ( 6 @.@ 7 m ) by 33 feet ( 10 m ) . As extended , Somerhill provides around 49 @,@ 000 square feet ( 4 @,@ 600 m2 ) of floorspace .
The house shows the transition from medieval architecture , in which the hall was the main living and entertaining room , to the more modern plan , where the hall became a reception room . Somerhill is one of the earliest examples of this . When built , this was an innovative design .
= = History = =
= = = 17th century = = =
The land that Somerhill was built on originally formed part of the estate of South Frith , one of two deer parks in the Lowey of Tonbridge . At one time the estate covered 6 @,@ 500 acres ( 2 @,@ 600 ha ) . Built on the site of an earlier mansion , and designed by John Thorpe , the house was built between 1611 and 1613 , dates which are to be found on the surviving leaden rainwater heads . Somerhill was built for Richard de Burgh . The design was based on that of the Villa Valmarana , Lisiera , Italy , which was designed by Palladio .
De Burgh died in 1636 , and Somerhill passed to his son Ulick . Following the Battle of Naseby in 1645 , Somerhill was sequestrated by Parliament , which gave it to Robert , Earl of Essex . On his death in September 1646 , Parliament gave Somerhill to John Bradshaw . John Evelyn , who visited Somerhill on 29 May 1652 , described Somerhill as " situated on an eminent hill , with a park , but has nothing else extraordinary " .
Following the Restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660 , Somerhill was given to Margaret , Viscountess Muskerry , the daughter of Ulick de Burgh . Lady Muskerry had extravagant tastes , and gradually sold off much of the lands of South Frith to various people . She died in 1698 , and Somerhill passed to her son , John Villiers , who styled himself the Earl of Buckingham . Villers sold the Manor of South Frith to one Dekins . Some 1 @,@ 200 acres ( 490 ha ) of grounds was sold separately to Abraham Hill of Sutton at Hone , Kent . Somerhill itself had been let to a warrener .
= = = 18th century = = =
Dekins sold Somerhill to one Cave , who sold it in 1712 to John Woodgate of Penshurst . Woodgate lived in the house , and on his death it passed to his son Henry , who lived at Somerhill until 1769 , and then within the town of Tonbridge until his death in 1787 . On 5 August 1752 , the house was visited by Horace Walpole , who described its setting as commanding " a vast landscape , beautifully wooded and has quantities of large old trees to shelter itself " . By 1766 , Somerhill was in a " ruinous " state . It was to remain derelict throughout the century . In 1787 , Somerhill passed to William Woodgate , who was Henry Woodgate 's nephew and had been living at Somerhill . In 1792 , Woodgate was one of three partners who set up The Tonbridge Bank .
= = = 19th century = = =
In the spring of 1810 , J. M. W. Turner made a drawing of Somerhill , and then in 1811 he painted it for the Woodgates , choosing a view across the lake in the grounds , with the house in the distance . The painting , which was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1811 , is now in the National Galleries of Scotland , and the sketchbook containing his earlier drawing is at the Tate .
Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the subsequent agricultural depression , coupled with the collapse of the Tonbridge Bank in 1812 , Woodgate was declared bankrupt in 1816 . In that year , Woodgate offered Somerhill for sale to the Duke of Wellington , who declined to buy it as the foxhunting was not good enough for his liking . Somerhill was bought from the descendants of William Woodgate in November 1819 by James Alexander , MP . By 1830 , Somerhill had been substantially repaired , and new landscaping was undertaken . In 1832 , Anthony Salvin was engaged to make improvements to the house , but retaining its original style . During the severe winter of 1835 @-@ 36 , skating was possible on the lake at Somerhill for four weeks .
In 1842 , Tonbridge Priory was demolished to make way for the building of the first railway station . A stone coffin from the priory was bought by Alexander and taken to Somerhill , where it can still be seen . In 1849 , Somerhill was bought by Sir Isaac Goldsmid , who passed it on to his son Frederick in 1859 .
The lake at Somerhill , which Turner had painted in 1811 , was used to supply ice for the house , as a watering place for the estate 's cattle , and for recreational boating . The lake was fed by the Calverley Stream , which flowed through the grounds of Somerhill . In 1860 , the stream became polluted by sewage discharged upstream from a sewage works owned by the Tunbridge Wells Improvement Commissioners , rendering the water in the lake unfit for use . Frederick Goldsmid tried to get the Commissioners to stop fouling the stream , but they refused to act and the situation worsened . Finally , in 1865 , Goldsmid sued the Commissioners . They denied responsibility , claiming that the pollution was not caused by their sewage works but by a farm downstream . The court rejected their claim and ruled in Goldsmid 's favor .
In 1866 , Somerhill passed to Frederick 's son Sir Julian Goldsmid ( later known as d 'Avigdor @-@ Goldsmid ) . Sir Julian returned the house to something nearer its original condition . In 1879 , Somerhill was extended as more room was needed to accommodate Goldsmid 's large family – he had eight daughters . The stable courtyard was rebuilt at this time , with the date 1879 being cast in the rainwater heads . The building work took until 1897 to complete . The expansion made Somerhill the second largest house in Kent , after Knole House , Sevenoaks . Somerhill House itself covers an area of 2 ½ acres ( 1 ha ) .
A ghost in the form of a lady in white is said to haunt the Julian staircase , located in the Victorian part of the house . D 'Avigdor @-@ Goldsmid allowed people to drive their carriages through the grounds of Somerhill , although the house was not open to the public . Sir Julian died in 1896 , and Somerhill passed to Sir Osmond d 'Avigdor @-@ Goldsmid .
= = = 20th century = = =
In 1912 , there was an army camp held in the grounds of Somerhill . The soldiers were housed in bell tents . On Sir Osmond 's death in 1940 , it then passed to his eldest son Sir Henry . During the Second World War , Somerhill was the site of a Prisoner of War camp , known as POW Camp No. 40 . Italian POWs were amongst those housed at Somerhill . The Army were in possession of Somerhill from 1940 – 49 . Squatters occupied some of the 40 @-@ plus huts in 1948 , they were locked in by the Colonel in charge of the camp at the time .
Post @-@ war , the house was the scene of much lavish entertaining . Lady Rosemary d 'Avigdor @-@ Goldsmid likened it to a hotel , " except that the guests didn 't pay ! " Amongst the distinguished visitors were John Betjeman , Hugh Casson , David Niven and Enoch Powell . The house was listed on 20 October 1954 . It is assessed as Grade I. On 19 September 1963 , the d 'Avigdor @-@ Goldsmid 's daughter Sarah was drowned in an accident , which occurred off Rye , East Sussex . Artist Marc Chagall was commissioned to design a set of stained glass windows in All Saints ' Church , Tudeley , in her memory .
In 1976 , Somerhill passed to Sir Henry 's surviving daughter Chloe , who lived at Hadlow Place Farm , Hadlow . She sold Somerhill in 1980 , and it was sold thrice more in the next eight years . The house was damaged in a storm and also by neglect and vandalism . Somerhill was bought by Mr & Mrs Weir in 1979 . The Weirs removed the carved wooden hall screen and also large areas of panelling in the entrance hall and the salon upstairs . A sale of the contents of Somerhill was held by Sotheby 's on 23 and 24 June 1981 . Somerhill was advertised for sale in May 1984 at a price in excess of £ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 . Beginning in 1988 , the house was extensively restored with assistance from English Heritage . The works were undertaken by R. Durtnell & Sons of Brasted , who celebrated their 400th anniversary in 1991 with a party held at Somerhill as the restoration was completed . Fielden and Mawson were the architects for the work .
In 1993 , The Schools at Somerhill moved to Somerhill House , having previously been at Tunbridge Wells . The Schools at Somerhill comprise three schools in one location . Somerhill Pre @-@ Prep is for boys and girls aged 3 – 6 . Derwent Lodge is for girls aged 6 – 11 and Yardley Court is for boys aged 6 – 13 . In 1998 , the attic rooms were converted to provide classrooms and art room . A former granary has also been converted to classrooms , whilst some stables have been converted to workshops . Also in that year , a bridge over the lake in the grounds of Somerhill was added to the Buildings at Risk Register by Tunbridge Wells Borough Council , in whose area Somerhill falls . In 2000 , the central span between the old stable courtyard and the stable courtyard was reinstated at a cost of £ 720 @,@ 000 to provide accommodation for Somerhill Pre @-@ Prep School and administrative offices . Also in that year , planning permission was granted for the building of a sports hall on the top sports terrace .
= = = 21st century = = =
The reinstated central span opened in January 2001 . The new sports hall was completed in 2002 at a cost of £ 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 . An artificial turf pitch was added in 2003 . In 2004 , the bridge over the lake was repaired at a cost of £ 170 @,@ 000 , aided by a grant of £ 32 @,@ 000 from Tunbridge Wells Borough Council . In 2006 , planning permission was granted for the conversion of the walled garden into a dining hall and indoor swimming pool . Work began the next year and was completed in January 2009 . The dining room and swimming pool were given a Design Award by Tonbridge Civic Society in 2009 . As a working school , Somerhill House is not normally open to the public . It has been open as part of Heritage Open Days . Somerhill House was open in 2006 , and also in 2010 . The grounds of Somerhill contain 152 acres ( 62 ha ) of land .
= = Listed buildings = =
The table below shows the status of the various listed buildings in the grounds of Somerhill House .
= John McCauley =
Air Marshal Sir John Patrick Joseph McCauley , KBE , CB ( 18 March 1899 – 3 February 1989 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He served as Chief of the Air Staff from 1954 to 1957 . A Duntroon graduate , McCauley spent four years in the Australian Military Forces before transferring to the RAAF in 1924 . He was Director of Training from 1936 to 1938 , and commanded engineering and flying training schools for the first eighteen months of World War II . Having been promoted to group captain in 1940 , he was posted to Singapore in June 1941 to take charge of all RAAF units defending the area . He earned praise for his efforts in attacking invading Japanese forces before the fall of Singapore , and for his dedication in evacuating his men . After serving as Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1942 – 44 , he was appointed to a senior operational role with the Royal Air Force 's 2nd Tactical Air Force in Europe , where he saw out the rest of the war .
Following the end of hostilities , McCauley again became Deputy Chief of the Air Staff . In 1947 he was promoted to air vice marshal and appointed Chief of Staff at British Commonwealth Occupation Force Headquarters in Japan . Returning to Australia in June 1949 , he served as the last Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) Eastern Area and the inaugural AOC Home Command ( now Air Command ) . Raised to air marshal , he took up the position of Chief of the Air Staff in January 1954 , and was knighted a year later . During his tenure in the RAAF 's senior role , McCauley focused on potential deployments to Southeast Asia — particularly Vietnam — and threats from the north , commencing redevelopment of RAAF Base Darwin and recommending purchase of a light supersonic bomber to replace the Air Force 's English Electric Canberra . After retiring from military life in March 1957 , he chaired various community and welfare organisations , serving as Federal President of the Air Force Association for ten years . He died in Sydney in 1989 , aged 89 .
= = Early career = =
Born in Sydney on 18 March 1899 , McCauley went to school at St Joseph 's College , Hunters Hill , before entering the Royal Military College , Duntroon , in 1916 . He graduated as a lieutenant in 1919 , and spent the next four years in staff positions with the Permanent Military Forces , including a posting to Britain . In January 1924 , he transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force as a flying officer , undertaking the pilots ' course at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria . He was nicknamed " Black Jack " in tribute to his dark looks , but a " shaky reputation " as an aviator also earned him the epithet " Crasher " . On 10 November 1925 , he married Murielle Burke ; the couple had a son and two daughters . By 1926 , McCauley was back in Britain , studying at the Royal Navy College , Greenwich , and the RAF Armament and Gunnery School . He returned to Australia in 1928 , and was assigned to the staff of RAAF Headquarters , Melbourne .
Promoted to squadron leader , McCauley was posted a third time to Britain in 1933 , graduating from RAF Staff College , Andover , and qualifying as a flight instructor at Central Flying School , Wittering . The following year he was attached to the Air Ministry in London . Returning to Australia in 1935 , McCauley joined the RAAF 's Directorate of Training . That September , he initiated a requirement for all air bases to draw up plans for local defence . He also inaugurated operational @-@ level policy for the Air Force , ordering units to draft doctrine relevant to their combat roles , such as " Striking " for No. 1 Squadron and " Army Co @-@ operation " for No. 3 Squadron . Described as " a great leader , with a great deal of force " , McCauley took over as Director of Training in 1936 . He gained his Bachelor of Commerce degree at Melbourne University the same year , having studied part @-@ time since 1929 . His tertiary qualification was unusual for a general duties officer in the pre @-@ war Air Force , whose pilots generally " valued little beyond flying ability " . By 1939 he had been raised to wing commander and was commanding officer and chief flying instructor of the cadet wing at Point Cook .
= = World War II = =
McCauley 's seniority and instructional experience kept him in Australia on training assignments for the first eighteen months of World War II . From March to October 1940 , he served as the inaugural commander of No. 1 Engineering School at Ascot Vale , Victoria . Promoted to group captain , he then took over No. 1 Service Flying Training School at Point Cook until July 1941 , when he handed over to Wing Commander Elwyn King . During McCauley 's tenure , the number of aircraft operated by the school doubled from its initial complement of 52 , and monthly flying hours increased from fewer than 1 @,@ 000 to more than 1 @,@ 800 .
During the Malayan Campaign in 1941 – 42 , McCauley was in charge of RAAF units under Britain 's Far East Air Force ( FEAF ) . As station commander at RAF Sembawang in north @-@ east Singapore from August 1941 , he personally supervised the training and operations of Nos. 1 and 8 Squadrons , flying Lockheed Hudson light bombers . He also warned Air Chief Marshal Sir Robert Brooke @-@ Popham , the FEAF 's Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , of the weaknesses of the Allied air defences . Deployed to forward bases on the Malay Peninsula , McCauley 's Hudsons were the first Allied aircraft to spot Japanese troop transports converging off Indochina on 6 December , and they attacked the fleet in the face of heavy defensive fire . By Christmas , as the Allies retreated from Malaya , Sembawang was " the busiest airfield on Singapore island " , with two Dutch Glenn Martin bomber squadrons in addition to the remnants of the Hudson units , along with Nos. 21 and 453 Squadrons ( merged due to losses as No. 21 / 453 Squadron ) , operating obsolescent Brewster Buffalos . On 29 January 1942 , McCauley took over airfield P.2 near Palembang in Sumatra , commanding all Commonwealth air operations emanating from the base . With his available aircraft augmented by Hawker Hurricanes and Bristol Blenheims , he conducted attacks on enemy convoys before evacuating the area on 15 February 1942 , the day that Singapore surrendered . After communications between himself and local RAF group headquarters were cut , McCauley was left to his own devices to make final arrangements for the demolition of equipment and departure of staff . He had earlier intervened to prevent RAF headquarters from dissolving No. 21 Squadron and using its personnel as a labour force on Sumatra , instead arranging their transport as a unit to Batavia , where they subsequently embarked for Australia . McCauley led the last party to depart Palembang , and was praised for organising the safe passage back to Australia of many Commonwealth air force personnel .
After his return to Australia late in February 1942 , McCauley briefly served as Senior Air Staff Officer at North @-@ Western Area Headquarters in Darwin , Northern Territory . He took up the position of Deputy Chief of the Air Staff ( DCAS ) in May , and was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1943 King 's Birthday Honours , promulgated on 2 June . The honour recognised the " courage , ability , and qualities of leadership " he displayed under " trying and difficult conditions during a period of service in the Far East " . The following month , he was promoted to temporary air commodore . During an inspection of No. 10 Group at Nadzab in March 1944 , McCauley learned that unless the Australian formation was able to increase its operational rate of effort , its units would be withdrawn from their forward airfields . As a result , RAAF Headquarters increased the supply of pilots and equipment to the group , which was then able to meet , and later exceed , the rate of effort achieved by comparable US Fifth Air Force units . At around this time , he also instigated a research program to determine a suitable formula for rotating and relieving ground staff , as well as aircrew , in the tropics .
Completing his term as DCAS , McCauley was posted to the European theatre in November 1944 , serving for the remainder of the war as Air Commodore ( Operations ) , 2nd Tactical Air Force RAF ( 2nd TAF ) . The British had actively sought him for this particular appointment , which he commenced in December at the formation 's Brussels headquarters . The role involved him in the direction of over 70 Commonwealth and European squadrons in operations against Germany , and was " unique " for an RAAF officer during the war . He left 2nd TAF in July 1945 and returned to Australia later that year .
= = Post @-@ war career = =
Among a small coterie of wartime RAAF commanders earmarked for further senior roles , McCauley retained his rank of air commodore following the cessation of hostilities . He served again as Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1946 – 47 . Promoted to air vice marshal , he was Chief of Staff to Lieutenant General Horace Robertson at British Commonwealth Occupation Force Headquarters in Japan from June 1947 to June 1949 . In this post he was preceded and succeeded by two other Duntroon graduates , Air Vice Marshals Frank Bladin and Alan Charlesworth respectively . Upon his return to Australia , McCauley was made Air Officer Commanding Eastern Area . During the Malayan Emergency , he formed RAAF aircraft assigned for deployment into No. 90 ( Composite ) Wing , as directed by Chief of the Air Staff Air Marshal George Jones , to ensure that they would operate with a degree of autonomy rather than be dispersed throughout other Allied groups . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) in the 1951 Birthday Honours .
In January 1952 , Air Marshal Jones was succeeded by Air Marshal Sir Donald Hardman of the Royal Air Force . The decision by Prime Minister Robert Menzies to appoint a British officer as CAS caused controversy in Australia , compounded by his stated reason that there was " no RAAF officer of sufficient age , or operational experience , to take the post of Chief of the Air Staff " , which ignored the wartime records of figures like McCauley . Hardman changed the structure of the Air Force from one based on geographical area to one based on function , hence McCauley 's Eastern Area Command evolved into Home Command ( now Air Command ) in 1953 . Promoted to air marshal , McCauley took over from Hardman as Chief of the Air Staff when the latter 's two @-@ year appointment ended in January 1954 . According to official RAAF historian Alan Stephens , McCauley was " just as ready to become CAS in 1952 as he was in 1954 " , while a contemporary observer declared that " seldom has a better @-@ equipped officer led a branch of the Australian services " . He was the first of four former Duntroon cadets to successively head up the Air Force between 1954 and 1969 , followed by Air Marshals Frederick Scherger , Valston Hancock , and Alister Murdoch .
McCauley was raised to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( KBE ) in the 1955 New Year Honours . In October 1956 , he gave a presentation on air power concepts that was attended by Prime Minister Menzies , as well as the other Australian service chiefs . McCauley identified Malaya and Indochina , particularly Vietnam , as likely areas for future RAAF deployments , advocating a continued presence in Singapore in view of its strategic importance to the defence of Australia , as he had witnessed first @-@ hand during World War II . He also recommended that a supersonic light bomber replace the straight @-@ winged and obsolescent English Electric Canberra , primarily for interdiction in Southeast Asia . McCauley 's tenure as CAS saw the beginning of a trend for the RAAF to equip with US aircraft types in preference to British types , with recommendations being put forward for the F @-@ 104 Starfighter ( though in the event the French Dassault Mirage III was purchased ) and C @-@ 130 Hercules . This stemmed partly from his inspection of Allied air force units during the Korean War , when he observed that those employing American hardware were far better served with spare parts and replacement aircraft than those with British equipment . Some of his senior commanders had urged replacing the Canberra with Avro Vulcan heavy bombers , but McCauley did not pursue this option , preferring to concentrate in the short term on new fighter technology . He also made a point of supporting the Australian aircraft industry wherever feasible .
McCauley instigated the redevelopment of RAAF Base Darwin in the Northern Territory as the first stage of a forward defence strategy . He aimed to make Darwin the " main Australian base for war " and a launching point for deployments to Southeast Asia , rather than simply a transit station . Over the next ten years , No. 5 Airfield Construction Squadron transformed the base 's runways , buildings and other infrastructure into a modern facility capable of handling major operations . This concept was taken another step by McCauley 's successor as CAS , Air Marshal Scherger , who conceived a series of front @-@ line " bare bases " across Northern Australia , beginning with plans for RAAF Base Tindal in 1959 . Alan Stephens later described McCauley and Scherger as " among the RAAF 's better chiefs " .
= = Later life = =
After his retirement from the RAAF on 18 March 1957 , McCauley became active in community welfare organisations , chairing campaigns for the National Heart Foundation , Freedom From Hunger , the Royal Humane Society , and the Cancer Council in the late 1950s and early 1960s . From 1964 until 1974 , he served as Federal President of the Air Force Association . In this role he endorsed the initial proposal , featuring monumental statues of airmen and ground crew , for the Royal Australian Air Force Memorial to be located on ANZAC Parade , Canberra . The design ultimately approved by the final selection panel , however , was an abstract sculpture that was subsequently described as reflecting a " comprehensive failure to understand the nature of air force service " . McCauley visited RAAF units in Vietnam in October 1966 . In 1970 , he played a leading role in organising the Australian Services Council ( later the Australian Veterans and Defence Services Council ) to co @-@ ordinate lobbying efforts for various veterans ' groups , and became its first chairman . He was also President of the Good Neighbour Council of New South Wales from 1966 to 1975 . Aged 89 , McCauley died in Sydney 's St Vincent 's Hospital on 3 February 1989 , following a stroke . He was survived by his three children ; his wife had died two years earlier .
= George Formby =
George Formby , OBE ( born George Hoy Booth ; 26 May 1904 – 6 March 1961 ) , was an English actor , singer @-@ songwriter and comedian who became known to a worldwide audience through his films of the 1930s and 1940s . On stage , screen and record he sang light , comical songs , usually playing the ukulele or banjolele , and became the UK 's highest @-@ paid entertainer .
Born in Wigan , Lancashire , he was the son of George Formby Sr , from whom he later took his stage name . After an early career as a stable boy and jockey , Formby took to the music hall stage after the early death of his father in 1921 . His early performances were taken exclusively from his father 's act , including the same songs , jokes and characters . In 1923 he made two career @-@ changing decisions – he purchased a ukulele , and married Beryl Ingham , a fellow performer who became his manager and transformed his act . She insisted that he appear on stage formally dressed , and introduced the ukulele to his performance . He started his recording career in 1926 and , from 1934 , he increasingly worked in film to develop into a major star by the late 1930s and 1940s , and became the UK 's most popular entertainer during those decades . The media historian Brian McFarlane writes that on film , Formby portrayed gormless Lancastrian innocents who would win through against some form of villainy , gaining the affection of an attractive middle @-@ class girl in the process .
During the Second World War Formby worked extensively for the Entertainments National Service Association ( ENSA ) , and entertained civilians and troops , and by 1946 it was estimated that he had performed in front of three million service personnel . After the war his career declined , although he toured the Commonwealth , and continued to appear in variety and pantomime . His last television appearance was in December 1960 , two weeks before the death of Beryl . He surprised people by announcing his engagement to a school teacher seven weeks after Beryl 's funeral , but died in Preston three weeks later , at the age of 56 ; he was buried in Warrington , alongside his father .
Formby 's biographer , Jeffrey Richards , considers that the actor " had been able to embody simultaneously Lancashire , the working classes , the people , and the nation " . Formby was considered Britain 's first properly home @-@ grown screen comedian . He was an influence on future comedians — particularly Charlie Drake and Norman Wisdom — and , culturally , on entertainers such as the Beatles , who referred to him in their music . Since his death Formby has been the subject of five biographies , two television specials and two works of public sculpture .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life : 1904 – 21 = = =
George Formby was born George Hoy Booth at 3 Westminster Street , Wigan , Lancashire , on 26 May 1904 . He was the eldest of seven surviving children born to James Lawler Booth and his wife Eliza , née Hoy , although this marriage was bigamous because Formby Sr was still married to his first wife , Martha Maria Salter , a twenty @-@ year @-@ old music hall performer . Booth was a successful music hall comedian and singer who performed under the name George Formby ( he is now known as George Formby Sr ) . Formby Sr suffered from a chest ailment , identified variously as bronchitis , asthma or tuberculosis , and would use the cough as part of the humour in his act , saying to the audience , " Bronchitis , I 'm a bit tight tonight " , or " coughing better tonight " . One of his main characters was that of John Willie , an " archetypal Lancashire lad " . In 1906 Formby Sr was earning £ 35 a week at the music halls , which rose to £ 325 a week by 1920 , and Formby grew up in an affluent home . Formby Sr was so popular that Marie Lloyd , the influential music hall singer and actress , would only watch two acts : his and that of Dan Leno .
Formby was born blind owing to an obstructive caul , although his sight was restored during a violent coughing fit or sneeze when he was a few months old . After briefly attending school — at which he did not prosper , and did not learn to read or write — Formby was removed from formal education at the age of seven and sent to become a stable boy , briefly in Wiltshire and then in Middleham , Yorkshire . Formby Sr sent his son away to work as he was worried Formby would watch him on stage ; he was against Formby following in his footsteps , saying " one fool in the family is enough " . After a year working at Middleham , he was apprenticed to Thomas Scourfield at Epsom , where he ran his first professional races at the age of 10 , when he weighed less than 4 stone ( 56 lb ; 25 kg ) .
In 1915 Formby Sr allowed his son to appear on screen , taking the lead in By the Shortest of Heads , a thriller directed by Bert Haldane in which Formby played a stable boy who outwits a gang of villains and wins a £ 10 @,@ 000 prize when he comes first in a horse race . The film is now considered lost , with the last @-@ known copy having been destroyed in 1940 . Later in 1915 , and with the closure of the English racing season because of the First World War , Formby moved to Ireland where he continued as a jockey until November 1918 . Later that month he returned to England and raced for Lord Derby at his Newmarket stables . Formby continued as a jockey until 1921 , although he never won a race .
= = = Beginning a stage career : 1921 – 34 = = =
On 8 February 1921 Formby Sr succumbed to his bronchial condition and died , at the age of 45 ; he was buried in the Catholic section of Warrington Cemetery . After his father 's funeral Eliza took the young Formby to London to help him cope with his grief . While there , they visited the Victoria Palace Theatre — where Formby Sr had previously been so successful — and saw a performance by the Tyneside comedian Tommy Dixon . Dixon was performing a copy of Formby Sr 's act , using the same songs , jokes , costumes and mannerisms , and billed himself as " The New George Formby " , a name which angered Eliza and Formby even more . The performance prompted Formby to follow in his father 's profession , a decision which was supported by Eliza . As he had never seen his father perform live , Formby found the imitation difficult and had to learn his father 's songs from records , and the rest of his act and jokes from his mother .
On 21 March 1921 Formby gave his first professional appearance in a two @-@ week run at the Hippodrome in Earlestown , Lancashire , where he received a fee of £ 5 a week . In the show he was billed as George Hoy , using his mother 's maiden name — he explained later that he did not want the Formby name to appear in small print . His father 's name was used in the posters and advertising , George Hoy being described as " Comedian . ( son of George Formby ) " . While still appearing in Earlestown Formby was hired to appear at the Moss Empire chain of theatres for £ 17 10s a week . His first night was unsuccessful and he later said of it , " I was the first turn , three minutes , died the death of a dog " . He toured around venues in Northern England , although he was not well received , and was booed and hissed while performing in Blyth , Northumberland . As a result he experienced frequent periods of unemployment — up to three months at one point . Formby spent two years as a support act touring round the northern halls , and although he was poorly paid , his mother supported him financially .
In 1923 Formby started to play the ukulele , although the exact circumstances of how he came to play the instrument are unknown , and he introduced it into his act during a run at the Alhambra Theatre in Barnsley . When the songs — still his father 's material — were well received , he changed his stage name to George Formby , and stopped using the John Willie character . Another significant event was his appearance in Castleford , West Yorkshire , where appearing on the same bill was Beryl Ingham , an Accrington @-@ born champion clogdancer and actress who had won the All England Step Dancing title at the age of 11 . Beryl , who had formed a dancing act with her sister , May , called " The Two Violets " , had a low opinion of Formby 's act , and later said that " if I 'd had a bag of rotten tomatoes with me I 'd have thrown them at him " . Formby and Beryl entered into a relationship and married two years later , on 13 September 1924 , at a register office in Wigan , with Formby 's aunt and uncle as witnesses . Upon hearing the news , Eliza insisted on the couple having a church wedding , which followed two months later .
Beryl took over as George 's manager , and changed aspects of his act , including the songs and jokes . She instructed him on how to use his hands , and how to work his audience . She also persuaded him to change his stage dress to black tie — although he appeared in a range of other costumes too — and to take lessons in how to play the ukulele properly . By June 1926 he was proficient enough to earn a one @-@ off record deal — negotiated by Beryl — to sing six of his father 's songs for the Edison Bell / Winner label . Formby spent the next few years touring , largely in the north , but also appearing at the Shepherd 's Bush Empire , his official London debut . Although he had a further recording session in October 1929 , performing two songs for Dominion Records , " Beryl 's avaricious demands would prevent any serious contract from coming George 's way " , according to David Bret , Formby 's biographer . That changed in 1932 , when Formby signed a three @-@ year deal with Decca Records . One of the songs he recorded in July was " Chinese Laundry Blues " , telling the story of Mr Wu , which became one of his standard songs , and part of a long @-@ running series of songs about the character . Over the course of his career Formby went on to record over 200 songs , around 90 of which were written by Fred Cliffe and Harry Gifford . In the 1932 winter
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broadcast on the BBC from Aldwych tube station as Let the People Sing ; he sang four songs , and told the audience , " Don 't forget , it 's wonderful to be British ! " Towards the end of 1940 Formby tried to enlist for active military service , despite Beryl informing him that by being a member of ENSA he was already signed up . The examining board rejected him as being unfit , because he had sinusitis and arthritic toes . He spent the winter season in pantomime at the Opera House Theatre , Blackpool , portraying Idle Jack in Dick Whittington . When the season came to an end the Formbys moved to London and , in May 1941 , performed for the royal family at Windsor Castle . He had commissioned a new set of inoffensive lyrics for " When I 'm Cleaning Windows " , but was informed that he should sing the original , uncensored version , which was enjoyed by the royal party , particularly Queen Mary , who asked for a repeat of the song . King George VI presented Formby with a set of gold cuff links , and advised him to " wear them , not put them away " .
With the ATP contract at an end , Formby decided not to renew or push for an extension . Robert Murphy , in his study of wartime British cinema , points out that Balcon , Formby 's producer at the time , " seems to have made little effort to persuade him not to transfer his allegiance " , despite the box office success enjoyed by Let George Do It and Spare a Copper . Numerous offers came in , and Formby selected the American company Columbia Pictures , in a deal worth in excess of £ 500 @,@ 000 to make a minimum of six films — seven were eventually made . Formby set up his own company , Hillcrest Productions , to distribute the films , and had the final decision on the choice of director , scriptwriter and theme , while Columbia would have the choice of leading lady . Part of Formby 's reasoning behind the decision was a desire for parts with more character , something that would not have happened at ATP .
At the end of August 1941 production began on Formby 's first film for Columbia , South American George , which took six weeks to complete . Formby 's move to an American company was controversial , and although his popular appeal seemed unaffected , his " films were treated with increasing critical hostility " , according to John Mundy in his 2007 examination of British musical film . The reviewer for The Times wrote that the story was " confused " and considered that " there is not sufficient comic invention in the telling " of it . Murphy writes that the criticism " had more to do with the inadequate vehicles which he subsequently appeared in than in any diminution of his personal popularity . "
In early 1942 Formby undertook a three @-@ week , 72 @-@ show tour of Northern Ireland , largely playing to troops but also undertaking fund @-@ raising shows for charity — one at the Belfast Hippodrome raised £ 500 . He described his time in Ulster as " the pleasantest tour I 've ever undertaken " . He returned to the mainland by way of the Isle of Man , where he entertained the troops guarding the internment camps . After further charity shows — raising £ 8 @,@ 000 for a tank fund — Formby was the associate producer for the Vera Lynn film We 'll Meet Again ( 1943 ) . In March he also filmed Much Too Shy which was released in October that year . Although the film was poorly received by the critics , the public still attended in large numbers , and the film was profitable .
In the summer of 1942 Formby was involved in a controversy with the Lord 's Day Observance Society , who had filed law suits against the BBC for playing secular music on Sunday . The society began a campaign against the entertainment industry , claiming all theatrical activity on a Sunday were unethical , and cited a 1667 law which made it illegal . With 60 leading entertainers already avoiding Sunday working , Dean informed Formby that his stance would be crucial in avoiding a spread of the problem . Formby issued a statement , " I 'll hang up my uke on Sundays only when our lads stop fighting and getting killed on Sundays ... as far as the Lord 's Day Observance Society are concerned , they can mind their own bloody business . And in any case , what have they done for the war effort except get on everyone 's nerves ? " The following day it was announced that the pressure from the society was to be lifted .
At the end of the year Formby started filming Get Cracking , a story about the Home Guard , which was completed in under a month , the tight schedule brought about by an impending ENSA tour of the Mediterranean . Between the end of filming Get Cracking and the release of the film in May 1943 , Formby undertook a tour of Northern Scotland and the Orkney Islands , and had nearly completed shooting on his next film , Bell @-@ Bottom George . The reviewer for The Times opined that " Get Cracking , although a distinct improvement on other films in which Mr Formby has appeared , is cut too closely to fit the demands of an individual technique to achieve any real life of its own " .
Bell @-@ Bottom George was described 60 years later by the academic Baz Kershaw as being " unashamedly gay and ... peppered with homoerotic scenes " ; Bret concurs , and notes that " the majority of the cast and almost every one of the male extras was unashamedly gay " , The film was a hit with what Bret describes as Formby 's " surprisingly large , closeted gay following " . The reviewer for The Manchester Guardian was impressed with the film , and wrote that " there is a new neatness of execution and lightness of touch about this production ... while George himself can no longer be accused of trailing clouds of vaudevillian glory " . The reviewer also considered Formby " our first authentic and strictly indigenous film comedian " . After completing filming , the Formbys undertook a further ENSA tour . Although Dean personally disliked the Formbys , he greatly admired the tireless work they did for the organisation . In August Formby undertook a 53 @-@ day tour in a significant portion of the Mediterranean , including Italy , Sicily , Malta , Gibraltar , Libya , Tunisia , Egypt , Lebanon and Palestine ; visiting 750 @,@ 000 troops in thirteen countries , touring 25 @,@ 000 miles ( 40 @,@ 000 km ) in the process and returning to England in October . The couple travelled around the countryside in a Ford Mercury that Formby had purchased from the racing driver Sir Malcolm Campbell , which had been converted to sleep two in the back .
In January 1944 Formby described his experiences touring for ENSA in Europe and the Middle East in a BBC radio broadcast . He said that the troops " were worrying quite a lot about you folks at home , but we soon put them right about that . We told them that after four and a half years , Britain was still the best country to live in " . Shortly after he began filming He Snoops to Conquer — his fifth picture for Columbia — he was visited on set by the Dance Music Policy Committee ( DMPC ) , an organisation responsible for vetting music for broadcast , which had also been given responsibility for checking if music was sympathetic towards the enemy during the war . The DMPC interviewed Formby about three songs that had been included in Bell @-@ Bottom George : " Swim Little Fish " , " If I Had a Girl Like You " and " Bell @-@ Bottom George " . Formby was summoned to the BBC 's offices to perform his three songs in front of the committee , with his song checked against the available sheet music . A week later , on 1 February , the committee met and decided the songs were innocuous , although Formby was told that he would have to get further clearance if the lyrics were changed . Bret opines that he had been the victim of a plot by a member of the Variety Artists ' Federation , following Formby 's scathing comments on entertainers who were too scared to leave London to entertain the troops . The comments , which appeared in the forces magazine Union Jack , were then widely reported in the press in Britain . The Variety Artists ' Federation demanded that Formby release names , and threatened him with action if he did not do so , but he refused to give in to their pressure .
Formby went to Normandy in July 1944 in the vanguard of a wave of ENSA performers . He and Beryl travelled over on a rough crossing to Arromanches giving a series of impromptu concerts to troops in improvised conditions , including on the backs of farm carts and army lorries , or in bomb @-@ cratered fields . In one location the German front line was too close for him to perform , so he crawled into the trenches and told jokes with the troops there . He then boarded HMS Ambitious for his first scheduled concert before returning to France to continue his tour . During dinner with General Bernard Montgomery , whom he had met in North Africa , Formby was invited to visit the glider crews of 6th Airborne Division , who had been holding a series of bridges without relief for 56 days . He did so on 17 August in a one @-@ day visit to the front line bridges , where he gave nine shows , all standing beside a sandbag wall , ready to jump into a slit trench in case of problems ; much of the time his audience were in foxholes . After the four @-@ week tour of France , Formby returned home to start work on I Didn 't Do It ( released in 1945 ) , although he continued to work on ENSA concerts and tours in Britain . Between January and March 1945 , shortly after the release of He Snoops to Conquer , he left on an ENSA tour that took in Burma , India and Ceylon ( the latter is now Sri Lanka ) . The concerts in the Far East were his last for ENSA , and by the end of the war it was estimated that he had performed in front of three million service personnel .
= = = Post @-@ war career : 1946 – 52 = = =
In 1946 " With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock " , which Formby had recorded in 1937 , began to cause problems at the BBC for broadcasts of Formby or his music . The producer of one of Formby 's live television programmes received a letter from a BBC manager that stated " We have no record that " With My Little Stick of Blackpool Rock " is banned . We do however know and so does Formby , that certain lines in the lyric must not be broadcast " . Other sources , including the BBC , state that the song was banned from being broadcast . Between July and October 1946 Formby filmed George in Civvy Street , which would be his final film . The story concerns the rivalry between two pubs : the Unicorn , bequeathed to Formby 's character , and the Lion , which was owned by his childhood sweetheart — played by Rosalyn Boulter — but run by an unscrupulous manager . Richards considers the film to have " symbolic significance " ; at the end , with the marriage between the two pub owners , Formby " bowed out of films unifying the nation mythically , communally and matrimonially " .
The film was less successful at the box office than his previous works , as audience tastes had changed in the post @-@ war world . Fisher opines that because of his tireless war work , Formby had become too synonymous with the war , causing the public to turn away from him , much as they had from the wartime British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill . Bret believes that post @-@ war audiences wanted intrigue , suspense and romance , through the films of James Mason , Stewart Granger , David Niven and Laurence Olivier . Bret also indicates that Formby 's cinematic decline was shared by similar performers , including Gracie Fields , Tommy Trinder and Will Hay . Formby 's biographers , Alan Randall and Ray Seaton , opine that in his late 40s , Formby " was greying and thickening out " , and was too old to play the innocent young Lancashire lad . The slump in his screen popularity hit Formby hard , and he became depressed . In early 1946 Beryl checked him into a psychiatric hospital under her maiden name , Ingham . He came out after five weeks , in time for a tour of Scandinavia in May .
On his return from Scandinavia Formby went into pantomime in Blackpool ; while there , he learned of his appointment as Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1946 King 's Birthday Honours . Although delighted , he was upset that Beryl went without official recognition , and said " if somethin ' was comin ' our way , ah 'd like it to be somethin ' Beryl could have shared " . Later that year the Formbys toured South Africa shortly before formal racial apartheid was introduced . While there they refused to play racially @-@ segregated venues . When Formby was cheered by a black audience after embracing a small black girl who had presented his wife with a box of chocolates , National Party leader Daniel François Malan ( who later introduced apartheid ) phoned to complain . Beryl replied " Why don 't you piss off , you horrible little man ? "
Formby returned to Britain at Christmas and appeared in Dick Whittington at the Grand Theatre , Leeds for nine weeks , and then , in February 1947 , he appeared in variety for two weeks at the London Palladium . Reviewing the show , The Times thought Formby was " more than ever the mechanized perfection of naive jollity . His smile , though fixed , is winning , and his songs ... are catchy " . In September that year he went on a 12 @-@ week tour of Australia and New Zealand . On his return he was offered more film roles , but turned them down , saying " when I look back on some of the films I 've done in the past it makes me want to cringe . I 'm afraid the days of being a clown are gone . From now on I 'm only going to do variety " . He began suffering increasing health problems including a gastric ulcer , and was treated for breathing problems from his heavy smoking . He finished the year in pantomime , appearing as Buttons in Cinderella at the Liverpool Empire Theatre , with Beryl playing Dandini .
In September 1949 Formby went on a 19 city coast @-@ to @-@ coast Canadian tour , from which he returned unwell . While subsequently appearing in Cinderella in Leeds , he collapsed in his dressing room . The attending doctor administered morphine , to which Formby briefly became addicted . Further poor health plagued him into 1950 , with a bout of dysentery , followed by appendicitis , after which he recuperated in Norfolk , before giving another royal command performance that April . He undertook two further international tours that year : one to Scandinavia , and a second to Canada . His earnings of Ca $ 200 @,@ 000 were heavily taxed : Canadian taxes took up $ 68 @,@ 000 , and UK taxes took 90 % of the balance . Formby complained to reporters about the level of taxation , saying " That 's it . So long as the government keeps bleeding me dry , I shan 't be in much of a hurry to work again ! " ; he and Beryl spent the rest of the year resting in Norfolk , in temporary retirement .
Formby was tempted back to work by the theatrical impresario Emile Littler , who offered him the lead role of Percy Piggott in Zip Goes a Million , a play based on the 1902 novel Brewster 's Millions by G. B. McCutcheon ; Formby was offered £ 1 @,@ 500 , plus a share of the box @-@ office takings . The show premiered at the Coventry Hippodrome in September 1951 before opening at the Palace Theatre , London on 20 October . The Times commented unfavourably , saying that although the audience were appreciative of the play , they " could not conceivably have detected a spark of wit in either the lyrics or the dialogue " ; the paper was equally dismissive of Formby , writing that " he has a deft way with a song or a banjo , but little or no finesse in his handling of a comic situation " .
A month after the play opened in London , Formby was the guest star on Desert Island Discs , where one of his choices was his father 's " Standing on the Corner of the Street " . In early 1952 Formby 's health began to decline and , on 28 April , he decided to withdraw from Zip Goes a Million . On the way to the theatre to inform Littler , Formby suffered a heart attack , although it took the doctors five days to diagnose the coronary and admit him to hospital . He was treated for both the attack , and his morphine addiction . He stayed in hospital for nine weeks before returning home to Lytham St Annes , Lancashire , where he announced his retirement .
= = = Health problems and intermittent work : 1952 – 60 = = =
During his recuperation Formby contracted gastroenteritis and had a suspected blood clot on his lung , after which he underwent an operation to clear a fishbone that was stuck in his throat . He had recovered sufficiently by April 1953 to undertake a 17 @-@ show tour of Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) , before a special appearance at the Southport Garrick Theatre . That September he turned on the Blackpool Illuminations .
From October to December 1953 Formby appeared at the London Palladium in 138 performances of the revue Fun and the Fair , with Terry @-@ Thomas and the Billy Cotton band ; Formby appeared in the penultimate act of the evening , with Terry @-@ Thomas closing the show . Although Formby 's act was well @-@ received , the show was not as successful as had been hoped , and Terry @-@ Thomas later wrote that " Formby put the audience in a certain mood which made them non @-@ receptive to whoever followed ... Even though my act was the star spot , I felt on this occasion that my being there was an anti @-@ climax " . He requested that the order be changed to have Formby close the show , but this was turned down . Formby suffered from stage fright during the show 's run — the first time he had suffered from the condition since his earliest days on stage — and his bouts of depression returned , along with stomach problems .
Formby took a break from work until mid @-@ 1954 , when he starred in the revue Turned Out Nice Again , in Blackpool . Although the show was initially scheduled to run for 13 weeks , it was cut short after six when Formby suffered again from dysentery and depression . He again announced his retirement , but continued to work . After some television appearances on Ask Pickles and Top of the Town , in late 1954 and early 1955 respectively , Formby travelled to South Africa for a tour , where Beryl negotiated an agreement with the South African premier Johannes Strijdom to play in venues of Formby 's choice , and then sailed to Canada for a ten @-@ day series of performances . On the return voyage he contracted bronchial pneumonia , but still joined the cast of the non @-@ musical play Too Young to Marry on his arrival in Britain .
In August 1955 Beryl felt unwell and went for tests : she was diagnosed with cancer of the uterus and was given two years to live . The couple reacted to the news in different ways , and while Beryl began to drink heavily — up to a bottle of whisky a day to dull the pain — George began to work harder , and began a close friendship with a school teacher , Pat Howson .
Too Young to Marry toured between September 1955 and November 1956 , but still allowed Formby time to appear in the Christmas pantomime Babes in the Wood at the Liverpool Empire Theatre . The touring production was well received everywhere except in Scotland , where Formby 's attempted Scottish accent is thought to have put people off . For Christmas 1956 he appeared in his first London pantomime , playing Idle Jack in Dick Whittington and His Cat at the Palace Theatre , although he withdrew from the run in early February after suffering from laryngitis . According to Bret , Formby spent the remainder of 1957 " doing virtually nothing " , although he appeared in two television programmes , Val Parnell 's Saturday Spectacular in July and Top of the Bill in October .
From March 1958 Formby appeared in the musical comedy Beside the Seaside , a Holiday Romp in Hull , Blackpool , Birmingham and Brighton . By the time it reached Brighton the play was playing to increasingly small audiences , and the run was cut short as a result . The play may not have been to southern audiences ' tastes — the plot centres on a northern family 's holiday in Blackpool — and the Brighton audiences may have been too small , but those in the north , particularly Blackpool , thought highly of it and the show was a nightly sell @-@ out . When the show closed Formby was disappointed , and vowed never to appear in another stage musical . The year 1958 was professionally quiet for him ; in addition to Beside the Seaside , he also worked in one @-@ off appearances in three television shows . He began 1959 by appearing in Val Parnell 's Spectacular : The Atlantic Showboat in January , and in April hosted his own show , Steppin ' Out With Formby . During the summer season he appeared at the Windmill Theatre , Great Yarmouth , although he missed two weeks of performances when he was involved in a car crash on the August Bank Holiday . When doctors examined him , they were concerned with his overall health , partly as a result of his forty cigarettes @-@ a @-@ day smoking habit . He also had high blood pressure , was overweight and had heart problems .
Formby 's final year of work was 1960 . That May he recorded his last session of songs , " Happy Go Lucky Me " and " Banjo Boy " , the latter of which peaked at number 40 in the UK Singles Chart . He then spent the summer season at the Queen 's Theatre in Blackpool in The Time of Your Life — a performance which was also broadcast by the BBC . One of the acts in the show was the singer Yana , with whom Formby had an affair , made easier because of Beryl 's absence from the theatre through illness . His final televised performance , a 35 @-@ minute BBC programme , The Friday Show : George Formby , was aired on 16 December . Bret considers the programme to be Formby 's " greatest performance — it was certainly his most sincere " , although reviewing for The Guardian , Mary Crozier thought it " too slow " . She went on to say " George Formby is really a music @-@ hall star , and it needs the warmth and sociability of the theatre to bring out his full appeal " . Beryl 's illness was worsening . Worn down by the strain , and feeling the need to escape , Formby took the part of Mr Wu in Aladdin in Bristol , having turned down a more lucrative part in Blackpool .
= = = Final months : a new romance , death and family dispute = = =
Two hours before the premiere of Aladdin — on Christmas Eve — Formby received a phone call from Beryl 's doctor , saying that she was in a coma and was not expected to survive the night ; Formby went through with the performance , and was told early the next morning that Beryl had died . Her cremation took place on 27 December , and an hour after the service Formby returned to Bristol to appear in that day 's matinee performance of Aladdin . He continued in the show until 14 January when a cold forced him to rest , on doctors ' advice . He returned to Lytham St Annes and communicated with Pat Howson ; she contacted his doctor and Formby was instructed to go to hospital , where he remained for the next two weeks .
On Valentine 's Day 1961 , seven weeks after Beryl 's death , Formby and Howson announced their engagement . Eight days later he suffered a further heart attack which was so severe that he was given the last rites of the Catholic Church on his arrival at hospital . He was revived and , from his hospital bed , he and Howson planned their wedding , which was due to take place in May . He was still there when , on 6 March , he had a further heart attack and died at the age of 56 . The obituarist for The Times wrote that " he was the amateur of the old smoking concert platform turned into a music @-@ hall professional of genius " , while Donald Zec , writing in The Daily Mirror , called him " as great an entertainer as any of the giants of the music @-@ hall " . The Guardian considered that " with his ukulele , his songs , and his grinning patter , the sum was greater than any of those parts : a Lancashire character " , while in the eyes of the public , Formby 's " passing was genuinely and widely mourned " .
Formby was buried alongside his father in Warrington Cemetery with over 150 @,@ 000 mourners lining the route . The undertaker was Bruce Williams who , as Eddie Latta , had written songs for Formby . An hour after the ceremony the family read the will , which had been drawn up two weeks previously . Harry Scott — Formby 's valet and factotum — was to receive £ 5 @,@ 000 , while the rest was to go to Howson ; at probate Formby 's estate was valued at £ 135 @,@ 000 . Formby 's mother and siblings were angered by the will , and contested it . In the words of Bret " mourning ... [ Formby ] was marred by a greedy family squabbling over his not inconsiderable fortune " .
Because the will was contested , Formby 's solicitor insisted that a public auction was held for the contents of Formby 's house , which took place over three days in June . Howson offered to honour an earlier will by providing £ 5 @,@ 000 for Eliza and £ 2 @,@ 000 each for Formby 's sisters , but the offer was rejected , and the matter went to the High Court in London . The case was heard in May 1963 before Mr Justice Ormrod . At the end , Eliza was granted £ 5 @,@ 000 , and the sisters received £ 2 @,@ 000 each . Formby 's solicitor , John Crowther , acted for Howson , and explained that the bequest to Formby 's sisters from the older will was made " with reluctance " by Formby , who had described his family as " a set of scroungers " . The family appealed the decision and the matter lasted until September 1965 , when it was finally dismissed in Howson 's favour .
= = Screen persona and technique = =
Richards considers that Formby " had been able to embody simultaneously Lancashire , the working classes , the people , and the nation " ; Geoff King , in his examination of film comedy , also sees Formby as an icon , and writes that " [ Gracie ] Fields and Formby gained the status of national as well as regional figures , without sacrificing their distinctive regional personality traits " . While the national aspect was important for success outside the north , " the Lancashire accent remained to enhance his homely comic appeal " . The media historian Brian McFarlane writes that , on film , Formby portrayed " essentially gormless incompetents , aspiring to various kinds of professional success ... and even more improbably to a middle @-@ class girlfriend , usually in the clutches of some caddish type with a moustache . Invariably he scored on both counts " .
On an edition of ITV 's The South Bank Show in November 1992 , Richards commented that Formby " embodied qualities that people admired and found reassuring in the depression ... and you thought that here 's a man whom whatever is thrown at him , will come through and come out smiling — and people wanted that " . H.J. Igoe , writing in The Catholic Herald , thinks that " Formby has a common English touch . We warm to the kindly turnip face , the revolving eyes , the mouth like a slashed coconut , the silly little songs ... the melodiously tinny voice and twanging banjo . The comedian is the universal works — platoon and bar @-@ room simpleton — mother 's boy — the beloved henpeck — the father who cannot hang a picture and underlying his everyday folly there is the sublime wisdom of the ordinary fool who loves and trusts the world . His comedy is earthy , but never lascivious " .
Richards identifies in Formby " an innocence that was essentially childlike ... which explains why George was as popular with children as he was with adults " ; Igoe agrees , and writes that " we know he loves children , because himself he is a child " . Formby 's screen and stage persona of innocence and simplicity was not seen as ignorance or stupidity , although Basil Dean disagreed and thought that Formby " didn 't act gormless as many successful Lancashire comedians have done , he was gormless " . Much of the innocence in Formby 's performance is connected to sex , and the use of double entendres within his songs . John Caughie and Kevin Rockett , in their examination of British film , and Richards , see a connection between Formby 's approach to sex and the saucy seaside postcards of Donald McGill . Richards sees the function of Formby 's humour as being the same as McGill 's : " the harmless diffusion of a major source of tension in a deeply repressed and conventional society " . Formby 's delivery of the sexual content — what McFarlane identifies as being " sung with such a toothy grin and air of innocence " — negated any possible indignation , and this contrasts with the more overtly sexual delivery of other performers of the time , such as Max Miller and Frank Randle .
The ukulele expert Steven Sproat considers that Formby " was incredible ... There hasn 't really been a uke player since Formby — or even before Formby — who played quite like him " . Much of Formby 's virtuosity came from his right @-@ hand technique , the split stroke , and he developed his own fast and complicated syncopated musical style with a very fast right @-@ hand strum . Joe Cooper , writing in New Society , considered that " Nobody has ever reproduced the casual devastating right hand syncopation , which so delicately synchronised with deft left hand chord fingering " .
= = Legacy = =
Formby 's screen persona influenced Norman Wisdom in the 1950s and Charlie Drake in the following decade , although both these performers used pathos , which Formby avoided .
Shortly after Formby 's death a small group of fans formed the George Formby Society , which had its inaugural meeting at the Imperial Hotel Blackpool . George Harrison was a fan of Formby , a member of the Society and an advocate of the ukulele . The rest of the Beatles were also fans — they improvised with ukuleles during the recording breaks on Let It Be — and Formby 's influence can be heard in the song " Her Majesty " . The Beatles ' penultimate song , " Free as a Bird " , ends with a slight coda including a strummed ukulele by Harrison and the voice of John Lennon played backwards , saying " Turned out nice again " .
As of 2014 there are two public statues of Formby . The first , by the Manx artist Amanda Barton , is in Douglas , Isle of Man , and shows him leaning on a lamp @-@ post and dressed in the motorcycle leathers of a TT racer . Barton was also commissioned to provide a second statue for the Lancashire town of Wigan , which was unveiled in September 2007 in the town 's Grand Arcade shopping centre .
Formby has been the subject of five biographies as of 2014 . In the late 1960s Harry Scott published his reminiscences of Formby , The Fabulous Formby , in 14 issues of The Vellum , the magazine of the George Formby Society ; John Fisher published George Formby in 1975 before Alan Randall and Ray Seaton published their book in 1974 and David Bret produced George Formby : A Troubled Genius in 1999 . The last of the five to be published was by Sue Smart and Richard Bothway Howard in 2011 , It 's Turned Out Nice Again ! . There have also been two documentaries on British television , an edition of The South Bank Show in 1992 , and Frank Skinner on George Formby in 2011 .
In 2004 Formby was inducted into the Ukulele Hall of Fame , a non @-@ profit organisation for the preservation of ukulele history . His citation reads , in part : " He won such love and respect for his charismatic stage presence , technical skill and playful lyrics that he remains popular forty years after his death . " In June 2012 a Blackpool Boat Car tram , number 604 , was repainted and returned to service with sponsorship from the George Formby Society . The tram was named " George Formby OBE " and images of him are affixed within the trolley .
= Douglas MacArthur =
" General MacArthur " and " Douglas McArthur " redirect here . For the Canadian politician , see Douglas Francis McArthur . For the diplomat , see Douglas MacArthur II . For other uses , see General MacArthur ( disambiguation ) .
Douglas MacArthur ( 26 January 1880 – 5 April 1964 ) was an American five @-@ star general and field marshal of the Philippine Army . He was Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II . He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign , which made him and his father Arthur MacArthur , Jr . , the first father and son to be awarded the medal . He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the US Army , and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army .
Raised in a military family in the American Old West , MacArthur was valedictorian at the West Texas Military Academy , and First Captain at the United States Military Academy at West Point , where he graduated top of the class of 1903 . During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz , he conducted a reconnaissance mission , for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor . In 1917 , he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd ( Rainbow ) Division . In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I , he rose to the rank of brigadier general , was again nominated for a Medal of Honor , and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross twice and the Silver Star seven times .
From 1919 to 1922 , MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , where he attempted a series of reforms . His next assignment was in the Philippines , where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny . In 1925 , he became the Army 's youngest major general . He served on the court martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the American Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . In 1930 , he became Chief of Staff of the United States Army . As such , he was involved in the expulsion of the Bonus Army protesters from Washington , D.C. in 1932 , and the establishment and organization of the Civilian Conservation Corps . He retired from the US Army in 1937 to become Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines .
MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of United States Army Forces in the Far East . A series of disasters followed , starting with the destruction of his air forces on 8 December 1941 , and the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese . MacArthur 's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan , where they held out until May 1942 . In March 1942 , MacArthur , his family and his staff left nearby Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia , where MacArthur became Supreme Commander , Southwest Pacific Area . For his defense of the Philippines , MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor . After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific , he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines . He officially accepted Japan 's surrender on 2 September 1945 , aboard the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay , and oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951 . As the effective ruler of Japan , he oversaw sweeping economic , political and social changes . He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War until he was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman on 11 April 1951 . He later became Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand .
= = Early life and education = =
A military brat , Douglas MacArthur was born 26 January 1880 , at the Arsenal Barracks in Little Rock , Arkansas , to Arthur MacArthur , Jr . , a U.S. Army captain , and his wife , Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur ( nicknamed " Pinky " ) . Arthur , Jr. was the son of jurist and politician Arthur MacArthur , Sr. , Arthur would later receive the Medal of Honor for his actions with the Union Army in the Battle of Missionary Ridge during the American Civil War , and be promoted to the rank of lieutenant general . Pinkney came from a prominent Norfolk , Virginia , family . Two of her brothers had fought for the South in the Civil War , and refused to attend her wedding . Arthur and Pinky had three sons , of whom Douglas was the youngest , following Arthur III , born on 1 August 1876 , and Malcolm , born on 17 October 1878 . The family lived on a succession of Army posts in the American Old West . Conditions were primitive , and Malcolm died of measles in 1883 . In his memoir , Reminiscences , MacArthur wrote " I learned to ride and shoot even before I could read or write — indeed , almost before I could walk and talk . "
This time on the frontier ended in July 1889 when the family moved to Washington , D.C. , where Douglas attended the Force Public School . His father was posted to San Antonio , Texas , in September 1893 . While there MacArthur attended the West Texas Military Academy , where he was awarded the gold medal for " scholarship and deportment " . He also participated on the school tennis team , and played quarterback on the school football team and shortstop on its baseball team . He was named valedictorian , with a final year average of 97 @.@ 33 out of 100 . MacArthur 's father and grandfather unsuccessfully sought to secure Douglas a presidential appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point , first from President Grover Cleveland and then from President William McKinley . After these two rejections , he passed an examination for an appointment from Congressman Theobald Otjen , scoring 93 @.@ 3 on the test . He later wrote : " It was a lesson I never forgot . Preparedness is the key to success and victory . "
MacArthur entered West Point on 13 June 1899 , and his mother also moved there to a suite at Craney 's Hotel , overlooking the grounds of the Academy . Hazing was widespread at West Point at this time , and MacArthur and his classmate Ulysses S. Grant III were singled out for special attention by southern cadets as sons of generals with mothers living at Craney 's . When Cadet Oscar Booz left West Point after being hazed and subsequently died of tuberculosis , there was a congressional inquiry . MacArthur was called to appear before a special Congressional committee in 1901 , where he testified against cadets implicated in hazing , but downplayed his own hazing even though the other cadets gave the full story to the committee . Congress subsequently outlawed acts " of a harassing , tyrannical , abusive , shameful , insulting or humiliating nature " , although hazing continued . MacArthur was a corporal in Company B in his second year , a first sergeant in Company A in his third year and First Captain in his final year . He played left field for the baseball team , and academically earned 2424 @.@ 12 merits out of a possible 2470 @.@ 00 or 98 @.@ 14 , the third highest score ever recorded , graduating first in his 93 @-@ man class on 11 June 1903 . At the time it was customary for the top @-@ ranking cadets to be commissioned into the United States Army Corps of Engineers , so MacArthur was commissioned as a second lieutenant in that corps .
= = Junior officer = =
MacArthur spent his graduation furlough with his parents at Fort Mason , California , where his father , now a major general , was serving as commander of the Department of the Pacific . Afterward , he joined the 3rd Engineer Battalion , which departed for the Philippines in October 1903 . MacArthur was sent to Iloilo , where he supervised the construction of a wharf at Camp Jossman . He went on to conduct surveys at Tacloban City , Calbayog City and Cebu City . In November 1903 , while working on Guimaras , he was ambushed by a pair of Filipino brigands or guerrillas ; he shot and killed both with his pistol . He was promoted to first lieutenant in Manila in April 1904 . In October 1904 , his tour of duty was cut short when he contracted malaria and dhobi itch during a survey on Bataan . He returned to San Francisco , where he was assigned to the California Debris Commission . In July 1905 , he became chief engineer of the Division of the Pacific .
In October 1905 , MacArthur received orders to proceed to Tokyo for appointment as aide @-@ de @-@ camp to his father . A man who knew the MacArthurs at this time wrote that : " Arthur MacArthur was the most flamboyantly egotistical man I had ever seen , until I met his son . " They inspected Japanese military bases at Nagasaki , Kobe and Kyoto , then headed to India via Shanghai , Hong Kong , Java and Singapore , reaching Calcutta in January 1906 . In India , they visited Madras , Tuticorin , Quetta , Karachi , the Northwest Frontier and the Khyber Pass . They then sailed to China via Bangkok and Saigon , and toured Canton , Tsingtao , Peking , Tientsin , Hankow and Shanghai before returning to Japan in June . The next month they returned to the United States , where Arthur MacArthur resumed his duties at Fort Mason , still with Douglas as his aide . In September , Douglas received orders to report to the 2nd Engineer Battalion at the Washington Barracks and enroll in the Engineer School . While there he also served as " an aide to assist at White House functions " at the request of President Theodore Roosevelt .
In August 1907 , MacArthur was sent to the engineer district office in Milwaukee , where his parents were living . In April 1908 , he was posted to Fort Leavenworth , where he was given his first command , Company K , 3rd Engineer Battalion . He became battalion adjutant in 1909 and then engineer officer at Fort Leavenworth in 1910 . MacArthur was promoted to captain in February 1911 and was appointed as head of the Military Engineering Department and the Field Engineer School . He participated in exercises at San Antonio , Texas , with the Maneuver Division in 1911 and served in Panama on detached duty in January and February 1912 . The sudden death of their father on 5 September 1912 brought Douglas and his brother Arthur back to Milwaukee to care for their mother , whose health had deteriorated . MacArthur requested a transfer to Washington , D.C. so his mother could be near Johns Hopkins Hospital . Army Chief of Staff , Major General Leonard Wood , took up the matter with Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , who arranged for MacArthur to be posted to the Office of the Chief of Staff in 1912 .
= = Veracruz expedition = =
On 21 April 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered the occupation of Veracruz . MacArthur joined the headquarters staff that was sent to the area , arriving on 1 May 1914 . He realized that the logistic support of an advance from Veracruz would require the use of the railroad . Finding plenty of railroad cars in Veracruz but no locomotives , MacArthur set out to verify a report that there were a number of locomotives in Alvarado , Veracruz . For $ 150 in gold , he acquired a handcar and the services of three Mexicans , whom he disarmed . MacArthur and his party located five engines in Alvarado , two of which were only switchers , but the other three locomotives were exactly what was required . On the way back to Veracruz , his party was set upon by five armed men . The party made a run for it and outdistanced all but two of the armed men , whom MacArthur shot . Soon after , they were attacked by a group of about fifteen horsemen . MacArthur took three bullet holes in his clothes but was unharmed . One of his companions was lightly wounded before the horsemen finally decided to retire after MacArthur shot four of them . Further on , the party was attacked a third time by three mounted men . MacArthur received another bullet hole in his shirt , but his men , using their handcar , managed to outrun all but one of their attackers . MacArthur shot both that man and his horse , and the party had to remove the horse 's carcass from the track before proceeding .
A fellow officer wrote to Wood recommending that MacArthur 's name be put forward for the Medal of Honor . Wood did so , and Chief of Staff Hugh L. Scott convened a board to consider the award . The board questioned " the advisability of this enterprise having been undertaken without the knowledge of the commanding general on the ground " . This was Brigadier General Frederick Funston , a Medal of Honor recipient himself , who considered awarding the medal to MacArthur " entirely appropriate and justifiable . " However the board feared that " to bestow the award recommended might encourage any other staff officer , under similar conditions , to ignore the local commander , possibly interfering with the latter 's plans " ; consequently , MacArthur received no award at all .
= = World War I = =
= = = Rainbow Division = = =
MacArthur returned to the War Department , where he was promoted to major on 11 December 1915 . In June 1916 , he was assigned as head of the Bureau of Information at the office of the Secretary of War , Newton D. Baker . MacArthur has since been regarded as the Army 's first press officer . Following the declaration of war on Germany on 6 April 1917 , Baker and MacArthur secured an agreement from President Wilson for the use of the National Guard on the Western Front . MacArthur suggested sending first a division organized from units of different states , so as to avoid the appearance of favoritism toward any particular state . Baker approved the creation of this formation , which became the 42nd ( " Rainbow " ) Division , and appointed Major General William A. Mann , the head of the National Guard Bureau , as its commander ; MacArthur was its chief of staff , with the rank of colonel . At MacArthur 's request , this commission was in the infantry rather than the engineers .
The 42nd Division was assembled in August and September 1917 at Camp Mills , New York , where its training emphasized open @-@ field combat rather than trench warfare . It sailed in a convoy from Hoboken , New Jersey , for France on 18 October 1917 . On 19 December , Mann was replaced as division commander by Major General Charles T. Menoher .
= = = Champagne @-@ Marne Offensive = = =
The 42nd Division entered the line in the quiet Lunéville sector in February 1918 . On 26 February , MacArthur and Captain Thomas T. Handy accompanied a French trench raid in which MacArthur assisted in the capture of a number of German prisoners . The commander of the French VII Corps , Major General Georges de Bazelaire , decorated MacArthur with the Croix de guerre . Menoher recommended MacArthur for a Silver Star , which he later received . The Silver Star Medal was not instituted until 8 August 1932 , but small Silver Citation Stars were authorized to be worn on the campaign ribbons of those cited in orders for gallantry , similar to the British mention in despatches . When the Silver Star Medal was instituted , it was retroactively awarded to those who had been awarded Silver Citation Stars . On 9 March , the 42nd Division launched three raids of its own on German trenches in the Salient du Feys . MacArthur accompanied a company of the 168th Infantry . This time , his leadership was rewarded with the Distinguished Service Cross . A few days later , MacArthur , who was strict about his men carrying their gas masks but often neglected to bring his own , was gassed . He recovered in time to show Secretary Baker around the area on 19 March .
MacArthur was promoted to brigadier general on 26 June . In late June , the 42nd Division was shifted to Châlons @-@ en @-@ Champagne to oppose the impending German Champagne @-@ Marne Offensive . Général d 'Armée Henri Gouraud of the French Fourth Army elected to meet the attack with a defense in depth , holding the front line area as thinly as possible and meeting the German attack on his second line of defense . His plan succeeded , and MacArthur was awarded a second Silver Star . The 42nd Division participated in the subsequent Allied counter @-@ offensive , and MacArthur was awarded a third Silver Star on 29 July . Two days later , Menoher relieved Brigadier General Robert A. Brown of the 84th Infantry Brigade of his command , and replaced him with MacArthur . Hearing reports that the enemy had withdrawn , MacArthur went forward on 2 August to see for himself . He later wrote :
It was 3 : 30 that morning when I started from our right at Sergy . Taking runners from each outpost liaison group to the next , moving by way of what had been No Man 's Land , I will never forget that trip . The dead were so thick in spots we tumbled over them . There must have been at least 2 @,@ 000 of those sprawled bodies . I identified the insignia of six of the best German divisions . The stench was suffocating . Not a tree was standing . The moans and cries of wounded men sounded everywhere . Sniper bullets sung like the buzzing of a hive of angry bees . An occasional shellburst always drew an angry oath from my guide . I counted almost a hundred disabled guns various size and several times that number of abandoned machine guns .
MacArthur reported back to Menoher and Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett that the Germans had indeed withdrawn , and was awarded a fourth Silver Star . He was also awarded a second Croix de guerre and made a commandeur of the Légion d 'honneur .
= = = Battle of Saint @-@ Mihiel and Meuse @-@ Argonne Offensive = = =
The 42nd Division earned a few weeks rest , returning to the line for the Battle of Saint @-@ Mihiel on 12 September 1918 . The Allied advance proceeded rapidly and MacArthur was awarded a fifth Silver Star for his leadership of the 84th Infantry Brigade . He received a sixth Silver Star for his participation in a raid on the night of 25 – 26 September . The 42nd Division was relieved on the night of 30 September and moved to the Argonne sector where it relieved the 1st Division on the night of 11 October . On a reconnaissance the next day , MacArthur was gassed again , earning a second Wound Chevron .
The 42nd Division 's participation in the Meuse @-@ Argonne Offensive began on 14 October when it attacked with both brigades . That evening , a conference was called to discuss the attack , during which Charles Pelot Summerall , commander of the First Infantry Division and V Corps , telephoned and demanded that Châtillon be taken by 18 : 00 the next evening . An aerial photograph had been obtained that showed a gap in the German barbed wire to the northeast of Châtillon . Lieutenant Colonel Walter E. Bare — the commander of the 167th Infantry — proposed an attack from that direction , where the defenses seemed least imposing , covered by a machine @-@ gun barrage . MacArthur adopted this plan . He was wounded , but not severely , while verifying the existence of the gap in the barbed wire .
Summerall nominated MacArthur for the Medal of Honor and promotion to major general , but he received neither . Instead he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Cross . The 42nd Division returned to the line for the last time on the night of 4 – 5 November 1918 . In the final advance on Sedan . MacArthur later wrote that this operation " narrowly missed being one of the great tragedies of American history . " An order to disregard unit boundaries led to units crossing into each other 's zones . In the resulting chaos , MacArthur was taken prisoner by men of the 1st Division , who mistook him for a German general . His performance in the attack on the Meuse heights led to his being awarded a seventh Silver Star . On 10 November , a day before the armistice that ended the fighting , MacArthur was appointed commander of the 42nd Division . For his service as chief of staff and commander of the 84th Infantry Brigade , he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal .
His period in command was brief , for on 22 November he , like other brigadier generals , was replaced , and returned to the 84th Infantry Brigade . The 42nd Division was chosen to participate in the occupation of the Rhineland , occupying the Ahrweiler district . In April 1919 , they entrained for Brest and Saint @-@ Nazaire , where they boarded ships to return to the United States . MacArthur traveled on the ocean liner SS Leviathan , which reached New York on 25 April 1919 .
= = Between the wars = =
= = = Superintendent of the United States Military Academy = = =
In 1919 , MacArthur became Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point , which Chief of Staff Peyton March felt had become out of date in many respects and was much in need of reform . Accepting the post allowed MacArthur to retain his rank of brigadier general , instead of being reduced to his substantive rank of major like many of his contemporaries . When MacArthur moved into the superintendent 's house with his mother in June 1919 , he became the youngest superintendent since Sylvanus Thayer in 1817 . However , whereas Thayer had faced opposition from outside the Army , MacArthur had to overcome resistance from graduates and the academic board . MacArthur 's vision of what was required of an officer came not just from his recent experience of combat in France but also from that of the occupation of the Rhineland in Germany . The military government of the Rhineland had required the Army to deal with political , economic and social problems but he had found that many West Point graduates had little or no knowledge of fields outside of the military sciences . During the war , West Point had been reduced to an officer candidate school , with five classes graduated in two years . Cadet and staff morale was low and hazing " at an all @-@ time peak of viciousness " . MacArthur 's first change turned out to be the easiest . Congress had set the length of the course at three years . MacArthur was able to get the four @-@ year course restored .
During the debate over the length of the course , The New York Times brought up the issue of the cloistered and undemocratic nature of student life at West Point . Also , starting with Harvard University in 1869 , civilian universities had begun grading students on academic performance alone , but West Point had retained the old " whole man " concept of education . MacArthur sought to modernize the system , expanding the concept of military character to include bearing , leadership , efficiency and athletic performance . He formalized the hitherto unwritten Cadet Honor Code in 1922 when he formed the Cadet Honor Committee to review alleged code violations . Elected by the cadets themselves , it had no authority to punish , but acted as a kind of grand jury , reporting offenses to the commandant . MacArthur attempted to end hazing by using officers rather than upperclassmen to train the plebes .
Instead of the traditional summer camp at Fort Clinton , MacArthur had the cadets trained to use modern weapons by regular army sergeants at Fort Dix ; they then marched back to West Point with full packs . He attempted to modernize the curriculum by adding liberal arts , government and economics courses , but encountered strong resistance from the Academic Board . In Military Art classes , the study of the campaigns of the American Civil War was replaced with the study of those of World War I. In History class , more emphasis was placed on the Far East . MacArthur expanded the sports program , increasing the number of intramural sports and requiring all cadets to participate . He allowed upper class cadets to leave the reservation , and sanctioned a cadet newspaper , The Brag , forerunner of today 's West Pointer . He also permitted cadets to travel to watch their football team play , and gave them an allowance of $ 5 @.@ 00 a month . Professors and alumni alike protested these radical moves . Most of MacArthur 's West Point reforms were soon discarded but , in the ensuing years , his ideas became accepted and his innovations were gradually restored .
= = = Army 's youngest major general = = =
MacArthur became romantically involved with socialite and multi @-@ millionaire heiress Louise Cromwell Brooks . They were married at her family 's villa in Palm Beach , Florida on 14 February 1922 . Rumors circulated that General Pershing , who had also courted Louise , had threatened to exile them to the Philippines if they were married . This was denied by Pershing as " all damn poppycock . " In October 1922 , MacArthur left West Point and sailed to the Philippines with Louise and her two children , Walter and Louise , to assume command of the Military District of Manila . MacArthur was fond of the children , and spent much of his free time with them . MacArthur 's marriage was not a happy one , and his wife was often made remarks at parties such as MacArthur was a general , but he was a " buck private in the boudoir " and that " Douglas doesn 't know what his penis is for except to pee with " . MacArthur was deeply humiliated by his wife 's behavior and her very public claims that he was unable to satisfy her sexually .
The revolts in the Philippines had been suppressed , the islands were peaceful now , and in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty , the garrison was being reduced . MacArthur 's friendships with Filipinos like Manuel Quezon offended some people . " The old idea of colonial exploitation " , he later conceded , " still had its vigorous supporters . " In February and March 1923 MacArthur returned to Washington to see his mother , who was ill from a heart ailment . She recovered , but it was the last time he saw his brother Arthur , who died suddenly from appendicitis in December 1923 . In June 1923 , MacArthur assumed command of the 23rd Infantry Brigade of the Philippine Division . On 7 July 1924 , he was informed that a mutiny had broken out amongst the Philippine Scouts over grievances concerning pay and allowances . Over 200 were arrested and there were fears of an insurrection . MacArthur was able to calm the situation , but his subsequent efforts to improve the salaries of Filipino troops were frustrated by financial stringency and racial prejudice . On 17 January 1925 , at the age of 44 , he was promoted , becoming the Army 's youngest major general .
Returning to the U.S. , MacArthur took command of the IV Corps Area , based at Fort McPherson
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in Atlanta , Georgia , on 2 May 1925 . However , he encountered southern prejudice because he was the son of a Union Army officer , and requested to be relieved . A few months later , he assumed command of the III Corps area , based at Fort McHenry in Baltimore , Maryland , which allowed MacArthur and Louise to move to her Rainbow Hill estate near Garrison , Maryland . However , this relocation also led to what he later described as " one of the most distasteful orders I ever received " : a direction to serve on the court martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell . MacArthur was the youngest of the thirteen judges , none of whom had aviation experience . Three of them , including Summerall , the president of the court , were removed when defense challenges revealed bias against Mitchell . Despite MacArthur 's claim that he had voted to acquit , Mitchell was found guilty as charged and convicted . MacArthur felt " that a senior officer should not be silenced for being at variance with his superiors in rank and with accepted doctrine . "
In 1927 , MacArthur and Louise separated , and she moved to New York City . In August that year , William C. Prout — the president of the American Olympic Committee — died suddenly and the committee elected MacArthur as their new president . His main task was to prepare the U.S. team for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam . MacArthur saw the team as representatives of the United States , and its task was to win medals . " We have not come 3 @,@ 000 miles , " he told them , " just to lose gracefully . " The Americans had a successful meet , earning 24 gold medals , and setting 17 Olympic records and seven world records . Upon returning to the U.S. , MacArthur received orders to assume command of the Philippine Department . In 1929 , while he was in Manila , Louise obtained a divorce , ostensibly on the grounds of " failure to provide " . In view of Louise 's great wealth , William Manchester described this legal fiction as " preposterous " .
= = = Chief of Staff = = =
By 1930 , MacArthur was still , at age 50 , the youngest of the U.S. Army 's major generals , and the best known . He left the Philippines on 19 September 1930 and for a brief time was in command of the IX Corps Area in San Francisco . On 21 November , he was sworn in as Chief of Staff of the United States Army , with the rank of general . While in Washington , he would ride home each day to have lunch with his mother . At his desk , he would wear a Japanese ceremonial kimono , cool himself with an oriental fan , and smoke cigarettes in a jeweled cigarette holder . In the evenings , he liked to read military history books . About this time , he began referring to himself as " MacArthur " . MacArthur had already hired a public relations staff to promote his image with the American public , and together with a set of ideas he was known to favor , namely ; a belief that America needed a strongman leader to deal with the possibility that Communists might lead all of the great masses of unemployed into a revolution , that America 's destiny was in the Asia @-@ Pacific region , and a strong hostility to the British Empire . One contemporary described MacArthur as the greatest actor to ever serve as a U.S Army general while another wrote that MacArthur had a court rather than a staff .
The onset of the Great Depression forced Congress to make cuts in the Army 's personnel and budget . Some 53 bases were closed , but MacArthur managed to prevent attempts to reduce the number of regular officers from 12 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 . MacArthur 's main programs included the development of new mobilization plans . He grouped the nine corps areas together under four armies , which were charged with responsibility for training and frontier defense . He also negotiated the MacArthur @-@ Pratt agreement with the Chief of Naval Operations , Admiral William V. Pratt . This was the first of a series of inter @-@ service agreements over the following decades that defined the responsibilities of the different services with respect to aviation . This agreement placed coastal air defense under the Army . In March 1935 , MacArthur activated a centralized air command , General Headquarters Air Force , under Major General Frank M. Andrews .
One of MacArthur 's most controversial acts came in 1932 , when the " Bonus Army " of veterans converged on Washington . He sent tents and camp equipment to the demonstrators , along with mobile kitchens , until an outburst in Congress caused the kitchens to be withdrawn . MacArthur was concerned that the demonstration had been taken over by communists and pacifists but the General Staff 's intelligence division reported that only three of the march 's 26 key leaders were communists . MacArthur went over contingency plans for civil disorder in the capital . Mechanized equipment was brought to Fort Myer , where anti @-@ riot training was conducted .
On 28 July 1932 , a clash between the District police and demonstrators resulted in two men being shot . President Hoover ordered MacArthur to " surround the affected area and clear it without delay . " MacArthur brought up troops and tanks and , against the advice of Major Dwight D. Eisenhower , decided to accompany the troops , although he was not in charge of the operation . The troops advanced with bayonets and sabers drawn under a shower of bricks and rocks , but no shots were fired . In less than four hours , they cleared the Bonus Army 's campground using tear gas . The gas canisters started a number of fires , causing the only death during the riots . While not as violent as other anti @-@ riot operations , it was nevertheless a public relations disaster . However , the defeat of the " Bonus Army " while unpopular with the American people at large , did make MacArthur into the hero of the more right @-@ wing elements in the Republican Party who believed that the general had saved America from a communist revolution in 1932 .
In 1934 , MacArthur sued journalists Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen for defamation after they described his treatment of the Bonus marchers as " unwarranted , unnecessary , insubordinate , harsh and brutal " . In turn , they threatened to call Isabel Rosario Cooper as a witness . MacArthur had met Isabel , a Eurasian woman , while in the Philippines , and she had become his mistress . MacArthur was forced to settle out of court , secretly paying Pearson $ 15 @,@ 000 .
President Hoover was defeated in the 1932 election by Franklin D. Roosevelt . MacArthur and Roosevelt had worked together before World War I and , despite political differences , remained friends . MacArthur supported the New Deal through the Army 's operation of the Civilian Conservation Corps . He ensured that detailed plans were drawn up for its employment and decentralized its administration to the corps areas , which became an important factor in the program 's success . MacArthur 's support for a strong military , and his public criticism of pacifism and isolationism , made him unpopular with the Roosevelt administration .
Perhaps the most incendiary exchange between Roosevelt and MacArthur occurred over an administration proposal to cut 51 % of the Army 's budget . In response , MacArthur lectured Roosevelt that " when we lost the next war , and an American boy , lying in the mud with an enemy bayonet through his belly and an enemy foot on his dying throat , spat out his last curse , I wanted the name not to be MacArthur , but Roosevelt . " In response , Roosevelt yelled " you must not talk that way to the President ! " MacArthur offered to resign , but Roosevelt refused his request , and MacArthur then staggered out of the White House and vomited on the front steps .
In spite of such exchanges , MacArthur was extended an extra year as Chief of Staff , and ended his tour in October 1935 . For his service as chief of staff , he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal . He was retroactively awarded two Purple Hearts for his World War I service , a decoration that he authorized in 1932 based loosely on the defunct Military Badge of Merit . MacArthur also insisted on being the first recipient of the Purple Heart , which he had engraved with " # 1 . "
= = = Field Marshal of the Philippine Army = = =
When the Commonwealth of the Philippines achieved semi @-@ independent status in 1935 , President of the Philippines Manuel Quezon asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of a Philippine Army . Quezon and MacArthur had been personal friends since the latter 's father had been Governor @-@ General of the Philippines , 35 years earlier . With President Roosevelt 's approval , MacArthur accepted the assignment . It was agreed that MacArthur would receive the rank of field marshal , with its salary and allowances , in addition to his major general 's salary as Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines . It would be his fifth tour in the Far East . MacArthur sailed from San Francisco on the SS President Hoover in October 1935 , accompanied by his mother and sister @-@ in @-@ law . He brought Eisenhower and Major James B. Ord along as his assistants . Another passenger on the President Hoover was Jean Marie Faircloth , an unmarried 37 @-@ year @-@ old socialite . Over the next two years , MacArthur and Faircloth were frequently seen together . His mother became gravely ill during the voyage and died in Manila on 3 December 1935 .
President Quezon officially conferred the title of field marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at Malacañan Palace on 24 August 1936 , and presented him with a gold baton and a unique uniform . The Philippine Army was formed from conscription . Training was conducted by a regular cadre , and the Philippine Military Academy was created along the lines of West Point to train officers . MacArthur and Eisenhower found that few of the training camps had been constructed and the first group of 20 @,@ 000 trainees did not report until early 1937 . Equipment and weapons were " more or less obsolete " American cast offs , and the budget of six million was completely inadequate . MacArthur 's requests for equipment fell on deaf ears , although MacArthur and his naval advisor , Lieutenant Colonel Sidney L. Huff , persuaded the Navy to initiate the development of the PT boat . Much hope was placed in the Philippine Army Air Corps , but the first squadron was not organized until 1939 .
MacArthur married Jean Faircloth in a civil ceremony on 30 April 1937 . Their marriage produced a son , Arthur MacArthur IV , who was born in Manila on 21 February 1938 . On 31 December 1937 , MacArthur officially retired from the Army . He ceased to represent the U.S. as military adviser to the government , but remained as Quezon 's adviser in a civilian capacity . Eisenhower returned to the U.S. , and was replaced as MacArthur 's chief of staff by Lieutenant Colonel Richard K. Sutherland , while Richard J. Marshall became deputy chief of staff . The fact that MacArthur lived much of his life in the Philippines together with his belief that America 's destiny lay in the Asia @-@ Pacific region allowed him to present himself as an expert on Asia and Asians . The American Japanologist Michael Schaller stated in an interview :
" Most people have enough humility to realize that it 's hard to be an expert on the world 's largest continent , where people speak hundreds of languages , and there are many different cultures , religions , ethnicities ... MacArthur would , with little humility , describe himself throughout his life as America 's greatest Oriental expert , an expert in Oriental psychology . And by some measure you could argue he was familiar with the Orient as or more than many Americans . He had travelled there , he lived there . But yet his experience in Asia was really circumscribed by the Philippine islands , which were perhaps the least representative part of Asia . During his long tours of duty there , from the early twentieth century through the 1930s , he 'd lived in a Manila hotel , he socialized with Westernized Filipino leaders who spoke English , he really knew little about mainland Asia , the peasantry which was 90 percent of Asia , China , Japan , and continental Asia " .
= = World War II = =
= = = Philippines Campaign ( 1941 – 42 ) = = =
On 26 July 1941 , Roosevelt federalized the Philippine Army , recalled MacArthur to active duty in the U.S. Army as a major general , and named him commander of U.S. Army Forces in the Far East ( USAFFE ) . MacArthur was promoted to lieutenant general the following day , and then to general on 20 December . On 31 July 1941 , the Philippine Department had 22 @,@ 000 troops assigned , 12 @,@ 000 of whom were Philippine Scouts . The main component was the Philippine Division , under the command of Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright . The initial American plan for the defense of the Philippines called for the main body of the troops to retreat to the Bataan peninsula in Manila Bay to hold out against the Japanese until a relief force could arrive . MacArthur changed this plan to one of attempting to hold all of Luzon and using B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses to sink Japanese ships that approached the islands . MacArthur persuaded the decision @-@ makers in Washington that his plans represented the best deterrent to prevent Japan from choosing war and of winning a war if worse did come to worse .
Between July and December 1941 , the garrison received 8 @,@ 500 reinforcements . After years of parsimony , much equipment was shipped . By November , a backlog of 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 shipping tons of equipment intended for the Philippines had accumulated in U.S. ports and depots awaiting vessels . In addition , the Navy intercept station in the islands , known as Station CAST , had an ultra secret Purple cipher machine , which decrypted Japanese diplomatic messages , and partial codebooks for the latest JN @-@ 25 naval code . Station CAST sent MacArthur its entire output , via Sutherland , the only officer on his staff authorized to see it .
At 03 : 30 local time on 8 December 1941 ( about 09 : 00 on 7 December in Hawaii ) , Sutherland learned of the attack on Pearl Harbor and informed MacArthur . At 05 : 30 , the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army , General George Marshall , ordered MacArthur to execute the existing war plan , Rainbow Five . MacArthur did nothing . On three occasions , the commander of the Far East Air Force , Major General Lewis H. Brereton , requested permission to attack Japanese bases in Formosa , in accordance with prewar intentions , but was denied by Sutherland . Not until 11 : 00 did Brereton speak with MacArthur about it , and obtained permission . MacArthur later denied having the conversation . At 12 : 30 , nine hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor , aircraft of Japan 's 11th Air Fleet achieved complete tactical surprise when they attacked Clark Field and the nearby fighter base at Iba Field , and destroyed or disabled 18 of Far East Air Force 's 35 B @-@ 17s , 53 of its 107 P @-@ 40s , three P @-@ 35s , and more than 25 other aircraft . Most were destroyed on the ground . Substantial damage was done to the bases , and casualties totaled 80 killed and 150 wounded . What was left of the Far East Air Force was all but destroyed over the next few days .
MacArthur attempted to slow the Japanese advance with an initial defense against the Japanese landings . MacArthur 's plan for holding all of Luzon against the Japanese collapsed as it spread out the American @-@ Filipino forces too thin . However , he reconsidered his confidence in the ability of his Filipino troops after the Japanese landing force made a rapid advance after landing at Lingayen Gulf on 21 December , and ordered a retreat to Bataan . Within two days of the Japanese landing at Lingayen Gulf , MacArthur had reverted to pre @-@ July 1941 plan of attempting to hold only Bataan while waiting for a relief force to come . Most of the American and some of the Filipino troops were able to retreat back to Baatan , but without most of their supplies , which were abandoned in the confusion . Manila was declared an open city at midnight on 24 December , without any consultation with Admiral Thomas C. Hart , commanding the Asiatic Fleet , forcing the Navy to destroy considerable amounts of valuable material .
On the evening of 24 December , MacArthur moved his headquarters to the island fortress of Corregidor in Manila Bay arriving at 21 : 30 , with his headquarters reporting to Washington as being open on the 25th . A series of air raids by the Japanese destroyed all the exposed structures on the island and USAFFE headquarters was moved into the Malinta Tunnel . Later , most of the headquarters moved to Bataan , leaving only the nucleus with MacArthur . The troops on Bataan knew that they had been written off but continued to fight . Some blamed Roosevelt and MacArthur for their predicament . A ballad sung to the tune of " The Battle Hymn of the Republic " called him " Dugout Doug " . However , most clung to the belief that somehow MacArthur " would reach down and pull something out of his hat . "
On 1 January 1942 , MacArthur accepted $ 500 @,@ 000 from President Quezon of the Philippines as payment for his pre @-@ war service . MacArthur 's staff members also received payments : $ 75 @,@ 000 for Sutherland , $ 45 @,@ 000 for Richard Marshall , and $ 20 @,@ 000 for Huff . Eisenhower — after being appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force ( AEF ) — was also offered money by Quezon , but declined . These payments were known only to a few in Manila and Washington , including President Roosevelt and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , until they were made public by historian Carol Petillo in 1979 . The revelation tarnished MacArthur 's reputation .
= = = = Escape to Australia and Medal of Honor = = = =
In February 1942 , as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines , MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to relocate to Australia . On the night of 12 March 1942 , MacArthur and a select group that included his wife Jean , son Arthur , and Arthur 's Cantonese amah , Ah Cheu , fled Corregidor . MacArthur and his party reached Del Monte Airfield on Mindanao , where B @-@ 17s picked them up , and flew them to Australia . His famous speech , in which he said , " I came through and I shall return " , was first made on Terowie railway station in South Australia , on 20 March . Washington asked MacArthur to amend his promise to " We shall return " . He ignored the request .
Bataan surrendered on 9 April , and Corregidor on 6 May . George Marshall decided that MacArthur would be awarded the Medal of Honor , a decoration for which he had twice previously been nominated , " to offset any propaganda by the enemy directed at his leaving his command " . Eisenhower pointed out that MacArthur had not actually performed any acts of valor as required by law , but Marshall cited the 1927 award of the medal to Charles Lindbergh as a precedent . Special legislation had been passed to authorize Lindbergh 's medal , but while similar legislation was introduced authorizing the medal for MacArthur by Congressmen J. Parnell Thomas and James E. Van Zandt , Marshall felt strongly that a serving general should receive the medal from the President and the War Department . MacArthur chose to accept it on the basis that " this award was intended not so much for me personally as it is a recognition of the indomitable courage of the gallant army which it was my honor to command . " Arthur and Douglas MacArthur thus became the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor . They remained the only pair until 2001 , when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish – American War , Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II . MacArthur 's citation , written by George Marshall , read :
For conspicuous leadership in preparing the Philippine Islands to resist conquest , for gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against invading Japanese forces , and for the heroic conduct of defensive and offensive operations on the Bataan Peninsula . He mobilized , trained , and led an army which has received world acclaim for its gallant defense against a tremendous superiority of enemy forces in men and arms . His utter disregard of personal danger under heavy fire and aerial bombardment , his calm judgment in each crisis , inspired his troops , galvanized the spirit of resistance of the Filipino people , and confirmed the faith of the American people in their Armed Forces .
As the symbol of the forces resisting the Japanese , MacArthur received many other accolades . The Native American tribes of the Southwest chose him as a " Chief of Chiefs " , which he acknowledged as from " my oldest friends , the companions of my boyhood days on the Western frontier " . He was touched when he was named Father of the Year for 1942 , and wrote to the National Father 's Day Committee that :
By profession I am a soldier and take pride in that fact , but I am prouder , infinitely prouder to be a father . A soldier destroys in order to build ; the father only builds , never destroys . The one has the potentialities of death ; the other embodies creation and life . And while the hordes of death are mighty , the battalions of life are mightier still . It is my hope that my son when I am gone will remember me , not from battle , but in the home , repeating with him our simple daily prayer , " Our father , Who art in Heaven . "
= = = New Guinea Campaign = = =
= = = = General Headquarters = = = =
On 18 April 1942 , MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) . Lieutenant General George Brett became Commander , Allied Air Forces , and Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary became Commander , Allied Naval Forces . Since the bulk of land forces in the theater were Australian , George Marshall insisted an Australian be appointed as Commander , Allied Land Forces , and the job went to General Sir Thomas Blamey . Although predominantly Australian and American , MacArthur 's command also included small numbers of personnel from the Netherlands East Indies , the United Kingdom , and other countries . MacArthur established a close relationship with the Prime Minister of Australia , John Curtin , although many Australians resented MacArthur as a foreign general who had been imposed upon them . MacArthur had little confidence in Brett 's abilities as commander of Allied Air Forces , and in August 1942 selected Major General George C. Kenney to replace him . Kenney 's application of air power in support of Blamey 's troops would prove crucial .
The staff of MacArthur 's General Headquarters ( GHQ ) was built around the nucleus that had escaped from the Philippines with him , who became known as the " Bataan Gang " . Though Roosevelt and George Marshall pressed for Dutch and Australian officers to be assigned to GHQ , the heads of all the staff divisions were American and such officers of other nationalities as were assigned served under them . Initially located in Melbourne , GHQ moved to Brisbane — the northernmost city in Australia with the necessary communications facilities — in July 1942 , occupying the AMP Insurance Society building .
MacArthur formed his own signals intelligence organization , known as the Central Bureau , from Australian intelligence units and American cryptanalysts who had escaped from the Philippines . This unit forwarded Ultra information to Willoughby for analysis . After a press release revealed details of the Japanese naval dispositions during the Battle of the Coral Sea , at which a Japanese attempt to capture Port Moresby was turned back , Roosevelt ordered that censorship be imposed in Australia , and the Advisory War Council granted GHQ censorship authority over the Australian press . Australian newspapers were restricted to what was reported in the daily GHQ communiqué . Veteran correspondents considered the communiqués , which MacArthur drafted personally , " a total farce " and " Alice @-@ in @-@ Wonderland information handed out at high level . "
= = = = Papuan Campaign = = = =
Anticipating that the Japanese would strike at Port Moresby again , the garrison was strengthened and MacArthur ordered the establishment of new bases at Merauke and Milne Bay to cover its flanks . The Battle of Midway in June 1942 led to consideration of a limited offensive in the Pacific . MacArthur 's proposal for an attack on the Japanese base at Rabaul met with objections from the Navy , which favored a less ambitious approach , and objected to an Army general being in command of what would be an amphibious operation . The resulting compromise called for a three @-@ stage advance . The first stage , the seizure of the Tulagi area , would be conducted by the Pacific Ocean Areas , under Admiral Chester W. Nimitz . The later stages would be under MacArthur 's command .
The Japanese struck first , landing at Buna in July , and at Milne Bay in August . The Australians repulsed the Japanese at Milne Bay , but a series of defeats in the Kokoda Track campaign had a depressing effect back in Australia . On 30 August , MacArthur radioed Washington that unless action was taken , New Guinea Force would be overwhelmed . He sent Blamey to Port Moresby to take personal command . Having committed all available Australian troops , MacArthur decided to send American forces . The 32nd Infantry Division , a poorly trained National Guard division , was selected . A series of embarrassing reverses in the Battle of Buna – Gona led to outspoken criticism of the American troops by the Australians . MacArthur then ordered Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger to assume command of the Americans , and " take Buna , or not come back alive . "
MacArthur moved the advanced echelon of GHQ to Port Moresby on 6 November 1942 . After Buna finally fell on 3 January 1943 , MacArthur awarded the Distinguished Service Cross to twelve officers for " precise execution of operations " . This use of the country 's second highest award aroused resentment , because while some , like Eichelberger and George Alan Vasey , had fought in the field , others , like Sutherland and Willoughby , had not . For his part , MacArthur was awarded his third Distinguished Service Medal , and the Australian government had him appointed an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath .
= = = = New Guinea Campaign = = = =
At the Pacific Military Conference in March 1943 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved MacArthur 's plan for Operation Cartwheel , the advance on Rabaul . MacArthur explained his strategy :
My strategic conception for the Pacific Theater , which I outlined after the Papuan Campaign and have since consistently advocated , contemplates massive strokes against only main strategic objectives , utilizing surprise and air @-@ ground striking power supported and assisted by the fleet . This is the very opposite of what is termed " island hopping " which is the gradual pushing back of the enemy by direct frontal pressure with the consequent heavy casualties which will certainly be involved . Key points must of course be taken but a wise choice of such will obviate the need for storming the mass of islands now in enemy possession . " Island hopping " with extravagant losses and slow progress ... is not my idea of how to end the war as soon and as cheaply as possible . New conditions require for solution and new weapons require for maximum application new and imaginative methods . Wars are never won in the past .
In New Guinea , a country without roads , large @-@ scale transportation of men and materiel would have to be accomplished by aircraft or ships . A multi @-@ pronged approach was employed to solve this problem . Disassembled landing craft were shipped to Australia , where they were assembled in Cairns . The range of these small landing craft was to be greatly extended by the landing ships of the VII Amphibious Force , which began arriving in late 1942 , and formed part of the newly formed Seventh Fleet . Since the Seventh Fleet had no aircraft carriers , the range of naval operations was limited by that of the fighter aircraft of the Fifth Air Force .
Lieutenant General Walter Krueger 's Sixth Army headquarters arrived in SWPA in early 1943 but MacArthur had only three American divisions , and they were tired and depleted from the fighting at Battle of Buna – Gona and Battle of Guadalcanal . As a result , " it became obvious that any military offensive in the South @-@ West Pacific in 1943 would have to be carried out mainly by the Australian Army . " The offensive began with the landing at Lae by the Australian 9th Division on 4 September 1943 . The next day , MacArthur watched the landing at Nadzab by paratroops of the 503rd Parachute Infantry . His B @-@ 17 made the trip on three engines because one failed soon after leaving Port Moresby , but he insisted that it fly on to Nadzab . For this , he was awarded the Air Medal .
The Australian 7th and 9th Divisions converged on Lae , which fell on 16 September . MacArthur advanced his timetable , and ordered the 7th to capture Kaiapit and Dumpu , while the 9th mounted an amphibious assault on Finschhafen . Here , the offensive bogged down , partly because MacArthur had based his decision to assault Finschhafen on Willoughby 's assessment that there were only 350 Japanese defenders at Finschhafen , when in fact there were nearly 5 @,@ 000 . A furious battle ensued .
In early November , MacArthur 's plan for a westward advance along the coast of New Guinea to the Philippines was incorporated into plans for the war against Japan . Three months later , airmen reported no signs of enemy activity in the Admiralty Islands . Although Willoughby did not agree that the islands had been evacuated , MacArthur ordered an amphibious landing there , commencing the Admiralty Islands campaign . He accompanied the assault force aboard the light cruiser Phoenix , the flagship of Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid , the new commander of the Seventh Fleet , and came ashore seven hours after the first wave of landing craft , for which he was awarded the Bronze Star . It took six weeks of fierce fighting before the 1st Cavalry Division captured the islands .
MacArthur had one of the most powerful PR machines of any Allied general during the war , which made him into an extremely popular war hero with the American people . In late 1943 @-@ early 1944 , there was a serious effort by the conservative faction in the Republican Party centered in the Midwest who regarded the two men most likely to win the Republican nomination to be the candidate for the presidency in the 1944 election , namely Wendell Willkie and Governor Thomas Dewy of New York as too liberal , to have MacArthur seek the Republican nomination . For a time , MacArthur , who long seen himself as a potential president was in the words of the U.S historian Gerhard Weinberg " very interested " in running as the Republican candidate in 1944 . However , MacArthur 's vow to " return " to the Philippines had not been fulfilled in early 1944 and he decided not to run for president until he had liberated the Philippines .
Furthermore , Weinberg had argued that it is probable that Roosevelt who knew of the " enormous gratuity " MacArthur had accepted from Quezon in 1942 had used his knowledge of this transaction to blackmail MacArthur into not running for president . Finally , despite the best efforts of the conservative Republicans to put MacArthur 's name on the ballot , on April 4 , 1944 , Governor Dewy won such a convincing victory in the Wisconsin primary ( regarded as a significant victory given that the Midwest was a stronghold of the conservative Republicans opposed to Dewy ) as to ensure that he would win the Republican nomination to be the GOP 's candidate for president in 1944 .
MacArthur now bypassed the Japanese forces at Hansa Bay and Wewak , and assaulted Hollandia and Aitape , which Willoughby reported to be lightly defended based on intelligence gathered in the Battle of Sio . MacArthur 's bold thrust by going 600 miles up the coast had surprised and confused the Japanese high command , who had not anticipated that MacArthur would take such risks . Although they were out of range of the Fifth Air Force 's fighters based in the Ramu Valley , the timing of the operation allowed the aircraft carriers of Nimitz 's Pacific Fleet to provide air support . Though risky , the operation turned out to be another success . MacArthur caught the Japanese off balance and cut off Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi 's Japanese XVIII Army in the Wewak area . Because the Japanese were not expecting an attack , the garrison was weak , and Allied casualties were correspondingly light . However , the terrain turned out to be less suitable for airbase development than first thought , forcing MacArthur to seek better locations further west . While bypassing Japanese forces had great tactical merit , it had the strategic drawback of tying up Allied troops to contain them . Moreover , Adachi was far from beaten , which he demonstrated in the Battle of Driniumor River .
= = = Philippines Campaign ( 1944 – 45 ) = = =
= = = = Leyte = = = =
In July 1944 , President Roosevelt summoned MacArthur to meet with him in Hawaii " to determine the phase of action against Japan . " Nimitz made the case for attacking Formosa . MacArthur stressed America 's moral obligation to liberate the Philippines . In September , Admiral William Halsey , Jr . ' s carriers made a series of air strikes on the Philippines . Opposition was feeble and Halsey concluded , incorrectly , that Leyte was " wide open " and possibly undefended , and recommended that projected operations be skipped in favor of an assault on Leyte .
On 20 October 1944 , troops of Krueger 's Sixth Army landed on Leyte , while MacArthur watched from the light cruiser USS Nashville . That afternoon he arrived off the beach . The advance had not progressed far ; snipers were still active and the area was under sporadic mortar fire . When his whaleboat grounded in knee @-@ deep water , MacArthur requested a landing craft , but the beachmaster was too busy to grant his request . MacArthur was compelled to wade ashore . In his prepared speech , he said :
People of the Philippines : I have returned . By the grace of Almighty God our forces stand again on Philippine soil — soil consecrated in the blood of our two peoples . We have come dedicated and committed to the task of destroying every vestige of enemy control over your daily lives , and of restoring upon a foundation of indestructible strength , the liberties of your people .
Since Leyte was out of range of Kenney 's land @-@ based aircraft , MacArthur was dependent on carrier aircraft . Japanese air activity soon increased , with raids on Tacloban , where MacArthur decided to establish his headquarters , and on the fleet offshore . MacArthur enjoyed staying on Nashville 's bridge during air raids , although several bombs landed close by , and two nearby cruisers were hit . Over the next few days , the Japanese counterattacked in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , resulting in a near @-@ disaster that MacArthur attributed to the command being divided between himself and Nimitz . Nor did the campaign ashore proceed smoothly . Heavy monsoonal rains disrupted the airbase construction program . Carrier aircraft proved to be no substitute for land @-@ based aircraft , and the lack of air cover permitted the Japanese to pour troops into Leyte . Adverse weather and tough Japanese resistance slowed the American advance , resulting in a protracted campaign .
By the end of December , Krueger 's headquarters estimated that 5 @,@ 000 Japanese remained on Leyte , and on 26 December MacArthur issued a communiqué announcing that " the campaign can now be regarded as closed except for minor mopping up . " Yet Eichelberger 's Eighth Army killed another 27 @,@ 000 Japanese on Leyte before the campaign ended in May 1945 . On 18 December 1944 , MacArthur was promoted to the new five @-@ star rank of General of the Army , placing him in the company of Marshall , Eisenhower , Henry " Hap " Arnold , and the only four men to achieve the rank in World War II , and along with Omar Bradley , one of only five men to achieve the rank since the 5 August 1888 death of Philip Sheridan , as well as the only five American officers to hold the rank as a Five @-@ star general . MacArthur was senior to all but Marshall . The rank was created by an Act of Congress when Public Law 78 – 482 was passed on 14 December 1944 , as a temporary rank , subject to reversion to permanent rank six months after the end of the war . The temporary rank was then declared permanent 23 March 1946 by Public Law 333 of the 79th Congress , which also awarded full pay and allowances in the grade to those on the retired list .
= = = = Luzon = = = =
MacArthur 's next move was the invasion of Mindoro , where there were good potential airfield sites . Willoughby estimated , correctly as it turned out , that the island had only about 1 @,@ 000 Japanese defenders . The problem this time was getting there . Kinkaid balked at sending escort carriers into the restricted waters of the Sulu Sea , and Kenney could not guarantee land based air cover . The operation was clearly hazardous , and MacArthur 's staff talked him out of accompanying the invasion on Nashville . As the invasion force entered the Sulu Sea , a kamikaze struck Nashville , killing 133 people and wounding 190 more . Australian and American engineers had three airstrips in operation within two weeks , but the resupply convoys were repeatedly attacked by kamikazes . During this time , MacArthur quarreled with Sutherland , notorious for his abrasiveness , over the latter 's mistress , Captain Elaine Clark . MacArthur had instructed Sutherland not to be bring Clark to Leyte , due to a personal undertaking to Curtin that Australian women on the GHQ staff would not be taken to the Philippines , but Sutherland had brought her along anyway .
The way was now clear for the invasion of Luzon . This time , based on different interpretations of the same intelligence data , Willoughby estimated the strength of General Tomoyuki Yamashita 's forces on Luzon at 137 @,@ 000 , while Sixth Army estimated it at 234 @,@ 000 . MacArthur 's response was " Bunk ! " . He felt that even Willoughby 's estimate was too high . " Audacity , calculated risk , and a clear strategic aim were MacArthur 's attributes " , and he disregarded the estimates . In fact , they were too low ; Yamashita had more than 287 @,@ 000 troops on Luzon . This time , MacArthur traveled aboard the light cruiser USS Boise , watching as the ship was nearly hit by a bomb and torpedoes fired by midget submarines . His communiqué read : " The decisive battle for the liberation of the Philippines and the control of the Southwest Pacific is at hand . General MacArthur is in personal command at the front and landed with his assault troops . "
MacArthur 's primary concern was the capture of the port of Manila and the airbase at Clark Field , which were required to support future operations . He urged his commanders on . On 25 January 1945 , he moved his advanced headquarters forward to Hacienda Luisita , closer to the front than Krueger 's . He ordered the 1st Cavalry Division to conduct a rapid advance on Manila . It reached the northern outskirts of Manila on 3 February , but , unknown to the Americans , Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi had decided to defend Manila to the death . The Battle of Manila raged for the next three weeks . To spare the civilian population , MacArthur prohibited the use of air strikes , but thousands of civilians died in the crossfire or Japanese massacres . He also refused to restrict the traffic of civilians who clogged the roads in and out of Manila , placing humanitarian concerns above military ones except in emergencies . For his part in the capture of Manila , MacArthur was awarded his third Distinguished Service Cross .
After taking Manila , MacArthur installed one of his Filipino friends , Manuel Roxas @-@ who also happened to be one of the few people who knew about the huge sum of money Quezon had given MacArthur in 1942 @-@ into a position of power that ensured Roxas was to become the next Filipino president . Roxas had been a leading Japanese collaborator serving in the puppet government of Jose Laurel , but MacArthur claimed that Roxas had secretly been an American agent all the long . About MacArthur 's claim that Roxas was really part of the resistance , the American historian Gerhard Weinberg wrote that " ... evidence to this effect has yet to surface " , and that by favoring the Japanese collaborator Roxas , MacArthur ensured there was no serious effort to address the issue of Filipino collaboration with the Japanese after the war .
After the Battle of Manila , MacArthur turned his attention to Yamashita , who had retreated into the mountains of central and northern Luzon . Yamashita chose to fight a defensive campaign , being pushed back slowly by Krueger , and was still holding out at the time the war ended , much to MacArthur 's intense annoyance as he had wished to liberate the entire Philippines before the war ended . On 2 September 1945 , Yamashita ( who had a hard time believing that the Emperor had ordered Japan to sign an armistice ) came down from the mountains to surrender with some 100 @,@ 000 of his men .
= = = = Southern Philippines = = = =
Although MacArthur had no specific directive to do so , and the fighting on Luzon was far from over , he committed his forces to liberate the remainder of the Philippines . In the GHQ communiqué on 5 July , he announced that the Philippines had been liberated and all operations ended , although Yamashita still held out in northern Luzon . Starting in May 1945 , MacArthur used his Australian troops in the invasion of Borneo . He accompanied the assault on Labuan , and visited the troops ashore . While returning to GHQ in Manila , he visited Davao , where he told Eichelberger that no more than 4 @,@ 000 Japanese remained alive on Mindanao . A few months later , six times that number surrendered . In July 1945 , he was awarded his fourth Distinguished Service Medal .
As part of preparations for Operation Downfall , the invasion of Japan , MacArthur became commander in chief U.S. Army Forces Pacific ( AFPAC ) , in charge of all Army and Army Air Force units in the Pacific , except the Twentieth Air Force , in April 1945 . At the same time , Nimitz became commander of all naval forces . Command in the Pacific therefore remained divided . During his planning of the invasion of Japan , MacArthur stressed to the decision @-@ makers in Washington that it was essential to have the Soviet Union enter the war as he argued it was crucial to have the Red Army tie down the Kwantung army in Manchuria . The invasion was pre @-@ empted by the surrender of Japan in August 1945 . On 2 September MacArthur accepted the formal Japanese surrender aboard the battleship USS Missouri , thus ending hostilities in World War II . In recognition of his role as a maritime strategist , the U.S. Navy awarded him the Navy Distinguished Service Medal .
= = Occupation of Japan = =
= = = Protecting the Emperor = = =
On 29 August 1945 , MacArthur was ordered to exercise authority through the Japanese government machinery , including the Emperor Hirohito . MacArthur 's headquarters was located in the Dai Ichi Life Insurance Building in Tokyo . Unlike in Germany , where the Allies had in May 1945 abolished the German state , the Americans chose to allow the Japanese state to continue to exist , albeit under their ultimate control . Unlike Germany , there was a certain partnership between the occupiers and occupied as MacArthur decided to rule Japan via the Emperor and the most of the rest of the Japanese elite . The Emperor was a living god to the Japanese people , and MacArthur found that ruling via the Emperor made his job in running Japan much easier than it would otherwise would have been .
As such , MacArthur took the view that a few " militarist " extremists had " hijacked " Japan starting in 1931 with the Mukden Incident , the Emperor was a pro @-@ Western " moderate " who had been powerless to stop the militarists , and thus he borne no responsibility for any of the war crimes committed by the Japanese between 1931 @-@ 45 . The American historian Herbert P. Bix described the relationship between the general and the Emperor as : " Henceforth the Allied commander would use the Emperor , and the Emperor would cooperate in being used . Their relationship become one of expediency and mutual protection , of more political benefit to Hirohito than to MacArthur because Hirohito had more to lose @-@ the entire panoply of symbolic , legitimizing properties of the imperial throne " . At the same time , MacArthur had attacked the imperial mystique when his staff released the famous picture of his first meeting with the Emperor , whose impact on the Japanese public was electric as the Japanese people for the first time saw the Emperor as a mere man overshadowed by the much taller MacArthur instead of the living god he always been portrayed as . Up to 1945 , the Emperor had been a remote , mysterious figure to his people , rarely seen in public and always silent , whose photographs were always taken from a certain angle to make him look more taller and more impressive than what he was really was . No Japanese photographer would had taken such a photo of the Emperor being overshadowed by MacArthur . The Japanese government immediately banned the photo of the Emperor with MacArthur under the grounds that it damaged the imperial mystique , but MacArthur rescinded the ban and ordered all of the Japanese newspapers to print it . The photo was intended as a message to the Emperor about who was going to be the senior partner in their relationship .
As he needed the Emperor , MacArthur protected him from any effort to hold accountable for his actions in the period 1931 @-@ 45 , and allowed him to issue statements that incorrectly portrayed the emerging democratic post @-@ war era as a continuation of the Meiji era reforms . MacArthur did not allow any investigations of the Emperor , and instead in October 1945 ordered his staff " in the interests of peaceful occupation and rehabilitation of Japan , prevention of revolution and communism , all facts surrounding the execution of the declaration of war and subsequent position of the Emperor which tend to show fraud , menace or duress be marshalled " . In January 1946 , MacArthur reported to Washington that the Emperor could not be indicted for war crimes under the grounds :
" His indictment will unquestionably cause a tremendous convulsion among the Japanese people , the repercussions of which cannot be overestimated . He is a symbol which unites all Japanese . Destroy him and the nation will disintegrate ... It is quite possible that a million troops would be required which would have to be maintained for an indefinite number of years " .
To protect the Emperor from being indicted , MacArthur had one of his staff , General Bonner Fellers on 6 March 1946 during a meeting at the Dai Ichi tell the genrō Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai :
" To counter this situation , it would be most convenient if the Japanese side could prove to us that the Emperor is completely blameless . I think the forthcoming trials offer the best opportunity to do that . Tōjo , in particular should be made to bear all responsibility at his trial . I want you to have Tōjo say as follows : " At the imperial conference prior to the start of the war , I already decided to push for war even if his majesty the emperor was against going to war with the United States . " "
From the viewpoint of both sides , having one especially evil figure in the form of General Hideki Tojo whom everything that went wrong could be blamed was most politically convenient . At a second meeting on 22 March 1946 , Fellers told Admiral Yonai as recorded by his interpreter Mizota Shuichi :
" The most influential advocate of un @-@ American thought in the United States is Cohen ( a Jew and a Communist ) , the top adviser to Secretary of State Byrnes . As I told Yonai ... it is extremely disadvantageous to MacArthur 's standing in the United States to put on trial the very Emperor who is cooperating with him and facilitating the smooth administration of the occupation . This is the reason for my request ... " I wonder whether I said to Admiral Yonai the other day has already been conveyed to Tōjo ? " " .
MacArthur 's attempts to shield the Emperor from indictment and to have all the blame taken by General Tōjo were successful , which as Bix commented " ... had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on the Japanese understanding of the lost war " .
= = = Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers = = =
As Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers ( SCAP ) in Japan , MacArthur and his staff helped Japan rebuild itself , eradicate militarism and ultra @-@ nationalism , promote political civil liberties , institute democratic government , and chart a new course that ultimately made Japan one of the world 's leading industrial powers . The U.S. was firmly in control of Japan to oversee its reconstruction , and MacArthur was effectively the interim leader of Japan from 1945 until 1948 . In 1946 , MacArthur 's staff drafted a new constitution that renounced war and stripped the Emperor of his military authority . The constitution — which became effective on 3 May 1947 — instituted a parliamentary system of government , under which the Emperor acted only on the advice of his ministers . It included the famous Article 9 , which outlawed belligerency as an instrument of state policy and the maintenance of a standing army . The constitution also enfranchised women , guaranteed fundamental human rights , outlawed racial discrimination , strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet , and decentralized the police and local government .
A major land reform was also conducted , led by Wolf Ladejinsky of General Douglas MacArthur 's SCAP staff . Between 1947 and 1949 , approximately 4 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 ha ) , or 38 % of Japan 's cultivated land , was purchased from the landlords under the government 's reform program , and 4 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 860 @,@ 00
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modern Macintosh which generally use a hard drive of large capacity to store the operating system . This bootloader was used in all Macintosh computers until mid @-@ 1998 .
With the advent of the iMac series of Macintoshes , the firmware was updated . The ROM was reduced in size to 1 MB , called BootROM , and the remainder of the ROM was moved to the file Mac OS ROM in the Mac OS System Folder ; stored on the hard drive . This ROM used a full implementation of the OpenFirmware standard ( contained in BootROM ) and was named the New World ROM .
In 2001 , with the release of Mac OS X , the Mac OS ROM file was replaced with the BootX bootloader file , . In 2002 , with the release of Mac OS X 10 @.@ 2 , the historical " Happy Mac " start @-@ up picture was replaced with a grey apple logo . By introducing the Intel Mac in 2006 , BootROM was replaced by the near identical Extensible Firmware Interface ROM ( although Apple still calls it BootROM ) and the boot.efi file .
= = Features = =
To make the boot loader appealing to other operating system developers , Apple added features to allow flexibility in the booting process such as network boot using TFTP and load Mach @-@ O and ELF formatted kernels . BootX can also boot from HFS , HFS + , UFS and ext2 formatted volumes . The boot loader can be manipulated at startup by holding down various key combinations to alter the booting process . Such functions include Verbose Mode , achieved by holding down the Command and V key at startup , which replaces the default Apple logo with text @-@ based information on the boot process and Single User Mode , achieved by holding down the Command and S , which , depending on the operating system , may boot into a more basic command @-@ line or text @-@ based version of the operating system , to facilitate maintenance and recovery action . The ROM can also be set to require a password to access these technical functions using the OpenFirmware interface .
= = Boot process = =
In PowerPC @-@ based Macintoshes , the boot process starts with the activation of BootROM , the basic Macintosh ROM , which performs a Power On Self Test to test hardware essential to startup . On the passing of this test , the startup chime is played and control of the computer is passed to OpenFirmware . OpenFirmware initializes the Random Access Memory , Memory Management Unit and hardware necessary for the ROM 's operation . The OpenFirmware then checks settings , stored in NVRAM , and builds a list of all devices on a device tree by gathering their stored FCode information .
On the completion of this task , BootX takes over the startup process configuring the keyboard and display , claiming and reserving memory for various purposes and checking to see if various key combinations are being pressed . After this process has been completed BootX displays the grey Apple logo , spins the spinning wait cursor , and proceeds to load the kernel and some kernel extensions and start the kernel .
= Family Gay =
" Family Gay " is the eighth episode of the seventh season of the animated television comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on March 8 , 2009 .
The episode was written by Richard Appel and directed by series regular Brian Iles . Seth Rogen provided a guest @-@ voice as Peter under the effects of the " Seth Rogen gene " and Meredith Baxter provided a guest voice as herself . It received divided reviews from television sources and critics , in addition to receiving criticism from the Parents Television Council . " Family Gay " , along with two other episodes , was nominated in the " Outstanding Comedy Series " category for the 2009 61st Primetime Emmy Awards .
= = Plot = =
Peter purchases a brain damaged horse who ends up causing a great deal of collateral damage at the horse racing track . The horse died after a heart attack , and Peter disposes it at Mort 's pharmacy . In order to pay for the damage , Peter decides to participate in a series of medical drug testing including one that makes him gay . He enters a relationship with another gay man called Scott , leaving his wife Lois and rest of the family heartbroken . After Stewie and Brian enroll Peter in straight camp , Lois breaks Peter out , deciding that Peter 's happiness is more important than his sexuality . Almost immediately afterwards , the gay gene wears off and Peter moves back in with his family . The episode ends when Mort threw the horse out the window yelling , " Take back your fucking horse ! "
= = Production = =
" Family Gay " was written by at the time Executive Producer and future co @-@ creator of the Family Guy spin @-@ off The Cleveland Show , Richard Appel . This episode being his first and to date his only writing credit on the show . John Viener worked as the executive story editor for the episode . MacFarlane found a list of plot ideas from the third season that says " Peter goes gay " and he decided to make an episode with that premise . The writers originally wanted to take " the high road " with the episode . In the first draft , Peter 's homosexuality was so subtle , that he just appeared a little more refined . When the writers could not come up with any high road jokes , they " went with what they know " . The writers had fun " gaying up the episode " by including Peter in a different outfit during every scene after he turned gay . The writers wanted to further the idea that sexuality is inborn , not chosen .
The episode was directed by Brian Iles . He was assisted by James Purdum and Peter Shin worked as the supervising directors for the episode . Other crew members that collaborated in the animation of the episode included Deborah Cone who directed the retake of the episode and Kenji Ono who was the assistant director of the episode . Iles sketched out several clothing ideas for Peter to wear . He got ideas by flipping through catalogs . The name of all the horses at the race track are named after canceled Fox shows from May 2005 until this episode aired . It is a tribute to a similar mentioning of canceled shows when Family Guy came back on the air in May 2005 in the episode " North by North Quahog " . When the episode got close to airing , MacFarlane kept thinking they should remove the cutaway gag with Matt Damon , due to MacFarlane liking Damon 's criticism of Sarah Palin .
" Family Gay " , along with the first eight episodes of the seventh season were released on DVD by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on June 16 , 2009 , one month after it had completed broadcast on television . The " Volume 7 " DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes , animatics , and commentaries for every episode . The DVD also includes four special features those being , Take me out to place tonight ; Family Guy Cribz ; Comic @-@ Con 2008 Family Guy panel and the Family Guy Art Show .
All the main Family Guy cast members lent their voices to the episode , along with writers Kirker Butler , John Viener , Alec Sulkin , Mark Hentemann , and Danny Smith , who all had minor speaking roles . Peter 's boyfriend Scott was voiced by recurring voice actor John G. Brennan , who voices him in the same way he voices gay The Jerky Boys character Jack Tors . Other guest stars included writer Wellesley Wild , actress Meredith Baxter @-@ Birney , and actor Seth Rogen .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode begins with Peter playing the 1983 video game Dragon 's Lair . Later in the episode , Peter names his horse " Till ' Death " , in reference to the show of the same name , highlighting shows that were all cancelled by Fox , including Arrested Development and The War at Home , amongst others . Peter also learns about a pomegranate martini from In Style magazine . " Family Gay " references , in a cutaway , James Bond 's iconic ability to persuade women to have sex with him despite their initial resistance . Peter and Brian watch the movie Wild Hogs , which Peter predicts will suck . The western spoof film Blazing Saddles is referenced when Peter and the other men are dancing and singing , " The French Mistake " . " Family Gay " makes two references to musicals . While in the doctor 's office , Peter 's doctor makes a reference to the song " Seasons of Love " from the musical Rent and while reading Flowers in the Attic by V. C. Andrews Peter listens to the song " Sixteen Going on Seventeen " from the musical The Sound of Music , sung by Charmian Carr .
= = Reception = =
The episode received a 4 @.@ 2 / 6 Nielsen rating , indicating that 4 @.@ 2 % of American households watched the episode , and that 6 % of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into it . " Family Gay " , along with " I Dream of Jesus " and " Road to Germany " , were nominated in the " Outstanding Comedy Series " category for the 2009 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . Series creator Seth MacFarlane commented " We picked three of our edgier shows as a choice . Ya know , we figured if we are going to be damned , let 's be damned for what we really are . " Much to the surprise of the writing staff , the series was ultimately nominated for the award , the first time in 48 years an animated series was nominated for the same category since The Flintstones in 1961 , but lost to The Jack Benny Show. though The Simpsons were almost nominated in the year 1993 , but that changed since Emmy voters were hesitant to pit cartoons against live action programs .
The episode received divided reviews from critics . Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode a 7 @.@ 9 / 10 , saying , " Overall , while it 's far from being the funniest episode of the season , there were more than enough laughs and uncomfortable moments to make this episode entertaining . " He went on to say that the episode could have been more though , due to the fact that the show has used many clever gay jokes in the past . Likewise , Alex Rocha of TV Guide commented , " ' Family Gay ' fell way short of my expectations . Even with its traditional pop culture references and flashbacks , this week 's episode could not simply keep me tuned in . I 'll admit , I did manage to laugh at times , but as in previous times , Family Guy simply fell short again . " Steve Heisler from The A.V. Club gave the episode a negative review , calling it " yet another pointless exercise in Family Guy insider smugness " , and rating it C- .
In March 2009 , the Parents Television Council ( PTC ) , a conservative decency campaigning group , filed an indecency complaint to the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . PTC President Tim Winter stated , " Fox treated viewers to everything from an ' eleven @-@ way ' gay orgy to baby Stewie possibly eating a bowl of cereal with horse semen instead of milk . " Dan Isett , PTC director of public policy , said that this was the first time since last fall that the PTC had asked its members to send complaints to the FCC , although the PTC regularly discusses issues it has with shows . The PTC named " Family Gay " the " Worst TV Show of the Week " for the week of March 13 . MacFarlane responded to the PTC 's decrees against the show in an interview with The Advocate , " For an organization that prides itself on Christian values — I mean , I ’ m an atheist , so what do I know ? — they spend their entire day hating people . "
= Persoonia linearis =
Persoonia linearis , commonly known as the narrow @-@ leaved geebung , is a shrub native to New South Wales and Victoria in eastern Australia . It reaches 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) , or occasionally 5 m ( 16 ft ) , in height and has thick , dark grey papery bark . The leaves are , as the species name suggests , more or less linear in shape , and are up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) long , and 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 039 to 0 @.@ 276 in ) wide . The small yellow flowers appear in summer and autumn ( December to May ) , followed by small green fleshy fruit known as drupes . Within the genus Persoonia , it is a member of the Lanceolata group of 58 closely related species . P. linearis interbreeds with several other species where they grow together .
Found in dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone @-@ based nutrient @-@ deficient soils , P. linearis is adapted to a fire @-@ prone environment ; the plants resprout epicormic buds from beneath their thick bark after bushfires . The fruit are consumed by vertebrates such as kangaroo , possums and currawongs . As with other members of the genus , P. linearis is rare in cultivation as it is very hard to propagate , either by seed or cuttings . It adapts readily to cultivation , preferring acidic soils with good drainage and at least a partly sunny aspect .
= = Taxonomy = =
English botanist and artist Henry Charles Andrews described Persoonia linearis in 1799 , in the second volume of his Botanists Repository , Comprising Colour 'd Engravings of New and Rare Plants . He had been given a plant in flower by J. Robertson of Stockwell , who had grown it from seed in 1794 . The species name is the Latin linearis " linear " , referring to the shape of the leaves .
Meanwhile , German botanist Karl Friedrich von Gaertner had coined the name Pentadactylon angustifolium in 1807 from a specimen in the collection of Joseph Banks to describe what turned out to be the same species . The genus name derived from the Greek penta- " five " and dactyl " fingers " , and refers to the five @-@ lobed cotyledons . The horticulturist Joseph Knight described this species as the narrow @-@ leaved persoonia ( Persoonia angustifolia ) in his controversial 1809 work On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae , but the binomial name is illegitimate as it postdated Andrews ' description and name . Carl Meissner described a population from the Tambo River in Victoria as a separate variety , Persoonia linearis var. latior in 1856 , but no varieties or subspecies are recognised . German botanist Otto Kuntze proposed the binomial name Linkia linearis in 1891 , from Cavanilles ' original description of the genus Linkia but the name was eventually rejected in favour of Persoonia . In 1919 , French botanist Michel Gandoger described three species all since reallocated to P. linearis ; P. phyllostachys from material collected at Mount Wilson sent to him by the herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney , and P. walteri and P. breviuscula from Melbourne @-@ based plant collector Charles Walter , whose records have been questioned . The short @-@ leaved material of P. breviuscula was noted to have been collected in Queensland but this is now thought to have been incorrectly recorded . Gandoger described 212 taxa of Australian plants , almost all of which turned out to be species already described .
In 1870 , George Bentham published the first infrageneric arrangement of Persoonia in Volume 5 of his landmark Flora Australiensis . He divided the genus into three sections , placing P. linearis in P. sect . Amblyanthera , and recognising Pentadactylon angustifolium as the same species , after examining the specimen in the Banksian Herbarium . He described a variety sericea from the Shoalhaven River region and also noted the discrepancy in Robert Brown 's description of the species . Brown had noted the bark to be smooth , in contrast to Ferdinand von Mueller and others who recorded the bark as layered .
The genus was reviewed by Peter Weston for the Flora of Australia treatment in 1995 , and P. linearis was placed in the Lanceolata group , a group of 54 closely related species with similar flowers but very different foliage . These species will often interbreed with each other where two members of the group occur , and hybrids with P. chamaepeuce , P. conjuncta , P. curvifolia , P. lanceolata , P. media , five subspecies of P. mollis , P. myrtilloides subsp. cunninghamii , P. oleoides , P. pinifolia and P. sericea have been recorded . Robert Brown initially described the hybrid with P. levis as a species " Persoonia lucida " , which is now known as Persoonia × lucida , and has been recorded from the southeast forests of the New South Wales south coast .
Bentham wrote in 1870 that the name geebung , derived from the Dharug language word geebung or jibbong , which had been used by the indigenous people for the fruits of this species . It goes by the common names of narrow @-@ leaved geebung or narrow @-@ leaf geebung . Naam @-@ burra is an aboriginal name from the Illawarra region .
= = Description = =
Persoonia linearis grows as a tall shrub to small tree , occasionally reaching 5 m ( 16 ft ) in height but more commonly around 2 – 3 m ( 6 @.@ 6 – 9 @.@ 8 ft ) tall . The flaky soft bark is dark grey on the surface , while deeper layers are reddish . Within the bark are epicormic buds , which sprout new growth after bushfire . The new growth is hairy . The leaves are more or less linear in shape , measuring 2 to 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 to 3 @.@ 54 in ) in length and 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 039 to 0 @.@ 276 in ) wide , with slightly down @-@ rolled margins .
The yellow flowers appear in summer and autumn ( December to May ) , peaking over January and February . They are arranged in leafy racemes , and each stem may bear up to 50 flowers . P. linearis is described as auxotelic , which means each stalk bears an individual flower that is subtended by a leaf at its junction with the stem . Known as pedicels , these are covered in fine hair and measure 2 – 8 mm in length . Each individual flower consists of a cylindrical perianth , consisting of tepals fused for most of their length , within which are both male and female parts . The tepals are 0 @.@ 9 – 1 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 35 – 0 @.@ 55 in ) long and covered in fine hair on the outside . The central style is surrounded by the anther , which splits into four segments ; these curl back and resemble a cross when viewed from above . They provide a landing area for insects visiting the stigma , which is located at the tip of the style . The flowers are followed by the development of smooth fleshy drupes , which are green and more or less round , measuring 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter . Mature drupes may have purple blotches . Each bears one or two seeds within a woody " stone " and is shed once ripe , generally from September to November .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
One of the most common geebungs , Persoonia linearis is found from the Macleay River catchment on the New South Wales Mid North Coast to the Tambo River in eastern Victoria . It is found from sea level to altitudes of 1 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) with an average yearly rainfall of 700 to 1 @,@ 400 mm ( 28 to 55 in ) . It is a component of dry sclerophyll forest on both sandstone and clay soils . It grows in sunny to lightly shaded areas in open forest or woodland with a shrubby understory . In the Sydney Basin , it is associated with such trees as Sydney peppermint ( Eucalyptus piperita ) , silvertop ash ( E. sieberi ) , blue @-@ leaved stringybark ( E. agglomerata ) , blackbutt ( E. pilularis ) , grey ironbark ( E. paniculata ) , snappy gum ( E. rossii ) , Sydney blue gum ( E. saligna ) , narrow @-@ leaved stringybark ( E. sparsifolia ) and smooth @-@ barked apple ( Angophora costata ) and shrubs such as Grevillea obtusiflora , G. phylicoides , Kowmung hakea ( Hakea dohertyi ) , long leaf smoke bush ( Conospermum longifolium ) and stiff geebung ( Persoonia rigida ) . In the vicinity of Nowra and Jervis Bay , it is an understory component of the widespread Currambene Lowlands Forest community , alongside such plants as gorse bitter pea ( Daviesia ulicifolia ) , bearded heath ( Leucopogon juniperinus ) and native daphne ( Pittosporum undulatum ) with spotted gum ( Corymbia maculata ) , white stringybark ( Eucalyptus globoidea ) and woollybutt ( E. longifolia ) as the dominant trees . The tall dry sclerophyll forest is on hilly terrain with good drainage . The underlying soil is a yellow loam originating from mudstone , siltstone and sandstone .
= = Ecology = =
Persoonia linearis is one of several species of Persoonia that regenerate by resprouting from trunks or stems greater than 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick after bushfire , an adaptation to the fire @-@ prone habitat where it grows . However , only larger trunks of 12 – 16 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 – 6 @.@ 3 in ) diameter might survive to reshoot after very hot fires . The thick papery bark shields and insulates the underlying epicormic buds from the flames . The plant can reshoot from the base , but generally only if the stem or trunk is killed .
Colletid bees of the genus Leioproctus , subgenus Cladocerapis exclusively forage on and pollinate flowers of many species of Persoonia . Bees of subgenus Filiglossa in the same genus , which also specialise in feeding on Persoonia flowers , do not appear to be effective pollinators . Weighing 1900 mg ( 0 @.@ 07 oz ) , the fruit are adapted to be eaten by vertebrates , such as kangaroos , possums and currawongs and other large birds . Seeds have been recorded in the faeces of the brush @-@ tailed rock @-@ wallaby ( Petrogale penicillata ) .
= = Cultivation = =
Persoonia linearis is useful as a hedging plant and responds well to pruning . Its foliage has been used in floral arrangements , and its colourful bark is a horticultural feature . It is a fairly easy plant to grow in gardens , but is rarely seen due to difficulties in propagation . Germination from seed is low , and can take many months . Once established it can tolerate extended dry periods and is hardy to frosts . Optimum growing conditions are part shade and a well @-@ drained acid soil , though P. linearis grows readily in full sun . Persoonias in general are sensitive to excessive phosphorus , and grow without fertiliser or with low @-@ phosphorus slow @-@ release formulations . They can also become deficient in iron and manganese . First cultivated in England in 1794 from seed , it was also reportedly propagated from cuttings ; Andrews described it as a " handsome greenhouse plant , continuing to flower through the autumnal months and producing good seeds . " Joseph Knight reported that cuttings would be successful as long as material was " judiciously chosen " , and that plants had set seed on occasion .
A compound with antimicrobial activity was isolated from the ripening drupes of a hybrid of Persoonia linearis and P. pinifolia growing in the Australian National Botanic Gardens in 1994 , and identified as 4 @-@ hydroxyphenyl 6 @-@ O- [ ( 3R ) -3,4 @-@ dihydroxy @-@ 2 @-@ methylenebutanoyl ] -β @-@ D @-@ glucopyranoside .
= Leicester Abbey =
The Abbey of Saint Mary de Pratis , more commonly known as Leicester Abbey , was an Augustinian religious house in the city of Leicester , in the English Midlands . The abbey was founded in the 12th century by the Robert de Beaumont , 2nd Earl of Leicester , and grew to become the wealthiest religious establishment within Leicestershire . Through patronage and donations the abbey gained the advowsons of countless churches throughout England , and acquired a considerable amount of land , and several manorial lordships . Leicester Abbey also maintained a cell ( a small dependent daughter house ) at Cockerham Priory , in Lancashire . The Abbey 's prosperity was boosted though the passage of special privileges by both the English Kings and the Pope . These included an exemption from sending representatives to parliament and from paying tithe on certain land and livestock . Despite its privileges and sizeable landed estates , from the late 14th century the abbey began to suffer financially and was forced to lease out its estates . The worsening financial situation was exacerbated throughout the 15th century and early 16th century by a series of incompetent , corrupt and extravagant abbots . By 1535 the abbey 's considerable income was exceeded by even more considerable debts .
The abbey provided a home to an average of 30 to 40 canons , sometimes known as Black Canons , because of their dress ( a white habit and black cloak ) . One of these canons , Henry Knighton , is notable for his Chronicle , which was written during his time at the abbey in the 14th century . In 1530 Cardinal Thomas Wolsey died at the abbey , whilst travelling south to face trial for treason . A few years later , in 1538 , the abbey was dissolved , and was quickly demolished , with the building materials reused in various structures across Leicester , including a mansion which was built on the site . The house passed through several aristocratic families , and became known as Cavendish House after it was acquired by the 1st Earl of Devonshire , in 1613 . The house was eventually looted and destroyed by fire in 1645 , following the capture of Leicester during the English Civil War .
Part of the former abbey precinct was donated to Leicester Town Council ( the predecessor of the modern City Council ) by the 8th Earl of Dysart . In 1882 it was opened by The Prince of Wales and became known as Abbey Park . The remaining 32 acres ( 13 ha ) , which included the abbey 's site and the ruins of Cavendish House , were donated to the council by the 9th Earl of Dysart in 1925 and , following archaeological excavations , opened to the public in the 1930s . Following its demolition , the exact location of the abbey was lost ; It was only rediscovered during excavations in the 1920s / 30s , when the layout was plotted using low stone walls . The abbey has been extensively excavated and was previously used for training archaeology students at the University of Leicester . Leicester Abbey is now protected as a scheduled monument and is Grade I Listed .
= = History = =
= = = Foundation = = =
Leicester Abbey was founded during a wave of monastic enthusiasm that swept through western Christendom in the 11th and 12th centuries . This wave was responsible for the foundation of the majority of England 's monasteries , and very few were founded after the 13th century . These monasteries were often founded by a wealthy aristocratic benefactor who endowed and patronised the establishments in return for prayers for their soul , and often , the right to be buried within the monastic church . Leicester Abbey was founded in the Augustinian tradition . The monks at the abbey were known as canons , and followed the monastic rules set down by Saint Augustine of Hippo . Sometimes known as Black Canons , because of their dress ( a white habit and black cloak ) , Augustinian Canons lived a clerical life engaged in public ministry ; this is distinct to other forms of monasticism in which monks were cloistered from the outside world , and lived an isolated , contemplative life .
Leicester Abbey was founded in 1143 by Robert le Bossu , 2nd Earl of Leicester , and was dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary . It was not the first abbey Robert had established , having founded Garendon Abbey , also in Leicestershire , in 1133 . Robert 's father , Robert de Beaumont , 1st Earl of Leicester , had previously founded a college of secular canons in Leicester , known as The College of St Mary de Castro . The new abbey assumed control of the college and its possessions , which included all of the churches in Leicester . Robert added to this with the gift of numerous churches in Leicestershire , Berkshire and Northamptonshire . The abbey also gained the manor of Asfordby from its merger with the college , and the manor of Knighton from its founder .
The earls of Leicester continued to patronise the abbey : Petronilla de Grandmesnil , wife of the founder 's son , Robert de Beaumont , 3rd Earl of Leicester , financed the construction of the abbey 's Great Choir ; whilst her husband donated 24 virgates ( 720 acres ) of land at Anstey .
In 1148 , Pope Eugene III granted the abbey an exemption on paying tithe for their newly acquired land and livestock . This was granted on the condition that there was to be no impropriety or violence when electing an abbot , and that those who donated money to the abbey could be buried within it , regardless of whether they had been excommunicated .
= = = 14th century = = =
Though the abbey was a religious house , it was attacked in 1326 by the Earl of Lancaster 's soldiers , who seized property belonging to Hugh le Despenser , 1st Earl of Winchester , which was being kept there .
Under the Abbotship of William Clowne ( tenure : 1345 – 1378 ) the abbey prospered , increasing their lands and endowments with acquisitions such as the manors of Ingarsby and Kirkby Mallory . Clowne is described as having " friendly relations " with King Edward III , and used this to gain further privileges for the abbey , including being exempted from having to send representatives to Parliament . However , by the late 14th century , the abbey had entered a difficult period , and its income began to fall .
It was during this period that the abbey was home to canon Henry of Knighton , who wrote Knighton 's Chronicon . The chronicle includes both Knighton 's contemporary experiences , between 1377 and 1395 , and a historical section recording events between 1066 and 1366 . Knighton chronicles the impact of John Wycliffe , the rise of the Lollards , and gives an unusually favourable account of John of Gaunt . Knighton 's chronicle is valued by historians for his contemporary account of the Black Death in Leicester , which has been compared with Giovanni Boccaccio 's Decameron , which chronicles the plague in Florence . His in depth account records the effects of the Black Death on Leicester . This includes the impact on the prices of food , grain , wine and cattle , and on changes in wages and the labour market . The chronicle also includes detailed death tolls for all of Leicester 's parishes , revealing that one @-@ third of the population of Leicester were killed by the disease . Following the deaths of canons within the abbey , Knighton theorises that it was punishment because of " the ordination of candidates ill @-@ prepared and but little suited for the sacred ministry " . The chronicle was not published until 1652 .
= = = 15th century = = =
In the 15th century the abbey began to lease out its land ( most probably as a solution to their falling income ) . By 1477 only the demesne lands in Leicester , Stoughton and Ingarsby remained un @-@ leased , and were directly farmed by the abbey .
Philip Repyngdon served as Abbot of Leicester Abbey from 1393 to 1405 , when he resigned to become " Chaplain and Confessor " to King Henry IV , and subsequently served as Bishop of Lincoln and as a Cardinal . Repyngdon 's successor , Richard of Rothely , was granted a Royal Licence permitting him to ask the Pope for to remove the abbey from the Bishop of Lincoln 's jurisdiction , as the abbot feared Repyngdon would interfere with his former abbey , which lay within that Diocese . It is unclear if the Pope ever agreed to this petition , as Repyngdon also petitioned the Pope ; receiving a declaration confirming that Leicester Abbey was " fully subject to him and his successors " .
Under the tenure of Abbot William Sadyngton ( 1420 — 42 ) the abbey 's fortunes fell further . A visit by William Alnwick , Bishop of Lincoln , in 1440 , revealed the number of canons had fallen from 30 to 40 to just 14 and that the number of boys in the almonry had fallen from 25 to 6 . Sadyngton was accused of various unsavory practices : of accepting unsuitable boys into the almonry in return for money , of " pocketing various minor revenues " , of " keeping the offices of treasurer and cellarer in his own hands " and of not disclosing the abbey 's accounts to his canons . Sadyngton was also known to keep servants and was even accused of practising magic , including divination .
Despite Abbot Sadyngton 's apparent financial corruption , the abbey appeared to be financially stable : the abbey 's monastic buildings had recently been extensively rebuilt and the abbey had a substantial annual income of £ 1180 . Perhaps because of the large income the Abbot was sustaining , Bishop Alnwick appears to have not taken strong measures against the Abbot 's indiscretions . He ordered that the number of canons should be increased to 30 and the number of boys in the almonry increased to 16 . The Bishop also ordered proper accounts to be kept and forbade the abbot from granting favours without the permission of both the Bishop and the Canons .
= = = 16th century = = =
In 1518 William Atwater , Bishop of Lincoln , visited to inspect the abbey . The Abbot , Richard Pescall , was , like Sadyngton , accused of financial impropriety , but also was thought to be too old to perform his duties . Pescall 's extravagances included an " excessive number of hounds " , which were known to roam freely " fouling church , chapter house and cloister " ; whilst the Bishop complained the boys in the almonry were being improperly educated .
A followup visit , in 1521 , by Bishop Atwater 's successor , John Longland , showed that things had not improved . Abbot Pescall rarely attended church services and , when he did , he would often bring his jester who " disturbed the services with his buffoonery " . The Abbot 's bad example had affected the canon 's behaviour , who ate and drank at improper times , failed to attend services ( an average of 11 of the 25 canons attended ) and roamed freely outside the abbey : visiting the town 's alehouses and frequently going hunting . Two canons were also accused of " incontinence " . This visit revealed the abbey was severely in debt , leading the Bishop to appoint two administrators to oversee the abbey 's finances .
The Chancellor of Lincoln Diocese visited the abbey in 1528 and found things had not improved . The abbot was still not attending services and was eating at unusual times and in unusual places , away from the other canons . The Chancellor also complained about the Abbot 's " excessive number " of servants . The 24 canons were also still in the habit of leaving the abbey without proper reason .
Bishop Longland saw no alternative but to remove Abbot Pescall , but the task was not simple as Pescall tried to secure his position by sending gifts and bribes to Thomas Cromwell , leading Bishop Longland to resort to " harassing " the Abbot by constantly interfering with affairs at the abbey . Abbot Pescall finally resigned 5 years later ( 10 years after his " failures " were first noticed ) and was granted a pension of £ 100 a year . Pescall 's retirement was far from quiet , however . Pescall frequently wrote to Thomas Cromwell complaining about affairs at the abbey , even bemoaning the fact that £ 13 of his undeservedly generous pension of £ 100 a year was being taken in tax , and asking that the tax be paid by the abbey .
It was during Abbot Pescall 's tenure , in 1530 , that Cardinal Thomas Wolsey visited the abbey . Wolsey was an influential minister in the government of King Henry VIII . He fell from favour after failing to secure papal permission for Henry to divorce his wife Katherine of Aragon , and on 4 November 1530 was arrested for treason . While en route from Yorkshire to London , where Wolsey would be held prisoner , he fell ill . The journey took Wolsey through Leicester , and he arrived at the abbey on 26 November , declaring : " Father abbott , I ame come hether to leave my bones among you " . Wolsey died on 30 November and the public were allowed to view his remains before he was interred within the abbey 's church .
By the time Pescall was removed , the abbey 's financial position was poor : Despite being the richest monastery in Leicestershire ( with an income of £ 951 in 1534 ) , it owed a total of £ 1 @,@ 000 to debtors . John Bourchier , who would be the last abbot of the house , took control in 1534 and by 1538 had reduced the debt to £ 411 . Abbots were usually elected from among the canons of the abbey : Bourchier represented a departure from tradition . Bourchier most probably gained the position of abbot on the instigation of the influential Robert Fuller , Abbot of Waltham Abbey , and on the promise of a bribe for Henry VIII 's chief adviser , Thomas Cromwell . Exact details are unknown , but letters seem to suggest Cromwell was promised his nephew Richard Williams ( Cromwell ) would be given £ 100 and the lease of the abbey 's grange at Ingarsby ; the promise was only honoured in April 1536 , as Bourchier faced opposition from the canons of the abbey . Historians have suggested that in choices such as Bourchier , Cromwell may have been selecting abbots he felt would be more " pliable " his future changes to the church ( i.e. the future Dissolution of the Monasteries , of which Cromwell was the architect ) .
In 1527 King Henry VIII asked Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Katherine of Aragon , but the pope refused . This started a series of events known as English Reformation in which Henry broke away from the authority of the pope . In lieu of the pope , Henry assumed authority over the church : all priests and religious figures , including monks , were required to swear support to the royal supremacy over the church . Abbot Bourchier and the 25 canons at Leicester Abbey acknowledged the king 's royal supremacy on 11 August 1534 , thereby saving the abbey from immediate dissolution .
Thomas Cromwell , Henry 's Chief Minister , had long since had his eyes on the wealth of English monasteries ; at the time they owned approximately a quarter of all the realm 's landed wealth . Starting in 1534 , Cromwell had each of the monasteries inspected , with the establishment 's wealth and endowments recorded , along with frequent reports of impropriety , vice and excess . These reports were compiled into volumes known as the Valor Ecclesiasticus . Leicester abbey was inspected by Richard Layton , in 1535 , who complimented Abbot Bourchier as an honest man , but who tried to bring charges of " adultery and unnatural vice " against the abbey 's canons . Abbot Bourchier sought to gain Thomas Cromwell 's favour to protect his canons and abbey ; in 1536 sending him £ 100 and gifts of sheep and oxen . This was ultimately fruitless : Cromwell had convinced King Henry of the immoral behaviour within England 's monasteries and thus between 1536 and 1541 they were all suppressed and dissolved : their land , property and wealth transferred to the king . The abbot 's attempts at bribery could not save Leicester Abbey , and it was finally surrendered to the crown for dissolution in 1538 .
= = = After dissolution = = =
After dissolution in 1538 , the abbey buildings were demolished within a few years ; although the main gatehouse , boundary walls and farm buildings were left standing . The last abbot , John Bourchier , was granted the substantial pension of £ 200 a year , when the abbey was dissolved : the largest in the Diocese of Lincoln . Payments did not continue for very long , however , as in 1552 , in the reign of Henry VIII 's son King Edward VI , the national finance 's were so poor that all pensions over £ 10 were suspended , with Bourchier recorded as having not received payments for over six months .
Following the Dissolution , during a period in which religion was rapidly changing in England , Bourchier managed to adapt his beliefs to stay within the hierarchy in the church : twice becoming a candidate for a bishopric , before servings as rector of Church Langton , from 1554 . This benefice may have represented his true religious sympathies as the rectory was under the patronage of " zealous Catholic " Edward Griffin of Dingley Hall ; although it also had financial incentive with a " wage " ( income ) of £ 60 a year : the highest in Leicestershire . Henry VIII had personally considered Bourchier for the position of Bishop of the King 's proposed new bishopric of Shrewsbury but the king then decided against the bishopric 's creation . In 1554 Bourchier was in touching distance of becoming a Bishop when he was suggested by Edward Griffin as a candidate for the Bishopric of Gloucester . Bourchier was even granted the income of the Bishopric in preparation for being formally appointed by Queen Mary . Mary , however , died , and Bourchier was never appointed . Mary was Catholic , where as her sister and successor , Queen Elizabeth was Protestant ; Elizabeth therefore refused to appoint Mary 's favoured candidates for the 5 vacant bishoprics Mary had left . Bourchier may have gotten off lightly as two other candidates were arrested .
Bourchier felt unable to accept Queen Elizabeth 's Acts of Settlement and Uniformity , so whilst still serving as rector of Church Langton , he decided to lay low : A list , drawn up around 1569 , of pensioners of the Diocese of Lincoln lists him as " not known whether he lives or not " . This continued until 1570 , when his disobedience was noticed and he was deprived of the rectory . In June 1571 Bourchier sold the rights to his £ 200 a year pension to Sir Thomas Smyth for the sum of £ 900 , and quietly fled abroad , probably to France or Flanders . A wealthy , but very old man , wanted by the state as a " fugitive over the sea , contrary to statute " , Bourchier lived quietly abroad for his remaining years . His date and place of death is unknown , but he is thought to have lived until at least 1577 , when he would have been around 84 years old .
= = = Cavendish House = = =
Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries , Henry VIII began to lease out his newly acquired land and property to extract an income from them . Leicester Abbey was granted in 1539 , on a 21 @-@ year lease , to Dr. Francis Cave , one of the commissioners who had negotiated the surrender of the abbey . During this period the abbey was rapidly demolished with the stone sold to meet the high demand within the town of Leicester .
War with France and Scotland led Henry VIII to sell of some of the religious establishments and land to raise finances quickly . Later , they were granted or bestowed to leading families who were friends or supporters of the King . These former religious establishments were frequently developed into country homes by their new aristocratic owners . Notable examples of this include Calke Abbey , Longleat House , Syon House , Welbeck Abbey. and Woburn Abbey .
Leicester Abbey followed a similar format : Dr. Cave 's tenancy was cut short in 1551 , when King Edward VI granted the abbey to William Parr , 1st Marquess of Northampton , brother of the former Queen Catherine Parr . Much of the abbey stone was then used to create a new mansion on the site , for the Marquess . The Marquess only held the abbey for two years : after supporting Lady Jane Grey 's claim to the throne , in 1553 , on the accession of Bloody Mary , he was arrested and his lands were confiscated . Mary granted the abbey and mansion to her catholic supporter Edward Hastings , 1st Baron Hastings of Loughborough , however he too fell from favour when Mary 's sister Elizabeth I came to the throne .
The abbey was sold to Henry Hastings , 3rd Earl of Huntingdon , in 1572 , and then to his brother , Sir Edward Hastings , in 1590 . It was Sir Edward who is through to have been the first of these owners to have actually lived at the abbey permanently : living in the gatehouse whilst the site was developed . Sir Edward 's son Henry ( who inherited the abbey in 1603 ) sold it to in 1613 to William Cavendish , 1st Earl of Devonshire ; the mansion that had been built on the site thus became known as Cavendish House . The 1st Earl intended the abbey to be his main residence and so started to massively extend the mansion , with a new range added to the south and a large wing to the north . The family was massively wealthy with several other estates and stately homes ; following the death of the 1st Earl , the family decided to use Chatsworth House as their principle residence : Cavendish House thus was only used as a stopping point on the way to London . The house gained full @-@ time residency again in 1638 , however , when it was used as a Dower house by Christiana Cavendish ( née Bruce ) , widow of the 2nd Earl of Devonshire .
In 1645 , during the English Civil War , the house was used by King Charles I and the Royalist forces after they had besieging and captured Leicester . The house was looted and burned when the Royalist left and marched south towards Oxford ; meeting parliamentary forces at the Battle of Naseby . Cavendish House was never repaired .
The Cavendish family sold the abbey in 1733 , at which point , with Cavendish House in ruins , the precinct was being used as agricultural land . By the 19th century the abbey had come into the possession of the Earls of Dysart . Lionel Tollemache , 8th Earl of Dysart , sold the land east of the River Soar ( known as Abbey Meadows ) in 1876 ; this was to allow Leicester Town Council to undertake flood prevention work . The part of this land between the river and the Grand Union Canal was developed by the Town Council into a public space known as Abbey Park , which was opened by King Edward VII ( then Prince of Wales ) in 1882 .
The remaining 32 acres ( 13 ha ) of the abbey precinct , which included the abbey 's site and Cavendish House , were donated by William Tollemache , 9th Earl of Dysart , to Leicester Council in 1925 . Part of Cavendish House had to be demolished as it was found to be unsafe , however , nearly six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years later the area was opened to the public as part of Abbey Park .
= = Archaeological excavations = =
The first excavations of the abbey took place in the 17th century , when the Dowager Countess , Christiana Cavendish , instructed her gardener to search for the body of Cardinal Wolsey and relics from the abbey ; although little was found .
With no above ground remains , the exact location of the abbey had been lost , and so in the 1840s , the editor of the Leicester Chronicle , James Thompson , tried , and failed , to attempt to locate the abbey church . In the 1850s the Leicester Architectural and Archaeological Society would also carry out excavations , but also failed to locate the abbey . Prior to the 9th Earl of Dysart 's donation of the abbey precinct , another attempt was undertaken , but again , no trace of the abbey was found .
In the interim period between the donation of the land in 1925 and opening of the abbey park , the abbey was the subject of numerous archaeological excavations , which continued into the following decade . By 1930 the abbey church , and many of its associated buildings had been finally located , and it was decided ( by the architect in charge of designing the new public park , William Bedingfield ) that the site of the abbey should be laid out with low stone walls . As the abbey 's stone was " robbed " , all that remained of many of the buildings were trenches : the remains of the former foundations . These trenches were " not always recognised " by the first excavators , which meant the layout of areas such as the chapter house , dormitory and kitchens was not clear .
In 2002 the University of Leicester Archaeological Services decided to excavate the presumed location of the abbey 's kitchens , to clarify the layout of that area of the abbey . These first excavations located both the north and south walls and a 15th – 16th @-@ century brick oven , confirming that it was indeed the kitchens . The area excavated was enlarged in 2003 , with the south @-@ west corner of the building and a second oven uncovered : this corner had not been entirely robbed of stone , with two courses of sandstone remaining . The second oven was found to contain charcoal , fragments of wheat and barley , fish @-@ bones and hazelnuts . A drain identified in the 1930s excavation was also located , and found to contain small bones , fish @-@ scales , and the bones of rats who had formerly lived in the drain .
This excavation confirmed the kitchen was a square building measuring 11 @.@ 88 metres ( 39 @.@ 0 ft ) square , with walls of between 1 @.@ 32 metres ( 4 ft 4 in ) and 1 @.@ 74 metres ( 5 ft 9 in ) thick . The ovens found in the corners of the room suggest the room was an octagonal shape internally : similar to the kitchens found at Glastonbury Abbey .
From 2000 until 2008 , the abbey ruins were used for training excavations for archaeology students at the School of Ancient History and Archaeology at the University of Leicester .
= = Layout = =
The archaeological excavations undertaken have allowed historians to calculate the layout and plan of the abbey : which were then plotted out with low stone walls , during the 1920s and 1930s . The abbey church was built on an artificially raised piece of land and is thought to have been richly decorated . It featured a tower at the west end , under which was the main entrance to the church ; two large transepts , which extended beyond the church 's aisles ; and large secondary side chapels , situated either beside the chancel , at the east @-@ end of the church .
The cloister lay to the south of the abbey church and was flanked by three ranges of building . The west range contained the " lavatorium " , a room used for washing ; a vaulted undercroft , used for storage ; and , on the first floor , the abbey 's best residential accommodation , probably including that used by the Abbot . The East range contained the abbey 's chapterhouse ; a small room which is presumed to be either a library or a sacristry ; a second larger undercroft , again used for storage ; a corridor , known as the Slype , leading to the graveyard ; and on the first floor were the canon 's dormitory and reredorter ( communal latrine ) . The south range contained a further undercroft ; a warming house , containing a large fire for the residents to warm themselves by ; and to the first floor the refectory , where the brethren ate .
To the south of the cloisters lay another three ranges of buildings which were formed around cobbled courtyard . The western range of this courtyard contained the abbey 's kitchens . South @-@ east of this courtyard was a large , separate , rectangular building with a small projection facing north : this building is believed to have been the " guest hall " , with the projection explained as an oriel window .
The abbey sat within a large walled precinct . The original precinct walls were constructed of sandstone in the 13th century , and featured both projecting corner towers , and smaller interval towers along its length . Much of this original wall was demolished when the enclosure was enlarged to the south around the turn of the 16th century . This work was thought to have been done under Abbot John Penny and what remains of the wall is now known as " Abbot Penny 's Wall " . This new wall was built using red brick , rather than stone , and is decorated by forty @-@ four different patterns or symbols , which include heraldic devices , simple patterns , and religious symbols , all of which were built into the wall using black bricks .
The abbey precinct was entered through an outer gateway on the north wall of the precinct . This led to a " halt @-@ way " which was around 60 metres ( 200 ft ) long , and was flanked either side by stone walls ; it was enclosed at the south end by the abbey 's formal Gatehouse . The original gatehouse was a single storey construction of two lodges flanking the gate ; but this was subsequently enlarged . The new gatehouse measured 21 metres ( 69 ft ) by 8 @.@ 5 metres ( 28 ft ) : it had round turrets at each corner , thought to contain stairs , and had " a couple of storeys " built above the gate itself . The gatehouse was then flanked to the west by what is thought to be a small , second kitchen .
On the eastern side of the precinct lay the abbey 's infirmary : a hospital used to care for ill or elderly canons . The infirmary was made up of two large buildings : one a chapel ; the other a hall ( with latrines to one end ) serving as a ward . The abbey precinct also contained an almonry , where poor boys received a free education in a type of boarding school ; a water mill ; a dovecote ; and a fishpond .
= = Possessions = =
= = = Controlled churches = = =
= = = = Churches in Leicestershire = = = =
= = = = Churches outside Leicestershire = = = =
= = = = Monastic cells = = = =
Cockerham Priory , Lancashire
= = = Manors and land = = =
= = List of abbots = =
A list of abbots of the abbey :
= Ferreira family =
The Ferreira family are a fictional family from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , that appeared on screen between 2003 and 2005 . Created by Tony Jordan and introduced by Louise Berridge as a new Asian family , producers hoped they would become central to the show . However , after Indian actor Dalip Tahil was forced to leave due to a controversy over his work permit , a major plot involving the family had to be scrapped and was replaced with a kidney transplant storyline that was branded " boring " . It was later revealed that the dropped storyline involved Dan being murderered by his children and buried in a shallow grave . The characters were also called " unrealistic " , " annoying " , and " unlikeable " by many of the show 's fans and critics . They were blamed for a decline in the show 's viewing figures and were eventually axed by Kathleen Hutchison after bosses struggled to find storylines for the family . Jordan later admitted the family 's members were " the least successful characters [ he ] created " .
= = Creation = =
The Ferreiras were introduced in 2003 as the first Asian family in EastEnders since Sanjay ( Deepak Verma ) and Gita Kapoor ( Shobu Kapoor ) , who both departed from the show in 1998 . They were also the first large family to arrive since the Slater family 's arrival in 2000 . The family were the creation of writer Tony Jordan , and Bollywood star Dalip Tahil was cast by the show 's executive producer , Louise Berridge , to play Daniel " Dan " Ferreira , the patriarch of the family . The family , from Goa in India , also consisted of Dan 's three sons , Rohan " Ronnie " ( played by Ray Panthaki ) , Ashwani " Ash " ( Raji James ) and Aditya " Adi " ( Ameet Chana ) , and daughter Kareena ( Pooja Shah ) . Ronnie 's friend Tariq Larousi , played by Nabil Elouahabi , also joined the show at the same time .
BBC drama bosses worked on introducing an Asian family , who would be central to the show , for a couple of years . Berridge commented on the casting : " After a search which has taken more than two years , and in which we have met literally hundreds of people , we have finally found the perfect cast for our dynamic new family . We 're delighted to welcome the Ferreiras to Albert Square and I 'm sure the viewers will be too . " Berridge also claimed the show didn 't set out to look for an Asian family , saying : " We wanted a new family as there were various elements missing from the show . I thought we were short on males and needed a surge of testosterone , " and said that the characters were formed around the actors : " We didn 't set out knowing exactly what we wanted . We workshopped constantly , trying out different improvisations with the actors and the characters evolved . "
It was hoped that the family would have a big impact on the other characters . The show 's producers apparently vowed not to include too many racial issues in the family
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's storylines , although upon their arrival , the character of Jim Branning ( John Bardon ) was heard saying " they 're Indian , they do like to pack ' em in , don 't they ? " in reference to the family 's size .
On being cast in the show , Tahil admitted that he wasn 't aware of how big a part of British culture the soap was until he arrived in the United Kingdom , saying " It 's going to be a big adventure . " The other actors in the family all said they were looking forward to joining the show , with James saying " [ I 'm ] really looking forward to the challenges of working on such a huge programme , " and Shah commenting " Joining EastEnders is a dream come true . I have been a fan of the programme for many years and I 'm looking forward to joining the cast . "
The family first appeared on screen on 3 June 2003 . Later on in the year Indian chef Madhur Jaffrey was cast in EastEnders as Dan 's estranged wife , Pushpa . Jaffrey commented , " I really wanted to do the role because Indian women are usually portrayed as so proper and withdrawn – the kind of women who just stay at home cooking and cleaning . I thought , ' How wonderful of EastEnders to write a character that is realistic . ' What my character has done happens all the time in India ; there are all kinds of stories of people running away and marrying their lovers . This is what commonly happens in those places , but somehow the image of Indian womanhood is different . " Pushpa was a guest character only appearing for the duration of a storyline that revealed Dan had been lying about her death and had actually left him for another man , Pradeep ( Kaleem Janjua ) Dan 's best friend .
= = Development = =
In November 2003 , it emerged that actor Dalip Tahil faced being axed from the show due to not having the correct work permit . It was reported that after Tahil joined EastEnders from appearing in stage musical Bombay Dreams , neither he nor the BBC had obtained proper authorisation from the Home Office to make the switch of employment legal . The BBC issued a one @-@ line statement , which read : " We are considering any potential problems with a view to resolving them as soon as possible . " Tahil was forced to leave the show , and made his last appearance on 30 December 2003 , although the actor was eventually allowed to remain in the UK .
Following Tahil 's departure , plots were abandoned and many scripts had to be rewritten . EastEnders scriptwriter Tony Jordan revealed that it was intended that Dan would be murdered by his children after prolonged bullying and abuse , saying " The family arrived in Albert Square in what was expected to be a huge storyline . The father [ ... ] was an oppressive and violent bully – eventually his children were going to kill him . It was all scripted – how they buried him in a shallow grave , how they dealt with it , and how it all exploded . And then Dalip got bloody deported . He was actually on the studio floor and they marched him off . Broken legs , nervous breakdowns – we can deal with that . But when actors are physically taken away by the government and deported , there 's not much you can do . Fifty scripts had to be reworked . And because all the episodes had been written around this big storyline , we had to keep the same amount of Ferreira material . " The murder storyline was replaced with one concerning a kidney transplant between Ronny and his newly discovered half brother Tariq . Jordan admitted they could have recast the character of Dan , but it may have looked " tacky " : " We couldn 't go , ' Tonight , the part of Mr Ferreira will be played by Michael French with a suntan ' . We were trying to do it with integrity . Then somebody said , ' What if Ronnie Ferreira 's mate Tariq turns out to be his half @-@ brother and we do the whole kidney transplant thing ? ' And , of course , it was like watching paint dry . ' Can I have your kidney ? ' ' No . Oh , go on then ... ' " Jordan told the Daily Mirror the Ferreiras were " the least successful characters I created – through no fault of their own . "
Berridge defended the family , saying that Tahil 's departure caused a lot of problems , however , she added , " [ T ] he Ferreiras have not been as successful as we had hoped . I think in retrospect we made a mistake in giving their entrance such a fanfare as a New Asian Family . Viewers traditionally take a long time to adapt to anyone new [ ... ] so it was wrong to emphasise what was different about this family from the start . Even so , we had a terrific first story for them , which was to have culminated in a huge , action storyline to mark the exit of their father . However , the sudden removal of actor Dalip Tahil , for reasons beyond our control , meant that the story had to be abandoned quickly – and 40 scripts rewritten on the spot . The result was the transplant story , which I have to admit did go on for far too long , especially when our biggest story in this period had also to be abandoned because of the pregnancy of Kacey Ainsworth . The writers and production team did their very best under these circumstances but I would be the first to admit the end result was not our finest hour . I hope that viewers will not hold this against the Ferreira family and will be prepared to watch the next stage of their stories with an open mind . This is a very talented bunch of actors , who 've had to put up with a lot of stick for problems which have not been of their making . Viewer response to their lighter material was very favourable and I am confident the Ferreiras will regain their popularity . " Lorraine Heggessey , controller of BBC One , said the show became overdependent on the kidney transplant storyline as there were several cast problems , such as illness , pregnancy , rehab and a car crash . Berridge quit as executive producer of EastEnders and was replaced by Kathleen Hutchison .
In April 2004 , producers were concerned that the family were losing popularity with viewers , and a decision was made to write Pooja Shah out of the show for a while , but to bring her back with a sexier image to rival Michelle Ryan , who played Zoe Slater . Shah expressed a dislike of her character , saying " I 'm fed up with it now . Kareena 's too dowdy . I wanted Kareena to be different , to stand out . If I 'm completely honest , I can 't stand her – she just grates on my nerves . She hasn 't got many friends , but then I wouldn ’ t be her friend if I met her . " The family had failed and rumours began that the entire family would be killed off in a house fire . A further attempt to " spice up " the family was made in July 2004 by bringing back character Sasha Perkins , played by Jemma Walker , and having her move in with the Ferreiras .
The show struggled to find storylines for Dan 's children , and the remainder of the family , including Sasha Perkins , were dropped from the show by Hutchison in October 2004 . This was claimed to be a mutual decision between the programme makers and the actors , as the characters had " run their course . " They made their final on @-@ screen appearance on 22 March 2005 .
= = Family tree = =
= = Storylines = =
= = = Background = = =
Dan Ferreira is a fan of Elvis Presley , portrayed as a womaniser and a bully . He claims to be a widower , talking about his wife as being dead , both to the neighbours and his children , but they have merely separated after she had an affair with his best friend , with whom she moved in . Ash is portrayed as the intelligent member of the family , the standard of his education being much higher than his siblings , so much so that he is a lecturer . He has an on / off problem with gambling , something that presumably led to the breakup of his first marriage , before he is seen on screen . Kareena is in a relationship with Tariq , though it is not a sexual one . Ronny works as a DJ under the name DJ Ronny Flawless , and Tariq is his best friend and promoter .
= = = 2003 – 05 = = =
The Ferreiras move to Albert Square in 2003 . Kareena and Adi run a clothes stall on the market , Ash starts working at the local community centre , and Ronny earns money as a disc jockey , managed by his friend , Tariq , whom Dan dislikes . It transpires that Tariq is in a secret relationship with Kareena , but the Ferreiras discover this after they split up , causing further animosity between Tariq and Dan .
Dan starts a relationship with Shirley Benson ( Robyn Moore ) , telling her that his wife , Pushpa , is dead . He takes her to a wedding as his guest , but Pushpa arrives , introducing herself and exposing Dan 's lie . Shirley then breaks up with him . The Ferreiras help Shirley to deal with her neighbour from hell , Gavin Sharp ( Steve Nicolson ) , which leads to Shirley and Ash becoming close and starting a secret relationship . Shirley is unhappy that Ash refuses to tell anyone about their relationship , as he knows his father will be furious if he discovers them together . Ash reveals to Shirley that he is a compulsive gambler and he lost his house and ruined his marriage in the process ; Dan had bailed him out . He says he owes his father everything and he is not willing to hurt him . Dan attempts to woo Shirley again , forcing her to confess her relationship with Ash . This causes friction between the Ferreiras , and Ash breaks up with Shirley to keep the peace .
Ronny 's love life is equally unsettled . He begins dating Kelly Taylor ( Brooke Kinsella ) , but ends the relationship when he discovers her past as a prostitute and begins dating Kelly 's best friend , Zoe Slater ( Michelle Ryan ) . This abruptly ends when Kelly witnesses Ronny kissing another woman . Meanwhile , Adi has a romance with Sasha Perkins ( Jemma Walker ) , a pole dancer and escort , who he initially pays to pretend to be his girlfriend . He spends a lot of time trying to impress his father but fails . Dan disappears suddenly and clears out the family 's bank account , leaving his children £ 12 @,@ 000 in mortgage arrears . The truth behind his disappearance is never revealed .
Ronny is stabbed by a gang while trying to protect Tariq and has to have his kidney removed . However , it is discovered he was born with just one and will need a kidney transplant . None of his siblings are a tissue match , so Ash , Adi and Kareena visit their mother , but her kidney is not a match either . Tariq is forced to reveal that he is Dan 's son , and he donates his kidney to Ronny . He explains that he thought having a mildly romantic relationship with his half sister would bring him closer to the family . Adi dislikes the fact he and Tariq are half brothers , but mellows towards him eventually . When bailiffs arrive to evict the family from their home , they board themselves into their living room , but eventually admit defeat and move into a flat with Sasha , starting a minicab firm called Toucan Cars .
Kareena begins dating Mickey Miller ( Joe Swash ) , but problems arise between them when Juley Smith ( Joseph Kpobie ) gives Kareena cocaine and she is seduced by him , though she manages to sort out her differences with Mickey eventually . Adi also has relationship problems after Sasha cheats on him with Danny Moon ( Jake Maskall ) , leading to the couple 's split . Gangster Johnny Allen ( Billy Murray ) agrees to loan several cars to the Ferreiras ' business , but three of them are stolen and Johnny orders the family out of Walford immediately or face repercussions . Kareena initially opts to remain in Walford with Mickey , but at the last minute she changes her mind and departs with the rest of her family in March 2005 .
= = Reception = =
Tahil 's casting was considered to be controversial , and was slammed by British Asian actors who said the part should have been given to a UK actor , referring to it as " disgraceful " . Actors Albert Moses and Renu Setna complained that home @-@ grown talent was being overlooked , with Moses saying , " British Asian actors have been fighting for the last five years to persuade the BBC to bring an Asian family into EastEnders and when at last it happens it goes to Bollywood . It is a disgrace and an insult to British Asian actors . This is a terrible thing for the BBC to do . It should be ashamed . " Setna said : " I have heard that for this storyline the BBC has brought over a Bollywood star to play the father . Why , when we have excellent Asian actors of our own ? " British immigration laws state that nationals from outside the European Union should not replace resident actors capable of doing the same work . A spokesperson for the BBC responded : " After due consideration , Dalip was deemed to be the most appropriate actor for the job . "
The family were criticised for being unrealistic , as their first names were a mixture of Muslim and Hindu and their surname was Portuguese . Additionally , it was suggested that Madhur Jaffrey was miscast in the role of Dan 's wife Pushpa . Several of the family 's storylines were criticised and branded as unbelievable and poorly researched , and they were cited as one of the main reasons viewing figures for the show dropped to a low of 6 @.@ 2 million . One columnist for the Daily Mirror wrote , " Never has a family bored me so much . During their transplant saga I nearly donated a kidney myself to end the turgid tale . Get rid of ' em . " Fans called for the family to be axed , and an editorial on the Daily Mirror stated : " The Ferreiras ' father , Dan , was probably not just the worst character in soap , but the most annoying , unlikeable person on all television . Inveterate gambler , Ash and daughter Kareena are mere ciphers while Adi is just weird – like a gay version of a character from Rainbow . Ronny Ferreira , meanwhile , [ ... ] presided over the most boring storyline in EastEnders ' history when viewers spent several weeks watching him lying in bed growing a beard ( i.e. waiting for a kidney transplant ) . The fact that the Ferreiras still haven 't been axed shows how indecisive and complacent the show 's executives have become . " However , a poll on radio station BBC Asian Network found that 75 % of respondents wanted the family to stay .
One thousand young Asian professionals were surveyed on their opinions of the family , with most respondents saying the family were extremely unrealistic . One girl said " I think the Ferreiras are shit ! The story lines are stupid , unrealistic and dull . Most Asians would not get evicted and then remain homeless , they would go to an aunty . " A female PR manager told the survey : " Just how many shades of brown can there be in one family ? You can 't put them in any context . They have no background , " and another participant said , " The Ferreiras should just be killed off . They are pointless , boring and the storylines are rubbish . "
Following the axing of the family , actor Ameet Chana accused the BBC of discriminating against the family , saying , " I 'm not afraid to admit that the Ferreira family have been treated like [ shit ] . We 've been made scapegoats , discriminated against . They wouldn 't do this to the Watts or Slater family . [ ... ] The Ferreira family have had bad storylines and we 've taken the blame for it . "
The family 's Goan origin was also criticised by Samir Shah , a member of the BBC 's board of directors , citing it as an example of " inauthentic representation " of ethnic minority communities . He said , " If you were to cast an Asian family in the East End , it should have been Bangladeshi . Instead we had a family of Goan descent . " A report by the Equality and Human Rights Commission claimed that the Ferreiras were an example of stereotyping in the media .
= Baby , Please Don 't Go =
" Baby , Please Don 't Go " is a blues song which has been called " one of the most played , arranged , and rearranged pieces in blues history " by music historian Gerard Herzhaft . It was likely an adaptation of " Long John " , an old folk theme dating back to slavery in the United States . Delta blues musician Big Joe Williams popularized it with several versions beginning in 1935 . The song 's roots have been traced back to nineteenth @-@ century American songs which deal with themes of bondage and imprisonment . " Baby , Please Don 't Go " became an early blues standard with recordings by several blues musicians , such as Papa Charlie McCoy , Leonard " Baby Doo " Caston , Lightnin ' Hopkins , John Lee Hooker and Big Bill Broonzy .
After World War II , Chicago blues and rhythm and blues artists adapted the song to newer music styles . In 1952 , a doo @-@ wop version by the Orioles reached the top ten on the race records chart . In 1953 , Muddy Waters recorded the song as an electric Chicago @-@ ensemble blues piece , which influenced many subsequent renditions .
In the 1960s , " Baby , Please Don 't Go " became a popular rock song after the Northern Irish group Them recorded it in 1964 . Several music writers have identified Jimmy Page , a studio guitarist at the time , as participating in the recording , although his exact contributions are unclear . Subsequently , Them 's uptempo rock arrangement has become a rock standard . " Baby , Please Don 't Go " has been inducted into both the Blues and Rock and Roll Halls of Fame .
= = Background = =
" Baby , Please Don 't Go " is likely an adaptation of " Long John " , an old folk theme which dates back to the time of slavery in the United States . It is also related to a group of early twentieth @-@ century blues songs that include " I 'm Alabama Bound " , " Elder Green Blues " , " Another Man Done Gone " , " Don 't Leave Me Here " and " Turn Your Lamp Down Low " . These songs have been traced back to late nineteenth @-@ century work songs . Author Linda Dahl suggests a connection to a song with the same title by Mary Williams Johnson in the late 1920s and early 1930s . However , Johnson , who was married to jazz @-@ influenced blues guitarist Lonnie Johnson , never recorded it and her song is not discussed as influencing later performers . Blues researcher Jim O 'Neal notes that Williams " sometimes said that the song was written by his wife , singer Bessie Mae Smith ( aka Blue Belle and St. Louis Bessie ) [ not the same as the popular Bessie Smith of the 1920s and 1930s ] " .
= = Original song = =
Big Joe Williams used the theme for his October 31 , 1935 , recording of " Baby , Please Don 't Go " during his first session for Lester Melrose and Bluebird Records in Chicago . It is an ensemble piece with Williams on vocal and guitar accompanied by Dad Tracy on one @-@ string fiddle and Chasey " Kokomo " Collins on washboard , who are listed as " Joe Williams ' Washboard Blues Singers " on the single . Musical notation for the song indicates a moderate @-@ tempo fifteen @-@ bar blues in 44 or common time in the key of B ♭ . As with many Delta blues songs of the era , it remains on the tonic chord ( I ) throughout without the progression to the subdominant ( IV ) or dominant ( V ) chords . The lyrics express a prisoner 's anxiety about his lover leaving before he returns home :
The song became a hit and established Williams ' recording career . On December 12 , 1941 , he recorded a second version titled " Please Don 't Go " in Chicago for Bluebird , with a more modern arrangement and lyrics . Blues historian Gerard Herzhaft calls it " the most exciting version " , which Williams recorded using his trademark nine @-@ string guitar . Accompanying him are Sonny Boy Williamson I on harmonica and Alfred Elkins on imitation bass ( possibly a washtub bass ) . Since both songs appeared before recording industry publications began tracking such releases , it is unknown which version was more popular . In 1947 , he recorded it for Columbia Records with Williamson and Ransom Knowling on bass and Judge Riley on drums . This version did not reach the Billboard Race Records chart , but represents a move toward a more urban blues treatment of the song .
= = Later blues and R & B recordings = =
Due to the popularity of the 1935 release of Big Joe Williams " Baby , Please Don 't Go " , other blues musicians began recording their interpretations of the song and it soon became a blues standard . Early examples include Papa Charlie McCoy as " Tampa Kid " ( 1936 ) , Leonard " Baby Doo " Caston ( 1939 ) , Lightnin ' Hopkins ( 1947 ) , John Lee Hooker ( 1949 ) and Big Bill Broonzy ( 1952 ) . By the early 1950s , the song was reworked in contemporary musical styles , with an early rhythm and blues / jump blues version by Billy Wright ( 1951 ) , a harmonized doo @-@ wop version by the Orioles ( a number eight R & B hit in 1952 ) , and a Afro @-@ Cuban @-@ influenced rendition by Rose Mitchell ( 1954 ) .
In 1953 , Muddy Waters recast the song as a Chicago @-@ blues ensemble piece with Little Walter and Jimmy Rogers . Waters regularly performed " Baby , Please Don 't Go " and made several live recordings . Live versions appear on Muddy Waters at Newport 1960 and on Live at the Checkerboard Lounge , Chicago 1981 with members of the Rolling Stones . AllMusic critic Bill Janovitz cites the influence of Waters ' adaptation :
The most likely link between the Williams recordings and all the rock covers that came in the 1960s and 1970s would be the Muddy Waters 1953 Chess side , which retains the same swinging phrasing as the Williams takes , but the session musicians beef it up with a steady driving rhythm section , electrified instruments and Little Walter Jacobs wailing on blues harp .
= = Van Morrison and Them rendition = =
= = = Background = = =
" Baby Please Don 't Go " was one of the earliest songs recorded by the Northern Irish band Them , fronted by a 19 @-@ year @-@ old Van Morrison . Their rendition of the song was derived from a John Lee Hooker version he recorded in 1949 as " Don 't Go Baby " using the pseudonym " Texas Slim " ( King 4334 ) . Hooker 's song appeared on a 1959 album titled Highway of Blues ( using the correct names ) , which Van Morrison had acquired . Morrison later explained
'Baby Please Don 't Go ' was on it and several other songs like ' Devil 's Stomp ' and all this slow stuff . ' Baby Please Don 't Go ' was the only fast number on it . It struck me as being something really unique and different , with a lot of soul . More soul than I 'd heard from any previous records .
= = = Recording and composition = = =
Them recorded " Baby , Please Don 't Go " for Decca Records in October 1964 . Besides Morrison , there is conflicting information about who participated in the session . In addition to the group 's original members ( guitarist Billy Harrison , bassist Alan Henderson , drummer Ronnie Millings , and keyboard player Eric Wrixon ) , others have been suggested : Pat McAuley on keyboards , Bobby Graham on a second drum kit , Jimmy Page on second guitar , and Peter Bardens on keyboards . As Page biographer George Case notes , " There is a dispute over whether it is Page 's piercing blues line that defines the song , if he only played a run Harrison had already devised , or if Page only backed up Harrison himself " .
Morrison has acknowledged Page 's participation in the early sessions : " He played rhythm guitar on one thing and doubled a bass riff on the other " and Morrison biographer Johnny Rogan notes that Page " doubled the distinctive riff already worked out by Billy Harrison " . Music critic Greil Marcus comments that during the song 's quieter middle passage " the guitarist , session player Jimmy Page or not , seems to be feeling his way into another song , flipping half @-@ riffs , high , random , distracted metal shavings " . Them 's blues @-@ rock arrangement is " now regarded justly as definitive " , with " much of its appeal emanat [ ing ] from the tingling lead guitar section " , according to music writer Adam Clayson .
= = = Releases and charts = = =
" Baby , Please Don 't Go " was released as Them 's second single on November 6 , 1964 . With the B @-@ side , " Gloria " , it became their first hit , reaching number ten on the UK Singles Chart . The single was released in the U.S. in 1965 , but only " Gloria " became a hit the following year . The song was not included on Them 's original British or American albums ( The Angry Young Them and Them Again ) , however , it has appeared on several compilation albums , such as The Story of Them Featuring Van Morrison and The Best of Van Morrison . When it was reissued in 1991 as a single in the UK ( London LON 292 ) , it reached number 65 in the chart . Van Morrison also accompanied John Lee Hooker during a 1992 performance , where Hooker sings and plays " Baby , Please Don 't Go " on guitar while sitting on a dock , with harmonica backing by Morrison ; it was released on the 2004 Come See About Me Hooker DVD .
= = AC / DC version = =
" Baby , Please Don 't Go " was a feature of AC / DC 's live shows since their beginning . Although they have expressed their interest and inspiration in early blues songs , music writer Mick Wall identifies Them 's adaptation of the song as the likely source . In November 1974 , Angus Young , Malcolm Young , and Bon Scott recorded it for their 1975 Australian debut album , High Voltage . Tony Currenti is sometimes identified as the drummer for the song , although he suggests that it had been already recorded by Peter Clack . Wall notes that producer George Young played bass for most of the album , although Rob Bailey claims that many of the album 's tracks were recorded with him .
High Voltage and a single with " Baby , Please Don 't Go " were released simultaneously in Australia in February 1975 . AllMusic critic Eduardo Rivadavia called the song " positively explosive " . Albert Productions issued it the single 's B @-@ side , however , the A @-@ side was largely ignored and " Baby , Please Don 't Go " began receiving airplay . The single entered the chart at the end of March 1975 and peaked at number 10 in April . Also in April 1975 , one month after drummer Phil Rudd and bassist Mark Evans joined AC / DC , the group performed the song for the Australian music program Countdown . For their appearance , " Angus wore his trade mark schoolboy uniform while Scott took the stage wearing a wig of blonde braids , a dress , make @-@ up , and earrings " , according to author Heather Miller . Joe Bonomo describes Scott as " a demented Pippi Longstocking " and Perkins notes his " tattoos and a disturbingly short skirt . " Evans describes the reaction :
As soon as his vocals are about to begin he comes out from behind the drums dressed as a schoolgirl . And it was like a bomb went off in the joint ; it was pandemonium , everybody broke out in laughter . [ Scott ] had a wonderful sense of humor .
Scott mugs for the camera and , during the guitar solo / vocal improvization section , he lights a cigarette as he duels with Angus with a green mallet . Rudd laughs throughout the performance . Although " Baby , Please Don 't Go " was a popular part of AC / DC 's performances ( often as the closing number ) , the song was not released internationally until their 1984 compilation EP ' 74 Jailbreak . The video from the Countdown show is included on the Family Jewels DVD compilation in 2005 .
= = Recordings by other artists = =
Aerosmith recorded " Baby , Please Don 't Go " for their blues cover album , Honkin ' on Bobo , which was released on March 30 , 2004 . The album was produced by Jack Douglas , who had worked on the group 's earlier albums , and reflects a return to their hard rock roots . Billboard magazine describes the song as " the kind of straight @-@ ahead , hard @-@ driving track that always typified the band 's [ 1970s ] records " . Edna Gundersen of USA Today called their version a " terrific revival . " It was the first single to be released from the album and reached number seven on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . A music video , directed by Mark Haefeli , was produced to promote the single . Subsequently , the song has become a staple of the band 's concert repertoire .
Other recorded renditions include those by Mose Allison ( Transfiguration of Hiram Brown , 1960 ) , Paul Revere & the Raiders ( Just Like Us ! , 1966 ) , the Amboy Dukes ( reached number 106 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles record chart in 1968 ) , and Budgie ( Never Turn Your Back on a Friend , 1973 ) .
= = Recognition and legacy = =
Big Joe Williams ' " Baby , Please Don 't Go " is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list of " 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll " . In 1992 , it was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame in the " Classics of Blues Recordings " category . The Foundation noted that , in addition to various blues recordings , " the song was revived in revved @-@ up fashion by rock bands in the ' 60s such as Them , the Amboy Dukes , and Ten Years After " .
= Symphony in White , No. 2 : The Little White Girl =
Symphony in White , No. 2 , also known as The Little White Girl is a painting by James Abbott McNeill Whistler . The work shows a woman in three @-@ quarter figure standing by a fireplace with a mirror over it . She is holding a fan in her hand , and wearing a white dress . The model is Joanna Hiffernan , the artist 's mistress . Though the painting was originally called The Little White Girl , Whistler later started calling it Symphony in White , No. 2 . By referring to his work in such abstract terms , he intended to emphasize his " art for art 's sake " philosophy . In this painting , Heffernan wears a ring on her ring finger , even though the two were not married . By this religious imagery , Whistler emphasizes the aesthetic philosophy behind his work .
Whistler created the painting in the winter of 1864 , and it was displayed at the Royal Academy the next year . The original frame carried a poem written by Whistler 's friend Algernon Charles Swinburne – titled Before the Mirror – written on sheets of golden paper . The poem was inspired by the painting , and to Whistler this demonstrated that the visual arts need not be subservient to literature . Though there are few clues to the meaning and symbolism of the painting , critics have found allusions to the work of Ingres , as well as oriental elements typical of the popular Japonisme .
= = Artist and model = =
James Abbott McNeill Whistler was born in the United States in 1834 , the son of George Washington Whistler , a railway engineer . In 1843 , his father relocated the family to Saint Petersburg , Russia , where James received training in painting . After a stay in England , he returned to America to attend the US Military Academy at West Point in 1851 . In 1855 , he made his way back to Europe , determined to dedicate himself to painting . He settled in Paris at first , but in 1859 moved to London , where he would spend most of the remainder of his life . There he met Dante Gabriel Rossetti and other members of the Pre @-@ Raphaelite Brotherhood , who would have a profound influence on Whistler .
It was also in London that Whistler met Joanna Hiffernan , the model who would become his lover . Their relationship has been referred to as a " marriage without benefit of clergy . " By 1861 , Whistler had already used her as a model for other paintings . In Wapping , painted between 1860 and 1864 , Hiffernan ( according to Whistler ) portrayed a prostitute . The direct precursor of The Little White Girl was a painting created in the winter of 1861 – 62 , initially called The White Girl and later renamed Symphony in White , No. 1 . Hiffernan supposedly had a strong influence over Whistler ; his brother @-@ in @-@ law Francis Seymour Haden refused a dinner invitation in the winter of 1863 – 64 due to her dominant presence in the household .
= = History of the painting and Swinburne 's poem = =
Whistler painted The Little White Girl in 1864 , with Hiffernan as his model . In 1865 it was exhibited at the summer exhibition of the Royal Academy ; Whistler had offered The White Girl for the 1862 exhibition , but it had been rejected . English critics were not too impressed by the painting ; one in particular called it " bizarre " , while another called it " generally grimy grey " . In 1900 , however , it was one of the pictures Whistler submitted to the Universal Exhibition in Paris , where he won a grand prix for paintings . The first owner of the painting was the wallpaper manufacturer John Gerald Potter , a friend and patron of Whistler . In 1893 it came into the possession of Arthur Studd , who gave it to the National Gallery in 1919 . In 1951 it was transferred to the Tate Gallery .
In 1862 Whistler had met the English poet Algernon Charles Swinburne , with whom he developed a close friendship . The relationship between the two was mutually beneficial . Inspired by Whistler 's Little White Girl , Swinburne wrote a poem with the title Before the Mirror . Before the painting went on exhibition at the Royal Academy , Whistler pasted the poem written on gold leaf onto the frame . The idea of decorating a painting 's frame with a poem was one Whistler had gotten from Rossetti , who had similarly pasted a golden paper with one of his poems on the frame of his 1849 painting The Girlhood of Mary . To Whistler , this poem underlined his idea of the autonomous nature of the painted medium . It showed that painters were more than mere illustrators , and that visual art could be an inspiration for poetry , not just the other way around .
A misconception circulated at the time that the painting had been inspired by Swinburne 's poem . In a letter to a newspaper , Whistler refuted this , while still showing his respect for Swinburne 's work ; " those lines " he wrote " were only written , in my studio , after the picture was painted . And the writing of them was a rare and graceful tribute from the poet to the painter – a noble recognition of work by the production of a nobler one . " Swinburne repaid the compliment : " ... whatever merit my song may have , it is not so complete in beauty , in tenderness and significance , in exquisite execution and delicate strength , as Whistler 's picture ... "
= = Composition and interpretation = =
Whistler , especially in his later career , resented the idea that his paintings should have any meaning beyond what could be seen on the canvas . He is known as a central proponent of the " art for art 's sake " philosophy . The development of this philosophy he owed largely to Swinburne , who pioneered it in his 1868 book William Blake : a Critical Essay . Later , Whistler began referring to The Little White Girl as Symphony in White , No. 2 . By the musical analogy , he further emphasized his philosophy that the composition was the central thing , not the subject matter .
One of the most conspicuous elements of the painting is the ring on the model 's ring finger . Resting on the mantle piece , it becomes a focal point of the composition . The ring was a device of which Whistler was conscious ; it had not been present in The White Girl . Though he and Hiffernan were not married , the ring showed a development in how he represented her in his art ; from prostitute in Wapping , to mistress in The White Girl , and finally a wife in The Little White Girl . At the same time , this development reflected Whistler 's notion of his own position in the English art world : towards greater legitimacy . The ring is also an allusion to the Christian sacrament of marriage , which lends a religious aspect to the aestheticism that he and Swinburne were trying to develop .
In The Little White Girl , Whistler can be seen to clearly move away from the realism of the French painter Gustave Courbet , who had previously been a great influence on him . The painting contrasts soft , round figures with harder geometrical shapes , using " brushy , transparent touches and dense , vigorous strokes . " Various artists and styles have been suggested as inspirations for The Little White Girl . The painting has been compared to the work of Ingres . Though Whistler 's painting was different from Ingres ' art in many ways , he was nevertheless an admirer of the French artist , and was inspired by his work . The fan in the model 's hand and the vase on the mantelpiece are oriental elements , and expressions of the Japonisme prevalent in European art at the time . Apart from this , there are few clues for the viewer , and the picture invites a wide variety of individual interpretations . A contemporary review in the newspaper The Times commented that " Thought and passion are under the surface of the plain features , giving them an undefinable attraction . " Art critic Hilton Kramer sees in Whistler 's portraits a charm and a combination of craft and observational skills that his more radical landscapes lacked .
= Fremantle Prison =
Fremantle Prison , sometimes referred to as Fremantle Gaol or Fremantle Jail , is a former Australian prison in Fremantle , Western Australia . The six @-@ hectare ( 15 @-@ acre ) site includes the prison cellblocks , gatehouse , perimeter walls , cottages , and tunnels . Initially known as the Convict Establishment or The Establishment , it was constructed as a prison for convicts , using convict labour , between 1851 and 1859 . The prison was transferred to the colonial government in 1886 for use for locally @-@ sentenced prisoners . Royal Commissions were held in 1898 and 1911 , and instigated some reform to the prison system , but significant changes did not begin until the 1960s . The government department in charge of the prison underwent several reorganisations in the 1970s and 1980s , but the culture of Fremantle Prison was resistant to change . Growing prisoner discontent culminated in a 1988 riot with guards taken hostage , and a fire that caused $ 1 @.@ 8 million worth of damage . The prison closed in 1991 , replaced by the new maximum @-@ security Casuarina Prison .
The prison was administered by a comptroller general , sheriff , or director , responsible for the entire convict or prison system in Western Australia , and a superintendent in charge of the prison itself . Prison officers , known as warders in the 19th century , worked under stringent conditions until they achieved representation through the Western Australian Prison Officers ' Union . Convicts were initially of good character as potential future colonists , but less desirable convicts were eventually sent . As a locally @-@ run prison , Fremantle 's population was generally short @-@ sentenced white prisoners in the 1890s , with very few Aboriginal prisoners . By the late 20th century , most prisoners were serving longer sentences , a higher proportion of them were violent , and Aboriginal people were over @-@ represented .
Prison life at Fremantle was highly regulated . Meals were an important part of the day , eaten in the cells throughout the operational life of the prison . Convict or prisoner labour was used on public infrastructure works until around 1911 ; subsequently , only work inside the prison was allowed , though there was never enough to fully occupy the inmates . Punishments varied over the years , with flogging and time in irons eventually replaced by lengthening of sentences and deprivation of visitors or entertainment . More than 40 hangings were carried out at Fremantle Prison , which was Western Australia 's only lawful place of execution , between 1888 and 1984 . Prominent escapees included Moondyne Joe , as well as John Boyle O 'Reilly and six other Fenians in the 19th century , and Brenden Abbott in 1989 . There have been various riots and other disturbances , with major riots causing damage in 1968 and 1988 .
Since 1991 , Fremantle Prison has been conserved as a recognised heritage site , and various restoration works have been undertaken . New uses have been found for some buildings within the prison , which has also become a significant tourist attraction . The process of obtaining World Heritage listing as part of the Australian Convict Sites submission focused historical interpretation and conservation efforts on the prison 's convict era ( 1850 – 1886 ) , at the expense of its more recent history , including Aboriginal prisoners held there .
= = Architecture = =
= = = Layout = = =
Fremantle Prison was built on a land grant of about 36 acres ( 15 ha ) from limestone quarried on @-@ site . A 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) tall boundary wall encloses the prison grounds , with a gatehouse in the centre of the western wall , facing The Terrace . Other roads bounding the site are Knutsford Street to the north , Hampton Road to the east , and Fothergill Street to the south . Cottages , which housed prison workers and officials , are located outside the wall either side of the gatehouse . Inside the walls , the parade ground is located east of the gatehouse . Beyond it is the Main Cell Block at the centre of the site , which contains two chapels . North of the main block is New Division , and west of that , in the north @-@ western corner , is the former Women 's Prison , previously the cookhouse , bakehouse and laundry . The hospital building stands in the north @-@ eastern corner , while the former workshops are located in the south @-@ eastern corner , as well as to the north of the gatehouse . A system of underground tunnels , constructed to provide fresh water from an aquifer , runs under the eastern edge of the site .
= = = Buildings = = =
= = = = Houses on The Terrace = = = =
North of the gatehouse , located at 2 , 4 , and 6 The Terrace , are cottages built in Victorian style , in contrast to the Georgian style of the other houses . Number 10 is a double @-@ storey house , initially built in 1853 for the chaplain , but taken over by the superintendent in 1878 and later used by the prison administration . An adjoining single @-@ storey at number 12 , finished in 1854 , was the home of the gatekeeper , located on the north side of the gatehouse . Number 16 The Terrace , south of the gatehouse , is a double @-@ storey house that accommodated first the superintendent , and later the resident magistrate . It remained in use as housing for prison officers until the 1970s . Number 18 , the southernmost house on The Terrace , and number 8 , the northernmost of the initial buildings , both featured two sitting rooms , three bedrooms , and two dressing rooms , as well as a kitchen , water closet and shed , but with mirrored layouts . Number 18 was expanded with additions built in the 1890s .
= = = = Gatehouse = = = =
The gatehouse and associated entry complex was constructed between 1854 and 1855 using convict labour . It was designed by Royal Engineer and Comptroller General Edmund Henderson , and constructed out of limestone . The gatehouse has two towers either side of a narrow gate , reminiscent of those found in 13th century English castles or walled cities . Iron that had been scavenged from shipwrecks was used to make the gate , while the clock at the top of the structure was imported from England . As the main entrance , the gatehouse has remained a significant feature and landmark ; since the closure of the prison , it has housed a café and office areas . Restoration was carried out in 2005 , preserving the original stone facade and removing non @-@ original rendering .
= = = = Main Cell Block = = = =
Little @-@ changed since its construction in the 1850s by convicts , the Main Cell Block was designed to hold up to 1000 prisoners . The central , four @-@ storey high cell block is flanked on either end by large dormitory wards , called the Association Rooms . Here , as many as 80 men slept in hammocks , either as a reward for good behaviour or because they would soon receive their ticket of leave . In contrast , the cramped cells measured just seven by four feet ( 2 @.@ 1 by 1 @.@ 2 m ) . Although each cell initially had a basin connected to running water , the installation was before the advent of S @-@ bends ; the smells coming up the pipes led to their removal by the 1860s . Following a Royal Commission , the cells were enlarged by removing a dividing wall from between two cells . Electric lighting was installed in the 1920s , but there were never any toilets – buckets were used for the duration of the prison 's operation . Since the prison 's closure , six cells have been restored to represent the varying living conditions at different times in the prison 's history . The main block also houses the gallows , solitary confinement cells , and two chapels – Anglican and Catholic .
= = = = New Division = = = =
Fremantle Prison 's New Division building was constructed between 1904 and 1907 , as a response to overcrowding . It also allowed prison administrators to implement the " separate system " , whereby prisoners were completely isolated for the first three months of their sentence . A panopticon in the exercise yard was initially used to facilitate this concept during the prisoners ' hour of exercise each day . The system was not successful , and considered a dated prisoner management strategy , leading to its removal within five years . New Division was the first building to have electricity , with underground wiring . During World War II , the Australian Army appropriated the division , to keep their prisoners separate from the main population . In 1994 the building was retrofitted to cater for offices , small business premises , and meeting rooms .
= = = = Women 's Prison = = = =
The north @-@ western complex was originally a service area with a cookhouse , bakehouse and laundry , built in the 1850s . A place for women prisoners was needed following the closure of Perth Gaol and the transfer of prisoners to Fremantle . The buildings were converted to a prison , and a wall built around them , creating Western Australia 's first separate prison for women . Population and crime growth led to them being extended in the 1890s and 1910s . The construction of Bandyup Women 's Prison saw Fremantle 's Women 's Prison close in 1970 , with the space used for education and assessment until the main prison 's closure in 1991 .
= = = = Hospital = = = =
Built between 1857 and 1859 , the hospital was a crucial component of Fremantle Prison . Public works during the convict era relied on convict labour , which could only be provided if the convicts were healthy . From 1886 to 1903 , medical services were relocated to the main cell block , with the former building used to keep invalids and female prisoners . The hospital was refurbished and reopened in 1904 . It subsequently remained in continuous operation until the prison 's closure in 1991 .
= = = = Workshops = = = =
The original workshop was a blacksmith 's shop , one of the first buildings to be constructed on the prison site . Later known as the East Workshops , other workshops included carpenter 's , plumber 's and painter 's , a printing office , and from the 1850s , a metal shop . The West Workshops were built at the start of the twentieth century , providing more work for prisoners through a paint shop , mat maker , shoe maker , book binder and tailor shop . In 1993 the four northern workshops were adapted for use as TAFE art workshops .
= = = Tunnels = = =
In the 1850s , shafts were sunk into the limestone bedrock to provide the prison with fresh water from an aquifer , and a tank was installed in 1874 to offer the town of Fremantle an alternative water supply . Prisoners worked a pump to fill the tank , which was connected to the jetties through gravity @-@ fed pipes . In 1896 , a town reservoir was constructed on Swanbourne Street , fed from the prison by a triple @-@ expansion steam @-@ driven pump that could take more than 4 @.@ 5 megalitres ( 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ) per day from the prison tunnels . Prisoners , relieved of manual pumping , were employed to supply wood and stoke boilers . The tunnels were closed in 1910 , though the groundwater continued to be used for the prison 's gardens . In 1989 , oil leaking from nearby tanks contaminated the water ; however , the pollution was cleared by 1996 through bioremediation . The tunnels were re @-@ opened in mid @-@ 2005 , and had been refurbished within a year to improve the experience for visitors .
= = History = =
= = = 19
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hanged was serial killer Eric Edgar Cooke , executed in 1964 .
From the day of sentencing to death , prisoners were kept in a concrete @-@ floored cell in New Division . They were vigilantly observed to prevent them escaping their sentence through suicide . With hangings taking place on Monday mornings , at 8 : 00 am , condemned prisoners were woken three hours earlier , and provided with a last meal , shower , and clean clothes . Afterwards , handcuffed , they were moved to a holding or " condemned cell " nearby the gallows , and allowed a couple of sips of brandy to calm their nerves . Shortly before 8 : 00 am , they were hooded , led up to the execution chamber , which could hold as many as eleven witnesses , stood over the trap door , had a noose put around their neck , and were hanged by dropping through the opening trap door . After medical examination , the deceased was removed for burial .
= = = Escapes = = =
There were a multitude of attempted escapes from Fremantle Prison . Prominent escapees included Moondyne Joe in 1867 , John Boyle O 'Reilly in 1869 and six other Fenians in 1876 , and Brenden Abbott in 1989 .
= = = = Moondyne Joe = = = =
Joseph Bolitho Johns , better known as Moondyne Joe , was Western Australia 's best known bushranger . In July 1865 , Johns was sentenced to ten years penal servitude for killing a steer . He and another prisoner absconded from a work party in early November , and were on the run for nearly a month , during which time Johns adopted the nickname Moondyne Joe . For absconding and for being in possession of a firearm , Moondyne Joe was sentenced to twelve months in irons , and transferred to Fremantle Prison . In July 1866 he received a further six months in irons for trying to cut the lock out of his door , but in August Moondyne Joe succeeded in escaping again . Moondyne Joe formulated a plan to escape the colony by travelling overland to South Australia , but was captured on 29 September about 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) north @-@ east of Perth .
As punishment for escaping and for the robberies committed while on the run , Moondyne Joe received five years hard labour on top of his remaining sentence . Extraordinary measures were taken to ensure that he did not escape again . He was transferred to Fremantle Prison where a special " escape @-@ proof " cell was made for him , built from stone , lined with jarrah sleepers and over 1000 nails . In early 1867 Moondyne Joe was set to work breaking stone , but rather than permit him to leave the prison , the acting comptroller @-@ general ordered that the stone be brought in and dumped in a corner of the prison yard , where Moondyne Joe worked under the constant supervision of a warder .
Governor John Hampton was so confident of the arrangements , he was heard to say to Moondyne Joe : " If you get out again , I 'll forgive you " . However , the rock broken by Moondyne Joe was not removed regularly , and eventually a pile grew up until it obscured the guard 's view of him below the waist . Partially hidden behind the pile of rocks , he occasionally swung his sledgehammer at the limestone wall of the prison . On 7 March 1867 , Moondyne Joe escaped through a hole he had made in the prison wall . A few days before the second anniversary of his escape , Moondyne Joe was recaptured , returned to prison , and sentenced to an additional four years in irons . Eventually , Governor Frederick Weld heard of his predecessor Hampton 's promise , and decided that further punishment would be unfair . Moondyne Joe was given a ticket of leave in May 1871 .
= = = = The Fenians = = = =
From 1865 to 1867 , British authorities rounded up supporters of the Irish Republican Brotherhood , or Fenians , an Irish independence movement , and transported sixty @-@ two of them to Western Australia . In 1869 , John Boyle O 'Reilly escaped on the American whaling ship Gazelle and settled in Boston . Later that year , pardons were issued to many of the imprisoned Fenians , after which only eight militant Fenians remained in Western Australia 's penal system .
The Fenians in America bought the whaling ship Catalpa , which on 29 April 1875 sailed from New Bedford , Massachusetts on a secret rescue mission . Coordinating with local Fenian agents , the escape was arranged for 17 April 1876 , when most of the Convict Establishment garrison would be watching the Royal Perth Yacht Club regatta . Catalpa dropped anchor in international waters off Rockingham and dispatched a whaleboat to the shore . At 8 @.@ 30 am , six Fenians who were working in work parties outside the prison walls absconded , and were met by carriages that raced 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) south to where the boat was waiting .
The whaleboat managed to rendezvous with Catalpa the following day , which then headed out to sea . They were chased by the steamship SS Georgette , which had been commandeered by the colonial governor . Though Georgette caught up with the whaler on 19 April , Catalpa 's master claimed they were in international waters , and that an attack on Catalpa would be considered an act of war against the United States . Not wanting to cause a diplomatic incident , Georgette allowed Catalpa to flee .
= = = = Brenden Abbott = = = =
Brenden Abbott , " the Postcard Bandit " , escaped from Fremantle Prison in 1989 . He had been sentenced to twelve years in prison for " Australia 's first ' drop in ' -style bank robbery " at the Belmont branch of the Commonwealth Bank . While working in the prison 's tailor shop , he was able to stitch together overalls resembling those worn by the guards . Abbott and two accomplices took the opportunity to escape , wearing the overalls , when left unsupervised in the workshop . They cut through a bar and got onto the roof . One accomplice fell and broke his leg , but Abbott and the other managed to jump over to the wall , and thus escape .
Abbott avoided capture until 1995 , committing various robberies as he moved across Australia . He also escaped from a Queensland prison after two years and returned to Western Australia , allegedly robbing the Commonwealth Bank 's Mirrabooka branch . Abbott was recaptured in Darwin , six months after his escape , and was sent to a Queensland maximum @-@ security prison with a twenty year sentence to serve .
= = = Riots = = =
There have been various prisoner riots and other disturbances at Fremantle Prison over the years that it was operational . One of the earliest was in 1854 , while major riots which occurred in 1968 and 1988 resulted in damage to the prison .
= = = = 1968 = = = =
A riot occurred on 4 June 1968 , precipitated by the serving of allegedly contaminated food to prisoners the previous evening . Other factors that contributed were the rudimentary and deplorable state of sanitation and personal cleanliness facilities , tougher sentencing introduced with the Parole Act of 1964 , and the overcrowding . When the work bell was rung at 1 pm , prisoners rebelled ; refusing to go back to work , they assembled themselves in the exercise yards . The prison superintendent Mr Thorpe negotiated with two deputations of prisoners . As well as better food , they demanded single cells and the dismissal of specific wardens .
After approximately three hours , the negotiations broke down , and that night 's evening meal was withheld . That caused the prisoners to riot , breaking fittings ; during the commotion , three prison officers , three prisoners , and a detective sustained injuries . Additional police and wardens arrived at 5 pm , but took seven hours to subdue the prisoners , with the last of them locked in their cells just after midnight . The extent of the damage was in the order of $ 200 to $ 300 . To relieve the overcrowding and reduce prisoner agitation , around 60 men who had not taken part in the riot were transferred to prisons at Albany , Geraldton , Karnet , and Barton 's Mill . However , other improvements could not be undertaken without funding from the state government , which did not consider prison reform a priority .
= = = = 1988 = = = =
On 4 January 1988 , despite the 42 ° C ( 108 ° F ) heat , officers decided prisoners should remain outside in the exercise yards in the afternoon . As division 3 prisoners were let inside at around 4 pm , a voice exclaimed " Let 's take ' em " , and simultaneously , guards were splashed with boiling water , usually used for making tea . A horde of prisoners stormed the cellblock , attacking the guards with whatever makeshift weapons they could find . This resulted in pandemonium ; prisoners rushed along landings , overpowering officers and taking them hostage , while at the same time , other prisoners darted between cells , starting fires . The prisoners withdrew to the exercise yard , taking six hostages , as flames quickly overran the building , spread into the rafters , and caused the roof to collapse .
Police negotiators communicated with the ring leaders , and by nightfall only five hostages remained . Meanwhile , the fire brigade had trouble bringing the inferno in the main cell block under control , as the prison 's gate was too narrow for their trucks , and prisoners impeded their endeavours by throwing debris at them . The prisoners ' leaders made three demands : a meeting with Attorney General Joseph Berinson , access to the media , and a guarantee of no retribution afterwards . The next morning , after 19 hours , the hostages were released , even though only the third demand had been met . Prisoners did , however , have an opportunity to communicate with the press during the siege , as the riot was a live media event with television helicopters filming from overhead .
Although there were no deaths , the fire caused $ 1 @.@ 8 million of damage , and officers were injured . In the aftermath of the riot , there was extensive media attention on Fremantle Prison , and investigative journalists uncovered prior warnings to the prison authorities of the risk of such an event . The government hastily initiated an enquiry into the incident , and a report was completed within six weeks . A trial involving thirty @-@ three prisoners charged over the riot was also held , the largest in the state 's history , which resulted in lengthened sentences for the prisoners .
= = Conservation = =
= = = Heritage listing = = =
Fremantle Prison was listed in the Western Australian Register of Historic Places as an interim entry on 10 January 1992 and included as a permanent entry on 30 June 1995 . Described as the best preserved convict @-@ built prison in the country , it became the first building in Western Australia to be listed on the Australian National Heritage List , in 2005 . The Australian Federal Heritage Minister , Senator Ian Campbell , stated that it would be included in a nomination of eleven convict areas to become World Heritage Sites . Five years later , these locations were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2010 as the Australian Convict Sites .
The process of obtaining World Heritage listing focused historical interpretation and conservation efforts on the prison 's convict era . This came at the expense of its more recent history , included use as an internment centre during World War II , and the imprisonment of Aboriginal prisoners . The prioritisation , evident from the first conservation plans from before the prison closed , is reflected in the branding of the tourist experience as " Fremantle Prison – the Convict Establishment " , and through restorations that , while necessary to prevent damage and deterioration , strip away the site 's recent history .
= = = Restoration = = =
Various parts of Fremantle Prison have had restoration works undertaken since the 1990s ; a total of $ 800 @,@ 000 was spent between 1996 / 97 and 1998 / 99 on works which included restoring the facade of the Anglican chapel . In 2005 , work was undertaken on the restoration of the prison gatehouse area . Non @-@ original rendering was removed and the original stonework was revealed . Work was also completed on the tunnels during 2005 / 06 , and the main cell block was restored with an eighteen month , $ 1 @.@ 9 million project in 2006 and 2007 . The gallows room was restored in 2013 to conditions at the time of the last execution , in 1964 .
= = Tourism = =
Fremantle Prison receives international and domestic tourists , as well as ex @-@ prisoners , former prison officers , and their descendants . Tourist numbers increased each year from 2001 / 02 to 2009 / 10 , up from almost 105 @,@ 000 to nearly 180 @,@ 000 over that period . As of 2014 , the prison has won , been a finalist in , or received other commendation at tourism or heritage awards each year since 2006 . While the tourist experience is based on authenticity and heritage values , some details are concealed or de @-@ emphasised , such as prison tattooing , riots , and graffiti portraying revenge , sexuality , or brutality .
Attractions include guided tours , a visitors ' centre with searchable convict database , art gallery , café , gift shop , and tourist accommodation . Educational activities are regularly held for school children , as are exhibitions and re @-@ enactments of historical events . Functions such as theme parties and dinners are held in the prison , with re @-@ enactments serving as entertainment . Tours of the prison show aspects of prison life and recount successful and attempted escapes . Sections of the tunnels are accessible , and night tours focus on the prison 's reputation for being haunted .
The Fremantle Prison Collection contains around 15 @,@ 000 items associated with the prison 's site , history , or the experiences of its workers and prisoners . It is also involved in preserving oral histories , with interview transcripts stored at Fremantle Prison and recordings archived in the Battye Library Oral History Collection . Recollections have been recorded since 1989 , and include the experiences of authorities , staff , volunteer visitors , and prisoners . The Fremantle Prison records and collections , including archaeological , provide a substantial resource for researchers .
The Prison Gallery showcases and offers for sale the artworks of current and ex @-@ prisoners of Western Australia . It also hosts other exhibits related to the history of the prison , including historical artefacts . Many cells and areas of the prison depict prisoners ' artwork , including that of the 19th @-@ century forger James Walsh , whose artwork was hidden beneath layers of white @-@ wash for decades . Painting or drawing on walls was originally forbidden , though graffiti , which could be viewed as art or vandalism , occurred throughout the prison 's operational years . This rule was relaxed in special cases – including , from 1976 , long @-@ term prisoners within their own cells – but only for work considered art and not graffiti . Art , or art therapy , was not officially permitted until the 1980s ; graffiti was never formally permitted , but in the prison 's last six months , with closure imminent , the rule was not enforced .
A more contemporary prison artist was Dennis ( NOZ ) Nozworthy , who stated that he found art on death row , in 1982 . Some of his work currently is held in the collections of Curtin University , Perth Central TAFE , and the WA Government , Department of Justice . Other cells contain Aboriginal artwork , many by unknown artists . The Walmajarri artist Jimmy Pike started painting in Fremantle prison , having received tuition from Steve Culley and David Wroth .
= = = Attribution = = =
This article incorporates text from the source Australian Heritage Database – Fremantle Prison ( former ) , 1 The Terrace , Fremantle , WA , Australia , which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3 @.@ 0 Australia licence ( CC @-@ BY 3 @.@ 0 AU ) . Required attribution : © Commonwealth of Australia 2013 .
= Darzu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes , BWV 40 =
Darzu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes ( For this the Son of God appeared ) , BWV 40 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in 1723 , his first year in Leipzig , for the Second Day of Christmas , and first performed it on 26 December that year in both main churches , Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche . It was the first Christmas cantata Bach composed for Leipzig . The title of the cantata also appears in more modern German as Dazu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes .
The theme of the work is Jesus as the conqueror of the works of the devil , who is frequently mentioned as the serpent . The music is festively scored , using two horns , similar to Part IV of Bach 's later Christmas Oratorio . The text by an unknown poet is organised in eight movements , beginning with a choral movement on the biblical text , followed by a sequence of recitatives and arias which is structured as three stanzas from three different hymns . Only two of these hymns are Christmas carols .
Bach used the opening chorus for the concluding Cum Sancto Spiritu in his 1738 Missa in F major , BWV 233 .
= = History = =
Bach composed the cantata in his first year in Leipzig , for the Second Day of Christmas . On this day Leipzig celebrated Christmas and St. Stephen 's Day in alternating years , with different readings . In 1723 , St. Stephen 's Day was remembered , with the prescribed readings for the feast day from the Acts of the Apostles , the Martyrdom of Stephen ( Acts 6 : 8 – 7 @,@ 22 , Acts 7 : 51 – 59 ) , and from the Gospel of Matthew , Jerusalem killing her prophets ( Matthew 23 : 35 – 39 ) . The cantata text by an unknown author is not related to the martyrdom , but generally reflects Jesus as the conqueror of sin and the works of the devil . The text quotes the Bible in movement 1 , a verse from the First Epistle of John ( 1 John 3 : 8 ) . The contemporary poetry alludes to the Bible several times . Movement 2 is based on the Gospel of John ( John 1 : 14 ) . Movement 5 reflects the creation narrative ( Genesis 3 : 15 ) ; the image of the serpent is also used in movements 4 and 6 . Movement 7 finally picks up a line from the day 's Gospel , verse 37 , " how often would I have gathered thy children together , even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings " .
No fewer than three chorale stanzas from three different hymns are part of the structure : movement 3 is stanza 3 from Kaspar Füger 's " Wir Christenleut " ( 1592 ) ; movement 6 is stanza 2 from Paul Gerhardt 's " Schwing dich auf zu deinem Gott " ( 1648 ) ; and the closing chorale is the fourth ( final ) stanza from Christian Keymann 's " Freuet euch , ihr Christen alle " ( 1646 ) . This is unusual ; many of Bach 's cantatas include only one chorale stanza for a conclusion , and the cantata performed a day before , Christen , ätzet diesen Tag , BWV 63 , an early work composed in Weimar , contained no chorale at all . During the 1723 Christmas season , Bach used the structural device of three chorale stanzas , otherwise rare in his cantatas , twice more , in Sehet , welch eine Liebe hat uns der Vater erzeiget , BWV 64 , and in Schau , lieber Gott , wie meine Feind , BWV 153 . He used the structuring of major works in scenes which are closed by chorale later in his Passions and in his Christmas Oratorio . In this cantata , the first insertion is from a hymn that Bach would later use at the end of Part III of his Christmas Oratorio , sung to the earlier melody ( 1589 ) by an anonymous composer . The second insertion is not from a Christmas hymn , but its addressing the " alte Schlange " ( old serpent ) matches the context . It is sung to a melody possibly composed by Friedrich Funcke . The closing chorale is sung to a melody by Andreas Hammerschmidt , published in his collection Vierter Theill Musicalischer Andachten ( Fourth part of musical meditations ) in Freiberg , Saxony ( 1646 ) .
The cantata was the first Christmas cantata composed for Leipzig . Bach first performed it on 26 December 1723 , and once more , in either 1746 or 1747 . For the Christmas season of 1723 , from the First Day of Christmas to Epiphany , Bach had performed a program of six cantatas , five of them new compositions , and two major other choral works :
25 December
Main service : Christen , ätzet diesen Tag , BWV 63 and a new Sanctus in D major , BWV 238
vespers service , BWV 63 and the Magnificat in E @-@ flat major , BWV 243a
26 December : this cantata
27 December : Sehet , welch eine Liebe hat uns der Vater erzeiget , BWV 64
1 January : Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied , BWV 190
2 January : Schau , lieber Gott , wie meine Feind , BWV 153
6 January : Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen , BWV 65
The cantatas were performed twice on the principal feast days , in the main service , alternating in one of the two major churches of Leipzig Thomaskirche and Nikolaikirche , and in the vespers service in the other .
Bach parodied the first movement of this cantata for the Cum Sancto Spiritu fugue in his 1738 Missa in F major , BWV 233 .
= = Scoring and structure = =
For the festive occasion , the cantata is scored for three vocal soloists — alto , tenor and bass — a four @-@ part choir , two horns ( corno da caccia ) , two oboes , two violins , viola and basso continuo . Bach later used a similar scoring in Part IV of his Christmas Oratorio , to be performed on New Year 's Day .
The cantata consists of eight movements :
Chorus : Darzu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes
Recitative ( tenor ) : Das Wort ward Fleisch
Chorale : Die Sünd macht Leid
Aria ( bass ) : Höllische Schlange , wird dir nicht bange ?
Recitative ( alto ) : Die Schlange , so im Paradies
Chorale : Schüttle deinen Kopf und sprich
Aria ( tenor ) : Christenkinder , freuet euch !
Chorale : Jesu , nimm dich deiner Glieder
= = Music = =
According to musicologist Julian Mincham , the cantata has three sections , each concluded by a chorale :
Chorus , recitative , chorale – " Christ 's purpose in a world of sin "
Aria , recitative , chorale – " Christ 's actions in dispelling Satan "
Aria , chorale – " consequential Christian delight "
Bach used material from the chorales in his own composition , for example deriving the first horn motif from the beginning of the chorale tune of the first chorale . This suggests that he had chosen the structure before he began the composition .
The opening chorus in F major is a setting of the short text " Dazu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes , daß er die Werke des Teufels zerstöre . " ( For this the Son of God appeared , that he might destroy the works of the Devil . ) Klaus Hofmann notes : " This work of destruction is portrayed in the chorus by repeated percussive notes and extended coloratura , but all these illustrative elements are subordinated to a festive Christmas spirit " . The horns open the ritornello with a short signal @-@ like motif that is picked up by the oboes and the strings . The movement resembles a prelude and fugue , because the text is first presented in homophony to a repeat of the beginning of the ritornello , then repeated as a fugue , and finally repeated in madrigal style similar to the first section .
John Eliot Gardiner , who conducted this and other Christmas cantatas during the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage with the Monteverdi Choir in 2000 , compares the movement 's style to the stilo concitato ( excited style ) of Claudio Monteverdi and notes its " vigorous endorsement to the military campaign against sin and the devil instituted with Jesus ' birth " . The text speaking of the " works of the devil " is rendered on repeated notes both in the prelude section as in the fugue section ; the destruction is pictured in a twisted , almost snake @-@ like , coloraturas in both sections , but the text " Darzu ist erschienen der Sohn Gottes " is graced by a new calm theme that is introduced by the tenor , followed by bass , soprano and alto , only accompanied by the continuo . Then the theme contrasts with the two other elements depicting the works of the devil and destruction ; it shines almost throughout the fugue .
The short secco recitative , sung by the tenor , the typical voice for Evangelist narration , delivers the message " Das Wort ward Fleisch und wohnet in der Welt " ( The word became flesh and lived in the world ) . The chorale , set for four parts , returns to the thought of sin , " Die Sünd macht Leid " ( Sin makes suffering ) . The bass line rises to affirm the last line " Wer ist , der uns als Christen kann verdammen ? " ( Who could condemn us as Christians ? ) .
The bass aria " Höllische Schlange , wird dir nicht bange ? " ( Hellish serpent , are you not afraid ) is accompanied by oboes and strings . Hofmann describes it as a " wide @-@ ranging , operatic bass solo , triumphant about the ' hellish snake ' " . The accompagnato recitative " Die Schlange , so im Paradies " ( The serpent that in Paradise ) explains that sin has been redeemed . The second chorale " Schüttle deinen Kopf und sprich " ( Shake your head and say ) is also a four @-@ part setting . The vivid bass line illustrates the crushing of the serpent 's head .
The tenor aria " Christenkinder , freuet euch ! " ( Christian children , rejoice ! ) is accompanied by both horns and oboes and stresses the words " freuet " ( be glad ) by extended coloraturas and " erschrecken " ( terrify ) by sudden rests . It reflects the joyful mood of the opening chorus . The cantata is closed by " Jesu , nimm dich deiner Glieder " ( Jesu , take to Yourself Your members ) , the third four @-@ part chorale , asking Jesus for further support in the new year . For several passages , the bass line is moving to illustrate joy and bliss . The harmonisation begins in F minor , changes several times according to the words and reaches F major on the final word " Genadensonne " ( Sun of mercy ) .
= = Selected recordings = =
A list of recordings is provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . The type of choir and orchestra is roughly shown as a large group by red background , and as an ensemble with period instruments in historically informed performance by green background .
= Harlem Shake ( song ) =
" Harlem Shake " is a song recorded by American DJ and producer Baauer . It was released as his debut single on May 22 , 2012 , by Mad Decent imprint label Jeffree 's . The uptempo song incorporates a mechanical bassline , Dutch house synth riffs , a dance music drop , and samples of growling @-@ lion sounds . It also samples Plastic Little 's 2001 song " Miller Time " , specifically the vocal " then do the Harlem shake " , which is an allusion to the dance of the same name . Baauer added a variety of peculiar sounds to the song so that it would stand out .
The single did not begin to sell significantly until February 2013 , when a YouTube video set to its music developed into an Internet meme of the same name . The media response to the meme helped increase the single 's sales , as it charted at number one for five consecutive weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached number three in the United Kingdom and number one in both Australia and New Zealand . During the song 's chart run , Billboard enacted a policy that included video streams as a component of their charts .
" Harlem Shake " was well received by music critics , who viewed it as an appealing dance track , although some felt that it was more of a novelty song . After the song became a hit , Mad Decent label head Diplo reached an agreement with the artists of the song 's samples , which had not been contractually cleared before its release . However , according to Baauer , he has not received any of the money the song made because of the legal issues from not having properly cleared the samples . American rapper Azealia Banks released a remix to " Harlem Shake " on her SoundCloud page , which was subsequently removed at Baauer 's request and led to a dispute between the two .
= = Background = =
In 2011 , Baauer rededicated himself to music after studying at City College and began to practice making beats . He recorded " Harlem Shake " in 2012 in his bedroom studio in Brooklyn , New York . With the song , he wanted to record a high @-@ pitched , Dutch house synthesizer over a hip hop track and make it stand out by adding a variety of peculiar sounds . He later referred to it as " a goofy , fun song " . Baauer posted " Harlem Shake " , along with several of his other recordings , on his SoundCloud page , and in April , Scottish DJ Rustie featured the song in his Essential Mix for BBC Radio 1 . Record producer and Mad Decent label head Diplo heard the song , and released it on May 22 as a free digital download through Mad Decent 's imprint label Jeffree 's . It was Baauer 's debut single .
= = Music and lyrics = =
" Harlem Shake " features harsh snares , a mechanical bassline , samples of growling lions , and Dutch house synth riffs . It has a high tempo characteristic of hip hop and a dance music drop . According to Andrew Ryce from Resident Advisor , " Harlem Shake " is a hip hop and bass song , while David Wagner of The Atlantic viewed it as trap , a musical subgenre with stylistic origins in EDM and Southern hip hop . Ryce felt the song 's music " represents the hip @-@ hop contingent of " bass music , which is typified by rolling snares and jerky basslines , finding it " particularly symptomatic of a growing strain of music obsessed with ' trap ' " . By contrast , Jon Caramanica from The New York Times argued that it " isn 't a hip @-@ hop song , but it is hip @-@ hop @-@ influenced . "
" Harlem Shake " begins with a sample of a voice shouting " con los terroristas " , a Spanish phrase which translates to " with the terrorists " in English . Although listeners assumed it was a female voice , the sample was taken from the 2006 reggaeton song " Maldades " by Héctor Delgado , who often used the line as a refrain on his other songs . In 2010 , the recorded phrase was used by Philadelphia disc jockeys Skinny Friedman and DJ Apt One on their remix of Gregor Salto 's dance track " Con Alegría " . Baauer said he found the vocal sample from an unidentified source on the Internet . The sampled voice is followed by building synths and snares , and a syncopated sub @-@ bass sound before another voice commands listeners to " do the Harlem shake " . The line was sampled from Plastic Little 's 2001 hip hop song " Miller Time " , which Baauer sampled after having a friend play it for him and " [ getting it ] stuck in my head for a while " . Plastic Little member Jayson Musson said his line was inspired by a fist @-@ fight that he ended by performing the harlem shake dance move : " This was my first fight and I didn ’ t know how to properly ' end ' a fight , so I just smiled at him and did the Harlem shake , blood gushing from glass cuts on my face . The other kid , I guess not wanting to fight anymore , or maybe not wanting to fight someone who just danced at him , got on his skateboard and took off without his shoes . "
= = Commercial performance = =
" Harlem Shake " was released commercially in June 2012 . Mad Decent commissioned a music video for the single at the time , but were not satisfied with the result and shelved it . It gradually received listens online , and was re @-@ released as a single on January 8 , 2013 . However , it did not begin to sell significantly until February , when its music was set to a YouTube video that developed into an Internet meme of the same name . The 30 @-@ second video featured people dancing to the song and was parodied more than 3 @,@ 000 times in other user @-@ submitted videos . Billboard magazine cited " Harlem Shake " as " the biggest viral sensation since PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' " . Baauer and Mad Decent generated income from both the user @-@ submitted videos and Baauer 's original audio post on YouTube because of the site 's Content ID service , which allows artists , labels , and publishers to monetize songs . According to MSN Money , they earned $ 6 for every 1 @,@ 000 views of the video .
The late @-@ week media response to the meme helped the single sell 12 @,@ 000 units on iTunes in the week ending February 10 , according to Nielsen SoundScan . It consequently entered the US Dance / Electronic Digital Songs at number nine and the Dance / Electronic Songs at number twelve . Mad Decent 's manager Jasper Goggins said that " Harlem Shake " was the " biggest thing " they have released , " and it 's happened within six days . " In the United Kingdom , " Harlem Shake " reached number twenty @-@ two on the UK Singles Chart during the week of the meme 's phenomena . By the end of the chart week , the single had climbed nineteen spots to number three . Martin Talbot , the Official Charts Company 's managing director , said that the single 's climb on the chart " underlines just how quickly this track has turned into a bone fide phenomenon . At the start of the week , it wasn 't even selling enough to make the Top 20 — but it is now one of the UK 's most popular tracks . "
The following week , " Harlem Shake " debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and climbed to number one on the Dance / Electronic Songs , while selling 262 @,@ 000 units . It was the first instrumental track to top the Hot 100 since Jan Hammer 's 1985 Miami Vice theme . It was also the twenty @-@ first song in the Hot 100 's history to debut at number one and was aided by 103 million weekly video streams , which was announced that week by Billboard and Nielsen SoundScan as a new component of their charts . According to Billboard 's editorial director Bill Werde , " Harlem Shake " ' s success prompted them to enact the chart policy after two years of discussions with YouTube . However , Silvio Pietroluongo , the magazine 's director of charts , said in an interview for The A.V. Club that their timing was coincidental and came after a period of negotiating the chart policy and its logistics . However , because it lacked major label promotional support , the single registered low in airplay . It also debuted at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart and became 1000th number @-@ one song since Australia began compiling charts in 1940 .
" Harlem Shake " remained at number one on the Hot 100 in its second week , when it sold 297 @,@ 000 digital units . It also received more airplay after being promoted to radio by Warner Bros. Records , who had agreed to a deal with Mad Decent on February 26 to distribute the song worldwide . " Harlem Shake " topped the Hot 100 for a third week and sold 228 @,@ 000 units , despite a decline in YouTube streams . By March 10 , it had reached sales of one million digital units . On March 12 , Sean Michaels of The Guardian reported that the song had earned more than £ 50 @,@ 000 from YouTube . " Harlem Shake " remained at number one for five consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 .
= = Copyright infringement = =
Neither vocal samples used on " Harlem Shake " were contractually cleared with Héctor Delgado or Jayson Musson , who were both shocked to hear the song after it became a hit . In February , Delgado was told by his former manager Javier Gómez that he heard his voice on the song and wanted to take legal action . According to Gómez , Diplo subsequently called Delgado and told him that he was unaware " Harlem Shake " sampled his voice when it was released as a single . Gómez called " Harlem Shake " " a clear breaking of intellectual property rights " and said that since Diplo 's call , lawyers for Machete Music have been negotiating with Mad Decent over compensation for the sample .
Musson received an enthusiastic call in late February from a past member of Plastic Little telling him that his voice was sampled on " Harlem Shake " . Musson did not have a problem with Baauer using the sample without his permission and found the song 's production " phenomenal " . He subsequently called Baauer to thank him for " doing something useful with our annoying music " . However , he felt that the allusion to the dance was " peculiar " and outdated : " I was like , Who the fuck is rapping about the Harlem Shake in 2012 ? " Musson said in an interview in March that he was negotiating with Mad Decent over compensation and that , although no agreement had been reached , the label had been " more than cooperative during this " .
In April , Diplo told The Huffington Post that he had reached an agreement to clear the samples . However , in an August interview with Pitchfork Media , Baauer said that he has not made any money from the song , despite Diplo 's reported agreement : " I 'm meeting with my lawyer ... so I 'm gonna find that out . I think it 's mostly because of all the legal shit . I didn ’ t clear the samples because I was in my fucking bedroom on Grand Street . I wasn 't going to think to call up [ Delgado ] , I didn ’ t even know who it was who did that [ sample ] ; I knew the Jayson Musson [ sample ] . So I found myself in that fucking pickle . Legal letters and shit . Ugh . Lawyers . So exposure @-@ wise it was fantastic , but everything else ... "
= = Critical reception = =
Pitchfork Media 's Larry Fitzmaurice labelled the song " Best New Track " upon its release in May 2012 and called it a " disorienting banger " with an " irresistible appeal " that " owes almost everything " to its " menacing , world @-@ smashing bassline " . Fitzmaurice wrote in conclusion , " Along with this purely visceral pleasure , it 's hard not to marvel at how awesome those growling @-@ lion samples sound . " Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times said that he liked the song and viewed it as a " syrupy instrumental " that foreshadows " the convergence of hip @-@ hop , dance and rock " .
Andrew Ryce of Resident Advisor gave " Harlem Shake " a rating of three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five and found its musical climax " admittedly satisfying — that is , until it resumes flailing like a novelty track " , writing that " it 's not hard to see why the track is well @-@ liked , but its snowballing ubiquity is a bit of a head @-@ scratcher , simply because it 's not all that interesting . " Similarly , Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that , after hearing a minute of it being played during Power 105 @.@ 1 FM 's mixshow , the song " felt more like a novelty than like part of a strategy . " Caramanica felt that its success , along with that of Macklemore 's 2012 song " Thrift Shop " , reflects a " centerless future " for hip hop and stated , " Depending on your lens , this reflects a tremendous cultural victory for hip @-@ hop or the moment when hip @-@ hop , as a construct , begins to lose meaning . "
= = Remixes = =
On February 14 , 2013 , American rapper Azealia Banks released a remix to " Harlem Shake " on SoundCloud , which was then removed at Baauer 's request . Banks disparaged Baauer on Twitter in response and claimed to have e @-@ mails sent from him giving her permission to use the song . She then said that Diplo had sent her an e @-@ mail telling her that the remix was removed because they would rather have rapper Juicy J on it . On February 16 , Banks shared a music video for her remix on Vimeo , and revealed a purported e @-@ mail from Baauer saying he liked the remix . Baauer responded in an interview for The Daily Beast , saying that they had planned to release a version of the song with Banks , but felt that her verse did not meet their expectations :
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times cited Banks ' remix as one of her best songs , while Chris Martins of Spin wrote that she delivers " fire @-@ hot verse after fire @-@ hot verse " and facetiously remarked that " Banks raps all over your dumb ' Harlem Shake ' meme " .
Pitbull and Jim Jones also recorded freestyle raps over the song . After releasing his version , Jones claimed in an interview that " Harlem Shake " was a song he originally recorded one year ago for an album by Pauly D , but that they ultimately scrapped it : " When I started to hear the ' Harlem Shake ' and heard the beat , I was like damn , I had the record for a year . So I just put the record out . "
= = Track listing = =
Digital download
" Harlem Shake " – 3 : 16
" Yaow ! " – 2 : 11
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
= Zab Judah =
Zabdiel " Zab " Judah ( born Leroy Jones on October 27 , 1977 ) is an American professional boxer . He is a five @-@ time world champion at light welterweight and welterweight , and is a former undisputed welterweight world champion .
= = Amateur career = =
Judah began boxing at the age of six and compiled an amateur record of 110 – 5 . He was a two @-@ time US national champion and three @-@ time New York Golden Gloves Champion . He also won the 1996 PAL National Championship . Judah beat Ishe Smith and Hector Camacho , Jr . , but lost to David Díaz in the finals of the Olympic trials , thus failing to qualify for the Olympic boxing team .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Light Welterweight = = =
Judah made his professional debut as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old on September 20 , 1996 , in Miami , Florida and defeated Michael Johnson by technical knockout in the second round . Judah accidentally butted heads with Esteban Flores in a fight in March 1999 . Flores was cut on his forehead , and the match was halted in the third round . The bout was originally recorded as a technical draw , but the result was changed to a no contest in May 1998 . On April 14 , 1998 , Judah defeated Angel Beltre in the second round .
Judah then defeated Micky Ward by unanimous decision for the USBA Light Welterweight title . He successfully defended the USBA title by stopping Darryl Tyson in the eleventh round on October 15 , 1998 .
= = = = IBF Champion = = = =
Judah defeated Wilfredo Negron in January 1999 with a fourth @-@ round knockout to win the Interim IBF Light Welterweight title . On February 12 , 2000 , he defeated Jan Piet Bergman to win the vacant IBF Light Welterweight title . Bergman went down twice in the first round , but recovered in the second round , knocking Judah down . Judah knocked out Bergman in the fourth round to win the title . On June 20 , 2000 , Judah made his first title defense against Junior Witter in Glasgow , Scotland . It was an awkward fight for Judah , as Witter rarely engaged in an extended exchange of punches . Witter frequently switched between fighting right @-@ handed and left @-@ handed , making him an elusive opponent . Judah 's consistent body punching slowed Witter down , and in the fifth round , Judah caught Witter with a straight left hand that hurt Witter and sent his mouthpiece skittering across the ring . Judah defeated Witter by unanimous decision .
Two months later , on August 5 , 2000 , at the Mohegan Sun in Connecticut , Judah defeated former IBF Light Welterweight Champion Terron Millett by fourth round knockout . Judah was knocked down in the first round from a left hand . Judah rose quickly , and from that point on he dominated the fight . Judah hurt Millett with two combinations near the end of the first round . In round two , Judah sent Millett down with a right hand to the chin . Millett survived the round , but he was clearly hurt . In round four , Judah charged across the ring and inflicted a series of blows on Millett , knocking him down again . Millett got up , but Judah continued his assault and knocked Millett down again . Millett rose at the count of four , but his legs were unsteady and the referee decided to stop the bout .
In his third title defense , Judah stopped Hector Quiroz in the eighth round on October 20 , 2000 , at The Palace of Auburn Hills in Auburn Hills , Michigan . On January 13 , 2001 , Judah defeated Reggie Green by tenth round technical knockout at the Mohegan Sun in Connecticut . Judah had trouble landing punches effectively against Green for the majority of the fight , but in round ten , he knocked Green down with a left hook . Green beat the count , but Judah then ran across the ring and sent Green down to the canvas with a right hand , forcing the referee to stop the fight . On June 23 , 2001 , Judah defeated Allan Vester by third round knockout in his fifth successful defense of the IBF title . In round two , Judah put Vester down to the canvas twice . In the third round , Judah knocked out Vester with a left hand that connected on Vester 's temple . Vester went down on his knees and nearly lost his mouthpiece . The referee stopped the fight right before the closing bell . The fight would set up a unification match between Judah and WBC and WBA Light Welterweight Champion Kostya Tszyu , who defeated Oktay Urkal on the undercard .
= = = = Unification Match with Tszyu = = = =
The much anticipated matchup between Judah and Tsyzu took place on November 3 , 2001 , at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas , Nevada for the Undisputed Light Welterweight Championship . Judah entered the fight as a 3 @-@ to @-@ 1 favorite to win . With 10 seconds left to go in round two , Tszyu landed a right hand clean on Judah 's chin and he backed away from Tszyu with his hands down . Tszyu went after Judah , throwing another right hand that landed on his chin and sent Judah crashing to the canvas . Judah jumped up instinctively and tried to signal that he was fine to referee Jay Nady , but was still dazed by the punch and fell down a second time . When Judah collapsed , Nady waved the fight over , resulting in a technical knockout victory for Tsyzu and Judah 's first professional loss .
While Tszyu celebrated in his corner , Judah was in disbelief of what just happened and became infuriated . Judah picked up his stool and hurled it towards center ring . While being restrained by his father and trainer , Yoel Judah , he broke loose and walked up to Nady and stuck his gloved fist into his neck and had to be pulled off by cornermen . A few minutes later , Jimmy Lennon , Jr. announced the official decision and Judah screamed out and again had to be restrained by a growing number of security guards and cornermen . Judah was fined $ 75 @,@ 000 and suspended for six months by the Nevada State Athletic Commission .
After defeating Omar Weis by unanimous decision in July 2002 , Judah challenged DeMarcus Corley for the WBO Light Welterweight title on July 12 , 2003 , at the Orleans Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Judah knocked Corley down with a left hand in the third round en route to defeating Corley by split decision . Judah broke his left hand during the fight . In his only defense of the WBO title , Judah knocked out Jaime Rangel in the first round on December 13 , 2003 .
= = = Welterweight = = =
= = = = Cory Spinks = = = =
On April 10 , 2004 , at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , Judah fought Cory Spinks for the Undisputed Welterweight Championship . Judah had trouble at the start figuring out how to fight Spinks , the taller fighter . He could not move forward to get inside , but was having success moving laterally . Spinks scored a knockdown in the eleventh round , but Judah came back and put Spinks down to the canvas in the final round . In the end , Spinks defeated Judah by unanimous decision with scores of 114 – 112 twice and 116 – 111 .
For the rest of 2004 , Judah defeated Rafael Pineda by split decision and Wayne Martell by first round technical knockout . On February 5 , 2005 , Judah would get a rematch with Spinks at the Savvis Center in St. Louis , Missouri , Spinks ' hometown . The fight was the first major bout in St. Louis in more than 40 years , and it was a sellout . Judah was the aggressor throughout the fight . He knocked Spinks down to his knees at the bell in the seventh round , but it was not ruled a knockdown . Spinks had a strong start to the ninth round and connected with a left hand , then followed with a right hand and a combination , but Judah scored a knockdown moments later . Judah pressed the attack after the first knockdown and avoided Spinks ' desperate efforts to tie him up . After Spinks was knocked down for the second time , the referee stopped the fight , and Judah became the new Undisputed Welterweight Champion .
= = = = Undisputed Welterweight Champion = = = =
In his first fight as undisputed welterweight champion , he fought Cosme Rivera on May 14 , 2005 , at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas . Judah sent Rivera down with a straight left hand to the face less than 30 seconds into the bout . Rivera beat the count , but was knocked down again about 10 seconds later . Judah hit Rivera hard several times in the second round , and in the third round , he connected with a left uppercut , that caused Rivera to stagger backwards and fall into the ropes before hitting the canvas . Rivera rose at the count of five , but he was badly hurt and the referee stopped the fight .
His next fight took place on January 7 , 2006 at Madison Square Garden in New York City against Carlos Baldomir . For Judah , the fight was viewed as a tuneup bout that would lead to a lucrative bout between Judah and WBC Light Welterweight Champion Floyd Mayweather , Jr . , which was tentatively scheduled for April . Judah entered the fight as a 10 @-@ to @-@ 1 favorite over Baldomir . The stage was set when Judah unsportingly punched Baldomir on the thigh during the prefight introductions instead of touching gloves to show sportsmanship . The early rounds of the fight were close , but as the rounds passed , Judah was doing less than necessary to win , while Baldomir kept applying pressure on Judah . In round seven , Judah was hurt by a right hand and Baldomir landed a series of right hands to Judah 's head along the ropes during the tenth round . Baldomir defeated Judah by unanimous decision with scores of 115 – 113 , 114 – 113 and 115 – 112 from the three judges . The Ring named Baldomir 's victory over Judah the upset of the year for 2006 . Judah 's IBF and WBA belts were not on the line , because Baldomir did not pay sanctioning fees to the IBF and WBA . Baldomir did win The Ring and WBC titles , while the WBA ( Super ) title was vacated after Judah 's loss ( WBA ( Regular ) titleholder Luis Collazo became the sole WBA Champion ) , but the IBF still recognized him as their champion .
= = = = Judah vs. Mayweather = = = =
With the loss to Baldomir , it appeared that Judah 's much anticipated bout with Mayweather was off , but Judah 's promoter Don King and Mayweather 's promoter Bob Arum reworked the deals so the fight would go on . Mayweather was scheduled to earn a minimum $ 6 million while Judah was to earn $ 3 million plus a percentage of the profits , but because of Judah 's loss , Mayweather earned a minimum $ 5 million while Judah was guaranteed $ 1 million plus a percentage of profits above $ 7 million . The fight took place on April 8 , 2006 , at the Thomas and Mack Center in Las Vegas .
Judah started strongly and put up a valiant fight , at times matching Mayweather 's speed and punching precision . It appeared that Judah scored a knockdown in the second round when Mayweather 's glove touched the canvas ; however , referee Richard Steele ruled it a slip . In round four , Judah landed a right hand to the head that caused Mayweather to retreat to the ropes and cover up . The momentum changed in the fifth round , when Mayweather hurt Judah with a combination to the face . Then Mayweather landed a right hand on the bridge of Judah 's nose , and blood began to flow . The seventh round was the most dominant for Mayweather to that point . Once again , he drew blood from Judah 's nose . A combination from Mayweather backed Judah into a corner , and Judah 's foot movement was considerably slower than it had been earlier in the fight .
With about 10 seconds left in the tenth round , Judah hit Mayweather with a low blow and followed it with a right hand to the back of Mayweather 's head . As Mayweather hopped around the ring in pain , Steele called time to give Mayweather a rest period . Mayweather 's uncle and trainer , Roger Mayweather , climbed into the ring and approached Judah . Yoel Judah entered the ring and threw a punch at Roger . At that point , members of both fighters ' camps entered the ring and an all @-@ out melee ensued . More than a dozen security officers and police officers rushed into the ring and managed to control the situation . After the ring was cleared , Roger Mayweather was ejected from the fight . Mayweather cruised through the last two rounds on his way to a unanimous decision victory by scores of 116 – 112 , 117 – 113 and 119 – 109 .
After the fight , the purses for both fighters were withheld until video of the fight could be reviewed . Don King argued that Mayweather should have been disqualified because his uncle was the first person to enter the ring . At an April 13 hearing , the Nevada State Athletic Commission fined Roger Mayweather $ 200 @,@ 000 and revoked his boxing license for one year . At a hearing on May 8 , the Commission disciplined the other offenders in the melee . It fined Yoel Judah $ 100 @,@ 000 and revoked his license for one year , fined Mayweather cornerman Leonard Ellerbe $ 50 @,@ 000 and suspended his license for four months , and fined Zab Judah $ 350 @,@ 000 and revoked his license for one year .
= = = = Return from Suspension = = = =
On April 13 , 2007 , Judah made his return to the ring against Ruben Galvan at the Fitzgeralds Casino & Hotel in Tunica , Mississippi . Judah came out strongly in the first round , landing numerous shots on Galvan . During the round , a bad cut opened near the top of Galvan 's head . The referee called for a timeout to allow the doctor to take a look at the cut . Due to the severity of the cut , the fight was waved off . The cut was ruled to be caused by an accidental foul with an elbow and since the fight did not go past four rounds , the fight was ruled a no contest .
= = = = Judah vs. Cotto = = = =
On June 9 , 2007 , Judah took on WBA Welterweight Champion Miguel Cotto in New York City before a soldout crowd at Madison Square Garden . In the first round , Cotto landed a low blow that put Judah to the canvas . Referee Arthur Mercante , Jr. offered a stern warning to Cotto . In the third round , Judah took yet another low blow from Cotto , which resulted in Cotto receiving a point deduction . Cotto and Judah delivered an all @-@ action brawl , but after weathering some difficult early rounds as he figured out Judah 's southpaw style and adjusted to his speed , Cotto took over the bout . In round seven , both fighters went toe @-@ to @-@ toe and in round eight he hurt Judah several times . In round nine , Judah took a knee to gain a breather from Cotto 's aggressive style . By the tenth round , Judah was bleeding from a cut over his right eye and was hurt by an uppercut from Cotto that sent him retreating to the ropes , but Judah stayed upright . Early in the eleventh round , Cotto landed a combination that dropped Judah to the canvas . He managed to get to his feet , but Cotto went after Judah with a relentless attack , turning him sideways along the ropes as he continued to throw punches . That forced the referee to stop the fight .
Judah , who trailed 97 – 91 on all three scorecards , claimed he had been weakened by the two low blows early in the fight . He said , " The first low blow was very hard . The second one took a lot out of me . The low blows affected me from the time they hit me . " Cotto earned $ 2 @.@ 5 million plus a piece of the pay @-@ per @-@ view profits , while Judah earned $ 1 million plus a percentage of the profits .
Judah fought Edwin Vazquez at the Hard Rock resort in Biloxi , Mississippi on September 7 , 2007 . Despite suffering a cut over his left eye , Judah defeated the overmatched Vazquez by unanimous decision . Judah hurt Vazquez several times over the course of the contest , but he injured his left hand midway through the fight and was unable to finish off Vasquez . On November 17 , 2007 , in Providenciales , Judah defeated Ryan Davis by unanimous decision . Judah was scheduled to fight Shane Mosley on May 31 , 2008 , at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , but it was postponed after Judah needed 50 stitches in his right arm after slipping in his bathroom and smashing it through a glass shower door .
= = = = Judah vs. Clottey = = = =
On August 2 , 2008 , Judah lost to Joshua Clottey by technical decision in a fight for the vacant IBF Welterweight title at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas . Judah began the busier fighter , showing quick hands and throwing effective combinations behind a jab . Clottey began steadily closing the distance between himself and his opponent from the third round , landing an increasing number of punches that took their toll on Judah . In round four , Clottey landed an uppercut that caused Judah to lose his balance , and by the end of the round , Judah had blood running down his nose . Judah staged a comeback in the sixth round , but in the middle of the seventh round , Clottey landed a right hand that hurt Judah and caused him to back into a corner . In round nine , Judah suffered a cut over his right eye and the fight was stopped after he said he could not see . The referee had ruled the cut was caused by an accidental clash of heads and so the fight went to the scorecards . Two judges scored the fight 86 – 85 and the other judge scored it 87 – 84 , all in favor of Clottey .
= = = = Comeback Trail = = = =
After the loss to Clottey , Judah fought Ernest Johnson on November 8 , 2008 , at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Judah dominated the bout early , but in round three , Judah suffered two cuts from accidental head butts . Finding success with lead right hands and short left hands . Judah won the bout by unanimous decision with scores of 99 – 91 , 98 – 92 and 98 – 92 .
On November 6 , 2009 , Judah took on Ubaldo Hernandez from Mexico at Palms Resort , in Las Vegas , Nevada . The former Undisputed Welterweight Champion won the fight by TKO in the second round .
Judah was in line for a fight with Devon Alexander , after the latter 's win against Juan Urango . He has also been linked to a match with Timothy Bradley , as he was considered as a possible replacement for Marcos Maidana . The former undisputed champion publicly challenged both of them on more than one occasion in 2010 . Promoter Gary Shaw tried to begin negotiations with Judah for a potential bout in 2010 . However , Judah declined the match but promised to fight Bradley and Alexander after a tune @-@ up fight on July 16 at the Prudential Center in New Jersey .
The Brooklyn native 's tune up fight in July was co @-@ promoted by Main Events and Super Judah Promotions . In June 2010 , Judah expressed his intention in moving down to the light welterweight division after the upcoming fight , hoping to revitalize his career . His opponent was Jose Armando Santa Cruz of Mexico ( 28 – 4 ; 17 KO ) . Judah won the bout by TKO in round three .
= = = Return to Light Welterweight = = =
On November 6 , 2010 , Judah won a split decision over previously undefeated Lucas Matthysse in a fight for the vacant regional NABO Light Welterweight title at the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . The former world champion fought in the light welterweight division for the first time in almost seven years .
The Brooklyn native began the busier fighter , using the jab and trying to land uppercuts for the first two rounds , while Matthysse worked on the body . In round three , a clash of heads opened a cut outside of the left eye of Judah . Matthysse displayed more aggression and became the aggressor in the third and the fourth round and Judah switched to a defensive tactic . In the next two rounds , the American boxer picked up the pace , beginning to land more combinations . The seventh round was less active but in the eight , Judah landed some hard right counter shots . Judah continued to box throughout the ninth round but Matthysse began to show more power in the tenth , focusing on the head of his opponent and knocking down the American boxer after a hard right hand to the jaw . Judah got up but he was hurt , and the Argentine fighter tried to press the attack after the knockdown . However , Judah held and worked on the defensive and managed to finish the bout . Two judges scored the fight 114 – 113 for Judah , while the other judge scored it 114 – 113 for Matthysse .
= = = = Regaining the IBF title = = = =
Following the win against Matthysse , negotiations for a fight against Kaizer Mabuza began . Both sides eventually agreed to a March 5 bout , with the vacant IBF Light Welterweight title on the line . Former champion Pernell Whitaker joined Judah 's training camp to help him prepare for the match . Whitaker said : " I don 't train guys to be like me . I help guys to do the things that work for them . If I can teach you how to hit and not get hit , that 's a blessing for you . Zab has the same abilities I have , but Zab still has to put it together and do it the way that Zab knows how to do it . " On March 5 , 2011 , Judah defeated Mabuza via technical knockout in the seventh round , at the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey , claiming the IBF title again after almost ten years .
= = = = Judah vs. Khan unification bout = = = =
Judah fought WBA ( Super ) Champion Amir Khan in a unification bout on July 23 , 2011 at Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino , Las Vegas . Judah was knocked out by Khan in the 5th round after Khan landed an uppercut body shot . Judah was unable to answer the referee 's 10 count , thus recording his 7th career loss . Khan was ahead 40 @-@ 36 on all three judges score cards at the time of the knock out . Judah was adamant that the body shot should have been called low and claimed that he had been expecting a mandatory five @-@ minute recovery period .
= = = = Judah vs. Garcia = = = =
Judah 's next bout was scheduled for February 9 against undefeated WBC & WBA ( Super ) Champion Danny García at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn , but was subsequently rescheduled to April 27 , 2013 due to a rib injury sustained by Garcia during training .
After a heated week of pre @-@ fight confrontations , fans were expecting something special from Danny Garcia vs. Zab Judah . And the fighters delivered , though in an unanticipated fashion . From early on it was clear that the bad blood would not adversely impact the fight , as both men fought strong technical fights .
During the early rounds , Garcia steadily pulled ahead , outboxing Judah throughout . Judah was in serious trouble in rounds 5 and 6 , then finally went down in the 8th . From there , things took a surprising turn . Never known for his resolve or ability to turn the fight around late , Judah responded to the knockdown by coming on strong down the stretch . Judah took the last 3 rounds , though his deficit from earlier in the fight meant it wasn 't enough and Garcia defeated Judah by unanimous decision ( 115 @-@ 112 , 114 @-@ 112 , 116 @-@ 111 )
= = Professional boxing record = =
= = Titles in boxing = =
Major World Titles :
Interim IBF Light Welterweight Champion ( 140 lbs )
IBF Light Welterweight Champion ( 140 lbs )
WBO Light Welterweight Champion ( 140 lbs )
WBC Welterweight Champion ( 147 lbs )
WBA ( Super ) Welterweight Champion ( 147 lbs )
IBF Welterweight Champion ( 147 lbs )
( 2 ) IBF Light Welterweight Champion ( 140 lbs )
Minor World Titles :
International Boxing Council Light Middleweight Champion ( 154 lbs )
The Ring / Lineal Championship Titles :
The Ring Welterweight Champion ( 147 lbs )
Regional / International Titles :
Interim USBA Light Welterweight Champion ( 140 lbs )
WBO Inter @-@ Continental Welterweight Champion ( 147 lbs )
WBO NABO Welterweight Champion ( 147 lbs )
= = Personal life = =
Judah has nine brothers and two sisters . Five of his brothers also box , with three of them , Josiah , Joseph and Daniel Judah , boxing professionally . Judah 's father and trainer , Rastus Jones , is a six @-@ time kickboxing world champion and a seventh degree black belt . Judah 's father is an avowed Black Hebrew Israelite and Judah 's family has declared themselves Jewish . Judah thanked " his Lord and Savior Jesus Christ " after his 2005 fight against Spinks . Zab is now a Born again Christian .
In July 2006 , he was arrested after a celebrity basketball game at Madison Square Garden on a Family Court warrant . In August 2007 , Judah became involved in a fight at Stereo nightclub in New York . According to the New York Daily News , Judah started throwing punches after he was hit first by someone who approached him . Two of the perpetrator 's friends then joined in the fight and eventually everyone involved were kicked out of the club . After reviewing the videotape , the club indicated the perpetrators " might have been plotting something . "
New York Police linked rapper Fabolous to a crew of robbers who targeted Judah twice . According to police reports , the Street Fam Crew , the gang that attempted to rob Judah , is made up of 20 members , all former drug dealers from Fabolous ' Brooklyn neighborhood . In 2006 , three men tried to rob Judah as he stood next to his Lamborghini on West 27th Street at 10th Avenue in New York City . The three men drove up to Judah in a minivan at about 5 am , and came out . One man pulled a handgun on Judah , and told him to put his jewelry on the hood of his car , but Judah ran instead . The muggers followed in their minivan , but crashed into a tree a block away . All three robbers fled the scene , but one was captured by a Homeland Security agent on his way to work , and another was grabbed by a nearby cab driver .
= Billy Bremner =
William John " Billy " Bremner ( 9 December 1942 – 7 December 1997 ) was a Scottish professional footballer and manager known for his strength , skills and compact constitution .
A midfielder , he played for Leeds United from 1959 to 1976 , and captained the side during this time , which was the most successful period of the club 's history . With the club he won the First Division ( 1968 – 69 and 1973 – 74 ) , Second Division ( 1963 – 64 ) ,
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amo Zagreb ( Yugoslavia ) ; Zagreb won 2 – 0 at the Stadion Maksimir and held Leeds to a 0 – 0 draw at Elland Road to leave Leeds with another second @-@ place finish .
The club had a slow start to the 1967 – 68 season but soon picked up , particularly so with a 7 – 0 victory over Chelsea , though for the second successive season they ended up in fourth spot . Success instead came from the cup competitions , as they first knocked out Luton Town , Bury , Sunderland , Stoke City and Derby County en route to the final against Arsenal at Wembley ; Leeds won the game 1 – 0 in a dour defensive manner but striker Jimmy Greenhoff later said it was the most memorable of the club 's trophies due to it being the first such success . The second soon followed , despite a disappointment of exiting the FA Cup at the semi @-@ final stage with defeat to Everton , as they reached the final of the Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup by beating CA Spora ( Luxembourg ) , FK Partizan ( Yugoslavia ) , Hibernian ( Scotland ) , Rangers ( Scotland ) , and Dundee ( Scotland ) . They beat Ferencvárosi ( Hungary ) 1 – 0 at Elland Road and held them to a 0 – 0 draw at Népstadion to win the club 's first European trophy .
Revie targeted the title for the 1968 – 69 campaign and played Bremner in every league game as Leeds finished six points clear at the top to become champions of England for the first time . The title was secured with a 0 – 0 draw with title rivals Liverpool at Anfield on 28 April , after which Bremner led the players to applaud the Liverpool fans who responded by chanting " Champions , Champions , Champions ... " . Leeds set a number of records : most points ( 67 ) , most wins ( 27 ) , fewest defeats ( 2 ) , and most home points ( 39 ) . A still @-@ unbroken club record is their 34 match unbeaten run that extended into the following season .
The 1969 – 70 season opened with victory in the 1969 FA Charity Shield , as Bremner captained Leeds to a 2 – 1 victory over Manchester City . With new arrival Allan Clarke played upfront alongside Mick Jones and Peter Lorimer Revie had to instruct Bremner and Giles to resist the temptation to get forward and attack . It took the team some time to gel , as only two wins came from the opening eight league games , and Leeds eventually finished a distant second to champions Everton . They chased Everton all season only to give up on the title after a home defeat to Southampton late in the campaign . In the European Cup Leeds recorded a club record 10 – 0 win over Norwegian side Lyn , with Bremner netting two of the goals . However they exited the competition at the semi @-@ final stage after two defeats to Celtic ; Bremner levelled the aggregate score by putting United 1 – 0 ahead in front of a competition record 136 @,@ 505 spectators at Hampden Park , but Celtic came back to win the game and the tie with two second half goals . Further disappointment came in the 1970 FA Cup Final , where Leeds were beaten 2 – 1 in extra @-@ time of the replay at Old Trafford . Bremner was named as FWA Footballer of the Year for the season .
" Leeds , like Sisyphus , have pushed three boulders almost to the top of three mountains and are now left to see them all back in the dark of the valley . "
The league title in the 1970 – 71 season was decided in mid @-@ April in front of the Match of the Day cameras at Elland Road , when Leeds lost their lead at the top with defeat to West Bromwich Albion . The Leeds players blamed the referee for costing them the title as offside was not given for Colin Suggett 's winner , and despite Bremner saying " But we fight on . Make no mistake about that , it is not over yet " Leeds could not overtake Arsenal , who went on to win the Double . Success instead came in the Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup , as Leeds knocked out Sarpsborg ( Norway ) , Dynamo Dresden ( East Germany ) , Sparta Prague ( Czechoslovakia ) , Vitória ( Portugal ) and Liverpool to reach the final with Juventus ( Italy ) . Bremner recovered from an ankle injury just in time to face Liverpool in the semi @-@ finals , and scored the only goal of the two @-@ legged tie with a header at Anfield . Leeds won the final on the away goals rule after recording a 2 – 2 draw at the Stadio Olimpico di Torino and then a 1 – 1 draw at Elland Road .
Leeds finished second in the league for the third successive season in the 1971 – 72 campaign , despite playing some of the best football in the club 's history . They knocked out Bristol Rovers , Liverpool , Cardiff City , Tottenham Hotspur and Birmingham City to reach the 1972 FA Cup Final with Arsenal ; they then won the trophy for the first time in the club 's history with Allan Clarke scoring the final 's only goal . Two days after the final Leeds could have secured the Double by winning a point against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux , but a 3 – 2 defeat handed the title to Derby County . On 3 February 1982 , Bremner won £ 100 @,@ 000 libel damages , along with legal costs , after he sued the Sunday People newspaper for publishing an article on 11 September 1977 that alleged he tried to fix football matches , including the May 1972 game at Wolves .
The title was nowhere near as close in the 1972 – 73 season , which saw Leeds finished third , seven points behind Liverpool . However more runners @-@ up medals came from the FA Cup and the European Cup Winners ' Cup . After Bremner scored the only goal of the semi @-@ final clash with Wolves , Leeds went on to lose the FA Cup final 1 – 0 to Second Division Sunderland . They were then beaten 1 – 0 by Italian side A.C. Milan at the Kaftanzoglio Stadium in the European Cup Winners ' Cup Final , though Bremner missed the final due to suspension .
Revie instructed Bremner to be more attacking in the 1973 – 74 campaign , and the result was 11 goals in 52 appearances , his biggest goal tally in 12 years . The manager focused entirely on the league and told his team the aim was to go the season unbeaten , and although they lost three games they secured a second league title by a five @-@ point margin on second @-@ place Liverpool . Bremner was named on the PFA Team of the Year and finished second in the FWA Footballer of the Year voting to Ian Callaghan . At the end of the season he was given a testimonial match against Sunderland which raised him £ 32 @,@ 500 ; he had chosen the opponents in an attempt to avenge defeat in the previous year 's FA Cup final .
Manager Don Revie took the England management job in July 1974 . Bremner applied for the vacant Leeds job after Johnny Giles had been named by Revie as his successor , but instead the board surprised everyone by appointing Brian Clough , who went on to a disastrous 44 day spell in charge of Leeds at the start of the 1974 – 75 season . Revie 's departure was tough for Bremner , who had a strong bond with his manager . Leeds lost the 1974 FA Charity Shield in a penalty shoot @-@ out to Liverpool , but more significantly Bremner and Kevin Keegan were sent off for fighting and received eleven game suspensions . By the time Bremner was allowed to play again Jimmy Armfield was the manager , though he refuted the accusation that he had attempted to undermine Clough as " ridiculous " . Teammate Peter Lorimer insisted that the only criticism he had of Bremner was in applying for the management job against Giles , which had caused to board to look elsewhere for fear of dividing the dressing room by choosing between Bremner and Giles . Results improved with Bremner back in the side , and though they ended the season in ninth place , they were only eight points behind champions Derby . The club 's biggest aim would be success in the European Cup , and they made it to the final after knocking out FC Zürich ( Switzerland ) , Újpest FC ( Hungary ) , Anderlecht ( Belgium ) , and Barcelona ( Spain ) . Their final opponents at Parc des Princes were defending champions Bayern Munich ( Germany ) , who beat Leeds 2 – 0 ; United had a goal controversially ruled out for offside and the tie ended in rioting by United fans .
With most of the Revie built team retiring or moving on to other clubs , Armfield had to rebuild the squad , though Bremner would still play 38 games in the 1975 – 76 campaign . However he missed a lengthy spell in the new year due to injury and results dipped during this time and ultimately ended the club 's title hopes ; they went on to end the campaign in fifth spot .
= = = Hull City = = =
Bremner signed with Hull City for a £ 25 @,@ 000 fee on 23 September 1976 , manager John Kaye feeling that Bremner 's experience would benefit his youthful Second Division side . His debut at Boothferry Park came against Brian Clough 's Nottingham Forest , and Bremner was credited with scoring the winning goal of the game with a free @-@ kick , though it seemed to have gone in with a significant deflection . Despite the good start results dipped midway through the 1976 – 77 season and the " Tigers " ended the season in 14th place . Despite suffering with a back injury Bremner was appointed as captain and played 32 games .
He missed the 1977 – 78 pre @-@ season with a knee injury , but recovered well enough to make 36 appearances throughout the campaign . Kaye was sacked after a poor start to the season , and was replaced by Bremner 's former Leeds teammate Bobby Collins , who had joined the club as assistant manager in the summer ; as at Leeds , Bremner had applied for the vacant managerial role , but was rejected . After being turned down for the job he announced his intention to retire as a player at the end of his contract in summer 1978 . The season was a disaster , and though Collins was sacked and replaced by youth coach Ken Houghton in February , results did not improve and Hull were relegated in last place , ten points from safety .
= = International career = =
Bremner was well established in the Scotland set @-@ up , winning three under @-@ 23 caps , before he made his debut for Scotland in a 0 – 0 draw with Spain at Hampden Park . He went on to feature in qualifying games for the 1966 FIFA World Cup , but defeats to Poland and Italy left Scotland second in the Group , which was not enough to qualify . He also played in friendlies against Brazil and Portugal , and received a black eye from Pelé 's elbow in a clash during a high ball ; despite this being an accident it still demonstrated to Bremner how he had failed to intimidate Pelé as he had done to many other great players of the day .
The England – Scotland football rivalry was intense throughout his playing career , and so great media attention came upon Bremner and the rest of the Scottish players after they beat World Cup winners England 3 @-@ 2 at Wembley to become " Unofficial World Champions " on 15 April 1967 . Many teammates said that Bremner held this match as one of the proudest moments of his career .
Placed in a tough group for qualification to the 1970 FIFA World Cup , Scotland failed to qualify after finishing in second place . Bremner captained his country throughout the process , having first taken up the armband in a friendly defeat to Denmark in Copenhagen . He scored his first international goal in a 2 – 1 qualifying victory over Austria at Hampden Park , his first game as captain . This game was followed by two victories over Cyprus and a 1 – 1 draw with West Germany , however a 3 – 2 defeat to West Germany in Hamburg ended their hopes of making it to the World Cup . Bremner 's second international goal came in a 3 – 2 win over Wales in a British Home Championship game at the Racecourse Ground .
Scotland were the only home nation to qualify for the 1974 FIFA World Cup after finishing ahead of Czechoslovakia and Denmark in their group . However , Bremner was nearly not selected by manager Willie Ormond after Ormond found him drunk in a bar not long after Jimmy Johnstone had to be rescued by the Coast guard having gotten stranded in a rowing boat during a night out following a Home Internationals match with Northern Ireland . Having been selected , Bremner captained Scotland to a 2 – 0 win over Zaire at the Westfalenstadion . A highly creditable 0 – 0 draw with World Champions Brazil left Scotland with high hopes of qualifying to the Second Round . Yet a 1 – 1 draw with Yugoslavia sent Scotland out of the competition unbeaten due to Brazil and Yugoslavia finishing level on points but with superior goal difference .
Bremner 's last cap came against Denmark on 3 September 1975 , an incident in Copenhagen after the game where several players were ejected from a nightclub for an alleged fight led to a lifetime ban from international football by the Scottish Football Association ; four other players , Willie Young , Joe Harper , Pat McCluskey and Arthur Graham also were banned for life ( Graham and Harper later had their bans overturned ) . Bremner maintained his innocence , stating that the incident had been blown out of proportion by the SFA .
= = Management career = =
= = = Doncaster Rovers = = =
Bremner was appointed manager of struggling Fourth Division side Doncaster Rovers in November 1978 . He oversaw a 1 – 0 win over Rochdale at Belle Vue in his first match in charge . Results fluctuated during the 1978 – 79 season , demonstrated by a 7 – 1 defeat to struggling Bournemouth punctuating a run of five wins in six games . Rovers ended the season in 22nd place , though 11 points ahead of Halifax Town and Crewe Alexandra , and successfully applied to the Football League for re @-@ election .
He introduced massages and changed the canteen and team kit for the 1979 – 80 campaign . With no money available for transfers he was forced to turn to the youth team for new players , though he could afford to take on Ian Nimmo , Hugh Dowd , John Dowie and Billy Russell on free transfers . He appointed former Leeds coach Les Cocker as his assistant . The season started poorly , but the squad bonded following Cocker 's death on 4 October and went on a run of six straight wins , for which Bremner was credited with the Fourth Division Manager of the Month award . However a run of just one win in 15 games followed , for which Bremner blamed his small squad and lack of training facilities . A mounting injury crisis caused him to make a return to playing on 29 March for the visit of Bournemouth , a game in which 16 @-@ year @-@ old Ian Snodin was named on the bench . Rovers ended the season in 12th place .
A disappointing opening sequence of the 1980 – 81 season was followed by six wins in six games in September , and Bremner won his second Manager of the Month award . The good results continued for the rest of the campaign , and Rovers were promoted in third place . He signed Celtic 's Colin Douglas for the challenge of Third Division football , but otherwise remained loyal to his promotion squad for the approaching 1981 – 82 season . Another strong September , six wins seeing the club rise to second in the table , won Bremner the Third Division Manager of the Month award . However a lean spell would follow , and from November to February Doncaster failed to win in the league . Results again picked up with only two defeats in the last 14 games , and they ended the campaign in 19th spot , three points above the relegation zone .
Strong competition promoted from the Fourth Division – Wigan Athletic , Sheffield United and Bradford City – made the 1982 – 83 campaign a tough prospect . A weak defence saw an unusual sequence of high @-@ scoring matches early in the season : 6 – 1 win over Exeter City , 7 – 5 win over Reading , 6 – 3 defeat to Wigan , and a 4 – 4 draw with Brentford . Only seven wins from the last 36 games of the season left Doncaster relegated in 23rd place , 16 points behind 20th @-@ place Orient .
To try and win immediate promotion during the 1983 – 84 season Bremner signed veteran forward Ernie Moss ( who had won three promotions out of the division ) , Andy Kowalski , left @-@ back John Breckin , experienced defender Bill Green , and young midfielder Mark Miller . Investment by new director Peter Wetzel allowed Bremner to spend £ 120 @,@ 000 on three players in March : £ 60 @,@ 000 on Stirling Albion defender John Philliben , £ 25 @,@ 000 on young Celtic midfielder Jim Dobbin , and £ 35 @,@ 000 on Shrewsbury Town defender Alan Brown . Promotion was secured in comfortable fashion , as they finished as runners @-@ up to runaway champions York City , ten points above fifth @-@ place Aldershot .
Building for the 1984 – 85 campaign , Bremner signed former Leeds striker Aiden Butterworth and winger John Buckley ( £ 25 @,@ 000 from Partick Thistle ) . Doncaster won five of their opening seven games , and though they were unable to sustain a promotion push they showed their ability with a 1 – 0 win over eventual champions Bradford at Valley Parade on Boxing Day and a 1 – 0 FA Cup win over First Division side Queens Park Rangers on 5 January . Rovers finished the season in 14th place , some distance from the promotion and the relegation places .
To pay for stadium upgrades necessitated by the aftermath of the Bradford City stadium fire Doncaster were forced to sell Ian and Glynn Snodin , who went to Leeds and Sheffield Wednesday and respectively for a total of £ 315 @,@ 000 . To replace then he bought Dave Rushbury from Gillingham for £ 10 @,@ 000 and spent £ 60 @,@ 000 on Millwall defender Dave Cusack .
= = = Leeds United = = =
Bremner was appointed as Leeds United manager in October 1985 , having impressed the boardroom with his work at Doncaster , particularly his negotiation skills during the sale of Ian Snodin ; Leeds paid Doncaster £ 45 @,@ 000 in compensation . The club had declined during his absence ; Leeds had dropped down into the Second Division , sold Elland Road to the council to raise money , and club supporters picked up a reputation for violence after regular hooligan riots in the stands . He quickly reinstated Don Revie 's philosophy and his little traditions , for example he reinstated the sessions of carpet bowls on Friday evenings . Despite this he appointed Ian Snodin as club captain , and dropped former captain and teammate Peter Lorimer from the starting line eleven . He also moved on the young players signed by former manager and teammate Eddie Gray , choosing to sign experienced players in their place . Five key young players to leave the club were Scott Sellars ( £ 20 @,@ 000 to Blackburn Rovers ) , Terry Phelan ( free transfer to Swansea City ) , Denis Irwin , Tommy Wright and Andy Linighan ( all to Oldham Athletic for £ 60 @,@ 000 , £ 55 @,@ 000 and £ 80 @,@ 000 respectively ) . The money raised allowed him to buy central defender Brendan Ormsby ( £ 65 @,@ 000 from Aston Villa ) , and also sign David Rennie , Brian Caswell and Ronnie Robinson . Leeds struggled in the 1985 – 86 season , but managed to steer away from the relegation zone to finish in 14th place .
In summer 1986 , Bremner spent £ 125 @,@ 000 on 29 @-@ year @-@ old Sheffield United striker Keith Edwards , and a further £ 80 @,@ 000 to bring in 31 @-@ year @-@ old Carlisle United defender Jack Ashurst and Newcastle United defender Peter Haddock . Other new arrivals were winger Russell Doig ( £ 15 @,@ 000 from East Stirlingshire ) , goalkeeper Ronnie Sinclair ( free transfer from Nottingham Forest ) and midfielder John Buckley ( £ 35 @,@ 000 from Doncaster Rovers ) . Aiming for a promotion push in the 1986 – 87 campaign , Leeds were stuck in mid @-@ table by February after selling Snodin to Everton for £ 840 @,@ 000 . This sale though allowed Bremner money for further signings and he took left @-@ back Bobby McDonald from Oxford United , full @-@ back Micky Adams from Coventry City for £ 110 @,@ 000 , and striker John Pearson and defender Mark Aizlewood from Charlton Athletic for £ 72 @,@ 000 and £ 200 @,@ 000 respectively . A 2 – 1 FA Cup Fifth Round victory over First Division side Queens Park Rangers then raised belief in the players , and they qualified for the play @-@ offs by the end of the campaign . The FA Cup run continued into the semi @-@ finals , where they were knocked out 3 – 2 by Coventry City at Hillsborough in a close @-@ run game that ran into extra @-@ time . After overcoming Oldham in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final their opponents in the play @-@ off final were Charlton Athletic , and after 1 – 0 home wins in both legs the tie went to a replay at St Andrew 's . John Sheridan put Leeds ahead in extra @-@ time of the replay , but two late goals from Peter Shirtliff changed the game and denied Leeds promotion .
Bremner signed a new three @-@ year contract in summer 1987 . New arrivals at the club were Glynn Snodin ( £ 150 @,@ 000 from Sheffield Wednesday ) , winger Gary Williams ( £ 230 @,@ 000 from Aston Villa ) and Bobby Davison ( £ 350 @,@ 000 from Derby County ) , as well as Jim Melrose and Ken DeMange . A more significant new face was David Batty , a key player of the future who was given his debut from the youth team . United started the season inconsistently , but five straight wins in December won Bremner the Second Division Manager of the Month award . The inconsistent results returned however , and Leeds finished the 1987 – 88 season in seventh place , eight points outside the play @-@ offs . Bremner did not enjoy a good relationship with the club 's board , who felt him to be uncommunicative with them , and after a poor start to the 1988 – 89 season he was sacked in September 1988 . His successor , Howard Wilkinson , was given money to spend by the board and Leeds went on to win promotion in 1990 .
= = = Return to Doncaster Rovers = = =
In July 1989 Bremner went back to Doncaster as manager , who had fallen back into the Fourth Division during his absence . He signed Lincoln City winger John McGinley and Leeds midfielder John Stiles , and led the club to a 20th @-@ place finish in 1989 – 90 , which represented a small improvement on the previous season . Greater success came in the Football League Trophy , Rovers reaching the area finals , where they were beaten by Third Division leaders Tranmere Rovers .
New additions for the 1990 – 91 campaign were Peterborough United goalkeeper Paul Crichton , Stoke City defender Andy Holmes and Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Eddie Gormley , as well as his former Leeds captain Brendan Ormsby . Rovers were top of the table at the turn of the year , but injuries and lack of form caused results to fall away , as did hopes of promotion , and Doncaster finished the campaign in 11th place . Rovers started the 1991 – 92 season badly and Bremner tendered his resignation on 2 November , with the club sitting bottom of the Football League .
= = Personal life = =
He married Vicky Dick in November 1961 . He had a ghost @-@ written column in Shoot throughout the 1970s . After retiring from football in November 1991 he took up work as an after dinner speaker .
At the beginning of December 1997 , Bremner was rushed to hospital after suffering from pneumonia , but suffered a suspected heart attack at his Doncaster home in the small village of Clifton and died two days before his 55th birthday .
= = Legacy = =
A statue by sculptor Frances Segelman of Bremner in celebratory pose was erected outside Elland Road in tribute in 1999 . In 1988 , the Football League , as part of its centenary season celebrations , included Bremner on its list of 100 League Legends . He was inducted into both the English Football Hall of Fame and the Scottish Football Hall of Fame . In 2006 he was voted Leeds United 's greatest player of all time . In September 2013 he was voted as the greatest captain in the Football League 's history .
" Billy Bremner was one of Britain 's most fiery , skilful and industrious footballers of the post @-@ war years . An essential cog in the pragmatic , often over @-@ robust yet frequently wonderfully entertaining Leeds United team of the Sixties and Seventies , he was also the red @-@ haired dynamo in Scotland 's international side , winning 54 caps . "
Bremner was portrayed by British actor Stephen Graham in the 2009 biographical drama film The Damned United , directed by Tom Hooper and starring Michael Sheen as former Leeds United manager Brian Clough .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Playing statistics = = =
a . ^ Includes matches in Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup , European Cup , European Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup competitions .
b . ^ Includes two FA Charity Shield appearances ( 1969 – 70 and 1974 – 75 ) .
= = = Managerial statistics = = =
= = Honours = =
= = = As a player = = =
Leeds United
Football League Second Division champion : 1963 – 64
Football League First Division champion : 1968 – 69 , 1973 – 74
Football League First Division runner @-@ up : 1964 – 65 , 1965 – 66 , 1969 – 70 , 1970 – 71 , 1971 – 72
FA Cup winner : 1972
FA Cup runner @-@ up : 1965 , 1970 , 1973
FA Charity Shield winner : 1969
FA Charity Shield runner @-@ up : 1974
Football League Cup winner : 1968
Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup runner @-@ up : 1967
Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup champion : 1968 , 1971
Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup play @-@ off runner @-@ up : 1971
European Cup Winners ' Cup runner @-@ up : 1973
European Cup runner @-@ up : 1975
Individual
FWA Footballer of the Year : 1970
PFA Team of the Year ( First Division ) : 1973 – 74
Scotland national football team roll of honour : 1974
= = = As a manager = = =
Doncaster Rovers
Football League Fourth Division third @-@ place promotion : 1980 – 81
Football League Fourth Division runner @-@ up : 1983 – 84
Individual
Football League Fourth Division Manager of the Month : October 1979 , September 1980
Football League Third Division Manager of the Month : September 1981
Football League Second Division Manager of the Month : December 1987
= Thomas de Rossy =
Thomas de Rossy ( de Rossi ) O. F. M. was a late 14th century Scottish Franciscan friar , papal penitentiary , bishop and theologian . Of unknown , or at least unclear origin , he embarked on a religious career in his early years , entering the Franciscan Order , studying in England and at the University of Paris .
He preached and lectured on the Immaculate Conception , and rose to seniority under the patronage of the Avignon Papacy and King Robert II of Scotland , becoming Bishop of Galloway and the only Franciscan to hold a Scottish bishopric . Thereafter he was a staunch advocate of Avignon Pope Clement VII against the English @-@ backed Urban VI , for whom he engaged in partisan preaching and writing , famously challenging any English bishop to settle the issue by single combat .
= = Early years = =
There is not enough evidence to detail Rossy 's early life and career . His name indicates a family origin from Rossie , but many locations have this name , including Rossie in Gowrie , Rossie in Angus and Rossie in Strathearn . On 3 October 1371 , following a request from King Charles V of France and Robert II of Scotland , he received papal permission to take the Bachelor of Theology degree at the University of Paris ; this is his first appearance in contemporary records .
This Papal Bull provides information about his earlier life . He was Scottish , had entered the Order of the Friars Minor ( Franciscans ) , he had studied the Seven Liberal Arts and Theology at various locations — including the University of Paris — and had preached in Paris . It is likely that Thomas had returned to his home country to preach and teach , a custom in the Franciscan Order . In his later writings he claimed to have studied in Paris and to have lived among the English for seven years , obtaining a good " understanding of their character " .
= = Pre @-@ episcopal career = =
Thomas was at the Papal court in Avignon in 1371 acting as proctor for Patrick de Leuchars , Bishop of Brechin , making a payment to the papal chamber . Having obtained his Theology degree , Thomas lectured on the conception of the immaculate Virgin at Paris in 1373 as a Bachelor of Sentences ( baccatarius Sententiarum ) ; he had previously been appointed by the Chancellor of the university to deliver the summer lectures on the Sentences .
By 1375 Thomas , now vicar general of the Franciscan Order for Scotland , was running out of money . This put the completion of his studies in jeopardy . For this reason , Pope Gregory XI wrote to Walter de Wardlaw , Bishop of Glasgow , authorising Walter ( a renowned scholar himself ) and other doctors to grant Thomas , if they " found him fit " , a Licentiate and a Doctorate in Theology . Such a grant would enable Thomas to teach legally , allowing him to lessen the burden of his financial problems .
Thomas was at Avignon again in 1375 , but had returned to Scotland between March 1378 and April 1379 when he received a gift of £ 10 from the King of the Scots . By 22 June 1379 , Thomas was once again at the papal court at Avignon . While present , the recently elected anti @-@ Pope , Clement VII , appointed him papal penitentiary " for the English and Irish languages " .
= = Becoming Bishop of Galloway = =
On 15 July 1379 , Clement VII conditionally provided Thomas de Rossy to the Bishopric of Galloway with mandate for consecration should Ingram de Ketenis wish to resign his right to the see . On the same day Thomas and another Scot , Hugh de Dalmahon , were sent to Scotland with 50 florins and with documentary evidence regarding the events leading to the Western Schism , events which allegedly nullified the election of Pope Urban VI .
The Galloway bishopric was vacant because of the death of Adam de Lanark , a death which had occurred during the vacancy of papal see . Oswald , the prior of Glenluce Abbey , had been elected by the canons of Whithorn to succeed Adam , an election which Urban VI , sometime after 18 April 1378 , supported . This election was not supported by the Scottish @-@ backed anti @-@ Pope Clement VII . Clement instead appointed Ingram de Ketenis , Archdeacon of Dunkeld ; however , Ingram was unwilling to take up the bishopric , and raised objections to his own appointment .
Ingram 's refusal allowed Rossy to take up the bishopric . He was consecrated by 16 July 1380 . Oswald launched an appeal to Clement , but a letter to Thomas dated 29 October 1381 , confirmed this had been rejected . A further letter was sent , as follows :
To the bishops of St Andrews and Dunkeld . Mandate to enquire into the claim advanced by Oswald , claustral prior of Glenluys , O. Cist . , Galloway diocese , to be the true bishop of Galloway in virtue of his election by the chapter of Galloway and subsequent provision made by Urban VI . They are to impose silence on him and to put Thomas de Rossy , provided to the bishopric by Clement VII and duly consecrated , into peaceful possession .
The cancellation of Oswald 's appointment does not appear to have silenced Oswald , who appears active in England , a kingdom which supported Urban VII .
= = Pro @-@ Clementine Thomas = =
As bishop of Galloway Thomas remained a close and highly active supporter of Clement . He preached the cause of Clement before Robert II at Dundee on 2 February 1380 . A military attack by Clementine Scotland on Urbanist England was planned . John Wyclif related that a commission was granted to a Scottish bishop to lead a " crusade " on behalf of Clement into England ; this bishop was almost certainly Thomas de Rossy . Thomas preached sermons in the English marches attempting to win supporters for the cause , and authored a tractate attacking the Urbanist cause along with English support for it .
Although no " crusade " ever took place , around 1384 Thomas sent a letter to the bishops of England . The letter invited Henry le Despenser , Bishop of Norwich , or any other English bishop , to come to a debate with him ; if they preferred , he wrote , they could settle the matter for both countries through single combat . Henry le Despenser was probably addressed because he was known for his love of fighting , and had led a short expedition into France during the summer of 1383 . Despite his keenness to fight another bishop , Thomas de Rossy had apparently refused the offer of combat given by an English priest because of the latter 's lower status .
= = Bishop of Galloway = =
Thomas was the first and only Franciscan to become bishop of a Scottish diocese . Records of the day @-@ to @-@ day activities of Thomas as Bishop of Galloway , however , are thin . One charter survives , dated 16 July 1381 , confirming a grant of the church of Buittle to Sweetheart Abbey . The charter was issued at Kirkchrist in Twynholm parish , and was confirmed by the ( Avignon ) Pope on 18 October when Rossy himself was present at the papal court . On 31 December , he presented to Pope Clement VII a roll of petitions — a series of requests — all of which were granted .
After the death of King Robert II in 1390 , Bishop Thomas along with other prelates of the Scottish kingdom , attended the coronation of the new king . At Scone , on 16 August 1390 , two days after the coronation of Robert III of Scotland , Bishop Thomas gave a sermon ; according to Wyntoun :
The Byschape off Galloway thare , Thomas ,
( A theolog solempne he was ) ,
Made a sermownd rycht plesand ,
And to the matere accordand .
= = Death and succession = =
Bishop Thomas was at Avignon again in the mid @-@ 1390s , as attested by record of a series of mundane transactions conducted by him there . On 10 September 1395 , he was granted an indult to administer his bishopric in absentia , via a deputy ; he is not known to have returned to Scotland . His name appeared in the sources for the last time on 6 September 1397 .
The exact date he died is a mystery , but it was not until 28 May 1406 , that a successor , Elisaeus Adougan , was appointed to the see , meaning that Rossy 's death could have occurred anywhere between these dates .
As a friar and a bishop , Thomas could not father legitimate offspring and no partners or bastards are known . His own family background is likewise unknown , though he had a nephew for whom he obtained several papal favours .
= = Theology and writings = =
Thomas de Rossy was a theologian and known as such , though his extant writings are dominated by political invective . He authored two extant tractates and probably at least two others not extant . His Quaestio de Conceptione Virginis Immaculatae was a reiteration of some of the arguments for the Immaculate Conception made by Duns Scotus . It was also a refutation of the scholars who had written against it , including Bernard of Clairvaux , Giles of Rome , Bonaventure O. F. M. , Richard Middleton , Facinus de Ast , Robert Cowton O. F. M. , Alexander of Hales and Gregory of Rimini . Thomas ' focus on the Immaculate Conception stemmed from his days in Paris , where he preached in its favour ; it has even been suggested that Thomas was the Friar Minor particularly noted in Paris for his " cavalier treatment of St Bernard " .
Rossy 's second work , the Tractatus Episcopi Candidae Casae de Regno Scotiae in Facto Schismatis contra Anglicos suos Vicinos was a defense of Clement VII and an attack on the legitimacy of " Bartolomeo of Bari " ( i.e. Urban VI ) . It contains a long , detailed account of the events preceding the Schism , an account partially derived from a work of Cardinal Peter Flandrin . In justifying the pontificate of Clement , the Tractatus made extensive use of prophecy , especially prophecies attributed to Saint John of Bridlington . The Tractatus Episcopi is the work , mentioned above , to which his letter to the bishops of England was appended . In the Tractatus he accused the English of supporting Urban solely through hatred of the French .
= The Care Bears Movie =
The Care Bears Movie is a 1985 Canadian / American animated fantasy film , the second feature production from the Toronto animation studio Nelvana . One of the first films based directly on a toy line , it introduced the Care Bears characters and their companions , the Care Bear Cousins . In the film , orphanage owners tell a story about the Care Bears , who live in a cloud @-@ filled land called Care @-@ a @-@ Lot . Travelling across Earth , the Bears help two lonely children named Kim and Jason find new parents , and also save a young magician 's apprentice named Nicholas from an evil spirit 's influence . Deep within a place called the Forest of Feelings , Kim , Jason , and their friends soon meet another group of creatures , the Care Bear Cousins .
American Greetings Corporation , the owners of the Care Bears characters , began development of a feature film in 1981 . Later on , the card company chose Toronto 's Nelvana to produce it , granted them rights to the Care Bears characters , and financed the film along with cereal manufacturer General Mills and television syndicator LBS Communications . Nelvana 's founders were on hand as producers , while fellow employee Arna Selznick directed . Production lasted eight months , cost no less than US $ 2 million , and took place in Canada , Taiwan , and South Korea . The voice cast included Mickey Rooney , Georgia Engel , Jackie Burroughs and Cree Summer . Two pop music stars , Carole King and John Sebastian , contributed several songs .
Although major US studios passed on the project , newly established independent distributor The Samuel Goldwyn Company acquired it and soon spent a record US $ 24 million promoting it . The film premiered on March 24 , 1985 , in Washington , D.C. and entered wide release in around 1 @,@ 000 North American theatres five days later . Another Nelvana work , Strawberry Shortcake Meets the Berrykins , played alongside the feature in theatres . The Care Bears Movie received mixed reviews from the outset ; critics raised concern over its potential as a full @-@ length advertisement for the title characters , among many other aspects . It went on to earn US $ 23 million domestically ; as Canada 's highest @-@ grossing film during 1985 ( with C $ 1 @.@ 845 million ) , it won a Golden Reel Award . Nelvana 's surprise hit also played in Europe , Australia , and Latin America . With over US $ 34 million in worldwide sales , it set a box @-@ office record for Canadian and non @-@ Disney animation , and has remained one of US distributor Goldwyn 's largest releases .
The movie 's success saved Nelvana from closing , helped revive films aimed at children in the US market , and has been cited as inspiring a spate of toy @-@ based animated and live @-@ action features . Nelvana produced two sequels in the next two years , A New Generation ( 1986 ) and Adventure in Wonderland ( 1987 ) ; neither surpassed the original financially or critically . The Care Bears franchise continues , and has included television series and specials , videos , and films .
= = Plot = =
Mr. and Mrs. Cherrywood are a middle @-@ aged couple who run an orphanage . Mr. Cherrywood tells the orphans a story about the Care Bears and Care @-@ a @-@ Lot , their home in the clouds . In the story , Friend Bear and Secret Bear travel looking for people to cheer up . They meet Kim and Jason , two lonely orphaned children . Friend Bear and Secret Bear introduce themselves and remind the children of their ambitions , but neither of them are interested .
At an amusement park , Tenderheart Bear spots a magician 's apprentice named Nicholas . While unloading a trunk of goods for his master , the " Great Fettucini " , Nicholas finds an old book with a diary @-@ style lock . When he unlocks it , an evil spirit appears as a woman 's face , and starts corrupting him . With his help , it lays waste to the park , and begins a quest to remove all caring from the world .
Back at Care @-@ a @-@ Lot , some of the other bears are working on their new invention : the Rainbow Rescue Beam , a portal that can send any bear to Earth and back . The two Care Bear cubs belonging to Grams Bear , Baby Hugs and Baby Tugs , interfere with it and bring forth a group of unexpected visitors : Friend Bear , Secret Bear , Kim , and Jason . The bears introduce themselves to the children , and give them a tour of their home . Tenderheart Bear returns on his now out of control Rainbow Roller just before a " Cloud Quake " caused by the spirit , which ruins Care @-@ a @-@ Lot . He informs the others of Nicholas ' troubles on Earth . Using the Rainbow Rescue Beam , he sends Kim and Jason to the park , along with Friend Bear and Secret Bear . They end up in the Forest of Feelings when the portal malfunctions . From a nearby river , the rest of the bears begin searching for them aboard a cloud ship called the Cloud Clipper .
Within the Forest , the children and their friends are introduced to Brave Heart Lion and Playful Heart Monkey , two of the Care Bear Cousins . Later on , the other bears discover more of these creatures , among them Cozy Heart Penguin , Lotsa Heart Elephant , Swift Heart Rabbit , and Bright Heart Raccoon . During their stay , the spirit attacks them in several disguises : a spearfish , tree , and eagle . After the Care Bears and their Cousins defeat it , they venture back to Earth to save Nicholas from its influence .
At the park , Nicholas obtains the ingredients for his spell against the children and the creatures . After he casts it , the Care Bears and company engage in a long battle . The bears shoot beams of bright light on him , forming their " Stare " ; the Cousins help with their " Call " . As the creatures ' power drains away , Nicholas and the spirit briefly regain control . After Kim and Jason assist him , he finally realizes his misdeeds . With Secret Bear 's help , he closes the spirit 's face back into the book and saves himself , the park , and the world . He thanks the group and reunites with Fettucini , while Tenderheart Bear inducts the Care Bear Cousins into the Care Bear Family , and Kim and Jason find new parents who take them to one of Nicholas ' shows .
As Mr. Cherrywood finishes his story , it is revealed that he is actually Nicholas , and that his wife is Kim . Tenderheart Bear , who has been listening from outside a window , returns to Care @-@ a @-@ Lot in his Cloudmobile . The film ends with every member of the Care Bear Family waving good @-@ bye .
= = Voice cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
The Care Bears were created in 1981 by Those Characters from Cleveland ( TCFC ) , a division of the Cleveland greeting card company American Greetings Corporation ( AGC ) . That same year , the title characters made their debut on greeting cards by Elena Kucharik , while American Greetings began to develop a feature @-@ length film using the characters . Kucharik , along with Linda Denham , Linda Edwards , Muriel Fahrion , Dave Polter , Tom Schneider , Ralph Shaffer , and Clark Wiley , created the original characters . Early in their tenure , the Bears appeared as toys from the Kenner company , and starred in two syndicated television specials from a Canadian animation studio , Atkinson Film @-@ Arts of Ottawa : The Care Bears in the Land Without Feelings ( 1983 ) and The Care Bears Battle the Freeze Machine ( 1984 ) .
Production of the first feature took place at another Canadian outlet , Toronto 's Nelvana studio . This came in a period in the company 's history which Nelvana co @-@ founder Michael Hirsh refers to as its " dark years " . At the time , Nelvana had just finished production of its first full @-@ length film , 1983 's Rock & Rule , which was produced using almost all of its resources ( for around US $ 8 million ) , and failed to find proper distribution . The film put them on the verge of closing down . Soon after , the Nelvana team began doing work on television shows like Inspector Gadget ( from DIC Entertainment ) , 20 Minute Workout ( from Orion Television ) , and Mr. Microchip . During this period , they also made syndicated specials based on American Greetings properties : Strawberry Shortcake , The Get Along Gang , and Herself the Elf . " In some instances , " noted Harvey Levin , vice @-@ president of marketing and entertainment communications at TCFC , " their capabilities [ on the Strawberry Shortcake specials ] surpassed Disney quality . " Various companies vied to produce a Care Bears feature , and Nelvana was the first to do so ; Hirsh sought to seize the opportunity after hearing of its development . DIC Entertainment also expressed interest . Thanks to the Strawberry Shortcake specials and their experience on Rock & Rule , Nelvana acquired the rights to the characters and gained a contract from American Greetings to create the script . To convince the production partnership of TCFC and Kenner Toys , Hirsh held a competition inspired by Pepsi @-@ Cola 's " Pepsi Challenge " commercials of the time , in which he tested clips from Nelvana and other vying studios and checked the " animation quality , music , sound effects , and colour " of each . He then asked the producers to decide on the best demo , and Nelvana scored highest . Hirsh later recalled the words of his partners : " We know you 've rigged this against everybody else because you 've chosen the clips . But we like the approach . "
= = = Producers and crew = = =
The Care Bears Movie was one of the first films to be based directly on an established toy line . It featured the ten original Bears , along with six additions to the line @-@ up , and marked the media debut of the Care Bear Cousins . Produced for at least US $ 2 million , the film was financed by American Greetings , the owners of the Care Bears franchise ; General Mills , the toys ' distributor ; and television syndicator LBS Communications . The Kenner company also took part in the production . Brought in under budget , The Care Bears Movie became Nelvana 's second feature @-@ length production , and was made over an eight @-@ month period that lasted until February 1985 . Michael Hirsh is quoted as saying in Daniel Stoffman 's 2002 book , The Nelvana Story : " Nobody had ever made an animated movie for theatrical release for as little money and in as little time . " In 2009 his partner , Clive A. Smith , told Canadian Business magazine : " I swear I grimaced at the thought of doing a Care Bears feature . But Michael [ Hirsh ] went out and actually brought that project in . " Nelvana was responsible for the script , several special effects , including those for the " Care Bear Stare " , and hired musicians and voice actors . With this project , Arna Selznick became the third of only four women ever to direct an animated feature ; prior to this , she worked on several Nelvana productions , including Strawberry Shortcake and the Baby Without a Name . Nelvana 's founders — Michael Hirsh , Patrick Loubert , and Clive A. Smith — participated as the main producers . The studio 's roster included Charles Bonifacio , the director of animation , and supervising animator D. Brewster , who previously took part in the animation courses at Ontario 's Sheridan College . Dale Schott , who served as a storyboard artist , remarked that " Nelvana had a lot to do with reviving the low @-@ budget feature " with its efforts on The Care Bears Movie .
Four employees of the film 's financiers served as executive producers : Louis Gioia Jr . , president of Kenner 's Marketing Services division ; Jack Chojnacki , co @-@ president of TCFC ; Carole MacGillvray , who became president of General Mills ' M.A.D. ( Marketing and Design ) division in February 1984 ; and Robert Unkel , LBS ' senior vice @-@ president of programming . A fifth producer , American Greetings staffer W. Ray Peterson , went uncredited . Three associate producers worked on the film : Paul Pressler , another employee at Kenner ; John Bohach , who later became LBS ' executive vice @-@ president ; and Harvey Levin . Lenora Hume , the director of photography on Rock & Rule , was the supervising producer .
= = = Animation = = =
Along with Inspector Gadget , The Care Bears Movie was Nelvana 's first foray into animation outsourcing . Production took place at Nelvana 's facilities , Taiwan 's Wang Film Productions ( Cuckoo 's Nest Studio ) , and the newly established Hanho Heung @-@ Up and Mihahn studios in South Korea . Delaney and Friends , a Vancouver @-@ based outlet , did uncredited work . Nelvana faced several problems with their Korean contractors , among them the language barrier between the Canadian crew and the overseas staff , and the unwieldy processes through which the film reels were shipped to the West . At one point , Loubert , Smith , and fellow staffer David Altman spent three days trying to persuade several unpaid animators to return important layout sketches . In exchange for the layouts , Nelvana gave them US $ 20 @,@ 000 in Korean won . By then , the production was falling behind schedule , and an opening date was already set ; Loubert sent half of the work to Taiwan ( where Lenora Hume supervised ) , while the remainder stayed in Korea under Loubert 's and Smith 's watch .
Back in the Americas , Hirsh tried to promote the unfinished feature before its deadline ; unable to get available footage , he instead managed to show potential marketers some Leica reels and a few moments of completed colour animation . According to him , it was the first time an animated " work in progress " was screened to exhibitors ; this ploy has since been used by the Disney company , particularly in the case of Beauty and the Beast ( at the 1991 New York Film Festival ) . " People loved the movie anyway , " he said of this experiment . " I was told it was considered great salesmanship . It made [ them ] feel that they were part of the process because they were seeing unfinished work . "
= = = Music = = =
The music for The Care Bears Movie was composed by Patricia Cullen . The soundtrack album was released in LP and cassette format by Kid Stuff Records in the United States , and on Cherry Lane Records in the United Kingdom . Six songs were performed by Carole King , John Sebastian , NRBQ , and the Tower of Power ; actor Harry Dean Stanton had a guest appearance as Brave Heart Lion for the song " Home is in Your Heart " . The songs were produced by Lou Adler and John Sebastian , with additional lyrics and music by Ken Stephenson , Walt Woodward , and David Bird ; Nelvana crewmember Peter Hudecki prepared the song sequences .
Before The Care Bears Movie , Sebastian contributed to several other Nelvana specials , including The Devil and Daniel Mouse ( 1978 ) . When asked to compose three tracks for the film , he learned about the characters since he was unfamiliar with the franchise . Despite his misgivings on the marketing aspects , Sebastian said in April 1985 , " I think their central theme — being candid about your feelings , sharing your feelings — is a very positive message for children . "
Adele Freedman of Toronto 's The Globe and Mail wrote positively about the music in the film :
A lot of caring has gone into the soundtrack . It doesn 't attack the eardrum in the manner of so much current kids ' stuff . It supposes that a child 's ear can discriminate between good music and aural pollution as well as anybody else 's . Carole King ( of Tapestry fame ) wrote and performed the theme song , " Nobody Cares Like A Bear " . [ sic ] The remaining songs , written by John Sebastian , are likewise entertaining and imaginatively arranged . The music does a lot to make the kingdom of Care @-@ a @-@ lot , where the goody @-@ goody bears hang out on clouds monitoring life below on their Caring Meter , a slightly less irritable place .
Other critics tended to differ . The Houston Chronicle 's Stephen Hunter found that " the film integrates its music into the story very clumsily . It 's not merely that the numbers are forgettable — they are — it 's that they 're shoe @-@ horned so obviously into the story that they don 't amplify it , they stop it cold . " Likewise , Michael Blowen of The Boston Globe said that " the uninspired songs ... add nothing to the banal plot . "
= = Release = =
In 1984 , before the film 's completion , Carole MacGillvray offered The Care Bears Movie for consideration to major studios in the US Since they did not see the financial potential in a picture aimed strictly at children , they declined the offer . MacGillvray told Adweek magazine in April 1985 , " I made several trips , and I was really disappointed . They kept telling me things like ' Animated movies won 't sell ' and ' Maybe we 'd consider it if you were Disney , ' but most just said , ' You 're very nice , good @-@ bye . ' " When few takers were left , she took it to the Samuel Goldwyn Company . A newcomer in the independent market , it agreed to release the film . Comparing the title characters ' appeal to Hollywood stars like Barbra Streisand and Robert Redford , founder Samuel Goldwyn , Jr. remarked : " Having my [ two ] children , I know these bears are stars , too . "
According to the 1985 edition of Guinness Film Facts and Feats , the Samuel Goldwyn Company spent up to US $ 24 million on the publicity budget for The Care Bears Movie , the largest at that time . The film 's advertising budget was US $ 4 million ; Variety reported that " the beneficiaries of [ its ] merchandising tie @-@ ins have earmarked [ the remaining ] $ 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to promo Care Bear products in step with the film 's release " . For the film 's promotion , Goldwyn 's staff partnered with Kenner Toys and the fast food chain Pizza Hut ; there were also tie @-@ ins on Trix cereal boxes . Parker Brothers published two tie @-@ in books , Meet the Care Bear Cousins and Keep On Caring , shortly after the film 's release ; both were reissued in October 1985 by Children 's Press .
The Goldwyn staff came up with two advertising strategies , which tested well with the company — one was aimed at the film 's target audience of children as young as age five ; another targeted grown @-@ ups , parents , and older children . In the words of Cliff Hauser , the distributor 's executive director of marketing , " We didn 't want parents to think the movie was threatening . So the big debate was — although the formula for success in animated film is the triumph of good over evil — how can you do that in single @-@ image ads ? " Jeff Lipsky , vice @-@ president of theatrical at Goldwyn , referred to the first one as " the cheery approach " ; ads therein featured the Care Bears on clouds , and carried the tagline " A movie that 'll make the whole family care @-@ a @-@ lot " . Hauser said , " That 's one that a mother can look at and know she can take the 2 @-@ year @-@ old to it and not worry . " The other campaign , which Lipsky called " more Disney @-@ esque " , featured an evil tree whose hands reached out to capture the Bears ; its tagline , " What happens when the world stops caring ? " , was also seen on the official poster . Bingham Ray , Goldwyn 's vice @-@ president of distribution , was involved in the promotional efforts .
Around opening time , Hirsh predicted that The Care Bears Movie would be its decade 's response to Pinocchio and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , both from Walt Disney Productions . Loubert added , " These characters say something important to children . Our challenge has been to create a very distinct character for each Care Bear . A lot of effort went into bringing out their individuality . " Some time afterward , Hirsh conceded that parents had to come to the film , out of respect for the dark content within . " Frightening scenes , " he said , " are a necessity for the reality of the hero and villain — just as it works in nursery rhymes . Kids work out their fears this way . " TCFC 's Jack Chojnacki offered this vindication in the Wall Street Journal : " We consider a film one of the many products we license . When we started the whole Care Bears project we knew the importance of bears in the market but that there was a void . There were no specific bears . In the movie marketplace there was a void for good family @-@ fare films . " And , in the words of Carole MacGillvray , " Toy recognition drives this movie . "
= = = North America = = =
The Care Bears Movie premiered in Washington , D.C. , on March 24 , 1985 , as part of a Special Olympics benefit ; Georgia Engel , the voice of Love @-@ a @-@ lot Bear , attended this event . The film opened on March 29 , 1985 , in the United States and Canada , as Nelvana 's first widely released feature . It became surprisingly successful at the North American box office , playing primarily at matinees and early evening showings . At the time , the North American film industry was bereft of children 's and family fare ; with The Care Bears Movie , Hirsh said , " There 's such a large audience for a film that appeals primarily to 6 @-@ year @-@ olds . " He remarked later on , " What we 've done [ at Nelvana ] is tailor the film to a pre @-@ literate audience , the very young . It 's interesting to see the audience . The kids are fixated on the screen . [ It 's ] awesome to them . " Clive A. Smith observed that some children came to showings with their Bears ; long line @-@ ups held back its audience in several cities . Among those attending the matinee screenings was John Waters , a filmmaker known for Pink Flamingos and Polyester . The film made an appearance at the USA Film Festival in Dallas , Texas , during its release .
When shown in theatres , the feature was immediately followed by Nelvana 's TV special , Strawberry Shortcake Meets the Berrykins . It was directed by Laura Shepherd and produced by Nelvana 's founders along with Lenora Hume . The story involves Strawberry Shortcake and a tiny group of creatures called the Berrykins as they work to clear their home of Strawberryland of the " world 's favourite perfume " , a pungent odour which was unleashed from a purple cloud . LBS Communications syndicated it on US television around the time of The Care Bears Movie 's theatrical tenure ; a video release from Family Home Entertainment soon followed .
The Care Bears Movie ranked fourth at the North American box office on its first two weekends , grossing US $ 3 @.@ 7 million and US $ 3 @.@ 2 million respectively . It was screened in 1 @,@ 003 venues during its first four weeks . After three months , it grossed about US $ 23 million in the United States , and placed 40th among 1985 's major films ; it brought in US $ 9 @,@ 435 @,@ 000 in rentals for the Goldwyn company . In Canada , the film was released by Astral Films and Criterion Pictures Corporation , and made C $ 1 @,@ 845 @,@ 000 by the end of 1985 . It was the year 's highest @-@ grossing release in that market , followed by Disney 's One Magic Christmas and a Quebec production called Le Matou .
Several months after The Care Bears Movie , Walt Disney Pictures released its animated feature The Black Cauldron . Costing US $ 25 million , it was the most expensive animated film of its time , but grossed nearly as much as Nelvana 's production ( US $ 21 @.@ 3 million ) . As a result , The Care Bears Movie 's performance alarmed animators at the Disney Studios ; Don Bluth , a former recruit , dismissed the " public taste " factor that it demonstrated . Another animator , Ron Clements , later reflected on this : " Everyone was kind of scared about the future of Disney animation . It wasn 't a good time . It was really a terrible time . " This sentiment was echoed in Waking Sleeping Beauty , Disney 's 2010 documentary on the revival of its animation unit . While comparing The Black Cauldron with The Care Bears Movie , The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution singled out the " putrid pastels " of Nelvana 's production and commented that they " don 't even deserve to be mentioned in the same review . " Months afterward , a re @-@ issue of Disney 's One Hundred and One Dalmatians surpassed both The Care Bears Movie and The Black Cauldron , with over US $ 30 million in sales .
Sometime after the film 's release , Children 's Video Library ( a division of Vestron Video ) picked up the video rights to The Care Bears Movie for US $ 1 @.@ 8 million . It was released in the United States on July 10 , 1985 , in VHS and Betamax formats . On August 10 , 1985 , it debuted in 26th place on Billboard 's Top Videocassette Rentals chart . It ranked fourth on the first edition of the magazine 's Top Kid Video chart ( on October 5 ) . It was tracked by Video Insider 's children 's chart ( on August 30 , 1985 ) , as one of five toy @-@ related titles on tape ( along with two compilations of Hasbro 's Transformers series ; another with Hallmark Cards ' Rainbow Brite ; and the last with Strawberry Shortcake ) . By 1988 , Vestron 's edition sold over 140 @,@ 000 copies . In 1990 Video Treasures reissued it on videocassette ; on October 10 , 1995 , Hallmark Home Entertainment published another VHS edition as part of a six @-@ title package from Goldwyn and Britain 's Rank Organisation .
On September 5 , 2000 , MGM Home Entertainment re @-@ released the film on video as part of its Family Entertainment Collection ; the DVD edition premiered on August 6 , 2002 , and was packaged with the 1978 British family film The Water Babies . In 2003 the film was inducted into the MGM Kids line . In honour of the Care Bears ' 25th anniversary , another DVD edition of the film was released on March 20 , 2007 , with restored picture quality ; it contained the franchise 's second Atkinson Film @-@ Arts special , The Care Bears Battle the Freeze Machine , as an extra . American Greetings launched an official anniversary website and a Dodge Grand Caravan giveaway as part of the proceedings . By 2007 , home video sales of The Care Bears Movie totalled over five million units .
The Care Bears Movie was scheduled to premiere on the US premium television network , Disney Channel , on June 28 , 1986 , but did so one month in advance . In September 1987 , the film made its terrestrial broadcast premiere on the ABC network 's Saturday morning schedule . It also aired on American Movie Classics in July 7 , 1991 , and on Showtime and The Movie Channel in the 2000s . The film aired on Starz Entertainment 's Encore channel in September 2007 , as part of its " Big ' 80s " Labour Day marathon , chronicling various releases from that decade . It was among the first films shown on Canada 's Moviepix channel in October 1994 .
= = = Overseas = = =
Amid the US and Canadian success of The Care Bears Movie , Goldwyn took the film to the 38th edition of the Cannes Film Festival , where it was highly received ; a group of costumed Care Bears strolled along the Croisette to promote the picture . Among its overseas distributors was Germany 's Filmwelt , which released it on March 20 , 1986 , under the title Der Glücksbärchi Film . It sold 538 @,@ 487 tickets in that territory , placing 47th among new releases , and grossed over DM4,013,000 ( € 2 @,@ 051 @,@ 600 ; US $ 2 @,@ 868 @,@ 000 ) . The film was released on VHS in October 1986 by the local division of CBS / Fox Video , and aired on national broadcaster ARD during the 1988 Christmas season .
The Care Bears Movie was released in the United Kingdom by Miracle Films in August 1985 , and did well in matinee @-@ only engagements ; a video edition from Vestron 's local branch came out some months later . In February 1986 the film was released by France 's Artédis under the franchise name Les Bisounours ; publishing rights were held by Hachette Livre . It opened on March 20 , 1986 , in the Netherlands as De Troetelbeertjes . On July 21 , 1986 , the Bermudez de Castro company opened the film in Madrid , Spain , as Los osos amorosos ; it grossed over 23 @,@ 728 @,@ 000 Pts ( € 142 @,@ 606 ; US $ 199 @,@ 500 ) from 93 @,@ 294 admissions . Among that country 's Catalan speakers , it is known as Els Óssos Amorosos . The film was released in Czechoslovakia by Ústřední půjčovna filmů on December 1 , 1988 , as Starostliví medvídci . It was advertised in Italy as Orsetti del cuore , and in Poland as Opowieść o Troskliwych Misiach .
In Mexico , The Care Bears Movie was released on April 24 , 1986 , as Los ositos cariñositos . In Brazil , the film was promoted as As novas aventuras dos ursinhos carinhosos . Television airings occurred on Australia 's Nine Network in 1987 , and Malaysia 's TV2 ( in August 1993 ) and Disney Channel in April 2002 .
= = = Aftermath = = =
As opposed to Rock & Rule ( which Nelvana owned outright ) , the characters in The Care Bears Movie were the property of American Greetings , who paid Nelvana a service fee to work on the film . Nelvana , however , hardly received any profits from the production ; this caused its founders to express regret about the situation . In The Nelvana Story , Patrick Loubert explained the catch @-@ 22 that they would face numerous times in the years to come : " We could have waived our fee and taken a big piece of the film . We were offered that deal . But if we had waived the fee , we couldn 't have made the payroll . Once the picture was hugely successful , we thought we should have waived the fee . But we couldn 't have . " At the time of production , Nelvana had begun embarking on service work that other companies provided them , not only to help ease the debts the studio incurred after Rock & Rule , but also because it proved profitable in due time .
By 1989 , The Care Bears Movie made over US $ 34 million worldwide , according to Maclean 's magazine ; this made it the highest @-@ grossing animated feature film to come from Canada . It became the highest @-@ grossing animated film not produced by the Disney company , surpassing the US $ 11 million of Atlantic Entertainment Group 's 1983 release The Smurfs and the Magic Flute ; Don Bluth 's An American Tail ( 1986 ) and The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) later took over this position . As of 2016 , that title is held by Illumination Entertainment 's Minions ( 2015 ) , with US $ 1 @.@ 157 billion . The film virtually saved a fledgling Nelvana from going out of business , and was the company 's highest @-@ grossing venture . It is also among the highest @-@ grossing releases from either incarnation of Samuel Goldwyn .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical analysis = = =
The Care Bears Movie received mixed reviews . During its original release , The Care Bears Movie had varying degrees of success with critics . The New York Times ' Richard Grenier wrote , " [ The film
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... he will drag the Voivode from his cottage , as would any driver his oxen or shepherd his sheep . "
The King 's councillors begged him to accept the offer or give a milder reply , but he refused and led his 30 @,@ 000 @-@ strong army deeper into Wallachia " without proper supplies or adequate reconnaissance " . Basarab was unable to stand a battle in the open field against a large army , due to the poor state of his troops , and he decided to retreat somewhere into the Transylvanian Alps .
Robert entered Curtea de Argeş , the main city of the Wallachian state . He realised that Basarab had fled into the mountains and decided to give chase .
= = Battle = =
The location of the battle is still debated among historians . One theory gives the location of the battle at Loviştea , in some mountain gorges , in the valley of Olt , Transylvania . However , Romanian historian Neagu Djuvara denies this and states that the location of the battle was somewhere at the border between Oltenia and Severin .
The Wallachian army , led by Basarab himself , probably numbered less than 10 @,@ 000 men and consisted of cavalry , infantry archers , and some locally recruited peasants . When Robert saw his best knights being killed , without being able to fight back , while the escape routes were blocked by the Wallachian cavalry , he gave his royal robes and insignia to one of his captains – " who dies under a hail of arrows and stones " – and , with a few loyal subjects , made a difficult escape to Visegrád " clad in dirty civilian clothes " .
Robert later recounted in detail , in a charter of December 13 , 1335 , how one " Nicholas , son of " Radoslav " , saved his life by defending him from the swords of five Wallachian warriors , giving him enough time to escape . Most of the Hungarian army – which included many nobles – was destroyed ; among the casualties were the Voivode of Transylvania and the priest who accompanied the king .
= = Aftermath = =
The victory represented the survival of the Wallachian state , as well as the beginning of a period of tense relations between Basarab and the Kingdom of Hungary , which lasted until 1344 , when Basarab sent his son Alexandru in order to re @-@ establish a relationship between the two states .
Because of its large financial power , the Kingdom of Hungary quickly rebuilt its army and found itself in conflict with the Holy Roman Empire in 1337 . However , the Hungarian king maintained a de jure suzerainty over Wallachia until the diplomatic disputes had been resolved .
= Crash : Mind over Mutant =
Crash : Mind over Mutant is a platform video game published by Activision in North America and by Sierra Entertainment internationally and developed by Vancouver @-@ based Radical Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable ( ported by Virtuos ) , Wii and Xbox 360 . The Nintendo DS version of the game was developed by TOSE . It was released in North America on October 7 , 2008 and was later released in Europe and Australia on October 31 . It is the second game in the series not to have a Japanese release , after Crash of the Titans .
Crash : Mind over Mutant is the fifteenth and so far latest installment in the Crash Bandicoot video game series , the seventh in the main franchise , and is the second title in accordance to the mutant series ' chronology . The game 's story centers on the arrival of a popular technological device ( a parody of devices such as the iPhone and BlackBerry ) that puts whoever uses it under the control of the device 's creators Doctor Neo Cortex and Doctor Nitrus Brio , who serve as the stories ' primary antagonists . Crash Bandicoot - protagonist of the series and only one unaffected by the device besides his spirit ally Aku Aku - must free his friends from the control of the device and put an end to Doctor Cortex 's plot .
The title received a generally mixed response , with reviews varying from version to version . The Wii and PlayStation 2 versions were met with generally positive reviews , while the Xbox 360 version received a mediocre critical response . Much of the game 's praise went to the humorous cutscenes and dialogue , while the unadjustable camera and extensive use of backtracking was sharply criticised . The Nintendo DS version was received negatively for its dull and repetitive gameplay .
= = Gameplay = =
Crash : Mind over Mutant is a beat ' em up game in which the player controls Crash Bandicoot , whose main objective is to explore his home , Wumpa Island , and surrounding environments to uncover the mystery behind the " NV " , a personal digital assistant created by the main antagonist . Crash : Mind over Mutant is a mission @-@ based game as opposed to Crash of the Titans 's level @-@ based structure , with goals being given by non @-@ playable characters . Characters with exclamation points ( ! ) over their heads , when talked to , give out important information that is needed to continue the story .
Scattered throughout the world are special items that empower Crash in one way or another . Golden stopwatches trigger a time @-@ limited nanogame which usually involves collecting objects or breaking things to earn bonuses . Red running shoes serve to temporarily power up Crash 's kick attack and cause him to move faster , while the " Quad Damage " power @-@ up can be used by Crash to temporarily multiply his attack power by four .
= = = Combat = = =
Crash can perform both a light and heavy @-@ powered attack . He can also block , dodge @-@ and @-@ counter , or break an enemy 's block . When he defeats enemies or destroys objects , a magical substance known as Mojo is released that , when collected , allows Crash 's abilities to be upgraded .
While small minions require only a single combo attack for Crash to defeat , larger enemies , known as " Titans " , require more effort to subdue . Each of the unique Titans in the game possess a star meter that indicates how close they are to being stunned . When the meter is full , the Titan is susceptible to " jacking " , meaning Crash can mount the creature and control it . While controlled by the player , the Titan possesses a similar moveset to Crash , although some jacked Titans can shoot projectiles . Besides having more health , the Titans controlled by Crash have a purple Titan Meter which , when full , allows the Titan unleash a powerful special attack . This fully drains the meter in the process .
A feature new to the series involves Crash storing a Titan in his pocket and utilizing it when it is most advantageous . When Crash is riding a Titan , any Mojo collected goes to the Titan . If enough is collected , the Titan 's abilities are upgraded rather than Crash 's .
= = = Co @-@ operative play = = =
A player using a second controller can join in the game at any time . The second player will initially appear as a mask floating around Crash . The mask can attack enemies by using magic projectiles . By pressing a certain button , the second player 's character can exit and enter the mask . In the Wii and Xbox 360 versions of the game , Crash 's sister , Coco Bandicoot , fills in the role of the second player , while a white @-@ furred version of Crash known as " Carbon Crash " takes on this role in the PlayStation 2 version . Coco is not available for play until she is defeated in a boss fight , after which she is fully playable ( though the player can choose to continue with Carbon Crash ) . This method of play is useful for overpowering enemies and collecting Mojo faster .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
The game is played in a free @-@ roaming format rarely seen in previous games , although the DS version is played as a 2 @-@ D beat ' em up as a means of utilising the handheld 's hardware to its greatest capacity . The opening events of the game take place on Wumpa Island . Crash 's house is accessible here , and can be used by the player to access skins , concept art , enemy bios and cutscenes . Surrounding environments consist of societies inhabited by friendly Titans , including the Ratcicle Kingdom , the Rhinoroller Desert and the Sludge Junkyard . Other areas include the Evil Public School , attended by the main antagonist 's niece , and Mount Grimly , where the evil mask Uka Uka is held . The final events of the game take place in the Space Head , a space station recycled from junkyard parts that is operated by Doctor Neo Cortex .
= = = Characters = = =
Nine returning characters from previous Crash titles star in the home console version of Crash : Mind over Mutant . The protagonist of the game , Crash Bandicoot , is a bandicoot who must defeat the main antagonist Doctor Cortex and free the Titans from the control of Cortex 's new device . Aiding Crash is Aku Aku , an ancient wooden mask who can take control of Titans by entering their heads . Crash 's genius sister , Coco Bandicoot , appears initially as a boss character under the control of Cortex 's and Brio 's handheld device . Afterward , she acts as a playable character during the co @-@ operative mode of the Wii and Xbox 360 console versions ; she is replaced by a white @-@ furred version of Crash named " Carbon Crash " in the PlayStation 2 version . Crunch Bandicoot , Crash 's muscular cyborg friend , also appears in the game as a brainwashed boss .
The main antagonist of the series , Doctor Neo Cortex , is a mad scientist who plans on taking control of the denizens of the Wumpa Islands by marketing a mind @-@ controlling mobile phone , the " NV " , to them . Doctor Nitrus Brio makes a return appearance as Cortex 's partner , aiding him in the development of the NV . Uka Uka , Aku Aku 's evil twin brother , is the source of the bad Mojo necessary to take control of those using the NV device . Nina Cortex , Neo Cortex 's niece , also appears in the game , having been transferred to an evil public school by her uncle . Doctor N. Gin , Cortex 's demented right @-@ hand man , makes a relatively minor appearance as a boss character early in the game .
A number of small fodder enemies attempt to hinder Crash in his journey , much of them appearing in the previous Crash of the Titans . The Ratnicians , who previously worked for Doctor Neo Cortex , have since gone feral and vegetarian , and now work for the minor antagonist Doctor N. Gin . The Brat Girls , who previously worked for Nina Cortex , have betrayed her and now run the Evil Public School and supervise the Ratcicles in the Ratcicle Kingdom . The Doom Monkeys make a return appearance as employees of Nitrus Brio in the Sludge Junkyard . Two new fodder enemies make their debut in the game : the Znu , a group of small , warty creatures that inhabit Mount Grimly , and the Slap @-@ E 's , hand @-@ shaped robots that share Doctor Cortex 's memories and personal problems .
= = = Story = = =
Social satire and the theme of consumerism are frequent sources of humor in the plot of Crash : Mind over Mutant , with the game featuring jokes about SUVs and the skyrocketing prices of gas at the time . The game 's story is told through a number of cut scenes animated in 2D Animation with different styles , such as those of Dragon Ball , The Animatrix , and South Park .
Crash : Mind over Mutant takes place a year later after the events of where Crash of the Titans left off . The Titans , free from the control of Doctor Neo Cortex , have spread throughout the Wumpa Islands and cultivated their own societies and towns . All seems well until a rejuvenated Doctor Neo Cortex teams up with his old partner Doctor Nitrus Brio to invent a personal digital assistant , the " NV " , that can control the minds of both mutants and bandicoots by transmitting bad Mojo , forcefully siphoned from Cortex 's former boss Uka Uka . Crash and Aku Aku are not affected by the device , but their family members Coco and Crunch , are soon transformed into monstrous version of themselves who seek Crash 's destruction . After Coco is freed from the NV 's control , the Bandicoots learn of Doctor Cortex 's plot by accessing his blog , and decide to go to the Evil Public School , where Nina was placed by Doctor Cortex . Nina in return for Crash saving her science fair project , informs the heroes of Cortex 's and Brio 's alliance and reveals their location in the Junkyard , where Brio is recycling parts to create a new space station , the " Space Head " , for Cortex and new NV devices . Crash and Aku Aku find Crunch and Brio at the Junkyard and manage to break Crunch free from the NV 's control . After learning of Uka Uka 's whereabouts from Brio , Crash and Aku Aku go to Mount Grimly , where Uka Uka is being drained of all his Mojo . After being freed , Uka Uka informs Crash that his voodoo bones , his source of power , have been stolen and given to six of the worst Titans on the Island , and tells them to go and retrieve the bones for him . When the bones have been gathered , Uka Uka uses his restored power to send Crash to the Space Head and Crash can enact Uka Uka 's vengeance on Cortex . Crash engages in a fight against Cortex , who uses a mutation formula stolen from Brio to empower himself for the battle . Upon losing to the Bandicoot , Cortex throws a tantrum , causing the Space Head to fall towards the Earth . Cortex , having returned to normal , makes his escape from the plummeting Space Head , while Crash and Aku Aku brace themselves for a crash @-@ landing on Wumpa Island . Crash and Aku Aku manage to survive the crash and reunite with Coco and Crunch as parts of the Space Head rain down from the sky . As the story ends , Coco tells Aku Aku that they 're not going to help clean up , much to his chagrin .
= = Development = =
Development on Crash : Mind over Mutant began immediately after the completion of Crash of the Titans . The idea of preserving a titan for later use came from the play testing sessions of Crash of the Titans , in which the testers were found to be reluctant to leave the titans behind after an epic battle was won . Fans of the series were also a source of inspiration for Crash : Mind over Mutant , having such wishes as a free @-@ roaming environment , Coco Bandicoot being a playable character and the return of the character Doctor Nitrus Brio . Full camera control was considered for the game , but was rejected for graphical reasons and to avoid having to insert a split @-@ screen view in the cooperation mode . Online gameplay was also considered as a feature in the finished game , but was omitted due to the brief development schedule . Coco Bandicoot as a playable character was omitted from the PlayStation 2 version of the game due to her distinct animations taking up much of the console 's memory . The Wii version of Crash : Mind over Mutant was created first , with the graphics scaled up for the Xbox 360 , and scaled down for the PlayStation 2 . A PlayStation 3 version of the game was rumored , but was promptly debunked by Radical Entertainment as a mistake on many press sites ' behalf .
There was an open call for fan art of Crash Bandicoot to be submitted as part of a contest . The contest was hosted at Kidzworld as part of a preview page and was aimed at fans under the age of 18 . Selected artwork is included in the final build of the game either inside of a comic book in Crash 's house or on a wall in the school attended by Nina Cortex . In addition , winners had their names appear in the game 's credits and received a free copy of the game when it was released .
= = = Audio = = =
To ensure that the audio does not become repetitive , Crash : Mind over Mutant features more than 8 @,@ 500 lines of dialogue . Many of the voice actors from the previous Crash of the Titans reprised their roles , including Jess Harnell as Crash , Greg Eagles as Aku Aku , Lex Lang as Doctor Neo Cortex , Debi Derryberry as Coco , Nolan North as Doctor N. Gin , John DiMaggio as Uka Uka , Chris Williams as Crunch and Amy Gross as Nina Cortex . The role of Doctor Nitrus Brio is played by Maurice LaMarche , a newcomer to the series . Miscellaneous voices in the game are provided by a number of veteran voice actors , including Carlos Alazraqui , Rodger Bumpass , Grey DeLisle , Kathryn Feller , Quinton Flynn , Tabitha St. Germain , Tania Gunadi , Mark Hamill , Richard Steven Horvitz , Tom Kenny , Rik Kiviaho , Tara Strong , Lee Tockar , Billy West and Cedric Yarborough . The music of Crash : Mind over Mutant was composed by Radical Entertainment 's in @-@ house composer Marc Baril , who composed the music for the previous Crash Bandicoot games Crash Tag Team Racing and Crash of the Titans .
= = Reception = =
Reviews for the PlayStation 2 and Wii versions of Crash : Mind over Mutant were generally positive . Dakota Grabowski of GameZone considered the game " slightly better " than Crash of the Titans , noting improvements in controls , gameplay and storyline from its predecessor , but lamented that " the camera almost ruins the whole package . " The Wii version of Crash : Mind over Mutant was also met positively , though not to the same degree as the PlayStation 2 version . Louis Bedigian of GameZone stated that the young demographic of the Crash Bandicoot series " may be annoyed by the camera and / or repetitive objectives but will be entertained by what is the best Crash game developed in a long time – and one of the best Mario clones released for Nintendo Wii . " Neal Ronaghan of Nintendo World Report , meanwhile , felt that " the charming story and genuine humor " of the game were " overshadowed by the shallow gameplay . "
Reviews for the Xbox 360 version of Crash : Mind over Mutant were mixed . Christopher Ewen of GameZone praised the series ' transition into a free @-@ roaming gameplay environment , but felt that the game was too easy . Matt Casamassina of IGN found the game to be " exactly like its predecessor : a mildly enjoyable beat ' em up romp that 's sure to satisfy younger players , but won 't provide much that seasoned players haven 't already experienced before " . Andy Eddy of TeamXbox praised the game 's strong voice acting , but noted the uninspired gameplay , which was " not very consistent in its fun generation . " Justin Calvert of GameSpot claimed that the game " has too much backtracking and too many camera problems to make it recommendable " . Official Xbox Magazine concluded that " there 's very little about Mind over Mutant that makes it worth your $ 50 or the four hours it takes to complete . " Dan Pearson of Eurogamer criticized the game 's fixed camera , extensive backtracking , useless mission log and dated concepts . Andrew Reiner of Game Informer proclaimed that the game 's " unpredictable framerates , extensive backtracking , and the guarantee of one death caused by faulty camera positioning for every platforming segment " made it " a mess of a game , and a new low point for the once @-@ loved marsupial . "
The Nintendo DS version of the game received generally negative reviews compared to the console version . Mike David of GameZone denounced the game as the " first really disappointing Crash title " , while Neal Ronaghan of Nintendo World Report felt that the game " leaves much to be desired in terms of depth and level design . " Craig Harris of IGN affectionately christened the Nintendo DS version a " boring , drab , uninspired beat ' em up with none of what made last year 's game so good on DS . "
= Dál Riata =
Dál Riata ( also Dalriada or Dalriata ) was a Gaelic overkingdom that included parts of western Scotland and northeastern Ireland , on each side of the North Channel . In the late 6th – early 7th centuries it encompassed roughly what is now Argyll in Scotland and County Antrim in the Irish province of Ulster .
In Argyll it consisted initially of three kindreds :
Cenél Loairn ( kindred of Loarn ) in north and mid @-@ Argyll
Cenél nÓengusa ( kindred of Óengus ) based on Islay
Cenél nGabráin ( kindred of Gabrán ) based in Kintyre
A fourth kindred , Cenél Chonchride in Islay , was seemingly too small to be deemed a major division . By the end of the 7th century another kindred , Cenél Comgaill ( kindred of Comgall ) , had emerged , based in eastern Argyll . The Lorn and Cowal districts of Argyll take their names from Cenél Loairn and Cenél Comgaill respectively , while the Morvern district was formerly known as Kinelvadon , from the Cenél Báetáin , a subdivision of the Cenél Loairn .
Latin @-@ language sources often referred to the inhabitants of Dál Riata as Scots ( Scoti in Latin ) , a name originally used by Roman and Greek writers for the Irish who raided Roman Britain . Later it came to refer to Gaelic @-@ speakers , whether from Ireland or elsewhere . They are referred to herein as Gaels , an unambiguous term , or as Dál Riatans .
The kingdom reached its height under Áedán mac Gabráin ( r . 574 – 608 ) , but King Æthelfrith of Bernicia checked its growth at the Battle of Degsastan in 603 . Serious defeats in Ireland and Scotland in the time of Domnall Brecc ( d . 642 ) ended Dál Riata 's " golden age " , and the kingdom became a client of Northumbria , then subject to the Picts . There is disagreement over the fate of the kingdom from the late eighth @-@ century onwards . Some scholars have seen no revival of Dál Riata after the long period of foreign domination ( after 637 to around 750 or 760 ) , while others have seen a revival of Dál Riata under Áed Find ( 736 – 778 ) , and later under Kenneth MacAlpin ( Cináed mac Ailpín , who ( some sources claim ) took the kingship there in c.840 following the disastrous defeat of the Pictish army by the Danes ) : some even claim that the Dál Riata usurped the kingship of Fortriu several generations before MacAlpin ( 800 – 858 ) . The kingdom 's independence ended in the Viking Age , as it merged with the lands of the Picts to form the Kingdom of Alba .
The name of the kingdom survives in the terminology of the Dalradian geological series , a term coined by Archibald Geikie in 1891 because its outcrop has a similar geographical reach to that of the former Dál Riata .
= = Name = =
The name Dál Riata is derived from Old Irish . Dál , cognate to English dole and deal , German Teil / Theil , and Latin tāliō and descendants including French taille and Italian taglia , means " portion " or " share " ( as in " a portion of land " ) ; Riata or Riada is believed to be a personal name . Thus , the name refers to " Riada 's portion " of territory in the area .
= = People , land and sea = =
The modern human landscape of Dál Riata differs a great deal from that of the first millennium . Most people today live in settlements far larger than anything known in early times , while some areas , such as Kilmartin and many of the islands , such as Islay and Tiree may well have had as many inhabitants as they do today . Many of the small settlements have now disappeared , so that the countryside is far emptier than was formerly the case , and many areas which were formerly farmed are now abandoned . Even the physical landscape is not entirely as it was : sea @-@ levels have changed , and the combination of erosion and silting will have considerably altered the shape of the coast in some places , while the natural accumulation of peat and man @-@ made changes from peat @-@ cutting has altered inland landscapes .
As was normal at the time , subsistence farming was the occupation of most people . Oats and barley were the main cereal crops . Pastoralism was especially important , and transhumance ( the seasonal movement of people with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures ) was the practice in many places . Some areas , most notably Islay , were especially fertile , and good grazing would have been available all year round , just as it was in Ireland . Tiree was famed in later times for its oats and barley , while smaller , uninhabited islands were used to keep sheep . The area , until lately , was notable for its inshore fisheries , and for plentiful shellfish , therefore seafood is likely to have been an important part of the diet .
The Senchus fer n @-@ Alban lists three main kin groups in Dál Riata in Scotland , with a fourth being added later :
The Cenél nGabráin , in Kintyre , supposedly the descendants of Gabrán mac Domangairt .
The Cenél nÓengusa , in Islay and Jura , supposedly the descendants of Óengus Mór mac Eirc .
The Cenél Loairn , in Lorne , perhaps also Mull and Ardnamurchan , supposedly the descendants of Loarn mac Eirc .
The Cenél Comgaill , in Cowal and Bute , a later addition , supposedly the descendants of Comgall mac Domangairt .
The Senchus does not list any kindreds in Ireland , but does also list an apparently very minor kindred called Cenel Chonchride in Islay descended from another son of Erc , Fergus Becc . Another kindred , Cenél Báetáin of Morvern ( later Clan Maclean ) , branched off from Cenel Laiorn about the same time Cenel Comgaill separated from its parent kindred . The Cenel Loairn may have been the largest of the " three kindreds " , as the Senchus reports it being divided further into Cenel Shalaig , Cenel Cathbath , Cenel nEchdach , Cenel Murerdaig . Among the Cenél Loairn it also lists the Airgíalla , although whether this should be understood as being Irish settlers or simply another tribe to whom the label was applied is unclear . Bannerman proposes a tie to the Uí Macc Uais . The meaning of Airgíalla ' hostage givers ' adds to the uncertainty , although it must be observed that only one grouping in Ireland was apparently given this name and it is therefore very rare , perhaps supporting the Ui Macc Uais hypothesis . There is no reason to suppose that this is a complete or accurate list .
Among the royal centres in Dál Riata , Dunadd appears to have been the most important . It has been partly excavated , and weapons , quern @-@ stones and many moulds for the manufacture of jewellery were found in addition to fortifications . Other high @-@ status material included glassware and wine amphorae from Gaul , and in larger quantities than found elsewhere in Britain and Ireland . Lesser centres included Dun Ollaigh , seat of the Cenél Loairn kings , and Dunaverty , at the southern end of Kintyre , in the lands of the Cenél nGabráin . The main royal centre in Ireland appears to have been at Dunseverick ( Dún Sebuirge ) .
The difficulty of overland travel and the many islands made Dál Riata an archipelago , with travel by sea by far the easiest means of moving any distance . As well as long distance trade , local trade must also have been significant . Currachs were probably the most common seagoing craft , and on inland waters dugouts and coracles were used . Large timber ships , called long ships , perhaps similar to the Viking ships of the same name , are attested to in a variety of sources .
= = Religion and art = =
No written accounts exist for pre @-@ Christian Dál Riata , and the earliest known records come from the chroniclers of Iona and Irish monasteries . Adomnán 's Life of St Columba implies a Christian Dál Riata . Whether this is true cannot be known . The figure of Columba looms large in any history of Christianity in Dál Riata . Adomnán 's Life , although useful as a record , was not intended to serve as history , but rather as hagiography . Because the writing of the lives of the saints in Adomnán 's day had not reached the stylised formulas of the High Middle Ages , the Life contains a great deal of historically valuable information . It is also a vital linguistic source indicating the distribution of Gaelic and P @-@ Celtic placenames in northern Scotland by the end of the 7th century . It famously notes Columba 's need for a translator when conversing with an individual on Skye . This evidence of a non @-@ Gaelic language is supported by a sprinkling of P @-@ Celtic placenames on the remote mainland opposite the island .
Columba 's founding Iona within the bounds of Dál Riata ensured that the kingdom would be of great importance in the spread of Christianity in northern Britain , not only to Pictland , but also to Northumbria , via Lindisfarne , to Mercia , and beyond . Although the monastery of Iona belonged to the Cenél Conaill of the Northern Uí Néill , and not to Dál Riata , it had close ties to the Cenél nGabráin , ties which may make the annals less than entirely impartial .
If Iona was the greatest religious centre in Dál Riata , it was far from unique . Lismore , in the territory of the Cenél Loairn , was sufficiently important for the death of its abbots to be recorded with some frequency . Applecross , probably in Pictish territory for most of the period , and Kingarth on Bute are also known to have been monastic sites , and many smaller sites , such as on Eigg and Tiree , are known from the annals . In Ireland , Armoy was the main ecclesiastical centre in early times , associated with Saint Patrick and with Saint Olcán , said to have been first bishop at Armoy . An important early centre , Armoy later declined , overshadowed by the monasteries at Movilla ( Newtownards ) and Bangor .
As well as their primary spiritual importance , the political significance of religious centres cannot be dismissed . The prestige of being associated with the saintly founder was of no small importance . Monasteries represented a source of wealth as well as prestige . Additionally , the learning and literacy found in monasteries served as useful tools for ambitious kings .
The illuminated manuscript Book of Kells was probably at least begun at Iona , although not by Columba as legend has it , as it dates from about 800 ( it may have been commissioned to mark the bicentennial of Columba 's death in 597 ) . Whether it was or not , Iona was certainly important in the formation of Insular art , which combined Mediterranean , Anglo @-@ Saxon , Celtic and Pictish elements into a style of which the book of Kells is a late example .
For other arts , a number of sculptures remain to give an impression of Dál Riatan work . The St. Martin 's Cross on Iona is the best @-@ preserved high cross , probably inspired by Northumbrian free @-@ standing crosses , such as the Ruthwell Cross , although a similar cross exists in Ireland ( Ahenny , County Tipperary ) . The Kildalton Cross on Islay is similar . A sculpted slab at Ardchattan appears to show strong Pictish influences , while the Dupplin Cross , it has been argued , shows that influences also moved in the opposite direction . Fine Hiberno @-@ Saxon metalwork such as penannular brooches is believed to have been created at Dunadd .
In addition to the monastic sites , a considerable number of churches are attested , not only from archaeological evidence , but also from the evidence of place @-@ names . The element " kil " , from Gaelic cill , can be shown in many cases to be associated with early churches , such as at Kilmartin by Dunadd .
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
The Duan Albanach ( Song of the Scots ) tells that the three sons of Erc — Fergus Mór , Loarn and Óengus — conquered Alba ( Scotland ) around 500 AD . Bede offers a different , and probably older , account wherein Dál Riata was conquered by Irish Gaels led by a certain Reuda . Old Gaelic Dál means " portion " or " share " , and is usually followed by the name of an eponymous founder . Bede 's tale may come from the same root as the Irish tales of Cairpre Riata and his brothers , the Síl Conairi ( sons / descendants of Conaire Mór / Conaire Cóem ) . The story of Dál Riata moves from foundation myth to something nearer to history with the reports of the death of Comgall mac Domangairt around 540 and of his brother Gabrán around 560 .
The version of history in the Duan Albanach was long accepted , although it is preceded by the purely fictional tale of Albanus and Brutus conquering Britain . The presence of Gaelic in Scotland was seen as the result of either a large @-@ scale migration from Ireland , or a takeover by Irish Gaelic elites . However , this theory is no longer universally accepted . In his academic paper Were the Scots Irish ? , archaeologist Dr Ewan Campbell says that there is no archaeological or placename evidence of a migration or takeover . This lack of archaeological evidence was previously noted by Professor Leslie Alcock . Archaeological evidence shows that Argyll was different from Ireland , before and after the supposed migration , but that it also formed part of the Irish Sea province with Ireland , being easily distinguished from the rest of Scotland . Campbell suggests that Argyll and Antrim formed a " maritime province " , united by the sea and isolated from the rest of Scotland by the mountainous ridge called the Druim Alban . This allowed a shared language to be maintained through the centuries ; Argyll remained Gaelic @-@ speaking while the rest of Scotland was Pictish / Brittonic @-@ speaking . Campbell argues that the medieval accounts were a kind of dynastic propaganda , constructed to bolster a dynasty 's claim to the throne and to bolster Dál Riata claims to territory in Antrim . This view of the medieval accounts is shared by other historians . In her critical analysis of Campbell 's paper , Bridget Brennan criticizes his archeological arguments , but says that many of them " are sound , particularly with respect to historical documentation and even to a certain extent the linguistic argument " .
However Dál Riata came to be , the time in which it arose was one of great instability in Ulster , following the Ulaid 's loss of territory ( including the ancient centre of Emain Macha ) to the Airgíalla and the Uí Néill . Whether the two parts of Dál Riata had long been united , or whether a conquest in the 4th century or early 5th century , either of Antrim from Argyll , or vice versa , in line with myth , is not known . " The thriving of Dalriada " , pp. 47 – 50 , notes that a conquest of Irish Dál Riata from Scotland , in the period after the fall of Emain Macha , fits the facts as well as any other hypothesis .
Linguistic and genealogical evidence associates ancestors of the Dál Riata with the prehistoric Iverni and Darini , suggesting kinship with the Ulaid and a number of shadowy kingdoms in distant Munster . The Robogdii have also been suggested as ancestral . Ultimately the Dál Riata , according to the earliest genealogies , are descendants of Deda mac Sin , a prehistoric king or deity of the Érainn .
= = = Druim Cett to Mag Rath = = =
By the mid 6th @-@ century , the Dál Riata possessions in Scotland came under serious threat from Bridei I , king of the Picts , resulting in them seeking the aid of the Irish Northern Uí Néill . The king of Dál Riata , Áedán mac Gabráin , had already granted the island of Iona off the coast of Scotland to the Cenél Conaill prince and saint , Columba , who in turn negotiated an alliance between the Northern Uí Néill and Dál Riata in 575 at the Convention of Druim Ceit near Derry . The result of this pact was the removal of Dál Riata from Ulaid 's overlordship allowing it to concentrate on extending its Scottish domain .
The kingdom of Dál Riata reached its greatest extent in the reign of Áedán mac Gabráin . It is said that Áedán was consecrated as king by Columba . If true , this was one of the first such consecrations known . As noted , Columba brokered the alliance between Dál Riata and the Northern Uí Néill . This pact was successful , first in defeating Báetan mac Cairill , then in allowing Áedán to campaign widely against his neighbours , as far afield as Orkney and lands of the Maeatae , on the River Forth . Áedán appears to have been very successful in extending his power , until he faced the Bernician king Æthelfrith at Degsastan c . 603 . Æthelfrith 's brother was among the dead , but Áedán was defeated , and the Bernician kings continued their advances in southern Scotland . Áedán died c . 608 aged about 70 . Dál Riata did expand to include Skye , possibly conquered by Áedán 's son Gartnait .
It has been suggested that Fiachnae mac Báetáin ( d . 626 ) , Dál nAraidi over @-@ king of Ulaid , was overlord of both parts of Dál Riata . Fiachnae campaigned against the Northumbrians , and besieged Bamburgh , and the Dál Riatans are thought to have fought in this campaign .
Dál Riata remained allied with the Northern Uí Néill until the reign of Domnall Brecc , who was persuaded by the king of Dál nAraidi , Congal Cáech , to renounce this alliance . In an attempt to have himself installed as High King of Ireland , Congal made alliances with Dál Riata and Strathclyde , which resulted in the disastrous Battle of Moira in 637 , which saw Congal slain by High King Domnall mac Áedo of the Northern Uí Néill and resulted in Irish Dál Riata losing possession of its Scottish lands . A battle had also taken place at sea at Sailtír , off Kintyre , in 637 . This defeat was then attributed as divine retribution for Domnall Brecc turning his back on his prior alliance . Domnall Brecc 's policy appears to have died with him in 642 , at his final , and fatal , defeat by Eugein map Beli of Strathclyde at Strathcarron , for as late as the 730s , armies and fleets from Dál Riata fought alongside the Uí Néill .
This defeat shattered the power of Dál Riata as well as that of Dál nAraidi , allowing the Northern Uí Néill to become the dominant force in the north of Ireland . By the 10th @-@ century , the Irish lands of Dál Riata were under the control of the Uí Tuirtri , and their clients , the Fir Lí .
= = = Mag Rath to the Pictish Conquest = = =
It has been proposed that some of the more obscure kings of Dál Riata mentioned in the Annals of Ulster , such as Fiannamail ua Dúnchado and Donncoirce may have been kings of Irish Dál Riata .
The after @-@ effect of the Battle of Moira in regards to Scottish Dál Riata , appears to have resulted in it becoming tributary to Northumbrian kings , which lasted until the Pictish king Bruide mac Bili defeated Ecgfrith of Northumbria at Dun Nechtain in 685 . It is not certain that this subjection ended in 685 , although this is usually assumed to be the case . However , it appears that Eadberht Eating made some effort to stop the Picts under Óengus mac Fergusa crushing Dál Riata in 740 . Whether this means that the tributary relationship had not ended in 685 , or if Eadberht sought only to prevent the growth of Pictish power , is unclear .
Since it has been thought that Dál Riata swallowed Pictland to create the Kingdom of Alba , the later history of Dál Riata has tended to be seen as a prelude to future triumphs . The annals make it clear that the Cenél Gabraín lost any earlier monopoly of royal power in the late 7th century and in the 8th , when Cenél Loairn kings such as Ferchar Fota , his son Selbach , and grandsons Dúngal and Muiredach are found contesting for the kingship of Dál Riata . The long period of instability in Dál Riata was only ended by the conquest of the kingdom by Óengus mac Fergusa , king of the Picts , in the 730s . After a third campaign by Óengus in 741 , Dál Riata then disappears from the Irish records for a generation .
= = = The last century = = =
Áed Find may appear in 768 , fighting against the Pictish king of Fortriu . At his death in 778 Áed Find is called " king of Dál Riata " , as is his brother Fergus mac Echdach in 781 . The Annals of Ulster say that a certain Donncoirche , " king of Dál Riata " died in 792 , and there the record ends . Any number of theories have been advanced to fill the missing generations , none of which are founded on any very solid evidence . A number of kings are named in the Duan Albanach , and in royal genealogies , but these are rather less reliable than we might wish . The obvious conclusion is that whoever ruled the petty kingdoms of Dál Riata after its defeat and conquest in the 730s , only Áed Find and his brother Fergus drew the least attention of the chroniclers in Iona and Ireland . This argues very strongly for Alex Woolf 's conclusion that Óengus mac Fergusa " effectively destroyed the kingdom . "
It is unlikely that Dál Riata was ruled directly by Pictish kings , but it is argued that Domnall , son of Caustantín mac Fergusa , was king of Dál Riata from 811 to 835 . He was apparently followed by the last named king of Dál Riata Áed mac Boanta , who was killed in the great Pictish defeat of 839 at the hands of the Vikings .
= = = From Dál Riata to the Innse Gall = = =
If the Vikings had a great impact on Pictland and in Ireland , in Dál Riata , as in Northumbria , they appear to have entirely replaced the existing kingdom with a new entity . In the case of Dál Riata this was to be known as the kingdom of the Sudreys , traditionally founded by Ketil Flatnose ( Caitill Find in Gaelic ) in the middle of the 9th century . The Frankish Annales Bertiniani may record the conquest of the Inner Hebrides , the seaward part of Dál Riata , by Vikings in 847 .
Alex Woolf has suggested that there occurred a formal division of Dál Riata between the Norse @-@ Gaelic Uí Ímair and the natives , like those divisions that took place elsewhere in Ireland and Britain , with the Norse controlling most of the islands , and the Gaels controlling the Scottish coast and the more southerly islands . In turn Woolf suggests that this gave rise to the terms Airer Gaedel and Innse Gall , respectively " the coast of the Gaels " and the " Islands of the foreigners " .
= = = Under the House of Alpin = = =
Woolf has further demonstrated that by the time of Malcolm II , the leading cenela of Dál Riata had moved from the southwest of the region ( north of the Firths ) to the north , east , and northeast , with Cenel Loairn moving up the Great Glen to occupy Moray , the former and sometimes still Fortriu , one branch of Cenel nGabhrain occupying the district known as Gowrie and another the district of Fife , Cenel nOengusa giving its name to Circinn as Angus , Cenel Comgaill occupying Strathearn , and another lesser known kindred , Cenel Conaing , probably moving to Mar.
= = In fiction = =
In Rosemary Sutcliff 's 1965 novel The Mark of the Horse Lord the Dál Riada undergo an internal struggle for control of royal succession , and an external conflict to defend their frontiers against the Caledones .
In Rosemary Sutcliff 's historical adventure novel The Eagle of the Ninth ( 1954 ) , a young Roman officer searches to recover the lost Roman eagle standard of his father 's legion in the northern part of Great Britain . The story is based on the Ninth Spanish Legion 's supposed disappearance in the Scottish Highlands near the end of the Roman occupation . The novel was adapted by Jeremy Brock into the film The Eagle ( 2011 ) .
In the Kushiel novels ( a series , beginning with Kushiel 's Dart , 2001 ) , by Jacqueline Carey , the Dalriada of the Kingdom of Alba figure prominently in a Royal marriage and subsequent alliance with France ( known in the series as " Terre d 'Ange " ) .
In Julian May 's Saga of Pliocene Exile series , the non @-@ born Aiken Drum 's homeworld is an ethnic Scottish planet called Dalriada .
In the Lost Girl TV series , the pub where the Light Fae and the Dark Fae mingle is called the Dal Riata ; named after the ancient kingdom .
In Jules Watson 's Dalriada Trilogy ( 2006 – 2008 ) , three centuries are chronicled during the time of the Roman Invasion of Britain .
A feature length fantasy film named Dalriata 's King is being made in Scotland , with a story based loosely on the first king of the Scots . It is currently in postproduction and the release date is set for late 2016 .
Dál Riata is a playable nation in Paradox Interactive 's 4X video game Crusader Kings II . At the earliest start date , 769 AD with the Charlemagne DLC , they are an independent petty kingdom and considered ethnically Irish with Catholicism as their default religion . In start dates from 867 to 1241 the area is under first Norse , then Norwegian control , while by the latest 1337 start date it has become a vassal of King David II of Scotland .
Dalriada is the name of a Hungarian folk metal band : Dalriada .
= Robert Kurrle =
Robert Kurrle , also known as Robert B. Kurrle was an American cinematographer during the silent and early talking film eras . Prior to entering the film industry , he was already experimenting with aerial photography . Considered a very prominent cinematographer , even his early work received notice and praise from both critics and other industry professionals . The advent of sound film did not abate his continued rise , and he became the top director of photography at Warner Brothers by 1932 .
He shot 70 films over the sixteen years of his career , working with such prominent directors as William Wellman , Raoul Walsh , Michael Curtiz , Archie Mayo , and William Dieterle . He was a member of the American Society of Cinematographers by 1921 , and he was also one of the inaugural members of the International Photographers branch of I.A.T.S.E. ( International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees ) . In October 1932 , at the height of his career , he suddenly fell ill after wrapping a film . Hospitalized , his condition quickly worsened and within a week he was dead of an infection to the brain .
= = Early life = =
Born Robert Bard Kurrle in Port Hueneme , California on February 2 , 1890 , Kurrle had at least one sibling , Ernest W. Kurrle . Prior to his entry into the film industry , Kurrle was already an innovative filmmaker . In 1909 , flying in a Curtiss open cockpit bi @-@ plane , he photographed the Panama Canal from the air . In 1913 , Kurrle would become the first photographer to take an aerial photograph of the city of Oakland , California . Describing the experience , Kurrle said " ... we went along just as smoothly as if we were riding on velvet " .
= = Film career = =
= = = Metro years and freelancing = = =
Kurrle 's first foray into the film industry was on the 1916 film , Her Great Price , directed by Edwin Carewe . He later collaborated with Carewe on a number of pictures during the 1920s . He began his career working for Metro Pictures , where he stayed at until 1921 . Metro was one of the film companies which merged in 1924 to form Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer . The quality of Kurrle 's work was noticed even early in his career . His filming of 1919 's Lion 's Den was called " spectacular " . Kurrle 's work the following year on The Right of Way was described by some as " ... remarkable even in this day of almost perfect cinematography . " By 1921 , Kurrle was already a member of the American Society of Cinematographers ( ASC ) . Early that year , he followed Carewe and left Metro to become a freelance cinematographer . Fifteen of the twenty @-@ four films Kurrle worked on during 1921 @-@ 27 were directed by Carewe . In 1922 , while filming a Carewe picture , I Am the Law , Kurrle successfully tested a new high @-@ speed film from Eastman . The new film allowed interior filming with less lighting , reducing both equipment and staffing costs .
Over the course of his career , Kurlle received numerous positive criticism and attention from other industry members and publications . He was highlighted in American Cinematographer on many occasions , the first time being in the 1922 edition , where he was called a " valued member " of the ASC . When he was selected to man the camera for fellow ASC member Phil Rosen 's film , Abraham Lincoln , a prominent industry magazine stated that Kurlle 's career had been " brilliant " up to that point . In July 1924 , after Kurrle 's return from north Africa where he shot A Son of the Sahara , American Cinematographer called him " ... a master of his profession . "
For 1926 's Wings of the Storm , Kurrle 's exterior shots in Mt . Rainier National Park received positive comments from industry trade papers . In 1927 Kurrle was lauded for his camerawork on the film adaptation of Tolstoy 's Resurrection , which was directed by his long @-@ term collaborator Carrewe . The following year , in the first ever American Cinematographer poll of the top Hollywood directors , Kurrle was selected as one of the top 10 cinematographers in the industry . That same year , 1928 , his camera work on Sadie Thompson , was lauded as " ... beautifully done , and the settings are completely in the mood of the story " .
= = = Universal and Warner Brothers = = =
By 1928 Kurrle was being called a " camera ace " , a reference not only to his skill behind the camera , but also to the fact that he was one of the few people in Hollywood to own their own plane . In 1928 he worked exclusively with Universal Pictures , before returning to freelance the following year . In mid @-@ 1930 , Kurrle signed a contract with Warner Brothers . Over the next two years he rose to become their top cinematographer . During his sixteen @-@ year career , he worked with such notable directors as John Ince , William Wellman , Raoul Walsh , Michael Curtiz , Archie Mayo , and William Dieterle ( who directed the final film Kurrle photographed ) . In 1928 Kurrle was one of the inaugural members of the International Photographers branch of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees ( I.A.T.S.E. ) .
Even when the film was given less than stellar press , Kurrle 's work was often praised , as in the case of the 1929 film Her Majesty , Love , where it was noted , " The story is negligible , the cast , though capable , has nothing to do , and the direction is heavy handed and slow . But Robert Kurrle 's cinematography is outstanding . " That same year , his camerawork on another Carewe film , an adaptation of Longfellow 's Evangeline , was deemed as " beautiful " by the Film Daily . The magazine also rated his photography as " excellent " for Merian Cooper 's version of the classic tale , The Four Feathers . There were times when his work only garnered average reviews in some papers , such as 1930 's Hit the Deck , while still gaining praise in others .
Kurrle was behind the camera for Lloyd Bacon 's 1930 version of Moby Dick , for which his work received high praise , being called " ... one of the three outstanding elements of the entire work . " In 1931 , his work on Resurrection was described as " ... brilliant and sweeping " . During 1932 , Kurrle was the director of photography on ten feature films which were released that year . In September and October 1932 , he worked on back to back films . The first was The Match King , featuring Warren William and Lily Damita , followed by Lawyer Man , starring William Powell and Joan Blondell . Lawyer Man was his final film .
= = Death = =
Following the completion of his work on Lawyer Man , he went to the hospital for treatment of a persistent cold . This developed into a sinus infection , which further worsened into an infection in his brain . He remained in the hospital for over a week , fighting the infection , but eventually died from it . His death at the age of 42 on October 27 , 1932 , shocked the film industry . Later it was reported that the infection was meningitis . The last two films he worked on were released posthumously . Upon his death , American Cinematographer said , " The Motion Picture Industry lost one of its greatest cinematographers and finest gentlemen ... "
His memorial service was held at The Little Church of the Flowers in Glendale , California , after which he was interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park , also in Glendale .
= = Filmography = =
( Per AFI database )
= Little Sammy Sneeze =
Little Sammy Sneeze was a comic strip by American cartoonist Winsor McCay . In each episode the titular Sammy sneezed himself into an awkward or disastrous predicament . The strip ran from July 24 , 1904 , until December 9 , 1906 , in the New York Herald , where McCay was on the staff . It was McCay 's first successful comic strip ; he followed it with Dream of the Rarebit Fiend later in 1904 , and his best @-@ known strip Little Nemo in Slumberland in 1905 .
In contrast to the imaginative layouts of Little Nemo , Sammy Sneeze was confined to a rigid grid and followed a strict formula : Sammy 's sneeze would build frame by frame , contorting the protagonist 's face until it erupted in the second @-@ to @-@ last panel . In the closing panel he suffered the consequences — often a kick in the rear . McCay targeted middle @-@ class pretensions such as consumerism and squeamishness over bodily functions , while reaffirming the social order by ensuring that Sammy received punishment .
McCay 's artwork was finely detailed and highly accurate in its persistent repetition . He delved into modernist experimentation , shattering fourth walls and even the strip 's panel borders . The panel @-@ by @-@ panel buildup displayed McCay 's concern with depicting motion , a concern that was to culminate in his pioneering animated films of the 1910s , such as Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) .
= = Premise = =
The strip followed a simple concept : each week , little Sammy would sneeze with such power that it wreaked havoc with his surroundings . His sneeze would build up until its release with the onomatopoeia " Chow ! " in the second @-@ to @-@ last panel . In the last panel he would suffer the consequences — being driven away by one of his victims , or often receiving a kick in the rear .
Examples of ' ' Little Sammy Sneeze ' '
= = Background = =
Winsor McCay had worked in dime museums in Cincinnati from 1891 , where he drew posters and advertisements . McCay 's ability to draw quickly with great accuracy drew crowds when he painted advertisements in public . He began working as a newspaper cartoonist full @-@ time in 1898 , and also freelanced for humor magazines . McCay moved to New York City in 1903 to work for the New York Herald , leaving behind his first comic strip , A Tale of the Jungle Imps by Felix Fiddle . From January 1904 he created a number of other short @-@ lived strips , before finding popular success with Sammy Sneeze that July .
McCay was noted not only for his exceptional drafting skills , but also his remarkable prolificacy . In addition to his editorial cartooning , in 1905 he was producing five regular comic strips : Little Sammy Sneeze , Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , Little Nemo in Slumberland , Hungry Henrietta , and A Pilgrim 's Progress .
= = Style and analysis = =
The strip was almost always laid out in a rigid grid : Sammy 's sneeze would build in the first four panels to a release in the fifth and consequences for Sammy in the sixth . This is in contrast to the great variety of panel sizes and layouts displayed in McCay 's earlier strip The Jungle Imps , and later much more prominently in Little Nemo . Though not to the degree applied to Little Nemo , McCay 's backgrounds were heavily detailed , and he drew monotonous , repetitive images with great accuracy ; McCay later applied these skills to his animation work . Sammy was inarticulate , making little more than mouth noises ; the adults around him conversed , but in a monotonous manner that did not invite careful reading .
The artwork displays an attention to detail McCay is known for . The backgrounds remain the same from panel to panel , while passersby unwittingly pass Sammy during his buildup . McCay took the visual ideas he experimented with in Little Sammy Sneeze and Dream of the Rarebit Fiend ( also 1904 ) and more fully explored them when he began Little Nemo the following year .
Examples of ' ' Little Sammy Sneeze ' '
While the technical dexterity Little Nemo draws the greatest share of attention among McCay 's works , Katherine Roeder finds the formally lower @-@ key Sammy Sneeze " tested the limits of visual representation and demonstrated the comic strip 's potential as a vehicle for modernist experimentation " . McCay was fond of breaking the fourth wall , a well @-@ known example of which is the September 24 , 1905 , episode : the gag unfolds according to formula , culminating in the destruction of the very panel borders of the comic strip itself . The strip may pay homage to Fred Ott 's Sneeze — a filmstrip of the progression of a man sneezing . The photographs appeared in Harper 's Magazine in 1884 and were well known . As in the film , and unusual for the Sammy Sneeze strip , the September 24 episode has a closeup of the sneezer against a blank background , and Sammy 's gestures echo those of Ott .
McCay was concerned
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with depicting the seldom @-@ perceived minutiae of movement , though his was not the scientific curiosity found in the chronophotography of Eadweard Muybridge , Étienne @-@ Jules Marey , and Georges Demenÿ . McCay emphasizes the lack of order and irrational unpredictability of the human body . McCay 's concern was to culminate in his pioneering animated films such as Gertie the Dinosaur ( 1914 ) .
Though the story of mischievous children and the trouble they caused was typical of comic strips of the day , in contrast to such other popular strips as The Katzenjammer Kids and Buster Brown , the havoc Sammy wreaked was unintentional . To Roeder , the humor at the expense of both the adults and the child likely appealed to a broad range of readers , and may have broadened the appeal of comic strips to conservative middle @-@ class audiences . These audiences may have seen the inevitable consequences for Sammy as a restoration of a natural social order , one that was left rent asunder in other comic strips .
Sammy is given an unappealing character design and personality , with dull features and expression that do not invite the reader 's sympathy ; his character is never developed . Similar to Buster Brown , Sammy dresses in a dress shirt , lace collar , and cravat . This style associated with middle @-@ class aspirations and popularized toward the end of the 19th century in the wake of the success of Little Lord Fauntleroy . By the time Sammy Sneeze had begun the style was a subject of ridicule ; in an age where respectable society went to lengths to avoid drawing attention to bodily functions , it emphasized the humorous contortions of Sammy 's face as he built up toward his sneeze . His sneeze could also tear down other symbols of the middle @-@ class , such as an expansive department store display of goods at Christmas .
The strip 's header declared to each side of the title " He just simply couldn 't stop " and " He never knew when it was coming " , and never strayed from the basic formula of build @-@ up , release , and consequence . McCay was to make use of such framing devices throughout his career , as in Little Nemo where the reader could rely on the protagonist awakening in the closing panel each week . Scott Bukatman and Thierry Smolderen saw the monotony of Sammy Sneeze as an attempt by McCay at parody — one that , in Smolderen 's words , " chuckles at the absurdity of ... doing the same thing ad nauseam " . Noah Berlatsky objected to the idea , calling the strip " excessive and infantile , linked , not to a sense of irony , but a sense of wonder " , which he compared to the " eternal appetite of infancy " that G. K. Chesterton in Orthodoxy ( 1908 ) attributed to the Christian God .
= = Publication history = =
Little Sammy Sneeze began on July 24 , 1904 , in the New York Herald , where McCay had joined the staff in 1903 . It ran in color until partway through 1905 , and came to an end December 9 , 1906 . In 1906 , a compilation volume of the strips appeared — not only in the United States , but in France where the Herald 's publisher James Gordon Bennett , Jr. was based . Sammy was one of the earliest American strips to appear in Europe .
Sunday Press Books released a deluxe 11 in × 16 in ( 28 cm × 41 cm ) landscape @-@ format hardcover volume called Little Sammy Sneeze : The Complete Color Sunday Comics 1904 – 1905 in 2007 . On the reverse of each Sammy Sneeze page was printed a non @-@ Sammy Sneeze strip — the complete run of McCay 's The Story of Hungry Henrietta , as well as selections from John Prentiss Benson 's The Woozlebeasts , and Gustave Verbeek 's The Upside @-@ Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo and The Terrors of the Tiny Tads . These bonus strips appeared in monochrome to Sammy Sneeze 's color , as they would have at the time when newspapers normally printed color on only one side of the page .
= = Legacy = =
After a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year run , McCay dropped the strip , while continuing to work on Dream of the Rarebit Fiend , Pilgrim 's Progress , and his best @-@ known work , Little Nemo . It has since mostly been remembered as a precursor to McCay 's better @-@ known strips , receiving little attention itself outside of a few key strips . The strip 's concept was later picked up by the creators of characters such as Sneezly Seal and Li 'l Sneezer .
= Mzoli 's =
Mzoli 's ( also known as Mzoli 's Place , Mzoli 's Meat , or Mzoli 's Butchery ) is a butchery in Gugulethu , a township on the outskirts of Cape Town , South Africa . Since Mzoli 's opened in early 2003 , the restaurant has become a popular gathering spot for Cape Town residents and a tourist attraction . Amongst Gugulethu 's residents , Mzoli 's Place has a reputation for public drunkenness and disrespect for the local community . Mzoli 's is named after the founder and owner , Mzoli Ngcawuzele .
= = History = =
The establishment opened in early 2003 . Owner Mzoli Ngcawuzele obtained start @-@ up funding from the Development Bank of South Africa , which supports black @-@ owned businesses . In October 2006 , an economic study said that Mzoli had " moved , from selling meat informally from a garage , to owning one of the most popular hangouts in Cape Town " .
In November 2006 , more than 30 restaurant patrons , including a group of tourists and Democratic Alliance councillor Masizole Mnqasela , were arrested in a police raid for drinking in public . The restaurant did not sell alcohol , but Ngcawuzele explained that he could not stop people from bringing their own . The incident generated controversy in the local press . Tour operator Ryan Hunt claimed that police swore at the patrons and threatened people for asking questions . " The police created a dangerous situation . People are always encouraged to visit township attractions , but now they are turned away with that kind of situation , " he said . Mnqasela , a member of Cape Town 's economic development committee , added , " Mzoli 's is internationally acclaimed and is key to township tourism . What kind of message is the police sending ? " The African National Congress approved the police actions , citing a need to curtail public drunkenness .
= = Business = =
Located in the township of Gugulethu , a black neighbourhood 15 kilometres southeast of the centre of Cape Town , Mzoli 's is a " do @-@ it @-@ yourself " market and eatery , selling meat to patrons who in turn hire independent entrepreneurs running braai stalls on the grounds to grill the meat and prepare meals . Mzoli 's also provides live entertainment and has become noted as a venue for deep house and kwaito music .
As well as local people , Mzoli 's attracts television stars , DJs such as DJ Fresh , politicians such as Tony Yengeni , businesspeople , tourists , and college students . Mzoli 's is considered to be a " base camp " where " black diamonds " gather and network . In September 2006 , Sasha Planting of Financial Mail called it " the destination for everyone " .
= = Reception by locals = =
Some local residents near a long @-@ planned shopping mall that is being built by a business partly owned by Mzoli 's owner criticized his plans in 2008 . Some businesses were legally evicted or threatened with eviction from older buildings owned by Mzoli , which were then knocked down to make room for the new property development . Other nearby residents have complained that the property developer has not hired enough local residents . Critics threatened to vandalize or burn both Mzoli 's Place and Ngcawuzele 's home if he did not meet their demands for jobs and permanent , guaranteed space for informal traders at the new shopping mall .
= SMS Lützow =
SMS Lützow was the second Derfflinger @-@ class battlecruiser built by the German Kaiserliche Marine ( English : Imperial Navy ) before World War I. Ordered as a replacement for the old protected cruiser Kaiserin Augusta , Lützow was launched on 29 November 1913 , but not completed until 1916 . Lützow was a sister ship to Derfflinger from which she differed slightly in that she was armed with an additional pair of 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 inch ) secondary guns and had an additional watertight compartment in her hull . She was named in honor of the Prussian general Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von Lützow who fought in the Napoleonic Wars .
Lützow was commissioned on 8 August 1915 , but did not join the I Scouting Group until 20 March due to engine damage during trials . This was after most of the major actions conducted by the German battlecruiser force had taken place . As a result , Lützow saw very little action during the war . She took part in only one bombardment operation : the Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24 – 25 April 1916 , after which she became Admiral Franz von Hipper 's flagship . One month later , the ship was heavily engaged during the Battle of Jutland , on 31 May – 1 June . During the battle , Lützow sank the British battlecruiser HMS Invincible and is sometimes given credit for the armored cruiser HMS Defence . However , she was heavily damaged by an estimated 24 heavy @-@ caliber shell hits . With her bow thoroughly flooded , the ship was unable to make the return voyage to German ports ; her crew was evacuated and she was sunk by torpedoes fired by one of her escorts , the torpedo boat G38 .
= = Construction = =
Lützow was ordered as Ersatz Kaiserin Augusta , to replace the elderly protected cruiser Kaiserin Augusta , which was by then 20 years old . Built by Schichau @-@ Werft in Danzig , her keel was laid down in May 1912 , and she was launched on 29 November 1913 . Lützow was commissioned on 8 August 1915 for trials , and was sent to Kiel on 23 August . There she completed her final fitting out , including her armament . While on trials on 25 October , Lützow 's port low @-@ pressure turbine was badly damaged . Repairs were conducted in Kiel until late January 1916 , after which the ship underwent further trials . These were finished on 19 February ; Lützow was assigned to the I Scouting Group on 20 March , and arrived at her new unit four days later .
On completion she displaced nearly 27 @,@ 000 t ( 27 @,@ 000 long tons ; 30 @,@ 000 short tons ) and was 210 @.@ 40 metres ( 690 ft 3 in ) long . The ship was capable of a top speed of 26 @.@ 4 knots ( 48 @.@ 9 km / h ; 30 @.@ 4 mph ) , and could steam for 5 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 400 km ; 6 @,@ 400 mi ) at a cruising speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . Mounting a main armament of eight 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) guns , Lützow was the largest and most powerful German battlecruiser at the time , along with her elder sister Derfflinger .
= = Service = =
= = = Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft = = =
Lützow ' first major operation was the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24 – 25 April . Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper , the commander of the I Scouting Group , was away on sick leave , so the German ships were under the command of Rear Admiral Friedrich Boedicker . The German battlecruisers Seydlitz , the flagship , followed by Derfflinger , Lützow , Moltke , and Von der Tann left the Jade Estuary at 10 : 55 on 24 April , and were supported by a screening force of 6 light cruisers and two torpedo boat flotillas . The heavy units of the High Seas Fleet sailed at 13 : 40 , with the objective to provide distant support for Boedicker 's ships . The British Admiralty was made aware of the German sortie through the interception of German wireless signals , and deployed the Grand Fleet at 15 : 50 .
By 14 : 00 , Boedicker 's ships had reached a position off Norderney , at which point he turned his ships northward to avoid the Dutch observers on the island of Terschelling . At 15 : 38 , Seydlitz struck a mine , which tore a 15 @-@ metre ( 49 ft ) long hole in her hull , just abaft of the starboard broadside torpedo tube , allowing 1 @,@ 400 short tons ( 1 @,@ 250 long tons ) of water to enter the ship . Seydlitz turned back with the screen of light cruisers at a speed of 15 knots ( 28 km / h ) . The four remaining battlecruisers turned south immediately in the direction of Norderney to avoid further mine damage . By 16 : 00 , Seydlitz was clear of imminent danger , so the ship stopped to allow Boedicker to disembark . The torpedo boat V28 brought Boedicker to Lützow .
At 04 : 50 on 25 April , the German battlecruisers were approaching Lowestoft when the light cruisers Rostock and Elbing , which had been covering the southern flank , spotted the light cruisers and destroyers of Commodore Tyrwhitt 's Harwich Force . Boedicker refused to be distracted by the British ships , and instead trained his ships ' guns on Lowestoft . The German battlecruisers destroyed two 6 in ( 15 cm ) shore batteries and inflicted other damage to the town . In the process , a single 6 in shell from one of the shore batteries struck Moltke , but the ship sustained no significant damage .
At 05 : 20 , the German raiders turned north , towards Yarmouth , which they reached by 05 : 42 . The visibility was so poor that the German ships fired one salvo each , with the exception of Derfflinger , which fired fourteen rounds from her main battery . The German ships turned back south , and at 05 : 47 encountered for the second time the Harwich Force , which had by then been engaged by the six light cruisers of the German screening ships . Boedicker 's ships opened fire from a range of 12 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 000 yards ) . Tyrwhitt immediately turned his ships around and fled south , but not before the cruiser Conquest sustained severe damage . Due to reports of British submarines and torpedo attacks , Boedicker broke off the chase and turned back east towards the High Seas Fleet . At this point , Scheer , who had been warned of the Grand Fleet 's sortie from Scapa Flow , turned back towards Germany .
= = = Battle of Jutland = = =
At 02 : 00 CET , on 31 May 1916 , the I Scouting Group departed the Jade estuary ; Lützow , Hipper 's flagship , was the leading vessel , followed by her sister Derfflinger , Seydlitz , Moltke , and Von der Tann . The ships were accompanied by the II Scouting Group , under the command of Rear Admiral Boedicker , composed of the four light cruisers Frankfurt , Wiesbaden , Pillau , and Elbing . The reconnaissance force was screened by 30 torpedo boats of the II , VI , and IX Flotillas , directed by the cruiser Regensburg .
An hour and a half later , the High Seas Fleet — under the command of Admiral Scheer — left the Jade with 16 dreadnoughts . It was accompanied by the IV Scouting Group , composed of the light cruisers Stettin , München , Hamburg , Frauenlob , and Stuttgart , and 31 torpedo boats of the I , III , V , and VII Flotillas , led by the light cruiser Rostock . The six pre @-@ dreadnoughts of the II Battle Squadron had departed from the Elbe roads at 02 : 45 , and rendezvoused with the battle fleet at 5 : 00 . The operation was to be a repeat of previous German fleet actions : to draw out a portion of the Grand Fleet and destroy it .
= = = = Opening actions = = = =
Shortly before 16 : 00 , Hipper 's force encountered Vice Admiral Beatty 's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron . At 16 : 00 , Hipper ordered the signal " Distribution of fire from left " be hoisted on Lützow . The German ships were the first to open fire , at a range of approximately 15 @,@ 000 yards ( 14 @,@ 000 m ) . The two leading British battlecruisers , Lion and Princess Royal , concentrated their fire on Lützow . The British rangefinders had misread the range to their German targets , and so the first salvos fired by the British ships fell a mile beyond their German opponents . As the two lines of battlecruisers deployed to engage each other , Lützow began to duel with her opposite in the British line , Lion . By 16 : 51 , Lützow had hit her opponent twice , but caused no significant damage . Nine minutes later , Lion scored the first hit on Lützow ; a salvo from the British ship struck the battlecruiser on her forecastle , but no major damage was done . Nearly simultaneously , Lützow dealt a tremendous blow to Lion ; one of her 30 @.@ 5 cm shells penetrated the roof of Lion 's center " Q " turret and detonated the munitions that were stored inside . Only by the resolute actions of the turret commander — Major Francis Harvey , who ordered the magazine be flooded — did the ship avoid a catastrophic magazine explosion . Indeed , approximately 30 minutes after the turret was destroyed , the fire in the turret spread to the working chamber that was directly above the magazine ; there it detonated propellant charges that had been stored there . The resulting explosion would have likely destroyed the ship if the ammunition magazine had not been flooded .
At 17 : 03 , the rearmost British battlecruiser , Indefatigable , was struck by several shells from her opponent , Von der Tann . The forward ammunition magazines were penetrated and set on fire ; the resulting explosion tore the ship apart . Shortly thereafter , Lützow scored several more hits on Lion , though without serious damage being done . In an attempt to regroup his ships , Admiral Beatty sought to turn his ships away by 2 degrees while the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron arrived on the scene and provided covering fire . As the British battlecruisers began to turn away , Seydlitz and Derfflinger were able to concentrate their fire on Queen Mary . Witnesses reported at least 5 shells from two salvos hit the ship , which caused an intense explosion that ripped the Queen Mary in half . Shortly after the destruction of Queen Mary , both British and German destroyers attempted to make torpedo attacks on the opposing lines . The British destroyers Nestor and Nicator each fired two torpedoes at Lützow , though all four missed .
The leading ships of the German battle fleet had by 18 : 00 come within effective range of the British ships , and had begun trading shots with the British battlecruisers and Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships . During the engagements between the combined German fleet and the British 1st Battlecruiser and 5th Battle Squadrons , Lützow had both of her wireless transmitters damaged ; after that point , the only method of communication between ships was via searchlight .
= = = = Battlefleets engage = = = =
Shortly after 19 : 00 , the German cruiser Wiesbaden had become disabled by a shell from the battlecruiser Invincible ; the German battlecruisers made a 16 @-@ point turn to the northeast and made for the crippled cruiser at high speed . The III Battle Squadron of the German fleet , which contained the most powerful battleships of the German navy , also altered course to assist Wiesbaden . Simultaneously , the British III and IV Light Cruiser Squadrons began a torpedo attack on the German line ; while advancing to torpedo range , they smothered Wiesbaden with fire from their main guns . During the turn to the northeast , the British destroyers Onslow and Acasta approached to launch torpedoes at Lützow , though without success . Onslow was hit three times by Lützow 's secondary battery and was forced to withdraw .
At 19 : 15 , the German battlecruisers spotted the British armored cruiser Defence , which had joined the attack on Wiesbaden . Hipper initially hesitated , believing the ship was the German cruiser Rostock , but at 19 : 16 , Kapitän zur See ( KzS ) Harder , Lützow 's commanding officer , ordered his ships ' guns to fire . The other German battlecruisers and battleships joined in the melee ; Lützow fired five broadsides in rapid succession . In the span of less than 5 minutes , Defence was struck by several heavy @-@ caliber shells from the German ships . One salvo penetrated the ship 's ammunition magazines and , in a massive explosion , destroyed the cruiser .
By 19 : 24 , the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron had formed up with Beatty 's remaining battlecruisers ahead of the German line . The leading British ships spotted Lützow and Derfflinger , and began firing on them . In the span of 8 minutes , the battlecruiser Invincible scored eight hits on Lützow ; these hits were mainly concentrated in the ship 's bow and were the primary cause of the flooding that would eventually cause her to sink . In return , both Lützow and Derfflinger concentrated their fire on Invincible , and 19 : 33 , Lützow 's third salvo penetrated Invincible 's center turret and ignited the magazine ; the ship disappeared in a series of massive explosions .
By 19 : 30 , the High Seas Fleet , which was by that point pursuing the British battlecruisers , had not yet encountered the Grand Fleet . Scheer had been considering retiring his forces before darkness exposed his ships to torpedo boat attack . He had not yet made a decision when his leading battleships encountered the main body of the Grand Fleet . This development made it impossible for Scheer to retreat , for doing so would have sacrificed the slower pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the II Battle Squadron . If he chose to use his dreadnoughts and battlecruisers to cover their retreat , he would have subjected his strongest ships to overwhelming British fire . Instead , Scheer ordered his ships to turn 16 points to starboard , which would bring the pre @-@ dreadnoughts to the relative safety of the disengaged side of the German battle line .
= = = = Lützow withdraws = = = =
The other battlecruisers followed the move , but Lützow had lost speed and was unable to keep up . Instead , the ship tried to withdraw to the southwest to escape the punishing British gunfire . By 20 : 00 , flooding in the forward part of the ship had reached the magazine for the forward turret . The gun crew brought up as many shells and propellant charges as could be stored in the working chamber below the turret . Shortly before , at 19 : 50 , Kommodore Michelson , aboard the cruiser Rostock , dispatched the torpedo boats of I Half @-@ Flotilla to assist Lützow . G39 came alongside and took Hipper and his staff aboard , in order to transfer him to one of the other battlecruisers . V45 and G37 began laying a smoke screen between the battered ship and the British line , but at 20 : 15 , before it was finished , Lützow was struck in quick succession by four heavy @-@ caliber shells . One pierced the ship 's forward superfiring turret and temporarily disabled it . The shell detonated a propellant charge and the right gun was destroyed . The second hit disabled the electric training gear of the rearmost turret , which now had to be operated by hand . Lützow fired her last shot at 20 : 45 , at which point the smoke screen had successfully hidden her from the British line .
As the German fleet began to withdraw after nightfall , Lützow , steaming at 15 knots , attempted to pass behind the German line to seek the safety of the disengaged side . By 22 : 13 , the last German ship in the line lost sight of Lützow , which was unable to keep up with the fleet . Admiral Reinhard Scheer , the commander of the High Seas Fleet , hoped that in the foggy darkness , Lützow could evade detection and successfully return to a German port . By 21 : 30 , the ship was settling deeper into the sea . Water began to wash onto the deck and into the forecastle above the main armored deck ; this would prove to be a significant problem .
= = = = Lützow scuttled = = = =
At midnight , there was still hope that the severely wounded Lützow could make it back to harbor . The ship was capable of 7 knots up until around 00 : 45 when she began taking on more water . By 01 : 00 , there was too much water in the hull for the pumps to handle . Water began to enter the forward generator compartments , which forced the crew to work by candlelight . Lützow was so low in the water by 01 : 30 that water began to flood the forward boiler room . By that point , almost all of the compartments in the forward part of the ship , up to the conning tower and below the main armored deck , were thoroughly flooded . Water had also entered the ship through shell holes in the forecastle above the armored deck ; the majority of the upper portion of the ship forward of the forward @-@ most barbette was flooded as well . The battlecruiser 's crew attempted to patch the shell holes three times , but as the flooding worsened and the draft increased , water increasingly washed over the deck and inhibited progress on the repair work .
The crew attempted to reverse direction and steam backwards , but this had to be abandoned when the bow became so submerged that the propellers were pulled partially out of the water ; forward draft had increased to over 17 meters . By 2 : 20 , an estimated 8 @,@ 000 tons of water was in the ship , and she was in serious danger of capsizing , so KzS Harder gave the order to abandon ship . The torpedo boats G37 , G38 , G40 , and V45 came alongside the stricken battlecruiser to evacuate the ship 's crew , though six men were trapped in the bow and could not be freed . By 02 : 45 Lützow was submerged up to her bridge . G38 fired two torpedoes into the ship , and two minutes later she disappeared below the waves . The ship was approximately 60 km ( 37 mi ) north @-@ west of Horns Reef when she was scuttled . The position of the wreck is estimated to be 56 ° 15 ′ N 5 ° 53 ′ E.
During the battle , Lützow had fired an estimated 380 main battery shells and 400 rounds from her secondary guns , as well as two torpedoes . In return , she was hit 24 times by British heavy @-@ caliber shells . The ship 's crew suffered 115 men killed and another 50 wounded , second only to Derfflinger , which lost 157 men killed and 26 wounded .
In 2015 , the survey ship HMS Echo conducted an exploration of the area while laying a tide gauge . During the search , Echo 's sonar located Lützow on the sea floor , some eight miles from her last recorded position . Echo took sonar images of the wreck , which her commander stated would " ensure the ship 's final resting place is properly recognised as a war grave . "
= Misterioso ( Thelonious Monk album ) =
Misterioso is a 1958 live album by American jazz ensemble the Thelonious Monk Quartet . By the time of its recording , pianist and composer Thelonious Monk had overcome an extended period of career difficulties , including the loss of his cabaret card . After a six @-@ month residency at the New York City 's Five Spot Café in 1957 , he returned the following year for a second stint with his quartet , featuring drummer Roy Haynes , bassist Ahmed Abdul @-@ Malik , and tenor saxophonist Johnny Griffin . Along with Thelonious in Action ( 1958 ) , Misterioso captured portions of the ensemble 's August 7 show at the venue .
The title of Misterioso referred to Monk 's reputation as an enigmatic , challenging musician . The album 's cover art , which appropriated Giorgio de Chirico 's 1915 painting The Seer , was part of Riverside 's attempt to capitalize on Monk 's popularity with listeners such as the intellectual and bohemian audiences at the Five Spot Café . The record features four of his earlier compositions , which Monk reworked live . It was one of the first successful live recordings of his music and was produced by Orrin Keepnews , who said that Monk played more distinctly than on his studio albums in response to the audience 's enthusiasm .
Misterioso was released in 1958 by Riverside Records to a mixed critical reaction ; reviewers complimented Monk 's performance but were critical of Griffin , whose playing they felt was out of place with the quartet . The album was remastered and reissued in 1989 and 2012 by Original Jazz Classics , and has since received retrospective acclaim from critics , some of whom viewed Griffin 's playing as the record 's highlight .
= = Background = =
After twenty years of career struggles and obscurity , Thelonious Monk had become a jazz star with a residency at the Five Spot Café in New York City 's East Village . In his first stable job in years , he helped transform the small bar into one of the city 's most popular venues , as it attracted bohemians , hipsters , and devout fans of Monk 's music . His employment there was a result of an appeal by his manager Harry Colomby to the State Liquor Authority ( SLA ) to restore Monk 's cabaret card . Monk was stripped of the card in 1951 when he was convicted of narcotics possession ; he had refused to betray his friend and pianist Bud Powell to the police after they discovered Powell 's glassine envelope of heroin laying beside Monk 's feet in the car of Powell 's female companion .
Although the loss limited Monk as a performer , he recorded several albums of original music and received much attention from the press , which led Colomby to argue to the SLA that he was " a drug @-@ free , law @-@ abiding citizen , whose productivity and growing popularity as a recording artist demonstrates his standing as a responsible working musician " . In May 1957 , the SLA said Monk needed to get a club owner to hire him first , so Colomby considered the Five Spot Café : " I wanted to find a place that was small . I once drove past this place in the Village and there was a bar and I heard music ... A place where poets hung out . " Joe Termini , who co @-@ owned the venue with his brother Iggy , testified at Monk 's police hearing , which resulted in his card being reinstated .
In July 1957 , Monk began to perform at the venue for six months with saxophonist John Coltrane , bassist Ahmed Abdul @-@ Malik , and drummer Shadow Wilson in his group . However , by the time Monk 's employment there ended in December , he had lost Wilson to poor health , while Coltrane left in pursuit of a solo career and a return to Miles Davis 's group . After returning to New York City 's club scene with a new quartet , Monk received an eight @-@ week offer from Joe and Iggy Termini to play the Five Spot Café beginning on June 12 , 1958 . He played most nights during the weekend to capacity crowds with Abdul @-@ Malik , drummer Roy Haynes , and tenor saxophonist Johnny Griffin , who had performed with Monk before . Griffin was unfamiliar with all of his repertoire and , like Coltrane , found it difficult to solo over Monk 's comping during their first few weeks : " Any deviation , one note off , and you sound like you 're playing another tune , and you 're not paying attention to what 's going on . And it 's so evident ... there 's no space . " During their performances , Monk often left the stage for a drink at the bar or danced around , which gave Griffin an opportunity to play with more space . However , the quartet eventually developed a sufficient rapport and grasp of the set list .
= = Recording and production = =
Producer Orrin Keepnews attempted to record the quartet live at the Five Spot Café on two different occasions in 1958 . His first recording of the ensemble was of two sets during their July 9 show . Monk was disappointed with the recording and did not allow his label Riverside Records to release it , although it was released later after his death . Keepnews returned to the venue on August 7 when Monk performed an evening show in the club 's overcrowded room set up with recording equipment . This yielded both Misterioso and Thelonious in Action , which was released first in 1958 . The show was believed to be the first successful live recording of Monk 's music , until the recording of his 1957 concert with Coltrane at Carnegie Hall was discovered and released in 2005 . The two live albums from the Five Spot Café are the only recordings that document Monk 's time with Griffin .
According to Keepnews , who produced Misterioso , the album and its title track were named as a slight play on the words " mist " and " mystery " , meant to evoke the perception of Monk 's music as enigmatic and challenging at the time . Jazz critic Neil Tesser said that the word , which is Latin for " in a mysterious manner " , was " used most often as a musical direction in classical music scores . But by the time Monk 's quartet recorded this music [ in 1958 ] ' Misterioso ' had largely come to identify Monk himself . "
To capitalize on Monk 's popularity with intellectual and bohemian fans from venues such as the Five Spot Café , Riverside released Misterioso and reissues of his older records with designs referencing 20th century works of art . The album 's cover art is a reproduction of Giorgio de Chirico 's 1915 painting The Seer , which was originally painted as a tribute to French poet Arthur Rimbaud . Monk biographer Robin Kelley argued that , because Rimbaud had " called on the artist to be a seer in order to plumb the depths of the unconscious in the quest for clairvoyance " , the painting was the best choice for the cover : " The one @-@ eyed figure represented the visionary ; the architectural forms and the placement of the chalkboard evoked the unity of art and science — a perfect symbol for an artist whose music has been called ' mathematical . ' " According to musicologist Robert G. O 'Meally , the cover reflected " the mysterious violations of convention of perspective , the silences , and oddly attractive angles ( the overall futuristic quality ) in Monk 's music " .
= = Composition and performance = =
According to jazz critic Gary Giddins , Misterioso is a hard bop record . The songs performed for the album were arranged by Monk , who reworked four of his earlier compositions . In the album 's liner notes , Keepnews wrote of Monk 's approach to arrangements : " It should be axiomatic that Monk is a constantly self @-@ renewing composer @-@ arranger @-@ musician , that each new recording of an ' old ' number , particularly with different personnel , represents a fresh view of it — almost a new composition . " According to Keepnews , he played piano more vividly and less introspectively than on his studio recordings in response to the enthusiastic crowds he drew nightly to the Five Spot Café .
On " Nutty " , Griffin incorporated lines from " The Surrey with the Fringe on Top " and exhibited a frenetic swing that was complemented by counterplay from Haynes and Monk . " Blues Five Spot " , a new composition by Monk for the album , is a twelve @-@ bar blues homage to the Five Spot Café and featured solos from each player . Griffin and Monk transfigured chord structures and melodies throughout the performance . Griffin 's solo vamp maintained the rhythm while quoting lines from other pieces , including the theme song for the animated Popeye theatrical shorts ; he played " The Sailor 's Hornpipe " at the end of " Blues Five Spot " .
The quartet began " In Walked Bud " with an eight @-@ bar piano intro and thirty @-@ two @-@ bar form . Griffin began his solo a minute into the song with saxophone wails . In the third minute , Monk did not play , while Griffin played fast phrases at the top of his register with intermittently slower R & B and free jazz elements . Monk shouted approvingly throughout Griffin 's solo before he resumed piano and played a two @-@ minute theme . " Just a Gigolo " , a standard , was the only song on the album not composed by Monk , who performed it in a brief , unaccompanied version . It was played as a single chorus repeated at length .
The title track — first recorded for Blue Note Records in 1948 with vibraphonist Milt Jackson — is one of Monk 's most influential recordings and is based on a series of minor second clusters . His performance of the song at the Five Spot Café showcased his idiosyncratic playing of one blue note next to another . Monk superimposed musical ideas that deviated from the song 's original tonal center , adding a C blue note to the D @-@ flat blue note . Haynes ' subdued drumming backed Griffin 's aggressive bop playing and extended solo on " Misterioso " .
= = Release and reception = =
Misterioso was released in 1958 by Riverside and was Monk 's eighth album for the label . Writing for Hi Fi Review , critic Nat Hentoff said the record was " not one of his best " and observed " too little space for Monk 's soloing and somewhat too much " for Griffin , whose saxophone cry and timing were more impressive than his solos . Hentoff also believed Haynes and Abdul @-@ Malik did not support Monk as creatively as Wilbur Ware and Art Blakey had on his previous Riverside albums , where he said Monk was in more compelling form . In 1959 , Monk was voted the pianist of the year in an annual poll of international jazz critics from Down Beat magazine , who said he was heard " at his challenging , consistently creative best " on Misterioso . When Misterioso was released in 1964 in the United Kingdom , Charles Fox gave it a positive review in Gramophone . He found its music on @-@ par with Monk 's usual standards and highlighted by exceptional playing by him and the rhythm section , particularly Haynes , who showed " once again what a great drummer he was then — and , indeed , still is today " . However , Fox felt Griffin did not fit in with the quartet and overshadowed Monk 's compositions , finding his solos diffuse and characterized by trivial quotations rather than musical development .
In the All Music Guide to Jazz ( 2002 ) , Lindsay Planer wrote that Monk 's quartet " continually reinvented " their strong , cohesive sound with " overwhelming and instinctual capacities " throughout Misterioso . He especially praised Griffin , saying he " consistently liberated the performances " . Monk biographer Robin Kelley felt because he had mastered Monk 's songs at that point , his solos on Misterioso and Thelonious in Action were excursive and spirited . Jazz critic Scott Yanow found Misterioso to be the superior record because of what he said was Griffin 's unforgettable solo on a passionate rendition of " In Walked Bud " , while music historian Ted Gioia listed Monk and Griffin 's " freewheeling " performance on the title track as one of his recommended recordings of the composition . According to Robert Christgau , both this record and Brilliant Corners ( 1957 ) represented Monk 's artistic peak . He cited Misterioso as his favorite album and , in a 2009 article for The Barnes & Noble Review , wrote that Griffin 's tenor solo during " In Walked Bud " remained his " favorite five minutes of recorded music " . Liam McManus from PopMatters was less enthusiastic about Griffin 's playing , which he believed was occasionally heavy @-@ handed and detracted from the music , but still recommended Misterioso as an exceptional Monk record featuring him in a casual performance with his quartet .
In 1989 , Misterioso was digitally remastered by mastering engineer Joe Tarantino for the album 's CD reissue . Tarantino used 20 @-@ bit K2 Super Coding System technology at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley , California . On May 15 , 2012 , Concord Music Group also reissued the album as part of their Original Jazz Classics Remasters series , along with Jazz at Massey Hall ( 1953 ) and Bill Evans ' 1962 record Moon Beams . The reissue featured 24 @-@ bit remastering by Tarantino and three bonus tracks , including a medley of " Bye @-@ Ya " and " Epistrophy " performed with drummer Art Blakey . Concord vice president Nick Phillips , who produced the reissue series , said Misterioso was " an all @-@ time classic live Thelonious Monk record " and " an indelible snapshot of Monk live in the late ' 50s . " In a 2012 review , McManus wrote that as with most reissues of jazz albums , the bonus tracks on Misterioso were valuable and showcased uninhibited performances of Monk 's past compositions .
= = Track listing = =
All songs were composed by Thelonious Monk , except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
= = Release history = =
= St. Louis Eagles =
The St. Louis Eagles were a professional ice hockey team and a former member of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Eagles existed for only one year , playing in the 1934 – 35 NHL season .
The team was originally founded in 1883 as the Ottawa Senators , a successful independent team that joined the NHL as a charter member in 1917 . From the mid @-@ 1920s onward , they endured financial strain caused in part by being in the NHL 's smallest market . The financial problems forced the Senators to suspend operations for the 1931 – 32 season . Upon their return to play – and having sold their better players in an effort to raise funds – the Senators finished in last place for two straight seasons and continued to lose money . Following the repeat last place finish , the team decided it could not survive in Ottawa and hoped to move to a bigger market .
In an attempt to recoup losses and pay outstanding debts , the Senators moved the NHL franchise to St. Louis , where it was nicknamed the Eagles . However , the team continued to lose money due to travel expenses , and it was forced to sell players to other teams to meet its financial obligations . After the season , the owners asked the NHL for a second time for permission to suspend operations . This time , the NHL refused the request . Instead , the league bought back the franchise , halted its operations and dispersed its players among the remaining teams .
= = History = =
= = = The move from Ottawa = = =
The Ottawa Senators were founded in 1883 as an amateur club . They began paying their players " under the table " in 1903 and turned openly professional in 1907 . They were a charter member of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) in 1917 , and won the Stanley Cup four times in the NHL 's first decade ( and seven times prior to the league 's formation – including their time as the Silver Seven ) .
However , for the better part of their tenure in Ottawa , the Senators played in the smallest market in the NHL . The 1931 census listed only 110 @,@ 000 people in the city of Ottawa — roughly one @-@ fifth the size of Toronto — which was the league 's second @-@ smallest market . The team started having attendance problems when the NHL expanded to the United States in 1924 ; games against the new American teams did not draw well . Despite winning what would be its last Stanley Cup in 1927 , the team lost $ 50 @,@ 000 for the season . The Senators asked the NHL for permission to suspend operations for the 1931 – 32 season in order to help eliminate debt . The league granted the request and during their suspended season Ottawa received $ 25 @,@ 000 for the use of its players , while the NHL co @-@ signed a Bank of Montreal loan of $ 28 @,@ 000 for the franchise . The Senators returned for the 1932 – 33 season and finished in last place . They finished last again in 1933 – 34 season . After the season , the Ottawa Auditorium , owners of the Senators , announced that the team would be moving elsewhere for the next season due to losses of $ 60 @,@ 000 over the previous two seasons . Auditorium officials said they needed to move the Senators to a larger city in order to protect the shareholders and pay off their debts .
The Senators ' owners ultimately decided to move the franchise to St. Louis , Missouri and the transfer was approved by the league on May 14 , 1934 . Thomas Franklin Ahearn resigned as president of the Ottawa Auditorium and Redmond Quain became president . Quain transferred the players ' contracts and franchise operations to a new company called the Hockey Association of St. Louis , Inc . Eddie Gerard was hired to coach the new team . The club was renamed the Eagles , inspired by the logo of the Anheuser @-@ Busch brewing company , which was founded in St. Louis . The Senators name and logo remained in Ottawa and would be used by a senior amateur team until 1954 . At the time , St. Louis was the seventh largest city in the United States , with over 800 @,@ 000 inhabitants — over seven times larger than Ottawa . Despite this , St. Louis had been denied an NHL franchise in 1932 because travel to the Midwest was considered too expensive during the Great Depression .
Even before the official debut of the Eagles , a problem had arisen for the new NHL club . There was already a professional hockey team in the city , the St. Louis Flyers , playing in the minor @-@ pro American Hockey Association ( AHA ) . The owners of the Flyers claimed they had an agreement with the NHL which prevented it from settling west of the Mississippi . They threatened to sue for $ 200 @,@ 000 in compensation as soon as the Eagles played their first game . Following a visit from the AHA President , the Flyers were asked not to go forward with the lawsuit . The Flyers did not pursue further legal action and eventually changed home venues .
= = = 1934 – 35 season = = =
At the time there were nine teams in the NHL , divided into two divisions , the Canadian and American . Logically , the Eagles should have been placed in the American Division with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Black Hawks , New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings . However , in defiance of all geographic reality , the Eagles retained the Senators ' place in the Canadian Division alongside the Toronto Maple Leafs , Montreal Canadiens , Montreal Maroons , and New York Americans . The core of the Senators ' players returned and the team played their games in the St. Louis Arena . The arena was built in 1929 to host the National Dairy Show , but had suffered financially . In 1931 , an ice hockey rink was set up to attract new business . Once the Eagles began play the St. Louis Arena gained the distinction of being the only NHL stadium with racially segregated seating .
In their first game the Eagles succumbed to a late rally by the defending Stanley Cup champion Black Hawks , losing 3 – 1 . They registered their first win in the next game winning 4 – 2 over the Rangers . Following the win the Eagles went on an eight @-@ game losing streak . After the first 13 games the Eagles posted a 2 – 11 – 0 record placing them last in their division . Gerard resigned as head coach and was replaced by George " Buck " Boucher , the coach that Gerard himself had replaced after the franchises last season in Ottawa .
Under Boucher 's coaching the team showed improvement , posting a 3 – 3 – 3 record in the first nine games . However , the early losing streak had already damaged the fan base . Their inaugural game drew 12 @,@ 622 fans , but attendance quickly diminished . In early January 1935 the team cut ticket prices to the lowest in the league in an attempt to bring out fans . By February the financial state of the team forced the Eagles to essentially sell leading goal scorer Syd Howe to the Detroit Red Wings . Officially , the trade broke down as such - Detroit received Howe and Ralph Bowman in exchange for Teddy Graham and $ 50 @,@ 000 . At the time it was considered a large sum of money . Likewise Frank Finnigan was sold to the Maple Leafs . The Eagles were unable to maintain the early success under Boucher , and finished last in the Canadian division with a record of 11 – 31 – 6 . With only 84 goals scored , they were the lowest scoring team in the league . Only the Montreal Canadiens allowed more goals during the season , surrendering 145 to the Eagles ' 144 .
= = = The end of the Eagles = = =
By season 's end the Eagles ownership had lost $ 70 @,@ 000 , due primarily to the cost of train travel . In those days , NHL teams traveled primarily by rail . Due to being in the Canadian Division , the Eagles had to make a large number of trips to Montreal and Toronto . An attempt to stabilize the franchise by selling off some of its players netted $ 58 @,@ 000 . The owners had hoped to move once more to save the franchise . There was interest from Cleveland and also in a return to Ottawa , but neither came to fruition .
As a result , the ownership again petitioned the NHL to allow them to suspend operations for a year . This time the NHL refused and the Eagles were put up for sale . After no credible offers surfaced , the NHL bought the franchise and player contracts for $ 40 @,@ 000 , and opted to play as an eight @-@ team league . If the NHL ever resold the franchise , proceeds were to go to the Ottawa Hockey Association . The NHL distributed the players under contract with St. Louis through a dispersal draft . Teams selected players in an order based on the previous season 's standings . Teams with the lowest point totals selected first . The Chicago Black Hawks did not participate in the draft . Eighteen of the twenty @-@ three players under contract were selected with the remaining players being placed in the minor leagues . The players were distributed as follows :
New York Americans : Forwards : Pete Kelly , Eddie Finnigan
Montreal Canadiens : Goaltender : Bill Beveridge , Defenseman : Irv Frew , Forwards : Paul Drouin , Henri Lauzon
Detroit Red Wings : Forward : Carl Voss , Goaltender : William Peterkin
New York Rangers : Forward : Glen Brydson , Defenseman : Vernon Ayres
Montreal Maroons : Forward : Joe Lamb , Goaltender : Bill Taugher
Boston Bruins : Forward : Bill Cowley , Defenseman : Teddy Graham
Toronto Maple Leafs : Forwards : Gerry Shannon , Cliff Purpur , Jim Dewey , Defenseman : Mickey Blake
No credible offers to purchase the dormant franchise ever surfaced . As a result , the once @-@ proud Senators / Eagles franchise never took the ice again , and remain one of two NHL teams to fold after winning a Stanley Cup ( the other being the Maroons ) .
In 1938 , the Montreal Maroons attempted to move to St. Louis . They were denied by the NHL due to the high travel costs that plagued the Eagles . The NHL eventually returned to St. Louis in 1967 , when the league doubled in size from the Original Six . The new team was named the Blues and they joined the Minnesota North Stars , Los Angeles Kings , Oakland Seals , Philadelphia Flyers , and Pittsburgh Penguins as part of the new expansion .
= = Final standings = =
Note : W
= Wins , L =
Losses , T
= Ties , GF =
Goals For , GA
= Goals Against , Pts =
Points
Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold .
= = Players = =
Twenty @-@ nine players in all represented the Eagles during their lone season of existence . The last active player who played with the Eagles was Bill Cowley , who retired in 1947 after his final season with the Boston Bruins . He was also the only player in franchise history to start his career with the Eagles and be inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . Syd Howe was the only captain of the team during its existence and the two players were the only Eagles players to be inducted into the Hall of Fame .
Carl Voss led the team with 18 assists and 31 points Howe led them in goalscoring registering 14 , despite being traded midway through the season . The totals were much lower than the NHL leaders as Charlie Conacher of Toronto led the league with 36 goals and 57 points , while Art Chapman of the Americans led for assists notching 34 . Bill Beveridge was the only goaltender the team used during the season . Out of his 11 wins three were shutouts .
The list of players in the history of the team is presented below .
Goaltending
All player stats taken from Hockey @-@ Reference.com
= = = Team captains = = =
Syd Howe , 1934 – 35
= New Guys =
" New Guys " is the first episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 177th episode overall . It originally aired on NBC on September 20 , 2012 . The episode was written and directed by series creator Greg Daniels ; this is his first writing credit for the series since the seventh season episode " Goodbye , Michael " , and his first directing credit since " PDA " .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , two new employees ( Clark Duke and Jake Lacy ) are hired by the Scranton branch and cause trouble for Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) . Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns from manager training , hoping for revenge on Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) . Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) considers adopting Angela Lipton 's ( Angela Kinsey ) cat . Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) tries to save a turtle .
" New Guys " was the inception of several story arcs and saw the departure of Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor , due to her involvement in her own sitcom The Mindy Project . " New Guys " received largely positive pre @-@ release reviews from television critics . Post @-@ release reviews were moderately positive ; while many felt that the episode was a distinct step in the right direction for the show , others took issues with some of the comedic aspects of the episode . " New Guys " was viewed by 4 @.@ 28 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 1 rating among adults between the age of 18 and 49 , making it the show 's lowest @-@ rated season premiere . The episode ranked second in its timeslot and was also the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night .
= = Plot = =
Over the summer , Kevin ( Brian Baumgartner ) tried to save a turtle that he ran over , but only ended up killing it . Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) moved to Ohio with her fiancé Ravi and Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) also moved to Ohio for " unrelated reasons . " Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) learned that he is not the biological father of Angela 's ( Angela Kinsey ) baby .
While talking to the camera , Jim ( John Krasinski ) and
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Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) reveal that Jim was offered an entrepreneurial sports job by an old college friend based on an idea the two had in college . Jim tells the camera that he turned it down , because it would not be good for his family . Pam and Jim begin to take off their microphones and Pam makes a remark , noting that , after nine years , the cameramen should have enough footage for a documentary . One of the cameramen then addresses the two , saying that they are more interested in the developments of the office workers themselves , especially Jim and Pam , rather than the office now . Jim looks pensive when Pam tells the cameramen that , with work and kids , nothing interesting will happen to the Halperts in a long time .
Two new employees , Clark ( Clark Duke ) and Pete ( Jake Lacy ) , who are quickly dubbed " Dwight , Jr . " and " The New Jim , " are hired by the Scranton branch and cause trouble for Jim and Dwight . At first , Dwight is happy to have a protege , acting as a fatherly figure to Clark due to the office noting their visual similarity , but soon begins to fear that Clark is after his job . Jim , on the other hand , does not feel that Pete is anything like him . However , after hearing Pete discuss his future plans , Jim realizes that he used to have Pete 's ambition but has become stuck at the same job for over nine years . Meanwhile , Angela puts one of her cats , Comstock , up for adoption as her baby is allergic to it . Oscar ( Oscar Nunez ) initially refuses to adopt Comstock despite Angela 's pleas , but agrees to adopt it after learning that it is her husband Robert 's ( Jack Coleman ) favorite cat . It is implied that Robert and Oscar are having an affair , as Robert told Angela he was having a business dinner on the night he actually had plans with Oscar .
Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) returns from Outward Bound manager training — where he became more " decisive and confident " — hoping for revenge on Nellie ( Catherine Tate ) for commandeering his job during the previous spring . To do this , Andy sets up a slackline in the parking lot and makes the employees walk across it , humiliating Nellie as she insists on walking in her heels and fails to keep her balance . After Clark proves that he is talented at balancing , Dwight attempts to one @-@ up him , but ends up failing repeatedly and hurting himself . Eventually , Dwight tries to prove his superiority by riding a bicycle across a tight @-@ rope suspended between the roof and a telephone pole , but the photocopier he is using as a counterweight is not heavy enough and he ends up losing his balance and hanging from the bicycle above the parking lot . Much to his embarrassment , he has to be rescued by a team of firefighters , while Creed ( Creed Bratton ) mistakenly believes the incident to be a circus act . While everyone is outside crowding around Dwight , Jim calls up his old college friend and tells him that he wants to be involved in the new business deal , even though he did not have Pam 's approval .
= = Production = =
On May 11 , 2012 , NBC renewed The Office for a ninth season and it was later announced that Greg Daniels , who had been the series showrunner from season one through five , would be returning . " New Guys " was written and directed by Daniels . This is his first writing credit for the series since the seventh season entry , " Goodbye , Michael " , and his first directing credited since season seven 's " PDA " . This also marks the third time he has both written and directed an episode , after the first season episode " Basketball " and the fourth season opener , " Fun Run " . Daniels later revealed that " New Guys " would be the inception of big season arcs . He went on the record saying " I 'll tell you that the last couple of years , I don 't think we did any big arc @-@ type things in the way that we used to in the beginning , I think the thing we 're going to do is bring back a lot of arcs " . Jenna Fischer later stated that part of the Jim and Pam arc would be dependent on " things that happened in seasons past that didn 't seem very relevant at the time and [ that ] they 're going to become important this season . "
" New Guys " featured one of the final few performances of Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor , who left the series to star in her own comedy television series The Mindy Project , which was created for the Fox Broadcasting Company . Both Novak and Kaling appeared in two episodes of the season — " New Guys " and " Finale " . The episode features both Clark Duke and Jake Lacy as two new Dunder Mifflin employees who have been hired to " go through the back log of over 4 @,@ 000 unanswered customer complaints that " Kelly has ignored the past few years . Duke noted that filming the slack lining scene " was not that fun ; it was really hard " . He did , however , state that Helms was able to do it well " with no practice " . The voice of the documentarian that responds to Jim is that of series director David Rogers . Rogers also voiced the same character in the penultimate episode opener " A.A.R.M. " . Originally , Daniels had re @-@ recorded the line in " New Guys " , but ended up liking Roger 's voice better . He asked him to reprise the role in " A.A.R.M. " to preserve continuity .
The official website of The Office included several cut scenes from " New Guys " within a week of the episode 's release . In the first 40 @-@ second clip , Dwight tries to bond with Clark by discussing an article he read in Time magazine about dub @-@ step . Clark teases Dwight for reading the magazine , something he considers for older audiences , but Dwight is oblivious . In the second 75 @-@ second clip , Toby calls a workplace bullying meeting and the office discussing how Andy has been harassing various people . Kevin tries to maintain that Angela bullies him , and states that she will not give him her cat because he killed his turtle " a few times " . In the third and final 30 @-@ second clip , Jim tries to convince Dwight that the relationship Dwight shares with Clark is similar to that of Darth Vader and Luke Skywalker , characters from the popular science fiction movie franchise Star Wars .
= = Cultural references = =
Much like the sixth season starter " Gossip " — which featured parkour in the cold opening — the seventh season opener " Nepotism " — which started with a lip dub — and the eighth season premiere " The List " — which opened with a bit about planking — " New Guys " also contains a plot involving a popular Internet meme , in this case slacklining , which is a practice in balance that typically uses nylon webbing tensioned between two anchor points . When Ryan is leaving , he claims he is going to Ohio because " they call it the Silicone Prairie , " a reference to Silicon Valley , a part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California in the United States that is home to many of the world 's largest technology corporations . Andy returns from Outward Bound , an organization that aims to foster the personal growth and social skills of participants by using challenging expeditions in the outdoors . Dwight tries to talk to Clark about the heavy metal band Slayer , noting that he has tickets for a show in ten months . Jim asks Pete if he likes the Philadelphia Phillies , but Pete mistakes his reference to mean horses .
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club compared Dwight and Clark 's relationship to that of the mythical characters of King Laius and Oedipus , respectively . The story , which was later turned into a popular play Oedipus Rex by Greek writer Sophocles , tells of how Laius hears of a prophecy that his son will kill him . Fearing the prophecy , Laius abandons his son , Oedipus ' , who is raised in the city of Thebes . Oedipus later crosses paths with Laius and gets into a fight and , not knowing that Laius is his father , kills him . Adams , thus , states that the " break @-@ room conversation " Dwight and Clark share starts to make Dwight paranoid and fear that Clark is after his job .
Many reviewers noted that the episode made references to previous episodes of the series . The ending , featuring Dwight riding a bicycle on the roof , was positively compared to the third season episode " Safety Training " . Adams wrote that many of the scenes " take characters to corners of the office tied to memories of episode ’ s [ sic ] past " , such as Oscar 's phone call , which takes place in the stairwell where Dwight pumped himself up for his work review in the second season episode " Performance Review " , and Pam climbing up the rooftop access ladder , which is reminiscent of Pam and Jim 's first " date " in the second season episode " The Client " .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" New Guys " originally aired on NBC on September 20 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by 4 @.@ 28 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 1 / 6 percent share in the 18 – 49 demographic . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 1 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a 46 percent drop in viewership from the season eight premiere " The List " and made it the lowest premiere of the The Office to air . The Office finished second in its time slot , being beaten by an episode of the Fox series Glee , which received a 2 @.@ 9 / 8 percent rating . " New Guys " , however , finished ahead of repeats of the CBS show Two and a Half Men and the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy and a new episode of The CW show The Next . The Office was also the highest @-@ rated NBC television program of the night . " New Guys " was the twenty @-@ first most @-@ watched show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 – 49 . This marked a slight improvement from the season eight premiere , " The List " , which ranked as the twenty @-@ second . When DVR numbers were included , the episode increased its ratings up 52 percent to a 3 @.@ 2 , meaning it was seen by , in total , 3 @.@ 2 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds .
= = = Reviews = = =
Several pre @-@ release reviews of the episode were generally positive . Bruce Miller of the Sioux City Journal gave the episode a largely positive review and noted that " If you can erase last season from your mind , you 'll see this [ ... ] is exactly how The Office should have carried on after Steve Carell left . " Furthermore , he praised the addition of Duke and Lacy , calling their performances " so good you could see them become the centerpiece of a new series . " Verne Gay of Newsweek awarded the episode an " A – " and called the installment " very ( very ) funny . " He was especially happy about the addition of Lacy and Duke , calling them " flashbacks to a younger Jim and Dwight . " Furthermore , he noted that " the ninth and final season actually may offer completion " of a show that has just " merely offered variations on [ the characters ' ] tics " for the past eight seasons . Bob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette called the episode " generally funnier than [ the show ] was last season " and wrote that the episode would be a good opportunity " for viewers who quit the [ series ] last year [ ... ] to come back to the show . " Particularly , he was excited to " see the seeds of the show 's end planted . "
Entertainment Weekly writer Ken Tucker concluded that " New Guys " has " a lot more snap and vigor than most of last season 's episodes . " He was extremely complimentary towards the Pam and Jim story arc that was hinted at , noting that , after settling into a comfortable marriage , the show was finally trying to make them interesting again . David Silverberg of DigitalJournal.com called the entry " one of the show 's best [ premieres ] in recent years " and concluded that the addition of Duke and Lacy " work as a better foil than Nellie and the creepy boss played by James Spader . " Adams awarded the episode a " B + " and called it " a fresh start " for the series after the eighth season . Adams also complimented the show for " stop [ ing ] every so often to acknowledge the fans that have stuck with the series [ and ] also mak [ ing ] subtler callbacks to the show ’ s glory days . " He was also complimentary towards the fact that Duke and Lacy have not been thrown into stories of their own , rather , they " serve as parallels and stimulants to Dwight and Jim . "
Nick Campbell of TV.com called the episode " a decent " and " moderately sharp " season premiere . He concluded that , " While the episode still wasn 't on par with those of the show 's earliest seasons , [ ... ] The episode wasn 't lazy — and for The Office , that 's a win . " Other reviews were slightly more mixed . TV Fanatic reviewer Dan Forcella awarded the episode a three out of five , but was appreciative of the additions to the cast , as well as many of the actors story lines . Jeffrey Hyatt of Screencrave noted that the episode was similar in tone to the season eight finale , " Free Family Portrait Studio " , but that " the addition of Lacy and Duke pay quick dividends as the opener provides flashes of comedy moxie , while helping wash away painful memories of last season . " David Hinckley of the New York Daily News awarded the episode three stars out of five and wrote that " The deadpan goofiness remains fresh enough to keep fans interested " and that " the fact that this whole drama doesn ’ t feel new and shiny anymore isn ’ t anyone ’ s fault . [ ... ] All The Office needs to do now is march out proudly random , zany and off @-@ center . " HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall , however , was critical of the episode 's humor , noting that it " didn 't give me a lot of hope for a last @-@ minute resurgence " . Matt Roush of TV Guide wrote that the " one interesting storyline " may make him watch the remainder of Pam and Jim 's story , but not " the rest of this sadly played @-@ out workplace comedy . "
Many reviews were complimentary towards the interaction Pam and Jim had with the cameramen . Silverberg called it " a nice surprise " . Tucker called the sequence one of the " biggest reveals " in the episode . Sepinwall , despite being critical of the episode 's humor , found the sub @-@ plot " interesting " . He called it " a character arc I 've been waiting for the show to remember to do for years now , and the scenes here were promising ( if not incredibly funny ) " .
= Amanita thiersii =
Amanita thiersii , commonly called Thiers ' lepidella , is a North @-@ American saprotrophic basidiomycete fungus in the genus Amanita . It is a white mushroom originally described from Texas but today found in nine states of North America . It was named after Harry Delbert Thiers . The cap of this small mushroom is white and convex , measuring 35 – 100 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) and covered by volval remnants . It is sticky to the touch when wet . The gills are variable in length and number and are densely packed in some specimens and widely spaced in others . They are not attached to the stipe , which is 8 – 20 cm ( 3 – 8 in ) long and about 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) thick , with a white ring . The spores measure 7 @.@ 8 – 9 @.@ 8 by 7 @.@ 3 – 9 @.@ 0 µm and are roughly spherical in shape . The spore print is white .
The mushroom grows in lawns , pastures and prairies . It is a saprotroph , living on decaying plant material , and not mycorrhizal as is the case in most other species of Amanita . Fruit bodies appear during July and August , either in isolation or in groups , and often form fairy rings . The genome of A. thiersii is being sequenced as part of the United States Department of Energy 's Joint Genome Institute Community Sequencing Program . It is hoped that this will provide a better understanding of the cellulose decomposition capabilities of the fungus . The toxicity of A. thiersii has not been studied but it is suspected of being poisonous .
= = Taxonomy = =
Amanita thiersii was first described in 1957 by Harry Delbert Thiers , an American mycologist , who had spotted it on a campus lawn when he was a student . He named it Amanita alba but that name was disallowed as it had already been used for another species . In 1969 it was renamed by the Dutch mycologist Cornelis Bas as Amanita thiersii in honour of its finder . It is placed in the genus Amanita in the section Lepidella and subsection Vittadiniae . Bas created the stirps ( an informal ranking below species level ) Thiersii , in which he places A. thiersii along with A. albofloccosa , A. aureofloccosa , A. foetens and A. praeclara . The mushroom is commonly called " Thiers ' lepidella " .
= = Description = =
The cap is white and dry , measuring 35 – 100 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) wide , and convex in shape ( conico- or plano @-@ convex ) . It often has a broad low umbo . The cap 's flesh may be 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) thick . At first the cap is covered by the soft , white fragmentary remains of the universal veil , which become more widely separated as the cap expands . They are shaggy and somewhat sticky .
The gills are of varying lengths . They are free from the stipe and vary from crowded to widely spaced . They may be narrow or broad and are white to creamy yellow in color . The stipe is white and is 80 – 200 mm ( 3 – 8 in ) long and 10 – 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 8 in ) wide . In some specimens , the stipe bruises to a yellow color . It is either hollow or lightly stuffed with a cottony tissue . The bulb at the base is slightly broader than the rest of the stipe . The bulb is 25 mm ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) long and 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 9 in ) wide . A shaggy , drooping ring is present which is often shed before maturity .
Spores of A. thiersii are white and roughly spherical . They measure approximately 7 @.@ 8 – 9 @.@ 8 by 7 @.@ 3 – 9 @.@ 0 µm and are amyloid . In an analysis , both monokaryotic ( one nucleus per cell ) and dikaryotic ( two nuclei per cell ) strains were isolated from fruit bodies . All the spores were found to be binucleate but the researchers believed that in the monokaryotic strain , the second nucleus had failed to pass through the germ tube .
The odor of this mushroom is indistinct but with age can become unpleasant , like that of decay or cheese . The fungus is said to taste oily bitter or bitter metallic .
= = = Identification = = =
A. thiersii may be gathered inadvertently and thought to be edible due to the fact that it grows on lawns among grasses . This is in contrast to most of the other Amanita species which grow around trees and are thus usually seen in forests . It can be distinguished from other white fungi growing in grassland by its fluffy cap , though the white veil fragments may eventually get washed away by rain .
It is similar in appearance to a number of other Amanita species . It can be distinguished from A. praegraveolens microscopically by the absence of clamp connections between the cells in A. thiersii . Both A. thiersii and A. aureofloccosa have hollow stems but the latter has a more tapering stipe and the whole fruit body is yellower . A. silvifuga is another species that grows in similar locations in grassland in Texas and H. D. Thiers described the taste of both it and A. thiersii as being bitter . It can be distinguished by its darker coloration and more warted appearance .
= = Toxicity = =
The species is suspected of being toxic as is the case in most of its close relatives . Handling the mushroom is harmless ; poisoning occurs only on ingestion . A case of poisoning that may have been caused by A. thiersii has been reported from the state of Puebla , Mexico . The outcome of this case is unknown . Symptoms of poisoning in humans include reversible impairment of kidney function . A Meixner test revealed that amatoxins were not involved in the Puebla case .
= = Ecology and habitat = =
Amanita thiersii inhabits lawns , pastures and prairies throughout the Mississippi River Basin . It often forms fairy rings or arcs but also sometimes fruits as isolated specimens . It has been found growing in the same lawn as Chlorophyllum molybdites . Analysis using stable carbon isotopes has proved that this mushroom is saprotrophic in nature , unlike the other mycorrhizal Amanitas .
The fruit bodies of A. thiersii grow during the mid or late summer until early fall . Since it was first reported in 1952 in Texas , this species has been expanding its range . It appeared in southern Illinois in the 1990s and has since spread to central Illinois , where it is the most common mushroom found in lawns during July and August . Today it occurs in nine states including Missouri , Oklahoma , Texas , Kentucky , Ohio , Kansas and Illinois . It also occurs in Mexico .
= = Genome project = =
The main source from which A. thiersii derives its carbon is the cellulose of the decomposing plant material found in its grassland habitat . The enzymes that degrade cellulose are homologous to the enzymes used by ectomycorrhizal fungi that have symbiotic associations with plant roots . In an attempt to identify the genes involved in these processes , researchers at the United States Department of Energy and Harvard University are jointly working to sequence the A. thiersii genome and to compare it with that of Amanita bisporigera , a species which forms mycorrhizal relationships with tree and which has already been partly sequenced . They hope to better understand the genetic pathways involved in the evolution of ectomycorrhizal associations . Another research objective is to establish whether the enzymes used by A. thiersii to degrade cellulose can be cost @-@ effectively used in the conversion of crop residues into biofuels . A. thiersii seems to be expanding its range northwards and its genome may provide clues as to how it is adapting to climate change and further information on mycorrhizal relationships .
This research has shown that there was a single origin of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the Amanita genus . DNA analysis has shown that a group of species in the subsection Vittadiniae ( which includes A. thiersii ) has few derived characteristics . This clade has a single ancestor ( or a very small number ) and seems to have come into being at a very early stage in the evolution of the genus .
= Jack the Writer =
" Jack the Writer " is the fourth episode of the first season of the American situation comedy 30 Rock , which aired on November 1 , 2006 on the NBC network in the United States , and on November 1 , 2007 in the United Kingdom . The episode was written by Robert Carlock and was directed by Gail Mancuso . Guest stars in this episode include Katrina Bowden , Keith Powell , Maulik Pancholy , Tom Broecker , Jonathan Lutz , James Anderson and Sharon Wilkins .
The episode focuses on the relationship between Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) , head writer of TGS with Tracy Jordan , and Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) , her boss ; and the distractions the writers of TGS face when writing sketches . This becomes evident when Liz 's assistant , Cerie ( Katrina Bowden ) , wears sexually suggestive clothing ; and when Jack decides to join the writers for observation . Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) learns that working for Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) , the main star of TGS , is more than he expected .
= = Plot = =
The staff are preparing to write sketches for TGS with Tracy Jordan when Jack arrives and announces that he went through a program at General Electric ( GE ) called Six Sigma , which encourages bosses to interact with their staff . He tells Liz and the writers that he will be sitting in the writers ' room every day as an observer . As days pass , Jack begins to interfere with the writers ' work , and instead of just being an observer , he regularly gives the writers ideas for upcoming sketches . This causes a major frustration for the staff , so Liz tells Jack that the writers do not like his involvement . Jack says that although he enjoyed joining the writers every day , he tells Liz that he accepts their decision .
Afterwards , Jack 's secretary tells Liz that Jack wants her to apologize , but that she has to pretend that it was her idea . Liz goes to Jack 's office and apologizes , and they forgive each other . While the staff eats their lunch , Jack introduces the staff to two of his guests . The writers mention to Liz that they would love to go outside to the same roof that is used for The Today Show , and Liz tells them that she can make it happen now that she and Jack are friends . Liz asks Jack , but he denies the request . He tells her that the two guests were his bosses from GE , and then criticizes Liz and her staff . He apologizes to Liz , but she says that their friendship is over . Having settled the situation with Jack , Liz tries to talk to her assistant Cerie about her attire , which seems to distract the writers . Liz attempts to convince her to wear something conservative , but Cerie tells Liz that she would look great in something sexy herself , and Liz is later seen walking down the hallway with a dress that reads " Dirty Diva " .
Kenneth , who is now working for Tracy , learns that working for Tracy is more than he expected . Tracy orders Kenneth to complete several tasks , including going to the Yankee Stadium for nachos , and picking up an important package , which turns out to be an illegal fish that Tracy wants to put in his aquarium . Tracy then tells Kenneth to buy something for his wife , Angie Jordan ( Sharon Wilkins ) , and to take her to a fancy restaurant , where he gives her Tracy 's gift .
= = Production = =
30 Rock and Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , both of which debuted on 2006 – 07 NBC lineup , revolved around the off @-@ camera happenings on a sketch comedy series . Evidence of the overlapping subject matter between the shows , as well as the conflict between them , arose when Aaron Sorkin , the creator of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , asked Lorne Michaels to allow him to observe Saturday Night Live for a week , a request Michaels denied . Despite this , Sorkin sent Fey flowers after NBC announced it would pick up both series , and wished her luck with 30 Rock . Fey wound up " winning " over Sorkin when Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip was cancelled after one season and 30 Rock was renewed for a second . Though 30 Rock 's first season ratings proved lackluster and were lower than those of Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip , the latter was more expensive to produce . " Jack the Writer " contains a self @-@ referencing walk and talk sequence , which is commonly used on Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip and Sorkin 's previous series .
Star Wars is frequently referenced in 30 Rock , beginning with the pilot episode where Tracy Jordan is seen shouting that he is a Jedi . Liz Lemon admits to being a huge fan of Star Wars , saying that she had watched it many times with Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) , and saying she dressed up as the Star Wars character Princess Leia for several Halloweens . Fey , a fan of Star Wars herself , said that the weekly Star Wars joke or reference " started happening organically " when the crew realized that they had a Star Wars reference " in almost every show " . Fey said that from then on " it became a thing where [ they ] tried to keep it going " , and that even though they could not include one in every episode , they still had a " pretty high batting average " . Fey attributed most of the references to Robert Carlock , who she described as " the resident expert " . In this episode , Liz repeatedly uses analogies from Star Wars for her situation with Jack , when she realizes that she " need [ s ] to get new DVDs " .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Jack the Writer " was watched by approximately 4 @.@ 61 million American viewers , ranking eighty @-@ first in the weekly charts . The episode received a rating of 1 @.@ 7 / 5 in the key adults 18 – 49 demographic . The 1 @.@ 7 refers to 1 @.@ 7 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and the 5 refers to 5 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . In the United Kingdom , the episode attracted 500 @,@ 000 viewers and a 4 % share of the viewing audience at the time of the broadcast .
Robert Canning of IGN felt that while the episode was " still an entertaining half @-@ hour , there was nothing to it that was incredibly memorable . " He said that Tracy Jordan was " quickly becoming one of the more enjoyable aspects of the show " . Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide felt that " this outing fell a bit flat for [ him ] " . He thought that " the best moment this week , by far , had to be that big , fat wink to Aaron Sorkin 's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip ( and West Wing , and Sports Night ... ) , where Liz and Pete , upon realizing that they had traveled in a small circle over the course of a banter exchange , shrugged and said , ' Nice walk @-@ and @-@ talk ' , and then bumped fists . Nice . "
= The Twilight Saga ( film series ) =
The Twilight Saga is a series of five romance fantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by American author Stephenie Meyer . The films star Kristen Stewart , Robert Pattinson , and Taylor Lautner . The series has grossed over $ 3 @.@ 3 billion in worldwide receipts and consists , to date , of five motion pictures . The first installment , Twilight , was released on November 21 , 2008 . The second installment , New Moon , followed on November 20 , 2009 , breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history , grossing an estimated $ 72 @.@ 7 million . The third installment , Eclipse , was released on June 30 , 2010 , and was the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX .
The series was in development since 2004 at Paramount Pictures , during which time a screen adaptation of Twilight that differed significantly from the novel was written . Three years later , Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the film . After Twilight grossed $ 35 @.@ 7 million on its opening day , Summit Entertainment announced they would begin production on New Moon ; they had acquired the rights to the remaining novels earlier that same month . A two @-@ part adaptation of Breaking Dawn began shooting in November 2010 with November 18 , 2011 , and November 16 , 2012 , release dates .
= = Development = =
Twilight was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures 's MTV Films , during which time a screen adaptation differing significantly from the novel was written . For example , the script transformed Bella into a star athlete . Stephenie Meyer stated that there was some debate in allowing the movie to be made because of the negative or positive outcome of the movie compared to the book , ' " They could have put that [ earlier ] movie out , called it something else , and no one would have known it was Twilight ! " The idea of seeing a scene converted correctly , specifically the meadow scene , convinced Meyer to sell the rights . In seeing the script , she was frightened that she had made the wrong decision . When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full @-@ service studio in April 2007 , it successfully acquired the rights to the novel . Erik Feig , President of Production at Summit Entertainment , guaranteed a close adaptation to the book . The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer 's book and its sequels . Meyer felt that Summit was open to letting her be a part of the film . Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film , and soon afterward , Melissa Rosenberg was selected to be the film 's structural base as the writer of the film .
Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month . " [ She ] was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas .... I 'd finish off scenes and send them to her , and get back her notes . " Because of the impending WGA strike , Rosenberg worked full @-@ time to finish the screenplay before October 31 . In adapting the novel for the screen , she " had to condense a great deal . " Some characters were left out , and others were combined . " [ O ] ur intent all along was to stay true to the book , " Rosenberg explained , " and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters ' arcs and emotional journeys are the same . " Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey the protagonist 's internal dialogue , since the novel is told from Bella 's point of view ; and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre @-@ production .
Meyer , the author , and Hardwicke , the director , had a close relationship while developing Twilight . Hardwicke wanted to embrace the experience and make the characters in the books come to life . She would call Meyer after changing a scene slightly , which surprised the author because , " I 've heard the stories ... I know it 's not normally like that when you adapt a book . " Meyer , a natural pessimist , was waiting for the worst but , instead , called her experience in the book 's film adaptation " the best I could have hoped for . "
Originally scheduled for release in December 2008 , Twilight was moved to a worldwide release of November 21 , 2008 , after Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince moved from a November 2008 release to being released in July 2009 .
= = Casting = =
Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test , which " captivated " the director . Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen ; but , after an audition at her home with Stewart , he was selected . Meyer allowed Pattinson to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun , which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward 's point of view . Meyer was " excited " and " ecstatic " in response to the casting of the two main characters . She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward , respectively , prior to pre @-@ production .
Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen : " [ Hardwicke ] liked [ him ] , but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for . " For unknown reasons , that actor was not able to play the part , and Facinelli was selected in his place . The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was criticized by some fans because Greene is 7 inches ( 18 cm ) taller than her character as described in the novel . Meyer said that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice . Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on the successful Thirteen ( 2003 ) , which they co @-@ wrote , and Lords of Dogtown ( 2005 ) .
Kellan Lutz was in Africa , shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill , when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted . The role had already been cast by the time the HBO production ended in December 2007 , but the selected actor " fell through " . Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon , where Hardwicke personally chose him .
Rachelle Lefèvre wanted a role in the film because Hardwicke was director ; she saw " the potential to explore a character , hopefully , over three films " ; and she wanted to portray a vampire . " [ She ] thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive . " Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley , but she " fell totally in love with Angela " after reading the books and took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber . The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick , who got the part after two mix @-@ and @-@ match auditions with various actors .
Because of major physical changes that occur in the character of Jacob Black between Twilight and New Moon , director Chris Weitz considered replacing Taylor Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray " the new , larger Jacob Black . " Trying to keep the role , Lautner worked out extensively and put on 30 lbs . In January 2009 , Weitz and Summit Entertainment announced that Lautner would continue as Jacob in The Twilight Saga : New Moon .
In late March 2009 , Summit Entertainment released a list of the actors who would be portraying the " wolf pack " alongside Lautner . The casting for the rest of the Quileute tribe was headed by casting director Rene Haynes , who has worked on films with large American Indian casts , such as Dances with Wolves and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee .
In mid @-@ 2009 , it was announced that Bryce Dallas Howard would be replacing Rachelle Lefevre as Victoria for the third Twilight film , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Summit Entertainment attributed the change to scheduling conflicts . Lefevre said she was " stunned " and " greatly saddened " by the decision . Jodelle Ferland was cast as the newly turned vampire , Bree . Other new cast members for the third film include Xavier Samuel as Riley , Jack Huston as Royce King II , Catalina Sandino Moreno as Maria , Julia Jones as Leah Clearwater , and BooBoo Stewart as Seth Clearwater .
= = Production = =
Principal photography for Twilight took 44 days , after more than a week of rehearsals , and completed on May 2 , 2008 . Similar to her directorial debut thirteen , Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand @-@ held cinematography to make the film " feel real " . Meyer visited the production set three times , and was consulted on different aspects of the story ; she also has a brief cameo in the film . To make their bodily movements more elegant , and to get used to their characters ' fighting styles , the cast playing vampires participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera . Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself , scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School and Madison High School . Other scenes were also filmed in St. Helens , Oregon , and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena , California , in August .
In early November 2008 , Summit announced that they had obtained the rights to the remaining books in Stephenie Meyer 's Twilight series : New Moon , Eclipse , and Breaking Dawn . On November 22 , 2008 , one day after the theatrical release of Twilight , Summit confirmed that they would begin working on New Moon . Melissa Rosenberg had been working on adapting the novel prior to Twilight 's release and handed in the draft for New Moon during Twilight 's opening weekend in November 2008 .
In early December 2008 , it was announced that Twilight director Catherine Hardwicke would not be returning to direct the sequel . Hardwicke cited time restrictions as the reason behind her leaving the project . Instead , Chris Weitz , director of The Golden Compass and co @-@ director of American Pie , was hired to direct The Twilight Saga : New Moon . Filming for New Moon began in Vancouver in late March 2009 , and in Montepulciano , Italy , in late May 2009 .
In early 2009 , before the release of The Twilight Saga : New Moon , Summit confirmed that they would begin production on The Twilight Saga : Eclipse . Since Weitz would be in post @-@ production for New Moon when The Twilight Saga : Eclipse began shooting , he would not be directing the third film . Instead , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse was helmed by director David Slade , with Melissa Rosenberg returning as screenwriter . Filming began on August 17 , 2009 at Vancouver Film Studios and finished in late October , with post @-@ production beginning early the following month . In April 2010 , it was revealed that re @-@ shoots of the film were needed . Slade , who previously said he would not be around for them , was seen , along with Stephenie Meyer , on set . The three main stars were also present .
Wyck Godfrey , producer of the previous films in the series , stated in mid @-@ 2009 that they had every intention to make the film version of Breaking Dawn . Following months of speculation and cast rumors , it was officially announced on April 28 , 2010 , that Academy Award winner Bill Condon , who directed Gods and Monsters and Dreamgirls , would direct Breaking Dawn ; producing the film will be Wyck Godfrey , Karen Rosenfelt , and author Stephenie Meyer . " I 'm very excited to get the chance to bring the climax of this saga to life on @-@ screen . As fans of the series know , this is a one @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind book – and we 're hoping to create an equally unique cinematic experience , " said Bill Condon . A November 18 , 2011 release date has been set for the first part , while the second is scheduled for release on November 16 , 2012 . Following that announcement , Summit officially confirmed that a two @-@ part adaption of the fourth book would start production in the fall on June 11 , 2010 . With this announcement , it was made clear that all major actors , including the three lead roles , the Cullen family , and Charlie Swan , would return for both parts . Bill Condon was also confirmed to direct both parts .
In order to keep the budget on both parts of Breaking Dawn reasonable , which would be substantially greater than the previous installments in the series , filming in Louisiana is also being negotiated . Shooting in Louisiana would provide larger tax credits , which a studio as low @-@ profile as Summit Entertainment would benefit from .
= = Films = =
= = = Twilight ( 2008 ) = = =
Twilight was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and written by Melissa Rosenberg . It focuses on the development of a personal relationship between human teenager Bella Swan ( Kristen Stewart ) and vampire Edward Cullen ( Robert Pattinson ) , and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a separate group of hostile vampires .
The film was released theatrically starting on November 21 , 2008 . It grossed $ 35 @.@ 7 million on its opening day , and has come to gross US $ 408 @.@ 9 million worldwide . The DVD was released on March 21 , 2009 and grossed an additional $ 201 million from sales .
= = = The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2009 ) = = =
The Twilight Saga : New Moon was directed by Chris Weitz and written by Melissa Rosenberg . The film follows Bella Swan 's fall into a deep depression until she develops a strong friendship with werewolf Jacob Black . Jacob and his tribe must protect Bella from Victoria , a gregarious herd of vampires . The film was released theatrically starting on November 20 , 2009 , and set numerous records . It is currently the biggest advance @-@ ticket seller on Fandango and held the biggest midnight opening in domestic ( United States and Canada ) box office history , grossing an estimated $ 26 @.@ 3 million . Its sequel , The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , broke that record in June 2010 , grossing $ 72 @.@ 7 million on its opening day domestically , $ 709 Million Worldwide and becoming the biggest single @-@ day opening in domestic history . It is the twelfth highest opening weekend in domestic history with $ 142 @,@ 839 @,@ 137 .
= = = The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2010 ) = = =
The Twilight Saga : Eclipse was directed by David Slade and written by Melissa Rosenberg . The film follows Bella Swan as she develops awareness of the complications of marrying Edward Cullen . As Victoria draws nearer with a group of newborn vampires , Jacob Black and the rest of the werewolves form a temporary alliance to destroy her , in turn , to keep Bella safe . While Bella tries to decide who she is , a fight brews and the consequences are paid once Jacob gets hurt . Intent on keeping a compromise with Edward , she vows to keep true to her engagement and marry him .
The film was released theatrically starting on June 30 , 2010 , and is the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX . It set a new record for biggest midnight opening in domestic ( United States and Canada ) in box office history , grossing an estimated $ 30 million in over 4 @,@ 000 theaters . The previous record holder was the previous film in the series , The Twilight Saga : New Moon with $ 26 @.@ 3 million in 3 @,@ 514 theaters . The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in domestic history with $ 68 @,@ 533 @,@ 840 beating Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 's $ 62 million . The Twilight Saga : Eclipse has also become the film with the widest independent release , playing in over 4 @,@ 416 theaters , surpassing its predecessor , The Twilight Saga : New Moon , which held the record since November 2009 .
= = = The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 1 ( 2011 ) = = =
The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn was directed by Bill Condon , and author Stephenie Meyer co @-@ produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey , with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script . The book 's plot was split into two films , the first of which was released on November 18 , 2011 . The filming of Breaking Dawn began in November 2010 . The first part follows Bella and Edward as they get married and then learn that Bella has become pregnant . They deal with her struggle of being pregnant and almost passing away because of the half vampire @-@ half human child .
= = = The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 2 ( 2012 ) = = =
The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn Part 2 was directed by Bill Condon , and author Stephenie Meyer co @-@ produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey , with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script . The book 's plot was split into two films , the first of which was released on November 18 , 2011 . The second was released on November 16 , 2012 . The second part of Breaking Dawn saw the climax of Bella and Edward 's relationship , as Bella must learn to adapt to immortality as a newly transformed vampire and motherhood .
= = Soundtracks = =
= = = Twilight = = =
The Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas . The album was released on November 4 , 2008 by Patsavas ' Chop Shop label , in conjunction with Atlantic Records . The album debuted at # 1 on the Billboard 200 , having sold about 165 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of release , 29 % of which were digital downloads . Twilight is the best @-@ selling theatrical movie soundtrack in the United States since Chicago .
Twilight : The Score was composed and orchestrated by Carter Burwell over a 9 – 10 week period , and was recorded and mixed in about 2 weeks in late September 2008 . Burwell began the score with a " Love Theme " for Bella and Edward 's relationship , a variation of which became " Bella 's Lullaby " that Robert Pattinson plays in the film , and that is included on the Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . The original theme is featured throughout the film , and serves to " play the romance that drives the story " . Another theme Burwell composed was a " Predator Theme " , which opens the film , and is intended to play Edward 's vampire nature . Other themes include a bass @-@ line , drum beat and distorted guitar sound for the nomadic vampires , and a melody for the Cullen family . Twilight : The Score was released digitally on November 25 , 2008 and in stores on December 9 .
= = = The Twilight Saga : New Moon = = =
The score for The Twilight Saga : New Moon was composed by Alexandre Desplat while Alexandra Patsavas returned as music supervisor for the rest of the soundtrack . Weitz has a working relationship with Desplat , who scored one of his previous films , The Golden Compass . The The Twilight Saga : New Moon : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack album was released on October 16 , 2009 by Patsavas ' Chop Shop label , in conjunction with Atlantic Records . The album debuted at # 2 on the Billboard 200 , later jumped to # 1 with 153 @,@ 000 copies sold . The Twilight Saga : New Moon : The Score was released on November 24 @,@ 2009 .
= = = The Twilight Saga : Eclipse = = =
The score for The Twilight Saga : Eclipse was composed by Howard Shore , who composed the scores for The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The film 's soundtrack was released on June 8 , 2010 by Atlantic Records in conjunction with music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas ' Chop Shop label . The lead single from the soundtrack is " Neutron Star Collision ( Love Is Forever ) " , performed by the British band Muse . The soundtrack debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart with estimated sales of 144 @,@ 000 copies .
= = = The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 1 = = =
The Breaking Dawn – Part 1 soundtrack saw the release of two singles : " A Thousand Years " by Christina Perri and " It Will Rain " by Bruno Mars . The former reached number one and the latter of the two number three on the Billboard Hot 100 .
= = = The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn – Part 2 = = =
= = Reaction = =
= = = Box office performance = = =
Twilight grossed over $ 7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21 , 2008 . It grossed $ 35 @.@ 7 million on its opening day . For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , Twilight accumulated $ 69 @.@ 6 million from 3 @,@ 419 theaters at an average of $ 20 @,@ 368 per theater .
The film has made $ 192 @.@ 7 million in the United States and Canada , and a further $ 192 @.@ 2 million in international territories for a total of $ 384 @.@ 9 million worldwide .
The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21 , 2009 through midnight release parties , and sold over 3 million units in its first day . It has continued to sell units , totaling as of July 2012 , making $ 201 @,@ 323 @,@ 629 .
The Twilight Saga : New Moon set records for advance ticket sales , causing some theaters to add additional showings . The film set records as the biggest midnight opening in domestic ( United States and Canada ) box office history , grossing an estimated $ 26 @.@ 3 million in 3 @,@ 514 theatres , before expanding to 4 @,@ 024 theaters . The record was previously held by Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince , which grossed $ 22 @.@ 2 million domestically during its midnight premiere . The film grossed $ 72 @.@ 7 million on its opening day domestically , becoming the biggest single @-@ day opening in domestic history , beating The Dark Knight 's $ 67 @.@ 2 million . This opening strongly contributed to another record : the first time that the top ten films at the domestic box office had a combined gross of over $ 100 million in a single day .
The opening weekend of The Twilight Saga : New Moon is the ninth @-@ highest opening weekend in domestic history with $ 142 @,@ 839 @,@ 137 . The film also has the sixth highest worldwide opening weekend with $ 274 @.@ 9 million total .
= = = Critical response = = =
While The Twilight Saga has been successful in the box office , critical reception of the films was mixed , and significantly declined as the series continued .
New York Press critic Armond White called Twilight " a genuine pop classic " , and praised Hardwicke for turning " Meyer 's book series into a Brontë @-@ esque vision " . USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote : " Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight , but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film . "
Robert Ignizio of the Cleveland Scene described The Twilight Saga : New Moon as an " entertaining fantasy " , and noted that it " has a stronger visual look [ than Twilight ] and does a better job with its action scenes while still keeping the focus on the central love triangle . " Michael O 'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two and half stars out of four , praised Kristen Stewart 's performance in the film and wrote : " Despite melodrama that , at times , is enough to induce diabetes , there 's enough wolf whistle in this sexy , scary romp to please anyone . " The Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer gave the film a " B " grading and said , " the movie looks tremendous , the dialogue works , there are numerous well placed jokes , the acting is on point . " Mick Lasalle from the San Francisco Chronicle responded with a more mixed review , stating , " [ E ] xpect this film to satisfy its fans . Everybody else , get ready for a bizarre soap opera / pageant , consisting of a succession of static scenes with characters loping into the frame to announce exactly what they 're thinking . " Roger Ebert gave the film 1 star out of 4 and said that it " takes the tepid achievement of Twilight , guts it , and leaves it for undead . " The release of the movie has also inspired feminist criticism , with Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly making light of the claim that Edward Cullen is little better than a stalker . In any case , the influx of female viewers into the theaters indicates the increasing importance of the female demographic in dictating Hollywood 's tastes .
The Hollywood Reporter posted a positive review of The Twilight Saga : Eclipse , saying the film " nails it " . Variety reports that the film " finally feels more like the blockbuster this top @-@ earning franchise deserves " . One review stated the film was the best in The Twilight Saga so far , acknowledging that , " The person who should be worried is Bill Condon , the director tapped for the two @-@ part finale , Breaking Dawn . He 's got a real challenge to make movies as good as Eclipse . " A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised David Slade 's ability to make an entertaining film , calling it funny and better than its predecessors , but pointed out the acting hasn 't improved much .
A more negative review said that while " Eclipse restores some of the energy New Moon zapped out of the franchise and has enough quality performances to keep it involving " , the film " isn 't quite the adrenaline @-@ charged game @-@ changer for love story haters that its marketing might lead you to believe . The majority of the ' action ' remains protracted and not especially scintillating should @-@ we @-@ or @-@ shouldn 't @-@ we conversations between the central triangle . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film a more positive review than for the first two films in the saga , but still felt the movie was a constant , unclever conversation between the three main characters . He criticized the " gazes " both Edward and Jacob give Bella throughout the movie , and noted that the mountain range that appears in the film looks " like landscapes painted by that guy on TV who shows you how to paint stuff like that . " He also predicted that a lack of understanding for the film series in general would not bode well with the audience , stating , " I doubt anyone not intimately familiar with the earlier installments could make head or tails of the opening scenes . " He gave the film 2 stars out of 4 .
Breaking Dawn – Part 1 received mostly negative reviews from critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that just 24 % of critics ( of the 188 counted reviews ) gave the film a positive review , and the site 's consensus reads " Slow , joyless and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments , Breaking Dawn Part 1 may satisfy the Twilight faithful , but it 's strictly for fans of the franchise " . Part 2 had a mixed critical reception but was much more favorable than Part 1 . Bruce Diones of New Yorkers gave the film a positive review , citing " A feast of ripe dialogue and bloodsucking action " . On the other hand , Richard Roeper said that " The fifth and final entry in the historically successful Twilight franchise is the most self @-@ aware and in some ways the most entertaining " .
= = = Review aggregate results = = =
= = = Home media sales = = =
List indicator ( s )
( B ) indicates the yearly rank based on the number of DVDs sold during the year released ( calculated by The Numbers ) .
= = Twilight in popular culture = =
The 2010 Portuguese teen series Lua Vermelha ( Red Moon ) had a similar premise of vampire romance but differed in the story .
The 2010 parody film Vampires Suck spoofed the film series . A television show within the canon of Canadian teen vampire film My Babysitter 's a Vampire and the television series sequel called Dusk is a parody of Twilight .
The 2012 film Breaking Wind ( parodying the title of Breaking Dawn , but parodying the whole film series ) , directed by Craig Moss ( best known for The 41 @-@ Year @-@ Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It ) , is also a spoof of the films and a parody version of Breaking Dawn Part – 1 .
The 2012 animated movie Hotel Transylvania has a scene inspired by Twilight .
The 2013 Filipino comedy sitcom entitled My Daddy is a Vampire resembled some Twilight scenes .
= Panzer Dragoon Saga =
Panzer Dragoon Saga ( アゼル パンツァー ドラグーン RPG , Azel : Panzer Dragoon RPG ) is a 1998 role @-@ playing video game ( RPG ) for the Sega Saturn , published by Sega and developed by Sega 's Team Andromeda studio . It is the third game in the main Panzer Dragoon series and the only instalment that is not a rail shooter , combining traditional role @-@ playing elements such as random encounters with the 3D shooting elements of previous games .
The player controls Edge , a young mercenary who battles an empire on a flying dragon and encounters a mysterious girl from a vanished civilization . Unlike the other Panzer Dragoon games , whose gameplay takes place while flying on the dragon , the player has full 3D movement and some areas are explored on foot . The battle system mixes real @-@ time and turn @-@ based elements , with the player circling enemies on the dragon to expose weak spots and escape dangerous positions .
Development of Panzer Dragoon Saga began around the same time as that of its predecessor , Panzer Dragoon II Zwei ( 1996 ) . According to director Yukio Futatsugi , the need to blend the series ' shooting elements into an RPG with full 3D and voice acting - both unusual for RPGs at the time - made it the most difficult Panzer Dragoon game to develop . Two staff members died during its two @-@ year development , which Futatsugi attributed to the stressful working conditions of the video game industry .
According to GameRankings , Panzer Dragoon Saga is the most critically acclaimed Saturn game , winning praise for its story , graphics , music , and unusual battle system . It has appeared in several " greatest games of all time " lists . As Sega had shifted its focus to its next console , the Dreamcast , the game had a limited release outside Japan , attracting a cult following . It has not been rereleased and is now a rare collector 's item . After its release , Sega disbanded Team Andromeda ; several staff joined Sega 's Smilebit studio and went on to develop the final game in the series , Panzer Dragoon Orta , released for Xbox in 2002 .
= = Gameplay = =
Unlike the otherPanzer Dragoon games , which are rail shooters , Panzer Dragoon Saga is a role @-@ playing video game ( RPG ) . The player controls the young mercenary Edge , who flies a powerful dragon . Gameplay is divided into three modes : traversing large areas on the dragon , battling enemies , and exploring on foot . The game uses a random encounter system , whereby battles are triggered randomly as the player flies .
Movement is not " on rails " , and the player can explore the 3D environments in all directions . A targeting reticle is used to interact with locks , doors , and other elements ; on the dragon , this can also be used to fire lasers to activate triggers or break objects . On foot , Edge can talk to non @-@ player characters and buy items including health potions and weapon upgrades . Different zones are accessed via a map screen , which changes as the game progresses . Campsites serve as rest areas and save points .
As with other Panzer Dragoon games , the characters speak a fictional language , " Panzerese " , which combines elements of Ancient Greek , Latin and Russian . However , Panzerese is only used in the introduction sequence ; the rest of the dialogue is in Japanese , subtitled in English for the western release .
= = = Battle system = = =
Panzer Dragoon Saga 's battles mix real @-@ time and turn @-@ based elements , with three action gauges that charge in real time . When a gauge fills , the player can make a move , such as attacking or using an item such as a shield or poison cure . Waiting for multiple gauges to charge facilitates more options , such as making multiple moves in quick succession , but this gives the enemy more opportunity to attack . The speed at which the gauges charge is governed by the dragon 's agility attribute ; if this is higher than the enemy 's agility attribute , the player can make moves more frequently than the enemy , and vice @-@ versa .
During combat , the player can circle the enemy to expose weak points and escape dangerous positions . Changing position temporarily stops the gauges charging . Likewise , enemies may change position to force the dragon into vulnerable areas ; a radar at the bottom of the screen indicates safe , neutral and dangerous areas , with the front and rear areas typically posing
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Oman . The IMD upgraded it to Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu late on June 4 , with peak 3 @-@ min sustained winds reaching 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) and an estimated pressure of 920 mbar . This made it the first super cyclonic storm in the Arabian Sea on record .
After the storm maintained peak winds for about six hours , the IMD downgraded Gonu to very severe cyclonic storm status late on June 4 . Its eye became cloud @-@ filled and ragged , and the cyclone gradually weakened due to cooler water temperatures and drier air as it approached the Arabian Peninsula . Due to land interaction with Oman , the inner core of deep convection rapidly weakened , and over a period of 24 hours the intensity decreased by 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . According to the IMD , Cyclone Gonu crossed the easternmost tip of Oman still as a very severe cyclonic storm early on June 6 . Although the winds continued to gradually decrease , overall organization increased slightly in the hours prior to landfall ; Gonu maintained a well @-@ defined low @-@ level structure with a weak eye .
After emerging into the Gulf of Oman , the cyclone briefly re @-@ intensified slightly , possibly due to the warm waters . However , increasing wind shear and entrainment of dry air from the Arabian Peninsula continued to remove deep convection from its eastern semicircle . On June 6 , the cyclone turned to the north @-@ northwest , and later that day the JTWC downgraded Gonu to tropical storm status . The IMD followed suit by downgrading Gonu to severe cyclonic storm status and later to cyclonic storm status early on June 7 . Gonu crossed the Makran coast in Iran six hours later and the IMD stopped issuing advisories on the cyclone . This made it the first tropical cyclone on record to hit the country since 1898 . After landfall , Gonu persisted as a remnant low over Iran through June 8 .
= = Preparations = =
The Oman Chairman of the National Committee for Civil Defence , General Malek Bin Sulaiman Al Ma 'amari , remarked the nation had already developed a contingency plan , which included the activation of army and police personnel after the storm 's passage . Significant damage was expected , especially in northeastern areas , along with up to 150 mm ( 6 in ) of rainfall and very strong winds . Officials recommended citizens evacuate from potentially affected areas , and about 7 @,@ 000 people were forced to leave Masirah Island due to the threat of high surf and strong winds . Overall , more than 20 @,@ 000 people evacuated to emergency shelters . A state of emergency was declared for the nation . The Omani national weather service warned that the cyclone was expected to be worse than the destructive cyclone that hit Masirah Island in 1977 . The Mina al Fahal oil terminal closed for over three days due to the threat of the storm . Omani officials closed government offices for two days and declared a five @-@ day @-@ long national holiday . Most businesses near the coastline were closed prior to the announcement . Authorities at the Muscat International Airport canceled of all flights after 2000 UTC on June 5 due to the cyclone .
In Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates , both members of OPEC , no official warnings had been issued due to Gonu . The storm was not expected to disrupt oil supplies from these two nations . However , oil prices rose early on June 5 because of concerns of disruptions caused by Gonu , as well as the threat of nationwide strikes in Nigeria , Africa 's biggest oil producer . Crude oil for July delivery rose $ 1 @.@ 13 , or 1 @.@ 7 percent , to $ 66 @.@ 21 Monday on the New York Mercantile Exchange , the highest close in 15 days . Futures reached $ 66 @.@ 48 , the highest intraday price since April 30 . The contract was at $ 65 @.@ 95 a barrel , down 26 cents , in after @-@ hours electronic trading at 9 : 43 a.m. Tuesday in Singapore . Tom Kloza , chief oil analyst at the Oil Price Information Service , said he doubted the increase could be attributed to Gonu . " I don 't know if you can really attribute any of the gain to the cyclone , " he said . " It 's an excuse , as opposed to a reason , for the rise in prices . "
In Pakistan , officials recommended fishermen remain within 50 km ( 30 mi ) of the coastline , due to anticipated rough waves in the open ocean . Naval authorities in the United States warned ships to avoid the cyclone in the Arabian Sea .
The Iran Department of Meteorology declared storm warnings for the country 's southeastern coastline ; the agency anticipated moderate to severe precipitation and gusty winds . Prior to the arrival of the cyclone , about 40 @,@ 000 people , including around 4 @,@ 000 students at the International University of Chabahar , evacuated coastal areas of the country to at least 1 km ( 0 @.@ 6 mi ) inland . All flights in and out of the Konarak Airport were canceled during a 48 @-@ hour period . Additionally , all hospitals in Sistan and Baluchestan Province were put on red alert . The Iran chapter of the Red Cross advanced the delivery of necessary relief supplies .
= = Impact = =
Across its path , Cyclone Gonu caused heavy damage and many fatalities . About seven hours before passing near the northeastern Oman coastline , Cyclone Gonu began affecting the country with rough winds and heavy precipitation ; rainfall totals reached 610 mm ( 24 in ) near the coast . Gonu produced strong waves along much of the coastline , leaving many coastal roads flooded . There was a 5 @.@ 1 meter ( 17 foot ) storm surge and a 200 m ( 660 ft ) incursion of seawater inland at Ras al @-@ Hadd ; other areas along the coast had similar levels .
= = = Oman = = =
Strong winds knocked out power and telephone lines across the eastern region of the country , leaving thousands isolated until the lines were repaired hours later . The cyclone caused extensive damage along the coastline , including in the city of Sur and the village of Ras al Hadd at the easternmost point of the Omani mainland . In Muscat , winds reached 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) , leaving the capital city without power . Strong waves and heavy rainfall flooded streets and some buildings . Police workers in the city sent text messages to keep people away from flooded streets to prevent electrocutions . Little damage was reported to the oil fields of the nation . The liquefied natural gas terminal in Sur , which handles 10 million tonnes of gas each year , was badly hit by the storm and could not be operated . Overall , the cyclone killed 50 people in the country ; by the fourth day after it struck the country , 27 people had been reported missing . Around 20 @,@ 000 people were affected , and damage in the country was estimated at around $ 4 @.@ 2 billion ( 2007 USD ) .
= = = United Arab Emirates = = =
Fierce waves pushed large amounts of water to coastal areas in Fujairah of the United Arab Emirates , forcing roads to be closed and traffic diverted . Civil defence and police were on duty to manage the road closures , while municipal workers pumped the excess water off the roads . The road connecting Kalba and Fujairah was closed due to the road being submerged by water . The waves along the coastline were reported to be 10 m ( 32 ft ) high , which destroyed about a dozen fishing boats . About 300 boats were moved from the water or emptied of equipment , and overall damage to the port of Fujairah was reported as severe . A boat sank by the port , leaving its ten passengers missing .
= = = Iran = = =
Upon striking Iran , Gonu dropped moderate to heavy rainfall , including 74 mm ( 2 @.@ 91 in ) in the city of Chabahar . Winds reached 111 km / h ( 69 mph ) , which caused power outages and damaged some homes made of clay ; the power outage led to some fires across the city . The rainfall flooded at least 40 houses , and resulted in the temporary closure of several major roads . Cyclone Gonu produced a storm tide of 2 m ( 6 @.@ 5 ft ) in some locations , with many homes near the coastline receiving damage . In Jask , heavy rainfall overflowed a river , killing three people in a vehicle caught in the water . Flooding from the rainfall also destroyed a dam in Nikshahr County . Throughout the country , the cyclone caused 28 deaths , including 20 from drowning ; damage in Iran was estimated at 2 billion ( 2007 IRR , $ 216 million 2007 USD ) .
= = = Pakistan = = =
Cyclone Gonu caused strong gusty winds and torrential rainfall along Pakistan 's Arabian Sea coast from Karachi to Gwadar . The cyclone was reported to have sunk a number of boats off the eastern coast of Gwadar . It was feared that fishing launches that had ventured into the open sea may have been stranded . At least three houses and one school were destroyed and 210 anchored fishing boats were badly damaged anchored in the coastal town of Sar Bandar in Baluchistan province
= = Aftermath and records = =
The Muscat International Airport reopened after three days while Fujairah reopened on June 7 after it was closed the day before . The cyclone caused little impact to oil facilities along its path ; after the initial price rises , oil dropped over USD2 per barrel as a result . Across the northern Arabian Sea , the passage of Gonu produced stronger winds and significant upwelling – an oceanographic phenomenon that involves the replacement of the nutrient @-@ depleted surface water with deeper nutrient @-@ rich water ; the passage caused a significant increase in phytoplankton . Additionally , the cyclone delayed the arrival of the Indian Ocean south @-@ west monsoon in the Western Ghats in India .
In Oman , production of desalinated water was interrupted , as both of Oman 's desalination plants failed . The first , Ghubrah , lost supplies of natural gas , halting production ; while the second , Barka , sustained a damaged switchgear due to flooding . These plants provided water to Muscat 's 631 @,@ 000 residents and surrounding areas , triggering severe water shortages across eastern Oman . To rectify the situation , officials used water tanks . The water returned to near normal in five days , as the two plants returned to service . Additionally , electricians worked quickly to repair the power outages across the region . Five days after Gonu hit , utilities were restored to most of Muscat and the coastal provinces . The Omani army assisted residents in returning to their houses . Even though the Omani government did not request any international aid , the United States offered assistance through naval ships in the area ; this was eventually rejected . The country lost an estimated $ 200 million ( 2007 USD ) in oil exports . In the months after the storm , the government allocated funds for the removal of debris and trees , as well as restoration of roads in tourist areas . Additionally , the National Committee for Civil Defence set up 139 buildings to provide temporary housing for 8 @,@ 192 people . Services such as water and electricity were gradually restored , and people returned to their homes . By two weeks after the storm 's passage , most of those remaining in shelters were from Qurayat , one of the most severely affected villages .
After the passage of the cyclone , the Iran chapter of the Red Cross and its volunteers worked in conjunction with the military to distribute relief supplies to villages using trucks and helicopters . The branch in Sistan and Baluchestan Province distributed over 10 @,@ 000 blankets , 1 @,@ 300 tents , 400 clothing items , 82 @,@ 000 loaves of bread , and 87 @,@ 000 bottles of water to affected citizens . In total , 61 @,@ 558 families received aid from the Red Cross in Iran . The Iranian government provided monetary relief to the affected people . Officials worked to restore roads , bridges , and power systems in the affected areas , although repairs were more difficult in some locations ; by a week after the storm , several villages remained surrounded by floodwaters .
Cyclone Gonu set several intensity records . When it became a very severe cyclonic storm on June 3 , Gonu became the strongest tropical cyclone on record in the Arabian Sea . Later , it became the only super cyclonic storm , which is a tropical cyclone with 3 @-@ minute sustained winds of at least 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) , in the region . The JTWC estimated peak winds of 270 km / h ( 165 mph ) . Based on their estimate , Gonu was tied with the 1991 Bangladesh Cyclone for the strongest tropical cyclone in the entire northern Indian Ocean , and had the highest windspeed of any cyclone in this basin . On June 6 , Gonu made landfall in extreme eastern Oman with winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , making it the strongest tropical cyclone on record to strike the Arabian Peninsula . With a damage total of $ 4 @.@ 2 billion ( 2007 USD ) and 50 deaths , Gonu became the worst natural disaster on record in Oman . Additionally , the storm was only the second cyclonic storm on record to strike Iran , the other doing so on June 4 , 1898 .
= Tron : Legacy =
Tron : Legacy ( stylized as TRON : Legacy ) is a 2010 American science fiction action film directed by Joseph Kosinski from a screenplay written by Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis , based on a story by Horowitz , Kitsis , Brian Klugman and Lee Sternthal . It is a sequel to the 1982 film Tron , whose director Steven Lisberger returned to produce . The cast includes Jeff Bridges and Bruce Boxleitner reprising their roles as Kevin Flynn and Alan Bradley , respectively , as well as Garrett Hedlund , Olivia Wilde , and Michael Sheen . The story follows Flynn 's son Sam , who responds to a message from his long @-@ lost father and is transported into a virtual reality called the Grid , where Sam , his father and the algorithm Quorra , stop the malevolent program CLU from invading the human world .
Interest in creating a sequel to Tron arose after the film garnered a cult following . After much speculation , Walt Disney Pictures began a concerted effort in 2005 to devise Tron : Legacy , with the hiring of Klugman and Sternthal as writers . Kosinski was recruited as director two years later . As he was not optimistic about Disney 's Matrix @-@ esque approach to the film , Kosinski filmed a high @-@ concept , which he used conceptualize the universe of Tron : Legacy and convince the studio to greenlight the film . Principal photography took place in Vancouver over 67 days , in and around the city 's central business district . Most sequences were shot in 3D and ten companies were involved with the extensive visual effects work . Chroma keying and other techniques were used to allow more freedom in creating effects . Daft Punk composed the musical score , incorporating orchestral sounds with their trademark electronic music .
Tron : Legacy was released in North America on December 17 , 2010 . Disney aggressively promoted the film across multiple media platforms , including merchandising , consumer products , theme parks , and advertising . The film received mixed reviews from film critics , who praised the visual effects , production design , and soundtrack , but criticized the character development and cast performance . The film grossed $ 400 million during its worldwide theatrical run .
= = Plot = =
In 1989 , seven years after the events of the first film , Kevin Flynn , who has been recently promoted CEO of ENCOM International , disappears . Twenty years later , his son Sam , now ENCOM 's primary shareholder , takes little interest in the company beyond playing an annual prank on its board of directors .
Alan Bradley , an ENCOM executive and friend to Sam 's father , asks Sam to investigate a strange pager message originating from Flynn 's shuttered video arcade . Sam discovers a large computer in a hidden basement , which suddenly teleports him to the Grid , a virtual reality created by his father that exists within ENCOM ’ s computer mainframe . He is quickly captured and sent to " the Games " , where he is forced to fight a masked program named Rinzler . When Sam is injured and begins bleeding , Rinzler realizes that Sam is a human " User " and takes him before Clu , the Grid 's corrupt ruling program who resembles a younger Kevin Flynn . Clu nearly kills Sam in a Light Cycle match , but Sam is rescued by Quorra , an " apprentice " of Flynn , who conveys him to his father 's hideout outside Clu 's territory .
Flynn reveals to Sam that he had been working to create a " perfect " computer system and had appointed Clu and Tron ( a security program created by Bradley ) its co @-@ creators . During this construction , the trio discovered a species of naturally occurring " isomorphic algorithms " ( ISOs ) not conceived by Flynn , bearing the potential to resolve various mysteries in science , religion and medicine . Clu , considering them an aberration , betrayed Flynn , seemingly killed Tron , and destroyed the ISOs . Meanwhile , the " I / O portal " permitting travel between the two worlds had closed , leaving Flynn trapped in the system . Now that Clu has gained complete control , he sent the message to Alan in order to lure Sam onto the Grid and reopen the portal for a limited time . As Flynn 's " identity disc " is the master key to the Grid and the only way to traverse the portal , Clu expects Sam to bring Flynn to the portal so he can take Flynn 's disc , go through the portal himself , and impose his idea of perfection on the human world .
Against his father 's wishes , Sam returns to Clu 's territory on Quorra 's tip @-@ off to find Zuse , a program who can provide safe passage to the I / O portal . At the End of Line Club , its owner Castor reveals himself to be Zuse , then betrays Sam to Clu 's guards . In the resulting fight , Flynn rescues his son , but Quorra is injured and Zuse gains possession of Flynn 's disc . Zuse attempts to bargain with Clu for the disc , but Clu simply takes the disc and destroys the club along with Zuse . Flynn and Sam stow away aboard a " solar sailer " transport program , where Flynn restores Quorra and reveals her to be the last surviving ISO .
The transport is intercepted by Clu 's warship ; as a diversion , Quorra allows herself to be captured by Rinzler , whom Flynn recognizes as Tron , reprogrammed by Clu . Sam reclaims Flynn 's disc and rescues Quorra , while Flynn takes control of a Light Fighter on the flight deck . Clu , Rinzler , and several guards pursue the trio in Light Jets . Upon making eye contact with Flynn , Rinzler remembers his past and deliberately collides with Clu 's Light Jet , but Clu uses Tron 's spare baton to escape while Tron falls into the Sea of Simulation below . Clu confronts the others at the I / O portal , where Flynn reintegrates with his digital duplicate , destroying Clu along with himself . Quorra , having switched discs with Flynn , gives Flynn 's disc to Sam and they escape together to the real world . In Flynn 's arcade , Sam backs up and deactivates the system . He then finds a waiting Bradley and tells him he plans to retake control of ENCOM , naming Bradley chairman of the board . He departs on his motorcycle with Quorra , and she witnesses her first real sunrise .
= = Cast = =
Jeff Bridges as Kevin Flynn , the former CEO of ENCOM International and creator of the popular arcade game Tron based on his own experiences in ENCOM 's virtual reality , who disappeared in 1989 while developing " a digital frontier that will reshape the human condition " .
Bridges also portrays Clu ( Codified Likeness Utility ) , a more advanced incarnation of Flynn 's original computer @-@ hacking program , designed as an " exact duplicate of himself " within the Grid , via digital makeup and voiceover , while John Reardon portrays Clu physically .
Garrett Hedlund as Samuel " Sam " Flynn , a primary shareholder of ENCOM who , while investigating his father 's disappearance , is transported onto the Grid himself . Hedlund won a " Darwinian casting process " which tested hundreds of actors , being chosen for having the " unique combination of intelligence , wit , humor , look and physicality " that the producers were looking for in Flynn 's son . The actor trained hard to do his own stunts , which included jumping over cars and copious wire and harness work . Owen Best portrays the seven @-@ year @-@ old Sam Flynn .
Olivia Wilde as Quorra , an " isomorphic algorithm " , adept warrior , and confidante of Kevin Flynn in the Grid . Flynn refers to her as his " apprentice " and has imparted volumes of information to her regarding the world outside of the Grid , which she longs to experience . She is shown to have a love of human literature , particularly the writings of Jules Verne , and plays Go with Flynn . She comments that her ' aggressive style ' is usually foiled by Flynn 's patience . Wilde describes Quorra as akin to Joan of Arc . Her hairstyle was influenced by singer Karen O. Wilde added that although " [ Quorra ] could have just been another slinky , vampy temptress " , it was important for her to appeal to both men and women , and that character tried to avoid the typical female lead by having a naiveté and childlike innocence adequate for such an " evolving and learning organism " . Quorra 's action scenes led Wilde to work out and train in martial arts .
Bruce Boxleitner as Alan Bradley , an executive consultant for ENCOM , and close friend of Kevin Flynn who , after receiving a cryptic page from the office at the shuttered Flynn 's Arcade , encourages Sam to investigate its origin .
Boxleitner also portrays Tron / Rinzler , a security program originally developed by Bradley to monitor ENCOM 's Master Control Program and later reassigned by Flynn to defend the Grid , who was overpowered and re @-@ purposed by Clu as a masked command program wielding an identity disk that splits into two , in flashback sequences via the same treatment as Bridges ' younger self for Clu . Anis Cheurfa , a stunt actor , portrayed Rinzler , while Boxleitner provided the dialogue . Rinzler is named after author and Lucasfilm Executive Editor J.W. Rinzler .
Michael Sheen as Zuse / Castor , a flamboyant supermodel program who runs the End of Line Club at the top of the tallest tower in the system . Sheen describes his performance as containing elements of performers such as David Bowie , Joel Grey from Cabaret , and a bit of Frank @-@ N @-@ Furter from The Rocky Horror Show .
James Frain as Jarvis , an administration program who serves as Clu 's right @-@ hand man and chief intelligence officer . Frain had to shave his head , bleach his eyebrows white , and wear make @-@ up . The refraction on Jarvis ' helmet led Frain to walk in a " slightly squinty , blind stagger " which the actor felt was helpful to get him into character . Frain described Jarvis as " a fun , comic character that ’ s a little off @-@ beat " , considering him " more human , in terms of being fallible and absurd " compared to the zanier Castor .
Beau Garrett as Gem , one of four programs known as Sirens . The Sirens operate the Grid 's game armory , equipping combatants with the armor needed to compete in the games , while also reporting to Castor .
Daft Punk as disc jockey programs at Castor 's End of Line Club .
Steven Lisberger as Shaddix , a bartender in the End of Line Club .
Jeffrey Nordling as Richard Mackey , the chairman of ENCOM 's executive board .
Cillian Murphy ( uncredited ) as Edward Dillinger , Jr . , the head of ENCOM 's software design team and the son of former ENCOM Senior Executive Ed Dillinger ( portrayed by David Warner in the original film ) .
Serinda Swan and Yaya DaCosta also appear as Sirens .
= = Themes = =
Tron : Legacy is imbued with several references to religious themes , particularly those relating to Christianity and Buddhism . Olivia Wilde 's character , Quorra , was informed by the historical Catholic figure Joan of Arc . Wilde sought inspiration from her six months before production of the film commenced . She , alongside Kosinski , collaborated with the writers on editing the characters so she would contain the characteristics of Joan of Arc . Wilde assessed the characteristics of the figure : " She 's this unlikely warrior , very strong but compassionate , and completely led by selflessness . Also , she thinks she 's in touch with some higher power and has one foot in another world . All of these were elements of Quorra . " Since she epitomizes the concept of androgyny , producers conceived Quorra from an androgynous perspective , notably giving her a short haircut .
Bridges opined that Tron : Legacy was evocative of a modern myth , adding that ideas alluding to technological advancement were prevalent throughout the film . To Cyriaque Lamar of io9 , the film 's approach to technology was reminiscent of a kōan . " One of the things that brought me to this film , " affirmed Bridges , " was the idea of helping to create a modern @-@ day myth to help us navigate through these technological waters [ ... ] . I dig immediate gratification as much as anybody , but it happens so fast that if you make a decision like that , you can go far down the wrong path . Think about those plastic single @-@ use water bottles . Where did that come from ? Who decided that ? You can have a couple of swigs of water [ ... ] and those bottles don 't disintegrate entirely . Microscopic animals eat the plastic , and the fish eat those , and we 're all connected . It 's a finite situation here . "
According to screenwriter Adam Horowitz , Kosinski stated that the film 's universal theme was " finding a human connection in a digital world . " They followed this by " approach [ ing ] the world from the perspective of character , using Kevin Flynn as an organizing principle , and focus on the emotional relationship from father and son and their reconciliation , which brings profound turns in their respective individual lives . ”
= = Pre @-@ production = =
= = = Background = = =
Steven Lisberger relocated to Boston , Massachusetts from Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in the 1970s to pursue a career in computer animation . Since the computer animation field was mainly concentrated in Los Angeles , Lisberger had very little competition operating on the East Coast : " Nobody back then did Hollywood stuff , so there was no competition and no one telling us that we couldn 't do it . " He later produced the American science fiction film Tron ( 1982 ) for Walt Disney Productions , the first computer animation @-@ based feature film . Although the film garnered some critical praise , it generated only modest sales at the box office — the cumulative North American gross was just $ 33 million . Producer Sean Bailey , who saw the film with his father and Lisberger , was captivated by the finished product . Although Tron performed below Disney studio 's expectations , it later developed a cult following , which fueled speculation of Pixar 's alleged interest in creating a sequel , in 1999 . Rumors of a Tron sequel were further ignited after the 2003 release of the first @-@ person shooter video game , Tron 2 @.@ 0 . Lisberger hinted that a third installment could be in the works , depending on the commercial success of the game .
= = = Conception = = =
Plans for creating Tron : Legacy began to materialize in 2005 , when Walt Disney Studios hired screenwriters Brian Klugman and Lee Sternthal as writers for the film . The two had recently finished writing the script for Warrior . According to Variety columnist Michael Fleming , Klugman and Sternthal felt " that the world has caught up to Lisberger 's original concept " . Klugman said of the precedent film : " It was remembered not only for story , but a visual style that nobody had ever used before . We are contemporizing it , taking ideas that were ahead of the curve and applying them to the present , and we feel the film has a chance to resonate to a younger audience . "
In 2007 , Disney began to negotiate with Joseph Kosinski to direct Tron : Legacy . Kosinski admitted that at the time , he was not keen on the idea but it later grew on him as time progressed . Kosinski was involved in a meeting with Bailey , president of Walt Disney Pictures . " Disney owns the property , Tron , " Bailey stated . " Do you know it ? Are you interested ? What would your take be ? In a post @-@ Matrix world , how do you go back to the world of Tron ? " Kosinski wanted to embrace the general ambiance of the film , and wished to not use the internet as a model or use a formula emulative of The Matrix film series . As neither individuals were in equal agreement on choosing a perspective to conceive the film , Kosinski asked Bailey to lend him money in order to create a conceptual prototype of the Tron : Legacy universe , which was eventually presented at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . " So , we went into Disney , " he recalled , " and I told them , ' We can talk about this all day , but in order to really get on the same page , I need to show you what this world looks and feels like . Give me some money and let me do a small test that will give you a hint for a couple minutes of it , and see what you think . ' "
A graduate of Columbia University 's architecture school , Kosinski 's knowledge of architecture was pivotal in conceptualizing the Tron : Legacy universe . His approach in cultivating a prototype was different from other film directors because , according to Kosinski , he came " from a design point of view " ; " Some of my favorite directors come from outside of the film business , so that made my approach different from other directors , but a design background makes sense for a movie like this because the whole world has to be made from scratch . " Lisberger would later state that he left the sequel to a different production team because " after thirty years I don ’ t want to compete with myself " , and to showcase how the next generation dealt with the themes contained in Tron - " If I brought my network in , it would be a little bit like one of those Clint Eastwood movies where all the old guys go to space . " Lisberger added that " I dig this role of being the Obi @-@ Wan or the Yoda on this film more than being the guy in the trenches " , stating that unlike Kosinski his age was a hindering factor - " I cannot work sixteen hours a day staring at twenty @-@ five monitors for most of that time . "
= = = Writing = = =
Shortly after hiring Kosinski , Bailey approached screenwriting duo Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis , who accepted for being self @-@ described " obsessed about Tron " . Horowitz later claimed the challenge was to " homage the first movie , continue the story , expand it and take it to another place and open up space for new fans " , and Kitsis claimed that the film would start a whole new mythology " of which we 're only scratching the surface " . Horowitz and Kitsis first created a story outline , and developed and fine @-@ tuned the plot with Bailey and Kosinski across a period of two days in La Quinta . The writers also consulted Lisberger , to view Tron 's creator input on the story . Lisberger gave his blessing , particularly as he has a son the same age as Sam , which Kitsis stated that " was like we had tapped into something he was feeling without even realizing it . " The Pixar team contributed with rewrites for additional shooting after being shown a rough cut in March 2010 , which helped in particular to the development of Sam 's story line .
The writing staff cited The Wizard of Oz as a source of thematic influence for Tron : Legacy in writing the script , with Kitsis stating that " They both have very similar DNA , which is Tron really lives on , in a lot of ways , trying to get home . You 're put on this world and you want to go home and what is home ? That 's in a lot of way inspired us . " Kitsis also added that they had to include an " emotional spine to take us into the story or else it just becomes a bunch of moves or gags and stuff " , eventually deciding on adding a mysterious destiny to Flynn and giving him a legendary aura - " Kevin Flynn to us was Steve Jobs and Bill Gates all wrapped up into one and John Lennon " . The writers decided to create the character of Clu as an evil embodiment of " how you look back on your younger self , ( ... ) that guy [ that ] thought he knew everything , but he really knew nothing " . Bridges liked the idea of the dual perspectives , and contributed with the writers for the characterization of Flynn as a sanguine Zen master by suggesting them to get inspiration from various Buddhist texts . Part of the concepts emerged from a reunion the producers had with scientists from California Institute of Technology and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to discuss concepts such as isomorphic algorithms and the digitizing of organic matter .
Horowitz revealed the film would contain many light cycles battles , and asserted that the script for the scenes were " incredibly detailed " , and involved an intricate collaborative process . For the disc game , Horowitz and Kitsis wrote a rough draft of the scene , and sent the script to Kosinski ; he summarized his perspective of the sequence 's visuals to them . " He described them as these underlying platforms , " said Horowitz , " that would then coalesce and then the way you would go from round to round in the game is you defeat someone , they kinda come together as you see in the movie . " After giving his intake , Kosinski sent various sketches of the scene to the writers and would often revise the script . Kitsis thought that illustrating the character 's stories to be the most difficult task in writing Tron : Legacy . The writers collaborated with the creative process throughout production , which was helpful especially considering the difficulties of describing in a tangible way a digital world that " in its very nature defies basic screenwriting conventions . "
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
At the 2008 San Diego Comic @-@ Con , a preliminary teaser trailer ( labeled as TR2N and directed by Joseph Kosinski ) was shown as a surprise to convention guests . It depicted a yellow Program engaged in a light cycle battle with a blue Program , and it prominently featured Jeff Bridges reprising his role as an aged Kevin Flynn ( from the first film ) . At the end of the trailer , the yellow Program showed his face , which appeared identical to Flynn 's earlier program Clu ( resembling the younger Flynn in Tron ) .
While the trailer did not confirm that a Tron sequel was in production , it showed that Disney was serious about a sequel . In an interview with Sci @-@ Fi Wire , Bridges revealed that the test footage was unlikely to appear in the finished film . On July 23 , 2009 , Disney revealed film 's title at their panel at Comic @-@ Con. Bridges explained that the title is in reference to the story 's theme : " It 's basically a story about a son 's search for his father . " They also showed a trailer similar to the one shown at Comic @-@ Con 2009 , with updated visuals . At the time , the film had just wrapped production and they had a year of post production ahead of them . Because none of the footage from inside the computer world was finished , they premiered concept images from the production . Art included the Recognizer , which has been updated from the original film . Concept photos were also shown of Disc Wars , which has also been revised from the original film into a 16 @-@ game tournament . The arena is set up so that the game court organically changes , and all 16 games are going on at the same time . The boards also combine in real time until the last two Disc warriors are connected .
Light cycles make a return , with new designs by Daniel Simon . According to the press conference at Comic @-@ Con 2008 , a new vehicle appears called a " Light Runner , " a two @-@ seat version of the light cycle . It is said to be very fast , and has the unique ability to go off The Grid on its own power . We also get a glimpse at Kevin Flynn 's own cycle , a " Second Generation Light Cycle " designed in 1989 by Flynn and is " still the fastest thing on The Grid . " It incorporates some of the look of both films .
A life @-@ size model of the light cycle was put on display at a booth at Fan Expo 2009 in Toronto , Ontario from August 28 – 30 , 2009 , along with a special presentation of material from the production . The conceptual art shown at Comic @-@ Con was shown in the session , along with some test film of the martial artists who play a more athletic style of Disc Wars . A segment from the film showed Flynn 's son entering the now @-@ decrepit arcade , playing a Tron stand @-@ up arcade video game , noticing a passage in the wall behind the Tron game and entering it , the passage closing behind him . Flynn 's son makes the visit to the arcade after Alan Bradley receives a page from the disconnected phone number of the arcade . The footage was used later as part of the trailer released on March 5 , 2010 .
The character of Yori and her user , Dr. Lora Baines , do not appear in the sequel , even though the film refers to Alan Bradley being married to Lora . Fans have lobbied for actress Cindy Morgan to be in the film with active campaigns online , such as " Yori Lives " on Facebook , which is independent of Morgan herself . " All I know is what I 'm seeing online , " Morgan said . " I am so thrilled and touched and excited about the fan reaction and about people talking about the first one and how it relates to the second one . I can 't tell you how warm a feeling I get from that . It just means so much . " No one from Tron : Legacy had contacted Morgan , and she did not directly speak with anyone from the sequel 's cast and crew . As Dr. Lora Baines , Cindy Morgan had appeared with Bruce Boxleitner ( as Alan Bradley ) at the Encom Press Conference in San Francisco , April 2 , 2010 .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography took place in Vancouver , British Columbia in April 2009 , and lasted for approximately 67 days . Many filming locations were established in Downtown Vancouver and its surroundings . Stage shooting for the film took place at the Canadian Motion Picture Park studio in Burnaby , a nearby suburb of the city . Kosinski devised and constructed twelve to fifteen of the film 's sets , including Kevin Flynn 's safe house , a creation he illustrated on a napkin for a visual effects test . " I wanted to build as much as possible . It was important to me that this world feel real , and anytime I could build something I did . So I hired guys that I went to architecture school with to work on the sets for this film , and hopefully people who watch the film feel like there ’ s a certain physicality to this world that hopefully they appreciate , knowing that real architects actually put this whole thing together . " The film was shot in dual camera 3D using Pace Fusion rigs like James Cameron 's Avatar , but unlike the Sony F950 cameras on that film , Tron used the F35s . " The benefit of [ the F35s ] , " according to director Kosinski , " is that it has a full 35mm sensor which gives you that beautiful cinematic shallow depth of field . " The film 's beginning portions were shot in 2D , while forty minutes of the film were vertically enhanced for IMAX . Digital Domain was contracted to work on the visual effects , while companies such as Prime Focus Group , DD Vancouver , and Mr. X were brought on to collaborate with producer on the post @-@ production junctures of Tron : Legacy . Post @-@ production wrapped on November 25 , 2010 .
The sequences on the Grid were wholly shot in 3D , utilizing cameras specifically designed for it , and employed a 3D technique that combined other special effects techniques . The real @-@ world sequences were filmed in 2D , and eventually altered using the three @-@ dimensional element . Bailey stated that it was a challenge shooting Tron : Legacy in 3D because the cameras were bigger and heavier , and variations needed to be taken into account . Despite these concerns , he opined that it was a " great reason to go to the movies because it 's an experience you just can 't recreate on an iPhone or a laptop " . In some sequences the image shows a fine mesh pattern and some blurring . That is not interference or a production fault , but indicates that that sequence is a flashback and to simulate an older form of video representation technology . Stunt work on the film was designed and coordinated by 87Eleven , who also designed and trained fight sequences for 300 and Watchmen . Olivia Wilde described it as an honor to train with them .
= = = Design = = =
In defining his method for creating Tron : Legacy , Kosinski declared that his main objective was to " make it feel real " , adding that he wanted the audience to feel like filming actually occurred in the fictional universe . For this , many physical sets were built , as Kosinski " wanted the materials to be real materials : glass , concrete , steel , so it had this kind of visceral quality . " Kosinski collaborated with people who specialized in fields outside of the film industry , such as architecture and automotive design . The looks for the Grid aimed for a more advanced version of the cyberspace visited by Flynn in Tron , which Lisberger described as " a virtual Galapagos , which has evolved on its own " . As Bailey put , the Grid would not have any influence from the internet as it had turned offline from the real world in the 1980s , and " grew on its own server into something powerful and unique " . Kosinski added that as the simulation became more realistic , it would try to become closer to the real world with environmental effects such as rain and wind , and production designer Darren Gilford stated that there would be a juxtaposition between the variety of texture and color of the real world introduction in contrast with the " clean surfaces and lines " of the Grid . As the design team considered the lights a major part of the Tron look , particularly for being set in a dark world — described by effects art director Ben Procter as " dark silhouetted objects dipped in an atmosphere with clouds in @-@ between , in a kind of Japanese landscape painting " where " the self @-@ lighting of the objects is the main light source " — lighting was spread through every prop on the set , including the floor in Flynn 's hideout . Lisberger also stated that while the original Tron " reflected the way cyberspace was " , the sequel was " going to be like a modern day , like contemporary plus , in terms of how much resolution , the texturing , the feel , the style " , adding that " it doesn ’ t have that Pong Land vibe to it anymore . "
The skintight suits worn by the actors were reminiscent of the outfits worn by the actors in the original film . Kosinski believed that the costumes could be made to be practical due to the computerized nature of the film , as physically illuminating each costume would be costly to the budget . Christine Bieselin Clark worked with Michael Wilkinson in designing the lighted costumes , which used electroluminescent lamps derived from a flexible polymer film and featured hexagonal patterns . The lights passed through the suit via Light Tape , a substance composed of Honeywell lamination and Sylvania phosphors . To concoct a color , a transparent 3M Vinyl film was applied onto the phosphor prior to lamination . While most of the suits were made out of foam latex , others derived from spandex , which was sprayed with balloon rubber , ultimately giving the illusion of a lean shape . The actors had to be compressed to compromise for the bulk of the electronics . In addition , Clark and Wilkinson designed over 140 background costumes . The two sought influence from various fashion and shoe designers in building the costumes . On the back of the suit was an illuminated disc , which consisted of 134 LED lights . It was attached to the suit via a magnet , and was radio @-@ controlled . All the costumes had to be sewn in such a way that the stitches did not appear , as the design team figured that in a virtual environment the clothes would just materialize , with no need for buttons , zippers or enclosures . According to Neville Page , the lead designer for the helmets , " The art departments communicated very well with each other to realise Joe ’ s [ ... ] vision . We would look over each other ’ s shoulders to find inspiration from one another . The development of the costumes came from trying to develop the form language which came from within the film . "
The majority of the suits were designed using ZBrush . A scan of an actor 's body was taken , which was then encased to decipher the fabric , the location of the foam , amongst other concerns . With a computer numerical cutting of dense foam , a small scale output would be created to perfect fine details before initiating construction of the suit . Upon downloading the participant 's body scan , the illustrations were overlaid to provide an output manufacturing element . Describing the computer numerical cutting process , Chris Lavery of Clothes on Film noted that it had a tendency to elicit bubbles and striations . Clark stated : " The [ ... ] suit is all made of a hexagon mesh which we also printed and made the fabric from 3D files . This would go onto the hard form ; it would go inside the mould which was silicon matrix . We would put those together and then inject foam into the negative space . The wiring harness is embedded into the mould and you get a torso . We then paint it and that ’ s your finished suit . "
= = = Sound and visual effects = = =
Crowd effects for the gaming arena were recorded at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . During one of the Tron : Legacy panels , the crowd was given instruction via a large video screen while techs from Skywalker Sound recorded the performance . The audience performed chants and stomping effects similar to what is heard in modern sports arenas .
It took two years and ten companies to create the 1 @,@ 565 visual effects shots of Tron : Legacy . The majority of the effects were done by Digital Domain , who created 882 shots under supervisor Eric Barba . The production team blended several special effect techniques , such as chroma keying , to allow more freedom in creating effects . Similar to Tron , this approach was seen as pushing the boundaries of modern technology . " I was going more on instinct rather than experience , " Kosinski remarked . Although he had previously used the technology in producing advertisements , this was the first time Kosinski used it a large scale simultaneously . Darren Gilford was approached as the production designer , while David Levy was hired as a concept artist . Levy translated Kosinski 's ideas into drawings and other visual designs . " Joe 's vision evolved the visuals of the first film , " he stated . " He wanted the Grid to feel like reality , but with a twist . " An estimated twenty to twenty @-@ five artists from the art department developed concepts of the Tron : Legacy universe , which varied from real world locations to fully digital sets . Gilford suggested that there were between sixty and seventy settings in the film , split up into fifteen fully constructed sets with different levels of computer @-@ created landscapes .
Rather than utilizing makeup tactics , such as the ones used in A Beautiful Mind , to give Jeff Bridges a younger appearance , the character of Clu was completely computer generated . To show that this version of Clu was created some time after the events of the original film , the visual effects artists based his appearance on how Bridges looked in Against All Odds , released two years after Tron . The effects team hired makeup artist Rick Baker to construct a molded likeness of a younger Bridges head to serve as their basis for their CG work . But soon , they scrapped the mould because they wished for it to be more youthful . There was no time to make another mould , so the team reconstructed it digitally . On @-@ set , first Bridges would perform , being then followed by stunt double John Reardon who would mimic his actions . Reardon 's head was replaced on post @-@ production with the digital version of the young Bridges . Barba – who was involved in a similar experience for The Curious Case of Benjamin Button — stated that they used four microcameras with infrared sensors to capture all 134 dots on Bridges face that would be the basis of the facial movements , a similar process that was used in Avatar . It took over two years to not only create the likeness of Clu , but also the character 's movements ( such as muscle movement ) . Bridges called the experience surreal and said it was " Just like the first Tron , but for real ! "
= = = Music = = =
The French electronic group Daft Punk composed the film score of Tron : Legacy , which features over 30 tracks . The score was arranged and orchestrated by Joseph Trapanese . Jason Bentley served as the film 's music supervisor . An electronic music fan , Kosinski stated that to replicate the innovative electronic Tron score by Wendy Carlos " rather than going with a traditional film composer , I wanted to try something fresh and different " , adding that " there was a lot of interest from different electronic bands that I follow to work on the film " but he eventually picked Daft Punk . Kosinski added that he knew the band was " more than just dance music guys " for side projects such as their film Electroma . The duo were first contacted by producers in 2007 , when Tron : Legacy was still in the early stages of production . Since they were touring at the time , producers were unsuccessful in contacting the group . They were again approached by Kosinski , eventually agreeing to take part in the film a year later . Kosinski added that Daft Punk were huge Tron fans , and that his meeting with them " was almost like they were interviewing me to make sure that I was going to hold up to the Tron legacy " .
The soundtrack started being composed before production had even begun , and is a notable departure from the band 's previous works , as Daft Punk put more emphasis on orchestral elements rather than relying solely on synthesizers . " Synths are a very low level of artificial intelligence , " explained member Guy @-@ Manuel de Homem @-@ Christo , " whereas you have a Stradivarius that will live for a thousand years . We knew from the start that there was no way that we were going to do this film score with two synthesizers and a drum machine . " " Derezzed " was taken from the album and released as its sole single . The album was released on December 3 , 2010 , and sold 71 @,@ 000 copies in its first week in the United States . Peaking at number six on the Billboard 200 , it eventually acquired a gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies . A remix album for the soundtrack , titled Tron : Legacy Reconfigured , became available on April 5 , 2011 to coincide with the film 's home media release .
= = Marketing = =
On July 21 , 2009 , several film @-@ related websites posted they had received via mail a pair of " Flynn 's Arcade " tokens along with a flash drive . Its content was an animated GIF that showed CSS code lines . Four of them were put together and part of the code was cracked , revealing the URL to Flynnlives.com , a fictitious site maintained by activists who believe Kevin Flynn is alive , even though he has been missing since 1989 . Clicking on a tiny spider in the lower section of the main page led to a countdown clock that hit zero on July 23 , 2009 , 9 : 30 pm PDT . Within the Terms of Use Section , an address was found . It lies in San Diego , California , USA near the city 's convention center where the Comic @-@ Con 2009 took place and some footage and information on the sequel was released . Flynn 's Arcade was re @-@ opened at that location , with several Space Paranoids arcade machines and a variety of ' 80s video games . A full @-@ size light cycle from the new film was on display .
A ninth viral site , homeoftron.com , was found . It portrays some of the history of Flynn 's Arcade as well as a fan memoir section . On December 19 , 2009 a new poster was revealed , along with the second still from the film . Banners promoting the film paved the way to the 2010 Comic @-@ Con convention center , making this a record third appearance for the film at the annual event .
Disney also partnered with both Coke Zero and Norelco on Tron : Legacy . Disney 's subsidiary Marvel Comics had special covers of their superheroes in Tron garb , and Nokia had trailers for the film preloaded on Nokia N8 phones while doing a promotion to attend the film 's London premiere . While Sam picks up a can of Coors in the film , it was not product placement , with the beer appearing because Kosinksi " just liked the color and thought it would look good on screen . "
= = = Theme parks and attractions = = =
At the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida , one monorail train was decorated with special artwork depicting lightcycles with trailing beams of light , along with the film 's logo . This Tron @-@ themed monorail , formerly the " Coral " monorail , was renamed the " Tronorail " and unveiled in March 2010 . At the Disneyland Resort in California , a nighttime dance party named " ElecTRONica " premiered on October 8 , 2010 and was set to close in May 2011 , but it was extended until April 2012 due to positive guest response , in Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure Park . Winners of America 's Best Dance Crew , Poreotics , performed at ElecTRONica . As part of ElecTRONica , a sneak peek with scenes from the film is shown in 3D with additional in @-@ theater effects in the Muppet * Vision 3D theater .
On October 29 , 2010 , the nighttime show World of Color at Disney California Adventure Park began soft @-@ openings after its second show of a Tron : Legacy @-@ themed encore using a Daft Punk music piece titled " The Game Has Changed " from the film soundtrack , using new effects and projections on Paradise Pier attractions . The encore officially premiered on November 1 , 2010 . On December 12 , 2010 , the show Extreme Makeover : Home Edition as part of a house rebuild constructed a Tron : Legacy @-@ themed bedroom for one of the occupants ' young boys . The black painted room not only consisted of life sized Tron city graphics but glowing blue line graphics on the walls , floor and furniture , a desk with glowing red lit Recognizers for the legs and a Tron suit inspired desk chair , a Lightcycle shaped chair with blue lighting accents , projection mural system that projects Tron imagery on a glass wall partition , laptop computer , flat panel television , several Tron Legacy action figures , a daybed in black and shimmering dark blue and blue overhead lit panels .
Disney was involved with the Ice Hotel in Jukkasjärvi , Sweden through association with designers Ian Douglas @-@ Jones at I @-@ N @-@ D @-@ J and Ben Rousseau to create " The Legacy of the River " , a high @-@ tech suite inspired by Tron : Legacy . The suite uses electroluminescent wire to capture the art style of the film . It consists of over 60 square meters of 100mm thick ice equating to approximately six tons . 160 linear meters of electroluminescent wire were routed out , sandwiched and then glued with powdered snow and water to create complex geometric forms . The Ice Hotel is expected to get 60 @,@ 000 visitors for the season which lasts December 2010 through April 2011 . On November 19 , 2010 , the Tron : Legacy Pop Up Shop opened at Royal @-@ T Cafe and Art Space in Culver City , California . The shop featured many of the collaborative products created as tie ins with the film from brands such as Oakley , Hurley and Adidas . The space was decorated in theme and the adjacent cafe had a tie in menu with Tron inspired dishes . The shop remained open until December 23 , 2010 .
Shanghai Disneyland , scheduled to open on June 16 , 2016 , will feature the TRON Lightcycle Power Run , a steel , indoor roller coaster located underneath a color @-@ shifting canopy in Tomorrowland . The attraction , unique to that Disney park , will take guests on a ride through the Grid from Tron : Legacy on their very own light cycle .
= = = Merchandising = = =
Electronics and toy lines inspired by the film were released during Fall 2010 . A line of Tron @-@ inspired jewelry , shoes and apparel was also released , and Disney even created a pop @-@ up store to sell them in Culver City . Custom Tron branded gaming controllers have been released for Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and Wii .
A tie @-@ in video game , entitled Tron : Evolution , was released on November 25 , 2010 . The story sits between the original Tron film and Tron : Legacy . Teaser trailers were released in November 2009 , while a longer trailer was shown during the Spike Video Game Awards on December 12 , 2009 . There were also two games released for the iOS devices ( iPhone , iPod , and iPad ) as a tie @-@ in to the film : Tron and Tron : Legacy . Disney commissioned N @-@ Space to develop a series of multiplayer games based on Tron : Legacy for the Wii console . IGN reviewed the PlayStation 3 version of the game but gave it only a " passable " 6 out of 10 . A tie @-@ in 128 @-@ page graphic novel Tron : Betrayal was released by Disney Press on November 16 , 2010 . It includes an 11 @-@ page retelling of the original Tron story in addition to a story fitting between the original film and Tron : Legacy . IGN reviewed the comic and gave it a " passable " score of 6 @.@ 5 out of 10 .
= = Release = =
On October 28 , 2010 , a 23 @-@ minute preview of the film was screened on many IMAX theaters all over the world , ( presented by ASUS ) . The tickets for this event were sold out within an hour on October 8 . Stand @-@ by tickets for the event were also sold shortly before the presentation started . Original merchandise from the film was also available for sale . Announced through the official Tron Facebook page , the red carpet premiere of the film was broadcast live on the internet . Tron Legacy was released in theaters on December 17 , 2010 , in the United States and United Kingdom . The film was originally set to be released in the UK on December 26 , 2010 , but was brought forward due to high demand . The film was presented in IMAX 3D and Disney Digital 3D . The film was also released with D @-@ BOX motion code in select theaters and released in 50 Iosono @-@ enhanced cinemas , creating " 3D sound " .
On December 10 , 2010 , in Toronto , Canada , a special premiere was hosted by George Stroumboulopoulos organized through Twitter , open to the first 100 people who showed up at the CN Tower . After the film ended the tower was lit up blue to mirror The Grid . On December 13 , 2010 , in select cities all over the United States , a free screening of the entire film in 3D was available to individuals on a first @-@ come , first @-@ served basis . Free " Flynn Lives " pins were handed out to the attendees . The announcement of the free screenings was made on the official Flynn Lives Facebook page . On January 21 , 2011 , the German designer Michael Michalsky hosted the German premiere of the film at his cultural event StyleNite during Berlin Fashion Week .
= = = Home media = = =
Tron : Legacy was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu @-@ ray Disc , DVD , and digital download in North America on April 5 , 2011 . Legacy was available stand @-@ alone as a single @-@ disc DVD , a two @-@ disc DVD and Blu @-@ ray combo pack , and a four @-@ disc box set adding a Blu @-@ ray 3D and a digital copy . A five @-@ disk box set featuring both Tron films was also released , with one , entitled The Ultimate Tron Experience , having a collectible packaging resembling an identity disk . The digital download of Tron : Legacy was available in both high definition or standard definition , including versions with or without the digital extras .
A preview of the 10 @-@ part animated series Tron : Uprising is included in all versions of the home media release . Tron : Legacy was the second Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment release that included Disney Second Screen , a feature accessible via a computer or iPad app download that provides additional content as the user views the film . Forty minutes of the film were shot in 2 @.@ 35 : 1 and then vertically enhanced for IMAX . These scenes are presented in 1 @.@ 78 : 1 in a similar way to the Blu @-@ ray release of The Dark Knight .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 51 % of commentators gave the film a positive review , based on 226 reviews . Attaining a mean score of 5 @.@ 9 / 10 , the site 's consensus stated : " Tron : Legacy boasts dazzling visuals , but its human characters and story get lost amidst its state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art production design . " At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from mainstream critics , Tron : Legacy received a rating average of 49 , based on 40 reviews .
The visual effects were cited as the central highlight of the film . In his three @-@ star review , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times felt that the environment was aesthetically pleasing , and added that its score displayed an " electronic force " that complemented the visuals . Rolling Stone columnist Peter Travers echoed these sentiments , concluding that the effects were of an " award @-@ caliber " . J. Hoberman of The Village Voice noted that while it was extensively enhanced , Tron : Legacy retained the streamlined visuals that were seen in its predecessor , while Variety 's Peter DeBarge affirmed that the visuals and the accompanied " cutting @-@ edge " score made for a " stunning virtual ride " . To Nick de Semlyen of Empire , " This is a movie of astonishing high @-@ end gloss , fused to a pounding Daft Punk soundtrack , populated with sleek sirens and chiselled hunks , boasting electroluminescent landscapes to make Blu @-@ ray players weep . " Some critics were not as impressed with the film 's special effects . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times avouched that despite its occasional notability , the film 's " vibrating kaleidoscopic colors that gave the first movie its visual punch have been replaced by a monotonous palette of glass
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arrivals . Sandy was a Missouri muleskinner ( teamster ) , born in Madison County , Illinois on February 24 , 1833 . Sandy owned many mining claims , but his most productive was a ten @-@ foot strip being part of the Little Gold Hill Mines . James Rogers owned the adjoining ten @-@ foot strip which he sold to Bowers for $ 100 .
On August 9 , 1859 , Eilley and Sandy joined their mining claims and lives when they were married in Gold Hill . In order to settle the land in Washoe Valley , Bowers officially divorced Alexander Cowan on June 4 , 1860 . As a settlement , she received half of the 320 @-@ acre farm they had owned in the Washoe Valley .
As the area boomed following the discovery of the Comstock Lode , the Bowers claim proved to hold one of the richest seams of silver ore in what would become Nevada , and because their claim was close to the surface , it was easily extracted without initial capital investment . The Bowers Mining Company quickly made Eilley and Sandy very wealthy .
= = = European tour and the Bowers Mansion = = =
On June 28 , 1860 Eilley Bowers gave birth to a son , John Jasper Bowers , who died on August 27 , 1860 . On June 16 , 1861 she gave birth to a daughter , Theresa Fortunatas Bowers , who died on September 17 , 1861 . With money to be had , the couple began to plan a grand mansion on the old Cowan Ranch in Washoe Valley . While the house was being built , the couple traveled through Europe to explore the old county and purchase furniture for the new house .
Shortly before their departure , the couple hosted a banquet at the International Hotel in Virginia City , to which the entire town was invited , and which included free champagne . After traveling to California , the Bowers sailed from San Francisco for England on May 2 , 1862 , aboard the steamer Golden Gate . The couple visited Eilley 's family in Scotland and traveled through Europe while purchasing large quantities of furniture .
The couple returned to Nevada in March 1863 , accompanied by a baby girl , named Margaret Persia Bowers . The Bowers never divulged where they had acquired the child . Some contemporary sources claimed she was born on their European crossing to an unwed mother who died during childbirth .
The Bowers Mansion was one of the most expensive buildings built in the western United States at the time . Designed by J. Neely Johnson , the former Governor of California , The two @-@ story dressed granite stone mansion consisted of 16 rooms constructed with Jeffery Pine and Douglas fir . The main floor included a library , guest room , reception room , formal parlor and adjoining smoking room , dining room , and kitchen . Four hand @-@ crafted carrara marble fireplaces warmed the downstairs room . A plaster of Paris frieze border decorated the ceilings , moldings and medallions above the chandeliers . The main entrance hall opened to a turned mahogany handrail and balcony , which led to the upstairs where Eilley , Sandy , and Persia each had a suite of rooms including a bedroom and sitting room . Expensive toys and fancy dolls filled Persia 's playroom . The extra upstairs room housed a hand @-@ sculptured billiard table used for the enjoyment and entertainment of their guests . Kerosene lanterns and candles lighted the beautiful mansion that was truly unlike any other in the West .
= = Economic hardship = =
The rich silver of the Comstock Lode began to play out in 1863 resulting in a deepening depression throughout 1864 . Sandy moved back to Gold Hill to help save the mine . With health failing , he attempted to sell or lease most of the Bowers mining operation in the spring of 1868 . At the age of 35 , Sandy died of Lung Disease on April 21 , 1868 at his Gold Hill residence . He was buried on the hill behind his Mansion .
In 1873 , Virginia City recovered with a new strike bringing wealth back to the region . Eilley Bowers opened the Bowers Mansion to the public as a resort . The grounds were advertised as being beneficial to health , while dances and social events were held in the mansion . Bowers improved the mansion and grounds by adding a dance hall and offering the upstairs suits for family use . With the extension of the railroad which now connected Virginia City to the young town of Reno and the Trans Continental Railroad , Bowers Mansion became a prime destination for grand excursions . Eilley spent many weekends hosting extravagant picnics . The guests bathed in the fishponds , swung under the trees , waltzed on the dance floor and generally just had a fine old time . For the next few years , Bowers Mansion was filled with music and laughter .
Meanwhile , Persia Bowers was sent to live with friends in Reno allowing her to go to school and learn music . On July 14 , 1874 Persia died of what may have been a ruptured appendix . She was buried behind the mansion with her father .
The resort brought in some money , but Bowers was still in debt . The Bowers Mine was sold to pay off creditors , and she entered into negotiations with the newly created State of Nevada for the state to purchase the mansion as a psychiatric hospital . Unfortunately for Bowers , the deal fell through , and she was obliged to begin to sell her possessions to settle debts .
Bowers made one final attempt to save the mansion when she hired construction crews and began renovating the mansion . This time she changed the entire structure by adding a third floor . The $ 8 @,@ 000 expansion included 14 rooms including 10 over the main house and two over each wing . However , this only increased her debt .
In April 1876 , the District Court of Washoe County finally ruled against Bowers and in favor of her creditors in the sum of $ 13,622.17.Nevada State Journal April 9 , 1876 ( 3 : 2 ) On May 3 , 1876 , at 1 : 00 p.m. the courts auctioned off the remaindered of her properties in front of the Washoe county Courthouse . Eight years after Sandy 's death , Eilley lost everything to the founder of Reno , Myron C. Lake for $ 10 @,@ 000 .
= = = Seeres of Washoe = = =
Bankrupt and with no remaining family in the United States , Bowers set herself up as a fortune @-@ teller using her peep stone , billing herself as " Mrs L. S. Bowers , The Famous Washoe Seeress " . She enjoyed some success with her predictions , successfully predicting , among other things , the fire which destroyed much of Virginia City in 1875 . Due to the continued economic decline in northern Nevada following the collapse of the mining industry , in the 1880s she moved to San Francisco , where she continued to practice as a scryer .
= = = Destitution = = =
In the late 19th century , Bowers returned to Nevada . Her hearing had diminished significantly , and she was forced to give up the scrying business as she was unable to hear the requests of her clients . She launched a claim against the government asking for financial assistance in return for the $ 14 @,@ 000 she and Sandy Bowers had donated to support the Union cause in the Civil War and to finance the 1860 Paiute War , but was ignored . Destitute , she was placed in the Washoe County poorhouse , and became the subject of a protracted legal dispute between the governments of Nevada and California over who was to pay for her care . In August 1901 it was agreed that California would take responsibility for her welfare , and she was summarily put on a San Francisco @-@ bound train by Reno officials with $ 30 cash . For the last two years of her life she lived at the King 's Daughters Home in Oakland , dying on October 27 , 1903 . Her ashes were returned to Nevada and buried alongside Sandy and Margaret at the Bowers Mansion .
= = Legacy = =
Eilley Bowers continues to be one of the most famous of 19th @-@ century female pioneers , and a major figure in the early history of Nevada . In one writer 's words , she " is one of the most researched , written and talked about women in Nevada history . "
Following its sale at auction following foreclosure , the Bowers Mansion was abandoned . Eventually purchased by Reno saloon owner Henry Riter , it was renovated and reopened as a resort in 1903 . The hot springs were remodeled to feed warm swimming pools , and a spur was built from the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to serve the property . It continued to operate as a resort until 1946 . It is now considered the finest example of the mansion houses built by the millionaire beneficiaries of the Comstock boom , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is administered by the Washoe County Parks Department .
= Dusky crag martin =
The dusky crag martin ( Ptyonoprogne concolor ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . It is about 13 cm ( 5 in ) long with a broad body and wings , and a short square tail that has small white patches near the tips of most of its feathers . This martin has sooty @-@ brown upperparts and slightly paler underparts . The two subspecies are resident breeding birds in South Asia from the Indian subcontinent to southwestern China and the northern parts of Thailand , Vietnam and Laos .
This martin nests under a cliff overhang or on a man @-@ made structure , building a neat half @-@ cup mud nest with a soft lining . Both adults incubate the two to four eggs and feed the chicks . This species does not form large breeding colonies , but it is more gregarious outside the breeding season . It feeds a wide variety of insects that are caught as the martin flies near to cliff faces . It may be hunted by large bats as well as birds of prey , but its extensive and expanding range and large population mean that there are no significant conservation concerns .
= = Taxonomy = =
The dusky crag martin was formally described by in 1832 as Hirundo concolor by British soldier and ornithologist William Henry Sykes . It was moved to the new genus Ptyonoprogne by German ornithologist Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach in 1850 . Its nearest relatives are the three other members of the genus , the rock martin P. fuligula , the pale crag martin , P. obsoleta , and the Eurasian crag martin P. rupestris . The genus name is derived from the Greek ptuon ( φτυον ) , " a fan " , referring to the shape of the opened tail , and Procne ( Πρόκνη ) , a mythological girl who was turned into a swallow . The specific concolor is from Latin , con " together " , and color " colour " and refers to the bird 's uniform colouration .
The four Ptyonoprogne species are members of the swallow family of birds , and are classed as members of the Hirundininae subfamily which comprises all swallows and martins except the very distinctive river martins . DNA studies suggest that there are three major groupings within the Hirundininae , broadly correlating with the type of nest built . The groups are the " core martins " including burrowing species like the sand martin , the " nest @-@ adopters " , which are birds like the tree swallow that utilise natural cavities , and the " mud nest builders " . The Ptyonoprogne species construct an open mud nest and therefore belong to the latter group ; Hirundo species also build open nests , Delichon house martins have a closed nest , and the Cecropis and Petrochelidon swallows have retort @-@ like closed nests with an entrance tunnel .
The genus Ptyonoprogne is closely related to the larger swallow genus Hirundo into which it is often subsumed , but a DNA analysis showed that an enlarged Hirundo genus should contain all the mud @-@ builder genera , including the Delichon house martins , a practice which few authorities follow . Although the nests of the Ptyonoprogne crag martins resembles those of typical Hirundo species like the barn swallow , the research showed that if Delichon , Cecropis and Petrochelidon are split from Hirundo , Ptyonoprogne should be also considered as a separate genus .
In Pakistan , the breeding range of the dusky crag martin overlaps that of the subspecies P. f. peloplasta of pale crag martin , but that species breeds much higher in the mountains . This altitudinal separation means that it is not known whether the two closely related martins could hybridise , which would cast doubts as to whether they were distinct species . Dusky crag martins from Burma and Thailand have been described as a separate darker subspecies , P. c. sintaungensis ( originally Krimnochelidon concolor sintaungensis , Baker , 1832 ) , but it is not clear that the difference is greater than that between individual martins of the nominate subspecies .
= = Description = =
The dusky crag martin is 13 cm ( 5 in ) long with a broad body , wings and tail . It has sooty @-@ brown upperparts and slightly paler underparts , with a streaked pale dull rufous chin , throat and foreneck . The tail is short and square , with small white patches near the tips of all but the central and outermost pairs of feathers . The underwing coverts are dark brown , the eyes are brown , the small bill is mainly black , and the legs are brownish @-@ pink . The sexes are alike , but juveniles have rufous grey tips to the plumage of the upperparts and wings . This species can be distinguished from the Eurasian crag martin and rock martin by its darker underparts , and its white tail spots are significantly smaller than those of the Eurasian crag martin . The under @-@ tail coverts are of the same shade as the underside of the abdomen but these are darker in the Eurasian crag martin .
This small martin 's flight is typically slow and leisurely , but it is capable of considerable speed when required . The calls are similar to those of the Eurasian crag martin and include a soft chi , chi contact call and a twittering song .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The nominate subspecies of the dusky crag martin breeds in much of the Indian subcontinent from the base of the Himalayas south to the Nilgiri mountains and east to West Bengal , and P. c. sintaungensis is found in southwestern China , and the northern parts of Thailand , Vietnam and Laos . The dusky crag martin is largely resident apart from local movements after breeding , but it has bred in Malaysia at least once , and occurred as a vagrant to Sri Lanka and probably Borneo .
The natural breeding habitat is hilly or mountainous country with cliffs , gorges and caves , with nesting typically up to an altitude of about 1 @,@ 800 m ( 5 @,@ 900 ft ) , although up to 2 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) in Thailand . This martin also breeds in lowland areas utilising man @-@ made structures as a substitute for natural precipices . Stone buildings such as old forts are particularly favoured , and the dusky crag martin can be found in urban areas including Mumbai . Nests on buildings can be 30 m ( 98 ft ) from the ground , and include unusual sites such as light fittings .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Breeding = = =
Dusky crag martin pairs typically nest alone , although in suitable locations several pairs may be quite close to each other . The natural nesting habitat is under ledges on cliff faces or river banks , but man @-@ made structures are readily used . Stone buildings such as old hill forts , mosques and tombs are preferred , and other artificial sites include bridges , archways and culverts . Breeding has been reported in every month , but mainly in February and March , and again after the rains start in July and August ; usually two broods are raised . The nest , built by both adults , is an open half @-@ cup made of mud and lined with soft material such as feathers or dry grass . It is constructed under an overhang or in a crevice on a cliff or man @-@ made structure , and is re @-@ used for the second brood and in subsequent years . The clutch is two to four eggs , white with reddish brown blotches particularly at the wide end , and averaging 17 @.@ 7 mm × 13 @.@ 0 mm ( 0 @.@ 70 in × 0 @.@ 51 in ) with a weight of 1 @.@ 57 g ( 0 @.@ 055 oz ) . Both adults incubate the eggs and feed the chicks . Incubation and nestling periods are unknown but assumed to be similar to those of the Eurasian crag martin ( 13 – 17 day to hatching , and 24 – 27 days to fledge ) .
= = = Feeding = = =
The dusky crag martin feeds mainly on insects caught in flight . When nesting , birds often fly back and forth near to a rock face or building hunting for their prey . This martin is more gregarious outside the breeding season , and may form small flocks where food is abundant . Vertical surfaces are preferred for hunting , and a study of the Eurasian crag martin , which has a similar foraging technique , showed that cliff faces generate standing waves in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas . The martin exploits the area close to the cliff when it hunts , relying on its high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns . When feeding young , foraging is concentrated on the profitable patches in the immediate vicinity of the nest , since there is a negative correlation between foraging distance and feeding rate .
= = Predators and parasites = =
In addition to predation by birds of prey such as the peregrine falcon , this small martin has been recorded in the diet of the greater false vampire bat , Megaderma lyra .
= = Status = =
The total population of the dusky crag martin has not been quantified , but it is suspected to be increasing owing to the availability of artificial nest sites . This martin is locally common in India , Thailand , and southern China , and there appear to be range extensions to the northeast into Guangxi , southwards into lowland Laos , and westwards to the hills and plains of Sindh . There is also a recent unconfirmed report from Cambodia . Its large range and presumed high numbers mean that the dusky crag martin is not considered to be threatened , and it is classed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List .
= Help Is on the Way =
" Help Is on the Way " is a song by American rock band Rise Against , featured on their sixth studio album Endgame ( 2011 ) . Inspired by lead vocalist Tim McIlrath 's visit to New Orleans , the song is about the slow response time for aid to disaster stricken areas . It incorporates elements of punk rock and melodic hardcore , with lyrics that allude to Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . " Help Is on the Way " premiered on KROQ @-@ FM on January 17 , 2011 , and was later released as Endgame 's lead single on January 25 .
" Help Is on the Way " polarized critics , with some praising its lyrics and song structure , while others criticized it for being bland and repetitive . Despite the mixed reception , it remains one of the band 's highest charting singles to date , becoming their first song to chart within the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at eighty @-@ nine , as well as number two on the Hot Rock Songs chart . The accompanying music video depicts an African @-@ American family , as they attempt to escape increasing floodwater levels that engulf their neighborhood .
= = Recording and inspiration = =
" Help Is on the Way " was written by American rock band Rise Against , with lyrics by lead vocalist Tim McIlrath , and produced by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore . Stevenson and Livermore engineered the song alongside Andrew Berlin , while Chris Lord @-@ Alge served as the mixer . It was recorded at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins , Colorado and was mastered by Ted Jensen . Rise Against unveiled the song on the California radio @-@ station KROQ @-@ FM on January 17 , 2011 , before releasing it as Endgame 's lead single on January 25 .
McIlrath was inspired to write the lyrics for the song following a trip he took to New Orleans . While he had initially gone to discuss with local musicians how to merge politics and music , he was able to visit several areas affected by Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent flood , such as the Lower Ninth Ward . As McIlrath had felt that news outlets were quick to move onto other stories following the disaster , he compiled his thoughts and wrote the song 's lyrics . McIlrath also noted that he was critical of the United States government for its handling of various disasters , calling Hurricane Katrina " as much a man @-@ made disaster as it was a natural disaster " , while citing the lack of legislation to prevent another oil spill following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010 .
= = Composition = =
" Help Is on the Way " is a rock song containing elements of punk rock and melodic hardcore , and has been described as " anthemic " . According to the song 's sheet music , the composition is written in the time signature of common time , with a moderate tempo of 108 beats per minute . It follows verse @-@ chorus form , and is composed in the key G ♯ minor , with a melody that spans a tonal range of D ♯ 4 to B ♭ 5 .
Lyrically , " Help Is on the Way " is about the slow response time for aid to disaster stricken areas . While Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club found that the lyrics could pertain to any difficult situation , the song primarily focuses on Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill , as well as their affects on the Gulf Coast of the United States and New Orleans . McIlrath maintains clean vocals throughout the majority of the song , but temporarily switches to screaming vocals during the bridge .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Critics were polarized in their opinions when reviewing " Help Is on the Way " . Tim Newbound of Rock Sound described the piece as " impressively structured and equally furious " , while Evan Lucy of Billboard.biz thought it was " understated enough to capture radio attention and plenty explosive to please Rise Against 's devoted fan base " . Rob Parker of NME felt that " Help Is on the Way " and fellow Endgame track " This Is Letting Go " were able to " strike the perfect balance between punk fury and melodic accessibility without losing any of frontman Tim McIlrath ’ s personality " . Chad Grischow of IGN complimented the music , saying that " as powerful as the lyrical content of the song is , the storm of guitars rolling over it like a gristly , foreboding cloud kick you in the chest just as hard " .
Koski and Steven Hyden of The A.V. Club were divided in their opinions , with Koski praising the powerful lyrics , while Hyden belittled the song as " run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill " . Thomas Nassiff of AbsolutePunk wrote that " Help Is on the Way " was one of the weaker moments from the album , criticizing the intro guitar riff , while comparing the lyrics to those of another Rise Against song , " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " . Johnny Firecloud of CraveOnline was heavily critical of the song , stating that it " suffers from a blandness so paralyzing and repetitive " , and ultimately summarized it as " totally flaccid " .
= = = Chart performance = = =
Commercially , " Help Is on the Way " remains one of Rise Against 's most successful singles to date . In the United States , it remains the band 's only song to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at eighty @-@ nine , as well as number two on the Hot Rock Songs chart . The single also achieved international success , reaching number ten on the Australia Hitseekers chart , number forty @-@ five on the Canadian Hot 100 , number four on the Czech Republic Modern Rock chart , and number nineteen on the UK Rock & Metal chart .
= = Music video = =
The accompanying music video was directed by Alan Ferguson and filmed in New Orleans . It follows an African @-@ American family as they 're forced to move into their house 's attic , and eventually their rooftop to escape the increasing floodwater levels caused by Hurricane Katrina . The video follows the song 's lyric thread , while real footage of Hurricane Katrina and the survivors are shown throughout . It ends with a message encouraging donations , and a link to the band 's activism website .
The video was released on March 23 , 2011 . It does not feature any band members , who opted not to appear in it , as they felt their presence would be detremental to the video 's message . This decision was commended by critics , with Katie Hasty of HitFix stating that band " went for an artifact of truth " .
= = Personnel and credits = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Endgame .
= = Charts = =
= Cyclone Helen ( 2008 ) =
Tropical Cyclone Helen was the first tropical cyclone to bring gale @-@ force winds to Darwin , Australia since 1985 . The fourth named storm of the 2007 – 08 Australian region cyclone season , Helen developed out of a weak area of low pressure in late December over the Top End region of Australia . Generally tracking westward , the system eventually intensified into a tropical cyclone and was given the name Helen on 2 January . By this time , it was situated over the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf and was beginning to retrograde eastward . Late on 4 January , the storm made landfall near Channel Point with winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) though rapidly weakened to a tropical low within 12 hours . Gradually accelerating , the remnants of Helen moved over the Gulf of Carpentaria before striking land again on 6 January . The system was last noted over the Cape York Peninsula on 7 January .
From late December through 6 January , Helen and its precursor low produced significant rainfall over the Northern Territory , generally amounting between 100 and 200 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 and 7 @.@ 9 in ) . One person drowned in the Victoria River after his car was swept away in a flood . As a tropical cyclone , Helen produced significant wind gusts across the Top End , peaking at 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , downing thousands of trees . In Darwin , roughly 15 @,@ 000 people were without power due to the storm , more than 100 of which remained so four days after the storm . Overall losses from the storm reached A $ 1 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 1 million ) with an additional A $ 1 million ( US $ 882 @,@ 000 ) in cleanup costs .
= = Meteorological history = =
As early as autumn 2007 , long @-@ rage forecast models indicated that a La Niña would develop by December of that year . In general , this event results in increased sea surface temperatures near Australia . Following this , a strong Madden – Julian oscillation phase took shape , leading to the development of Tropical Cyclone Melanie off the coast of Western Australia and an area of low pressure over the Top End by 28 December . Situated over land , the system initially embedded within a disorganised trough and to intensify as it slowly tracked eastward . By 30 December , it separated itself from the trough and travelled towards the west . The following day , the interaction between the two systems allowed the low to significantly deepen , attaining a barometric pressure of 993 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 32 inHg ) . This strengthening was short @-@ lived as wind shear over the low increased , displacing convection from its centre .
By 2 January , the weak low moved over the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf where it slowly developed over the following day . Once over water , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) designated the system as Tropical Depression 09S . As organisation improved , a mid @-@ level subtropical ridge over Western Australia pushed the system westward , away from the Kimberley coast . Steadily strengthening , the low attained gale @-@ force winds near its centre during the morning of 4 January and was subsequently named Helen by the Bureau of Meteorology . Shortly thereafter , a strong westerly monsoon flow to the north caused Helen to turn eastward , back towards land . Intensification continued up until landfall , by which time Helen had attained Category 2 status on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale . Maximum ten @-@ minute sustained winds reached 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) and the storm 's barometric pressure decreased to 975 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 79 inHg ) . The JTWC assessed Helen to have been slightly weaker , with peak winds estimated at 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) .
Around 10 : 00 pm local time on 4 January , the centre of Tropical Cyclone Helen made landfall near Channel Point . As it moved ashore , the storm developed an eye ; however , this feature began breaking apart once overland and the eyewall merged into the system 's feeder bands . Roughly 12 hours after landfall , Helen weakened to a tropical low before moving over the Gulf of Carpentaria late on 5 January . Due to an increase in forward motion , the system was unable to regenerate sufficient convection to be reclassified a tropical cyclone before making a second landfall along the Cape York Peninsula . Once overland again , the remnants of Helen abruptly slowed and were last noted on 7 January in the same region .
= = Preparations = =
Starting in late December , widespread rains produced by the precursor to Helen prompted the issuance of flood warnings throughout the Top End region . Prior to the arrival of Cyclone Helen on 4 January , the Bureau of Meteorology issued cyclone warnings for areas between the Mitchell Plateau , in Western Australia , to Cape Hotham in the Northern Territory . According to local officials , flooding was the greatest concern from the storm rather than wind damage . The warning area was later condensed to encompass areas from Wadeye to Cape Hotham , including Darwin and the Tiwi Islands . By 6 January , warnings were issued for the western coast of the Cape York Peninsula between Karumba and Weipa as the remnants of Helen were forecast to regain storm intensity .
In light of Helen 's approach in the Top End region , the Compass Resources mining company suspended construction of a new mine in Batchelor . Mining at the Ranger Uranium Mine maintained by Energy Resources of Australia was also suspended until the storm passed . The George Brown Darwin Botanic Gardens and Territory Wildlife Park were also closed for the duration of the storm . Residents in the Aboriginal community of Wadeye were strongly advised to take precautions for the storm . Following the issuance of a cyclone warning in Darwin , local shelters were opened to the public . At the Darwin International Airport , all incoming and outgoing flights through Jetstar Airways were cancelled while Tiger Airways rescheduled their flights and no changes were made by Qantas . Darwin Harbour was mostly shut down as seas became too rough to sail in . Schools and day cares within a 50 km ( 31 mi ) radius of the city were closed on 4 January .
= = Impact and aftermath = =
Throughout the Top End region , the precursor to Helen resulted in a prolonged period of moderate rains over a relatively large area . These rains caused the Victoria River to swell over its banks and flood nearby areas . On 4 January , a car with three people was swept away by the river ; two of the passengers managed to escape and swim to shore , but the third person remained trapped . Aerial searches were made later that day for him , though he was later declared dead . After becoming a tropical cyclone , the storm produced additional moderate to heavy rainfall , generally totaling between 100 and 200 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 and 7 @.@ 9 in ) . Between 1 and 6 January , a total of 174 @.@ 6 mm ( 6 @.@ 87 in ) of rain fell in Darwin . These rains affected two additional major rivers in the area : the Adelaide and Katherine rivers . Near where the storm made landfall , wind gusts up to 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) were recorded ; Darwin recorded a maximum wind gust of 102 km / h ( 63 mph ) as Helen moved by the city .
Near Channel Point , the cyclone brought a storm surge of 2 to 3 m ( 6 @.@ 6 to 9 @.@ 8 ft ) , barely surpassing the highest astronomical tide in a few areas . In some cases , waves over topped sand dunes but no damage took place . Roughly 10 @-@ 15 % of trees in open areas were snapped or uprooted by high winds . Only two structures sustained direct wind damage while several others were struck by downed trees . Damage was more widespread in Darwin where roughly 15 @,@ 000 homes , 60 % of the city 's residences , were left without power . Approximately 1 @,@ 500 trees were downed in the city , falling on roads , homes and power lines . In the days following the storm 's passage , the Adelaide and Katherine rivers continued to rise , of which the former exceeded minor flood levels . In the harbour , seven vessels washed ashore , each sustaining minor damage . Losses caused by the storm was placed at A $ 1 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 1 million ) .
The day after Helen passed through , cleanup efforts began as power crews had to remove downed trees before fixing power lines . The main power lines in the city were restored within 24 hours and rural areas were stated to have their power back within a day or two . Two days after the storm , 500 homes remained without electricity and frustrated residents were further angered after discovering that the Power and Water agency was in control of tree removal and not emergency services . With the power company in charge of clearing downed trees , they stated that their crews would only be dealing with cases involved power lines . Residents with trees in their yards or even on their homes were told to contact private contractors to remove them . By 9 January , more than 100 homes were still without power in northern Darwin , resulting in angry outcries from those still left in the dark . Cleanup efforts dragged on for more than two months as debris was still present in Darwin in March . Removal of tree stumps took through at least mid @-@ April as the cost to remove downed trees exceeded A $ 1 million ( US $ 882 @,@ 000 ) . Due to the damage wrought by Helen , its name was retired following its usage . However , it was not replaced by any particular name as a new naming scheme was implemented the following season .
= Landscape painting in Scotland =
Landscape painting in Scotland includes all forms of painting of landscapes in Scotland since its origins in the sixteenth century to the present day . The earliest examples of Scottish landscape painting are in the tradition of Scottish house decoration that arose in the sixteenth century . Often said to be the earliest surviving painted landscape created in Scotland is a depiction by the Flemish artist Alexander Keirincx undertaken for Charles I.
The capriccios of Italian and Dutch landscapes undertaken as house decoration by James Norie and his sons in the eighteenth century brought the influence of French artists such as Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin . Students of the Nories included Jacob More whose produced Claudian @-@ inspired landscapes . This period saw a shift in attitudes to the Highlands and mountain landscapes to interpreting them as aesthetically pleasing exemplars of nature . Watercolours were pioneered in Scotland by Paul Sandby and Alexander Runciman . Alexander Nasmyth has been described as " the founder of the Scottish landscape tradition " , and produced both urban landscapes and rural scenes that combine Claudian principles of an ideal landscape with the reality of Scottish topography . His students included major landscape painters of the early nineteenth century such as Andrew Wilson , the watercolourist Hugh William Williams , John Thompson of Duddingston and probably the artists that would be most directly influenced by Nasmyth , John Knox . In the Victorian era , the tradition of Highland landscape painting was continued by figures such as Horatio McCulloch , Joseph Farquharson and William McTaggart , described as the " Scottish Impressionist " . The fashion for coastal painting in the later nineteenth century led to the establishment of artist colonies in places such as Pittenweem and Crail .
The first significant group of Scottish artists to emerge in the twentieth century were the Scottish Colourists in the 1920s . They were John Duncan Fergusson , Francis Cadell , Samuel Peploe and Leslie Hunter , who placed an emphasis on colour above form . The group of artists connected with Edinburgh , most of whom had studied at Edinburgh College of Art during or soon after the First World War , became known as the Edinburgh School . They were influenced by French painters and the St. Ives School and their art was characterised by use of vivid and often non @-@ naturalistic colour and the use of bold technique above form . Members included William Gillies , John Maxwell , William Crozier and William MacTaggart . William Johnstone was one of the artists most closely associated with the Scottish Renaissance , an attempt to introduce modernism into art and to create a distinctive national art . Stanley Cursiter was influenced by the Celtic revival , post @-@ impressionism and Futurism . Later in his career he became a major painter of the coastline of this native Orkney . Other artists strongly influenced by modernism included James McIntosh Patrick and Edward Baird , both of whom were influenced by surrealism and the work of Bruegel .
In the post @-@ war period the English @-@ born Joan Eardley explored the landscapes of the Kincardineshire coast and created depictions of Glasgow tenements and children in the streets . Scottish artists that continued the tradition of landscape painting and joined the new generation of modernist artists of the highly influential St Ives School were Wilhelmina Barns @-@ Graham and Margaret Mellis . Husband and wife Tom MacDonald and Bet Low with William Senior formed the Clyde Group , aimed at promoting political art and producing industrial landscapes . John Bellany focused on the coastal communities of his birth . The coastal theme would also be pursued by artists such as Elizabeth Ogilvy , Joyce W. Cairns and Ian Stephen .
= = Origins to the eighteenth century = =
The earliest examples of Scottish landscape painting are in the tradition of Scottish house decoration for burgesses , lairds and lords , that arose after the Reformation in the sixteenth century , partly as a response to the loss of religious patronage . Most were of heraldry , classical myths and allegory , but there were a number of painted landscape scenes . These included the landscapes of four seasons in the Skelmorlie Aisle ( 1638 ) in the memorial chapel of the Montgomery family in Largs undertaken by James Stalker ( fl . 1632 – 38 ) . They indicate an awareness of contemporaneous Dutch landscape painting . The Flemish artist Alexander Keirincx ( 1600 – 52 ) was active in England and Scotland where he undertook commissions for Charles I , mainly of royal castles in Northern England and Scotland . These included one showing Seton House ( 1636 – 37 ) in its landscape , which is often said to be the earliest surviving painted landscape created in Scotland . The theme of house decoration with landscapes was taken up in the eighteenth century by James Norie ( 1684 – 1757 ) , who worked beside the architect William Adam ( 1689 – 1748 ) . Norie , with his sons James ( 1711 – 36 ) and Robert ( d . 1766 ) , painted the houses of the peerage with capriccios or pastiches of Italian and Dutch landscapes , bringing to Scotland the influence of French artists such as Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin . The Nories were also important figures in professionalisation of Scottish art and the development of art education .
Probably a student of the Nories was Charles Steuart ( fl . 1762 – 90 ) , who produced a series of Perthshire landscapes for the Duke of Atholl at Blair Castle , including The Black Lynn , Fall on the Brann ( 1766 ) . Also among the students of the Nories was Jacob More , who moved to Italy from 1773 and is chiefly known as a landscape painter who created Claudian @-@ style , classically inspired landscapes . More 's series of four paintings " Falls of Clyde " ( 1771 – 73 ) , produced before his departure to Italy , have been described by art historian Duncan Macmillan as treating the waterfalls as " a kind of natural national monument " and has been seen as an early work in developing a romantic sensibility to the Scottish landscape . This period saw a shift in attitudes to the Highlands and mountain landscapes in general , from viewing them as hostile , empty regions occupied by a backwards and marginal people , to interpreting them as aesthetically pleasing exemplars of nature , occupied by rugged primitives , which were now depicted in a dramatic fashion . Highly influential in this process was the Scottish philosopher Archibald Alison 's Nature and Principles of Taste ( 1790 ) , which widened the forms of landscape seen as appropriate for painting , placing an emphasis on their historical significance and emotional impact on the painter .
Paul Sandby ( 1731 – 1809 ) , often considered the " father of British watercolour painting " , visited Scotland as part of the military survey that followed the 1745 Jacobite rebellion and undertook a number of studies of Scottish scenes . His abandonment of traditional pen and ink drawing , using washes of colour in order to paint directly in watercolours without pen outlines , opened the way for the creation of powerful Romantic landscapes . Alexander Runciman ( 1736 – 1785 ) was probably the first artist to paint Scottish landscapes in watercolours in the more romantic style that was emerging towards the end of the eighteenth century .
Alexander Nasmyth ( 1758 – 1840 ) trained in the Trustees Academy in Edinburgh under Runciman . He visited Italy , where he met with More , and worked in London , but returned to his native Edinburgh for most of his career . He produced work in a large range of forms , including his portrait of Romantic poet Robert Burns , which depicts him against a dramatic Scottish background , but he is chiefly remembered for his landscapes and is described in the Oxford Dictionary of Art as " the founder of the Scottish landscape tradition " . He produced both urban landscapes , like Edinburgh from Caton Hill ( 1825 ) , which put Edinburgh its geological context , and rural scenes such as Castle Huntly and The Tay ( c . 1800 ) . His works combined Claudian principles of an ideal landscape with the reality of Scottish topography .
= = Nineteenth century = =
Nasmyth was also a highly influential teacher at the Trustee 's Academy in Edinburgh . Among his students were painters who took the landscape tradition into the nineteenth century . They included Andrew Wilson ( 1780 – 1840 ) , who would become Master of the Academy in 1818 , the watercolourist Hugh William Williams ( 1773 – 1829 ) , clergyman and artist John Thompson of Duddingston ( 1778 – 1840 ) and probably the artist that would be most directly influenced by Nasmyth , John Knox ( 1778 – 1845 ) . Williams ' most famous work are interpretive versions of Greek landscapes , based on sketches taken on his travels there , among them The Temple of Poseidon , Cape Sunium ( 1828 ) . His close friend John Thompson focused on a dark dramatic version of Scottish landscape , as in his most famous work Fast Castle from Below ( 1824 ) . Knox directly linked Nasmyth 's style with the Romantic literature of Walter Scott . Knox 's Landscape with Tourists at Lock Katrine ( c . 1820 ) , was a commentary on the tourist trade that grew up in the Trossachs in the aftermath of the publication of Scott 's poem The Lady of the Lake in 1810 . He was also among the first artists to take a major interest in depicting the urban landscape of Glasgow . Towards the end of his career he undertook panoramic works of the views from the top of Ben Lomond , which played a part in opening up the Highlands as a spectacle that would be taken up by artists in the second half of the century .
In the Victorian era , the tradition of Highland landscape painting was continued by figures such as Horatio McCulloch ( 1806 – 67 ) , Joseph Farquharson ( 1846 – 1935 ) and William McTaggart ( 1835 – 1910 ) . McCulloch was a student of Knox . His images of places including Glen Coe , Loch Lomond and the Trossachs , became parlour room panoramas that defined popular images of Scotland . This was helped by the Queen 's declared affection for Scotland , signified by her adoption of Balmoral as a royal retreat . The wildlife around Balmoral was immortalised by English painter Edwin Landseer ( 1802 – 73 ) in the much copied Monarch of the Glen ( 1851 ) . In this period a Scottish " grand tour " developed with large number of English artists , including Turner , flocking to the Highlands to paint and draw . From the 1870s Farquharson was a major figure in interpreting Scottish landscapes , specialising in snowscapes and sheep , and using a mobile heated studio in order to capture the conditions from life . In the same period McTaggart emerged as the leading Scottish landscape painter . He has been compared with John Constable and described as the " Scottish Impressionist " , with free brushwork often depicting stormy seas and moving clouds . The fashion for coastal painting in the later nineteenth century led to the establishment of artist colonies in places such as Pittenweem and Crail in Fife , Cockburnspath in the Borders , Cambuskenneth near Stirling on the River Forth and Kirkudbright in Dumfries and Galloway . The Glasgow Boys emerged in the 1880s , rejecting much of the sentimentality of Scottish landscape painting and introducing elements of impressionism . Key figures included W. Y. Macgregor ( 1855 – 1923 ) , James Guthrie ( 1859 – 1930 ) , John Lavery ( 1856 – 1941 ) , George Henry ( 1858 – 1943 ) and E. A. Walton ( 1860 – 1922 ) .
= = Twentieth century to today = =
The first significant group of Scottish artists to emerge in the twentieth century were the Scottish Colourists in the 1920s . The name was later given to four artists who knew each other and exhibited together , but did not form a cohesive group . All had spent time in France between 1900 and 1914 and all looked for inspiration to Paris , particularly to the Fauvists , such as Monet , Matisse and Cézanne , whose techniques they combined with the painting traditions of Scotland . They were John Duncan Fergusson ( 1874 – 1961 ) , Francis Cadell ( 1883 – 1937 ) , Samuel Peploe ( 1871 – 1935 ) and Leslie Hunter ( 1877 – 1931 ) . They have been described as the first Scottish modern artists and were the major mechanism by which post @-@ impressionism reached Scotland . From 1912 Cadell visited Iona annually to paint and he was joined there by Peploe from 1920 . They produced a number of works using the west @-@ coast light and Iona landscape , particularly views of Ben More , which both painted several times . John Duncan , the arts and crafts artist , was still active in the early twentieth century and painted several landscapes similar in style to those of Cadell and Peploe . Hunter used a vibrant palette to create notable paintings of the landscape around Balloch on Loch Lomond . Leading architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh ( 1868 – 1928 ) abandoned architecture for painting after World War I and created a number of landscapes , particularly of southern France . He became associated with Fergusson , who pursued also experimental landscape in the inter @-@ war years , many of which were around his home in the Highlands , like that at Craigcornash ( c . 1925 ) . The work of Mackintosh and Fergusson has similarities to that of David Young Cameron ( 1865 – 1945 ) who pursued the systematic painting of the Highlands in his later years .
The group of artists connected with Edinburgh , most of whom had studied at Edinburgh College of Art during or soon after the First World War , became known as the Edinburgh School . They were influenced by French painters and the St. Ives School and their art was characterised by use of vivid and often non @-@ naturalistic colour and the use of bold technique above form . Members included William Gillies ( 1898 – 1973 ) , who worked in both watercolours and oils around Ardnamurchan and Morar in the 1930s , John Maxwell ( 1905 – 62 ) whose landscapes were influenced by mythological themes , William Crozier ( 1893 – 1930 ) , whose landscapes were created with glowing colours and William MacTaggart ( 1903 – 81 ) , grandson of the nineteenth @-@ century artist , noted for his landscapes of East Lothian , France and Norway . His Celebration of Earth , Air , Fire and Water ( 1978 ) utilised the Borders ' landscape in abstract form .
William Johnstone ( 1897 – 1981 ) was one of the artists most closely associated with the Scottish Renaissance , an attempt to introduce modernism into art and to create a distinctive national art . He studied cubism , surrealism and was introduced to new American art by his wife the sculptor Flora Macdonald . He moved towards abstraction , attempting to utilise aspects of landscape , poetry and Celtic art . His most significant work , A Point in Time ( 1929 – 38 ) , has been described by art historian Duncan Macmillan as " one of the most important Scottish pictures of the century and one of the most remarkable pictures by any British painter in the period " . Stanley Cursiter ( 1887 – 1976 ) was influenced by the Celtic revival , post @-@ impressionism and Futurism . Later in his career he became a major painter of the coastline of this native Orkney . Other artists strongly influenced by modernism included James McIntosh Patrick ( 1907 – 98 ) and Edward Baird ( 1904 – 49 ) . Both trained in Glasgow , but spent most of their careers in and around their respective native cities of Dundee and Montrose . Both were influenced by surrealism and the work of Bruegel and focused on landscape , as can be seen in McIntosh Patrick 's Traquair House ( 1938 ) and more overtly in Baird 's The Birth of Venus ( 1934 ) .
In the post @-@ war period the English @-@ born Joan Eardley ( 1921 – 63 ) moved to Glasgow , where she was a graduate of the Glasgow School of Art and explored the landscapes of the Kincardineshire coast and created depictions of Glasgow tenements and children in the streets . Scottish artists that continued the tradition of landscape painting and joined the new generation of modernist artists of the highly influential St Ives School were Wilhelmina Barns @-@ Graham ( 1912 – 2004 ) and Margaret Mellis ( 1914 – 2009 ) . Polish realist Josef Herman ( 1911 – 2000 ) was resident in Glasgow between 1940 and 1943 where he influenced husband and wife Tom MacDonald ( 1914 – 1985 ) and Bet Low ( born 1924 ) , who with painter William Senior ( born 1927 ) formed the Clyde Group , aimed at promoting political art . Their work included industrial and urban landscapes such as MacDonald 's Transport Depot ( 1944 – 45 ) and Bet Low 's Blochairn Steelworks ( c . 1946 ) . John Bellany ( born 1942 ) , mainly focusing on the coastal communities of his birth , labelled " Scottish realism " , was among the leading Scottish intellectuals from the 1960s . Landscape has remained a major form in Scottish painting in the work of artists such as James Morrison ( born 1932 ) , Ian MacKenzie Smith ( born 1935 ) , Duncan Shanks ( born 1937 ) and Barbara Rae ( born 1943 ) . The coastal theme would also be pursued by artists such as Elizabeth Ogilvy ( born 1946 ) , Joyce W. Cairns ( born 1947 ) and Ian Stephen ( born 1955 ) .
= 70th Infantry Division ( United Kingdom ) =
The 70th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the British Army that fought during the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War . What would become the 70th Division originated with the 7th Infantry Division , which was formed in 1938 to serve in the British Mandate of Palestine during the Arab Revolt . This division then transferred to Egypt on the outbreak of the Second World War and soon became the 6th Infantry Division , which went on to take part in the Battle of Crete and the Syria – Lebanon Campaign . On 10 October 1941 , the 6th Division was re @-@ created as the 70th Infantry Division , in an attempt to deceive Axis intelligence concerning the strength of the British military in the Middle East .
The Royal Navy transported the division to Tobruk from 19 September to 25 October , in a politically controversial move to relieve the mainly Australian garrison which had been defending the port for almost seven months , since the beginning of the Siege of Tobruk . Under daily aerial and artillery attacks , the division defended the port and conducted nightly offensive patrols against German and Italian positions . On 18 November , the British Eighth Army launched Operation Crusader . The division was tasked with breaking out of Tobruk , following the destruction of the Axis armoured forces . Following unexpected early success , the division began its attacks on 21 November , before the armoured formations of Germans and Italians had been defeated . Heavy fighting soon followed as the division captured several well @-@ defended and dug @-@ in German and Italian strong points . The looming threat of the Axis tanks ended the break @-@ out offensive the following day . Renewed fighting on 26 November saw the division link up with the approaching New Zealand Division , cutting the Axis lines of communication . In response , the Germans launched several counter @-@ attacks to throw back the 70th Division from the territory they had gained . The failure of these attacks had a lasting strategic impact on Operation Crusader ; the Axis forces began their retreat and lifted the siege of Tobruk . Two men — from units attached to the division — were awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions during Operation Crusader .
Following the fighting at Tobruk , the division was withdrawn from the front and placed in reserve . When Japan entered the war , the division was transferred to India . It was considered the most experienced and best trained British formation available in Asia . In India , the division formed a reserve to counter possible Japanese landings while it trained in jungle warfare . It also served as a police force , protecting railways and being used to suppress civil disobedience caused by the Quit India Movement . While it was requested that the division be sent to the front line in Burma , it was instead transferred to Special Force , commonly known as the Chindits . Such a move was opposed by the highest military commanders in India and Burma , and proved controversial with the troops themselves . Despite their pleas , the division was broken up and officially ceased to exist on 24 November 1943 . Historian Woodburn Kirby and Lieutenant @-@ General William Slim ( who led the British troops in Burma ) believed that the division could have had a greater impact against the Japanese had it been retained as a single formation .
= = Background = =
= = = Arab Revolt in Palestine = = =
During 1936 , the Arab Revolt broke out in the British Mandate of Palestine . British troops were dispatched , ending the first phase of the war by the close of the year . Fighting soon resumed and reached its zenith during the summer of 1938 . With rising tensions in Europe , the British began to withdraw troops from Palestine for use elsewhere . The conclusion of the Munich Agreement — on 30 September 1938 — calmed the rising tensions in Europe and averted war , allowing the British to resume their military build @-@ up in Palestine .
The 7th Infantry Division was formed the following month and placed under the command of Major @-@ General Richard O 'Connor . The division was deployed to Palestine on internal security duties as part of a build @-@ up of 18 @,@ 500 men in the region . This force then began to suppress the revolt . Meanwhile , Palestinian guerrillas had overrun the Old City of Jerusalem . O 'Connor 's men proceeded to sweep the area , declaring the Old City free of militants on 19 October . The same day , the division seized Acre and by the end of the month were clearing Jaffa of rebels . Many Palestinians were detained and rebel activity significantly dropped off in the area . In the north , the 8th Infantry Division , under Major @-@ General Bernard Montgomery , and Special Night Squads engaged in counter @-@ terror operations , with O 'Connor writing that one brigadier " always encouraged his men to be brutal " . General Officer Commanding British Forces in Palestine and Trans @-@ Jordan Robert Haining wrote in late 1938 that " unnecessary violence , vindictiveness ... , [ and ] killing in cold blood " had to be curbed . O 'Connor was likewise opposed to the measures in the north , and wrote " harshness and unnecessary violence on the part of our soldiers " had to be curbed . During the operation in Jerusalem , only four to nineteen guerrillas were killed . In early 1939 , the revolt finally came to an end .
= = = Second World War = = =
On 1 September 1939 , the Second World War began with the German Invasion of Poland , and two days later the United Kingdom declared war on Germany . On 31 August , the headquarters of the 7th Infantry Division gave up command of its troops . O 'Connor and the divisional staff then left Jerusalem bound for Cairo , Egypt . From Cairo , the men moved forward to Mersa Matruh arriving on 7 September . The headquarters was then assigned all troops based there , with the exception of the 7th Armoured Division . The British Official Historian , I. S. O. Playfair , comments that this decision was undertaken to relieve the burden on Lieutenant @-@ General Henry Maitland Wilson , GOC British Troops Egypt , of " direct control of operations which had been his in addition to the command of all troops in Egypt " . Due to the logistical problems in maintaining substantial forces across the Western Desert and on the Libya – Egypt border , Mersa Matruh was the forward British base of operations and supplied by rail . Positioned 200 miles ( 320 km ) west of Alexandria and 120 miles ( 190 km ) from the border , the location had been chosen to shield forward Royal Air Force ( RAF ) landing strips behind it and to defend the Nile Delta . Mersa Matruh also offered the British the strategy of drawing Italian or other forces forward to them , to allow a counter @-@ attack after they ran into supply difficulties .
On 3 November , the division was renamed the 6th Infantry Division . The division initially commanded rear area personnel and the 22nd Infantry Brigade . Over the coming months , the 14th and 16th Infantry Brigades were assigned to the division as they arrived in Egypt from Palestine . On 10 June 1940 , Italy declared war upon Britain and her allies . Seven days later , the 6th Infantry Division was dissolved and its headquarters transformed into the command staff of a corps known as the Western Desert Force ( WDF ) . In early September 1940 , Italian forces based in Libya invaded Egypt . Three months later , the WDF began a limited raid , Operation Compass . The raid succeeded and was expanded ; in two months the WDF advanced 500 miles ( 800 km ) , occupied the Italian province of Cyrenaica and destroyed the Italian 10th Army . The operation was halted in February 1941 to give priority to the Battle of Greece .
On 17 February 1941 , the 6th Infantry Division was reformed in Egypt . It was initially made up of the 16th and the 22nd Guards Brigade , who were based in Egypt , but lacked artillery or other supporting arms . The 22nd Guards Brigade was soon withdrawn , and the division was assigned the 14th and 23rd Infantry Brigade . Here , the division trained for amphibious operations in the Dodecanese . The deteriorating situation in North Africa , which saw General Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps retake the territory lost by the Italians during Operation Compass , resulted in the 6th Infantry Division being reassigned to defend Egypt . The division had been earmarked to deploy to Crete , where the 14th Brigade had been based since November , but instead took up defensive positions at Mersa Matruh . The 14th Brigade later defended the airfield at Heraklion during the Battle of Crete when 2 @,@ 000 German paratroopers landed in the area on 20 May . The Germans were able to penetrate into Heraklion , before Anglo @-@ Greek forces cleared the town following heavy fighting . Despite many losses , the paratroopers were able to dig @-@ in on ridges around the brigade 's positions . Due to the deteriorating situation on Crete , the 14th Brigade was evacuated by Royal Navy ships
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on 29 May . En route to Egypt , they were repeatedly bombed by the Luftwaffe , suffering 800 casualties .
By late April , British attention had shifted to the Middle East due to the Anglo @-@ Iraqi War , although the situation was resolved by the end of May . A greater concern was that German and Italian forces had intervened in Iraq , using bases in Vichy Syria . With Germans and Italians threatening to gain full control of the French territory , thus jeopardising the British position in the Middle East , the Allies invaded Syria ( Operation Exporter ) on 8 June . In the face of stiff resistance from the Vichy French , the British realised that reinforcements were needed . On 13 June , the 6th Infantry Division ( with two infantry brigades ) was ordered to reinforce the effort . The leading elements of the 16th Infantry Brigade arrived on 17 June and captured Kuneitra . The 23rd Infantry Brigade arrived on 28 June . The division then took part in the Battle of Damascus . The campaign ended on 14 July and the division remained in Syria .
= = Operational history = =
= = = Tobruk = = =
Operation Sonnenblume , the counter @-@ attack launched by Italian troops and the Afrika Korps across Cyrenaica , had forced the British and Commonwealth forces into retreat during March and April . Richard O 'Connor — now General Officer Commanding British Troops Egypt — had been captured . The Australian 9th Infantry Division fell back to the fortress port of Tobruk and the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 miles ( 160 km ) east to Sollum on the Libyan – Egyptian border .
These moves initiated the Siege of Tobruk . Although isolated by land , the garrison was supplied by the Royal Navy and the first Axis attacks failed to take the port . This failure was significant ; Erwin Rommel 's front line positions at Sollum were at the end of an extended supply chain that stretched back to Tripoli and was threatened by the Tobruk garrison . Besieging Tobruk also required a substantial commitment of troops and prevented Rommel from making further advances into Egypt . By maintaining possession of Tobruk , the Allies regained the initiative .
Australian policy for the use of the Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2AIF ) was to have all forces concentrated in an Australian Corps , under Australian command . By June , Australian troops were dispersed throughout the Middle East , Cyprus and North Africa . The subject had been of concern to the Australian Government since 18 April . The issue came to a head on 18 July , when Lieutenant @-@ General Thomas Blamey ( commander of the 2AIF , and deputy commander Middle East Command ) wrote a letter to General Claude Auchinleck , the new commander of all forces in North Africa and the Middle East , stating " the agreed policy for the employment of Australian troops between the British and Australian Governments is that the ... troops should operate as a single force . " Blamey also highlighted that the troops in Tobruk were showing a decline in health due to the siege and that the attrition rate they were suffering would result in " considerable " casualties , if they were not replaced by fresh troops . This caused a diplomatic row between Winston Churchill and the Australian Government that continued after the war , and turned what Graham Freudenberg called a " reasonable request in July " into " a risky one in October " .
The relief of the garrison and replacement with fresh troops were finally agreed . The first stage saw the 1st Polish Carpathian Brigade replace the 18th Australian Infantry Brigade . Next came the 6th Infantry Division 's 16th Infantry Brigade , during late September , with elements of the 32nd Army Tank Brigade , in lieu of the 24th Australian Infantry Brigade . On 10 October , for security reasons and in an attempt to confuse Axis intelligence as to when the division was fully redeployed , the 6th Infantry Division was renamed the 70th Infantry Division . Major @-@ General Ronald Scobie was given command .
The final stage of the relief effort took place between 12 and 25 October . The remaining elements of the 70th Division were transported into Tobruk and the remaining Australian garrison ( save the 2 / 13th Battalion and elements of the 2 / 15th Battalion ) were shipped out . In total , the relief effort evacuated 47 @,@ 280 men ( including prisoners ) and brought in 34 @,@ 113 men ; it also brought the garrison 's armour strength to 126 tanks . On 22 October , the 32nd Army Tank Brigade was attached to the 70th Division . With the relief effort over , command of the garrison was given to Scobie . Investing Tobruk were some German infantry and the Italian 27th Infantry Division Brescia , 25th Infantry Division Bologna , 17th Infantry Division Pavia , and 102nd Motorised Division Trento .
Prior to their withdrawal , the Australians briefed the incoming British troops . The men of the division then took over from the Australians and settled into their task of defending Tobruk , with what the Black Watch Regiment described as a sense that it was " the main post of honour open to the British fighting man . " The soldiers ' lives were uncomfortable : fresh water was scarce , washing was a luxury and done in sea @-@ water , razor blades were in short supply , meals were basic and sand storms were common . The troops were engaged in a dull routine : daily artillery bombardments by both sides , Axis air raids every night on Tobruk harbour , and for the infantry , nightly patrols . These patrols , described by the Black Watch as " pure 1914 – 18 warfare " , varied from reconnaissance missions — to identify what was located at a certain position — to capturing enemy soldiers and large scale trench raids on enemy positions . Auchinleck and Rommel had planned offensive operations simultaneously . The latter sought to capture Tobruk , aiming to launch an assault during the period of 20 November – 4 December , whereas Auchinleck planned to relieve Tobruk with a slightly earlier start date .
= = = Operation Crusader = = =
Auchinleck planned for XXX Corps ( under Lieutenant @-@ General Willoughby Norrie ) , containing the British armour , to advance around the undefended southern Axis flank , south of Sidi Omar , before moving towards Tobruk and engaging the German and Italian armoured units in battle . Once the Axis armour was defeated , the British force would attack towards Tobruk aiming to capture Sidi Rezegh , while the garrison broke out aiming to capture Ed Duda , cutting the enemy lines of communication . On 18 November , the Eighth Army began the offensive . Rommel , believing the attack was an attempt to hinder his own plans to assault Tobruk , did little to counter the British offensive . This led to the capture of Sidi Rezegh and the suggestion that the 70th Division should begin its attack on 21 November , before the Axis armour had been defeated . The plan to break out of Tobruk had been well rehearsed ; the 2nd Battalion , York and Lancaster Regiment , 2nd Black Watch , 2nd King 's Own Royal Regiment ( Lancaster ) and 2nd Queen 's Royal Regiment ( West Surrey ) would lead the attack with tanks of the 32nd Army Tank Brigade in close support .
Under cover of dark the men moved forward , creating gaps in the barbed wire and minefields in front of their positions and bridging Tobruk 's anti @-@ tank ditch . At 06 : 30 , on 21 November , the division began its attack on the positions of the Bologna Division and the German 90th Light Division ( although the latter had not been expected ) . The Axis positions were well dug @-@ in , behind mines and barbed wire , supported by machine guns and artillery . The first position , codenamed " Butch " , was captured by 09 : 00 , shortly followed by " Jill " , but two attempts to capture " Tugun " were repulsed by the Italian defenders . The mix of Italian and German troops holding " Tiger " offered up the most resistance of the day . The supporting Matilda tanks ran into undetected minefields and were engaged periodically by Axis anti @-@ tank guns . The Black Watch , under flanking fire from other Axis strong points and being fired upon directly by the defenders of " Tiger " , led a bayonet charge to the sound of bagpipes and captured the position , in conjunction with elements of the 1st Royal Tank Regiment ( 1 RTR ) and the 4th Royal Tank Regiment ( 4 RTR ) . The Black Watch suffered 75 per cent casualties , being reduced to 165 men .
Despite the losses , the Black Watch launched another attack to capture " Jack " . Major Meythaler , the commanding officer of the German sector under attack , was positioned there and reported nine more British tanks lost to mines . Minutes after his report , at 10 : 30 , the Black Watch overran the strong point . 1 RTR proceeded to overwhelm " Wolf " , but were repulsed by anti @-@ tank fire when they attempted to attack " Freddie " . During the afternoon , a further attack was launched that captured half of " Tugun " , but further progress was impeded by Italian artillery fire . The planned final thrust , to seize Ed Duda , was called off , due to the changing situation to the south . By the end of the day , a salient 4 @,@ 000 yards ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) deep and wide had been created , 550 German and 527 Italian soldiers had been captured , and 59 tanks of the 32nd Army Tank Brigade had been lost , of which half were repaired . The war diary of the German 90th Light Division described the day 's actions as " very serious " concluding " that the next day ' would probably bring a crisis ' " .
The following day the division improved its position . Strong point " Lion " , to the south west of " Tiger " , was captured , but an attempt to capture the remaining sections of " Tugun " was repelled . As a result of the fighting , the division began to face a shortage of ammunition for its artillery . Due to the tank battle raging to the south , Scobie was ordered not to make a further advance . The author of the Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939 – 45 , W. E. Murphy , highlights that the fighting by the British armour and 70th Division had created much " confusion in the enemy camp " and that , had the 32nd Army Tank Brigade attempted , it " could certainly have got to Ed Duda " and in doing so would have thwarted the German plans , greatly aiding the beleaguered 7th Armoured Division .
To the south , having temporarily defeated the British armour , Rommel launched the Afrika Korps and the Italian mobile divisions towards Egypt in the " Dash to the Wire " . He sought to relieve the besieged Italian garrisons along the border , cut the British supply lines and inflict an overwhelming defeat upon the Eighth Army . Despite causing panic amongst rear echelon troops , the attack was weak and ran into difficulties against prepared positions . The 2nd New Zealand Division had advanced around the Italian border defences and on 24 November began an advance towards Tobruk . By the next day , the division had reached Zaafran and retaken the much @-@ contested Sidi Rezegh airfield .
From these positions , the New Zealanders were ordered to capture Belhamed , Sidi Rezegh proper and Ed Duda . This was to precede a renewed break @-@ out offensive by the 70th Division . Scobie had informed Lieutenant @-@ General Alfred Godwin @-@ Austen , the XIII Corps commander , responsible for all operations near Tobruk , that the positions between him and Ed Duda were strongly defended . Godwin @-@ Austen assured Scobie that he was under no obligation to attack until the New Zealand Division had taken Ed Duda . Undertaking a night assault , the New Zealand infantry captured Belhamed despite strong resistance , but their attacks to take their other objectives were repulsed .
Aware that Ed Duda was still in Axis hands and that the New Zealand Division had bogged down attempting to advance upon the feature and was caught up in heavy fighting , Scobie ordered his men to capture Ed Duda . The 1st Essex Regiment , with machine gun support from the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers and the 32nd Army Tank Brigade , began their attack just after midday on 26 November . Axis artillery fire damaged two tanks before they crossed the start line but the remaining 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) was covered without incident . The 4 RTR were able to silence several Axis gun positions , and were joined by Z Company of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers , who helped eliminate a further position . Following the fighting , the Essex were ordered to join the tanks .
The 1st Essex now advanced on Ed Duda , which was not a fortified position as previously faced by the division . An artillery bombardment and the approaching British troops persuaded the defending Italian platoon to surrender . By 15 : 00 , Ed Duda was in British hands and the Essex began digging in to consolidate their position . Following the capture of the position , several Axis counterattacks were launched . Three German tanks inflicted heavy casualties upon a British detachment in front of the main Essex position , before being driven off . Two infantry companies advanced towards the Essex and " were badly shot up in their lorries at a range of some 200 yards . " In following engagements , the Essex took upwards of 110 prisoners . By the end of the day , the position was secure for the loss of only 65 casualties . That evening , the New Zealanders renewed their attacks and succeeded in linking with the 70th Division and cutting the Axis lines of communication .
On 27 November , Rommel abandoned his attack and ordered the Afrika Korps and accompanying Italians to return to the Tobruk area . It was not until 29 November that the Axis armour launched its attack upon the 70th and New Zealand divisions . Around 50 tanks of the 15th Panzer Division advanced on the 1st Essex and were engaged by anti @-@ tank guns and a handful of British infantry tanks . Several British tanks were hit and the rest retired . The anti @-@ tank guns of the Essex were silenced , and 300 German soldiers from II Battalion , Infantry Regiment 115 advanced . Two companies of the Essex were overrun , with 150 men captured . As darkness fell , British and German tanks again clashed before the former withdrew . Under the cover of night , the Australian 2 / 13th Battalion was ordered to counter @-@ attack along with the remnants of 4 RTR ( eleven tanks in total ) . Elements of the Essex battalion spontaneously joined the assault , retaking the lost ground and capturing 167 prisoners for the loss of around 25 men . Less than 60 German troops were able to retreat to friendly units .
Axis attention now concentrated upon the New Zealand Division ; after the recent fighting , the division , less 4 @,@ 500 men who joined the 70th Division , withdrew towards the frontier in need of rest , refitting and re @-@ organization ; the 70th Division was again cut off . On 1 December , Godwin @-@ Austen was concerned about the exposed British position at Ed Duda , as were the staff of 70th Division , who believed the area had become untenable . Infantry had reinforced the captured ground , the 14th Infantry Brigade holding a line from Ed Duda to roughly 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) to the north @-@ east . The Essex were still dug in at Ed Duda , with the 19th New Zealand Battalion to their north @-@ east , then the 4th Border Regiment , the 18th New Zealand Battalion to their east and the 1st Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment to their north at Bir ( Magen ) Belhamed and the captured Axis strong point known as " Leopard " . The commanding officer of the 1st Essex reported that the position was well prepared and he was confident of repelling any assault . Scobie sent word stating " Well done , I admire your spirit " .
For several days , the 70th Division was bombarded , and on 1 December an uncoordinated attack by the German 90th Division was repulsed by the 18th New Zealand Battalion . The following day , a larger attack was launched upon the 1st Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment . This attack was also repulsed inflicting heavy losses on one of the German battalions . On 4 December , elements of the 21st Panzer Division , supported by an ad hoc formation of 500 German infantry and Italian engineers and artillery support from the 90th Light Division , launched an assault on Ed Duda . This attack was met by the Essex , 4th Borders , 18th New Zealanders and elements of the 32nd Army Tank Brigade . The German attack was defeated and the 4th Borders , supported by tanks , counter @-@ attacked taking 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) of ground , for the loss of fifteen tanks .
The 70th Division had been planning another attack to capture El Adem but the battle made these plans redundant . The inability of the Germans and Italians to defeat the 70th Division and push the unit back inside Tobruk had strategic consequences . Rommel had come to the conclusion that his troops could not maintain the siege due to being overstretched , and decided to withdraw all of the troops he could to the east of Tobruk . The 70th Division initially joined other Eighth Army formations in advancing west in pursuit , but by 12 December it had returned to Tobruk . Over the course of December , Operation Crusader continued and the Axis forces retreated to El Agheila before fighting ceased . The 70th Division was withdrawn to Egypt for rest and refitting . Due to a lack of transport , the move took until mid @-@ January . By the end of the month , the division had returned to Syria to camp near Damascus .
= = = India and disbandment = = =
During the night of 7 / 8 December 1941 , one hour prior to the Attack on Pearl Harbor , the Empire of Japan entered the war with the Japanese invasion of Malaya . Four hours following the strike on Pearl Harbor , the Battle of Hong Kong was launched ; the city surrendered on Christmas Day . On 15 January 1942 , the Japanese attack was expanded as their troops invaded Burma . Then , on 15 February , Singapore fell . During February , the 70th Division began moving back to Egypt . On 17 February the order was given for the division to be transferred to India . The next day , Major @-@ General George Symes was given command of the division . They boarded ships at Suez , and had completely departed Egypt by 28 February . The division , without the 16th Brigade , reached Bombay on 10 March . With a Japanese invasion of British Ceylon expected , the 16th Brigade was sent in as reinforcements , arriving on 15 March . It remained until 1943 , when it rejoined the division . In June 1942 , the 70th Division was located near Ranchi ; along with the 50th Indian Armoured Brigade , it formed part of the Eastern Army reserve . The division was seen as a well @-@ trained formation and along with the 23rd Indian Infantry Division formed a mobile reserve against a Japanese landing or advance through Arakan in Burma . At Ranchi , the division also engaged in jungle warfare training .
In August 1942 , Mahatma Gandhi 's Quit India Movement resulted in civil disobedience spreading across Bihar , Orissa and Bengal . The division was deployed throughout these areas , suppressing the disturbances and protecting the railways of Bihar . After civil power was restored in the affected areas , the 70th Division was concentrated again at Ranchi and resumed training as part of XV Indian Corps . The corps commander , Lieutenant @-@ General William Slim , wrote in his memoirs that the 70th Division " was one of the best British formations I have met , with a magnificent battle hardened spirit gained in the Middle East " .
A member of the division , writing in May 1943 , commented that it would not be
... enough for us to rest on our Middle East laurels [ despite them being ] " well deserved " ... those days should only be regarded as a starting point in efficiency for only 100 % trained tps ... will defeat the Japanese in Arakan or in any other theatre of operations .
In April 1943 , Slim requested that the 70th Division be released from Eastern Army reserve to relieve other units on the Arakan front , but elements of the division were only slowly redeployed . The 23rd Infantry Brigade arrived in the Arakan area in May . As of June , the remainder of the division was still part of the army reserve .
On 14 February 1943 , Brigadier Orde Wingate launched Operation Loincloth . This operation saw the 77th Indian Infantry Brigade operate behind the Japanese lines , supplied via air drops , ambushing Japanese troops and destroying rail lines . The force returned to Allied lines during April , having lost nearly a third of its troops ; most of the remainder , as described by historian Christopher Chant , were " crippled by exhaustion , malnutrition , dysentery , and malaria . " Despite this , the operation was deemed a success . In August 1943 , Wingate ( now a major @-@ general ) was sent to attend the Quebec Conference . Churchill and the Americans were so impressed by Wingate that Special Force , commonly known as the Chindits , were ordered to be expanded . Under this expansion , the 70th Division would be broken up and its units transferred to Special Force .
Auchinleck , now Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , India , strongly opposed such a move preferring to retain the division as an entity . Instead , he proposed that the newly arrived 81st ( West Africa ) Division could be used in its place . Despite his arguments and the end of the division 's availability for operations against the Japanese @-@ occupied Ramree Island , he was over @-@ ruled by Churchill 's backing of Wingate . On 6 September , the division began reorganising for long @-@ range penetration . It had been estimated that 10 percent of the men would be unsuitable but this had been based on an erroneous report given in London ( believed to be from Wingate ) that the division was not first class , even though the standard of its infantry was high .
On 25 October , the division was broken up and all troops were transferred to Special Force . Symes , despite his seniority , became Wingate 's second @-@ in @-@ command and tried to prevent the further break @-@ up of the divisional units to retain the traditions , histories and esprit de corps of the British Army 's regimental structure , which reconciled his men and helped to ensure a smooth transition to Special Force . Having ceased to exist , the 70th Division was officially disbanded on 24 November .
The British Official Historian , Stanley Kirby , wrote that the best @-@ trained and most @-@ experienced British division had been broken up to reinforce Special Force , which eventually absorbed one @-@ sixth of the infantry in South East Asia Command . He judged that had the division been retained , it could have reinforced the Fourteenth Army , making the defence of Imphal and Kohima in 1944 easier . Historian F. W. Perry wrote , " it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the results achieved by the force did not represent an adequate return for the resources invested " . He further argued that the force was too lightly armed to capture strongly held positions or to hold one if captured , and concluded that Special Force " inflicted more damage and disruption on the British Army than it ever did on the Japanese . " Similarly , Slim argued in his memoirs that it had been a mistake to break up the 70th Division as it was the only British division which had been trained in jungle warfare , and that it would have been twice as effective as an experienced conventional formation than it proved to be as part of Special Force .
= = General officer commanding = =
Commanders included :
= = Order of Battle = =
= Rhode Island Route 403 =
Route 403 , also known as the Quonset Freeway , is a numbered state highway located in Washington County and Kent County , Rhode Island , United States . The route is a nominally east – west limited @-@ access freeway for its entire length . A spur of Rhode Island Route 4 , Route 403 serves Davisville and the Quonset Business Park , providing freeway access to Interstate 95 and the northern Providence metropolitan area from the industrial zone . The western terminus of the freeway is at a trumpet interchange with Route 4 in East Greenwich . The route has three unnumbered interchanges along its 4 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) length , including a junction with U.S. Route 1 in North Kingstown , before terminating at an at @-@ grade intersection with Roger Williams Way and Commerce Park Road in Quonset . Route 403 is the highest numbered route in Rhode Island .
Prior to 2006 , Route 403 was a narrow , two @-@ lane road through Davisville . The western terminus of the route was at an interchange with Route 4 and Rhode Island Route 402 in East Greenwich , and the eastern terminus was at U.S. Route 1 in North Kingstown . In order to accommodate increasingly heavy commercial and commuter traffic to and from the Quonset Business Park , the Rhode Island Department of Transportation constructed the Quonset Freeway as an upgraded Route 403 . The relocation of the route began in 2000 and was constructed in two phases ; Phase 1 , a freeway from Quonset to Davisville , opened in June 2006 . Phase 2 of the relocation project , which connected the freeway with Route 4 , was completed one year ahead of schedule in December 2008 .
= = Route description = =
= = = Original Route 403 = = =
Prior to 2006 , Route 403 was a narrow , two @-@ lane road running for 2 @.@ 4 miles ( 3 @.@ 9 km ) through Davisville , Rhode Island . The road , a spur route of Route 4 , connected to Rhode Island Route 402 and Route 4 at its western terminus , and was accessible only from Route 4 southbound . Its eastern terminus was at a grade @-@ separated interchange with U.S. 1 . The nominally east – west route followed a northwestern – southeastern route for most of its length . Route 403 was signed on two local roads , Davisville Road and Devil 's Foot Road , in the towns of East Greenwich and North Kingstown .
Route 403 's original western terminus was at a complex interchange with Routes 4 and 402 in East Greenwich . Both Routes 402 and 403 were accessible from Exit 7 on Route 4 southbound ; there was no access to either route from the northbound lanes of Route 4 . After the Exit 7 ramp , Route 403 eastbound crossed over Route 4 and began to head in southeastern direction along Davisville Road . Shortly after its western terminus , Route 403 crossed the Hunt River into Washington County and Davisville , a village in the town of North Kingstown . After intersecting Old Baptist Road , a local route that connects to Route 102 , Route 403 began to follow Devil 's Foot Road , continuing on its southeastern trajectory . The route crossed Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor rail line before turning to head in an almost due east direction , entering the Quonset Business Park . Shortly after passing Devil 's Foot Rock , a petrosomatoglyph attributed to the Devil in colonial times , Route 403 passed under U.S. Route 1 ( Post Road ) and intersected two US 1 access ramps , Davisville Road , and Quonset Road ; the latter two roads headed into the business park toward Quonset State Airport and the Quonset container port . Although the mainline of the road continued eastbound as Quonset Road ( now Roger Williams Way ) , Route 403 officially terminated at the intersection with the US 1 access ramps .
Since the completion of the Quonset Freeway in 2008 and the full relocation of Route 403 , the old route on Davisville Road and Devil 's Foot Road has been unnumbered . Some portions of the road are signed " To RI 403 , " but there is no indication that RIDOT plans to designate the old route as Rhode Island Route 403A . Route 403 's previous alignment was largely unchanged during the construction of the Quonset Freeway ; only the interchanges with Routes 4 and 402 in East Greenwich and with US 1 in North Kingstown were altered significantly .
= = = Quonset Freeway = = =
The Quonset Freeway begins in East Greenwich at Exit 7 of Route 4 ; southbound , the exit is numbered 7B , as Exit 7A serves Route 402 . Unlike Route 402 , which is accessible only via Route 4 southbound , Route 403 is accessible from the northbound lanes of Route 4 via the newly constructed Exit 7 . Like the original Route 403 , the nominally east – west freeway follows a northeastern – southwestern route for much of its length . Shortly after beginning at Route 4 , Route 403 crosses over Route 402 and the Hunt River on a single @-@ span bridge , entering the town of North Kingstown . The relocation of Route 403 removed access to Route 402 ; the freeway now travels over Frenchtown Road without an interchange . While there is no direct link between the two routes , motorists traveling westbound on Route 403 can take the exit for Route 4 south and then access Route 402 from Exit 7A off Route 4 .
Route 403 continues in a southeastern direction before crossing over Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor rail line . The freeway begins to closely parallel the railroad before crossing under Devil 's Foot Road , the original Route 403 , and entering the village of Davisville . Shortly after the overpass , Route 403 turns to head almost due east . The freeway has its first interchange with West Davisville Road ; the exit is accessible only from eastbound Route 403 , and serves the villages of Davisville and Quidnessett . Closely paralleling Devil 's Foot Road , Route 403 continues eastward before interchanging with U.S. Route 1 ( Post Road ) and Davisville Road ; the two roads are served via a single exit . Westbound Route 403 has no direct interchange with either US 1 or Davisville Road ; the route 's first westbound exit in Quonset is signed as " To US 1 , " and connects to Post Road via Gate Road , a commercial outlet in Quonset .
Shortly after the interchange with US 1 , Route 403 begins to head in a southwestern direction . After 4 @.@ 5 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) miles , Route 403 terminates at a traffic signal with Commerce Park Road , a commercial route that heads north into the business park . The mainline of Route 403 continues eastward as Roger Williams Way ( formerly Quonset Road ) , a four @-@ lane , undivided road that leads to Quonset State Airport .
= = History = =
The original Route 403 that existed prior to 2006 was numbered in 1973 as a spur route of the newly constructed Route 4 . The two @-@ lane , undivided state highway was the main access road to Davisville and Quonset Point from Route 4 . Quonset was home to Naval Air Station Quonset Point , a major U.S. naval base , until 1974 . After the closure of the base , the Quonset Point region of North Kingstown was converted into an industrial zone and commercial district by the state of Rhode Island ; a container port and the Quonset State Airport were also opened for commercial use .
By the 1980s , more than 12 @,@ 000 cars were using Route 403 daily to access the business park ; the Rhode Island Department of Transportation ( RIDOT ) estimated that this vehicle volume would exceed 25 @,@ 000 by 2005 . This high vehicle capacity would be dangerous because of Route 403 's sharp curves and low speed limit in Davisville . The narrow route through a densely populated region was particularly unsuitable for the high volume of commercial trucks that used it to access Route 4 from the Quonset Business Park and container port . RIDOT began studies on improving the route in 1987 , exploring both the widening of the existing route to a four @-@ lane , undivided highway and the construction of a freeway as options . The proposal to widen the existing road was ultimately dropped , as it would less effective at relieving congestion in the region and would require significant demolition of existing structures in Davisville . A freeway alternative to be constructed north of the existing route with more direct access to Route 4 and an eastward expansion beyond US 1 into the Quonset Business Park was selected instead .
= = = Construction of the Quonset Freeway = = =
Construction of " Phase 1 " of the four @-@ lane , limited @-@ access Quonset Freeway began in 2000 with excavation of the route and right @-@ of @-@ way acquisition ; the project required the demolition of 13 structures , five commercial and eight residential . Phase 1 included an extension of the highway into the Quonset Business Park and the construction of several overpasses in Quonset , an exit ramp to Gate Road , a full interchange with U.S. Route 1 in North Kingstown , and a partial diamond interchange with West Davisville Road in Davisville . During Phase 1 's construction , traffic was maintained on the existing Route 403 ( Devil 's Foot Road ) ; the only major alteration to the route was the setting of a new eastern terminus of the road at US 1 , as the previous terminus was demolished to allow for the construction of the freeway . Phase 1 cost $ 70 million to complete and was opened to traffic on June 22 , 2006 . The new freeway was posted with a speed limit of 45 miles per hour ( 72 km / h ) .
From 2006 until 2008 , while Phase 2 of the relocated Route 403 was constructed , traffic on the newly completed freeway from Quonset to Davisville was rediected onto Davisville Road ( the original route alignment ) , which continued on to the existing terminus at Routes 4 and 402 . Traffic was diverted onto the original route alignment after the West Davisville Road interchange , passing over the Amtrak rail tracks via the existing Devil 's Foot Road overpass bridge .
Construction of the $ 100 million @-@ Phase 2 of the Quonset Freeway began in 2004 and continued until 2008 . The project included the construction of new bridges over the Northeast Corridor rail line , Route 402 , and Route 4 . The existing Route 403 bridge over Route 4 was also demolished as a part of Phase 2 . The freeway and ramps from Route 403 west to Route 4 north and from Route 4 south to Route 403 east opened on October 23 , 2008 . The route was posted with a speed limit of 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) . The final portion of Phase 2 , ramps from Route 403 west to Route 4 south and from Route 4 north to Route 403 east , opened in December 2008 . As part of the construction of a trumpet interchange with Route 4 in East Greenwich , a new northbound Exit 7 on Route 4 was completed ; the original Route 403 was accessible only from Route 4 southbound . All major construction on the freeway was completed in December 2008 , one year ahead of schedule ; minor projects continued on the relocated route until early 2009 .
= = Exit list = =
All exits are unnumbered .
= Sega Meganet =
Sega Meganet , also known as the Net Work System , was an online service for the Mega Drive in Japan and later Brazil . Utilizing dial @-@ up Internet access , Meganet was Sega 's first online multiplayer gaming service , and functioned on a pay to play basis . The system functioned through the use of a peripheral called the Mega Modem and offered several unique titles that could be downloaded , and a few could be played competitively with friends . In addition , it shared technology and equipment with more serious services such as the Mega Anser , used for banking purposes . Though the system was announced for North America under the rebranded name " Tele @-@ Genesis " , it was never released for that region . Ultimately , the Meganet service would be short @-@ lived , lasting approximately a year before it was discontinued , but would serve as a precursor to the Sega Channel and XBAND services , as well as a predecessor to online gaming services for video game consoles . Retrospective feedback praises the attempt by Sega to introduce online gaming , but criticizes the service for its logistical issues and lack of titles .
= = History = =
Sega 's 16 @-@ bit console , the Sega Genesis ( known as Mega Drive in most areas outside of North America ) was released in Japan on October 29 , 1988 , though the launch was overshadowed by Nintendo 's release of Super Mario Bros. 3 a week earlier . Positive coverage from magazines Famitsu and Beep ! helped to establish a following , but Sega only managed to ship 400 @,@ 000 units in the first year . In order to draw a larger audience , Sega began work on an Internet service , similar to what Nintendo had attempted with the Famicom Tsushin for the NES .
Released in Japan on November 3 , 1990 , at a cost of JP ¥ 12 @,@ 800 ( approximately US $ 100 ) for the equipment , as well as an additional ¥ 800 monthly , access began to the Meganet service by way of the Mega Modem , a peripheral which attaches to the rear EXT 9 @-@ pin port on the rear of the console . From the modem , a cable runs to a dual @-@ port connector , which connects into a telephone line . The Mega Modem also came packaged with a cartridge which allowed for access to the Meganet game library , and approximately six titles were available at launch . It was capable of connection speeds of up to 1200bit / s . Though the service had also been advertised in North America under the name " Tele @-@ Genesis " in publications such as Electronic Gaming Monthly , it was never released for the region .
As another way of attempting to expand the audience for the Mega Drive in Japan , Sega introduced the Mega Anser , a system designed for use with Nagoya Bank in Japan , in 1990 . Packaged as an all @-@ in @-@ one system including a Mega Drive , Mega Modem , Mega Anser cartridge and keypad , the system allowed for transactions such as balance inquiries , transfers , and loan information . It initially retailed at a cost of JP ¥ 34 @,@ 000 including the home console , and a version with an additional printer retailed for ¥ 72 @,@ 800 .
Due to the system 's low number of titles , prohibitively high price , and the Mega Drive 's lack of success in Japan , the Meganet system proved to be a commercial failure . By 1992 , the Mega Modem peripheral could be found in bargain bins at a reduced price , and a remodeled version of the Mega Drive released in 1993 removed the EXT 9 @-@ pin port altogether , preventing the newer model from being connected to the Meganet service .
In 1995 , the Meganet internet service launched in Brazil . Its main focus in the region was e @-@ mail , although by 1996 the service was capable of online multiplayer , along with chat features . Similar to the Mega Anser , a home banking product was also released for the region . Meganet hardware and services were provided through Sega 's distributor in the region , Tectoy .
= = Game library = =
The Meganet service utilized its own library of titles , independent of the Genesis library . Most of these games never received a cartridge release ; however , Columns , Flicky , Fatal Labyrinth , and Teddy Boy Blues each later saw cartridge versions . Several Meganet games would also later appear in Game no Kanzume vol . 2 , released for the Mega @-@ CD exclusively in Japan . Most games for the service were small , at around 128kB per game , due to the limits of Internet connection speeds at the time . Downloads were estimated to take about five to eight minutes to complete .
All of the Meganet games were available through the Sega Game Library , accessed through the Meganet modem . Due to issues with long @-@ distance charges through the use of telephone lines , as well as seconds of lag time between commands , only two games featured competitive play : Tel @-@ Tel Stadium and Tel @-@ Tel Mahjong , with the remainder of the games available for single players via download . Due to Sega 's reluctance to commit to releasing the service in North America , third @-@ party developers in that region were unwilling to invest in developing games specifically for Meganet . This resulted in a low number of titles created for the service .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Retrospective feedback on the Sega Meganet service is mixed , praising the early initiative to develop online gaming for video consoles , but criticizing its implementation via use of telephone lines and issues with Sega 's lack of developers for the service . Adam Redsell of IGN commented on the basic features of the service , and despite noting that Meganet received only a few games , stated " [ T ] hat 's pretty damn impressive for 1990 " . He also notes the influence of Sega in the development of online gaming , with the Meganet service as their first attempt , and credits the Meganet 's successor , Sega Channel , with helping to spread broadband Internet .
However , the telephone line network which the Meganet ran on has been criticized for its logistical issues in online gaming . According to Electronic Gaming Monthly , " Even though the TeleGenesis modem has been announced , it has yet to appear and the real usefulness of a device that is used only to play games with friends over the phone lines remains questionable ( both have to have the modem , the phone lines must be clear , the phone bills will be a problem if it ’ s a long @-@ distance call , etc . ) " The same issues that plagued the Meganet over the use of phone lines for Internet connectivity would later resurface when Catapult Entertainment launched the XBAND service in 1994 .
Ken Horowitz of Sega @-@ 16 took note of Sega 's reluctance to commit to releasing the service in North America as part of the reason for its lack of titles , noting , " Companies were most likely waiting for confirmation of the modem ’ s release before they began to commit themselves , and as time has attested , few were waiting to go ahead with development in light of Sega 's ' wait and see ' attitude . " Horowitz went on to criticize this issue as a problem Sega would have again with the Sega 32X in 1994 , stating , " History would repeat itself in the harshest of manners only five years later . Sega 's expectations of third party support for something it showed little enthusiasm for were entirely unrealistic and ultimately meant that no games would be in the pipeline . "
= Innherredsferja =
Innherredsferja AS ( " The Innherred Ferry " ) was a Norwegian ferry operator in the Trondheimsfjord in Nord @-@ Trøndelag county . It operated the Levanger – Hokstad Ferry between the town of Levanger and the island of Ytterøya , and the Vangshylla – Kjerringvik Ferry between Inderøy and Mosvik . The company operated seven ferries through its history , and had up to three operating at any time , including one in reserve . Innherredsferja was based in Levanger .
The company was founded in 1957 , and started a service between Venneshamn , Kjerringvik , Vangshylla , Hokstad , and Levanger . The initial owners of the company were a mixture of municipalities , the county , and private individuals and companies . In 1964 , the company 's operations were split into two services , each with a single crossing . Following the opening of the Skarnsund Bridge in 1991 , the Vangshylla – Kjerringvik Ferry was terminated . In 2005 , the company was taken over by Fosen Trafikklag , after the state decided that the route would be subject to public service obligation . The company lost the bid to Nor @-@ Ferjer , and operation ceased at the end of 2006 .
= = History = =
= = = Establishment = = =
The initiative for a cross @-@ fjord ferry services was taken by Arthur Selvig , leader of the merchants ' association in Levanger . In January 1955 , he invited members of the municipal councils on both sides of the fjord to establish a company . The meeting was held in Levanger , and the representatives from Mosvik took two days to get to the meeting . An interim committee was appointed , which was to cooperate with Innherreds Aktie Dampskibsselskab to persuade them not purchase a new ship , and also to consider purchase of a combined car- and cargo @-@ ferry , or alternatively a conventional vessel . At the time , National Road 755 between Mosvik and Leksvik was being constructed and would be competed by the end of the decade ; however , it would take longer before Mosvik would be connected to Venneshamn . The committee suggested the route Venneshamn – Kjerringvik – Vangshylla – Ytterøy – Levanger be established . The municipal council of Ytterøy voted to place the ferry quay at Hokstad , which was serving as the municipal center .
State funding of NOK 105 @,@ 000 was granted to build ferry quays at Hokstad , Levanger and Venneshamn . The committee decided that they wanted a ferry similar to one delivered by Moen & Sønns Båtbyggeri which was at the time stationed in Trondheim , costing NOK 450 @,@ 000 . To finance this , state guarantees for the load and deficits needed to be granted . The Ministry of Transport and Communications promised to grant partial guarantees if local guarantees were also issued . Sale of shares started in 1957 , and the municipalities of Inderøy , Mosvik , Verran and Levanger bought shares , as well as guaranteeing 20 % of the deficits . Nord @-@ Trøndelag County Municipality bought shares , but did not want to issue guarantees . Innherredsferja was established with a share capital of NOK 144 @,@ 000 , split between 288 shares . The county bought 100 and became the largest owner , while seven municipalities bought 90 between them . The remaining shares were owned by private individuals and local companies . The company was incorporated on 10 May 1957 .
NOK 400 @,@ 000 was borrowed and NOK 510 @,@ 000 invested in a ferry from Moen & Sønns . It arrived at Levanger on 31 December 1957 and was named Innherredsferja . Initial plans were to have a crew of three on the ferry , but this was quickly expanded to five . The single @-@ direction vessel had space for 75 passengers plus vehicles . During the test @-@ run it became clear that the quay at Vangshylla was 75 centimetres ( 30 in ) too narrow to allow the ferry to dock . The first ferry service had ten different route combinations in each direction , and the fees were based on three different zones . Trips within Mosvik , Verran and Inderøy were in Zone 1 , trips to and from Ytterøy were in Zone 2 , while trips from Levanger to Mosvik and Inderøy were within Zone 3 . The initial prices were NOK 1 for one person in Zone 1 , NOK 2 @.@ 50 in Zone 2 and NOK 3 @.@ 5 in Zone 3 . For cars , the prices were NOK 5 , 10 and 14 , respectively . On workdays , the ferry made two round trips to Ytterøy and Levanger , three round trips to Venneshamn and five round trips to Vangshylla and Kjerringvik . At Levanger , both ferries corresponded with north- and southbound trains on the Nordland Line at Levanger Station , which is within walking distance of the quay . At Vangshylla , there were buses operated by Fylkesbilene i Nord @-@ Trøndelag to Steinkjer and Røra Station .
Operations commenced on 1 February 1958 . After five days , the service had to stop because of technical problems with the engine , and it took a week before it resumed . The quay at Levanger was not suitable , because the ferry could not dock at low tide . This caused the ferry to dock at the main dock to disembark passengers , whilst unloading the vehicles had to wait until high tide . In the first twelve months of operation , the ferry transported 9 @,@ 411 vehicles , of which 4 @,@ 000 were cars , and 40 @,@ 000 passengers . By 1961 , the number of cars had increased to 9 @,@ 374 . During 1958 , the company employed ticket sellers at the quays . A new ferry , Innherredsfer
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ja II , was ordered from Ulstein Mekaniske Verksted , and entered service on 1 August 1962 . The 27 metres ( 89 ft ) long vessel cost NOK 1 @,@ 062 @,@ 000 . It had a capacity for sixteen cars or six trucks . Part of the rationale for purchasing the new ferry was the increased traffic across Skarnsund following the completion of National Road 755 from Mosvik to Leksvik , which made the ferry the fastest link for people from Leksvik traveling to Levanger .
= = = Two routes = = =
Discussion about splitting the route into two started in the early in 1960s . The Public Roads Administration felt that it was unnecessary to have a cross @-@ fjord service , as at the time there was a road from Vangshylla to Levanger which sufficed . The administration was also in the process of building a road from Kjerringvik to Venneshamn , which would allow the ferry to drop that service . On 1 June 1964 , the service was split in two : Vangshylla – Kjerringvik and Hokstad – Levanger . At the same time , the service was upgraded to a national road connection , and the full responsibility for funding was transferred to the ministry . The Vangshylla – Kjerringvik service was taken over by Innherredsferja , while the Hokstad – Levanger service was taken over by Innherredsferja II . In 1968 , the state granted sufficient guarantees to allow a new ferry to be purchased . In the same year , the road from Framverran via Venneshamn to Kjerringvik was opened . The new ferry was similar to Innherredsferja II ; it was built in Kristiansund for NOK 1 @,@ 555 @,@ 000 and originally named Skarnsund . Innherredsferja was sold to an operator in Agder for NOK 50 @,@ 000 . At the same time , Fremverran and Venneshamn were transferred from the municipality of Verran to Mosvik , while Ytterøy , Skogn and Frol merged with Levanger .
In 1970 , the ferries were equipped with televisions . The following year , the company had a deficit of NOK 1 @.@ 1 million . It transported 195 @,@ 000 passengers , of which 120 @,@ 000 took the Vangshylla – Kjerringvik service . Mobile telephones came into use in January 1972 . In 1973 , the service was reduced as a result of the oil crisis , which lasted until 1 March 1974 . Smoking indoors was banned from 1975 , and a new quay was built in Levanger and opened on 1 July 1976 . Local disagreement about the location of a new quay on Ytterøy delayed construction , and it did not open until 1981 . In 1974 , planning for a new ferry on the Ytterøy service started , although the order was not placed until June 1979 . The new ferry , Ytterøy , cost NOK 10 @.@ 5 million , had space for 30 cars and was bi @-@ directional . It was put into service in February 1981 . Innherredsferja II was kept as a reserve .
The need for a larger ferry on the Skarnsund service was also pressing . Cars often had to wait , and if the ferry sailed with full capacity , there was no room for passengers to leave their vehicles . Work to procure a new ferry to replace Skarnsund started in 1981 . This resulted in the acquisition of the second @-@ hand ferry Mosvik from Bergen , with a capacity of 24 cars , which entered service starting 9 December 1982 . Skarnsund was leased to Namsos Trafikkselskap . In 1982 , tickets for a single trip on the Skarnsund Ferry were NOK 5 for an adult and NOK 14 for a car with driver . On the Ytterøy service , it was NOK 7 and 25 , respectively . Discounts were available , up to 33 % for cars and 50 % for trucks and buses .
= = = New times at Skarnsund = = =
Mosvik proved to be too small , with 3 @,@ 000 cars being left at the quays at Vangshylla and Kjerringvik in 1986 . An additional 47 were not catered for on the Ytterøy service in the same year . The order for Skarnsund II , costing NOK 27 million , was signed in December 1987 , and put into service in 1988 . Skarnsund was sold to Namsos Trafikkselskap for NOK 1 , as was Mosvik for NOK 1 million . The following year , Verran Municipality sold its shares in the company . In 1990 , the subsidy system was changed , and the company received a fixed subsidy instead of the state covering the deficit . This allowed the company to make a profit , if it managed to rationalize operations .
The first meeting of local commercial and political interests to establish a bridge across Skarnsund was held in 1972 . By 1983 , it was formalized by the establishment of the company AS Skarnsundsbrua to finance construction . The Parliament of Norway passed the plans in 1986 , and construction started two years later . The bridge cost NOK 200 million , and was opened by King Harald V on 19 December 1991 , after he had taken the last ferry across the fjord .
In 1991 , Fosen Trafikklag purchased Inderøy Municipality 's shares in Innherredferja , while Verran Sparebank bought those previously owned by Mosvik Municipality . In its last year of operation , the Skarnsund service carried 267 @,@ 894 people , 108 @,@ 482 cars , 13 @,@ 878 trucks , 840 buses and 312 motorcycles . Skarnsund II was sold to Namsos Trafikkselskap for NOK 23 @,@ 357 @,@ 778 . In 1992 , the annual meeting had to be postponed due to a ferry strike , which prevented the shareholders from Ytterøy attending . Levanger Municipality and Nord @-@ Trøndelag County Municipality were the only remaining public shareholders , and in 1992 Levanger announced that they intended to sell the Trondheim @-@ based ferry operator Fosen Trafikklag . However , the politicians changed their mind , and the municipality remained as a shareholder . In 1994 , both ferries were out of service and a small passenger ferry was used for a few days . In 1996 , the company was again hit by a strike . Normally the service was not chosen to be subject to strikes due to the high regularity needed by the chicken manufacturer Trønderkylling , who would otherwise have to proceed with unnecessary slaughtering of animals . In 1997 , a cooperation with Fosen Trafikklag started , including the two using a shared reserve ferry , Austråt .
= = = Cooperation and competition = = =
In 2000 , Innherredsferja started to work on proposals to purchase a new ferry . The following year , it chose to buy Torghatten for NOK 19 @.@ 2 million from Torghatten Trafikkselskap , and renamed it Ytterøy II . It was taken into service on 9 November 2002 , andInnherredsferja II was sold . At the same time , Innherredsferja and Fosen Trafikklag amended their agreement , whereby Ytterøy , stationed at Levanger , became the shared reserve ferry . This meant that if a reserve vessel was needed for the Flakk – Rørvik Ferry , Ytterøy II would be sent there , and Ytterøy used for the Levanger – Hokstad service . From 1 January 2003 , the Levanger – Hokstad Ferry was one of six services which were part of a national test project where the fees for cars were increased , while passengers traveled free . The project included larger discounts for large users . The scheme was terminated in 2006 . A new ferry quay at Levanger was opened in 2003 , with a larger waiting area and ramp . The ramp also had separate sections for walk @-@ on passengers and cars . A terminal building was built with a waiting room and toilets , as well as offices for Innherredsferja . The terminal was 160 square metres ( 1 @,@ 700 sq ft ) in two stories and cost NOK 1 @.@ 8 million . From the ground , the building was built to symbolize a lighthouse , while from above it appears shaped like a fish .
In 2004 , Bondevik 's Second Cabinet and Liberal Minister of Transport Torild Skogsholm decided that all ferry services in Norway would become subject to public service obligation ( PSO ) . Innherredsferja held a concession until the end of 2006 , but would have to bid for the service from 1 January 2007 . The company would need expertise in both bidding and increased share capital to succeed in the bidding . By then , Fosen Trafikklag had bought 25 % of the company , and the county and the municipality sold their shares to Fosen . Following this , a meeting was held on Ytterøy , where Fosen succeeded in securing a sufficient number of shares from the private owners to purchase the entire company . This valued the company at NOK 23 @.@ 1 million . Private owners were given the option to be paid in Fosen shares . From 1 July 2005 , Innherredsferja was made a subsidiary of Fosen , but the company remained a separate limited company with its own board .
The Ytterøy service was packaged with the Brekstad – Valset Ferry — located further out in the fjord than the Flakk – Rørvik Ferry . In the initial contract proposal from the Public Roads Administration , it was considered acceptable that Ytterøy could be without a ferry service for up to 24 hours , should there be technical difficulties with the vessel . After massive local protests — arguing that Brekstad residents had the option to take the Flakk – Rørvik Ferry — the Ytterøy this delay was reduced to 2 hours and it was specified that the reserve ferry had to be stationed at Levanger . In 2005 , the Public Roads Administration declared that Nor @-@ Ferjer , a joint venture between Stavangerske and Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap had won the bid . Innherredsferja continued to operate until their concession ran out , after which Ytterøy II and the terminal in Levanger were sold . All but three of the employees received jobs with Nor @-@ Ferjer . Until 2008 , Innherredsferja remained a paper company until the sale of Ytterøy was completed and liquidation completed . The company never had any serious accidents during its history .
= = Services = =
= = = Cross @-@ fjord = = =
The cross @-@ fjord route was in service from 1958 to 1964 . It connected the three sea @-@ locked communities of Venneshamn , Mosvik and Ytterøy to the mainland at Inderøy and Levanger . On workdays , the ferry made two round trips to Ytterøy and Levanger , three round trips to Venneshamn and five round trips to Vangshylla and Kjerringvik .
= = = Skarnsund = = =
The Vangshylla – Kjerringvik Ferry connected the municipalities of Inderøy and Mosvik across the sound Skarnsund , at the narrowest point of the Trondheimsfjord . The route operated from 1 June 1964 to 19 December 1991 , when it was replaced by the Skarnsund Bridge . It was part of Norwegian National Road 755 . The ferry had hourly services in each direction through most of the day , and the crossing took seven minutes .
= = = Ytterøy = = =
The Levanger – Hokstad Ferry connects the mainland at Levanger with the island of Ytterøya at Hokstad . The service has operated since 1 June 1964 , as part of Norwegian National Road 774 . The ferry has up to eleven daily round trips , with the crossing taking 30 minutes on the 9 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) stretch . Since 2007 , the service has been operated by Nor @-@ Ferjer ( which later merged to become part of Tide Sjø ) .
= = Fleet = =
MF Innherredsferja was the company 's first vessel . She was a single @-@ direction vessel built at Moen & Sønns Båtbyggeri in Risør . She arrived at Levanger on 31 December 1957 and cost NOK 510 @,@ 000 , and was not equipped with radar . She was initially used for the cross @-@ fjord route ; from 1962 she was used as a reserve until put into service on the Skarnsund route in 1964 . The ferry was sold for NOK 50 @,@ 000 in 1968 to Agder , and later became a restaurant at Aker Brygge in Oslo .
MF Innherredsferja II was ordered in 1960 and put into service on 1 August 1962 . She was 27 metres ( 89 ft ) long and 8 @.@ 4 metres ( 28 ft ) wide and cost NOK 1 @,@ 062 @,@ 000 . She was built by Ulstein Mekaniske Verksted and had a larger saloon and place for sixteen cars or six trucks . The bridge covered the full width of the vessel and had radar and other contemporary equipment . From 1964 , the ferry was put into service on the Levanger – Hokstad route . In 1981 , she was made a reserve ferry , and sold in 2002 .
MF Skarnsund was the same size as Innherredsferja II and was put into service on the Skarnsund route in 1969 . She had capacity for sixteen cars and was built in Kristiansund for NOK 1 @,@ 555 @,@ 000 . In 1982 , she was replaced by Mosvik and was leased to Namsos Trafikkselskap . She was sold for NOK 1 in 1988 .
MF Ytterøy cost NOK 10 @.@ 5 million , had places for 30 cars and was bi @-@ directional . Ytterøy weighed 300 tonnes and was 45 metres ( 148 ft ) long . She was put into service on the Levanger – Hokstad route in February 1981 . She became the reserve ferry following the purchase of Ytterøy II in 2002 .
MF Mosvik was bought in 1982 . She dated from 1969 and had been in service near Bergen . Capacity was 24 cars and she was sold for NOK 1 million to Namsos Trafikkselskap in 1988 .
MF Skarnsund II was the same size as Ytterøy , had placed for 30 cars and was bi @-@ directional . She cost NOK 27 million and was in service from 1987 to 1991 , when she was sold to Namsos Trafikkselskap for NOK 23 million . The 330 tonne vessel was built by Trønderverftet .
MF Ytterøy II was bought used from Torghatten Trafikkselskap , where she had been named Torghatten . She was built in 1987 and cost Innherredsferja NOK 19 @.@ 2 million . She was 56 metres ( 184 ft ) long , had three saloons and place for 40 cars . She was sold in 2007 , following the loss of the PSO bid .
= Russian battleship Imperator Nikolai I =
Imperator Nikolai I ( Russian : Император Николай I ) was a Russian Imperator Aleksandr II @-@ class battleship built for the Baltic Fleet in the late 1880s . She participated in the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America in New York City in 1892 . She assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron and visited Toulon in October 1893 . She sailed for the Pacific Ocean during the First Sino @-@ Japanese War and remained in the Pacific until late 1896 , when she returned to the Mediterranean Squadron and supported Russian interests during the Cretan Revolt . She returned to the Baltic in April 1898 and had a lengthy refit , which replaced all of her machinery , before returning to the Mediterranean in 1901 .
Returning to the Baltic during the Russo @-@ Japanese War Imperator Nikolai I was refitted in late 1904 to serve as the flagship of the Third Pacific Squadron under Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov . She was slightly damaged during the Battle of Tsushima and was surrendered , along with most of the Third Pacific Squadron , by Admiral Nebogatov to the Japanese the following day . She was taken into the Imperial Japanese Navy under the new name of Iki ( 壱岐 ) and she served as a gunnery training ship until 1910 and then became a first @-@ class coast defense ship and training vessel . She was sunk as a target ship in October 1915 .
= = Development = =
Imperator Nikolai I was originally intended as a smaller ship than her half @-@ sister Imperator Aleksandr II along the lines of the Brazilian battleship Riachuelo , but armed with 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns . A contract was signed on 6 November 1885 with the Baltic Works for a 7 @,@ 572 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 7 @,@ 694 t ) ship armed with two 12 @-@ inch guns in a forward barbette . However , this was quickly cancelled and a contract was quickly let with the Franco @-@ Russian Works for a repeat of Imperator Aleksandr II even though the earlier ship had been built by the Baltic Works . The Franco @-@ Russian Works had difficulties getting the drawings and was forced to redraft some of them . They took the opportunity to change the design in a number of relatively minor ways while doing so . However , the substitution of a gun turret for Imperator Aleksandr II 's barbette mount was made in 1887 , well after the start of construction and proved problematic . The design of the turret was not finalized until April 1889 and work on the forward part of the hull had to cease for more than six months because the dimensions of the turret were not yet known . The turret proved to be 44 @.@ 9 long tons ( 46 t ) heavier than the older ship 's barbette and made Imperator Nikolai I slightly bow @-@ heavy despite a reduction in the height of the belt armor in compensation .
= = Description = =
Imperator Nikolai I was 333 feet 6 inches ( 101 @.@ 65 m ) long at the waterline and 346 feet 6 inches ( 106 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 66 feet 11 inches ( 20 m ) and a draft of 24 feet 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 4 m ) , 1 foot 3 inches ( 0 @.@ 4 m ) more than designed . She displaced 9 @,@ 594 long tons ( 9 @,@ 748 t ) at load , over 1 @,@ 000 long tons ( 1 @,@ 016 t ) more than her designed displacement of 8 @,@ 440 long tons ( 8 @,@ 575 t ) .
Imperator Nikolai I had two triple @-@ cylinder vertical compound steam engines , each driving a single propeller . Twelve cylindrical boilers provided non @-@ superheated steam to the engines . They were built by Baltic Works and had a total designed output of 8 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 5 @,@ 966 kW ) . On trials , the powerplant produced a total of 7 @,@ 842 indicated horsepower ( 5 @,@ 848 kW ) , and a top speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . She carried 847 long tons ( 861 t ) of coal that gave her a range of 2 @,@ 630 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 870 km ; 3 @,@ 030 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
The main armament of the Imperator Aleksandr II @-@ class ships was a pair of 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) Obukhov Model 1877 30 @-@ caliber guns . Imperator Nikolai I carried hers in a twin @-@ gun turret forward . The four 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) Obukhov Model 1877 35 @-@ caliber guns were on center @-@ pivot mounts in casemates at the corners of the citadel , the hull given a pronounced tumblehome to increase their arcs of fire ahead and behind . The eight 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) Model 1877 35 @-@ caliber guns were mounted on broadside pivot mounts . Four were fitted between the 9 @-@ inch guns and could traverse a total of 100 ° . The others were mounted at each end of the ship where they could fire directly ahead or astern . The ten 47 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted in hull embrasures of the ship , between the nine and six @-@ inch guns to defend against torpedo boats . Four 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted in each fighting top . Imperator Nikolai I carried six above @-@ water 15 @-@ inch ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes . One was in the bow , two tubes were on each broadside and a tube was in the stern .
Most of Imperator Nikolai I 's armor was imported from the United Kingdom and some deliveries were delayed which caused problems during construction . The height of the waterline armor belt was reduced 6 inches ( 152 mm ) in comparison to that of her half @-@ sister , being 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) tall , of which 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) was above the designed waterline and 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) below . Most of the rest of the protection matched that of Imperator Aleksandr II other than the waterline belt forward which only reduced to a minimum of six inches rather than the 3 @.@ 9 inches ( 99 mm ) of the older ship and the walls of the conning tower were only six inches thick , 2 inches ( 51 mm ) less than her half @-@ sister .
= = History = =
Imperator Nikolai I was named after the Emperor Nicholas I of Russia . She was built by the Franco @-@ Russian Works at Saint Petersburg . She was laid down on 4 August 1886 , launched on 1 June 1889 , and completed in July 1891 , although her trials lasted until the spring of 1892 . She sailed in June 1892 for New York City to participate in the celebration honoring the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America . Upon her departure she was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron and visited Toulon in October 1893 with the Russian Squadron to reinforce the Franco @-@ Russian Alliance . She was then commanded by Captain Richard Dicker . She sailed for the Pacific Ocean during the First Sino @-@ Japanese War and arrived at Nagasaki , Japan on 28 April 1895 , before sailing for Chefoo in China . She remained in the Pacific until late 1896 , when she returned to the Mediterranean Squadron and supported Russian interests during the Cretan Revolt . She returned to the Baltic in April 1898 for an extensive , multi @-@ year , refit . Her machinery was replaced with Belleville water @-@ tube boilers and vertical triple expansion steam engines . Her after superstructure was cut down one deck abaft the mainmast and most of her 47 mm and 37 mm revolving cannon were removed . Only two 37 mm revolvers were retained and she received sixteen 47 mm and two 37 mm single @-@ barreled guns in their place .
She returned to the Mediterranean in September 1901 and remained there until the Russo @-@ Japanese War when she was transferred to the Baltic to be refitted in late 1904 to serve as the flagship of the Third Pacific Squadron under Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov . The squadron departed Liepāja on 15 January 1905 for the Pacific . She was slightly damaged during the Battle of Tsushima , receiving one hit from a twelve @-@ inch gun , two from eight @-@ inch guns and two from six @-@ inch guns , and suffered only 5 killed and 35 men wounded . She was surrendered , along with most of the Third Pacific Squadron , by Admiral Nebogatov the following day . On 6 June 1905 , she was taken into the Imperial Japanese Navy and renamed Iki , after Iki Island in the Sea of Japan , near site of the Battle of Tsushima . She served as a gunnery training ship until 12 December 1910 when she was redesignated as a first @-@ class coast defense ship and a training vessel . Some of her 6 @-@ inch guns were removed in 1910 and replaced by six 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) 45 @-@ caliber guns and some 76 @.@ 2 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) 12 @-@ pounder guns were also added . She was stricken 1 May 1915 and sunk as a target by the battlecruisers Kongō and Hiei , although Watts and Gordon say that she was scrapped in 1922 .
= 2009 – 10 Duquesne Dukes men 's basketball team =
The 2009 – 10 Duquesne Dukes men 's basketball team represented Duquesne University in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( D @-@ I ) college basketball during the 2009 – 10 season .
Duquesne hoped to build on the success of the 2008 – 09 season and began the new year with five straight victories . Soon , however , a string of setbacks hit the team , including the loss of two players , one due to injury and the other to suspension . Duquesne lost its final non @-@ conference game and slipped into a five @-@ game losing streak . The team did manage to break the streak , but had trouble gaining any momentum . In mid @-@ February the Dukes finally seemed to break free with a solid 21 point victory over La Salle , followed by a crucial road upset of the University of Charlotte , which was ranked first in the Atlantic 10 Conference at the time , and finally another upset of the University of Dayton Flyers in front of a sellout Pittsburgh crowd . However , Duquesne then lost its final two road games of the season .
Despite its lackluster season 's end , Duquesne won an invitation to the College Basketball Invitational postseason tournament . The team lost to the Princeton Tigers , and the Dukes were eliminated in the first round , ending the 2009 season .
= = Duquesne University = =
Duquesne University , also called Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit , is a private Catholic university in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , United States . The University 's Duquesne Dukes compete in NCAA Division I ( D @-@ I ) . D @-@ I schools are generally the major collegiate athletic powers , with larger budgets , more elaborate facilities , and higher numbers of athletic scholarships in comparison to Division II and III . This level was once called the University Division of the NCAA , and the Division II and III levels , the College Division ; this terminology was replaced with the current numeric ( I , II , III ) divisions in 1973 .
The Dukes have played twice in national championship games in the 1950s and won the National Invitation Tournament championship in 1955 , when the NIT was the premier collegiate basketball tournament in the country . The men 's basketball Dukes annually play its cross @-@ town rival , the University of Pittsburgh Panthers , in Pittsburgh 's highly anticipated and well @-@ attended City Game . The current head coach is Ron Everhart , who has a two @-@ year record of 27 – 32 ( 13 – 19 in the Atlantic 10 Conference ) . Well @-@ known Duquesne players of the past include All @-@ Americans Chuck Cooper , Sihugo Green , Dick Ricketts and Willie Somerset , and Norm Nixon , who won the Most Outstanding Player in Duquesne 's 57 – 54 victory over the Villanova Wildcats in the 1977 Atlantic 10 Men 's Basketball Tournament .
= = Preseason = =
Duquesne lost only one starter , Aaron Jackson , from the 2008 – 09 team which ended with a record of 21 – 13 , the first time since 1981 that the school had 20 or more wins in a season . Picked to finish 12th in the Atlantic 10 , Duquesne went on to finish second , losing to Temple by only five points in the conference championship game . This earned Duquesne a bid into the National Invitation Tournament , its first postseason appearance since 1994 . The team was eliminated in a double @-@ overtime first round loss to Virginia Tech , but the Dukes ' unlikely success inspired the hope of a return to the NIT , or perhaps even the NCAA tournament .
On May 12 , 2009 the school announced that two freshman forwards , Shawntez Patterson and Aleksandar Milovic , had been released from their scholarships and cleared to transfer to other schools . Both saw limited action in the 2008 season . Shawntez Patterson transferred to Pensacola Junior College , and Aleksandar Milovic transferred to the University of Hawaii .
Andre Marhold , a small forward and the first of two incoming freshmen , signed with Duquesne on April 16 . Marhold , a native of Pittsburgh who moved to North Carolina for High School , averaged 17 @.@ 0 points and 10 @.@ 0 rebounds per game his senior year , in which his team was the regular season champion . He was ranked 188 in the top 1000 high school seniors by Hoop Scoop . Marhold turned down scholarship offers from Clemson , Charlotte , and Purdue .
Several weeks later on May 13 , guard Sean Johnson of Queens , New York also signed with the team . He attended Christ the King high school , whose basketball team finished his senior year ranked fourth in the state and eleventh in the nation by ESPN . He averaged 22 @.@ 4 points per game and was named New York City Catholic High School Athletic Association Most Valuable Player . Johnson also received scholarship offers from Nebraska , Manhattan , and Quinnipiac .
Prior to the start of the season , ESPN picked Duquesne to finish fifth in the Atlantic 10 conference , noting the loss of star Aaron Jackson but looking with optimism at the addition of 7 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) center Morakinyo Williams and the continued development of other stars . Sophomore Melquan Bolding was also highlighted by ESPN as a key player in the Atlantic 10 .
= = = Incoming recruits = = =
= = = Roster = = =
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= = = Coaching staff = = =
Ron Everhart returned for his fourth season as head coach . After the departure of previous coach Danny Nee , Everhart steadily improved the team 's record year after year , taking the team from 3 – 24 the year before he arrived to the 21 – 13 record of 2008 – 09 . Everhart attended Virginia Tech , from which he graduated in 1985 . He served as an assistant coach at Georgia Tech , Virginia Military Institute , and Tulane University . In 1995 he took his first head coaching job at McNeese State University , and also coached at Northeastern University before moving to Duquesne in 2006 .
Bill Barton returned for his third season as Associate Head Coach . Steve Hall and Scott Rigot both served as Assistant Coaches for their second year . Jason Byrd was the Director of Basketball Operations .
= = Regular season = =
= = = Exhibition , Nicholls State , and Iowa = = =
The Dukes played their first game of the season on November 7 in an exhibition match against Division III La Roche . Duquesne scored a 47 @-@ point victory in which Damian Saunders led in scoring with 17 points . Despite the solid win , Duquesne made only 47 @.@ 6 % from the free throw line , a trend which haunted the team the rest of the season .
The regular season home @-@ opener was another victory for the team , as they defeated Nicholls State 85 – 62 on November 13 . Early in the game , Melquan Bolding hit the floor on a hard foul during a breakaway . After a few minutes , he recovered and went on to lead the team with 25 points . Saunders scored 17 points with 19 rebounds , his first of a long streak of double @-@ doubles . This game was also the second and final game of B.J. Monteiro 's 2 @-@ game suspension following allegations of participating in a robbery . Three days later , it was announced that Bolding had fractured his wrist when he was fouled , and would be unable to play for 4 – 6 weeks .
Despite the loss of Bolding , the team went on the road to face Iowa on November 17 , with newly returned B.J. Monteiro starting in place of Melquan Bolding . When down 49 – 50 with 11 @.@ 7 seconds left , Bill Clark took an off @-@ balance 3 @-@ point shot which spun in , putting the team up 52 – 50 and sealing their second victory of the regular season . This was Duquesne 's first ever victory at a Big Ten arena , and its first victory against a Big Ten school since a win over Illinois in 1973 .
= = = The CBE Classic = = =
The team then traveled to Cullowhee , North Carolina for three games as part of the O 'Reilly Auto Parts CBE Classic . Duquesne defeated Binghamton 70 – 52 to extend its record to 3 – 0 , with Saunders leading the way with 24 points . The next day the team improved to 4 – 0 with an overtime 75 – 72 victory against Division II Arkansas @-@ Monticello . On the third day of play , Duquesne finally lost to Western Carolina , 77 – 83 .
= = = The City Game and Chuck Cooper Classic = = =
The Dukes then returned home , where they faced Radford on November 29 . B.J. Monteiro continued to perform well as a starter in replacing Melquan Bolding , leading the team with 21 points . Next up for the team was the annual City Game match @-@ up between Duquesne and its crosstown rival Pitt . In front of 12 @,@ 336 fans at the Mellon Arena , Duquesne sprang out to a 16 @-@ point lead before slipping and losing 58 – 67 in double overtime . Bill Clark led all players with 23 points but the team hit foul trouble , with Saunders , Monteiro , and Peggau all fouling out in the final minutes .
On December 5 , Duquesne hosted the Chuck Cooper Classic , in which it defeated the Savannah State Tigers by a score of 58 – 44 . Eric Evans led with 17 points and Damian Saunders contributed 15 .
= = = West Virginia , Robert Morris , and Canisius = = =
Four days later , the Dukes were blown out 39 – 68 by # 7 West Virginia . Saunders led the team with only 12 points . One analyst attributed this loss to the skill of the Mountaineers , an abysmal night by star Bill Clark , as well as the continued absence of Melquan Bolding and now senior captain Jason Duty , who missed the game with a sprained ankle .
On December 12 the Dukes faced off against another local rival , Robert Morris . In a 59 – 54 win , B.J. Monteiro again led the team with 17 points . Monteiro 's continued high level of play prompted some analysts , as well as fans , to wonder whether the approaching return of Melquan Bolding would send Monteiro back to the bench , or if someone else would lose their starting position . Four days later the Dukes held off the Canisius Golden Griffins in a double overtime 86 – 77 victory at home . Bill Clark and Damian Saunders both contributed double doubles while B.J. Monteiro scored a career high 27 points .
= = = The end of non @-@ conference play = = =
The team then traveled to Indianapolis , where they lost to IUPUI 64 – 73 , despite a career high 20 points from Eric Evans . In their final game before a short Christmas break , Duquesne defeated the Saint Francis Red Flash 86 – 56 . Damian Saunders scored his tenth double @-@ double , making him the national leader in that statistic , as well as second in rebounds . Following the break , Duquesne lost its final non @-@ conference game to the Old Dominion Monarchs by a score of 54 – 63 , the first of a five @-@ game losing streak . Saunders still managed to post his eleventh double @-@ double , coming just one block short of what would have been only the second triple @-@ double in school history .
= = = Early conference play = = =
Duquesne opened conference play on January 6 in a match against the Richmond Spiders , a team which the Dukes had not defeated since the Spiders joined the Atlantic 10 in 2001 . This game marked the return of Melquan Bolding , though he did not start and scored only three points in fourteen minutes of playing time . Richmond managed to extend their streak , defeating the Dukes 86 – 80 , while Saunders maintained his nation @-@ leading position and now placed eighth in both blocks and steals . Duquesne then traveled to Dayton , Ohio where they lost to the Dayton Flyers 72 – 78 in overtime in front of a crowd of 13 @,@ 435 , the largest crowd the team would see all season . Senior Jason Duty was fouled on a 3 @-@ point attempt at the end of the game when his team was down by one , but made only one of three foul shots , sending the game into overtime . Melquan Bolding scored 13 points in 36 minutes , though he did not start , and Saunders came into the game now leading the nation in rebounds .
Duquesne found itself in overtime once again as they dropped another game against the St. Louis Billikens in double overtime , 75 – 79 . Melquan Bolding suffered another setback as he sat out most of the game , playing only five minutes due to strep throat . The team then went back out on the road to face the Rhode Island Rams , where they again lost with a final score of 67 – 75 , dropping their conference record to 0 – 4 . Bill Clark missed a game for the first time in his college career due to a suspension on suspicion of a " secondary NCAA rules violation . " Melquan Bolding started the game for the first time since his injury , but only scored 6 points .
= = = First conference win , Xavier , and Saint Joseph 's = = =
Two days later , Clark was reinstated . With Clark back in the lineup for a home game against St. Bonaventure Bonnies , Ron Everhart tried a new starting lineup : one that included Bolding and Monteiro , but left Senior Jason Duty on the bench . The Dukes took a 15 point lead at half time , but the Bonnies came back . With less than thirty seconds left , Bill Clark drew a charging penalty which gave his team the ball , down by two . One quick possession by each team left it 67 – 69 in favor of the Bonnies . On the final play , Damian Saunders drove towards the basket before passing it out to Melquan Bolding , who hit a 3 @-@ point shot to put the Dukes up by one with 3 @.@ 5 seconds remaining . Duquesne won 70 – 69 , giving them their first win since December 22 .
The winning feeling was short @-@ lived , however , as the Dukes were shut down by the Xavier Musketeers on January 28 , losing 86 – 50 . Melquan Bolding led the team with 14 points , Damian Saunders scored only 6 , and Bill Clark only 4 . On January 31 the team pulled out a 74 – 71 win against the Saint Joseph 's Hawks at home , with Melquan Bolding leading the team with 24 points .
= = = Temple , George Washington , and Massachusetts = = =
Once again , though , the Dukes were unable to build momentum as they lost 60 – 76 to # 19 ranked Temple . Bill Clark and Eric Evans led the team with just 12 points each . On February 6 , the Dukes braved a blizzard for a game against the George Washington Colonials in Washington , D.C .. Saunders led the way to a 70 – 63 win with a career @-@ high 27 points . Returning home on February 11 to face the Massachusetts Minutemen , the Dukes were unable to win two consecutive games for the third straight time , losing 80 – 84 . Damian Saunders scored 15 points , but was injured and left the game for a while ; when he returned , he did not score in the remainder of his playing time . He did , however , become Duquesne 's 33rd player to pass the 1 @,@ 000 career points mark .
= = = Introducing the 10 – 40 , Charlotte , and a rematch with Dayton = = =
Duquesne enjoyed another game at home on February 14 against the La Salle Explorers . Ron Everhart sought a new strategy for his team , which was struggling in conference play . In this game , La Salle was missing three players , leaving them with an active roster of only eight players . Duquesne ran a 10 – 40 pattern , in which two squads of five players execute short , intense bursts before being switched out for the other squad . At first , Duquesne fell behind by 14 points , but the strategy paid off as La Salle 's players tired . With La Salle fatigued , Duquesne switched back to a normal rotation and went on to win 103 – 82 . Bill Clark scored a career high 34 points , and also surpassed the 1 @,@ 000 point mark .
As underdogs on the road against the Charlotte 49ers , the Dukes ' new 10 – 40 strategy led them to an 83 – 77 upset victory . This was the first time of the season the team had managed to win two consecutive conference games . On February 21 , Duquesne again returned home for a nationally @-@ televised game against the Dayton Flyers . Senior Jason Duty was honored in a pre @-@ game ceremony , and the game 's attendance of 5 @,@ 144 was only 214 short of the A.J. Palumbo Center 's capacity . A late layup drive by Damian Saunders put the Dukes up by one , and they went on to win 73 – 71 .
= = = Ending the regular season = = =
Duquesne was unable to extend its streak on the road against St. Louis , as they lost 59 – 69 . Bill Clark led the team with 17 points and Saunders grabbed four steals , enough to raise his per @-@ game average to 2 @.@ 9 , a nation @-@ leading figure . With this , Saunders had at one point led the nation in double @-@ doubles , rebounds , and steals . The Dukes lost again , 80 – 92 , in their final road game against Saint Bonaventure . The loss put a damper on Duquesne 's hopes for a home game in the first round of the Atlantic 10 tournament , as they fell into a tie for the ninth seed position .
Duquesne closed its season against Fordham , who had yet to win a conference game and had only won two games all season . Fordham was hungry for a win , and a lack of effective defense on both sides led to a high scoring 111 – 100 victory for Duquesne . Melquan Bolding and Eric Evans both posted career high scores of 32 and 23 , respectively .
= = Postseason = =
After Duquesne lost to Saint Bonaventure , the Bonnies also lost their final regular season game to Xavier , which left the two teams in a tie for the eighth seed and the home tournament game that went with it . The two teams had played each other twice during the season , with each team taking one victory , so the second tiebreaker came down to who had scored the best victory . Duquesne 's best win came against Charlotte , while Saint Bonaventure 's was against Rhode Island . Unfortunately , those two teams were also in a tie . So for Duquesne to get their home game , Charlotte had to win their final home game , and Rhode Island had to lose . Both teams lost , so the tie remained and Rhode Island won out due to their head @-@ to @-@ head records . Thus Duquesne would head back out on the road against the Bonnies .
The game was played on March 9 and was close until the Bonnies went on a 14 – 0 run halfway into the second half , going on to win 71 – 83 . Despite Damian Saunders posting his 20th and final double @-@ double of the year , Duquesne 's 5 for 21 performance from beyond the 3 @-@ point arc combined with St. Bonaventure 's 75 % 3 @-@ point shooting and two players scoring in the upper twenties put the game out of the Dukes ' reach . The loss dashed Duquesne 's last hopes at a bid to the NIT . However , an invitation to either the College Basketball Invitational ( CBI ) or CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament was still possible .
Early on March 15 , hours after the NCAA and NIT fields were announced , Duquesne accepted a bid into the CBI . This would be Duquesne 's 23rd postseason appearance and first in the CBI , which started in 2008 . This also marked the first time since 1981 that the Dukes made two consecutive postseason appearances . It was announced that the Dukes would face off against the Princeton Tigers at Jadwin Gymnasium on March 17 .
On Tuesday , March 16 , it was announced that Junior Bill Clark had been suspended indefinitely from the team due to " conduct " issues . Clark had not attended practice the day before and would not travel to Princeton with the team for the CBI opening game on Wednesday . This would be only the second game that Bill Clark has missed in his college career .
Duquesne suffered its final disappointment of the season on March 17 as it fell to the Princeton Tigers . Bill Clark remained suspended and Damian Saunders led the team with only 14 points . Duquesne dominated the game early on , taking a 20 – 11 lead before Princeton came back , eventually leading 28 – 23 at the half . The Dukes were unable to turn the momentum and continued to fall behind , eventually losing 51 – 65 . The absence of Bill Clark showed on defense , as the Dukes were out @-@ rebounded heavily . The Dukes also failed to improve on their issues from the regular season , going only 8 for 18 from the free throw line and 3 for 15 from 3 @-@ point range . This loss ended the 2009 season , and all Duquesne could do was look ahead to the next year .
= = Schedule = =
= = Statistics = =
Duquesne was plagued by a few issues during the 2009 season . Most notable were the poor free @-@ throw and 3 @-@ point shooting percentages . Duquesne was last in the Atlantic 10 in both of these categories at 60 @.@ 8 % and 26 @.@ 3 % respectively . Despite their poor performance shooting from beyond the 3 @-@ point line , Duquesne still shot the fourth most three @-@ pointers of all teams in the Atlantic 10 . The following chart displays player per @-@ game average statistics for the regular season and Atlantic 10 tournament .
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= = = Awards and controversies = = =
Duquesne players received a few accolades in the 2009 – 10 season . Junior Damian Saunders 's outstanding play earned him a spot on the Atlantic 10 All @-@ Conference First Team
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. He was also named the Atlantic 10 Defensive Player of the Year . Earlier in the season , Jason Duty was nominated as a finalist for the Lowe 's Senior CLASS award , an award which recognizes college seniors who demonstrate exemplary outstanding performance both on the court and in the classroom . Duty , who held a 3 @.@ 72 GPA as an accounting major and had already accepted a job with PricewaterhouseCoopers , was named to the Atlantic 10 All @-@ Academic Team .
Early in the season , Damian Saunders was named Atlantic 10 ( A @-@ 10 ) player of the week for two consecutive weeks , sharing the honors with Chris Wright of Dayton and Jordan Crawford of Xavier , respectively . Following his 34 @-@ point performance against La Salle , Bill Clark earned his first career A @-@ 10 Player of the Week award , with Richmond 's Kevin Anderson .
The season was also marred by a few controversies . Prior to the beginning of play , B.J. Monteiro was arrested on October 3 in Middletown , Connecticut . He turned himself into police on suspicion of participating in the theft of a laptop , iPod , and cash from a house during a party in early August . He was charged with third @-@ degree larceny and , on October 6 , he was suspended indefinitely from the team . Following his court appearance on October 13 , all charges were dropped and Monteiro was reinstated to the team .
In late January , Junior Bill Clark was benched for the game against Rhode Island as the NCAA investigated a potential secondary rules violation . The specific details of the incident were not released by Duquesne , even after Clark 's return to the team the next day . A secondary rules violation is defined as " one that is isolated or inadvertent in nature , provides or is intended to provide only a minimal recruiting , competitive or other advantage . "
In the postseason , Bill Clark was again suspended , this time by coach Everhart for a conduct issue . The day before the CBI game against Princeton , Everhart announced that Clark would not travel to the game or participate in any practices or team activities until he felt the student ready to return . Clark was reinstated two weeks later , and , as before , no details were revealed .
= Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi =
Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi ( 辰口 信夫 , Tatsuguchi Nobuo ) , sometimes mistakenly referred to as Nebu Tatsuguchi ( August 31 , 1911 – May 30 , 1943 ) , was a surgeon in the Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) during World War II . He was killed during the Battle of Attu on Attu Island , Alaska on May 30 , 1943 .
A devout Seventh @-@ day Adventist , Tatsuguchi studied medicine and was licensed as a physician in the United States ( US ) . He returned to his native Japan to practice medicine at the Tokyo Adventist Sanitarium , where he received further medical training . In 1941 , he was ordered to cease his medical practice and conscripted into the IJA as an acting medical officer , although he was given an enlisted rather than officer rank because of his American connections . In late 1942 or early 1943 , Tatsuguchi was sent to Attu , which had been occupied by Japanese forces in October 1942 . The United States Army landed on the island on May 11 , 1943 , intending to retake the island from the Japanese .
Throughout the ensuing battle , Tatsuguchi kept a diary in which he recorded its events and his struggle to care for the wounded in his field hospital . He was killed on the battle 's final day after the remaining Japanese conducted one last , suicidal charge against the American forces .
Tatsuguchi 's diary was recovered by American forces and translated into English . Copies of the translation were widely disseminated and publicized in the US after the battle . The American public was intrigued by a Christian , American @-@ trained doctor serving with Japanese forces on the island and by his apparent participation in assisting with the deaths of wounded Japanese soldiers in his field hospital during the battle 's final days . Translated excerpts from Tatsuguchi 's diary have been widely quoted in Western historical accounts of the battle , especially his final entry in which he recorded a farewell message to his family .
= = Early life = =
Tatsuguchi 's father , Suichi Tatsuguchi , was born and raised in Hiroshima , Japan , before leaving for the US in 1895 to " explore the new world " . He attended Healdsburg College , later renamed Pacific Union College , in Angwin , California . While attending the college , he was baptized into the Seventh @-@ day Adventist Church . In 1907 , after completing a course of study in dentistry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in San Francisco , Suichi Tatsuguchi returned to Hiroshima with plans to serve as a medical missionary .
In Hiroshima , Tatsuguchi established a prosperous dental practice and promoted the establishment of the Hiroshima Adventist church . He married Sadako Shibata who was also familiar with the US and spoke fluent English . Suichi and Sadako had three sons and three daughters . All three sons would eventually attend school in the US . The middle son , born on August 31 , 1911 , was given the English name of Paul and the Japanese name of Nobuo , although he was called " Joseph " at home .
= = Schooling and marriage = =
Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi graduated from middle school in Hiroshima on March 16 , 1919 . On March 2 , 1923 , he graduated from Travier English Academy . Paul traveled to California and entered Pacific Union College in 1926 and graduated in May 1932 . When his parents both died unexpectedly in 1932 , Paul returned to Japan to help settle the family affairs . He returned to California in 1933 and entered the College of Medical Evangelists at Loma Linda University , completing the course of study in June 1937 . Paul Tatsuguchi then accepted a year 's internship at White Memorial Hospital in Los Angeles . While studying in America , Tatsuguchi was regarded by his classmates , who called him " Tatsy " or Paul , as a serious student , friendly but not gregarious . Classmate J. Mudry , a year behind Tatsuguchi at Loma Linda University , later said , " I know him well . I always thought Tatsuguchi — we called him Paul — was quite an American . "
On September 8 , 1938 , Tatsuguchi graduated as a Doctor of Medicine and was awarded a California medical license . That same year , he accepted a position at the Tokyo Adventist Sanitarium , an institution founded in part by his father in 1928 . As he would be working with tuberculosis patients in Tokyo , Tatsuguchi spent several more months undergoing postgraduate medical studies in California . Also in 1938 , Tatsuguchi married a childhood friend , Taeko Miyake . Taeko 's parents were serving as Adventist missionaries in Honolulu , Hawaii , while Taeko pursued studies in California . Paul and Taeko departed the U.S. for Japan in 1939 .
= = Early military service = =
In Tokyo , Tatsuguchi was aware of the rising tensions between Japan and the United States . Although he was strongly loyal to his native country , he also shared with Taeko a love of the US , to which they hoped to return to live someday . Tatsuguchi concentrated on his work at the sanitorium , and , with Taeko , supported activities for the Adventist church , of which they were devout members . In 1940 their first daughter , Joy Misako , was born .
Early the next year , the IJA – the conscription authority in Japan – ordered Tatsuguchi to leave his medical practice and report to the First Imperial Guard Regiment ( FIGR ) in Tokyo , where he was inducted with the rank of private on January 10 , 1941 . As he was stationed in Tokyo , Tatsuguchi was occasionally able to visit Taeko and Misako when his duties allowed . Misako said of this time that , " I only have one memory of my father , and that was playing hide and seek with him . "
In September 1941 , Tatsuguchi entered the IJA 's medical school . He graduated in October and was promoted to sergeant major , rejoining the FIGR in January 1942 . In the meantime , in December 1941 the Japanese attacked the US Navy base at Pearl Harbor and declared war on the US and its allies . Suspicious of Tatsuguchi 's American background , the IJA never gave him officer status , instead designating him as a non @-@ commissioned acting medical officer .
Over the next several months , Tatsuguchi was deployed to the South Pacific in support of IJA units in the Dutch East Indies . During his service , Tatsuguchi kept a diary , recording his first @-@ hand observations of military service as well as his thoughts and feelings about the events in which he was involved . In September 1942 , after learning that he would be reassigned to a combat area in Rabaul , New Britain , he noted in his diary , " I feel very happy and I am determined to do my best " , adding that he was " determined to destroy the enemy force to the very last soldier " .
Tatsuguchi reached Rabaul on October 4 , 1942 . His stay there was probably short , for his wife recorded that he joined her in Tokyo that same month prior to being redeployed . Tatsuguchi was unable to tell his wife , now pregnant with their second child , where he would be assigned , but she noticed that he studied maps of the North Pacific area . At one point , he remarked to Taeko that he was going to an area where he might meet some of his former classmates from California .
A few weeks after Tatsuguchi left for his new assignment , the IJA delivered a lock of his hair to Taeko . The IJA did this whenever soldiers were sent to a high @-@ risk combat area in case the soldier was killed and it proved impossible to repatriate the remains for proper funeral rites .
= = Attu = =
= = = Arrival = = =
Japanese forces had first occupied Attu and Kiska in the Aleutian Islands on June 7 , 1942 during the Battle of Midway . They abandoned Attu in September 1942 , but then decided to reoccupy it . A regiment of IJA soldiers from the Northern Sea Detachment ( 北海支隊 , Hokkai Shitai ) , a detachment of Imperial Japanese Navy Special Naval Landing Force troops , and support personnel began arriving on Attu in October 1942 . The total number of Japanese on the island would eventually be between 2 @,@ 500 and 2 @,@ 900 men . Exactly when Tatsuguchi arrived on Attu is unclear , because he was forbidden from specifying dates in the letters he wrote to Taeko , but it was probably between November 1942 and January 1943 . He was assigned to the Northern 5216 Detachment North Sea Defense Hospital .
With an American naval blockade in place , mail between Attu and Japan was infrequent and unscheduled . Tatsuguchi received several small packages from Taeko containing cookies and ointment for his skin , which was chafed by Attu 's severe winter winds . Four letters and several postcards from Tatsuguchi reached Taeko . As he was forbidden from discussing his unit 's exact location or mission , Tatsuguchi wrote about the weather , the beauty of the snowy and mountainous landscape around him , and his success in catching fish . He was cheered by the news from Taeko that their second daughter , Laura Mutsuko , was born in February . Tatsuguchi reminded Taeko in his letters to play classical music for their daughters . Whether he kept his diary during this time is unclear , for the only known diary entries by Tatsuguchi began in May , after the American landings to retake the island .
= = = Battle of Attu = = =
On May 11 , 1943 , the American Seventh Infantry Division began landing on Attu to retake the island from the Japanese . The Japanese commander on Attu , Yasuyo Yamasaki , positioned his troops – who were outnumbered five to one – in the mountains from where they temporarily delayed the Americans ' advance inland . Tatsuguchi 's diary entry on May 12 records the Japanese move into the mountains after the American landings , stating simply " evacuated to the summit . Air raids carried out frequently . Heard loud noise , it is naval gunfire . Prepared battle equipment . "
On May 14 , American artillery fired phosphorus smoke shells to mark Japanese positions in the mountains . Many Japanese and many Americans believed these were poison gas shells . Tatsuguchi noted in his diary that , " In the enemy the U.S. Forces used gas but no damage was done on account of strong wind . "
Tatsuguchi recorded in his diary that he was forced to move his field hospital into a cave to escape American naval and aerial bombardment . He relocated the hospital and patients several times as the Japanese forces were pushed back by the Americans . His May 17 entry describes one of the moves :
At night about 11 : 30 o 'clock under cover of darkness I left the cave . Walked over muddy roads and steep hills of no @-@ man 's land . No matter how far or how much we went we did not get over the pass . Sat down after 30 – 40 steps would sleep dream and wake up , same thing over again . We had few wounded and had to carry them on stretchers . They got frost @-@ bitten feet , did not move after all the effort . After struggling all the time , had expended nine hours , for all this without leaving any patients .
Tatsuguchi refers again and again in his diary to the constant , intense attacks by American aircraft and artillery on his comrades ' positions . On May 21 , he noted that he " was strafed when amputating a patient 's arm " and on May 23 that " by naval gun fire a hit was scored on the pillar pole of tents for patients and the tents gave in and killed two instantly . No food for two days . " On May 26 , Tatsuguchi recorded that " there was a ceremony of granting of the Imperial Edict . The last line of Umanose [ Japanese defensive position ] was broken through . No hope for reinforcements . We will die for cause of Imperial Edict . "
= = = Final attack and death = = =
By May 28 about a thousand Japanese remained , compressed into a small pocket . Yamasaki , apparently realizing that help from Japan was not forthcoming , decided on one last , desperate measure to try to save his command from destruction . On May 29 , Yamasaki organized a surprise attack on American positions . Yamasaki hoped to break through the enemy 's front lines and seize the American artillery batteries , which would then be turned on the rest of the American forces and their ships offshore . Tatsuguchi 's last diary entry records Yamasaki 's order , the disposition of the wounded in his hospital , and a farewell message to his family :
Today at 2 o 'clock we assembled at Headquarters , the field hospital took also part . The last assault is to be carried out . All the patients in the hospital were made to commit suicide . I am only 33 years old and I am to die . Have no regrets . Banzai to the Emperor . I am grateful that I have kept the peace in my soul which Enkis [ believed to mean either Christ or the Edict ] bestowed on me at 8 o 'clock . I took care of all patients with a grenade . Goodbye Iaeke [ Taeko ] , my beloved wife , who loved me to the last . Until we meet again grant you God @-@ speed Misaka [ Misako ] , who just became four years old , will grow up unhindered . If I feel sorry for you Takiko [ Mutusko ] born February this year and gone before without seeing your father . Well goodbye Mitsue , Brothers Hocan , Sukoshan , Masachan , Mitichan , goodbye . The number participating in this attack is a little over a thousand . Will try to take enemy artillery position . It seems the enemy will probably make an all @-@ out attack tomorrow .
Yamasaki launched his attack early in the morning on May 30 . Although the attack succeeded in penetrating the enemy lines , American rear @-@ area personnel rallied and killed Yamasaki and the majority of his attacking troops . Most of the remaining Japanese then committed suicide ; only 27 were taken prisoner .
Two versions exist of how Tatsuguchi died . One version is that he did not participate in the attack . Later in the day on May 30 , two American soldiers , Charles W. Laird and John Hirn , who were searching for remaining Japanese forces following the defeat of Yamasaki 's attack , approached the cave containing Tatsuguchi 's field hospital . Tatsuguchi emerged from the cave , waving his Bible in the direction of the Americans and yelling in English , " Don 't shoot ! I am a Christian ! " Laird heard and understood what Tatsuguchi was saying and withheld fire . Hirn , however , shot and killed Tatsuguchi . Hirn later stated that he could not hear what Tatsuguchi was saying over the wind and noise of battle and that he thought that the Bible Tatsuguchi was holding was a weapon .
The other version was told to Taeko and Laura by Charles Laird in 1984 . Laird , a former US Army sergeant who served on Attu , stated that he was sleeping in a tent the morning of May 30 when Yamasaki 's troops broke through the American front lines . A man ran into Laird 's tent and Laird shot and killed him , only to discover that the man was American . Then he saw eight Japanese soldiers approaching through the fog , so he shot and killed them too . One of them was Tatsuguchi . Laird said that he found Tatsuguchi 's diary and an address book in which he was shocked to see American names and addresses .
J. Mudry and another of Tatsuguchi 's Loma Linda classmates , J. L. Whitaker , were medical officers with the US Seventh Division on Attu during the battle . Whitaker was in the path of Yamasaki 's final attack , but survived without injury . Whitaker and Mudry were stunned to later learn that their former classmate was on the island with Japanese forces and was killed nearby .
= = Diary = =
After Tatsuguchi 's death his Japanese diary , as well as his Bible , a copy of Gray 's Anatomy and an address book , were forwarded to the division intelligence section . There , an American Nisei serviceman named Yasuo Sam Umetani drafted the first translation of the diary .
Word of the diary 's contents spread quickly through divisional headquarters to the other American troops on Attu . Americans were intrigued by the news that an American @-@ trained doctor had been with the Japanese forces on the island and that Tatsuguchi had described the battle from a Japanese perspective . Unauthorized copies of both Umetani 's version and subsequent translations , some of which contained variations , were passed around among the American troops on Attu and to military installations on other Aleutian islands . Civilian crews of transport ships in the area who obtained copies of the diary translation took their copies with them back to the continental US , where it drew the attention of the press and gained wide public exposure .
Simon Bolivar Buckner , Jr. the US commander of the Alaska Defense Command ( ADC ) , on learning that the diary claimed that the Americans had used poison gas in the Attu battle , was sufficiently troubled to order that all copies of the translations be confiscated . In transit to Buckner 's headquarters , the diary original itself vanished without trace , and its whereabouts are unknown to this day . Japanese versions are translated from the English translation . In early September 1943 , the ADC 's intelligence section reported that efforts to control the distribution of translated copies of the diary had failed .
Several American newspapers published excerpts from the diary , and most highlighted the possibility that Tatsuguchi , a professed Christian , might have been involved in the killing of wounded patients . The Chicago Tribune on September 9 , 1943 published an article headlined " Japs Slew Own Patients on Attu , Diary Discloses " . In contrast , the Loma Linda School of Medicine Alumni Journal defended Tatsuguchi as a gentle and caring doctor who was trapped in a situation beyond his control , where his actions violated neither his religious beliefs nor his oaths as a doctor . Most Western historical accounts of the Battle of Attu mention Tatsuguchi and quote from his diary , especially the final entry .
= = Family legacy = =
The Japanese government notified Taeko of her husband 's death in August 1943 . Taeko and her two daughters survived the remainder of the war on a small widow 's pension and with help from relatives . Taeko hoped that her husband was still alive and would return . Just after the war ended , B. P. Hoffman , one of Tatsuguchi 's former college instructors and a friend of Taeko 's , visited her in Osaka where she was living . Hoffman told her that a US Federal Bureau of Investigation agent had visited him during the war because Hoffman 's name was in Tatsuguchi 's address book found on Attu . The agent told the story of Tatsuguchi 's death to Hoffman , who related it to Taeko . Taeko accepted that her husband would not be coming back .
After the war , Taeko worked for the American occupation forces as a secretary and teacher . In 1954 , she and her two daughters , Joy and Laura , left Japan and joined Taeko 's parents in Hawaii . All three became naturalized citizens of the US . Joy and Laura both attended Pacific Union College and became nurses . Joy later married a Japanese man and returned to Japan to live . Laura married an American and moved to the Los Angeles area , where Taeko later joined her . In 2005 , Taeko told Kyodo News of her husband , " He was a faithful Christian doctor and a gentleman who devoted himself to God and communities . "
In May 1993 , Laura traveled to Attu and spoke at a 50th anniversary commemorative event of the Battle of Attu . In her speech at the event , Laura stated " How ironic that my father was killed in combat against his beloved America while in loyal service to his Japanese homeland ... Like my father , I too have a great love for Japan and America . "
= = = Books = = =
Cloe , John Haile ( 1990 ) . The Aleutian Warriors : A History of the 11th Air Force and Fleet Air Wing 4 . Missoula , Montana : Pictorial Histories Publishing Co. and Anchorage Chapter – Air Force Association . ISBN 0 @-@ 929521 @-@ 35 @-@ 8 . OCLC 25370916 .
Garfield , Brian ( 1995 ) [ 1969 ] . The Thousand @-@ Mile War : World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians . Fairbanks : University of Alaska Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 912006 @-@ 83 @-@ 8 . OCLC 33358488 .
Hays , Otis ( 2004 ) . Alaska 's Hidden Wars : Secret Campaigns on the North Pacific Rim . University of Alaska Press . ISBN 1 @-@ 889963 @-@ 64 @-@ X.
= = = Web = = =
Beauchamp , Edward R. ( November 22 , 2001 ) . " Imperial Navy doctor 's wartime diary opens a window to the nation 's past " . Japan Times . Retrieved 2008 @-@ 05 @-@ 04 .
McDaniel , Sandi ( July 16 , 1993 ) . " Searching for a Father on Attu for Daughter of WWII Japanese Medic , Island is Link to a Parent She Never Knew " . Anchorage Daily News . Archived from the original on 2008 @-@ 04 @-@ 22 . Retrieved 2008 @-@ 05 @-@ 04 .
Ōmura , Tomoyuki ( Japanese : 大村 紀征 ) . " An honorable death of Attu : Nobuo Tatsuguchi ' s diary " ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2008 @-@ 05 @-@ 04 .
Tominaga , Takaki ( August 15 , 2005 ) . " Postwar60 : Japanese widow remembers husband killed in Battle of Attu " . Asian Political News . Kyodo News . Retrieved 2008 @-@ 05 @-@ 04 .
= Pine Middle School shooting =
The Pine Middle School shooting was a school shooting that occurred in Reno , Nevada , United States , on March 14 , 2006 . The shooting was perpetrated by then fourteen @-@ year @-@ old student James Scott Newman who shot and injured two 14 @-@ year @-@ old eighth grade classmates with a .38 @-@ caliber revolver that had belonged to his parents . Newman was arrested and charged as an adult on charges of attempted murder , use of a deadly weapon and use of a firearm by a minor but later plead guilty to different charges of two counts of battery with a deadly weapon , in which he had received sentencing as a juvenile . James Newman was sentenced to house arrest until he completed 200 hours of community service .
On March 25 , 2008 , athletics teacher Jencie Fagan , who was hailed a hero for her confrontation with the shooter , was selected as one of the three national winners for the Above & Beyond Citizen Honor from the Congressional Medal of Honor Society at a ceremony in Washington , D.C.
= = The shooting = =
On the day of the shooting , the start of school had been delayed by snow and not all students had arrived when the shooting began . Just before 9 : 00 a.m. ( UTC @-@ 8 ) , fourteen @-@ year @-@ old student James Scott Newman brought his mother 's .38 @-@ caliber revolver to the school in his backpack . He removed the concealed pistol from his coat pocket and loaded it with three .38 caliber rounds while in the bathroom . He chose his target , student Alexander Rueda , 14 , at random in a hallway outside the cafeteria . Before he started firing , a friend of Newman yelled at him to put the gun away , but Newman told him to run . He pulled the trigger twice but the gun did not fire because those chambers were empty . He then fired three times at Rueda . One bullet hit Rueda in the arm and torso , and another ricocheted and hit student Kenzie McKeon , 14 , in the leg from the shrapnel . The two injured students had no prior relationship or arguments with Newman . Several students and teachers heard the shots and the physical education teacher , Jencie Fagan , approached Newman and challenged him . Fagan managed to convince Newman to drop his gun and then restrained him until more staff arrived to help .
Alexander Rueda was treated at Washoe Medical Center for his wounds and released the same day , while Kenzie McKeon only needed to be treated at the scene for superficial wounds . The school was placed on lockdown for an hour and then classes were canceled for the remainder of the day . The shooting was the second firearm @-@ related incident on Pine Middle School grounds in two weeks , with the previous incident being a man brandishing a gun towards the campus . On this occasion school administrators sent students home as a precaution .
= = = Motive = = =
After the shooting , Newman was interviewed by the police and remained determined that he did not want his parents to be present during questioning , however Newman 's father had arrived sometime after to ask for the questioning to stop until a lawyer would be consulted . During questioning Newman stated that he wanted to use the attack as a way to end abuse from his father , brother , and others . He said he was tired of being called " stupid " by them . He researched the Columbine High School massacre on the Internet and planned the attack about a week in advance . He conclusively decided against using a knife because " he did not want to be up close when blood came out of any of the victims . " The night before the attack , Newman 's father had given him a collection of ammunition which included three live .38 caliber rounds . When his parents left the house to eat , he took his mother 's handgun from a small safe in his father 's closet and hid it in his backpack .
= = Aftermath = =
Following the shooting , police arrested James Newman and booked him as an adult on charges of suspicion of attempted murder , use of a deadly weapon and use of a firearm by a minor in Washoe County Jail with a bail of $ 150 @,@ 000 . However , his trial was put on hold as prosecutors discussed whether he should be tried as an adult or juvenile . Washoe District Attorney Richard Gammick had announced on March 17 that the evidence given did not support Newman being charged as an adult . By May 2006 , Newman was tried as a juvenile by the Jan Evans Juvenile Justice Center for the charges of two counts of battery with a deadly weapon , instead of the initial charges and was put under house arrest until he completed 200 hours of community service .
On March 25 , 2008 , Jencie Fagan was selected as one of three national winners and the Nevada finalist for an Above & Beyond Citizen Honor from the Congressional Medal of Honor Society in the Washington , D.C. ceremony , being recognized for her role in prevention of any further incident in the shooting .
= Kilgour – Matas report =
The Kilgour – Matas report is a 2006 / 2007 investigative report into allegations of live organ harvesting in China conducted by Canadian MP David Kilgour and human rights lawyer David Matas . The report was requested by the Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong ( CIPFG ) after allegations emerged that Falun Gong practitioners were secretly having their organs removed against their will at Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital . The report , based on circumstantial evidence , concluded that " there has been , and continues today to be , large @-@ scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners . " China has consistently denied the allegations .
The initial report received a mixed reception . In the US , a Congressional Research Service report by Dr. Thomas Lum stated that the Kilgour – Matas report relied largely on logical inference , without bringing forth new or independently obtained testimony ; the credibility of much of the key evidence was said to be questionable . The initial 6 July 2006 report found that , " the source of 41 @,@ 500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained " and concluded that " there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners . " U.N. special rapporteur Manfred Nowak said in March 2007 that the chain of evidence Kilgour and Matas were documenting showed a " coherent picture that causes concern " , which the United Nations Committee Against Torture followed up in November 2008 with a request for " a full explanation of the source of organ transplants " , to investigate the claims of organ harvesting , and to take measures to prosecute those committing abuses . Other investigators , such as Ethan Gutmann , followed the Kilgour – Matas report ; Gutmann estimating that between 450 @,@ 000 and 1 million Falun Gong members were detained at any given time , and estimated that tens of thousands may have been targeted for organ harvesting .
Upon release of the initial report on 6 July 2006 , Chinese officials declared that China abides by World Health Organization principles that prohibit the sale of human organs without written consent from donors . They denounced the report as smears " based on rumours and false allegations " , and said the Chinese government had already investigated the claims and found them without any merit . The report is banned in Russia and China . Among international concerns , the US National Kidney Foundation expressed that it was " deeply concerned " about the allegations .
In 2009 , the authors published an updated version of the report as a book , titled Bloody Harvest , The killing of Falun Gong for their organs , and in the same year received an award from the International Society for Human Rights .
= = Background = =
= = = Falun Gong = = =
Falun Gong is a spiritual discipline that combines meditation and exercises with a moral philosophy , emerged in China in the 1990s ; by 1999 the number of practitioners was estimated in the tens of millions .
In July 1999 , following a large @-@ scale demonstration to request official recognition , Chinese authorities initiated a nationwide campaign to suppress the group , and created the 610 Office to oversee and coordinate the elimination of Falun Gong . The suppression that followed was accompanied by what Amnesty International called a " massive propaganda campaign , " , as well as the detention and imprisonment of tens of thousands of Falun Gong adherents . Former detainees reported that in some labour camps , Falun Gong practitioners comprised the majority population , and were singled out for abuse . Under order from Beijing , practitioners are subject to coercive “ reeducation ” and torture , sometimes resulting in deaths . Due to limited access to victims and labour camp facilities , however , many specific reports of abuses are difficult to independently corroborate .
= = = Organ transplantation in China = = =
China has had an organ transplantation programme since the 1960s . It is one of the largest organ transplant programmes in the world , peaking at over 13 @,@ 000 transplants a year in 2004 . Involuntary organ harvesting is illegal under Chinese law , although under a 1984 regulation it became legal to remove organs from executed criminals with the prior consent of the criminal or permission of relatives . By the 1990s , growing concerns about possible ethical abuses arising from coerced consent and corruption led medical groups and human rights organizations to start condemning the practice . These concerns resurfaced in 2001 , when The Washington Post reported claims by a Chinese asylum @-@ seeking doctor that he had taken part in organ extraction operations .
By 2005 the World Medical Association had specifically demanded that China cease using prisoners as organ donors . In December of that year , China 's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplant was widespread – as many as 95 % of all organ transplants in China derived from executions , and he promised steps to prevent abuse .
= = = Sujiatun = = =
The first allegations of systematic organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners were made in March 2006 by two individuals claiming to possess knowledge of involuntary organ extractions at the Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital in Shenyang , Liaoning province . The allegations were publicized by the Epoch Times , a newspaper group founded by Falun Gong practitioners . Within one month of the press coverage , third party investigators , including representatives of the US Department of State , said that there was insufficient evidence to prove the allegations . In 2006 and 2008 , United Nations Special Rapporteurs raised questions about the sources of organs , the short waiting times for finding perfectly matched organs , and the correlation between the sudden increase in organ transplants in China and the beginning of the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners . These requests were not satisfactorily addressed by the Chinese authorities . [ 69 ] In November 2008 the United Nations Committee Against Torture noted its concern at the allegations and called for China to " immediately conduct or commission an independent investigation of the claims " , and take measures " to ensure that those responsible for such abuses are prosecuted and punished " . [ 7 ] Chinese dissident Harry Wu , who exposed organ harvesting from prison inmates at laogai ( hard labour camps ) , questioned the credibility of the Sujiatun whistle @-@ blowers . But Harry Wu 's July 2006 article showed his views in his March 21 letter were formed before completing his investigation , so Harry Wu 's views were not based on his full investigation . Further , Harry Wu characterized the volume of organ harvesting Annie described as " technically impossible " , but in fact it is technically possible , according to medical expert . On April 14 , 2006 , the US state department wrote that " U.S. representatives have found no evidence to support allegations that a site in northeast China has been used as a concentration camp to jail Falun Gong practitioners and harvest their organs " , adding " independent of these specific allegations , the United States remains concerned over China ’ s repression of Falun Gong practitioners and by reports of organ harvesting . "
Soon thereafter , in May 2006 , The Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong asked David Kilgour as well as Canadian human rights lawyer David Matas to investigate the broader allegations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong adherents in China . Kilgour and Matas agreed to investigate .
= = The report = =
= = = First report = = =
On 20 July 2006 , Kilgour and Matas presented the findings of their two @-@ month investigation as Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China . The report presented 33 strands of circumstantial evidence that Kilgour and Matas felt , in the absence of any disproof , cumulatively allowed the conclusion that " the government of China and its agencies in numerous parts of the country , in particular hospitals but also detention centres and ' people 's courts ' , since 1999 have put to death a large but unknown number of Falun Gong prisoners of conscience . Their vital organs , including kidneys , livers , corneas and hearts , were seized involuntarily for sale at high prices , sometimes to foreigners , who normally face long waits for voluntary donations of such organs in their home countries . ” . The report called attention to the extremely short wait times for organs in China — one to two weeks for a liver compared with 32 @.@ 5 months in Canada — noting that this was indicative of organs being procured on demand . It also tracked a significant increase in the number of annual organ transplants in China beginning in 1999 , corresponding with the onset of the persecution of Falun Gong . Despite very low levels of voluntary organ donation , China performs the second @-@ highest number of transplants per year . Kilgour and Matas also presented material from Chinese transplant center web sites advertising the immediate availability of organs from living donors , and transcripts of telephone interviews in which hospitals told prospective transplant recipients that they could obtain Falun Gong organs . The authors qualified their findings by noting the difficulties in verifying the alleged crimes , such as : independent bodies were not allowed to investigate conditions in China , eyewitness evidence was difficult to obtain , official information about organ transplantation was often withheld , and Kilgour and Matas themselves were denied visas to go to China to investigate .
= = = Second report = = =
In a January 2007 revision , Bloody Harvest : Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China , Kilgour and Matas felt that the Government of China had reinforced the basis of the first report by responding to it in an unpersuasive way , mostly as attacks on Falun Gong . For Kilgour and Matas , such attacks made possible the violation of the basic human rights of Falun Gong practitioners . China identified two factual errors in the first version of the report — one in an appendix , in a caption heading , where Kilgour and Matas placed two Chinese cities in the wrong provinces ; the authors dismissed those errors as have nothing to do with the analysis or conclusions of their report . In the absence of evidence that would invalidate the organ harvesting allegations — such as a Chinese government registry showing the identity of every organ donor and donation — Kilgour and Matas concluded that the allegations of China 's harvesting organs from live Falun Gong practitioners were true and the practice was ongoing . They called for a ban on Canadian citizens traveling to China for transplant operations .
As of November 2014 the report has been translated into 21 languages .
= = = Books = = =
In 2009 , Kilgour and Matas published an updated version of the report as a book , titled Bloody Harvest , The killing of Falun Gong for their organs . It contains new material and interviews , and is in two parts . The first section sets out the evidence ; the second section details the reactions the final report received and the advocacy Matas and Kilgour undertook to end the abuse that they conclusively identified . That year , Kilgour and Matas also received the 2009 Human Rights Award by the German @-@ based International Society for Human Rights ; and were nominated for the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize .
In 2012 , State Organs : Transplant Abuse in China , edited by David Matas and Torsten Trey was published with contributions from a dozen specialists .
= = Response = =
The report 's allegations of involuntary organ removal from Falun Gong adherents received considerable media coverage , particularly in Canada , Europe , and Australia . Several governments tightened transplant tourism practices and requested more information from the Chinese government . Chinese officials repeatedly and angrily denied the report 's organ harvesting allegations . Upon release of the initial report , China declared they abided by World Health Organization principles that prohibit the sale of human organs without written consent from donors and denounced the report .
Amnesty International in 2006 said it was “ continuing to analyze sources of information ” about the allegations . David Ownby , a professor of history at of the University of Montreal and expert on Falun Gong , wrote in Falun Gong and the Future of China that Falun Gong practitioners were probable candidates for organ harvesting in Chinese prisons . However , he felt that Falun Gong spokespersons " overplayed their hand " with the concentration camp allegations , potentially losing credibility in the eyes of neutral observers , despite the real persecution they were suffering . A Congressional Research Service report by Thomas Lum said that the report relies on logical inferences and telephone call transcripts which , he suggested , may not be credible . Glen McGregor of the Ottawa Citizen was skeptical about the logistical plausibility of the allegations after visiting Sujiatun at the invitation of the Chinese Medical Association . He said that , depending on who you believe , " the Kilgour – Matas report is either compelling evidence that proves the claims about Falun Gong ... or a collection of conjecture and inductive reasoning that fails to support its own conclusions " .
Some observers found the report and its figures plausible . Tom Treasure of Guy 's Hospital , London , said the Kilgour – Matas report was " plausible from a medical standpoint " based on the numerical gap in the number of transplants and the short waiting times in China compared with other countries . He noted the existence of blood tests of imprisoned Falun Gong followers , which is not useful for the victims but is critical to organ donation , and said the allegations were “ credible . ” Non @-@ fiction writer Scott Carney included the allegations in his book The Red Market , writing " No one is saying the Chinese government went after the Falun Gong specifically for their organs … but it seems to have been a remarkably convenient and profitable way to dispose of them . Dangerous political dissidents were executed while their organs created a comfortable revenue stream for hospitals and surgeons , and presumably many important Chinese officials received organs . " Using different research methods to Kilgour and Matas , Ethan Gutmann , adjunct fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies , found that his estimate of the number of Falun Gong practitioners killed for organs of approximately 65 @,@ 000 was close to the estimate of 62 @,@ 250 by Kilgour and Matas . In September 2014 he published his findings in The Slaughter : Mass Killings , Organ Harvesting , and China ’ s Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem . Kirk C. Allison , Associate Director of the Program in Human Rights and Medicine in the University of Minnesota , wrote that the " short time frame of an on @-@ demand system [ as in China ] requires a large pool of donors pre @-@ typed for blood group and HLA matching , " and would be consistent with the Falun Gong allegations about the systematic tissue typing of practitioners held prisoner . He wrote that the time constraints involved " cannot be assured on a random @-@ death basis " , and that physicians he queried about the matter indicated that they were selecting live prisoners to ensure quality and compatibility .
The US National Kidney Foundation said they were " deeply concerned about recent allegations regarding the procurement of organs and tissues through coercive or exploitative practices " and that " any act which calls the ethical practice of donation and transplantation into question should be condemned by the worldwide transplantation community . " A 2008 petition signed by 140 Canadian physicians urged the Canadian Government to " issue travel advisories warning Canadians that organ transplants in China are sourced almost entirely from non @-@ consenting people , whether prisoners sentenced to death or Falun Gong practitioners " . Canadian Member of Parliament Borys Wrzesnewskyj , based on the findings of the Kilgour – Matas report , introduced a 2008 bill that would make it illegal for Canadians to get an organ transplant abroad if the organ was taken from an unwilling victim . In 2013 , Doctors Against forced Organ Harvesting ( DAFOH ) presented a petition of nearly 1 @.@ 5 million signatures including over 300 @,@ 000 from Europe to the Office of UN High Commissioner on Human Rights in Geneva .
While Russia , along with China , banned the report ; Taiwan condemned , " in the strongest possible terms " , China 's harvesting of human organs from executed Falun Gong practitioners . Taiwan 's Department of Health , urged Taiwanese doctors to not encourage patients to get commercial organ transplants in mainland China . Rabbi Yosef Shalom Eliashiv prohibited Jews from deriving any benefit from Chinese organ harvesting , " even in life @-@ threatening situations " ; other rabbis opposed the use of Chinese organs for transplants .
In 2006 and 2008 , United Nations Special Rapporteurs raised questions about the sources of organs , the short waiting times for finding perfectly matched organs , and the correlation between the sudden increase in organ transplants in China and the beginning of the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners . These requests were not satisfactorily addressed by the Chinese authorities . In November 2008 the United Nations Committee Against Torture noted its concern at the allegations and called for China to " immediately conduct or commission an independent investigation of the claims " , and take measures " to ensure that those responsible for such abuses are prosecuted and punished " .
In 2010 , though the Chinese Medical Society had stated that organ transplants from executed prisoners must cease , and changes in Chinese regulations prohibited transplant tourism , a meeting of the Transplantation Society received over 30 papers containing data from several hundred transplants , where the donor source was likely executed prisoners .
During the U.N. Human Rights Council meeting held on March 12 , 2014 , Anne @-@ Tamara Lorre , the Canadian representative on human rights to the United Nations , raised the issue of organ harvesting in China . " We remain concerned that Falun Gong practitioners and other religious worshippers in China face persecution , and reports that organ transplants take place without free and informed consent of the donor are troubling . "
= Ficus rubiginosa =
Ficus rubiginosa , commonly known as the rusty- or Port Jackson fig ( damun in the Dharug language ) is a species of flowering plant native to eastern Australia in the genus Ficus . Beginning as a seedling that grows on other plants ( hemiepiphyte ) or rocks ( lithophyte ) , F. rubiginosa matures into a tree 30 m ( 100 ft ) high and nearly as wide with a yellow @-@ brown buttressed trunk . The leaves are oval and glossy green and measure from 4 to 19 @.@ 3 cm ( 1 1 ⁄ 2 – 7 1 ⁄ 2 in ) long and 1 @.@ 25 to 13 @.@ 2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 5 1 ⁄ 4 in ) wide .
The fruits are small , round and yellow , and can ripen and turn red at any time of year , peaking in spring and summer . The fruit is known as a syconium , an inverted inflorescence with the flowers lining an internal cavity . F. rubiginosa is exclusively pollinated by the fig wasp species Pleistodontes imperialis , which may in fact comprise four cryptospecies . The syconia are also home to another fourteen species of wasp , some of which induce galls while others parasitise the pollinator wasps , and at least two species of nematode . Many species of bird , including pigeons , parrots and various passerines , eat the fruit . Ranging along the Australian east coast from Queensland to Bega in southern New South Wales , F. rubiginosa grows in rainforest margins and rocky outcrops. it is used as a shade tree in parks and public spaces , and when potted is well @-@ suited for use as an indoor plant or in bonsai .
= = Taxonomy = =
Ficus rubiginosa was described by French botanist René Louiche Desfontaines in 1804 , from a type specimen whose locality is documented as " New Holland " . In searching for the type specimen , Australian botanist Dale Dixon found one from the herbarium of Desfontaines at Florence Herbarium and one from the herbarium of Étienne Pierre Ventenat at Geneva . As Ventenat had used Desfontaines ' name , Dixon selected the Florence specimen to be the type in 2001 . The specific epithet rubiginosa related to the rusty coloration of the undersides of the leaves . Indeed , rusty fig is an alternate common name ; others include Illawarra fig and Port Jackson fig . It was known as damun ( pron . " tam @-@ mun " ) to the Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin .
In 1806 , German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow gave it the botanical name Ficus australis in Species Plantarum , but this is a nomen illegitimum as the species already had a validly published name . Italian botanist Guglielmo Gasparrini broke up the genus Ficus in 1844 , placing the species in the genus Urostigma as U. rubiginosum . In 1862 , Dutch botanist Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel described Urostigma leichhardtii from material collected from Cape Cleveland , Queensland , noting it had affinities to F. rubiginosa . In 1867 , he placed Urostigma as a subgenus in the reunited Ficus , which resulted in the taxon becoming Ficus leichhardtii . Miquel also described Ficus leichhardtii variety angustata from Whitsunday Island , later classified as F. shirleyana by Czech botanist Karel Domin . Queensland state botanist Frederick Manson Bailey described Ficus macrophylla variety pubescens in 1911 from Queensland , Domin later renaming it Ficus baileyana . All these taxa were found to be indistinguishable from ( and hence reclassified as ) F. rubiginosa by Dixon in 2001 .
In a study published in 2008 , Nina Rønsted and colleagues analysed the DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacers , and the glyceraldehyde @-@ 3 @-@ phosphate dehydrogenase region , in the first molecular analysis of the section Malvanthera . They found F. rubiginosa to be most closely related to the rainforest species F. watkinsiana and two rock @-@ growing ( lithophytic ) species of arid northern Australia ( F. atricha and F. brachypoda ) . They classified these species in a new series Rubiginosae in the subsection Platypodeae . Relationships are unclear and it is uncertain into which direction the group radiated ( into rainforest or into arid Australia ) .
Joseph Maiden described variety lucida in 1902 , and Bailey described variety glabrescens in 1913 . Both had diagnosed their varieties on the basis of their hairlessness . Maiden described a taxon totally devoid of hair , while Bailey described his as nearly glabrous ( hairless ) . As Bailey 's description more closely matched Dixon 's findings ( that these variants were only partly and not completely hairless ) , Dixon retained Bailey 's name and reclassified it as Ficus rubiginosa forma glabrescens in 2001 as it differed only in the lack of hairs on new growth from the nominate form .
= = Description = =
A spreading , densely @-@ shading tree when mature , F. rubiginosa may reach 30 m ( 100 ft ) or more in height , although it rarely exceeds 10 m ( 30 ft ) in the Sydney region . The trunk is buttressed and can reach 1 @.@ 5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in diameter . The bark is yellow @-@ brown . It can also grow as on other plants as a hemiepiphyte , or 1 – 5 m ( 3 – 16 ft ) high lithophyte . Alternately arranged on the stems , the ovate ( egg @-@ shaped ) , obovate ( reverse egg @-@ shaped ) or oval @-@ shaped leaves are anywhere from 4 – 19 @.@ 3 cm ( 1 5 ⁄ 8 – 7 5 ⁄ 8 in ) long and 1 @.@ 25 – 13 @.@ 2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 5 1 ⁄ 4 in ) wide , on 7 – 8 @.@ 2 cm ( 2 3 ⁄ 4 – 3 1 ⁄ 4 in ) -long petioles ( stalks that join the leaves to stems ) . They are smooth or bear tiny rusty hairs . There are 16 to 62 pairs of lateral veins that run off the midvein at an angle of 41 @.@ 5 – 84 @.@ 0 ° , while distinct basal veins run off the midvein at an angle of 18 @.@ 5 – 78 @.@ 9 ° . As with all figs , the fruit ( fig ) is actually an inverted inflorescence ( compound flower ) known as a syconium , with tiny flowers arising from the fig 's inner surface into a hollow cavity . F. rubiginosa is monoecious — both male and female flowers are found on the same plant , and in fact in the same fruit , although they mature at different times . Often growing in pairs , the figs are yellow initially and measure 4 – 10 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 3 ⁄ 8 in ) across . Ripening to red in colour , they are tipped with a small nipple and on a 2 – 5 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 – 1 ⁄ 4 in ) stalk . Fruits ripen throughout the year , although more so in spring and summer . Some trees have ripe and unripe fruit at the same time .
It closely resembles its relative , the Moreton Bay fig ( F. macrophylla ) . Having similar ranges in the wild , they are often confused . The smaller leaves , shorter fruit stalks , and rusty colour of the undersides of the leaves of F. rubiginosa are the easiest distinguishing features . It is also confused with the small @-@ leaved fig ( F. obliqua ) , the syconia of which are smaller , measuring 4 – 12 mm long and 4 – 11 mm in diameter , compared with 7 – 17 mm long and 8 – 17 mm diameter for F. rubiginosa .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Ficus rubiginosa occurs from the top of the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland southwards along the eastern coastline of Australia to the vicinity of Bega on the south coast of New South Wales . The range extends westwards to Porcupine Gorge National Park in Queensland and the far western plains in New South Wales . F. rubiginosa f. rubiginosa and F. rubiginosa f. glabrescens are found over most of the range , though the latter does not occur south past the New South Wales @-@ Queensland border region . Lithophytic , hemiepiphytic and tree forms can be found together in local populations of plants .
F. rubiginosa is found in rainforest , rainforest margins , gullies , riverbank habitat , vine thickets , and rocky hillsides . It is found on limestone outcrops in Kanangra @-@ Boyd National Park . Fig seedlings often grow from cracks in stone where seeds have been lodged , in locations such as cliffs and rock faces in natural environments , or in brickwork on buildings and elsewhere in the urban environment . The soils it grows on are often well @-@ drained and low in nutrients . They are derived from sandstone , quartzite and basalt . In the Sydney region , F. rubiginosa grows from sea level to 1000 m ( 3500 ft ) altitude , in areas with an average yearly rainfall of 600 – 1 @,@ 400 mm ( 24 – 55 in ) . F. rubiginosa is largely sympatric with F. obliqua , though its range extends further west into dryer regions than the latter species .
Outside its native range , F. rubiginosa has naturalised to some degree in urban Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia , as well as New Zealand , Hawaii and California , and Mediterranean Europe . F. rubiginosa has been planted widely in Malta since the early 1990s but has not been observed to fruit .
= = Ecology = =
The fruit is consumed by many bird species including the rose @-@ crowned fruit @-@ dove ( Ptilinopus regina ) , wompoo fruit @-@ dove ( P. magnificus ) , wonga pigeon ( Leucosarcia melanoleuca ) , topknot pigeon ( Lopholaimus antarcticus ) , Pacific koel ( Eudynamys orientalis ) , Australasian swamphen ( Porphyrio melanotus ) , Australian king parrot ( Alisterus scapularis ) , Australasian figbird ( Sphecotheres vieilloti ) , green catbird ( Ailuroedus crassirostris ) , regent bowerbird ( Sericulus chrysocephalus ) , satin bowerbird ( Ptilonorhynchus violaceus ) and pied currawong ( Strepera graculina ) , as well as the mammalian grey @-@ headed flying fox ( Pteropus poliocephalus ) , and spectacled flying fox ( Pteropus conspicillatus ) . It is one of several plant species used as food by the endangered Coxen 's fig parrot . Many fruits drop onto the ground around the tree , though others are dispersed by animals that eat them .
The thrips species Gynaikothrips australis feeds on the underside of new leaves of F. rubiginosa , as well as F. obliqua and F. macrophylla . As plant cells die , nearby cells are induced into forming meristem tissue and a gall results , and the leaves become distorted and curl over . The thrips begin feeding when the tree has flushes of new growth , and live for around six weeks . At other times , thrips reside on old leaves without feeding . The species pupates sheltered in the bark . The thrips remain in the galls at night , wander about in the daytime and return in the evening , possibly to different galls about the tree . Psyllids have almost defoliated trees in the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney in spring .
= = = Reproduction and life span = = =
F. rubiginosa is exclusively pollinated in a symbiotic relationship with Pleistodontes imperialis , a species of fig wasp . Biologist Eleanor Haine and colleagues analysed the DNA of the wasp across the fig 's range and determined four cryptic lineages forming what they term the P. imperialis species complex . They diverge to a greater degree than some distinct wasp species , yet form a monophyletic group ; this indicates that the wasp lineages have split without a change of host .
Fertilised female wasps enter the receptive ' fig ' ( the syconium ) through a tiny hole at the crown ( the ostiole ) . They crawl around the inflorescenced interior of the fig , pollinating some of the female flowers , before laying eggs inside some of the flowers and dying . After several weeks ' development in their galls , the male wasps emerge before the females . They chew holes in the galls containing females and fertilise them through the hole they have just chewed . Males return later to mated females , and enlarge the mating holes to enable the females to emerge . Some males then chew their way through the syconium wall , which allows the females to disperse after collecting pollen from the now fully developed male flowers . Females then have a short time ( < 48 hours ) to find a tree with receptive syconia to successfully reproduce and disperse pollen .
A field study in Brisbane found that F. rubiginosa trees often bore both male and female phase syconia at the same time , which could be beneficial for reproduction in isolated populations . The same study found that male phase syconia development persisted through the winter , showing that its wasp pollinator tolerated cooler weather than those of more tropical fig species . F. rubiginosa itself can endure cooler climates than other members of the genus .
P. imperialis crossed the waters between Australia and New Zealand some time between 1960 and 1972 , and seedlings of the previously infertile trees of F. rubiginosa began appearing in brick and stone walls , and on other trees , particularly in parks and gardens around Auckland . They have been recorded as far south as Napier . P. imperialis has been transported to Hawaii , California and Israel , where it has been observed to pollinate its host .
Trees can live to 100 years or more . They have been known to resprout after bushfire , bearing fruit within three years .
= = = Other life in the syconia = = =
As with many other Ficus species , the community of wasps inside the figs of F. rubiginosa is made up mostly of pollinator wasps . These develop deep inside the syconium , presumably protected there from parasites . Also present are much smaller numbers of other wasp species , which do not pollinate the fig . At least fourteen species have been recorded , of which four — two each belonging to the genera Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis — are common while others are rare . Investigation of F. rubiginosa syconia found that the fig seeds and parasitic wasps develop closer to the wall of the syconium . The wasps of the genera Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis are parasitic and are around the same size as the pollinator species . Their larvae are thought to feed on the larvae of the pollinator wasp . Male Sycoscapter and Philotrypesis wasps fight other males of the same species when they encounter each other in a F. rubiginosa fig . Several genera of uncommon larger wasp species enter the immature figs before other wasps and induce galls , which may impact on numbers of pollinator wasps in the fig later . An example of this is Pseudidarnes minerva , a metallic green wasp species .
Nematodes of the genus Schistonchus are found in the syconia ( and the pollinator wasps ) of many species of fig , with F. rubiginosa hosting two species . They appear to be less species @-@ specific than wasps . S. altermacrophylla is generally associated with F. rubiginosa though it has been recorded on several other fig species .
= = Cultivation = =
Ficus rubiginosa was first cultivated in the United Kingdom in 1789 , where it is grown in glasshouses . It is commonly used as a large ornamental tree in eastern Australia , in the North Island of New Zealand , and also in Hawaii and California , where it is also listed as an invasive species in some areas . It is useful as a shade tree in public parks and on golf courses . Not as prodigious as other figs , F. rubiginosa is suited to slightly more confined areas , such as lining car parks or suburban streets . However , surface roots can be large and intrusive and the thin bark readily damaged when struck . Tolerant of acid or alkaline soils , it is hardy to US Hardiness Zones 10B and 11 , reaching 10 m ( 35 ft ) high in 30 years . Planting trees 8 – 12 m ( 30 – 40 ft ) apart will eventually result in a continuous canopy . The trees are of great value in providing fruit for birds and mammals , though drop large quantities of fruit and leaves , leaving a mess underfoot .
In a brief description , William Guilfoyle recorded a variegated fig from New South Wales " 12 – 15 ft high " in 1911 as F. rubiginosa variety variegata . A variegated form is in cultivation on Australia 's east coast , and in the United States . It is a chimera lacking in chlorophyll in the second layer of the leaf meristem . The leaves have an irregular central green patch along the midvein with irregular yellow and green elsewhere . Leaves that grow in winter generally have larger green patches than those that do in summer . The chimera is unstable , and branches of all @-@ green growth appear sporadically .
Despite the relatively large size of the leaves , it is popular for bonsai work as it is highly forgiving to work with and hard to kill ; the leaves reduce readily by leaf @-@ pruning in early summer . Described as the best tree for a beginner to work with , it is one of the most frequently used native species in Australia . Its bark remains smooth , and does not attain a rugged , aged appearance . Known as " Little Ruby " , a narrow @-@ leaved form with its origins somewhere north of Sydney is also seen in cultivation .
F. rubiginosa is also suited for use as a houseplant in low , medium or brightly @-@ lit spaces , although a variegated form requires brighter light . It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . It is easily propagated by cuttings or aerial layering .
The light @-@ coloured wood is soft and brittle . Lightweight , it has some value in the making of such items as toys and small boxes .
= Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart =
The Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart ( spelled " Quick @-@ E @-@ Mart " in " Bart the General " ) is a fictional convenience store in the animated television series The Simpsons . It is a parody of American convenience stores , such as 7 @-@ Eleven and Wawa Inc . , and depicts many of the stereotypes about them . It is notorious for its high prices and the poor quality of its merchandise . The operator of the Springfield store is an Indian @-@ American named Apu Nahasapeemapetilon . It was first seen in the episode " The Telltale Head " and has since become a common setting in The Simpsons .
In July 2007 , eleven 7 @-@ Eleven locations in the United States and one in Canada were transformed into Kwik @-@ E @-@ Marts as part of a special promotion for The Simpsons Movie . Also in 2007 , gift shops modeled after the " Kwik @-@ E @-@ Marts " were opened in Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood , where they are a companion to " The Simpsons Ride " .
= = Role in The Simpsons = =
The Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart is a convenience store that sells the usual fare at extraordinarily high prices , including the always popular Squishee . The Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart chain was started somewhere in the Himalayas .
Springfield 's Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart is owned and operated by an Indian American named Apu Nahasapeemapetilon , who mans the store with his brother Sanjay and is a caricature of the stereotypical " foreign born " convenience store clerk . Apu is an extremely devoted convenience store clerk / owner , rarely closing his store and occasionally working 96 @-@ hour shifts . Apu proudly gouges customers and sells tainted merchandise , such as rotten meat or expired milk . Springfield 's Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart is quite often the target of robbers , leading to Apu having been shot on several occasions . It is a favorite target of local criminal Snake Jailbird , who has held up the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart several times .
= = Real @-@ world versions = =
= = = 7 @-@ Eleven promotion = = =
In July 2007 , convenience store chain 7 @-@ Eleven converted 11 of its stores in the United States and one in Canada ( Coquitlam ) into Kwik @-@ E @-@ Marts to promote The Simpsons Movie . The concept was first visualized in 2006 by Fox 's advertising agency , and the approximately 10 million dollar ( US ) cost of the promotion was borne by 7 @-@ Eleven . Another part of the promotion was a contest where customers who purchased a slurpee or sandwich also received a coded game piece that could be entered into a website . The grand prize of the contest was to be animated into an episode of The Simpsons . Prior to July , the promotion had long been known but the locations were kept a secret until the morning of July 1 , when the 12 stores were made over with industrial foam , vinyl and Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart signs .
These 12 locations , as well as the majority of other North American 7 @-@ Elevens , sold products found in The Simpsons , such as " Buzz Cola " , " Krusty @-@ O 's " , " Squishees " , pink frosted " Sprinklicious doughnuts " and other Simpsons @-@ themed merchandise . The Squishees were Slurpees that are sold in special collector cups and the Krusty @-@ O 's were made by Malt @-@ O @-@ Meal . Several other 7 @-@ Eleven items , such as sandwiches , were sold in Simpsons @-@ themed packaging . It was decided that Duff Beer would not be sold due to the movie being rated PG @-@ 13 , and the promoters wanted to have " good , responsible fun , " though it was noted that it was a tough decision . However , a Duff Energy Drink was released in place of the Duff Beer .
The promotion resulted in a 30 % increase in profits for the changed 7 @-@ Eleven stores . Many of the stores sold out of their special Simpsons products within a few days of the start of the promotion . The conversions lasted through early August , when the stores were converted back to 7 @-@ Elevens .
There was a mild controversy when the promotion offended members of the Indian @-@ American community who felt that Apu is a caricature that plays on too many negative stereotypes . Despite this , 7 @-@ Eleven reported that many of its Indian employees have reacted positively to the idea , although it was noted that it was " not a 100 percent endorsement . "
= = = Universal Studios = = =
On October 17 , 2007 , a gift shop that was modeled after a Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart was opened at Universal Studios Florida . One also opened at Universal Studios Hollywood at a later time . They replaced the old Back to the Future gift shop and supplement The Simpsons Ride , which opened in Spring 2008 . The stores sell Simpsons @-@ related merchandise like Flaming Moe 's Energy Drinks and Squishees .
= Henry Wilson =
Henry Wilson ( born Jeremiah Jones Colbath ; February 16 , 1812 – November 22 , 1875 ) was the 18th Vice President of the United States ( 1873 – 75 ) and a Senator from Massachusetts ( 1855 – 73 ) . Before and during the American Civil War , he was a leading Republican , and a strong opponent of slavery . He devoted his energies to the destruction of the " Slave Power " – the faction of slave owners and their political allies which anti @-@ slavery Americans saw as dominating the country .
Originally a Whig , Wilson was a founder of the Free Soil Party in 1848 . He served as the party chairman before and during the 1852 presidential election . He worked diligently to build an anti @-@ slavery coalition , which came to include the Free Soil Party , anti @-@ slavery Democrats , New York Barnburners , the Liberty Party , anti @-@ slavery members of the Native American Party ( Know Nothings ) , and anti @-@ slavery Whigs ( called Conscience Whigs ) . When the Free Soil party dissolved in the mid @-@ 1850s , Wilson joined the Republican Party , which he helped found , and which was organized largely in line with the anti @-@ slavery coalition he had nurtured in the 1840s and 1850s .
While a Senator during the American Civil War Wilson was considered a " Radical Republican " , and his experience as a militia general , organizer and commander of a Union Army regiment , and chairman of the Senate military committees enabled him to assist the Abraham Lincoln administration in the organization and oversight of the Union Army and Union Navy .
After the Civil War , he supported the Radical Republican program for Reconstruction . In 1872 , he was elected Vice President as the running mate of Ulysses S. Grant , the incumbent President of the United States , who was
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, the first step towards allowing African Americans to serve as soldiers . President Lincoln signed the amendment into law on July 17 . Wilson 's law paid African Americans in the military $ 10 monthly , which was effectively $ 7 a month after deductions for food and clothing , while white soldiers were paid effectively $ 14 monthly .
On January 1 , 1863 Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves held in bondage in the Southern states or territories then in rebellion against the federal government . On February 2 , 1863 Congress built on Wilson 's 1862 law by passing a bill authored by Pennsylvania Congressman Thaddeus Stevens , which authorized the enlistment of 150 @,@ 000 African Americans into the Union Army for service as uniformed soldiers .
On February 17 , 1863 Wilson introduced a bill that would federally fund elementary education for African American youth in Washington D.C. President Lincoln signed the bill into law on March 3 , 1863 .
Wilson added an amendment to the 1864 Enrollment Act which provided that formerly enslaved African Americans from slave holding states remaining in the Union who enlisted in the Union Army would be considered permanently free by action of the federal government , rather than through individual emancipation by the states or their owners , thus preventing the possibility of their re @-@ enslavement . President Lincoln signed this measure into law on February 24 , 1864 , freeing more than 20 @,@ 000 slaves in Kentucky alone .
Wilson supported the right of black men to join the uniformed services . Once African Americans were permitted to serve in the military , Wilson advocated in the Senate for them to receive equal pay and other benefits . A Vermont newspaper portrayed Wilson 's position and enhanced his nationwide reputation as an abolitionist by editorializing " Henry Wilson of Massachusetts , in a speech in the U.S. Senate on Friday , said he thought our treatment of the negro soldiers almost as bad as that of the rebels at Fort Pillow . This is hardly an exaggeration . "
On June 15 , 1864 , Wilson succeeded in adding a provision to an appropriations bill which addressed the pay disparity between whites and blacks in the military by authorizing equal salaries and benefits for African American soldiers . Wilson 's provision stated that " all persons of color who had been or might be mustered into the military service should receive the same uniform , clothing , rations , medical and hospital attendance , and pay " as white soldiers , to date from January 1864 .
Wilson introduced a bill in Congress which would free in the Union 's slave holding states the still @-@ enslaved families of former slaves serving in the Union Army . In advocating for passage , Wilson argued that allowing the family members of soldiers to remain in slavery was a " burning shame to this country ... Let us hasten the enactment ... that , on the forehead of the soldier 's wife and the soldier 's child , no man can write " Slave " . President Lincoln signed the measure into law on March 3 , 1865 , and an estimated 75 @,@ 000 African American women and children were freed in Kentucky alone .
= = Reconstruction and Civil Rights = =
When Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency after President Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 , Senators Sumner and Wilson both hoped Johnson would support the policies of the Republican Party , since Johnson , a Democrat , had been elected with Lincoln on a pro @-@ Union ticket . After the Civil War ended with a Union Victory in May 1865 , the defeated former Confederacy was ruined . It had been devastated economically , politically , and much of its infrastructure had been destroyed during the war . The opportunity was ripe for Congress and Johnson to work together on terms for Southern restoration and reconstruction . Instead , Johnson launched his own reconstruction policy , which was seen as more lenient to former Confederates , and excluded African American citizenship . When Congress opened the session which began in December 1865 , Johnson 's policy included a demand for admission of Southern Senators and Representatives , nearly all Democrats , including many former Confederates . Congress , still in Republican hands , responded by refusing to allow the Southern Senators and Representatives to take their seats , beginning a rift between Republicans in Congress and the President . Wilson favored allowing only persons who had been loyal to the United States to serve in positions of political power in the former Confederacy , and believed that Congress , not the President , had the power to reconstruct the southern states . As a result , Wilson joined forces with the Congressmen and Senators known as Radical Republicans , those most strongly opposed to Johnson .
On December 21 , 1865 , two days after the announcement that the States had ratified the Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery , Wilson introduced a bill to protect the civil rights of African Americans . Although Wilson 's bill failed to pass Congress it was effectively the same bill as the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that passed Congress over Johnson 's veto on April 9 , 1866 .
The rift between the Radicals , including Wilson , and President Johnson grew as Johnson attempted to implement his more lenient Reconstruction policies . Johnson vetoed the bill to establish the Freedmen 's Bureau , as well as other Radical measures to protect African American civil rights — measures which Wilson supported . Wilson supported the Senate effort to impeach Johnson , saying that Johnson was " unworthy , if not criminal " in resisting Congressional Reconstruction measures , many of which were passed over Johnson 's vetos . At the 1868 Senate trial Wilson voted for Johnson 's impeachment , but Republicans fell one vote short of the two @-@ thirds majority needed to remove Johnson from office . ( With 36 " guilty " votes needed for removal , the Senate results were 35 to 19 on all three post @-@ trial ballots . )
On May 27 , 1868 Wilson spoke before the Senate to forcefully advocate the readmission of Arkansas . Taking the lead on this issue , Wilson urged immediate action , saying that the new state government was constitutional , and was composed of loyal Southerners , African Americans who were formerly enslaved , and Northerners who had moved south . Wilson said he would not agree to Congressional adjournment until all Southern states with reconstructed governments loyal to the United States that adopted new constitutions were readmitted . The New York Tribune called Wilson 's speech " strong " and said that Wilson steered the Senate away from " legal hair @-@ splitting " . Within a month the Senate had acted , and Arkansas was readmitted on June 22 , 1868 .
In 1870 Hiram Revels was elected to the U.S. Senate by the reconstructed Mississippi Legislature . Revels was the first African American elected to the Senate , and Senate Democrats attempted to prevent him from being seated . Wilson defended Revels 's election , and presented as evidence of its validity signatures from the clerks of the Mississippi House of Representatives and Mississippi State Senate , as well as that of Adelbert Ames , the military Governor of Mississippi . Wilson argued that Revels 's skin color was not a bar to Senate service , and connected the role of the Senate to Christianity 's Golden Rule of doing to others as one would have done to oneself . The Senate voted to seat Revels , and after he took the oath of office Wilson personally escorted him to his desk as journalists recorded the historic event .
= = Vice Presidential campaign , 1868 = =
Prior to the presidential election of 1868 , Wilson toured the South giving political speeches . Many in the press believed Wilson was promoting himself to be the Republican presidential candidate . Wilson , however , supported the Civil War hero General Ulysses S. Grant . During Reconstruction Grant supported Republican Congressional initiatives rather than President Johnson 's , and during the dispute over the Tenure of Office Act which led to Johnson 's impeachment , Grant served as temporary Secretary of War , but then returned the Department to Radical ally Edwin M. Stanton 's control over Johnson 's strong objection , making Grant a favorite to many Radicals .
Wilson actually desired to be Vice President . During his speech making tour , he advocated a biracial society in the South , urging African Americans and their white supporters to take a conciliatory and peaceful approach with Southern whites who had favored the Confederacy . Radicals , including Benjamin Wade , were stunned by Wilson 's remarks , believing blacks should not be subject to their former white owners . At the Republican Convention , Wilson , Wade and others competed for the Vice Presidential nomination , and Wilson had support among Southern delegates , but he failed to win after five ballots . Wade was also unable to win the convention vote , and Wilson 's delegates eventually switched their votes to Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax , who won the nomination and went on to win the general election with Grant at the head of the ticket . After Grant and Colfax won the 1868 election Wilson declined to serve as Secretary of War in Grant 's cabinet due to his desire to spend more time with Mrs. Wilson during her lengthy final illness .
= = Vice Presidential campaign , 1872 = =
In 1872 Wilson had a strong reputation among Republicans as a principled but practical reformer who supported African American civil rights , voting rights for women , federal education aid , regulation of businesses , and prohibition of liquor . In 1870 , incumbent Vice President Schuyler Colfax , said he would not run for another term , creating the possibility of a contested nomination . In addition , some Republicans , including Grant , desired another vice presidential nominee because they believed Colfax had presidential aspirations and might endanger Grant 's reelection by bolting to the Liberal Republican Party , which had formed because of opposition to charges of corruption in the Grant administration and Grant 's attempted Santo Domingo annexation .
At the Republican Convention held in Philadelphia in June 1872 , Wilson won enough votes to defeat Colfax , who by then had become an active candidate , renouncing his 1870 pledge and informing his supporters that he would accept renomination if it was offered . The Republicans believed Wilson 's nomination , as a politician of integrity coming from the anti @-@ slavery movement , would outflank the anti @-@ corruption argument of the Liberal Republicans , who counted Sumner among their members . Both the renominated Grant and his new running mate Wilson were idealized by Republican posters , which depicted Grant " the Galena Tanner " and Wilson " the Natick Shoemaker " carrying tools and wearing workmen 's aprons . ( Grant 's father operated a tanning and leather goods manufacturing business , and before the Civil War Grant had clerked in his father 's Galena , Illinois store . ) Wilson 's nomination for Vice President had been intended to strengthen the 1872 Republican ticket , and was seen as a success , with Grant and Wilson easily defeating Liberal Republican candidates Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown , who were also endorsed by the Democrats .
= = = Crédit Mobilier scandal = = =
During the 1872 campaign , Wilson 's reputation for honesty was marred by a September New York Sun article which indicated that he was involved in the Crédit Mobilier scandal . Wilson was one of several Representatives and Senators ( mostly Republicans ) , including Colfax , who were offered ( and possibly took ) bribes of cash and discounted shares in the Union Pacific Railroad 's Crédit Mobilier subsidiary from Congressman Oakes Ames during the late 1860s in exchange for votes favorable to the Union Pacific during the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad .
After denying to a reporter just a month before the election that he had a Crédit Mobilier connection , Wilson admitted involvement when he gave testimony before a Senate committee on February 13 , 1873 . Wilson told members of the investigating committee that in December 1867 he had agreed to purchase $ 2 @,@ 000 in Crédit Mobilier stock ( 20 shares ) using Mrs. Wilson 's money and in her name . According to Wilson , his wife and he later had concerns about the propriety of the transaction and had never taken possession of the actual stock certificates , so Wilson asked Ames to cancel the transaction and Ames refunded the $ 2 @,@ 000 purchase price to Wilson . Wilson said he then returned $ 814 to Ames – $ 748 in dividends and $ 66 in interest that Mrs. Wilson had supposedly earned as profits , even though she had not taken physical possession of her shares . Wilson further claimed that because Mrs. Wilson had refused to take these proceeds from Ames , Wilson took it upon himself to pay her $ 814 from his own funds to compensate her for the profit she would have made if she had kept the stock , which he said he felt obligated to do because his wife had originally agreed to purchase the stock on his recommendation , and had lost money by following his later recommendation to cancel the transaction .
Mrs. Wilson had died in 1870 , so Senators had to rely on Wilson 's word and that of Ames , who corroborated Wilson . The Senate accepted Wilson 's explanation , and took no action against him , but his reputation for integrity was somewhat damaged because of his initial denial and later admission , though not sufficiently enough to prevent him from becoming Vice President the following month .
= = Vice President = =
Wilson served as Vice President from March 4 , 1873 until his death . As Vice President , Wilson 's years of Senate experience enabled him to perform as a " highly efficient and acceptable " presiding officer .
= = Illness and death = =
Wilson 's ceremonial duties and work on History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America kept him extremely busy , working late hours with little time to rest . In early May , 1873 , Wilson attended funeral services for Salmon P. Chase in New York City . On May 19 , 1873 he suffered a stroke which caused paralysis in his face , general weakness , and impaired speech . His doctor ordered him to rest , but Wilson allowed reporters to see him . The public first took notice that Wilson was in ill health when he made an appearance in Boston on May 30 , and reporters were informed that Wilson was unable to work or handle his correspondence . His health somewhat improved during September and October , and on November 25 Wilson returned to Washington for the opening of Congress . He was able to preside over the Senate from December 1 through December 9 , 1873 , but was unable to speak in public , including when he attended a Boston commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of the Boston Tea Party .
Wilson remained in occasional ill health into 1874 , but was able to attend funeral services for Charles Sumner in March . Throughout his remaining tenure , Wilson 's Senate attendance was irregular due to his continued poor health . During periods when he was not ill , Wilson was also able to resume some of his ceremonial duties , including participating in a White House party for the King of Hawaii , David Kalākaua , in December 1874 . When Free Soil and abolitionist colleague Gerrit Smith died in New York City on December 28 , 1874 , Wilson traveled there to view the body and take part in funeral services .
Wilson continued to go through bouts of ill health in 1875 . While working at the United States Capitol on November 10 , 1875 , he suffered what was believed to be a minor stroke , and was taken to the Vice President 's Room to recuperate . Over the next several days , his health appeared to improve and his friends thought he was nearly recovered . However , on November 22 at 7 : 20 AM , Wilson suffered a fatal stroke while working at the Capitol . His remains were accorded the honor of lying in state in the Capitol rotunda .
The subsequent funeral arrangements included military escorts as Wilson 's remains were transferred from one train station to another en route from Washington to Natick , as well as nights lying in state . The route included processions in Baltimore , Philadelphia , New York City , and Boston , and nights lying in state at Baltimore City Hall and Independence Hall in Philadelphia . He was interred at Old Dell Park Cemetery in Natick , Massachusetts .
Two other former Vice Presidents died in the same year as Wilson – John C. Breckinridge and Andrew Johnson .
Wilson was the fourth Vice President to die in office , following : George Clinton , who served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison ; Elbridge Gerry , who served under James Madison ; and William R. King who served under Franklin Pierce .
= = Historical reputation = =
According to historian George H. Haynes , during his nearly thirty years of public service Wilson practiced principled politics by championing unpopular causes , sometimes at the expense of his personal ambition . The causes Wilson supported included abolition of slavery , and the rights of workers , both black and white .
Wilson was not hesitant to sever ties with old guard politicians and form new coalitions in order to accomplish his objectives , even though this gave him the reputation among opponents of being a " shifty " politician . On the other hand , he was admired by fellow abolitionists for his lifelong dedication to the cause , and workingmen found inspiration in his career , since he had himself risen from a manual laborer 's background .
Wilson supported free public schools and libraries . In Massachusetts he supported tax exemptions for the purchase and maintenance of worker 's tools and furniture , and the removal of property qualifications for voting rights .
U.S. Senator George F. Hoar , a Massachusetts political contemporary , said Wilson was a " skilful , adroit , and practiced and constant political manager " and " the most skilled political organizer in the country " during his career .
Wilson is also recognized for being a political pioneer in techniques for determining public opinion while he held office . In the 20th century , the straw poll and scientific public opinion polls by companies including Gallup became standard parts of political campaigns and media coverage of elections . During his Senate career , Wilson pioneered straw polling by sampling the views of Massachusetts voters through in person conversations and unscientific written surveys before making his own views known . These efforts were credited with helping Wilson build coalitions , win elections , make political allies , and determine the best time to act in the Senate on issues of importance .
In 1891 , the Henry Wilson school , a facility for black students , opened on what was then Central Street in the Washington County portion of the District of Columbia ( now 17th Street in the Adams Morgan neighborhood ) . It was named for him in honor of his role emancipating the district 's slaves . The school was closed in 1956 due to its small size , and shortly thereafter converted to the Morgan Annex , a satellite location of the adjacent Thomas P. Morgan School . The Morgan Annex was later closed ; it was sold in 1989 , and then reopened as the Morgan Annex Lofts condominiums .
= = Personal life = =
On October 28 , 1840 Wilson married Harriet Malvina Howe ( 1824 – 1870 ) . They were the parents of a son , Henry Hamilton Wilson ( 1846 – 1866 ) , who attended the Highland Military Academy in Worcester , Massachusetts .
During the Civil War , the younger Wilson attended the United States Naval Academy , but left before graduating in order to accept a commission in the Union Army . He attained success in the 31st and 104th Regiments of United States Colored Troops , and was promoted to lieutenant colonel and second @-@ in @-@ command of the 104th in July 1865 . After the war he accepted a commission as a second lieutenant in the regular Army 's 6th Cavalry Regiment , and served until his death in 1866 .
In 1869 Henry and Harriet Wilson also became the de facto adoptive parents of a girl , Evangelina , who was born between 1864 and 1866 , and took the name Eva Wilson . In a complicated series of events , in 1869 a woman named Caroline Vreeland met Wilson 's sister in law Nancy Colbath , wife of his brother Samuel . Vreeland allowed Nancy Colbath to adopt the child , with the understanding that she would be raised by Henry Wilson and his wife . The child lived with the Wilsons until shortly before Mrs. Wilson 's death . Nancy Colbath then kept the child , and received monthly payments from Henry Wilson for her support . Details later emerged which indicated the likelihood that Vreeland had obtained a baby girl from an unknown parent or parents in Boston in 1866 so that her sister could use the baby in an attempt to extort a man with whom she had had an affair . Vreeland went to prison for a stabbing in the early 1870s . The child continued to live with Wilson , and by 1874 he had asked Nancy Colbath to again be responsible for her . Wilson agreed to provide them a suitable home and financial support , but had not followed through by the time of his death .
Wilson requested that the executor of his will , nephew William L. Coolidge , use most of Wilson 's estate to ensure that Wilson 's mother in law was cared for , and that Eva receive an education and financial support . Wilson had given Coolidge verbal instructions and letters in addition to his will , and the situation became complicated because Wilson 's death occurred before he had incorporated these additional instructions into his will . Coolidge acted as a trustee for Eva , and by 1889 , when she was more than 21 years old , she claimed she was entitled to the remainder of Wilson 's estate . Other Wilson family members disagreed ; because of the complexity of the details , Coolidge petitioned the Massachusetts courts for guidance . The courts found in favor of Eva , by then married and known as Eva Carpenter , and she received the bulk of the residue of the estate .
= = = Books = = =
Abbott , Richard H. ( 1965 ) . Cobbler in Congress : Life of Henry Wilson , 1812 – 1875 1 . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin — Madison. p . 8 .
Abbott , Richard H. ( 1972 ) . Cobbler in Congress : The Life of Henry Wilson , 1812 – 1875 . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky. p . 6 .
Blue , Frederick J. ( 1987 ) . Salmon P. Chase : A Life in Politics . Kent , OH : Kent University Press. p . 319 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 87338 @-@ 340 @-@ 0 .
Giddings , Edward J. ( 1889 ) . American Christian Rulers : Or , Religion and Men of Government . New York , NY : Bromfield & Co. p . 551 .
Hatfield , Mark O. ; Senate Historical Office ( 1997 ) . Vice Presidents of the United States , 1789 – 1993 Henry Wilson ( 1873 – 1875 ) ( PDF ) . Washington D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 233 – 239 .
Haynes , George H. ( 1936 ) . Dumas Malone , ed . Dictionary of American Biography Henry Wilson . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons. pp. 322 – 325 .
Heitman , Francis Bernard ( 1903 ) . Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army 1 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office. p . 1046 .
" The Natick Cobbler " . Hide & Leather : The International Weekly ; Shoe Factories – Tanneries – Allied Industries ( Chicago , IL : Hide and Leather Publishing Co . ) : 36 . June 21 , 1919 .
McKay , Ernest A. ( 1971 ) . Henry Wilson : Practical Radical ; A Portrait of a Politician . Port Washington , NY : Kennikat Press. pp. 11 , 16 . 233 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8046 @-@ 9010 @-@ 2 .
McFeely , William S. ( 1974 ) . Woodward , C. Vann , ed . Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct . New York , New York : Delacorte Press. pp. 133 – 162 . ISBN 0 @-@ 440 @-@ 05923 @-@ 2 .
Myers , John L. ( 2009 ) . Henry Wilson and the Era of Reconstruction . Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America , Inc . ISBN 0 @-@ 7618 @-@ 4742 @-@ 1 .
Myers , John L. ( 2005 ) . Henry Wilson and the Coming of the Civil War . Lanham , MD : University Press of America. p . 8 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7618 @-@ 2608 @-@ 8 .
Myers , John L. " The Writing of History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America , " Civil War History , June 1985 , Vol . 31 Issue 2 , pp 144 – 162
Nason , Elias ; Russell , Thomas ( 1876 ) . The Life and Public Services of Henry Wilson . Boston : B.B. Russell .
New Hampshire Adjutant General ( 1868 ) . Annual Report . Manchester , NH : John B. Clarke. p . 203 .
Puleo , Stephen ( 2011 ) . A City So Grand : The Rise of an American Metropolis : Boston 1850 – 1900 . Boston , MA : Beacon Press. p . Chapter 9 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8070 @-@ 0149 @-@ 3 .
Shelden , Rachel A. ( 2013 ) . Washington Brotherhood : Politics , Social Life , and the Coming of the Civil War . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press. pp. 31 – 32 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 4696 @-@ 1085 @-@ 6 .
The National Cyclopedia of American Biography IV . New York , NY : James T. White & Company . 1895 @.@ p . 14 .
United States Congressional Serial Set . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 1913 @.@ p . 1125 .
Henry Wilson , History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America , 2 vols . ( Boston : J. R. Osgood and Co . , 1873 – 77 )
Winks , William Edward ( 1883 ) . Lives of Illustrious Shoemakers . London , England : Sampson Lowe , Marston , Searle & Rivington. p . 362 .
= = = New York Times = = =
" Brooks and Senator Wilson " . New York Times . June 7 , 1856 .
" Credit Mobilier Senator Wilson " . New York Times . February 14 , 1873 .
= Mockingjay =
Mockingjay is a 2010 science fiction novel by American author Suzanne Collins . It is the last installment of The Hunger Games , following 2008 's The Hunger Games and 2009 's Catching Fire . The book continues the story of Katniss Everdeen , who agrees to unify the districts of Panem in a rebellion against the tyrannical Capitol . The hardcover and audiobook editions of Mockingjay were published by Scholastic on August 24 , 2010 , six days after the ebook edition went on sale . The book sold 450 @,@ 000 copies in the first week of release , exceeding the publisher 's expectations . It received a generally positive reaction from critics .
The novel was adapted into two films , with The Hunger Games : Mockingjay – Part 1 released in November 2014 and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay – Part 2 released a year later .
= = Inspiration and development = =
Collins has said that the main inspiration for The Hunger Games trilogy came from the classical account of Theseus and the Minotaur . In Greek mythology , as a punishment for the killing of King Minos 's son Androgeos , Athens was forced to sacrifice seven youths and seven maidens to Crete , who were then put in the Labyrinth and killed by the Minotaur . After a while , Theseus , the son of the Athenian king , decided to put an end to the Minotaur and Minos 's terror , so he volunteered to join the third group of victims , ultimately killing the Minotaur and leading his companions out of the monster 's Labyrinth .
Collins has said that there are also many parallels between the Roman Empire and the fictional nation of Panem . She describes the Hunger Games as " an updated version of the Roman gladiator games , which entails a ruthless government forcing people to fight to the death as popular entertainment . " Collins also explains that the name " Panem " came from the Latin phrase " Panem et Circenses " , which means " Bread and Circuses " and refers to the strategy used by Roman emperors to appease the masses by providing them with food and entertainment .
As with the previous books in the trilogy , Mockingjay contains 27 chapters , with nine chapters in each of the three parts . This structure , which Collins had previously used in her series The Underland Chronicles , came from Collins 's playwriting background . This " three @-@ act " structure is also apparent in the trilogy as a whole ; Collins stated that she " knew from the beginning " that she was going to write a trilogy .
The cover and title information was revealed by Scholastic on February 11 , 2010 . The cover continues the previous books ' theme on the symbol of peace . The novel 's title comes from the hybrid birds of the same name that feature in the novels ' storyline . As Publishers Weekly has stated , " the hybrid birds that are an important symbol — of hope and rebellion — throughout the books " . Collins likens Katniss to a Mockingjay because both " should never have existed " .
= = Plot = =
Katniss , her sister Prim , and her friends Finnick and Gale all reluctantly adjust to a highly structured life in the underground District 13 , which has been spearheading the rebellion in Panem . Feeling manipulated , Katniss eventually agrees to act as " the Mockingjay " — a poster child for the rebellion — but only on the condition that District 13 's President Alma Coin vows to grant immunity to all of the past Hunger Games tributes , including Katniss 's friend Peeta Mellark and Finnick 's lover Annie Cresta , and to reserve for Katniss the right to personally murder Panem 's President Snow once he is captured .
Katniss and the rebels learn that Peeta is alive and is being tortured at the Capitol in an attempt to demoralize and control Katniss . When a rescue team succeeds in extracting him , they discover that Peeta has been " hijacked " — a brutal form of brainwashing involving the use of Tracker Jacker venom that induces extreme fear . Peeta has been programmed to hate and fear Katniss . After he attempts to kill her , he is kept restrained under heavy guard at all times as the rebel medics seek a way to restore him to sanity .
A controversial strategy proposed by Gale wins a decisive victory at District 2 , readying the rebels to launch a final campaign against the Capitol itself . Katniss and her propo team ( a film crew recording her squad for rebel propaganda ) are deployed on a trivial assignment to the Capitol . President Coin has sent Peeta along on the mission even though he is still dangerous and unpredictable . Katniss believes Coin wants her dead because she is impossible to control .
While filming in a purportedly safe Capitol neighborhood , the team 's commander , Boggs , is killed . Subsequently , during intense violence and urban warfare that involves Hunger Games @-@ like monsters , most of Katniss ' team mates , including Finnick , are killed . Katniss presses on alone towards President Snow 's mansion . As Katniss reaches the mansion , a hoverplane drops parachutes carrying bombs that explode among a group of trapped children . The rebel medics ( including Katniss ' sister Prim ) rush in to help the injured children but , in a deliberately inhumane strategy , a second wave of firebombs explodes , taking out the medics . Prim is killed and Katniss sustains severe burns , but the rebels succeed in taking the Capitol .
During her recuperation , Katniss is deeply depressed over her sister 's death and confronts President Snow . Snow claims that Coin orchestrated the bombing that resulted in Prim 's death , persuasively arguing that Coin made it appear to be Snow 's work to turn his supporters against him and that , if he had a hovercraft at his disposal , he would have escaped , rather than bomb the Capitol . Knowing this to be true , and acknowledging the previous agreement not to lie to one another , Katniss realizes in horror that the strategy used to kill the medics had been developed earlier by Gale . When Katniss confronts Gale about his possible involvement , he merely expresses uncertainty . Katniss becomes convinced that , rather than establishing a republic governed by representatives from each of the Districts , Coin intends to assume Snow 's power and maintain the status quo .
On the day Snow is to be executed , President Coin asks the remaining Hunger Games victors to vote on punishing the Capitol just as the Capitol punished the Districts : by holding a final Hunger Games that will target the children of the Capitol 's leaders . Katniss silently reflects that this is exactly the same evil the Capitol committed when the last rebellion failed . Then , she votes " yes — for Prim . " Haymitch is the only one who understands her hidden meaning . They proceed to the execution , where Katniss is to shoot Snow . As she readies her bow , Snow flashes her one last smile , reminding her of his promise to always be truthful to her . Katniss silently agrees and , making her decision , she raises her bow and shoots Coin instead , killing her . Katniss immediately attempts suicide , but Peeta stops her , and she is arrested during the ensuing riot . After the riot , Snow is found dead . Katniss is acquitted of Coin 's murder by reason of insanity , and she is relocated to the ruins of her home in District 12 .
Months later , Peeta and some other District 12 natives also return there . Peeta has gradually recovered the memories of his love for Katniss . Katniss embraces her love for Peeta , recognizing her need for his hope and strength . Together , they write a book to preserve the memory of those who died . Peeta still suffers flashbacks from being hijacked , and Katniss still wakes up screaming from nightmares . By helping to overthrow Snow and assassinating Coin , Katniss has preserved the possibility that Panem will transition to a representative form of government , but at a tremendous personal cost .
In the epilogue set 20 years later , Katniss and Peeta have two children . The Hunger Games are over for good , and the children represent hope that future generations will benefit from the sacrifices of their parents . Katniss dreads the day her children learn about their parents ' involvement in both the Games and the war . When she feels distressed , Katniss plays a comforting but repetitive game : reminding herself of every good thing she has ever seen someone do . The series ends with Katniss ' somber reflection that " There are much worse games to play . "
= = Themes = =
Reviews have noted many themes in the previous books that are also explored in " Mockingjay " . A review from The Baltimore Sun noted that " the themes of the series , including physical hardships , loyalty in extreme circumstances and traversing morally ambiguous terrain , are continued at an even larger scale . " In the book , Katniss must deal with betrayal and violence against people . At the same time , while she was symbolically touching thousands of lives , she must also lead those people into war . Finally , Katniss realizes she cannot even trust President Coin , leader of District 13 .
In an interview with Collins , it was noted that the series " tackles issues like severe poverty , starvation , oppression , and the effects of war . " Collins replied that this inspiration was from her father , who , when going to war in Vietnam , made sure that his children understood the consequences and effects of war . Yvonne Zipp of The Christian Science Monitor noted that it was " the most brutal of the trilogy " and that " Collins doesn 't take war lightly – her characters debate the morality involved in tactics used to try to overthrow the rotting , immoral government , and they pay a high cost for those tactics . " Katie Roiphe of The New York Times wrote that " it is the perfect teenage story with its exquisitely refined rage against the cruel and arbitrary power of the adult world . " In a review for USA Today , Bob Minzesheimer pointed out that the novel contained optimism : " Hope emerges from despair . Even in a dystopian future , there 's a better future . "
Minzesheimer also noted a central question of " Real or not real ? " which was asked throughout the novel by Peeta . Susan Carpenter of the Los Angeles Times also pointed this out , writing , " Mockingjay takes readers into new territories and an even more brutal and confusing world : one where it 's unclear what sides the characters are on , one where presumed loyalties are repeatedly stood on their head " .
= = Publication history = =
Mockingjay was first released in the US and Canada on August 24 , 2010 . The UK , New Zealand and Australia received the book one day later , on August 25 , 2010 . The audiobook was released simultaneously on August 24 , 2010 by Scholastic Audio .
= = = Sales = = =
The book had a 1 @.@ 2 million @-@ copy first printing that was bumped up from 750 @,@ 000 . In its first week of release , the book sold over 450 @,@ 000 copies . Following this , Scholastic printed an additional 400 @,@ 000 copies , bringing the initial print run up to 1 @.@ 6 million . Scholastic Trade president Ellie Berger said that sales " have exceeded all expectations " . The book has also been released in e @-@ book format and topped sales in the week ending with August 29 , 2010 , beating out The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , which had held the top spot since April . The other Hunger Games books have also made it in the top ten , with the first book at fifth and the second book taking eighth . As of March 2012 , the book has sold over 9 million copies .
= = Release = =
= = = Promotion = = =
To promote the release of Mockingjay , many bookstores held midnight release parties . The official event in New York City was attended by Collins , and included many activities such as a tarot card reader , a magician , jugglers and face @-@ painters . Prizes such as signed copies of Catching Fire and Hunger Games @-@ themed cups were raffled . Once Collins arrived , she read the first chapter of the novel , explaining that she would read with an accent since Katniss , the narrator , is from Appalachia . By midnight , copies were being sold with a signature stamp since Collins had a hand injury and was unable to sign .
Before the release , Scholastic also released a trailer for the book , launched a Facebook page that gained over 22 @,@ 000 fans in 10 days , and held a contest for booksellers to win a visit from Collins and an online countdown clock to the release date . There were also advertisements for the book on websites such as Entertainment Weekly and Romantic Times . National Entertainment Collectibles Association also sold other goods such as T @-@ shirts , posters , games and bracelets . Collins also held a " 13 @-@ District Blog Tour " where 13 winners received a free copy of Mockingjay on August 24 , 2010 . A tour was also scheduled , starting at Books of Wonder in New York where the official party took place . The tour ended on November 6 , 2010 , in the Third Place Books store in Lake Forest Park , Washington .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Mockingjay has received generally positive reviews from critics . Some noted that there was a suspense drop between Catching Fire and the start of Mockingjay . Nicole Sperling of Entertainment Weekly gave the book a B + and said , " Collins has kicked the brutal violence up a notch in an edge @-@ of @-@ your @-@ seat plot " . Publishers Weekly gave the book a starred review , calling it " the best yet , a beautifully orchestrated and intelligent novel that succeeds on every level " . The review went on to praise the " sharp social commentary and the nifty world building " . Kirkus Reviews gave Mockingjay a starred review , saying that the book is exactly what its fans are looking for and that " it will grab them and not let go " . Susan Carpenter of the Los Angeles Times compared the battlefield to Iraq and said that the book is every bit as original as the first in the series , ending the review with " Wow " .
The Baltimore Sun 's Nancy Knight commented that the book " ends on an ostensibly happy note , but the heartbreaking effects of war and loss aren 't sugar @-@ coated " and that it will have readers thinking about the effects of war on society . Katie Roiphe of The New York Times said it is " the perfect teenage story with its exquisitely refined rage against the cruel and arbitrary power of the adult world " . However , she criticized that it was not as " impeccably plotted " as The Hunger Games . Bob Minzesheimer of USA Today gave the book three out of four stars . The Christian Science Monitor reviewer Yvonne Zipp described it as " an entirely gripping read " .
While a review from The Sacramento Bee praised the action scenes and the battle in the Capitol , the reviewer also criticized Collins for not giving enough time to finish all the loose ends , writing that " the disappointment with Mockingjay hits primarily as Collins starts her home stretch . It 's almost as if she didn 't allocate enough time or chapters to handle all her threads " .
= = Film adaptation = =
The Hunger Games trilogy was adapted into a series of films , with the stars of the 2012 film The Hunger Games signed on for all four movies . Mockingjay was split into two parts ; Part 1 was released on November 21 , 2014 , and Part 2 was released on November 20 , 2015 . Francis Lawrence , director of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , returned to direct the two final movies in the series . Julianne Moore played President Coin .
= Michael Pineda =
Michael Francisco Pineda Paulino ( born January 18 , 1989 ) is a Dominican professional baseball starting pitcher for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He signed as an international free agent with the Seattle Mariners in 2005 , and made his MLB debut for the Mariners in 2011 . In his rookie season , Pineda was named an All @-@ Star and finished fifth in balloting for American League Rookie of the Year . After his rookie season , he was traded to the Yankees .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Minor leagues = = =
Pineda signed with the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) at age 16 on December 12 , 2005 . He made his professional debut with the Mariners of the Rookie @-@ level Dominican Summer League ( DSL ) in 2006 , pitching to a 2 – 1 win – loss record with a 0 @.@ 44 earned run average ( ERA ) , allowing only one earned run all season . In 2007 , he had a 6 – 1 record with a 2 @.@ 29 ERA in regular action for the DSL Mariners . Pineda pitched for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers of the Class @-@ A Midwest League in 2008 and had an 8 – 6 record with a 1 @.@ 95 ERA . Opponents had a batting average of .216 against Pineda . He led the Seattle farm system in ERA , opponent average and strikeouts ( 128 ) . Baseball America rated Pineda as the Mariners ' tenth best prospect while the Mariners organization named him their Minor League Pitcher of the Year . Wisconsin pitching coach Jaime Navarro became Pineda 's mentor .
Pineda battled injuries during the 2009 season , missing most of the year due to elbow strain . He was 4 – 2 with a 2 @.@ 84 ERA for the High Desert Mavericks of the Class A @-@ Advanced California League while healthy and threw three shutout innings for the Mariners of the Rookie @-@ level Arizona League . He struck out 52 in 47 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched ( IP ) for the year .
Before the 2010 season , Baseball America ranked Pineda as the Mariners ' sixth best prospect . Back in good health in 2010 , Pineda was 8 – 1 with a 2 @.@ 22 ERA for the West Tenn Diamond Jaxx of the Class @-@ AA Southern League with 78 strikeouts and 17 walks in 77 IP and 3 – 3 with a 4 @.@ 76 ERA for the Tacoma Rainiers of the Class @-@ AAA Pacific Coast League with 76 strikeouts and 17 walks in 62 1 ⁄ 3 IP . The Mariners front office ended his season when he reached 140 IP as a precaution against injury . The Mariners again named Pineda their Minor League Pitcher of the Year in 2010 , and he was a finalist for the USA Today Minor League Player of the Year .
Baseball America rated Pineda as the second best prospect in the Mariners ' system before the 2011 season . Baseball America also rated him the sixteenth best prospect in all of baseball .
= = = Seattle Mariners ( 2011 ) = = =
Pineda made the Mariners ' starting rotation out of spring training 2011 as the number five starter , the third youngest player on a 2011 American League opening day roster after Chris Sale and Tim Collins . He made his MLB debut on April 5 , giving up three runs in six innings in a loss . Pineda pitched 7 1 ⁄ 3 innings , allowed two runs , struck out seven batters , and earned his first MLB win on April 12 , 2011 . Pineda struck out a career high nine batters against the Detroit Tigers on April 28 , including the first four batters he faced . He ended his first month in the majors with a 4 – 1 record and a 2 @.@ 01 ERA . He was named American League Rookie of the Month for April 2011 , pitching at least six innings in his first five starts , giving up only 22 hits and 12 walks over 31 1 ⁄ 3 innings , while striking out 30 opposing batters .
Pineda was selected to the All @-@ Star Game on July 10 as a replacement for Justin Verlander , who was ineligible to pitch in the All @-@ Star Game due to having pitched the day before the All @-@ Star break . He was 8 – 6 at that point , but with a 3 @.@ 03 ERA and 113 strikeouts in 113 innings , against only 36 walks . In the All @-@ Star Game , Pineda pitched one perfect inning , striking out Scott Rolen and Rickie Weeks .
Pineda finished the 2011 season with a 9 – 10 record and a 3 @.@ 74 ERA . He recorded no wins in his final seven starts over the last two months of the year , and the Mariners cut back on his work load as a precaution against an arm injury . In 28 starts , he struck out 173 hitters while walking just 55 over 171 innings . Pineda struck out 24 @.@ 9 % of all batters faced , which was the third highest strikeout percentage in MLB . He also finished fifth in voting for American League Rookie of the Year Award , behind Jeremy Hellickson , Mark Trumbo , Eric Hosmer , and Iván Nova , and ahead of teammate Dustin Ackley , who finished sixth . After the season , Keith Law ranked Pineda as the 20th best player under the age of 25 .
= = = New York Yankees ( 2012 – present ) = = =
The Mariners traded Pineda to the New York Yankees with José Campos , for Jesús Montero and Héctor Noesí on January 13 , 2012 . The Yankees needed a top @-@ tier starting pitcher to pair with CC Sabathia , and the Mariners felt they could afford to part with Pineda because of their depth of top @-@ tier pitching prospects , including Danny Hultzen , James Paxton , and Taijuan Walker .
Pineda was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list with tendinitis in his right shoulder at the culmination of spring training , causing him to miss the start of the 2012 season . During his rehabilitation , he suffered an anterior labral tear in his right shoulder . He underwent arthroscopic surgery on May 1 , 2012 , and was ruled out for the 2012 season . Pineda began the 2013 season on the 60 @-@ day DL as he was still recovering from the shoulder surgery . He was activated from the disabled list on July 8 , 2013 , and optioned to the minor leagues , where he pitched for the Scranton / Wilkes @-@ Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League . In six games pitched for the RailRiders , Pineda had a 1 – 1 record and a 3 @.@ 86 ERA .
Pineda competed for a spot in the Yankees ' starting rotation during spring training in 2014 . He was named the Yankees ' fifth starter towards the end of spring training . He made his first start for the Yankees on April 5 , 2014 . On April 10 , 2014 , during a start against the Boston Red Sox , Boston broadcasters noticed a substance that appeared to be pine tar on the palm of Pineda 's pitching hand in the early innings of the game . Midway through Pineda 's outing , the substance was wiped from his hand only to be added to his wrist . The umpires of the game were never notified and no action was taken against Pineda , who told reporters after the game that the substance on his hand was dirt . On April 23 , 2014 , during Pineda 's next game against the Red Sox , Red Sox manager John Farrell notified the umpires about pine tar on Pineda 's neck , and he was ejected from the game in the second inning . Pineda was suspended for 10 games for the incident . He had a 1 @.@ 83 ERA in 19 2 ⁄ 3 innings pitched across his first four starts .
While pitching in a simulated game during the suspension , Pineda developed a strain in his teres major muscle , which was expected to require three to four weeks to heal . Following inflammation experienced in late May , Pineda 's return was pushed back to August . The Yankees activated Pineda to start on August 13 . Pineda finished the season with a 5 – 5 record and a 1 @.@ 89 ERA in 76 1 ⁄ 3 innings .
On May 10 , 2015 , in a win against the Baltimore Orioles , Pineda struck out a career @-@ high 16 batters over seven innings while also walking none , shattering his previous career @-@ high of 10 strikeouts in a single game . He also became the first pitcher since Johan Santana in 2007 with 16 strikeouts and no walks in a single game . Pineda went on the disabled list on July 30 due to a strained flexor muscle in his right forearm . He finished the season with a 12 – 10 record and a 4 @.@ 37 ERA in 160 2 ⁄ 3 innings across 27 games started .
= = Scouting profile = =
Pineda is listed at 6 feet 7 inches ( 2 @.@ 01 m ) and 265 pounds ( 120 kg ) . Baseball America rated Pineda as having the best fastball and control in the Mariners ' system in 2010 , while rating him as having the best fastball and slider in the Mariners season in 2011 . Pineda 's fastball in 2011 averaged 94 @.@ 7 miles per hour ( 152 @.@ 4 km / h ) , the highest among MLB rookies with at least 100 innings pitched , ranking fourth in the American League behind Alexi Ogando , Justin Verlander , and David Price . Pineda also throws a changeup . Since his shoulder surgery , his fastball is in the 92 @-@ 93 mph range , topping out around 96 @-@ 97 .
= = Personal life = =
Pineda 's family lives in the Dominican Republic . While pitching for the Mariners in 2011 , he roomed with Navarro , who had become the Mariners ' bullpen coach . He makes an effort to conduct his interviews in English , without the use of a translator , though he still receives some assistance from Yankees ' teammate Dellin Betances .
On August 20 , 2012 , Pineda was charged with driving under the influence ( DUI ) of alcohol while on injury rehab in Tampa , Florida . On February 20 , 2013 . Pineda pleaded no contest to driving under the influence and must serve 50 hours community service , up to one year of probation , attend DUI school and pay a $ 500 fine .
= Blind Ambition ( Family Guy ) =
" Blind Ambition " is the third episode of season four of Family Guy , which was first broadcast on Fox on May 15 , 2005 . In the episode , Peter swallows an excessive number of nickels , causing him to become blind . He later becomes a hero after unwittingly saving Horace the bartender from a fire at his bar , The Drunken Clam , and then retains his sight . Meanwhile , Quagmire is forced to refrain from perverse sexual behavior or risk being driven out of the neighborhood following his arrest for spying on Lois in a ladies ' lavatory .
= = Plot = =
At the bowling alley , Mort Goldman bowls a perfect game and becomes an overnight celebrity . Lois arrives to pick Peter up from the bowling alley , but discovers Quagmire spying on her from the ceiling of the ladies ' toilet . Quagmire is beaten up then arrested , but released shortly after by Joe . On his return , Lois , Bonnie and Loretta reveal that they 're petitioning the city of Quahog to have Quagmire removed from their neighborhood . As Peter and the other guys are defending Quagmire , Ernie the Giant Chicken attacks Peter and starts a fight that causes huge casualties inside and outside of Quahog . After the fight , Peter returns to the neighborhood to return to the conversation and tells the women that , " Quagmire 's a good guy , he 's just a little mixed up , that 's all ! " Eventually , the women agree to let Quagmire stay in the neighborhood so long as he manages to control his perverse behavior . Quagmire 's taught self @-@ control through operant conditioning by Peter and his friends , and is eventually allowed out in public . Soon , however , he is distracted by women playing in a fountain in the shopping mall and panics , running into a CCTV camera operation room monitoring women 's changing rooms . Discovering that a lady in a fitting room is having a heart attack , he appears to rush to her aid , performing CPR and saving her life . Quagmire is congratulated for his heroism , but his intention had been to molest the woman while she was unconscious ( which he reveals by asking " What the hell is CPR ? " ) .
This upsets Peter , who is jealous of his friends ' success . In the hope of becoming famous , Peter attempts to set a world record for eating the largest number of
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