gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-105200 | 5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bc | History_of_science | The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic ... | Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system? | Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system? | [
"Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aristarchus of Samos"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105201 | 5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bd | History_of_science | The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic ... | Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth? | Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth? | [
"Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eratosthenes"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105202 | 5726fa9cdd62a815002e96be | History_of_science | The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic ... | Who made the first catalog of stars? | Who made the first catalog of stars? | [
"Who made the first catalog of stars?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hipparchus"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105203 | 5726fa9cdd62a815002e96bf | History_of_science | The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic ... | What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system? | What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system? | [
"What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Antikythera mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105204 | 5726fa9cdd62a815002e96c0 | History_of_science | The astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first known person to propose a heliocentric model of the solar system, while the geographer Eratosthenes accurately calculated the circumference of the Earth. Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) produced the first systematic star catalog. The level of achievement in Hellenistic ... | When was the Antikythera mechanism used? | When was the Antikythera mechanism used? | [
"When was the Antikythera mechanism used?"
] | {
"text": [
"150-100 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105205 | 5726fb48dd62a815002e96d6 | History_of_science | In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all t... | Who wrote the book Elements? | Who wrote the book Elements? | [
"Who wrote the book Elements?"
] | {
"text": [
"Euclid"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105206 | 5726fb48dd62a815002e96d7 | History_of_science | In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all t... | What was contained within the book Elements? | What was contained within the book Elements? | [
"What was contained within the book Elements?"
] | {
"text": [
"the foundations of mathematical rigor"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105207 | 5726fb48dd62a815002e96d8 | History_of_science | In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all t... | Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola? | Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola? | [
"Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola?"
] | {
"text": [
"Archimedes"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105208 | 5726fb48dd62a815002e96d9 | History_of_science | In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all t... | What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola? | What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola? | [
"What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola?"
] | {
"text": [
"exhaustion"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105209 | 5726fb48dd62a815002e96da | History_of_science | In Hellenistic Egypt, the mathematician Euclid laid down the foundations of mathematical rigor and introduced the concepts of definition, axiom, theorem and proof still in use today in his Elements, considered the most influential textbook ever written. Archimedes, considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all t... | Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate? | Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate? | [
"Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pi"
],
"answer_start": [
513
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105210 | 5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1de | History_of_science | Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful success... | What classification guide did Theophrastus create? | What classification guide did Theophrastus create? | [
"What classification guide did Theophrastus create?"
] | {
"text": [
"the first taxonomy"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105211 | 5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1df | History_of_science | Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful success... | In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia? | In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia? | [
"In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?"
] | {
"text": [
"77 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105212 | 5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e0 | History_of_science | Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful success... | What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds? | What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds? | [
"What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?"
] | {
"text": [
"the octahedral shape"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105213 | 5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e1 | History_of_science | Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful success... | Who do engravers use diamond dust for? | Who do engravers use diamond dust for? | [
"Who do engravers use diamond dust for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to cut and polish other gems"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105214 | 5726fe6af1498d1400e8f1e2 | History_of_science | Theophrastus wrote some of the earliest descriptions of plants and animals, establishing the first taxonomy and looking at minerals in terms of their properties such as hardness. Pliny the Elder produced what is one of the largest encyclopedias of the natural world in 77 AD, and must be regarded as the rightful success... | What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber? | What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber? | [
"What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?"
] | {
"text": [
"was a fossilized resin"
],
"answer_start": [
887
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105215 | 5727026e5951b619008f8487 | History_of_science | Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick stru... | The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what? | The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what? | [
"The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"mathematical knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105216 | 5727026e5951b619008f8488 | History_of_science | Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick stru... | What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used? | What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used? | [
"What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?"
] | {
"text": [
"4:2:1"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105217 | 5727026e5951b619008f8489 | History_of_science | Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick stru... | What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks? | What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks? | [
"What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?"
] | {
"text": [
"stability"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105218 | 5727026e5951b619008f848a | History_of_science | Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick stru... | What was the name of the ruler that they created? | What was the name of the ruler that they created? | [
"What was the name of the ruler that they created?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Mohenjo-daro ruler"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105219 | 5727026e5951b619008f848b | History_of_science | Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick stru... | How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler? | How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler? | [
"How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?"
] | {
"text": [
"1.32 inches"
],
"answer_start": [
491
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105220 | 572703e65951b619008f849b | History_of_science | Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He... | When did Aryabhata live? | When did Aryabhata live? | [
"When did Aryabhata live?"
] | {
"text": [
"476-550"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105221 | 572703e65951b619008f849c | History_of_science | Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He... | What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered? | What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered? | [
"What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105222 | 572703e65951b619008f849d | History_of_science | Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He... | What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD? | What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD? | [
"What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD?"
] | {
"text": [
"gravity was a force of attraction"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105223 | 572703e65951b619008f849e | History_of_science | Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He... | What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for? | What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for? | [
"What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for?"
] | {
"text": [
"a placeholder and a decimal digit"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105224 | 572703e65951b619008f849f | History_of_science | Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He... | What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from? | What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from? | [
"What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105225 | 572705155951b619008f84b7 | History_of_science | Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, an... | Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it? | Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it? | [
"Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Vedas"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105226 | 572705155951b619008f84b8 | History_of_science | Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, an... | Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani? | Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani? | [
"Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bhāskara"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105227 | 572705155951b619008f84b9 | History_of_science | Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, an... | In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written? | In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written? | [
"In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?"
] | {
"text": [
"12th century"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105228 | 572705155951b619008f84ba | History_of_science | Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, an... | The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters? | The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters? | [
"The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?"
] | {
"text": [
"13"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105229 | 572705155951b619008f84bb | History_of_science | Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, an... | What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain? | What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain? | [
"What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?"
] | {
"text": [
"the nature of the sphere"
],
"answer_start": [
925
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105230 | 57271234f1498d1400e8f31e | History_of_science | Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most... | Where are the Neolithic graveyards? | Where are the Neolithic graveyards? | [
"Where are the Neolithic graveyards?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pakistan"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105231 | 57271234f1498d1400e8f31f | History_of_science | Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most... | What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of? | What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of? | [
"What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?"
] | {
"text": [
"proto-dentistry"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105232 | 57271234f1498d1400e8f320 | History_of_science | Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most... | What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC? | What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC? | [
"What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ayurveda"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105233 | 57271234f1498d1400e8f321 | History_of_science | Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most... | What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda? | What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda? | [
"What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?"
] | {
"text": [
"Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105234 | 57271234f1498d1400e8f322 | History_of_science | Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most... | What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta? | What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta? | [
"What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?"
] | {
"text": [
"surgical procedures"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105235 | 572713ce708984140094d965 | History_of_science | Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1s... | What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate? | What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate? | [
"What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?"
] | {
"text": [
"a positional decimal system on counting boards"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105236 | 572713ce708984140094d966 | History_of_science | Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1s... | One rod in the second box from the right is what number? | One rod in the second box from the right is what number? | [
"One rod in the second box from the right is what number?"
] | {
"text": [
"10"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105237 | 572713ce708984140094d967 | History_of_science | Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1s... | When did negative numbers and decimals start being used? | When did negative numbers and decimals start being used? | [
"When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?"
] | {
"text": [
"1st century BC"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105238 | 572713ce708984140094d968 | History_of_science | Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1s... | What text includes Horner's method? | What text includes Horner's method? | [
"What text includes Horner's method?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"
],
"answer_start": [
389
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105239 | 572713ce708984140094d969 | History_of_science | Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1s... | What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have? | What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have? | [
"What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cubic equations"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105240 | 5727d383ff5b5019007d962c | History_of_science | Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge o... | What observations in astronomy did China record? | What observations in astronomy did China record? | [
"What observations in astronomy did China record?"
] | {
"text": [
"sunspots"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105241 | 5727d383ff5b5019007d962d | History_of_science | Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge o... | What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century? | What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century? | [
"What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"eclipses"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105242 | 5727d383ff5b5019007d962e | History_of_science | Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge o... | Who made predictions in 1601? | Who made predictions in 1601? | [
"Who made predictions in 1601?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jesuit Matteo Ricci"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105243 | 5727d383ff5b5019007d962f | History_of_science | Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge o... | What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets? | What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets? | [
"What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets?"
] | {
"text": [
"635"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105244 | 5727d383ff5b5019007d9630 | History_of_science | Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge o... | How many records of sunspots are there? | How many records of sunspots are there? | [
"How many records of sunspots are there?"
] | {
"text": [
"112"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105245 | 5727d51bff5b5019007d9658 | History_of_science | Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang to... | What was invented in 132 CE? | What was invented in 132 CE? | [
"What was invented in 132 CE?"
] | {
"text": [
"a seismometer"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105246 | 5727d51bff5b5019007d9659 | History_of_science | Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang to... | What occurrence is measured by a seismometer? | What occurrence is measured by a seismometer? | [
"What occurrence is measured by a seismometer?"
] | {
"text": [
"an earthquake"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105247 | 5727d51bff5b5019007d965a | History_of_science | Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang to... | What is the Chinese name for a seismometer? | What is the Chinese name for a seismometer? | [
"What is the Chinese name for a seismometer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Houfeng didong yi"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105248 | 5727d51bff5b5019007d965b | History_of_science | Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang to... | What did the Chinese caused earthquakes? | What did the Chinese caused earthquakes? | [
"What did the Chinese caused earthquakes?"
] | {
"text": [
"enormous compression of trapped air"
],
"answer_start": [
762
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105249 | 5727d51bff5b5019007d965c | History_of_science | Seismology: To better prepare for calamities, Zhang Heng invented a seismometer in 132 CE which provided instant alert to authorities in the capital Luoyang that an earthquake had occurred in a location indicated by a specific cardinal or ordinal direction. Although no tremors could be felt in the capital when Zhang to... | What was Luoyang renamed to? | What was Luoyang renamed to? | [
"What was Luoyang renamed to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gansu"
],
"answer_start": [
535
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105250 | 5727e5aa3acd2414000def39 | History_of_science | There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of ... | Who discovered the idea of true north? | Who discovered the idea of true north? | [
"Who discovered the idea of true north?"
] | {
"text": [
"Shen Kuo"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105251 | 5727e5aa3acd2414000def3a | History_of_science | There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of ... | When was Shen Kuo alive? | When was Shen Kuo alive? | [
"When was Shen Kuo alive?"
] | {
"text": [
"1031–1095"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105252 | 5727e5aa3acd2414000def3b | History_of_science | There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of ... | What are drydocks used for? | What are drydocks used for? | [
"What are drydocks used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to repair boats"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105253 | 5727e5aa3acd2414000def3c | History_of_science | There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of ... | What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo? | What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo? | [
"What did silt and marine fossils teach Shen Kuo?"
] | {
"text": [
"geomorphology"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105254 | 5727e5aa3acd2414000def3d | History_of_science | There are many notable contributors to the field of Chinese science throughout the ages. One of the best examples would be Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath scientist and statesman who was the first to describe the magnetic-needle compass used for navigation, discovered the concept of true north, improved the design of ... | What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change? | What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change? | [
"What did Shen Kuo study to discover climate change?"
] | {
"text": [
"petrified bamboo"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105255 | 5727e7003acd2414000def59 | History_of_science | The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries "learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture." Western academic thought on the history of Chinese tec... | Who was the Needham Research Institute named after? | Who was the Needham Research Institute named after? | [
"Who was the Needham Research Institute named after?"
] | {
"text": [
"Joseph Needham"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105256 | 5727e7003acd2414000def5a | History_of_science | The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries "learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture." Western academic thought on the history of Chinese tec... | What type of bridge originated in China? | What type of bridge originated in China? | [
"What type of bridge originated in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"suspension"
],
"answer_start": [
842
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105257 | 5727e7003acd2414000def5b | History_of_science | The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries "learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture." Western academic thought on the history of Chinese tec... | What type of map originated in China? | What type of map originated in China? | [
"What type of map originated in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"raised-relief"
],
"answer_start": [
940
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105258 | 5727e7003acd2414000def5c | History_of_science | The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries "learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture." Western academic thought on the history of Chinese tec... | What type of fan originated in China? | What type of fan originated in China? | [
"What type of fan originated in China?"
] | {
"text": [
"rotary"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105259 | 5727e7003acd2414000def5d | History_of_science | The Jesuit China missions of the 16th and 17th centuries "learned to appreciate the scientific achievements of this ancient culture and made them known in Europe. Through their correspondence European scientists first learned about the Chinese science and culture." Western academic thought on the history of Chinese tec... | What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent? | What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent? | [
"What type of globe did Zhang Heng invent?"
] | {
"text": [
"water-powered celestial"
],
"answer_start": [
585
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105260 | 5727e7cdff5b5019007d9804 | History_of_science | With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden A... | What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided? | What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided? | [
"What was a consequence of the Roman Empire being divided?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105261 | 5727e7cdff5b5019007d9805 | History_of_science | With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden A... | Where was support found for Greek philosophy? | Where was support found for Greek philosophy? | [
"Where was support found for Greek philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arab Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105262 | 5727e7cdff5b5019007d9806 | History_of_science | With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden A... | What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam? | What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam? | [
"What time period was marked by the spreading of Islam?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 7th and 8th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105263 | 5727e7cdff5b5019007d9807 | History_of_science | With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden A... | How long did the Islamic Golden Age last? | How long did the Islamic Golden Age last? | [
"How long did the Islamic Golden Age last?"
] | {
"text": [
"until the 13th century"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105264 | 5727e7cdff5b5019007d9808 | History_of_science | With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden A... | What language did Muslim philosophers speak? | What language did Muslim philosophers speak? | [
"What language did Muslim philosophers speak?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105265 | 5727e88cff5b5019007d9824 | History_of_science | Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where significant progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from c. 1000, in his Book of Optics. The l... | What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks? | What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks? | [
"What method did Muslim scientists use more than the Greeks?"
] | {
"text": [
"experiment"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105266 | 5727e88cff5b5019007d9825 | History_of_science | Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where significant progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from c. 1000, in his Book of Optics. The l... | What book did Ibn al-Haytham write? | What book did Ibn al-Haytham write? | [
"What book did Ibn al-Haytham write?"
] | {
"text": [
"Book of Optics"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105267 | 5727e88cff5b5019007d9826 | History_of_science | Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where significant progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from c. 1000, in his Book of Optics. The l... | What law did the Persians know of? | What law did the Persians know of? | [
"What law did the Persians know of?"
] | {
"text": [
"The law of refraction of light"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105268 | 5727e88cff5b5019007d9827 | History_of_science | Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where significant progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from c. 1000, in his Book of Optics. The l... | What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname? | What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname? | [
"What was Ibn al-Haytham's nickname?"
] | {
"text": [
"the father of optics"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105269 | 5727e88cff5b5019007d9828 | History_of_science | Muslim scientists placed far greater emphasis on experiment than had the Greeks. This led to an early scientific method being developed in the Muslim world, where significant progress in methodology was made, beginning with the experiments of Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) on optics from c. 1000, in his Book of Optics. The l... | What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for? | What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for? | [
"What theory did Ibn al-Haytham have proof for?"
] | {
"text": [
"the intromission theory of light"
],
"answer_start": [
687
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105270 | 5727ea142ca10214002d9994 | History_of_science | In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did ma... | What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession? | What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession? | [
"What was Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi's profession?"
] | {
"text": [
"mathematician"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105271 | 5727ea142ca10214002d9995 | History_of_science | In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did ma... | Where does the word "algebra" come from? | Where does the word "algebra" come from? | [
"Where does the word \"algebra\" come from?"
] | {
"text": [
"al-jabr"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105272 | 5727ea142ca10214002d9996 | History_of_science | In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did ma... | Where did Arabic numerals originate? | Where did Arabic numerals originate? | [
"Where did Arabic numerals originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105273 | 5727ea142ca10214002d9997 | History_of_science | In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did ma... | What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals? | What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals? | [
"What did Muslim mathematicians add to Arabic numerals?"
] | {
"text": [
"decimal point notation"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105274 | 5727ea142ca10214002d9998 | History_of_science | In mathematics, the Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the concept of the algorithm, while the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the beginning of the title of one of his publications. What is now known as Arabic numerals originally came from India, but Muslim mathematicians did ma... | What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to? | What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to? | [
"What area of science did Al-Razi contribute to?"
] | {
"text": [
"chemistry and medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105275 | 5727ee784b864d1900164044 | History_of_science | In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-... | Whose work did Al-Battani improve? | Whose work did Al-Battani improve? | [
"Whose work did Al-Battani improve?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hipparchus"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105276 | 5727ee784b864d1900164045 | History_of_science | In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-... | What does He Megale Syntaxis mean? | What does He Megale Syntaxis mean? | [
"What does He Megale Syntaxis mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"The great treatise"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105277 | 5727ee784b864d1900164046 | History_of_science | In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-... | Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon? | Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon? | [
"Which measurement did Al-Battani improve upon?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Earth's axis"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105278 | 5727ee784b864d1900164047 | History_of_science | In astronomy, Al-Battani improved the measurements of Hipparchus, preserved in the translation of Ptolemy's Hè Megalè Syntaxis (The great treatise) translated as Almagest. Al-Battani also improved the precision of the measurement of the precession of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the geocentric model by al-... | The geocentric model is similar to what other model? | The geocentric model is similar to what other model? | [
"The geocentric model is similar to what other model?"
] | {
"text": [
"Copernican heliocentric model"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105279 | 5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fc | History_of_science | Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ ("Book of Healing") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as... | Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy? | Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy? | [
"Who was most influential in Islamic philosophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ibn Sina"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105280 | 5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fd | History_of_science | Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ ("Book of Healing") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as... | What method did Ibn Sina introduce? | What method did Ibn Sina introduce? | [
"What method did Ibn Sina introduce?"
] | {
"text": [
"clinical trials"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105281 | 5727ef6f2ca10214002d99fe | History_of_science | Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ ("Book of Healing") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as... | What does Kitab al-shifa mean? | What does Kitab al-shifa mean? | [
"What does Kitab al-shifa mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"Book of Healing"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105282 | 5727ef6f2ca10214002d99ff | History_of_science | Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ ("Book of Healing") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as... | The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what? | The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what? | [
"The Kitab al-shifa and The Canon of Medicine are considered what?"
] | {
"text": [
"standard medicinal texts"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105283 | 5727ef6f2ca10214002d9a00 | History_of_science | Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifāʾ ("Book of Healing") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as... | What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases? | What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases? | [
"What characteristic did Ibn Sina find out about infectious diseases?"
] | {
"text": [
"contagious"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105284 | 5727f0a62ca10214002d9a06 | History_of_science | An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Jāb... | When were medieval universities created? | When were medieval universities created? | [
"When were medieval universities created?"
] | {
"text": [
"the 12th century"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105285 | 5727f0a62ca10214002d9a07 | History_of_science | An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Jāb... | Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators? | Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators? | [
"Who sponsored the Toledo School of Translators?"
] | {
"text": [
"Raymond of Toledo"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105286 | 5727f0a62ca10214002d9a08 | History_of_science | An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Jāb... | At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into? | At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into? | [
"At the Toledo School of Translators, what language was Arabic text translated into?"
] | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
536
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105287 | 5727f0a62ca10214002d9a09 | History_of_science | An intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. The contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily, and during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Jāb... | Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly? | Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly? | [
"Which translator learned Arabic to be able to study the Arabic texts directly?"
] | {
"text": [
"Michael Scotus"
],
"answer_start": [
566
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105288 | 5727f2f53acd2414000df09b | History_of_science | At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began ... | What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries? | What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries? | [
"What language did the important scientific works get translated into for universities and monasteries?"
] | {
"text": [
"Latin"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105289 | 5727f2f53acd2414000df09c | History_of_science | At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began ... | Who favored empirical methods? | Who favored empirical methods? | [
"Who favored empirical methods?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bacon"
],
"answer_start": [
667
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105290 | 5727f2f53acd2414000df09d | History_of_science | At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began ... | Who favored mathematics? | Who favored mathematics? | [
"Who favored mathematics?"
] | {
"text": [
"Grosseteste"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105291 | 5727f2f53acd2414000df09e | History_of_science | At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began ... | Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277? | Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277? | [
"Who wrote the Catholic Church's Condemnation of 1277?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pierre Duhem"
],
"answer_start": [
706
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105292 | 5727f2f53acd2414000df09f | History_of_science | At the beginning of the 13th century, there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural philosophy contained in these texts began ... | What era was important for scientific advancements? | What era was important for scientific advancements? | [
"What era was important for scientific advancements?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
992
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105293 | 5727f4004b864d190016408a | History_of_science | The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a d... | Who pioneered parsimony? | Who pioneered parsimony? | [
"Who pioneered parsimony?"
] | {
"text": [
"William of Ockham"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105294 | 5727f4004b864d190016408b | History_of_science | The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a d... | What theory is based off of projectiles' motion? | What theory is based off of projectiles' motion? | [
"What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?"
] | {
"text": [
"impetus"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105295 | 5727f4004b864d190016408c | History_of_science | The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a d... | What theory did impetus pave the way for? | What theory did impetus pave the way for? | [
"What theory did impetus pave the way for?"
] | {
"text": [
"inertia"
],
"answer_start": [
723
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105296 | 5727f4004b864d190016408d | History_of_science | The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a d... | What did the Oxford Calculators measure? | What did the Oxford Calculators measure? | [
"What did the Oxford Calculators measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"the kinematics of motion"
],
"answer_start": [
787
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105297 | 5727f4f84b864d19001640aa | History_of_science | In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction... | What year did the Black Death occur? | What year did the Black Death occur? | [
"What year did the Black Death occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"1348"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105298 | 5727f4f84b864d19001640ab | History_of_science | In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction... | What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars? | What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars? | [
"What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Fall of Constantinople in 1453"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105299 | 5727f4f84b864d19001640ac | History_of_science | In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction... | The invention of printing improved which society? | The invention of printing improved which society? | [
"The invention of printing improved which society?"
] | {
"text": [
"European"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
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