gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-105700
|
5a5671d26349e2001acdcd59
|
Compact_disc
|
Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.
|
Who created the CD?
|
Who created the CD?
|
[
"Who created the CD?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105701
|
5a5671d26349e2001acdcd5a
|
Compact_disc
|
Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.
|
What does CD-i stand for?
|
What does CD-i stand for?
|
[
"What does CD-i stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105702
|
572ec816c246551400ce4656
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?
|
In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?
|
[
"In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2014"
],
"answer_start": [
409
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105703
|
572ec816c246551400ce4657
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?
|
How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?
|
[
"How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?"
] |
{
"text": [
"200 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105704
|
572ec816c246551400ce4658
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience?
|
What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience?
|
[
"What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience?"
] |
{
"text": [
"50%"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105705
|
572f6096b2c2fd140056808c
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007?
|
How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007?
|
[
"How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007?"
] |
{
"text": [
"200 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105706
|
572f6096b2c2fd140056808d
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?
|
In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?
|
[
"In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?"
] |
{
"text": [
"30 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105707
|
5a5672ad6349e2001acdcd68
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
What year did digital media begin to replace CDs?
|
What year did digital media begin to replace CDs?
|
[
"What year did digital media begin to replace CDs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105708
|
5a5672ad6349e2001acdcd69
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
How many CDs had been sold in the US by 2007?
|
How many CDs had been sold in the US by 2007?
|
[
"How many CDs had been sold in the US by 2007?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105709
|
5a5672ad6349e2001acdcd6a
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
In what year did CD sales peak?
|
In what year did CD sales peak?
|
[
"In what year did CD sales peak?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105710
|
5a5672ad6349e2001acdcd6b
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
Why are CD sales doing better than digital storage services?
|
Why are CD sales doing better than digital storage services?
|
[
"Why are CD sales doing better than digital storage services?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105711
|
5a5672ad6349e2001acdcd6c
|
Compact_disc
|
In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.
|
How have CD sales changed internationally?
|
How have CD sales changed internationally?
|
[
"How have CD sales changed internationally?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105712
|
572ec92bdfa6aa1500f8d3b5
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?
|
Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?
|
[
"Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Philips and Sony"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105713
|
572ec92bdfa6aa1500f8d3b6
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?
|
How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?
|
[
"How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a year"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105714
|
572ec92bdfa6aa1500f8d3b8
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?
|
How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?
|
[
"How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?"
] |
{
"text": [
"400,000"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105715
|
572f6c84b2c2fd1400568101
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
What did the CD evolve from?
|
What did the CD evolve from?
|
[
"What did the CD evolve from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"LaserDisc"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105716
|
572f6c84b2c2fd1400568102
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?
|
What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?
|
[
"What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?"
] |
{
"text": [
"unified design"
],
"answer_start": [
831
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105717
|
572f6c84b2c2fd1400568103
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?
|
To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?
|
[
"To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cooperation between Philips and Sony"
],
"answer_start": [
724
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105718
|
572f6c84b2c2fd1400568104
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
What year did CD players become available for purchase?
|
What year did CD players become available for purchase?
|
[
"What year did CD players become available for purchase?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1982"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105719
|
5a5673a56349e2001acdcd72
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
Which company created the CD first?
|
Which company created the CD first?
|
[
"Which company created the CD first?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105720
|
5a5673a56349e2001acdcd73
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
How many CD players sold in 1984?
|
How many CD players sold in 1984?
|
[
"How many CD players sold in 1984?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105721
|
5a5673a56349e2001acdcd74
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
What year was the LaserDisc created?
|
What year was the LaserDisc created?
|
[
"What year was the LaserDisc created?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105722
|
5a5673a56349e2001acdcd75
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
How long was the Red Book CD-DA in print?
|
How long was the Red Book CD-DA in print?
|
[
"How long was the Red Book CD-DA in print?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105723
|
5a5673a56349e2001acdcd76
|
Compact_disc
|
The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.
|
How were customers disadvantaged by the Philips and Sony merger?
|
How were customers disadvantaged by the Philips and Sony merger?
|
[
"How were customers disadvantaged by the Philips and Sony merger?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105724
|
572ecc7bdfa6aa1500f8d3d3
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?
|
In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?
|
[
"In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1977"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105725
|
572ecc7bdfa6aa1500f8d3d4
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?
|
What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?
|
[
"What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?"
] |
{
"text": [
"11.5 cm"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105726
|
572ecc7bdfa6aa1500f8d3d5
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format?
|
What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format?
|
[
"What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1974"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105727
|
572ecc7bdfa6aa1500f8d3d6
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974?
|
Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974?
|
[
"Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974?"
] |
{
"text": [
"L. Ottens"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105728
|
5a56743b6349e2001acdcd82
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
What Philips engineer recommended a digital format?
|
What Philips engineer recommended a digital format?
|
[
"What Philips engineer recommended a digital format?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105729
|
5a56743b6349e2001acdcd83
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
What was the 20cm diameter based on?
|
What was the 20cm diameter based on?
|
[
"What was the 20cm diameter based on?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105730
|
5a56743b6349e2001acdcd84
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
What year was the digital audio disc released?
|
What year was the digital audio disc released?
|
[
"What year was the digital audio disc released?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105731
|
5a56743b6349e2001acdcd85
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
How many engineer recommended the 11.5 cm diameter?
|
How many engineer recommended the 11.5 cm diameter?
|
[
"How many engineer recommended the 11.5 cm diameter?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105732
|
5a56743b6349e2001acdcd86
|
Compact_disc
|
In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.
|
Who was the director of Philips by 1977?
|
Who was the director of Philips by 1977?
|
[
"Who was the director of Philips by 1977?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105733
|
572ecf7acb0c0d14000f15c8
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?
|
Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?
|
[
"Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Brussels"
],
"answer_start": [
1069
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105734
|
572ecf7bcb0c0d14000f15c9
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?
|
Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?
|
[
"Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Heitaro Nakajima"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105735
|
572ecf7bcb0c0d14000f15ca
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?
|
What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?
|
[
"What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1976"
],
"answer_start": [
460
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105736
|
572ecf7bcb0c0d14000f15cc
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?
|
Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?
|
[
"Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Eindhoven, Netherlands"
],
"answer_start": [
1303
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105737
|
572f62b404bcaa1900d768b5
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?
|
What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?
|
[
"What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Betamax video recorder"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105738
|
572f62b404bcaa1900d768b9
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?
|
When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?
|
[
"When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1 March 1979"
],
"answer_start": [
1123
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105739
|
5a5676156349e2001acdcd8c
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
What Japanese city is NHK located in?
|
What Japanese city is NHK located in?
|
[
"What Japanese city is NHK located in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105740
|
5a5676156349e2001acdcd8d
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
Who was Sony's general manager in 1970?
|
Who was Sony's general manager in 1970?
|
[
"Who was Sony's general manager in 1970?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105741
|
5a5676156349e2001acdcd8e
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
When was the Betamax video recorder created?
|
When was the Betamax video recorder created?
|
[
"When was the Betamax video recorder created?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105742
|
5a5676156349e2001acdcd8f
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
How many minutes could Sony's 1976 optical digital disk play?
|
How many minutes could Sony's 1976 optical digital disk play?
|
[
"How many minutes could Sony's 1976 optical digital disk play?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105743
|
5a5676156349e2001acdcd90
|
Compact_disc
|
Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.
|
What was the sampling rate of Philips' 1979 optical digital dic?
|
What was the sampling rate of Philips' 1979 optical digital dic?
|
[
"What was the sampling rate of Philips' 1979 optical digital dic?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105744
|
572ed1a3dfa6aa1500f8d401
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?
|
In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?
|
[
"In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105745
|
572ed1a3dfa6aa1500f8d402
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?
|
What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?
|
[
"What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1980"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105746
|
572ed1a3dfa6aa1500f8d403
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard?
|
When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard?
|
[
"When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1987"
],
"answer_start": [
439
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105747
|
572ed1a3dfa6aa1500f8d404
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force?
|
Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force?
|
[
"Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105748
|
5a5678176349e2001acdcd96
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
Which company did Kees Schouhamer Immink work for?
|
Which company did Kees Schouhamer Immink work for?
|
[
"Which company did Kees Schouhamer Immink work for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105749
|
5a5678176349e2001acdcd97
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
What did the team create five years after joining?
|
What did the team create five years after joining?
|
[
"What did the team create five years after joining?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105750
|
5a5678176349e2001acdcd98
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
What does IEC stand for?
|
What does IEC stand for?
|
[
"What does IEC stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105751
|
5a5678176349e2001acdcd99
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
Who wrote the amendments in 1996?
|
Who wrote the amendments in 1996?
|
[
"Who wrote the amendments in 1996?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105752
|
5a5678176349e2001acdcd9a
|
Compact_disc
|
As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.
|
What did CD-DA stand for?
|
What did CD-DA stand for?
|
[
"What did CD-DA stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105753
|
572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41b
|
Compact_disc
|
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.
|
Who first sold a million copies on CD?
|
Who first sold a million copies on CD?
|
[
"Who first sold a million copies on CD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Dire Straits"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105754
|
572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41c
|
Compact_disc
|
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.
|
Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?
|
Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?
|
[
"Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"David Bowie"
],
"answer_start": [
771
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105755
|
572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41d
|
Compact_disc
|
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.
|
What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?
|
What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?
|
[
"What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1985"
],
"answer_start": [
670
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105756
|
572ed426dfa6aa1500f8d41f
|
Compact_disc
|
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.
|
How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?
|
How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?
|
[
"How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?"
] |
{
"text": [
"400 million"
],
"answer_start": [
907
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105757
|
572f63fc04bcaa1900d768cb
|
Compact_disc
|
The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.
|
How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
|
How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
|
[
"How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?"
] |
{
"text": [
"15"
],
"answer_start": [
790
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105758
|
572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d439
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
What does ROM stand for?
|
What does ROM stand for?
|
[
"What does ROM stand for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"read-only memory"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105759
|
572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43a
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?
|
What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?
|
[
"What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1990"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105760
|
572ed6a6dfa6aa1500f8d43c
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
What year was the 73rd AES Convention?
|
What year was the 73rd AES Convention?
|
[
"What year was the 73rd AES Convention?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1983"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105761
|
572f6486b2c2fd14005680af
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
What was the CDs predecessor?
|
What was the CDs predecessor?
|
[
"What was the CDs predecessor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gramophone record"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105762
|
5a567a6f6349e2001acdcda0
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
When was the gramophone released?
|
When was the gramophone released?
|
[
"When was the gramophone released?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105763
|
5a567a6f6349e2001acdcda1
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
What was the problem with recordable CDs?
|
What was the problem with recordable CDs?
|
[
"What was the problem with recordable CDs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105764
|
5a567a6f6349e2001acdcda2
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
When was the DVD first released?
|
When was the DVD first released?
|
[
"When was the DVD first released?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105765
|
5a567a6f6349e2001acdcda3
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
Who created the DVD and Blu-ray discs?
|
Who created the DVD and Blu-ray discs?
|
[
"Who created the DVD and Blu-ray discs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105766
|
5a567a6f6349e2001acdcda4
|
Compact_disc
|
The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.
|
Who created the gramophone?
|
Who created the gramophone?
|
[
"Who created the gramophone?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105767
|
572eda3ec246551400ce4727
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?
|
What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?
|
[
"What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?"
] |
{
"text": [
"34 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105768
|
572eda3ec246551400ce4728
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?
|
Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?
|
[
"Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105769
|
572eda3ec246551400ce4729
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
How are MP3s compressed?
|
How are MP3s compressed?
|
[
"How are MP3s compressed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"lossily-compressed"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105770
|
572f657cb2c2fd14005680c4
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
When did CD sales experience their original decline?
|
When did CD sales experience their original decline?
|
[
"When did CD sales experience their original decline?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2000s"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105771
|
572f657cb2c2fd14005680c5
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
|
What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
|
[
"What has caused a decrease in CD sales?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Internet-based distribution of files"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105772
|
5a567c226349e2001acdcdb0
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
In what year did CDs have an unusual spike in sales?
|
In what year did CDs have an unusual spike in sales?
|
[
"In what year did CDs have an unusual spike in sales?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105773
|
5a567c226349e2001acdcdb1
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
What percentage of music sales do MP3s make up?
|
What percentage of music sales do MP3s make up?
|
[
"What percentage of music sales do MP3s make up?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105774
|
5a567c226349e2001acdcdb2
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
How are CDs compressed?
|
How are CDs compressed?
|
[
"How are CDs compressed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105775
|
5a567c226349e2001acdcdb3
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
By what percentage have DIY and independent CDs increased?
|
By what percentage have DIY and independent CDs increased?
|
[
"By what percentage have DIY and independent CDs increased?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105776
|
5a567c226349e2001acdcdb4
|
Compact_disc
|
Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.
|
When did MP3 sales take off in Japan?
|
When did MP3 sales take off in Japan?
|
[
"When did MP3 sales take off in Japan?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105777
|
572f6665a23a5019007fc5d7
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
How are CDs mass produced?
|
How are CDs mass produced?
|
[
"How are CDs mass produced?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hydraulic press"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105778
|
572f6665a23a5019007fc5d8
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
What type of material is used to make CDs?
|
What type of material is used to make CDs?
|
[
"What type of material is used to make CDs?"
] |
{
"text": [
"raw polycarbonate plastic"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105779
|
572f6665a23a5019007fc5d9
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?
|
What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?
|
[
"What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"15 mm"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105780
|
572f6665a23a5019007fc5da
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
How long does it take to stamp out one CD?
|
How long does it take to stamp out one CD?
|
[
"How long does it take to stamp out one CD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two to three seconds"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105781
|
572f6665a23a5019007fc5db
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
What is the term for the center hole in a CD?
|
What is the term for the center hole in a CD?
|
[
"What is the term for the center hole in a CD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"stacking ring"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105782
|
5a568fd86349e2001acdce34
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
How large is the screw that forces the plastic into the cavity?
|
How large is the screw that forces the plastic into the cavity?
|
[
"How large is the screw that forces the plastic into the cavity?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105783
|
5a568fd86349e2001acdce35
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
How long does it take the plastic to cool?
|
How long does it take the plastic to cool?
|
[
"How long does it take the plastic to cool?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105784
|
5a568fd86349e2001acdce36
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
What is the robotic arm called?
|
What is the robotic arm called?
|
[
"What is the robotic arm called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105785
|
5a568fd86349e2001acdce37
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
What is a hydraulic press made out of?
|
What is a hydraulic press made out of?
|
[
"What is a hydraulic press made out of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105786
|
5a568fd86349e2001acdce38
|
Compact_disc
|
Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.
|
What closes the mold?
|
What closes the mold?
|
[
"What closes the mold?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105787
|
572f671cb2c2fd14005680dd
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?
|
What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?
|
[
"What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105788
|
572f671cb2c2fd14005680de
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
What type of light is used to cure CDs?
|
What type of light is used to cure CDs?
|
[
"What type of light is used to cure CDs?"
] |
{
"text": [
"UV"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105789
|
572f671cb2c2fd14005680df
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
What is a glass master?
|
What is a glass master?
|
[
"What is a glass master?"
] |
{
"text": [
"positive image of the desired CD surface"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105790
|
572f671cb2c2fd14005680e0
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
How are glass masters created?
|
How are glass masters created?
|
[
"How are glass masters created?"
] |
{
"text": [
"high-powered laser"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105791
|
5a5690796349e2001acdce46
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
What is the clear blank side made out of?
|
What is the clear blank side made out of?
|
[
"What is the clear blank side made out of?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105792
|
5a5690796349e2001acdce47
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
What is used to apply the reflecting layer to the clear layer?
|
What is used to apply the reflecting layer to the clear layer?
|
[
"What is used to apply the reflecting layer to the clear layer?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105793
|
5a5690796349e2001acdce48
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
How is a CD writer made?
|
How is a CD writer made?
|
[
"How is a CD writer made?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105794
|
5a5690796349e2001acdce49
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
How is a positive image made of the CD made?
|
How is a positive image made of the CD made?
|
[
"How is a positive image made of the CD made?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105795
|
5a5690796349e2001acdce4a
|
Compact_disc
|
This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.
|
How are the pits and lands made?
|
How are the pits and lands made?
|
[
"How are the pits and lands made?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105796
|
572f67c704bcaa1900d768e5
|
Compact_disc
|
The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.
|
What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?
|
What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?
|
[
"What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?"
] |
{
"text": [
"die"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105797
|
572f67c704bcaa1900d768e6
|
Compact_disc
|
The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.
|
How is the positive image on a CD protected?
|
How is the positive image on a CD protected?
|
[
"How is the positive image on a CD protected? "
] |
{
"text": [
"lacquer"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105798
|
572f67c704bcaa1900d768e7
|
Compact_disc
|
The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.
|
How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?
|
How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?
|
[
"How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?"
] |
{
"text": [
"rapid spinning"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-105799
|
5a569e7f6349e2001acdce98
|
Compact_disc
|
The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.
|
What is the name of the positive image?
|
What is the name of the positive image?
|
[
"What is the name of the positive image?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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