gem_id
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| id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
stringlengths 151
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| question
stringlengths 1
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| target
stringlengths 1
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| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-103500
|
5ad2c44ed7d075001a42a160
|
Multiracial_American
|
Stanley Crouch wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "Magic Negro", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
|
Who said Obama's father was of white U.S. stock?
|
Who said Obama's father was of white U.S. stock?
|
[
"Who said Obama's father was of white U.S. stock?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103501
|
571e005cb64a571400c71e60
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
What does the "mixture" heading mean?
|
What does the "mixture" heading mean?
|
[
"What does the \"mixture\" heading mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cannot be racially categorized"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103502
|
571e005cb64a571400c71e61
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
|
What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?
|
[
"What year did the US Census write in response category have a code-listing?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2000"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103503
|
571e005cb64a571400c71e62
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
Bi-racial would be coded as what?
|
Bi-racial would be coded as what?
|
[
"Bi-racial would be coded as what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mixture"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103504
|
571e005cb64a571400c71e63
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
How many race options were there?
|
How many race options were there?
|
[
"How many race options were there?"
] |
{
"text": [
"five enumerated races"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103505
|
5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f46
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
What did the 1990 census have in the write-in response category?
|
What did the 1990 census have in the write-in response category?
|
[
"What did the 1990 census have in the write-in response category?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103506
|
5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f47
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
What did the code listing destandardize?
|
What did the code listing destandardize?
|
[
"What did the code listing destandardize?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103507
|
5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f48
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
What heading can be racially categorized?
|
What heading can be racially categorized?
|
[
"What heading can be racially categorized?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103508
|
5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f49
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
In what year did the census have eight enumerated races?
|
In what year did the census have eight enumerated races?
|
[
"In what year did the census have eight enumerated races?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103509
|
5ad2b0d3d7d075001a429f4a
|
Multiracial_American
|
The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".
|
How many race options did the Canadian census have?
|
How many race options did the Canadian census have?
|
[
"How many race options did the Canadian census have?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103510
|
571e014555697319006390f0
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
What is considered to be neglected in American history?
|
What is considered to be neglected in American history?
|
[
"What is considered to be neglected in American history?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103511
|
571e014555697319006390f1
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?
|
When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?
|
[
"When is it recorded that Africans and natives interacted earliest?"
] |
{
"text": [
"April 1502"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103512
|
571e014555697319006390f2
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?
|
Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?
|
[
"Where did Africans escape and mate with naitves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Santo Domingo"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103513
|
571e014555697319006390f3
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?
|
Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?
|
[
"Where did Ayllon lay down a Spanish colony?"
] |
{
"text": [
"near the mouth of the Pee Dee River"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103514
|
571e014555697319006390f4
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
|
How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?
|
[
"How many slaves were at San Miguel de Gualdape at its inception?"
] |
{
"text": [
"100 enslaved Africans"
],
"answer_start": [
786
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103515
|
5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a298
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?
|
What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?
|
[
"What is a part of American history that has been paid a lot of attention?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103516
|
5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a299
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
What is the latest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas?
|
What is the latest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas?
|
[
"What is the latest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103517
|
5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a29a
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
Where were the last Black Indians born?
|
Where were the last Black Indians born?
|
[
"Where were the last Black Indians born?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103518
|
5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a29b
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
When was the latest year that African slaves were absorbed into Indigenous Americans?
|
When was the latest year that African slaves were absorbed into Indigenous Americans?
|
[
"When was the latest year that African slaves were absorbed into Indigenous Americans?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103519
|
5ad2cc20d7d075001a42a29c
|
Multiracial_American
|
Interracial relations between Indigenous Americans and African Americans is a part of American history that has been neglected. The earliest record of African and Indigenous American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to Hispaniola to serve as slaves. Some escaped, and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born. In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Indigenous Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in what is now eastern South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named San Miguel de Gualdape. Amongst the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Indigenous Americans.
|
How many free Africans lived in San Miguel de Gualdape?
|
How many free Africans lived in San Miguel de Gualdape?
|
[
"How many free Africans lived in San Miguel de Gualdape?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103520
|
571e029e55697319006390fa
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.
|
What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
|
What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?
|
[
"What documentary features a white man in North Carolina?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Colored White Boy"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103521
|
571e029e55697319006390fb
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.
|
Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
|
Who is related to Bliss Broyard?
|
[
"Who is related to Bliss Broyard?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Anatole Broyard"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103522
|
571e029e55697319006390fc
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.
|
Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
|
Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?
|
[
"Gregory Howard Williams wrote what type of book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"autobiography"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103523
|
5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f5e
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.
|
What book was written by Anatole Broyard?
|
What book was written by Anatole Broyard?
|
[
"What book was written by Anatole Broyard?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103524
|
5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f5f
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.
|
What documentary features a black man in North Carolina?
|
What documentary features a black man in North Carolina?
|
[
"What documentary features a black man in North Carolina?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103525
|
5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f60
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.
|
What documentary is about a white man in Georgia?
|
What documentary is about a white man in Georgia?
|
[
"What documentary is about a white man in Georgia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103526
|
5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f61
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.
|
What book was written about Bliss Broyard?
|
What book was written about Bliss Broyard?
|
[
"What book was written about Bliss Broyard?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103527
|
5ad2b1c2d7d075001a429f62
|
Multiracial_American
|
Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by Gregory Howard Williams; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father Anatole Broyard; the documentary Colored White Boy about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave; and the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana.
|
Who filmed the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana?
|
Who filmed the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana?
|
[
"Who filmed the documentary on The Sanders Women of Shreveport, Louisiana?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103528
|
571e032d5569731900639100
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
|
When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?
|
[
"When did people lobby for allowing more than one category to be selected on legal forms?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103529
|
571e032d5569731900639101
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?
|
How did the public react to the categories of "bi-racial" and "multiracial"?
|
[
"How did the public react to the categories of \"bi-racial\" and \"multiracial\"?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mostly negative"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103530
|
571e032d5569731900639102
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
|
Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?
|
[
"Which political leaders spoke out against the proposed designations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103531
|
571e032d5569731900639103
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
What did they fear would happen?
|
What did they fear would happen?
|
[
"What did they fear would happen?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a loss in political and economic power"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103532
|
5ad2c256d7d075001a42a118
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
Who lobbied for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on legal forms before the 1980s?
|
Who lobbied for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on legal forms before the 1980s?
|
[
"Who lobbied for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on legal forms before the 1980s?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103533
|
5ad2c256d7d075001a42a119
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
What did the U.S. government propose that people were happy about?
|
What did the U.S. government propose that people were happy about?
|
[
"What did the U.S. government propose that people were happy about?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103534
|
5ad2c256d7d075001a42a11a
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
What year did the U.S. government propose getting rid of a multiracial category?
|
What year did the U.S. government propose getting rid of a multiracial category?
|
[
"What year did the U.S. government propose getting rid of a multiracial category?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103535
|
5ad2c256d7d075001a42a11b
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
What politician was in favor of the multiracial category?
|
What politician was in favor of the multiracial category?
|
[
"What politician was in favor of the multiracial category?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103536
|
5ad2c256d7d075001a42a11c
|
Multiracial_American
|
By the 1980s, parents of mixed-race children (and adults of mixed-race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "bi-racial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator Diane Watson and Representative Augustus Hawkins, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African Americans abandoned their one category.
|
Who would gain power from abandoning their one category?
|
Who would gain power from abandoning their one category?
|
[
"Who would gain power from abandoning their one category?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103537
|
571e03b55569731900639108
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
Who married Sacagewea?
|
Who married Sacagewea?
|
[
"Who married Sacagewea?"
] |
{
"text": [
"French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103538
|
571e03b55569731900639109
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?
|
Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?
|
[
"Who made up most unions between Europeans and natives?"
] |
{
"text": [
"European men and Indigenous American women"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103539
|
571e03b5556973190063910a
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?
|
What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?
|
[
"What factor affected the ability of a child to be in a tribe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the kinship system of the woman's tribe"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103540
|
571e03b5556973190063910b
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
What nations are considered matrilineal?
|
What nations are considered matrilineal?
|
[
"What nations are considered matrilineal?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Creek and Cherokee"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103541
|
571e03b5556973190063910c
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
|
How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?
|
[
"How could a white child be considered a member of the Omaha tribe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"adopted into the tribe by an adult male"
],
"answer_start": [
739
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103542
|
5ad2c958d7d075001a42a230
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
Who married Clark?
|
Who married Clark?
|
[
"Who married Clark?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103543
|
5ad2c958d7d075001a42a231
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
What did not dictate how easily a woman's children would be assimilated into a tribe?
|
What did not dictate how easily a woman's children would be assimilated into a tribe?
|
[
"What did not dictate how easily a woman's children would be assimilated into a tribe?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103544
|
5ad2c958d7d075001a42a232
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
What kind of systems did tribes in the Northwest have?
|
What kind of systems did tribes in the Northwest have?
|
[
"What kind of systems did tribes in the Northwest have?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103545
|
5ad2c958d7d075001a42a233
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
Who did the Creek not give status in their mother's tribes?
|
Who did the Creek not give status in their mother's tribes?
|
[
"Who did the Creek not give status in their mother's tribes?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103546
|
5ad2c958d7d075001a42a234
|
Multiracial_American
|
In the early 19th century, the Indigenous American woman Sacagawea, who would help translate for and guide the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the West, married the French trapper Toussaint Charbonneau. Most marriages between Europeans and Indigenous Americans were between European men and Indigenous American women. Depending on the kinship system of the woman's tribe, their children would be more or less easily assimilated into the tribe. Nations that had matrilineal systems, such as the Creek and Cherokee in the Southeast, gave the mixed-race children status in their mother's clans and tribes. If the tribe had a patrilineal system, like the Omaha, the children of white fathers were considered white. Unless they were specifically adopted into the tribe by an adult male, they could have no social status in it.
|
Who was not considered white to the Omaha?
|
Who was not considered white to the Omaha?
|
[
"Who was not considered white to the Omaha?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103547
|
571e05005569731900639112
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
What brought African Americans together?
|
What brought African Americans together?
|
[
"What brought African Americans together?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the one-drop rule"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103548
|
571e05005569731900639113
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?
|
Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?
|
[
"Who made it next to impossible to learn about their heritage for African Americans?"
] |
{
"text": [
"family elders"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103549
|
571e05005569731900639114
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
Slaves were not allowed to do what?
|
Slaves were not allowed to do what?
|
[
"Slaves were not allowed to do what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to learn to read and write"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103550
|
571e05005569731900639115
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?
|
What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?
|
[
"What did Indigenous Americans not do that makes it difficult to trace their heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"spoke English, nor read or wrote it"
],
"answer_start": [
663
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103551
|
571e05005569731900639116
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?
|
What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?
|
[
"What factors did not affect racial solidarity amoung African Americans?"
] |
{
"text": [
"their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103552
|
5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2ce
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
What was a factor in ethnic solidarity for whites?
|
What was a factor in ethnic solidarity for whites?
|
[
"What was a factor in ethnic solidarity for whites?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103553
|
5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2cf
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
Who was the one-drop rule not a significant factor for?
|
Who was the one-drop rule not a significant factor for?
|
[
"Who was the one-drop rule not a significant factor for? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103554
|
5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2d0
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
Who found it easy to learn about their Indigenous American heritage?
|
Who found it easy to learn about their Indigenous American heritage?
|
[
"Who found it easy to learn about their Indigenous American heritage?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103555
|
5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2d1
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
Who was forthcoming with genealogical information?
|
Who was forthcoming with genealogical information?
|
[
"Who was forthcoming with genealogical information?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103556
|
5ad2cdefd7d075001a42a2d2
|
Multiracial_American
|
For African Americans, the one-drop rule was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture, or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Indigenous American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information. Tracing the genealogy of African Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Indigenous Americans, because African Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write, and a majority of Indigenous Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.
|
Who was encouraged to read and write?
|
Who was encouraged to read and write?
|
[
"Who was encouraged to read and write?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103557
|
571e05c9b64a571400c71e68
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?
|
What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?
|
[
"What stock character lived with her white father until he left the picture?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"tragic octoroon\""
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103558
|
571e05c9b64a571400c71e69
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?
|
Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?
|
[
"Who was the first to use the tragic octoroon?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Lydia Maria Child"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103559
|
571e05c9b64a571400c71e6a
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
What story was written by Child in 1842?
|
What story was written by Child in 1842?
|
[
"What story was written by Child in 1842?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"The Quadroons\""
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103560
|
571e05c9b64a571400c71e6b
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
What does the tragic octoroon point out?
|
What does the tragic octoroon point out?
|
[
"What does the tragic octoroon point out?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sexual exploitation in slavery"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103561
|
571e05c9b64a571400c71e6c
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
|
Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?
|
[
"Who used the figure of the tragic octoroon?"
] |
{
"text": [
"abolitionists"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103562
|
5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a40e
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
Who wrote about the last "tragic octoroon" character?
|
Who wrote about the last "tragic octoroon" character?
|
[
"Who wrote about the last \"tragic octoroon\" character?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103563
|
5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a40f
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
What story was the last "tragic octoroon" character in?
|
What story was the last "tragic octoroon" character in?
|
[
"What story was the last \"tragic octoroon\" character in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103564
|
5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a410
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
What character allowed abolitionists to draw attention away from sexual exploitation?
|
What character allowed abolitionists to draw attention away from sexual exploitation?
|
[
"What character allowed abolitionists to draw attention away from sexual exploitation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103565
|
5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a411
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
Who would sell his own children into slavery?
|
Who would sell his own children into slavery?
|
[
"Who would sell his own children into slavery?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103566
|
5ad2d64ad7d075001a42a412
|
Multiracial_American
|
The figure of the "tragic octoroon" was a stock character of abolitionist literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization. The first character of this type was the heroine of Lydia Maria Child's "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story. This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.
|
What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called?
|
What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called?
|
[
"What was a mixed-race woman raised as a black woman in her black father's household called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103567
|
572a054f6aef0514001551b4
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?
|
Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?
|
[
"Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Teutonic Knights"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103568
|
572a054f6aef0514001551b5
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?
|
The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?
|
[
"The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Christianity"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103569
|
572a054f6aef0514001551b6
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?
|
Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?
|
[
"Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Germans"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103570
|
572a054f6aef0514001551b7
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
What other groups during this period for form minorities?
|
What other groups during this period for form minorities?
|
[
"What other groups during this period for form minorities?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Poles and Lithuanians"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103571
|
572a054f6aef0514001551b8
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?
|
Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?
|
[
"Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?"
] |
{
"text": [
"17th or early 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103572
|
5a3bdef8cc5d22001a521bda
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
In what century did the Teutonic Knights originate?
|
In what century did the Teutonic Knights originate?
|
[
"In what century did the Teutonic Knights originate?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103573
|
5a3bdef8cc5d22001a521bdb
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
What country did the Teutonic Knights come from?
|
What country did the Teutonic Knights come from?
|
[
"What country did the Teutonic Knights come from?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103574
|
5a3bdef8cc5d22001a521bdc
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
In what year was the First Peace of Thorn?
|
In what year was the First Peace of Thorn?
|
[
"In what year was the First Peace of Thorn?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103575
|
5a3bdef8cc5d22001a521bdd
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
What ethnic group dominated the Kingdom of Poland?
|
What ethnic group dominated the Kingdom of Poland?
|
[
"What ethnic group dominated the Kingdom of Poland?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103576
|
5a3bdef8cc5d22001a521bde
|
East_Prussia
|
East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.
|
What language did the Teutonic Knights speak?
|
What language did the Teutonic Knights speak?
|
[
"What language did the Teutonic Knights speak?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103577
|
572a14df6aef051400155246
|
East_Prussia
|
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
|
Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?
|
Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?
|
[
"Why were the prince electors able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103578
|
572a14df6aef051400155247
|
East_Prussia
|
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
|
In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?
|
In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?
|
[
"In what year were the prince electors elect them selves as King?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1701"
],
"answer_start": [
158
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103579
|
572a14df6aef051400155248
|
East_Prussia
|
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
|
What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?
|
What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?
|
[
"What time period did East Prussia and West Prussia join to become Prussia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Prussia"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103580
|
5a3be0a2cc5d22001a521be4
|
East_Prussia
|
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
|
In what year was the Holy Roman Empire founded?
|
In what year was the Holy Roman Empire founded?
|
[
"In what year was the Holy Roman Empire founded?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103581
|
5a3be0a2cc5d22001a521be5
|
East_Prussia
|
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
|
What type of government entity was Prussia prior to 1773?
|
What type of government entity was Prussia prior to 1773?
|
[
"What type of government entity was Prussia prior to 1773?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103582
|
5a3be0a2cc5d22001a521be6
|
East_Prussia
|
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
|
How could those in eastern Prussia get to the rest of the Prussian State prior to 1772?
|
How could those in eastern Prussia get to the rest of the Prussian State prior to 1772?
|
[
"How could those in eastern Prussia get to the rest of the Prussian State prior to 1772?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103583
|
5a3be0a2cc5d22001a521be7
|
East_Prussia
|
Because the duchy was outside of the core Holy Roman Empire, the prince-electors of Brandenburg were able to proclaim themselves King of Prussia beginning in 1701. After the annexation of most of western Royal Prussia in the First Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772, eastern (ducal) Prussia was connected by land with the rest of the Prussian state and was reorganized as a province the following year (1773). Between 1829 and 1878, the Province of East Prussia was joined with West Prussia to form the Province of Prussia.
|
How was the Holy Roman Empire connected to Brandenburg?
|
How was the Holy Roman Empire connected to Brandenburg?
|
[
"How was the Holy Roman Empire connected to Brandenburg?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103584
|
572a17261d0469140077975f
|
East_Prussia
|
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]
|
What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?
|
What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?
|
[
"What year did the Kingdom of Prussia become the leading state of the German Empire?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1871"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103585
|
572a17261d04691400779760
|
East_Prussia
|
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]
|
What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?
|
What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?
|
[
"What well known treaty would eventually would grant West Prussia to Poland?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Versailles"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103586
|
572a17261d04691400779761
|
East_Prussia
|
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]
|
What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?
|
What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?
|
[
"What year did the Nazi's fall in World War II?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1945"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103587
|
572a17261d04691400779763
|
East_Prussia
|
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]
|
How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?
|
How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?
|
[
"How many died trying to defend the province in Kaliningrad?"
] |
{
"text": [
"300,000"
],
"answer_start": [
953
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103588
|
5a3be201cc5d22001a521bf8
|
East_Prussia
|
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]
|
How many people lived in Kaliningrad in 1946?
|
How many people lived in Kaliningrad in 1946?
|
[
"How many people lived in Kaliningrad in 1946?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103589
|
5a3be201cc5d22001a521bf9
|
East_Prussia
|
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]
|
In what year was the Kingdom of Prussia founded?
|
In what year was the Kingdom of Prussia founded?
|
[
"In what year was the Kingdom of Prussia founded?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103590
|
5a3be201cc5d22001a521bfa
|
East_Prussia
|
The Kingdom of Prussia became the leading state of the German Empire after its creation in 1871. However, the Treaty of Versailles following World War I granted West Prussia to Poland and made East Prussia an exclave of Weimar Germany (the new Polish Corridor separating East Prussia from the rest of Germany), while the Memel Territory was detached and was annexed by Lithuania in 1923. Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, war-torn East Prussia was divided at Joseph Stalin's insistence between the Soviet Union (the Kaliningrad Oblast in the Russian SFSR and the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region in the Lithuanian SSR) and the People's Republic of Poland (the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship). The capital city Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province was largely evacuated during the war or expelled shortly thereafter in the expulsion of Germans after World War II. An estimated 300,000 (around one fifth of the population) died either in war time bombings raids or in the battles to defend the province.[citation needed]
|
In what year did Joseph Stalin come to power?
|
In what year did Joseph Stalin come to power?
|
[
"In what year did Joseph Stalin come to power?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103591
|
572a1a461d04691400779781
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?
|
Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?
|
[
"Which group took possession of Prussia in the 13th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Teutonic Knights"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103592
|
572a1a461d04691400779782
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?
|
Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?
|
[
"Which two areas were slowly Germanized during the 13th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103593
|
572a1a461d04691400779783
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?
|
What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?
|
[
"What did the knights of expansionist polices eventually lead to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"several wars"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103594
|
572a1a461d04691400779784
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?
|
What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?
|
[
"What year was the Second Treaty of Thorn enacted?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1466"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103595
|
5a3be402cc5d22001a521c0a
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
In what year was the Kingdom of Poland founded?
|
In what year was the Kingdom of Poland founded?
|
[
"In what year was the Kingdom of Poland founded?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103596
|
5a3be402cc5d22001a521c0b
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
Where did the Teutonic Knights originate?
|
Where did the Teutonic Knights originate?
|
[
"Where did the Teutonic Knights originate?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103597
|
5a3be402cc5d22001a521c0c
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
What was the name of the first war between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland?
|
What was the name of the first war between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland?
|
[
"What was the name of the first war between the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Poland?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103598
|
5a3be402cc5d22001a521c0d
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
In what year was Warmia established?
|
In what year was Warmia established?
|
[
"In what year was Warmia established?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-103599
|
5a3be402cc5d22001a521c0e
|
East_Prussia
|
Upon the invitation of Duke Konrad I of Masovia, the Teutonic Knights took possession of Prussia in the 13th century and created a monastic state to administer the conquered Old Prussians. Local Old-Prussian (north) and Polish (south) toponyms were gradually Germanised. The Knights' expansionist policies, including occupation of Polish Pomerania with Gdańsk/Danzig and western Lithuania, brought them into conflict with the Kingdom of Poland and embroiled them in several wars, culminating in the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, whereby the united armies of Poland and Lithuania, defeated the Teutonic Order at the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410. Its defeat was formalised in the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 ending the Thirteen Years' War, and leaving the former Polish region Pomerania/Pomerelia under Polish control. Together with Warmia it formed the province of Royal Prussia. Eastern Prussia remained under the Knights, but as a fief of Poland. 1466 and 1525 arrangements by kings of Poland were not verified by the Holy Roman Empire as well as the previous gains of the Teutonic Knights were not verified.
|
Who led the Kingdom of Poland?
|
Who led the Kingdom of Poland?
|
[
"Who led the Kingdom of Poland?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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