gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-107700
|
5acf818077cf76001a685033
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).
|
Who was the grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb?
|
Who was the grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb?
|
[
"Who was the grandson of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107701
|
5acf818077cf76001a685034
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).
|
Who fought a battle only a year before the Battle of Badr?
|
Who fought a battle only a year before the Battle of Badr?
|
[
"Who fought a battle only a year before the Battle of Badr?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107702
|
5acf818077cf76001a685035
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).
|
What battle was the last defeat for the Muslims?
|
What battle was the last defeat for the Muslims?
|
[
"What battle was the last defeat for the Muslims?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107703
|
5acf818077cf76001a685036
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).
|
Who was the daughter of Hind?
|
Who was the daughter of Hind?
|
[
"Who was the daughter of Hind?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107704
|
571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab66
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
|
What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
|
What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
|
[
"What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?"
] |
{
"text": [
"jizyah"
],
"answer_start": [
356
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107705
|
571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab67
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
|
What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?
|
What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?
|
[
"What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mawali"
],
"answer_start": [
758
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107706
|
571aa18a4faf5e1900b8ab68
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
|
Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?
|
Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?
|
[
"Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Zoroastrian"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107707
|
5acfafc277cf76001a685860
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
|
What tax did Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
|
What tax did Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
|
[
"What tax did Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107708
|
5acfafc277cf76001a685861
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
|
What was a term for Arabs who were not Muslim?
|
What was a term for Arabs who were not Muslim?
|
[
"What was a term for Arabs who were not Muslim?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107709
|
5acfafc277cf76001a685862
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
|
Who encouraged conversions in order to make more revenue?
|
Who encouraged conversions in order to make more revenue?
|
[
"Who encouraged conversions in order to make more revenue?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107710
|
5acfafc277cf76001a685863
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
|
Who insisted on different treatment of Arab and non-Arab Muslims?
|
Who insisted on different treatment of Arab and non-Arab Muslims?
|
[
"Who insisted on different treatment of Arab and non-Arab Muslims?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107711
|
5acfafc277cf76001a685864
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
|
Who added more obstacles to conversion to Islam for non-Arabs?
|
Who added more obstacles to conversion to Islam for non-Arabs?
|
[
"Who added more obstacles to conversion to Islam for non-Arabs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107712
|
571aa1c110f8ca14003051f3
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
When did Uthman die?
|
When did Uthman die?
|
[
"When did Uthman die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"656"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107713
|
571aa1c110f8ca14003051f4
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
What tribe did Ali belong to?
|
What tribe did Ali belong to?
|
[
"What tribe did Ali belong to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Quraysh"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107714
|
571aa1c110f8ca14003051f5
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?
|
Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?
|
[
"Along with being his cousin, what relationship did Ali have to Muhammad?"
] |
{
"text": [
"son-in-law"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107715
|
571aa1c110f8ca14003051f6
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
Where was the capital before Ali changed it?
|
Where was the capital before Ali changed it?
|
[
"Where was the capital before Ali changed it?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Medina"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107716
|
571aa1c110f8ca14003051f7
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
What does Fitna mean?
|
What does Fitna mean?
|
[
"What does Fitna mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"civil war"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107717
|
5acf9a7577cf76001a685426
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
When was Uthman born?
|
When was Uthman born?
|
[
"When was Uthman born?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107718
|
5acf9a7577cf76001a685427
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
Why did Ali meet with little resistance?
|
Why did Ali meet with little resistance?
|
[
"Why did Ali meet with little resistance?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107719
|
5acf9a7577cf76001a685428
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
When did the Second Fitna occur?
|
When did the Second Fitna occur?
|
[
"When did the Second Fitna occur?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107720
|
5acf9a7577cf76001a685429
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
Who was the wife of Marwan I?
|
Who was the wife of Marwan I?
|
[
"Who was the wife of Marwan I?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107721
|
5acf9a7577cf76001a68542a
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
After the assassination of Uthman in 656, Ali, a member of the Quraysh tribe and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was elected as the caliph. He soon met with resistance from several factions, owing to his relative political inexperience. Ali moved his capital from Medina to Kufa. The resulting conflict, which lasted from 656 until 661, is known as the First Fitna ("civil war"). Muawiyah I, the governor of Syria, a relative of Uthman ibn al-Affan and Marwan I, wanted the culprits arrested. Marwan I manipulated everyone and created conflict. Aisha, the wife of Muhammad, and Talhah and Al-Zubayr, two of the companions of Muhammad, went to Basra to tell Ali to arrest the culprits who murdered Uthman. Marwan I and other people who wanted conflict manipulated everyone to fight. The two sides clashed at the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali won a decisive victory.
|
Who did not want conflict?
|
Who did not want conflict?
|
[
"Who did not want conflict?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107722
|
571aa20e10f8ca14003051fd
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?
|
What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?
|
[
"What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Egyptians"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107723
|
571aa20e10f8ca14003051fe
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
Who was Marwan I related to?
|
Who was Marwan I related to?
|
[
"Who was Marwan I related to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Muawiyah I"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107724
|
571aa20e10f8ca14003051ff
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
|
Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
|
[
"Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ali ibn Abi Talib"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107725
|
571aa20e10f8ca1400305200
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?
|
Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?
|
[
"Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ja'far al-Sadiq"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107726
|
5acf974077cf76001a68539e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
Who feared that Muslim armies would turn away from wealth?
|
Who feared that Muslim armies would turn away from wealth?
|
[
"Who feared that Muslim armies would turn away from wealth?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107727
|
5acf974077cf76001a68539f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
Why did early Muslim armies stay inside of cities?
|
Why did early Muslim armies stay inside of cities?
|
[
"Why did early Muslim armies stay inside of cities?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107728
|
5acf974077cf76001a6853a0
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
Who murdered the Egyptians?
|
Who murdered the Egyptians?
|
[
"Who murdered the Egyptians?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107729
|
5acf974077cf76001a6853a1
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
Who assumed power when Marwan I became very old?
|
Who assumed power when Marwan I became very old?
|
[
"Who assumed power when Marwan I became very old?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107730
|
5acf974077cf76001a6853a2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.
|
Who was the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
|
Who was the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
|
[
"Who was the son of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107731
|
571aa25310f8ca1400305205
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?
|
Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?
|
[
"Where did Ibn al-Zubayr flee to in 680?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mecca"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107732
|
571aa25310f8ca1400305206
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?
|
Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?
|
[
"Who did Al-Husayn send to Kufa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Muslim bin Agail"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107733
|
571aa25310f8ca1400305207
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?
|
What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?
|
[
"What did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad rule?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Basrah"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107734
|
571aa25310f8ca1400305208
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?
|
Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?
|
[
"Who did Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad murder?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Muslim bin Agail"
],
"answer_start": [
773
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107735
|
5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855de
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
When did Ibn al-Zubayr flee Mecca for Medina?
|
When did Ibn al-Zubayr flee Mecca for Medina?
|
[
"When did Ibn al-Zubayr flee Mecca for Medina?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107736
|
5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855df
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
Who was the sole female survivor of the caravan?
|
Who was the sole female survivor of the caravan?
|
[
"Who was the sole female survivor of the caravan?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107737
|
5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855e0
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
Who was not able to disperse the crowd that had gathered?
|
Who was not able to disperse the crowd that had gathered?
|
[
"Who was not able to disperse the crowd that had gathered?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107738
|
5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855e1
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
Who requested a message be sent to Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad to prevent his immigration to Kufa?
|
Who requested a message be sent to Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad to prevent his immigration to Kufa?
|
[
"Who requested a message be sent to Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad to prevent his immigration to Kufa?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107739
|
5acfa0ca77cf76001a6855e2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In 680 Ibn al-Zubayr fled Medina for Mecca. Hearing about Husayn's opposition to Yazid I, the people of Kufa sent to Husayn asking him to take over with their support. Al-Husayn sent his cousin Muslim bin Agail to verify if they would rally behind him. When the news reached Yazid I, he sent Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad, ruler of Basrah, with the instruction to prevent the people of Kufa rallying behind Al-Husayn. Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad managed to disperse the crowd that gathered around Muslim bin Agail and captured him. Realizing Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad had been instructed to prevent Husayn from establishing support in Kufa, Muslim bin Agail requested a message to be sent to Husayn to prevent his immigration to Kufa. The request was denied and Ubayd-Allah bin Ziyad killed Muslim bin Agail. While Ibn al-Zubayr would stay in Mecca until his death, Husayn decided to travel on to Kufa with his family, unaware of the lack of support there. Husayn and his family were intercepted by Yazid I's forces led by Amru bin Saad, Shamar bin Thi Al-Joshan, and Hussain bin Tamim, who fought Al-Husayn and his male family members until they were killed. There were 200 people in Husayn's caravan, many of whom were women, including his sisters, wives, daughters and their children. The women and children from Husayn's camp were taken as prisoners of war and led back to Damascus to be presented to Yazid I. They remained imprisoned until public opinion turned against him as word of Husayn's death and his family's capture spread. They were then granted passage back to Medina. The sole adult male survivor from the caravan was Ali ibn Husayn who was with fever too ill to fight when the caravan was attacked.
|
Who led Husayn's forces?
|
Who led Husayn's forces?
|
[
"Who led Husayn's forces?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107740
|
571aa29f10f8ca140030520d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?
|
When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?
|
[
"When did Muhammad bin Wasim sail to Pakistan?"
] |
{
"text": [
"712"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107741
|
571aa29f10f8ca140030520e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?
|
Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?
|
[
"Along with the Punjab, what did Muhammad bin Wasim conquer?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sindh"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107742
|
571aa29f10f8ca140030520f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?
|
At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?
|
[
"At what battle did the Hindus of India defeat the Umayyads?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Rajasthan"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107743
|
571aa29f10f8ca1400305210
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?
|
To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?
|
[
"To what dynasty did Vikramaditya II belong?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Pratihara"
],
"answer_start": [
490
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107744
|
571aa29f10f8ca1400305211
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?
|
Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?
|
[
"Who was a notable king in this period from the Pratihara dynasty?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Nagabhata"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107745
|
5acf9de577cf76001a685538
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
Who sailed away from Pakistan in 712?
|
Who sailed away from Pakistan in 712?
|
[
"Who sailed away from Pakistan in 712?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107746
|
5acf9de577cf76001a685539
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
What year did Muhammad bin Qasim leave Pakistan?
|
What year did Muhammad bin Qasim leave Pakistan?
|
[
"What year did Muhammad bin Qasim leave Pakistan?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107747
|
5acf9de577cf76001a68553a
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
What conquests were easy for Umayyad Caliphate?
|
What conquests were easy for Umayyad Caliphate?
|
[
"What conquests were easy for Umayyad Caliphate?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107748
|
5acf9de577cf76001a68553b
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
Who stopped India from invading the Arabs?
|
Who stopped India from invading the Arabs?
|
[
"Who stopped India from invading the Arabs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107749
|
5acf9de577cf76001a68553c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh in Pakistan and conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river. The conquest of Sindh and Punjab, in modern-day Pakistan, although costly, were major gains for the Umayyad Caliphate. However, further gains were halted by Hindu kingdoms in India in the battle of Rajasthan. The Arabs tried to invade India but they were defeated by the north Indian king Nagabhata of the Pratihara Dynasty and by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty in the early 8th century. After this the Arab chroniclers admit that the Caliph Mahdi "gave up the project of conquering any part of India."
|
When did the south Indian Emperor give up conquering the Arabs?
|
When did the south Indian Emperor give up conquering the Arabs?
|
[
"When did the south Indian Emperor give up conquering the Arabs?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107750
|
571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab76
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
|
Where was the Dome of the Rock built?
|
Where was the Dome of the Rock built?
|
[
"Where was the Dome of the Rock built?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jerusalem"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107751
|
571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab77
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
|
In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?
|
In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?
|
[
"In what year was the Dome of the Rock finished?"
] |
{
"text": [
"692"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107752
|
571aa2cb4faf5e1900b8ab78
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
|
During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?
|
During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?
|
[
"During whose reign was the Dome of the Rock constructed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Abd al-Malik"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107753
|
5acfa7de77cf76001a685744
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
|
What was the first major event of the early reign of Abd al-Mali?
|
What was the first major event of the early reign of Abd al-Mali?
|
[
"What was the first major event of the early reign of Abd al-Mali?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107754
|
5acfa7de77cf76001a685745
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
|
What year did construction of the Dome of the Rock begin?
|
What year did construction of the Dome of the Rock begin?
|
[
"What year did construction of the Dome of the Rock begin?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107755
|
5acfa7de77cf76001a685746
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
|
Why was the Kaaba built?
|
Why was the Kaaba built?
|
[
"Why was the Kaaba built?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107756
|
5acfa7de77cf76001a685747
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
|
When was the Kaaba under construction?
|
When was the Kaaba under construction?
|
[
"When was the Kaaba under construction?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107757
|
5acfa7de77cf76001a685748
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The second major event of the early reign of Abd al-Malik was the construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Although the chronology remains somewhat uncertain, the building seems to have been completed in 692, which means that it was under construction during the conflict with Ibn al-Zubayr. This had led some historians, both medieval and modern, to suggest that the Dome of the Rock was built as a destination for pilgrimage to rival the Kaaba, which was under the control of Ibn al-Zubayr.
|
What year was the Kaaba completed?
|
What year was the Kaaba completed?
|
[
"What year was the Kaaba completed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107758
|
571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
Who was the son of Sarjun?
|
Who was the son of Sarjun?
|
[
"Who was the son of Sarjun?"
] |
{
"text": [
"John of Damascus"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107759
|
571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?
|
Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?
|
[
"Along with Rhodes, what Byzantine possession did Muawiyah occupy?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Crete"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107760
|
571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?
|
Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?
|
[
"Who group of Christians rose up against Muawiyah?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mardaites"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107761
|
571aa3074faf5e1900b8ab7f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?
|
What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?
|
[
"What did Muawiyah found in North Africa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kairouan"
],
"answer_start": [
646
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107762
|
5acf9ef077cf76001a68559c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
Who discouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christians in Syria?
|
Who discouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christians in Syria?
|
[
"Who discouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christians in Syria?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107763
|
5acf9ef077cf76001a68559d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
Who was Muawiyah's least close adviser?
|
Who was Muawiyah's least close adviser?
|
[
"Who was Muawiyah's least close adviser?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107764
|
5acf9ef077cf76001a68559e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
When were Rhodes and Crete freed from occupation?
|
When were Rhodes and Crete freed from occupation?
|
[
"When were Rhodes and Crete freed from occupation?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107765
|
5acf9ef077cf76001a68559f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
Who oversaw a military withdrawal in North Africa?
|
Who oversaw a military withdrawal in North Africa?
|
[
"Who oversaw a military withdrawal in North Africa?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107766
|
5acf9ef077cf76001a6855a0
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Muawiyah also encouraged peaceful coexistence with the Christian communities of Syria, granting his reign with "peace and prosperity for Christians and Arabs alike", and one of his closest advisers was Sarjun, the father of John of Damascus. At the same time, he waged unceasing war against the Byzantine Roman Empire. During his reign, Rhodes and Crete were occupied, and several assaults were launched against Constantinople. After their failure, and faced with a large-scale Christian uprising in the form of the Mardaites, Muawiyah concluded a peace with Byzantium. Muawiyah also oversaw military expansion in North Africa (the foundation of Kairouan) and in Central Asia (the conquest of Kabul, Bukhara, and Samarkand).
|
Where did Muawiya shrink military expansion in?
|
Where did Muawiya shrink military expansion in?
|
[
"Where did Muawiya shrink military expansion in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107767
|
571aa35110f8ca1400305217
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
Who was the son of Yazid?
|
Who was the son of Yazid?
|
[
"Who was the son of Yazid?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Muawiya II"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107768
|
571aa35110f8ca1400305218
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
When did Muawiya II's reign begin?
|
When did Muawiya II's reign begin?
|
[
"When did Muawiya II's reign begin?"
] |
{
"text": [
"683"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107769
|
571aa35110f8ca1400305219
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?
|
Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?
|
[
"Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ibn al-Zubayr"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107770
|
571aa35110f8ca140030521a
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
From whom was Marwan descended?
|
From whom was Marwan descended?
|
[
"From whom was Marwan descended?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107771
|
571aa35110f8ca140030521b
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?
|
In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?
|
[
"In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?"
] |
{
"text": [
"684"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107772
|
5acfa43477cf76001a6856c0
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
What army left Damascus?
|
What army left Damascus?
|
[
"What army left Damascus?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107773
|
5acfa43477cf76001a6856c1
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
Who was recognized as caliph outside of Syria?
|
Who was recognized as caliph outside of Syria?
|
[
"Who was recognized as caliph outside of Syria?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107774
|
5acfa43477cf76001a6856c2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
Who was a descendant of Marwan?
|
Who was a descendant of Marwan?
|
[
"Who was a descendant of Marwan?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107775
|
5acfa43477cf76001a6856c3
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
What year did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle?
|
What year did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle?
|
[
"What year did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107776
|
5acfa43477cf76001a6856c4
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.
|
What city did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle near?
|
What city did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle near?
|
[
"What city did the partisans of Marwan lose a battle near?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107777
|
571aa39d10f8ca1400305221
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?
|
Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?
|
[
"Who was the father of Abd al-Malik?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Marwan"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107778
|
571aa39d10f8ca1400305222
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
|
When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?
|
[
"When did Abd al-Malik's rule begin?"
] |
{
"text": [
"685"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107779
|
571aa39d10f8ca1400305223
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
Where was Al-Mukhtar based?
|
Where was Al-Mukhtar based?
|
[
"Where was Al-Mukhtar based? "
] |
{
"text": [
"Kufa"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107780
|
571aa39d10f8ca1400305224
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
|
Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
|
[
"Who was the father of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ali"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107781
|
571aa39d10f8ca1400305225
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
|
In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?
|
[
"In what year did Ibn al-Zubayr die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"692"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107782
|
5acfa72877cf76001a685734
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
Who succeeded Abd al-Malik?
|
Who succeeded Abd al-Malik?
|
[
"Who succeeded Abd al-Malik?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107783
|
5acfa72877cf76001a685735
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
What span of years did Marwan rule?
|
What span of years did Marwan rule?
|
[
"What span of years did Marwan rule?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107784
|
5acfa72877cf76001a685736
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
Who was another son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
|
Who was another son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?
|
[
"Who was another son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107785
|
5acfa72877cf76001a685737
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Marwan was succeeded by his son, Abd al-Malik (685–705), who reconsolidated Umayyad control of the caliphate. The early reign of Abd al-Malik was marked by the revolt of Al-Mukhtar, which was based in Kufa. Al-Mukhtar hoped to elevate Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah, another son of Ali, to the caliphate, although Ibn al-Hanafiyyah himself may have had no connection to the revolt. The troops of al-Mukhtar engaged in battles both with the Umayyads in 686, defeating them at the river Khazir near Mosul, and with Ibn al-Zubayr in 687, at which time the revolt of al-Mukhtar was crushed. In 691, Umayyad troops reconquered Iraq, and in 692 the same army captured Mecca. Ibn al-Zubayr was killed in the attack.
|
When did the Umayyads defeat the troops of al-Mukhtar near Mosul?
|
When did the Umayyads defeat the troops of al-Mukhtar near Mosul?
|
[
"When did the Umayyads defeat the troops of al-Mukhtar near Mosul?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107786
|
571aa3cf10f8ca140030522b
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.
|
Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?
|
Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?
|
[
"Who appointed the governors in the Umayyad empire?"
] |
{
"text": [
"khalifah"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107787
|
571aa3cf10f8ca140030522c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.
|
Where was the government of the Umayyads based?
|
Where was the government of the Umayyads based?
|
[
"Where was the government of the Umayyads based?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Damascus"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107788
|
571aa3cf10f8ca140030522d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.
|
Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?
|
Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?
|
[
"Along with army leaders, police and civil administration, what did the governor control in his province?"
] |
{
"text": [
"religious officials"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107789
|
5acfb5d677cf76001a6859d6
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.
|
What was not divided into several pieces?
|
What was not divided into several pieces?
|
[
"What was not divided into several pieces?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107790
|
5acfb5d677cf76001a6859d7
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.
|
What did the borders of the empire do before the Umayyad reign?
|
What did the borders of the empire do before the Umayyad reign?
|
[
"What did the borders of the empire do before the Umayyad reign?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107791
|
5acfb5d677cf76001a6859d8
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.
|
Who appointed the khalifah?
|
Who appointed the khalifah?
|
[
"Who appointed the khalifah?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107792
|
5acfb5d677cf76001a6859d9
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.
|
What did governors do with the extra tax revenue in the early years of the dynasty?
|
What did governors do with the extra tax revenue in the early years of the dynasty?
|
[
"What did governors do with the extra tax revenue in the early years of the dynasty? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107793
|
5acfb5d677cf76001a6859da
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes.
|
When did the central power of the Umayyad rulers increase?
|
When did the central power of the Umayyad rulers increase?
|
[
"When did the central power of the Umayyad rulers increase?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107794
|
571aa41910f8ca1400305231
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
What was the main city of Tokharistan?
|
What was the main city of Tokharistan?
|
[
"What was the main city of Tokharistan?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Balkh"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107795
|
571aa41910f8ca1400305232
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
What was the central part of Transoxiana called?
|
What was the central part of Transoxiana called?
|
[
"What was the central part of Transoxiana called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Samarkand"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107796
|
571aa41910f8ca1400305233
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?
|
In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?
|
[
"In what year did the Day of Thirst occur?"
] |
{
"text": [
"724"
],
"answer_start": [
446
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107797
|
571aa41910f8ca1400305234
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
What notable battle occurred in 731?
|
What notable battle occurred in 731?
|
[
"What notable battle occurred in 731?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Battle of the Defile"
],
"answer_start": [
744
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107798
|
571aa41910f8ca1400305235
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?
|
Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?
|
[
"Who was the leader of the revolt of 734?"
] |
{
"text": [
"al-Harith ibn Surayj"
],
"answer_start": [
785
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107799
|
5acfb26677cf76001a68592c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
Who suffered worse defeats in the west?
|
Who suffered worse defeats in the west?
|
[
"Who suffered worse defeats in the west?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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