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| title
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| question
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stringlengths 1
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| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-105400
|
57282fda2ca10214002da020
|
History_of_science
|
Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.
|
What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?
|
What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?
|
[
"What did Sir William Jones do to document his work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"catalog all languages of the world"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105401
|
57282fda2ca10214002da021
|
History_of_science
|
Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.
|
What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?
|
What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?
|
[
"What did Noam Chomsky add to the study of linguistics?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the development of generative linguistics"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105402
|
57282fda2ca10214002da022
|
History_of_science
|
Historical linguistics emerged as an independent field of study at the end of the 18th century. Sir William Jones proposed that Sanskrit, Persian, Greek, Latin, Gothic, and Celtic languages all shared a common base. After Jones, an effort to catalog all languages of the world was made throughout the 19th century and into the 20th century. Publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale created the development of descriptive linguistics. Descriptive linguistics, and the related structuralism movement caused linguistics to focus on how language changes over time, instead of just describing the differences between languages. Noam Chomsky further diversified linguistics with the development of generative linguistics in the 1950s. His effort is based upon a mathematical model of language that allows for the description and prediction of valid syntax. Additional specialties such as sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and computational linguistics have emerged from collaboration between linguistics and other disciplines.
|
What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?
|
What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?
|
[
"What method did Chomsky use to develop generative linguistics?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a mathematical model of language"
],
"answer_start": [
783
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105403
|
572830584b864d19001646b4
|
History_of_science
|
The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an "invisible hand" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.
|
Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?
|
Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?
|
[
"Who wrote An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Adam Smith"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105404
|
572830584b864d19001646b5
|
History_of_science
|
The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an "invisible hand" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.
|
What did Adam Smith's work cover?
|
What did Adam Smith's work cover?
|
[
"What did Adam Smith's work cover?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The basis for classical economics"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105405
|
572830584b864d19001646b6
|
History_of_science
|
The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an "invisible hand" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.
|
What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?
|
What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?
|
[
"What idea did Adam Smith disagree with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mercantilism"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105406
|
572830584b864d19001646b7
|
History_of_science
|
The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an "invisible hand" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.
|
What idea did Adam Smith propose?
|
What idea did Adam Smith propose?
|
[
"What idea did Adam Smith propose?"
] |
{
"text": [
"an \"invisible hand\""
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105407
|
572830584b864d19001646b8
|
History_of_science
|
The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an "invisible hand" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.
|
Who is Marxian economics named after?
|
Who is Marxian economics named after?
|
[
"Who is Marxian economics named after?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Karl Marx"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105408
|
572830f74b864d19001646cc
|
History_of_science
|
In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.
|
What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?
|
What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?
|
[
"What did John Maynard Keynes want to separate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"microeconomics and macroeconomics"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105409
|
572830f74b864d19001646cd
|
History_of_science
|
In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.
|
What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?
|
What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?
|
[
"What concept did Milton Friedman propose after World War II?"
] |
{
"text": [
"monetarism"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105410
|
572830f74b864d19001646ce
|
History_of_science
|
In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.
|
How did monaterism aim to control the economy?
|
How did monaterism aim to control the economy?
|
[
"How did monaterism aim to control the economy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"using the supply and demand of money"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105411
|
572830f74b864d19001646cf
|
History_of_science
|
In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.
|
In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?
|
In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?
|
[
"In the 1970s, what did monaterism turn into?"
] |
{
"text": [
"supply-side economics"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105412
|
572830f74b864d19001646d0
|
History_of_science
|
In the 1920s, John Maynard Keynes prompted a division between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Under Keynesian economics macroeconomic trends can overwhelm economic choices made by individuals. Governments should promote aggregate demand for goods as a means to encourage economic expansion. Following World War II, Milton Friedman created the concept of monetarism. Monetarism focuses on using the supply and demand of money as a method for controlling economic activity. In the 1970s, monetarism has adapted into supply-side economics which advocates reducing taxes as a means to increase the amount of money available for economic expansion.
|
How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?
|
How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?
|
[
"How did supply-side economics try to increase the amount of money in the market?"
] |
{
"text": [
"reducing taxes"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105413
|
57283167ff5b5019007d9ec6
|
History_of_science
|
The above "history of economics" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The "invisible hand" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to "Wealth of Nations", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this "invisible hand" acts only "frequently" and that it is "no part of his [the individual's] intentions" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating "his" invention. That this "invisible hand" prefers "the support of domestic to foreign industry" is cleansed—often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the "Wealth" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: "Wealth" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.
|
When was Wealth of Nations written?
|
When was Wealth of Nations written?
|
[
"When was Wealth of Nations written?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1776"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105414
|
57283167ff5b5019007d9ec7
|
History_of_science
|
The above "history of economics" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The "invisible hand" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to "Wealth of Nations", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this "invisible hand" acts only "frequently" and that it is "no part of his [the individual's] intentions" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating "his" invention. That this "invisible hand" prefers "the support of domestic to foreign industry" is cleansed—often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the "Wealth" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: "Wealth" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.
|
How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?
|
How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?
|
[
"How present was Smith's invisible hand intended to be?"
] |
{
"text": [
"frequently"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105415
|
57283167ff5b5019007d9ec8
|
History_of_science
|
The above "history of economics" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The "invisible hand" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to "Wealth of Nations", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this "invisible hand" acts only "frequently" and that it is "no part of his [the individual's] intentions" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating "his" invention. That this "invisible hand" prefers "the support of domestic to foreign industry" is cleansed—often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the "Wealth" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: "Wealth" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.
|
What happens in a market when there is competition?
|
What happens in a market when there is competition?
|
[
"What happens in a market when there is competition?"
] |
{
"text": [
"lower prices"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105416
|
57283167ff5b5019007d9ec9
|
History_of_science
|
The above "history of economics" reflects modern economic textbooks and this means that the last stage of a science is represented as the culmination of its history (Kuhn, 1962). The "invisible hand" mentioned in a lost page in the middle of a chapter in the middle of the to "Wealth of Nations", 1776, advances as Smith's central message.[clarification needed] It is played down that this "invisible hand" acts only "frequently" and that it is "no part of his [the individual's] intentions" because competition leads to lower prices by imitating "his" invention. That this "invisible hand" prefers "the support of domestic to foreign industry" is cleansed—often without indication that part of the citation is truncated. The opening passage of the "Wealth" containing Smith's message is never mentioned as it cannot be integrated into modern theory: "Wealth" depends on the division of labour which changes with market volume and on the proportion of productive to Unproductive labor.
|
What is the most important part of "Wealth"?
|
What is the most important part of "Wealth"?
|
[
"What is the most important part of \"Wealth\"?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the division of labour"
],
"answer_start": [
871
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105417
|
572831f64b864d19001646e6
|
History_of_science
|
The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.
|
What was the beginning of psychology classified as?
|
What was the beginning of psychology classified as?
|
[
"What was the beginning of psychology classified as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a scientific enterprise"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105418
|
572831f64b864d19001646e7
|
History_of_science
|
The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.
|
What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?
|
What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?
|
[
"What year is most commonly referred to as the beginning of psychology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1879"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105419
|
572831f64b864d19001646e8
|
History_of_science
|
The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.
|
Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?
|
Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?
|
[
"Who has the first lab completely dedicated to psychology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Wilhelm Wundt"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105420
|
572831f64b864d19001646e9
|
History_of_science
|
The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.
|
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?
|
What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?
|
[
"What did Hermann Ebbinghaus study?"
] |
{
"text": [
"memory studies"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105421
|
572831f64b864d19001646ea
|
History_of_science
|
The end of the 19th century marks the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. The year 1879 is commonly seen as the start of psychology as an independent field of study. In that year Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research (in Leipzig). Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (a pioneer in memory studies), Ivan Pavlov (who discovered classical conditioning), William James, and Sigmund Freud. Freud's influence has been enormous, though more as cultural icon than a force in scientific psychology.
|
What was Ivan Pavlov known for?
|
What was Ivan Pavlov known for?
|
[
"What was Ivan Pavlov known for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"classical conditioning"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105422
|
5728327a2ca10214002da066
|
History_of_science
|
The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.
|
What is the group that human psychology belongs to?
|
What is the group that human psychology belongs to?
|
[
"What is the group that human psychology belongs to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cognitive science"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105423
|
5728327a2ca10214002da067
|
History_of_science
|
The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.
|
What is investigated in cognitive science?
|
What is investigated in cognitive science?
|
[
"What is investigated in cognitive science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the mind"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105424
|
5728327a2ca10214002da068
|
History_of_science
|
The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.
|
What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?
|
What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?
|
[
"What inventions advanced the study of cognitive science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"PET scans and CAT scans"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105425
|
5728327a2ca10214002da069
|
History_of_science
|
The final decades of the 20th century have seen the rise of a new interdisciplinary approach to studying human psychology, known collectively as cognitive science. Cognitive science again considers the mind as a subject for investigation, using the tools of psychology, linguistics, computer science, philosophy, and neurobiology. New methods of visualizing the activity of the brain, such as PET scans and CAT scans, began to exert their influence as well, leading some researchers to investigate the mind by investigating the brain, rather than cognition. These new forms of investigation assume that a wide understanding of the human mind is possible, and that such an understanding may be applied to other research domains, such as artificial intelligence.
|
What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?
|
What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?
|
[
"What new technology could be created as a result of studying cognitive science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"artificial intelligence"
],
"answer_start": [
736
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105426
|
572832faff5b5019007d9ee6
|
History_of_science
|
Ibn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, understanding the cohesion of social groups, and developing an "antidote" to social disintegration. Max Weber was concerned with the modernization of society through the concept of rationalization, which he believed would trap individuals in an "iron cage" of rational thought. Some sociologists, including Georg Simmel and W. E. B. Du Bois, utilized more microsociological, qualitative analyses. This microlevel approach played an important role in American sociology, with the theories of George Herbert Mead and his student Herbert Blumer resulting in the creation of the symbolic interactionism approach to sociology.
|
What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?
|
What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?
|
[
"What was Ibn Khaldun's profession?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scientific systematic sociologist"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105427
|
572832faff5b5019007d9ee7
|
History_of_science
|
Ibn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, understanding the cohesion of social groups, and developing an "antidote" to social disintegration. Max Weber was concerned with the modernization of society through the concept of rationalization, which he believed would trap individuals in an "iron cage" of rational thought. Some sociologists, including Georg Simmel and W. E. B. Du Bois, utilized more microsociological, qualitative analyses. This microlevel approach played an important role in American sociology, with the theories of George Herbert Mead and his student Herbert Blumer resulting in the creation of the symbolic interactionism approach to sociology.
|
When did modern sociology surface?
|
When did modern sociology surface?
|
[
"When did modern sociology surface?"
] |
{
"text": [
"early 19th century"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105428
|
572832faff5b5019007d9ee8
|
History_of_science
|
Ibn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, understanding the cohesion of social groups, and developing an "antidote" to social disintegration. Max Weber was concerned with the modernization of society through the concept of rationalization, which he believed would trap individuals in an "iron cage" of rational thought. Some sociologists, including Georg Simmel and W. E. B. Du Bois, utilized more microsociological, qualitative analyses. This microlevel approach played an important role in American sociology, with the theories of George Herbert Mead and his student Herbert Blumer resulting in the creation of the symbolic interactionism approach to sociology.
|
What is the main goal of sociology?
|
What is the main goal of sociology?
|
[
"What is the main goal of sociology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"understanding the cohesion of social groups"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105429
|
572832faff5b5019007d9ee9
|
History_of_science
|
Ibn Khaldun can be regarded as the earliest scientific systematic sociologist. The modern sociology, emerged in the early 19th century as the academic response to the modernization of the world. Among many early sociologists (e.g., Émile Durkheim), the aim of sociology was in structuralism, understanding the cohesion of social groups, and developing an "antidote" to social disintegration. Max Weber was concerned with the modernization of society through the concept of rationalization, which he believed would trap individuals in an "iron cage" of rational thought. Some sociologists, including Georg Simmel and W. E. B. Du Bois, utilized more microsociological, qualitative analyses. This microlevel approach played an important role in American sociology, with the theories of George Herbert Mead and his student Herbert Blumer resulting in the creation of the symbolic interactionism approach to sociology.
|
How did Max Weber view rationalization?
|
How did Max Weber view rationalization?
|
[
"How did Max Weber view rationalization?"
] |
{
"text": [
"he believed would trap individuals in an \"iron cage\""
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105430
|
5728339a2ca10214002da096
|
History_of_science
|
American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.
|
Who was the major proponent of American sociology?
|
Who was the major proponent of American sociology?
|
[
"Who was the major proponent of American sociology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Talcott Parsons"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105431
|
5728339a2ca10214002da097
|
History_of_science
|
American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.
|
What did Parsons believe made a functional society?
|
What did Parsons believe made a functional society?
|
[
"What did Parsons believe made a functional society?"
] |
{
"text": [
"structural integration"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105432
|
5728339a2ca10214002da098
|
History_of_science
|
American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.
|
What was the problem with the views of Parsons?
|
What was the problem with the views of Parsons?
|
[
"What was the problem with the views of Parsons?"
] |
{
"text": [
"inequalities present in the status quo"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105433
|
5728339a2ca10214002da099
|
History_of_science
|
American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.
|
What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?
|
What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?
|
[
"What idea from Karl Marx was used to combat the problems with structural integration?"
] |
{
"text": [
"conflict theory"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105434
|
5728339a2ca10214002da09a
|
History_of_science
|
American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore "functional". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing "backstage" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.
|
What is the main belief of conflict theory?
|
What is the main belief of conflict theory?
|
[
"What is the main belief of conflict theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"different groups compete for control over resources"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105435
|
57283431ff5b5019007d9ef8
|
History_of_science
|
Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering.
|
What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?
|
What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?
|
[
"What science is based on linguistics, mathematics, and engineering?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Computer science"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105436
|
57283431ff5b5019007d9ef9
|
History_of_science
|
Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering.
|
How has computer science helped science as a whole?
|
How has computer science helped science as a whole?
|
[
"How has computer science helped science as a whole?"
] |
{
"text": [
"by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105437
|
57283431ff5b5019007d9efa
|
History_of_science
|
Computer science, built upon a foundation of theoretical linguistics, discrete mathematics, and electrical engineering, studies the nature and limits of computation. Subfields include computability, computational complexity, database design, computer networking, artificial intelligence, and the design of computer hardware. One area in which advances in computing have contributed to more general scientific development is by facilitating large-scale archiving of scientific data. Contemporary computer science typically distinguishes itself by emphasising mathematical 'theory' in contrast to the practical emphasis of software engineering.
|
What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?
|
What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?
|
[
"What is the differing characteristic of contemporary computer science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"emphasising mathematical 'theory'"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105438
|
572834e03acd2414000df6ef
|
History_of_science
|
As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.
|
What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?
|
What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?
|
[
"What text is the foundation of the study of the history of science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"History of the Inductive Sciences"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105439
|
572834e03acd2414000df6f0
|
History_of_science
|
As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.
|
Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?
|
Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?
|
[
"Who wrote a more professional version of History of the Inductive Sciences?"
] |
{
"text": [
"George Sarton's"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105440
|
572834e03acd2414000df6f1
|
History_of_science
|
As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.
|
What was the history of science during the 20th century?
|
What was the history of science during the 20th century?
|
[
"What was the history of science during the 20th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the history of great men and great ideas"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105441
|
572834e03acd2414000df6f2
|
History_of_science
|
As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.
|
How could Sarton's ideas be described?
|
How could Sarton's ideas be described?
|
[
"How could Sarton's ideas be described?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Whiggish"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105442
|
572834e03acd2414000df6f3
|
History_of_science
|
As an academic field, history of science began with the publication of William Whewell's History of the Inductive Sciences (first published in 1837). A more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by George Sarton's publications, Introduction to the History of Science (1927) and the Isis journal (founded in 1912). Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The history of science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested scientists and physicians rather than professional historians. With the work of I. Bernard Cohen at Harvard, the history of science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.
|
Who studied the history of science?
|
Who studied the history of science?
|
[
"Who studied the history of science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"interested scientists and physicians"
],
"answer_start": [
740
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105443
|
5728355f4b864d1900164728
|
History_of_science
|
Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the ways in which they "produce" and "construct" scientific knowledge. Since the 1960s, a common trend in science studies (the study of the sociology and history of science) has been to emphasize the "human component" of scientific knowledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data are self-evident, value-free, and context-free. The field of Science and Technology Studies, an area that overlaps and often informs historical studies of science, focuses on the social context of science in both contemporary and historical periods.
|
What is the large question that the history of science answers?
|
What is the large question that the history of science answers?
|
[
"What is the large question that the history of science answers?"
] |
{
"text": [
"what science is"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105444
|
5728355f4b864d1900164729
|
History_of_science
|
Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the ways in which they "produce" and "construct" scientific knowledge. Since the 1960s, a common trend in science studies (the study of the sociology and history of science) has been to emphasize the "human component" of scientific knowledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data are self-evident, value-free, and context-free. The field of Science and Technology Studies, an area that overlaps and often informs historical studies of science, focuses on the social context of science in both contemporary and historical periods.
|
What did sociology in science explain?
|
What did sociology in science explain?
|
[
"What did sociology in science explain?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the ways in which scientists work"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105445
|
5728355f4b864d190016472a
|
History_of_science
|
Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science is, how it functions, and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends. The sociology of science in particular has focused on the ways in which scientists work, looking closely at the ways in which they "produce" and "construct" scientific knowledge. Since the 1960s, a common trend in science studies (the study of the sociology and history of science) has been to emphasize the "human component" of scientific knowledge, and to de-emphasize the view that scientific data are self-evident, value-free, and context-free. The field of Science and Technology Studies, an area that overlaps and often informs historical studies of science, focuses on the social context of science in both contemporary and historical periods.
|
What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?
|
What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?
|
[
"What was the most popular method in the 1960s regarding science studies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to emphasize the \"human component\" of scientific knowledge"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105446
|
572835be2ca10214002da0d6
|
History_of_science
|
Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.
|
What did Humboldtian science aim to do?
|
What did Humboldtian science aim to do?
|
[
"What did Humboldtian science aim to do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105447
|
572835be2ca10214002da0d7
|
History_of_science
|
Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.
|
Who was the model for Humboldtian science?
|
Who was the model for Humboldtian science?
|
[
"Who was the model for Humboldtian science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Alexander von Humboldt"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105448
|
572835be2ca10214002da0d8
|
History_of_science
|
Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.
|
What idea did positivism provide?
|
What idea did positivism provide?
|
[
"What idea did positivism provide?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the only valid knowledge is scientific"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105449
|
5728364e4b864d1900164748
|
History_of_science
|
The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science. As Thomas Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. "Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific."
|
Where did the social aspect of science originate?
|
Where did the social aspect of science originate?
|
[
"Where did the social aspect of science originate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105450
|
5728364e4b864d1900164749
|
History_of_science
|
The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science. As Thomas Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. "Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific."
|
What idea did social science add to science as a whole?
|
What idea did social science add to science as a whole?
|
[
"What idea did social science add to science as a whole?"
] |
{
"text": [
"positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105451
|
5728364e4b864d190016474a
|
History_of_science
|
The mid 20th century saw a series of studies relying to the role of science in a social context, starting from Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. It opened the study of science to new disciplines by suggesting that the evolution of science was in part sociologically determined and that positivism did not explain the actual interactions and strategies of the human participants in science. As Thomas Kuhn put it, the history of science may be seen in more nuanced terms, such as that of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix that includes intellectual, cultural, economic and political themes outside of science. "Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific."
|
How did Kuhn view the history of science?
|
How did Kuhn view the history of science?
|
[
"How did Kuhn view the history of science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"competing paradigms or conceptual systems"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105452
|
572837282ca10214002da0ec
|
History_of_science
|
Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?"
|
What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?
|
What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?
|
[
"What did Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems describe the scientific community as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a social construct"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105453
|
572837282ca10214002da0ed
|
History_of_science
|
Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?"
|
What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?
|
What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?
|
[
"What was the era called when scientists were rejecting the notion of objectivity of science?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Science wars"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105454
|
572837282ca10214002da0ee
|
History_of_science
|
Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?"
|
What was positivism called after it was revived?
|
What was positivism called after it was revived?
|
[
"What was positivism called after it was revived?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scientism"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105455
|
572837282ca10214002da0ef
|
History_of_science
|
Further studies, e.g. Jerome Ravetz 1971 Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems referred to the role of the scientific community, as a social construct, in accepting or rejecting (objective) scientific knowledge. The Science wars of the 1990 were about the influence of especially French philosophers, which denied the objectivity of science in general or seemed to do so. They described as well differences between the idealized model of a pure science and the actual scientific practice; while scientism, a revival of the positivism approach, saw in precise measurement and rigorous calculation the basis for finally settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies. However, more recently some of the leading critical theorists have recognized that their postmodern deconstructions have at times been counter-productive, and are providing intellectual ammunition for reactionary interests. Bruno Latour noted that "dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we meant?"
|
What did scientism aim to do?
|
What did scientism aim to do?
|
[
"What did scientism aim to do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"settling enduring metaphysical and moral controversies"
],
"answer_start": [
625
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105456
|
56e0f1cd231d4119001ac494
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?
|
How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?
|
[
"How many official radio and television networks does the government of Somalia operate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105457
|
56e0f1cd231d4119001ac495
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?
|
Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?
|
[
"Are communication services in Somalia mainly located in the public or private sector?"
] |
{
"text": [
"private"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105458
|
56e0f1cd231d4119001ac496
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?
|
As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?
|
[
"As internet access increases, news media and online portals replace what form of media?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Print media"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105459
|
56e0f1cd231d4119001ac497
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?
|
What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?
|
[
"What year was the national postal service of Somalia relaunched?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2013"
],
"answer_start": [
676
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105460
|
56e0f1cd231d4119001ac498
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?
|
In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?
|
[
"In 2012, what act was approved to establish a National Communications regulator?"
] |
{
"text": [
"National Communications Act"
],
"answer_start": [
714
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105461
|
56e10cc5cd28a01900c674cd
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?
|
Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?
|
[
"Are communications services in Somalia mostly concentrated in the public or private sector?"
] |
{
"text": [
"private"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105462
|
56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7a
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?
|
Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?
|
[
"Communications in Somalia are mostly concentrated in what sector?"
] |
{
"text": [
"private"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105463
|
56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7b
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?
|
How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?
|
[
"How many official rado iand TV networks does the governemt of Somalia run?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105464
|
56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7c
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?
|
What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?
|
[
"What type of media decreases and internet connectivity increases?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Print media"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105465
|
56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7d
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?
|
What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?
|
[
"What types of media increases as internet connectivity and access increases?"
] |
{
"text": [
"radio stations and online portals"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105466
|
56e1b286cd28a01900c67a7e
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?
|
What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?
|
[
"What year is the postal service in Somalia set to relaunch?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2013"
],
"answer_start": [
676
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105467
|
5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1754
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
How many private and foreign radio and television networks does the government of Somalia have?
|
How many private and foreign radio and television networks does the government of Somalia have?
|
[
"How many private and foreign radio and television networks does the government of Somalia have?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105468
|
5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1755
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
When was the national postal service of Somalia first started?
|
When was the national postal service of Somalia first started?
|
[
"When was the national postal service of Somalia first started?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105469
|
5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1756
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
Why is increasing overseas activities causing print media to decrease?
|
Why is increasing overseas activities causing print media to decrease?
|
[
"Why is increasing overseas activities causing print media to decrease?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105470
|
5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1757
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
What communication does the public sector concentrate in?
|
What communication does the public sector concentrate in?
|
[
"What communication does the public sector concentrate in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105471
|
5a54e4f7134fea001a0e1758
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
Communications in Somalia encompasses the communications services and capacity of Somalia. Telecommunications, internet, radio, print, television and postal services in the nation are largely concentrated in the private sector. Several of the telecom firms have begun expanding their activities abroad. The Federal government operates two official radio and television networks, which exist alongside a number of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is also progressively giving way to news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. Additionally, the national postal service is slated to be officially relaunched in 2013 after a long absence. In 2012, a National Communications Act was also approved by Cabinet members, which lays the foundation for the establishment of a National Communications regulator in the broadcasting and telecommunications sectors.
|
When was the National Communications Act dismantled?
|
When was the National Communications Act dismantled?
|
[
"When was the National Communications Act dismantled?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105472
|
56e0f607231d4119001ac4e5
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?
|
Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?
|
[
"Who funded the new telecommunications firms in Somalia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Somali entrepreneurs"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105473
|
56e0f607231d4119001ac4e6
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.
|
China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms.
|
[
"China, Korea, and Europe lent what to the creation of the new firms."
] |
{
"text": [
"expertise"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105474
|
56e0f607231d4119001ac4e7
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?
|
What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?
|
[
"What do the new telecommunications firms in Somalia offer that is not available in many other parts of the continent?"
] |
{
"text": [
"affordable mobile phone and internet services"
],
"answer_start": [
428
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105475
|
56e0f607231d4119001ac4e8
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?
|
Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?
|
[
"Money transfers and wireless internet are two things that customers can now accomplish via what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mobile phones"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105476
|
56e1b39fcd28a01900c67a84
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?
|
When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?
|
[
"When the civil war began, many telecomunications companies were created to provide missing what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"infrastructure"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105477
|
5a54e6d8134fea001a0e175e
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
What did Chinese entrepreneurs create?
|
What did Chinese entrepreneurs create?
|
[
"What did Chinese entrepreneurs create?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105478
|
5a54e6d8134fea001a0e175f
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
Before the civil war, what jobs were being created?
|
Before the civil war, what jobs were being created?
|
[
"Before the civil war, what jobs were being created?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105479
|
5a54e6d8134fea001a0e1760
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
Besides Somalia, what country has the best telecommunications?
|
Besides Somalia, what country has the best telecommunications?
|
[
"Besides Somalia, what country has the best telecommunications?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105480
|
5a54e6d8134fea001a0e1761
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
Why are the Somalian telecommunication companies so expensive?
|
Why are the Somalian telecommunication companies so expensive?
|
[
"Why are the Somalian telecommunication companies so expensive?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105481
|
5a54e6d8134fea001a0e1762
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After the start of the civil war, various new telecommunications companies began to spring up in the country and competed to provide missing infrastructure. Somalia now offers some of the most technologically advanced and competitively priced telecommunications and internet services in the world. Funded by Somali entrepreneurs and backed by expertise from China, Korea and Europe, these nascent telecommunications firms offer affordable mobile phone and internet services that are not available in many other parts of the continent. Customers can conduct money transfers (such as through the popular Dahabshiil) and other banking activities via mobile phones, as well as easily gain wireless Internet access.
|
What can customers do with their phones besides money transfers and banking activities?
|
What can customers do with their phones besides money transfers and banking activities?
|
[
"What can customers do with their phones besides money transfers and banking activities?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105482
|
56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a98
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?
|
Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?
|
[
"Sprint, ITT, and Telenor are examples of what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"multinational corporations"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105483
|
56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a99
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?
|
Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?
|
[
"Who provides service to every City, town, and hamlet in Somalia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Somali telecommunication companies"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105484
|
56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9a
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?
|
aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?
|
[
"aproximately how many main lines are there per 1000 people?"
] |
{
"text": [
"25"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105485
|
56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9b
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
what is another word for availability of telephone lines?
|
what is another word for availability of telephone lines?
|
[
"what is another word for availability of telephone lines?"
] |
{
"text": [
"tele-density"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105486
|
56e1b4f3cd28a01900c67a9c
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?
|
How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?
|
[
"How much does Hormuud Telecom gross per year?"
] |
{
"text": [
"$40 million"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105487
|
5a54e7bf134fea001a0e1768
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
Who offers the most expensive phone calls in Africa?
|
Who offers the most expensive phone calls in Africa?
|
[
"Who offers the most expensive phone calls in Africa?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105488
|
5a54e7bf134fea001a0e1769
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
How much does the Somali Telecom Group gross per year?
|
How much does the Somali Telecom Group gross per year?
|
[
"How much does the Somali Telecom Group gross per year?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105489
|
5a54e7bf134fea001a0e176a
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
Which companies agreed to a deal that would limit competition?
|
Which companies agreed to a deal that would limit competition?
|
[
"Which companies agreed to a deal that would limit competition?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105490
|
5a54e7bf134fea001a0e176b
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
How much higher is the Somalia teledensity compared to Niger?
|
How much higher is the Somalia teledensity compared to Niger?
|
[
"How much higher is the Somalia teledensity compared to Niger?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105491
|
5a54e7bf134fea001a0e176c
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
After forming partnerships with multinational corporations such as Sprint, ITT and Telenor, these firms now offer the cheapest and clearest phone calls in Africa. These Somali telecommunication companies also provide services to every city, town and hamlet in Somalia. There are presently around 25 mainlines per 1,000 persons, and the local availability of telephone lines (tele-density) is higher than in neighboring countries; three times greater than in adjacent Ethiopia. Prominent Somali telecommunications companies include Somtel Network, Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom and Somali Telecom Group. Hormuud Telecom alone grosses about $40 million a year. Despite their rivalry, several of these companies signed an interconnectivity deal in 2005 that allows them to set prices, maintain and expand their networks, and ensure that competition does not get out of control.
|
What percentage of the Somali telecommunications does Hormuud Telecom make up?
|
What percentage of the Somali telecommunications does Hormuud Telecom make up?
|
[
"What percentage of the Somali telecommunications does Hormuud Telecom make up?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105492
|
56e1b646e3433e14004230cc
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
|
What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?
|
What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?
|
[
"What year did Dahabhiil acquire the majority of Somtal network?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2008"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105493
|
56e1b646e3433e14004230cd
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
|
Where is Somtal network located?
|
Where is Somtal network located?
|
[
"Where is Somtal network located?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hargeisa"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105494
|
56e1b646e3433e14004230ce
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
|
Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?
|
Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?
|
[
"Buying Somtal Network allowed Dahabshiil to expand into what type of banking?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mobile banking"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105495
|
56e1b646e3433e14004230cf
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
|
STC stands for what?
|
STC stands for what?
|
[
"STC stands for what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Somali Telecommunication Company"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105496
|
56e1b646e3433e14004230d0
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
|
The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?
|
The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?
|
[
"The STC allows its customers to communicate across how many networks?"
] |
{
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105497
|
5a54f990134fea001a0e178a
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
|
Who is Dahabshiil Group's partner in the Somtel Network?
|
Who is Dahabshiil Group's partner in the Somtel Network?
|
[
"Who is Dahabshiil Group's partner in the Somtel Network?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105498
|
5a54f990134fea001a0e178b
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
|
Who owned the majority of Somtel Network before Dahabshiil?
|
Who owned the majority of Somtel Network before Dahabshiil?
|
[
"Who owned the majority of Somtel Network before Dahabshiil?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105499
|
5a54f990134fea001a0e178c
|
Communications_in_Somalia
|
In 2008, Dahabshiil Group acquired a majority stake in Somtel Network, a Hargeisa-based telecommunications firm specialising in high speed broadband, mobile internet, LTE services, mobile money transfer and mobile phone services. The acquisition provided Dahabshiil with the necessary platform for a subsequent expansion into mobile banking, a growth industry in the regional banking sector. In 2014, Somalia's three largest telecommunication operators, Hormuud Telecom, NationLink and Somtel, also signed an interconnection agreement. The cooperative deal will see the firms establish the Somali Telecommunication Company (STC), which will allow their mobile clients to communicate across the three networks.
|
How many networks do STC customers still not have access to?
|
How many networks do STC customers still not have access to?
|
[
"How many networks do STC customers still not have access to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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