gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-105100
|
5a3eab1f5a76c5001a3a842f
|
Palermo
|
In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.
|
What was nolonger the main east-west road?
|
What was nolonger the main east-west road?
|
[
"What was nolonger the main east-west road?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105101
|
5a3eab1f5a76c5001a3a8430
|
Palermo
|
In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.
|
What used to block the West gate?
|
What used to block the West gate?
|
[
"What used to block the West gate?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105102
|
5a3eab1f5a76c5001a3a8431
|
Palermo
|
In the medieval period the wall circuit was expanded. Via Vittorio Emanuele continued to be the main road east-west through the walled city. West gate was still Porta Nuova, the circuit continued to Corso Alberti, to Piazza Vittorio Emanuele Orlando where it turned east along Via Volturno to Piazza Verdi and along the line of Via Cavour. At this north-east corner there was a defence, Castello a Mare, to protect the port at La Cala. A huge chain was used to block La Cala with the other end at S Maria della Catena (St Mary of the Chain). The sea-side wall was along the western side of Foro Italico Umberto. The wall turns west along the northern side of Via Abramo Lincoln, continues along Corso Tukory. The wall turns north approximately on Via Benedetto, to Palazzo dei Normanni and back to Porta Nuova. Source: Palermo - City Guide by Adriana Chirco, 1998, Dario Flaccovio Editore.
|
What wall turns east along the western side?
|
What wall turns east along the western side?
|
[
"What wall turns east along the western side?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105103
|
57296a8baf94a219006aa3cd
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
What is a heliometer?
|
What is a heliometer?
|
[
"What is a heliometer?"
] |
{
"text": [
"solar \"observatory\""
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105104
|
57296a8baf94a219006aa3ce
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?
|
What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?
|
[
"What name is given to the bronze line on the floor of a heliometer?"
] |
{
"text": [
"la Meridiana"
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105105
|
57296a8baf94a219006aa3cf
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
Which direction does la Meridiana run?
|
Which direction does la Meridiana run?
|
[
"Which direction does la Meridiana run?"
] |
{
"text": [
"precisely N/S"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105106
|
57296a8baf94a219006aa3d0
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?
|
What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?
|
[
"What image is projected on the floor of the heliometer?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the sun"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105107
|
5a3eac175a76c5001a3a8436
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
What has lunar observatory built in 1690?
|
What has lunar observatory built in 1690?
|
[
"What has lunar observatory built in 1690?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105108
|
5a3eac175a76c5001a3a8437
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
was built in the 16th century?
|
was built in the 16th century?
|
[
"was built in the 16th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105109
|
5a3eac175a76c5001a3a8438
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
What is the name of the gold line on the floor of a helimeter?
|
What is the name of the gold line on the floor of a helimeter?
|
[
"What is the name of the gold line on the floor of a helimeter?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105110
|
5a3eac175a76c5001a3a8439
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
What image is projected onto the dome of the heliometer?
|
What image is projected onto the dome of the heliometer?
|
[
"What image is projected onto the dome of the heliometer?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105111
|
5a3eac175a76c5001a3a843a
|
Palermo
|
The cathedral has a heliometer (solar "observatory") of 1690, one of a number built in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera, projecting an image of the sun onto the floor at solar noon (12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer). There is a bronze line, la Meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. The ends of the line mark the positions as at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show the various other dates throughout the year.
|
What signs are a tribute to pagean customs?
|
What signs are a tribute to pagean customs?
|
[
"What signs are a tribute to pagean customs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105112
|
57296dbf1d0469140077942d
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?
|
How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?
|
[
"How many people were living in the Palermo area in 2010?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1.2 million"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105113
|
57296dbf1d0469140077942e
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?
|
What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?
|
[
"What percentage of Palermo residents were female in 2010?"
] |
{
"text": [
"52.6%"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105114
|
57296dbf1d0469140077942f
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
What is the average age of a Palermo resident?
|
What is the average age of a Palermo resident?
|
[
"What is the average age of a Palermo resident?"
] |
{
"text": [
"40.4"
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105115
|
57296dbf1d04691400779430
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?
|
Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?
|
[
"Why has Palermo's population declined from 2001 to 2010?"
] |
{
"text": [
"population flight to the suburbs"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105116
|
5a3ead6f5a76c5001a3a844a
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
In what year were there 1.2 million homes in the Palermo area?
|
In what year were there 1.2 million homes in the Palermo area?
|
[
"In what year were there 1.2 million homes in the Palermo area?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105117
|
5a3ead6f5a76c5001a3a844b
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
What is 47.4% female?
|
What is 47.4% female?
|
[
"What is 47.4% female?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105118
|
5a3ead6f5a76c5001a3a844c
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
Who's average age is 42.8 in Palermo?
|
Who's average age is 42.8 in Palermo?
|
[
"Who's average age is 42.8 in Palermo?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105119
|
5a3ead6f5a76c5001a3a844d
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
What has increased in Palermo from 2001 to 2010?
|
What has increased in Palermo from 2001 to 2010?
|
[
"What has increased in Palermo from 2001 to 2010?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105120
|
5a3ead6f5a76c5001a3a844e
|
Palermo
|
In 2010, there were 1.2 million people living in the greater Palermo area, 655,875 of which resided in the City boundaries, of whom 47.4% were male and 52.6% were female. People under age 15 totalled 15.6% compared to pensioners who composed 17.2% of the population. This compares with the Italian average of 14.1% people under 15 years and 20.2% pensioners. The average age of a Palermo resident is 40.4 compared to the Italian average of 42.8. In the ten years between 2001 and 2010, the population of Palermo declined by 4.5%, while the population of Italy, as a whole, grew by 6.0%. The reason for Palermo's decline is a population flight to the suburbs, and to Northern Italy. The current birth rate of Palermo is 10.2 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.3 births.
|
Who has a slightly higher birth rate than Palermo?
|
Who has a slightly higher birth rate than Palermo?
|
[
"Who has a slightly higher birth rate than Palermo?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105121
|
57296e256aef051400154e72
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
On what does Palermo's economy rely?
|
On what does Palermo's economy rely?
|
[
"On what does Palermo's economy rely?"
] |
{
"text": [
"tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105122
|
57296e256aef051400154e73
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
Palermo is the home of what mafia?
|
Palermo is the home of what mafia?
|
[
"Palermo is the home of what mafia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Sicilian Mafia"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105123
|
57296e256aef051400154e74
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?
|
Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?
|
[
"Has the level of crime in Palermo risen or declined?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gone down dramatically"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105124
|
57296e256aef051400154e75
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
What negative qualities does Palermo carry?
|
What negative qualities does Palermo carry?
|
[
"What negative qualities does Palermo carry?"
] |
{
"text": [
"high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105125
|
5a3eae585a76c5001a3a8454
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
What is Italy's administrative capital?
|
What is Italy's administrative capital?
|
[
"What is Italy's administrative capital?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105126
|
5a3eae585a76c5001a3a8455
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
What mostly depends shipbuilding and agriculture?
|
What mostly depends shipbuilding and agriculture?
|
[
"What mostly depends shipbuilding and agriculture?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105127
|
5a3eae585a76c5001a3a8456
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
Why has the black market declined in Palermo?
|
Why has the black market declined in Palermo?
|
[
"Why has the black market declined in Palermo?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105128
|
5a3eae585a76c5001a3a8457
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
What has caused crime to go up in Palermo?
|
What has caused crime to go up in Palermo?
|
[
"What has caused crime to go up in Palermo?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105129
|
5a3eae585a76c5001a3a8458
|
Palermo
|
Being Sicily's administrative capital, Palermo is a centre for much of the region's finance, tourism and commerce. The city currently hosts an international airport, and Palermo's economic growth over the years has brought the opening of many new businesses. The economy mainly relies on tourism and services, but also has commerce, shipbuilding and agriculture. The city, however, still has high unemployment levels, high corruption and a significant black market empire (Palermo being the home of the Sicilian Mafia). Even though the city still suffers from widespread corruption, inefficient bureaucracy and organized crime, the level of crime in Palermo's has gone down dramatically, unemployment has been decreasing and many new, profitable opportunities for growth (especially regarding tourism) have been introduced, making the city safer and better to live in.
|
What has made the city more dangerouse to live in?
|
What has made the city more dangerouse to live in?
|
[
"What has made the city more dangerouse to live in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105130
|
57296e83af94a219006aa3ef
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
Which port is Sicily's primary port?
|
Which port is Sicily's primary port?
|
[
"Which port is Sicily's primary port?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The port of Palermo"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105131
|
57296e83af94a219006aa3f0
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?
|
How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?
|
[
"How many passengers travel by Palermo ferry annually?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2 million"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105132
|
57296fea6aef051400154eac
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?
|
How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?
|
[
"How many passengers do Palermo's ferries carry each year?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2 million"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105133
|
57296fea6aef051400154ead
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
For what is the "tourist marina" dedicated?
|
For what is the "tourist marina" dedicated?
|
[
"For what is the \"tourist marina\" dedicated?"
] |
{
"text": [
"sailing yachts and catamarans"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105134
|
57296fea6aef051400154eae
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?
|
What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?
|
[
"What cities do the ferries of Palermo travel to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105135
|
5a3eaf0a5a76c5001a3a845e
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
What is the main port of Italy?
|
What is the main port of Italy?
|
[
"What is the main port of Italy?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105136
|
5a3eaf0a5a76c5001a3a845f
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
What cities are linked by roads?
|
What cities are linked by roads?
|
[
"What cities are linked by roads?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105137
|
5a3eaf0a5a76c5001a3a8460
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
Where does traffic include 80tons of cargo?
|
Where does traffic include 80tons of cargo?
|
[
"Where does traffic include 80tons of cargo?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105138
|
5a3eaf0a5a76c5001a3a8461
|
Palermo
|
The port of Palermo, founded by the Phoenicians over 2,700 years ago, is, together with the port of Messina, the main port of Sicily. From here ferries link Palermo to Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Naples, Tunis and other cities and carry a total of almost 2 million passengers annually. It is also an important port for cruise ships. Traffic includes also almost 5 million tonnes of cargo and 80.000 TEU yearly. The port also has links to minor sicilian islands such as Ustica and the Aeolian Islands (via Cefalù in summer). Inside the Port of Palermo there is a section known as "tourist marina" for sailing yachts and catamarans.
|
What section of the port is for the mafia?
|
What section of the port is for the mafia?
|
[
"What section of the port is for the mafia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105139
|
572970446aef051400154eb2
|
Palermo
|
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
|
Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?
|
Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?
|
[
"Who is the popular patron saint of Palermo?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Santa Rosalia"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105140
|
572970446aef051400154eb3
|
Palermo
|
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
|
When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?
|
When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?
|
[
"When is Palermo's most important religious event of the year held?"
] |
{
"text": [
"14 July"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105141
|
572970446aef051400154eb4
|
Palermo
|
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
|
Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?
|
Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?
|
[
"Who is said to have ended the Black Death in 1624?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Santa Rosalia"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105142
|
572970446aef051400154eb5
|
Palermo
|
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
|
What is The Festino?
|
What is The Festino?
|
[
"What is The Festino?"
] |
{
"text": [
"procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105143
|
5a3eb0305a76c5001a3a8466
|
Palermo
|
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
|
Who is the patron saint of Italy?
|
Who is the patron saint of Italy?
|
[
"Who is the patron saint of Italy?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105144
|
5a3eb0305a76c5001a3a8467
|
Palermo
|
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
|
Who ended the Black Death in the 16th century?
|
Who ended the Black Death in the 16th century?
|
[
"Who ended the Black Death in the 16th century?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105145
|
5a3eb0305a76c5001a3a8468
|
Palermo
|
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
|
When is Palermo's most important secular celebration?
|
When is Palermo's most important secular celebration?
|
[
"When is Palermo's most important secular celebration?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105146
|
5a3eb0305a76c5001a3a8469
|
Palermo
|
The patron saint of Palermo is Santa Rosalia, who is widely revered. On 14 July, people in Palermo celebrate the annual Festino, the most important religious event of the year. The Festino is a procession which goes through the main street of Palermo to commemorate the miracle attributed to Santa Rosalia who, it is believed, freed the city from the Black Death in 1624. Her remains were discovered in a cave on Monte Pellegrino, and her remains were carried around the city three times, banishing the plague. There is a sanctuary marking the spot where her remains were found which can be reached via a scenic bus ride from the city.
|
Who banished the plague from the city before dying themselves?
|
Who banished the plague from the city before dying themselves?
|
[
"Who banished the plague from the city before dying themselves?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105147
|
5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcc
|
History_of_science
|
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.
|
What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?
|
What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?
|
[
"What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The history of science"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105148
|
5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcd
|
History_of_science
|
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.
|
What is the history of arts and humanities called?
|
What is the history of arts and humanities called?
|
[
"What is the history of arts and humanities called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the history of scholarship"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105149
|
5726eab6f1498d1400e8efce
|
History_of_science
|
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.
|
What kind of phenomena does science study?
|
What kind of phenomena does science study?
|
[
"What kind of phenomena does science study?"
] |
{
"text": [
"real world"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105150
|
5726eab6f1498d1400e8efcf
|
History_of_science
|
The history of science is the study of the development of science and scientific knowledge, including both the natural sciences and social sciences. (The history of the arts and humanities is termed as the history of scholarship.) Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who emphasize the observation, explanation, and prediction of real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods of both intellectual history and social history.
|
Intellectual history and social history are used in what?
|
Intellectual history and social history are used in what?
|
[
"Intellectual history and social history are used in what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Historiography of science"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105151
|
5726ebefdd62a815002e9550
|
History_of_science
|
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.
|
Who coined the word "scientist"?
|
Who coined the word "scientist"?
|
[
"Who coined the word \"scientist\"?"
] |
{
"text": [
"William Whewell"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105152
|
5726ebefdd62a815002e9551
|
History_of_science
|
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.
|
When was the word "scientist" created?
|
When was the word "scientist" created?
|
[
"When was the word \"scientist\" created?"
] |
{
"text": [
"19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105153
|
5726ebefdd62a815002e9552
|
History_of_science
|
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.
|
What are people who study nature called?
|
What are people who study nature called?
|
[
"What are people who study nature called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"natural philosophers"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105154
|
5726ebefdd62a815002e9553
|
History_of_science
|
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.
|
Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?
|
Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?
|
[
"Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105155
|
5726ebefdd62a815002e9554
|
History_of_science
|
The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.
|
When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?
|
When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?
|
[
"When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the scientific revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
539
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105156
|
5726ee62dd62a815002e9582
|
History_of_science
|
From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.
|
What replaced false beliefs?
|
What replaced false beliefs?
|
[
"What replaced false beliefs?"
] |
{
"text": [
"true theories"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105157
|
5726ee62dd62a815002e9583
|
History_of_science
|
From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.
|
Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?
|
Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?
|
[
"Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thomas Kuhn"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105158
|
5726ee62dd62a815002e9584
|
History_of_science
|
From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.
|
What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?
|
What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?
|
[
"What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105159
|
5726ee62dd62a815002e9585
|
History_of_science
|
From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented in a progressive narrative in which true theories replaced false beliefs. More recent historical interpretations, such as those of Thomas Kuhn, tend to portray the history of science in different terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science.
|
Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?
|
Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?
|
[
"Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"competing paradigms"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105160
|
5726f0765951b619008f82db
|
History_of_science
|
The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.
|
The advancement of agriculture made what possible?
|
The advancement of agriculture made what possible?
|
[
"The advancement of agriculture made what possible?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a surplus of food"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105161
|
5726f0765951b619008f82dc
|
History_of_science
|
The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.
|
Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?
|
Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?
|
[
"Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"food production"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105162
|
5726f0765951b619008f82dd
|
History_of_science
|
The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.
|
Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?
|
Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?
|
[
"Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"work towards bare survival"
],
"answer_start": [
492
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105163
|
5726f0765951b619008f82de
|
History_of_science
|
The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.
|
What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?
|
What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?
|
[
"What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The development of writing"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105164
|
5726f0765951b619008f82df
|
History_of_science
|
The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.
|
Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?
|
Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?
|
[
"Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?"
] |
{
"text": [
"community"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105165
|
5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0a8
|
History_of_science
|
Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.
|
Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?
|
Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?
|
[
"Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ancient Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105166
|
5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0a9
|
History_of_science
|
Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.
|
What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?
|
What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?
|
[
"What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?"
] |
{
"text": [
"geometry"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105167
|
5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0aa
|
History_of_science
|
Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.
|
What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?
|
What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?
|
[
"What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The 3-4-5 right triangle"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105168
|
5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0ab
|
History_of_science
|
Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.
|
What research was Egypt known for?
|
What research was Egypt known for?
|
[
"What research was Egypt known for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"alchemy"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105169
|
5726f1c9f1498d1400e8f0ac
|
History_of_science
|
Ancient Egypt made significant advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Their development of geometry was a necessary outgrowth of surveying to preserve the layout and ownership of farmland, which was flooded annually by the Nile river. The 3-4-5 right triangle and other rules of thumb were used to build rectilinear structures, and the post and lintel architecture of Egypt. Egypt was also a center of alchemy research for much of the Mediterranean.The Edwin Smith papyrus is one of the first medical documents still extant, and perhaps the earliest document that attempts to describe and analyse the brain: it might be seen as the very beginnings of modern neuroscience. However, while Egyptian medicine had some effective practices, it was not without its ineffective and sometimes harmful practices. Medical historians believe that ancient Egyptian pharmacology, for example, was largely ineffective. Nevertheless, it applies the following components to the treatment of disease: examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, which display strong parallels to the basic empirical method of science and according to G. E. R. Lloyd played a significant role in the development of this methodology. The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) also contains evidence of traditional empiricism.
|
What is the name of the earliest medical document?
|
What is the name of the earliest medical document?
|
[
"What is the name of the earliest medical document?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Edwin Smith papyrus"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105170
|
5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c6
|
History_of_science
|
From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.
|
Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?
|
Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?
|
[
"Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sumer"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105171
|
5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c7
|
History_of_science
|
From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.
|
How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?
|
How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?
|
[
"How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?"
] |
{
"text": [
"3500 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105172
|
5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c8
|
History_of_science
|
From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.
|
What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?
|
What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?
|
[
"What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?"
] |
{
"text": [
"numerical data"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105173
|
5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0c9
|
History_of_science
|
From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.
|
What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?
|
What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?
|
[
"What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?"
] |
{
"text": [
"18th century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105174
|
5726f3eef1498d1400e8f0ca
|
History_of_science
|
From their beginnings in Sumer (now Iraq) around 3500 BC, the Mesopotamian people began to attempt to record some observations of the world with numerical data. But their observations and measurements were seemingly taken for purposes other than for elucidating scientific laws. A concrete instance of Pythagoras' law was recorded, as early as the 18th century BC: the Mesopotamian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 records a number of Pythagorean triplets (3,4,5) (5,12,13). ..., dated 1900 BC, possibly millennia before Pythagoras, but an abstract formulation of the Pythagorean theorem was not.
|
Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?
|
Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?
|
[
"Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Plimpton 322"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105175
|
5726f50add62a815002e9630
|
History_of_science
|
In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian A. Aaboe, "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West—if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences—depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."
|
Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?
|
Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?
|
[
"Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scribes"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105176
|
5726f50add62a815002e9631
|
History_of_science
|
In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian A. Aaboe, "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West—if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences—depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."
|
Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?
|
Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?
|
[
"Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in Western calendars"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105177
|
5726f50add62a815002e9632
|
History_of_science
|
In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian A. Aaboe, "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West—if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences—depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."
|
Who was Kidinnu?
|
Who was Kidinnu?
|
[
"Who was Kidinnu?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105178
|
5726f50add62a815002e9633
|
History_of_science
|
In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian A. Aaboe, "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West—if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences—depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."
|
Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?
|
Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?
|
[
"Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"A. Aaboe"
],
"answer_start": [
877
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105179
|
5726f50add62a815002e9634
|
History_of_science
|
In Babylonian astronomy, records of the motions of the stars, planets, and the moon are left on thousands of clay tablets created by scribes. Even today, astronomical periods identified by Mesopotamian proto-scientists are still widely used in Western calendars such as the solar year and the lunar month. Using these data they developed arithmetical methods to compute the changing length of daylight in the course of the year and to predict the appearances and disappearances of the Moon and planets and eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Only a few astronomers' names are known, such as that of Kidinnu, a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Kiddinu's value for the solar year is in use for today's calendars. Babylonian astronomy was "the first and highly successful attempt at giving a refined mathematical description of astronomical phenomena." According to the historian A. Aaboe, "all subsequent varieties of scientific astronomy, in the Hellenistic world, in India, in Islam, and in the West—if not indeed all subsequent endeavour in the exact sciences—depend upon Babylonian astronomy in decisive and fundamental ways."
|
Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?
|
Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?
|
[
"Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?"
] |
{
"text": [
"today's calendars"
],
"answer_start": [
692
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105180
|
5726f67cf1498d1400e8f110
|
History_of_science
|
In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).
|
Which era was marked by investigating the universe?
|
Which era was marked by investigating the universe?
|
[
"Which era was marked by investigating the universe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Classical Antiquity"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105181
|
5726f67cf1498d1400e8f111
|
History_of_science
|
In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).
|
What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?
|
What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?
|
[
"What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"natural philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105182
|
5726f67cf1498d1400e8f112
|
History_of_science
|
In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).
|
What is an example of skilled professionals?
|
What is an example of skilled professionals?
|
[
"What is an example of skilled professionals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"physicians"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105183
|
5726f67cf1498d1400e8f113
|
History_of_science
|
In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).
|
What is an example of religious devotee?
|
What is an example of religious devotee?
|
[
"What is an example of religious devotee?"
] |
{
"text": [
"temple healers"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105184
|
5726f67cf1498d1400e8f114
|
History_of_science
|
In Classical Antiquity, the inquiry into the workings of the universe took place both in investigations aimed at such practical goals as establishing a reliable calendar or determining how to cure a variety of illnesses and in those abstract investigations known as natural philosophy. The ancient people who are considered the first scientists may have thought of themselves as natural philosophers, as practitioners of a skilled profession (for example, physicians), or as followers of a religious tradition (for example, temple healers).
|
What would the first scientists have been considered?
|
What would the first scientists have been considered?
|
[
"What would the first scientists have been considered?"
] |
{
"text": [
"natural philosophers"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105185
|
5726f75ddd62a815002e9672
|
History_of_science
|
The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.
|
What are early Greek philosophers known as?
|
What are early Greek philosophers known as?
|
[
"What are early Greek philosophers known as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"pre-Socratics"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105186
|
5726f75ddd62a815002e9673
|
History_of_science
|
The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.
|
What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?
|
What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?
|
[
"What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?"
] |
{
"text": [
"How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105187
|
5726f75ddd62a815002e9674
|
History_of_science
|
The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.
|
Who was named "the father of science"?
|
Who was named "the father of science"?
|
[
"Who was named \"the father of science\"?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thales"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105188
|
5726f75ddd62a815002e9675
|
History_of_science
|
The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.
|
Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?
|
Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?
|
[
"Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Poseidon"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105189
|
5726f75ddd62a815002e9676
|
History_of_science
|
The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.
|
Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?
|
Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?
|
[
"Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Samos"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105190
|
5726f8735951b619008f83a1
|
History_of_science
|
Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.
|
Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?
|
Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?
|
[
"Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"natural philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105191
|
5726f8735951b619008f83a2
|
History_of_science
|
Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.
|
What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?
|
What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?
|
[
"What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"deductive reasoning"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105192
|
5726f8735951b619008f83a3
|
History_of_science
|
Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.
|
What year was the Platonic Academy founded?
|
What year was the Platonic Academy founded?
|
[
"What year was the Platonic Academy founded?"
] |
{
"text": [
"387 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105193
|
5726f8735951b619008f83a4
|
History_of_science
|
Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.
|
Aristotle introduced what theory?
|
Aristotle introduced what theory?
|
[
"Aristotle introduced what theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"empiricism"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105194
|
5726f8735951b619008f83a5
|
History_of_science
|
Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.
|
How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?
|
How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?
|
[
"How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?"
] |
{
"text": [
"540"
],
"answer_start": [
895
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105195
|
5726f997f1498d1400e8f188
|
History_of_science
|
The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:
|
Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?
|
Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?
|
[
"Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"factual knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105196
|
5726f997f1498d1400e8f189
|
History_of_science
|
The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:
|
What era utilized Greek theories?
|
What era utilized Greek theories?
|
[
"What era utilized Greek theories?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Hellenistic age"
],
"answer_start": [
445
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105197
|
5726f997f1498d1400e8f18a
|
History_of_science
|
The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:
|
What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?
|
What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?
|
[
"What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Socratic method"
],
"answer_start": [
941
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105198
|
5726f997f1498d1400e8f18b
|
History_of_science
|
The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:
|
Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?
|
Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?
|
[
"Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Ancient Greeks"
],
"answer_start": [
917
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105199
|
5726f997f1498d1400e8f18c
|
History_of_science
|
The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:
|
Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?
|
Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?
|
[
"Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?"
] |
{
"text": [
"deliberate empirical research"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.