gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-105300 | 5727f4f84b864d19001640ad | History_of_science | In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction... | Printed word enabled what? | Printed word enabled what? | [
"Printed word enabled what?"
] | {
"text": [
"a faster propagation of new ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105301 | 5727f4f84b864d19001640ae | History_of_science | In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction... | What type of mathematics aided in developing European science? | What type of mathematics aided in developing European science? | [
"What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?"
] | {
"text": [
"Algebra"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105302 | 5727f5f53acd2414000df0d7 | History_of_science | The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus ... | The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what? | The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what? | [
"The focus on learning in the 12th century is referred to as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scholasticism"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105303 | 5727f5f53acd2414000df0d8 | History_of_science | The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus ... | What began at the same time Scholasticism ended? | What began at the same time Scholasticism ended? | [
"What began at the same time Scholasticism ended?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Black Death"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105304 | 5727f5f53acd2414000df0d9 | History_of_science | The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus ... | Which era came after Scholasticism? | Which era came after Scholasticism? | [
"Which era came after Scholasticism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Italian Renaissance"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105305 | 5727f5f53acd2414000df0da | History_of_science | The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus ... | What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance? | What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance? | [
"What was the focus of the Northern Renaissance?"
] | {
"text": [
"chemistry and the biological sciences"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105306 | 5727f5f53acd2414000df0db | History_of_science | The renewal of learning in Europe, that began with 12th century Scholasticism, came to an end about the time of the Black Death, and the initial period of the subsequent Italian Renaissance is sometimes seen as a lull in scientific activity. The Northern Renaissance, on the other hand, showed a decisive shift in focus ... | Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers? | Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers? | [
"Which scientist was known for working on human cadavers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vesalius"
],
"answer_start": [
1067
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105307 | 5727f6d83acd2414000df0f9 | History_of_science | The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Working... | What was the Scientific Revolution? | What was the Scientific Revolution? | [
"What was the Scientific Revolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"a period of major scientific advancements"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105308 | 5727f6d83acd2414000df0fa | History_of_science | The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Working... | What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution? | What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution? | [
"What year is considered to be the beginning of the Scientific Revolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"1543"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105309 | 5727f6d83acd2414000df0fb | History_of_science | The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Working... | What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543? | What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543? | [
"What book by Andreas Vesalius was published in 1543?"
] | {
"text": [
"De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body)"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105310 | 5727f6d83acd2414000df0fc | History_of_science | The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Working... | What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus? | What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus? | [
"What was the focus of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Earth moved around the Sun"
],
"answer_start": [
489
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105311 | 5727f6d83acd2414000df0fd | History_of_science | The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements, now known as the Scientific Revolution. The Scientific Revolution is traditionally held by most historians to have begun in 1543, when the books De humani corporis fabrica (On the Working... | What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687? | What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687? | [
"What book was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?"
] | {
"text": [
"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105312 | 5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6c | History_of_science | The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century "Age of Reason" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century "Age of Enlightenment". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the developmen... | The Age of Reason made way for which movement? | The Age of Reason made way for which movement? | [
"The Age of Reason made way for which movement?"
] | {
"text": [
"Age of Enlightenment"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105313 | 5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6d | History_of_science | The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century "Age of Reason" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century "Age of Enlightenment". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the developmen... | What event is considered to be the start of political modernity? | What event is considered to be the start of political modernity? | [
"What event is considered to be the start of political modernity?"
] | {
"text": [
"the French Revolution of 1789"
],
"answer_start": [
859
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105314 | 5727f7e32ca10214002d9a6e | History_of_science | The Age of Enlightenment was a European affair. The 17th century "Age of Reason" opened the avenues to the decisive steps towards modern science, which took place during the 18th century "Age of Enlightenment". Directly based on the works of Newton, Descartes, Pascal and Leibniz, the way was now clear to the developmen... | What book did Denis Diderot write? | What book did Denis Diderot write? | [
"What book did Denis Diderot write?"
] | {
"text": [
"Encyclopédie"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105315 | 5727f8783acd2414000df115 | History_of_science | The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theo... | Which movement took place during the 19th century? | Which movement took place during the 19th century? | [
"Which movement took place during the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Romantic Movement"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105316 | 5727f8783acd2414000df116 | History_of_science | The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theo... | What theory did Darwin introduce? | What theory did Darwin introduce? | [
"What theory did Darwin introduce?"
] | {
"text": [
"theory of evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105317 | 5727f8783acd2414000df117 | History_of_science | The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theo... | Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement? | Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement? | [
"Which physics subject was affected by The Romantic Movement?"
] | {
"text": [
"electromagnetism"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105318 | 5727f8783acd2414000df118 | History_of_science | The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theo... | What caused Romanticism to end? | What caused Romanticism to end? | [
"What caused Romanticism to end?"
] | {
"text": [
"Positivism"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105319 | 5727f8783acd2414000df119 | History_of_science | The Romantic Movement of the early 19th century reshaped science by opening up new pursuits unexpected in the classical approaches of the Enlightenment. Major breakthroughs came in biology, especially in Darwin's theory of evolution, as well as physics (electromagnetism), mathematics (non-Euclidean geometry, group theo... | What year did Positivism end? | What year did Positivism end? | [
"What year did Positivism end?"
] | {
"text": [
"1880"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105320 | 5727f92b4b864d19001640f8 | History_of_science | The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, w... | Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics? | Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics? | [
"Which movement is considered to be a dividing line between ancient thought and classical physics?"
] | {
"text": [
"The scientific revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105321 | 5727f92b4b864d19001640f9 | History_of_science | The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, w... | Who made the heliocentric model popular? | Who made the heliocentric model popular? | [
"Who made the heliocentric model popular?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nicolaus Copernicus"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105322 | 5727f92b4b864d19001640fa | History_of_science | The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, w... | Johannes Kepler created a model of what? | Johannes Kepler created a model of what? | [
"Johannes Kepler created a model of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"planetary motion"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105323 | 5727f92b4b864d19001640fb | History_of_science | The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, w... | What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets? | What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets? | [
"What did Johannes Kepler's model suggest about the planets?"
] | {
"text": [
"the planets follow elliptical orbits"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105324 | 5727f92b4b864d19001640fc | History_of_science | The scientific revolution is a convenient boundary between ancient thought and classical physics. Nicolaus Copernicus revived the heliocentric model of the solar system described by Aristarchus of Samos. This was followed by the first known model of planetary motion given by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century, w... | What was Galileo's nickname? | What was Galileo's nickname? | [
"What was Galileo's nickname?"
] | {
"text": [
"Father of Modern Physics"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105325 | 5727f9a33acd2414000df12f | History_of_science | In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by ... | What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687? | What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687? | [
"What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Principia Mathematica"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105326 | 5727f9a33acd2414000df130 | History_of_science | In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by ... | How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica? | How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica? | [
"How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105327 | 5727f9a33acd2414000df131 | History_of_science | In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by ... | What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with? | What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with? | [
"What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with?"
] | {
"text": [
"the fundamental force of gravity"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105328 | 5727f9a33acd2414000df132 | History_of_science | In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by ... | What are Maxwell's equations about? | What are Maxwell's equations about? | [
"What are Maxwell's equations about?"
] | {
"text": [
"electromagnetism"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105329 | 5727faabff5b5019007d99c6 | History_of_science | The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by intro... | What science subject explains anomalous results? | What science subject explains anomalous results? | [
"What science subject explains anomalous results?"
] | {
"text": [
"quantum theories"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105330 | 5727faabff5b5019007d99c7 | History_of_science | The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by intro... | What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity? | What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity? | [
"What year did Einstein discover the theory of general relativity?"
] | {
"text": [
"1915"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105331 | 5727faabff5b5019007d99c8 | History_of_science | The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by intro... | Quantum theories became which subject in 1925? | Quantum theories became which subject in 1925? | [
"Quantum theories became which subject in 1925?"
] | {
"text": [
"quantum mechanics"
],
"answer_start": [
724
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105332 | 5727faabff5b5019007d99c9 | History_of_science | The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by intro... | Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies? | Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies? | [
"Which scientist noticed the relationship between the speed and distance of galaxies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Edwin Hubble"
],
"answer_start": [
810
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105333 | 5727faabff5b5019007d99ca | History_of_science | The beginning of the 20th century brought the start of a revolution in physics. The long-held theories of Newton were shown not to be correct in all circumstances. Beginning in 1900, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr and others developed quantum theories to explain various anomalous experimental results, by intro... | Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre? | Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre? | [
"Edwin Hubble's discovery about galaxies allowed for which theory by Georges Lemaitre?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Big Bang theory"
],
"answer_start": [
994
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105334 | 5727fb6b4b864d190016413e | History_of_science | In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II... | Who discovered nuclear fission? | Who discovered nuclear fission? | [
"Who discovered nuclear fission?"
] | {
"text": [
"Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105335 | 5727fb6b4b864d190016413f | History_of_science | In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II... | Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission? | Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission? | [
"Who edited the first paper about nuclear fission?"
] | {
"text": [
"Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105336 | 5727fb6b4b864d1900164140 | History_of_science | In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II... | What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb? | What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb? | [
"What event was going on during the creation of the atomic bomb?"
] | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105337 | 5727fb6b4b864d1900164141 | History_of_science | In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II... | The atomic bomb was a part of which movement? | The atomic bomb was a part of which movement? | [
"The atomic bomb was a part of which movement?"
] | {
"text": [
"Big Science"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105338 | 5727fb6b4b864d1900164142 | History_of_science | In 1938 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann discovered nuclear fission with radiochemical methods, and in 1939 Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch wrote the first theoretical interpretation of the fission process, which was later improved by Niels Bohr and John A. Wheeler. Further developments took place during World War II... | What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics? | What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics? | [
"What is the problem with general relativity and quantum mechanics?"
] | {
"text": [
"inconsistent with each other"
],
"answer_start": [
981
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105339 | 572803c92ca10214002d9b84 | History_of_science | Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although th... | When did modern chemistry come into existence? | When did modern chemistry come into existence? | [
"When did modern chemistry come into existence?"
] | {
"text": [
"the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105340 | 572803c92ca10214002d9b85 | History_of_science | Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although th... | Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different? | Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different? | [
"Who decided that chemistry and alchemy were different?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Boyle"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105341 | 572803c92ca10214002d9b86 | History_of_science | Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although th... | What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661? | What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661? | [
"What book was written by Robert Boyle in 1661?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Sceptical Chymist"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105342 | 572803c92ca10214002d9b87 | History_of_science | Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although th... | What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname? | What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname? | [
"What was Antoine Lavoisier's nickname?"
] | {
"text": [
"Father of Modern Chemistry"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105343 | 572803c92ca10214002d9b88 | History_of_science | Modern chemistry emerged from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries through the material practices and theories promoted by alchemy, medicine, manufacturing and mining. A decisive moment came when 'chymistry' was distinguished from alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist, in 1661; although th... | Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with? | Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with? | [
"Which theory did the law of conservation of mass disagree with?"
] | {
"text": [
"phlogiston theory"
],
"answer_start": [
675
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105344 | 57282636ff5b5019007d9e0a | History_of_science | The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply fr... | What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for? | What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for? | [
"What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for?"
] | {
"text": [
"The synthesis of urea"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105345 | 57282636ff5b5019007d9e0b | History_of_science | The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply fr... | What scientific field did Wohler discover? | What scientific field did Wohler discover? | [
"What scientific field did Wohler discover?"
] | {
"text": [
"organic chemistry"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105346 | 57282636ff5b5019007d9e0c | History_of_science | The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply fr... | Late 19th century is marked by what event? | Late 19th century is marked by what event? | [
"Late 19th century is marked by what event?"
] | {
"text": [
"the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105347 | 57282636ff5b5019007d9e0d | History_of_science | The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply fr... | Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry? | Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry? | [
"Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry?"
] | {
"text": [
"physiological chemistry"
],
"answer_start": [
635
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105348 | 57282636ff5b5019007d9e0e | History_of_science | The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply fr... | Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond? | Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond? | [
"Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?"
] | {
"text": [
"Linus Pauling"
],
"answer_start": [
849
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105349 | 572826eeff5b5019007d9e1e | History_of_science | Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polyma... | What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called? | What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called? | [
"What was the work of Theophrastus on rocks called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Peri lithōn"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105350 | 572826eeff5b5019007d9e1f | History_of_science | Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polyma... | When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false? | When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false? | [
"When were Theophrastus' ideas about fossils proven false?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Scientific Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105351 | 572826eeff5b5019007d9e20 | History_of_science | Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polyma... | When did Shen Kua live? | When did Shen Kua live? | [
"When did Shen Kua live?"
] | {
"text": [
"1031–1095"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105352 | 572826eeff5b5019007d9e21 | History_of_science | Geology existed as a cloud of isolated, disconnected ideas about rocks, minerals, and landforms long before it became a coherent science. Theophrastus' work on rocks, Peri lithōn, remained authoritative for millennia: its interpretation of fossils was not overturned until after the Scientific Revolution. Chinese polyma... | What science did Shen Kua observe? | What science did Shen Kua observe? | [
"What science did Shen Kua observe?"
] | {
"text": [
"land formation"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105353 | 572827c62ca10214002d9f66 | History_of_science | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution? | What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution? | [
"What happened to geology during the Scientific Revolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"individual theorists made important contributions"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105354 | 572827c62ca10214002d9f67 | History_of_science | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | What did Robert Hooke study? | What did Robert Hooke study? | [
"What did Robert Hooke study?"
] | {
"text": [
"earthquakes"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105355 | 572827c62ca10214002d9f68 | History_of_science | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | What theory did Nicholas Steno discover? | What theory did Nicholas Steno discover? | [
"What theory did Nicholas Steno discover?"
] | {
"text": [
"the theory of superposition"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105356 | 572827c62ca10214002d9f69 | History_of_science | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681? | What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681? | [
"What book did Thomas Burnet right in 1681?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sacred Theory of the Earth"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105357 | 572827c62ca10214002d9f6a | History_of_science | Geology did not undergo systematic restructuring during the Scientific Revolution, but individual theorists made important contributions. Robert Hooke, for example, formulated a theory of earthquakes, and Nicholas Steno developed the theory of superposition and argued that fossils were the remains of once-living creatu... | What text did Burnet base his work off of? | What text did Burnet base his work off of? | [
"What text did Burnet base his work off of?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Bible"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105358 | 572829073acd2414000df5d7 | History_of_science | Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations ... | How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was? | How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was? | [
"How old did biblical scholars think the Earth was?"
] | {
"text": [
"6,000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105359 | 572829073acd2414000df5d8 | History_of_science | Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations ... | Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what? | Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what? | [
"Jean-Etienne Guettard and NIcolas Desmarest went to France and recorded what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the first geological maps"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105360 | 572829073acd2414000df5d9 | History_of_science | Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations ... | In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically? | In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically? | [
"In the 18th century, what changed geology drastically?"
] | {
"text": [
"comprehensive classification systems for rocks and minerals"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105361 | 572829073acd2414000df5da | History_of_science | Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations ... | What are used to create geological maps? | What are used to create geological maps? | [
"What are used to create geological maps?"
] | {
"text": [
"index fossils"
],
"answer_start": [
1002
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105362 | 572829073acd2414000df5db | History_of_science | Modern geology, like modern chemistry, gradually evolved during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Benoît de Maillet and the Comte de Buffon saw the Earth as much older than the 6,000 years envisioned by biblical scholars. Jean-Étienne Guettard and Nicolas Desmarest hiked central France and recorded their observations ... | What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin? | What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin? | [
"What geological theory was applied to the Paris Basin?"
] | {
"text": [
"layers of rock could be dated by the fossils they contained"
],
"answer_start": [
869
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105363 | 57282a294b864d190016462e | History_of_science | Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo... | What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century? | What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century? | [
"What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105364 | 57282a294b864d190016462f | History_of_science | Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo... | The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom? | The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom? | [
"The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom?"
] | {
"text": [
"Louis Agassiz"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105365 | 57282a294b864d1900164630 | History_of_science | Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo... | What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to? | What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to? | [
"What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"fluvialists"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105366 | 57282a294b864d1900164631 | History_of_science | Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo... | What did Ramsay believe about river valleys? | What did Ramsay believe about river valleys? | [
"What did Ramsay believe about river valleys?"
] | {
"text": [
"were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105367 | 57282a294b864d1900164632 | History_of_science | Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Lo... | What happened after radioactivity was realized? | What happened after radioactivity was realized? | [
"What happened after radioactivity was realized?"
] | {
"text": [
"radiometric dating methods were developed"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105368 | 57282afc4b864d1900164646 | History_of_science | In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporar... | What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession? | What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession? | [
"What was Ignac Fulop Semmelweis' profession?"
] | {
"text": [
"physician"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105369 | 57282afc4b864d1900164647 | History_of_science | In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporar... | How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever? | How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever? | [
"How did Semmelweis reduce puerperal fever?"
] | {
"text": [
"requiring physicians to wash their hands"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105370 | 57282afc4b864d1900164648 | History_of_science | In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporar... | What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth? | What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth? | [
"What came after the realization that physicians should was their hands before childbirth?"
] | {
"text": [
"the germ theory of disease"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105371 | 57282afc4b864d1900164649 | History_of_science | In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporar... | What did Joseph Lister prove? | What did Joseph Lister prove? | [
"What did Joseph Lister prove?"
] | {
"text": [
"antisepsis"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105372 | 57282afc4b864d190016464a | History_of_science | In 1847, Hungarian physician Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis dramatically reduced the occurrency of puerperal fever by simply requiring physicians to wash their hands before attending to women in childbirth. This discovery predated the germ theory of disease. However, Semmelweis' findings were not appreciated by his contemporar... | Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of? | Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of? | [
"Who did Joseph Lister base his work off of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Louis Pasteur"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105373 | 57282bca3acd2414000df61f | History_of_science | Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shap... | Which scientist championed the idea of evolution? | Which scientist championed the idea of evolution? | [
"Which scientist championed the idea of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105374 | 57282bca3acd2414000df620 | History_of_science | Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shap... | What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution? | What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution? | [
"What was the name of the book that Darwin wrote about evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"On the Origin of Species"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105375 | 57282bca3acd2414000df621 | History_of_science | Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shap... | What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution? | What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution? | [
"What was the reception of Darwin's ideas about evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"both opposition and support from different parts of society"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105376 | 57282bca3acd2414000df622 | History_of_science | Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shap... | Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance? | Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance? | [
"Who rediscovered the laws of inheritance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Moravian monk Gregor Mendel"
],
"answer_start": [
823
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105377 | 57282bca3acd2414000df623 | History_of_science | Perhaps the most prominent, controversial and far-reaching theory in all of science has been the theory of evolution by natural selection put forward by the British naturalist Charles Darwin in his book On the Origin of Species in 1859. Darwin proposed that the features of all living things, including humans, were shap... | What was the major break through for the study of genetics? | What was the major break through for the study of genetics? | [
"What was the major break through for the study of genetics?"
] | {
"text": [
"the basic structure of DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
1078
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105378 | 57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe6 | History_of_science | The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis... | The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects? | The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects? | [
"The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?"
] | {
"text": [
"Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105379 | 57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe7 | History_of_science | The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis... | What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on? | What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on? | [
"What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?"
] | {
"text": [
"the cycle of life concept"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105380 | 57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe8 | History_of_science | The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis... | Who came up with the word "ecology"? | Who came up with the word "ecology"? | [
"Who came up with the word \"ecology\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ernst Haeckel"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105381 | 57282cbb2ca10214002d9fe9 | History_of_science | The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis... | When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered? | When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered? | [
"When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
868
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105382 | 57282cbb2ca10214002d9fea | History_of_science | The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis... | What movement occurred during the 1970s? | What movement occurred during the 1970s? | [
"What movement occurred during the 1970s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Deep Ecology"
],
"answer_start": [
965
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105383 | 57282d29ff5b5019007d9e98 | History_of_science | Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characte... | What larger group does political science belong to? | What larger group does political science belong to? | [
"What larger group does political science belong to?"
] | {
"text": [
"social sciences"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105384 | 57282d29ff5b5019007d9e99 | History_of_science | Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characte... | Where did the ideas of political science begin? | Where did the ideas of political science begin? | [
"Where did the ideas of political science begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"prehistory"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105385 | 57282d29ff5b5019007d9e9a | History_of_science | Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characte... | In history, where could you find someone studying politics? | In history, where could you find someone studying politics? | [
"In history, where could you find someone studying politics?"
] | {
"text": [
"in almost every geographic area"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105386 | 57282ded2ca10214002da000 | History_of_science | In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analys... | Where did studying politics originate? | Where did studying politics originate? | [
"Where did studying politics originate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ancient Greece"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105387 | 57282ded2ca10214002da001 | History_of_science | In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analys... | What did Plato study? | What did Plato study? | [
"What did Plato study?"
] | {
"text": [
"political systems"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105388 | 57282ded2ca10214002da002 | History_of_science | In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analys... | What method did Plato use to understand political systems? | What method did Plato use to understand political systems? | [
"What method did Plato use to understand political systems?"
] | {
"text": [
"philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105389 | 57282ded2ca10214002da003 | History_of_science | In Western culture, the study of politics is first found in Ancient Greece. The antecedents of European politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analys... | What did Aristotle add to Plato's work? | What did Aristotle add to Plato's work? | [
"What did Aristotle add to Plato's work?"
] | {
"text": [
"historical empirical evidence"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105390 | 57282e763acd2414000df675 | History_of_science | An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invader... | Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with? | Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with? | [
"Who are Kautilya and Vishnugupta usually grouped with?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chāṇakya"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105391 | 57282e763acd2414000df676 | History_of_science | An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invader... | What did the Arthasastra say a king must use? | What did the Arthasastra say a king must use? | [
"What did the Arthasastra say a king must use?"
] | {
"text": [
"brutal measures"
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105392 | 57282e763acd2414000df677 | History_of_science | An ancient Indian treatise on statecraft, economic policy and military strategy by Kautilya and Viṣhṇugupta, who are traditionally identified with Chāṇakya (c. 350–-283 BCE). In this treatise, the behaviors and relationships of the people, the King, the State, the Government Superintendents, Courtiers, Enemies, Invader... | When was Chanakya alive? | When was Chanakya alive? | [
"When was Chanakya alive?"
] | {
"text": [
"350–-283 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105393 | 57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb4 | History_of_science | With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespre... | What allowed political studies to spread? | What allowed political studies to spread? | [
"What allowed political studies to spread?"
] | {
"text": [
"the fall of the Western Roman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105394 | 57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb5 | History_of_science | With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespre... | What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum? | What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum? | [
"What new idea caused politics to cover a larger spectrum?"
] | {
"text": [
"monotheism"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105395 | 57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb6 | History_of_science | With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespre... | Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages? | Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages? | [
"Where did politics touch in the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"churches and courts"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105396 | 57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb7 | History_of_science | With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespre... | Who wrote The City of God? | Who wrote The City of God? | [
"Who wrote The City of God?"
] | {
"text": [
"Augustine of Hippo"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105397 | 57282f40ff5b5019007d9eb8 | History_of_science | With the fall of the Western Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action[citation needed]. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespre... | What did The City of God change? | What did The City of God change? | [
"What did The City of God change?"
] | {
"text": [
"the borders between what was religious and what was political"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105398 | 57282fda2ca10214002da01e | History_of_science | Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and in... | What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century? | What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century? | [
"What new subject surface at the end of the 18th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Historical linguistics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-105399 | 57282fda2ca10214002da01f | History_of_science | Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and in... | Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation? | Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation? | [
"Who realized that languages like Sanskrit, Persian, and Greek share the same foundation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sir William Jones"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
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