gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-107800
|
5acfb26677cf76001a68592d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
What area was easy to govern?
|
What area was easy to govern?
|
[
"What area was easy to govern?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107801
|
5acfb26677cf76001a68592e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
What was the Umayyad victory in 724 called?
|
What was the Umayyad victory in 724 called?
|
[
"What was the Umayyad victory in 724 called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107802
|
5acfb26677cf76001a68592f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
What governor stuck to his promise of tax relief to the Sogdians?
|
What governor stuck to his promise of tax relief to the Sogdians?
|
[
"What governor stuck to his promise of tax relief to the Sogdians?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107803
|
5acfb26677cf76001a685930
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Hisham suffered still worse defeats in the east, where his armies attempted to subdue both Tokharistan, with its center at Balkh, and Transoxiana, with its center at Samarkand. Both areas had already been partially conquered, but remained difficult to govern. Once again, a particular difficulty concerned the question of the conversion of non-Arabs, especially the Sogdians of Transoxiana. Following the Umayyad defeat in the "Day of Thirst" in 724, Ashras ibn 'Abd Allah al-Sulami, governor of Khurasan, promised tax relief to those Sogdians who converted to Islam, but went back on his offer when it proved too popular and threatened to reduce tax revenues. Discontent among the Khurasani Arabs rose sharply after the losses suffered in the Battle of the Defile in 731, and in 734, al-Harith ibn Surayj led a revolt that received broad backing from Arabs and natives alike, capturing Balkh but failing to take Merv. After this defeat, al-Harith's movement seems to have been dissolved, but the problem of the rights of non-Arab Muslims would continue to plague the Umayyads.
|
Who was able to capture Merv?
|
Who was able to capture Merv?
|
[
"Who was able to capture Merv?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107804
|
571aa46c10f8ca140030523b
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?
|
What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?
|
[
"What group were the Hashimiyya a sect of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kaysanites Shia"
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107805
|
571aa46c10f8ca140030523c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
Who led the Hashimiyya movement?
|
Who led the Hashimiyya movement?
|
[
"Who led the Hashimiyya movement?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Abbasid family"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107806
|
571aa46c10f8ca140030523d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?
|
Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?
|
[
"Of what clan were the Abbasids members of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hashim"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107807
|
571aa46c10f8ca140030523e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?
|
What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?
|
[
"What year saw the death of Abu Hashim?"
] |
{
"text": [
"717"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107808
|
571aa46c10f8ca140030523f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?
|
Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?
|
[
"Who was named successor by Abu Hashim?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Muhammad ibn Ali"
],
"answer_start": [
472
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107809
|
5acfb3c477cf76001a685980
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
What was a sub-sect of the Hashimiyya movement?
|
What was a sub-sect of the Hashimiyya movement?
|
[
"What was a sub-sect of the Hashimiyya movement?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107810
|
5acfb3c477cf76001a685981
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
Who led the Kaysanites Shia?
|
Who led the Kaysanites Shia?
|
[
"Who led the Kaysanites Shia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107811
|
5acfb3c477cf76001a685982
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
Who named Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as his successor?
|
Who named Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as his successor?
|
[
"Who named Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as his successor?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107812
|
5acfb3c477cf76001a685983
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
What failed to rally the supporters of the failed revolt?
|
What failed to rally the supporters of the failed revolt?
|
[
"What failed to rally the supporters of the failed revolt?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107813
|
5acfb3c477cf76001a685984
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Hashimiyya movement (a sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia), led by the Abbasid family, overthrew the Umayyad caliphate. The Abbasids were members of the Hashim clan, rivals of the Umayyads, but the word "Hashimiyya" seems to refer specifically to Abu Hashim, a grandson of Ali and son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
|
Who represented themselves as the supporters of Ali?
|
Who represented themselves as the supporters of Ali?
|
[
"Who represented themselves as the supporters of Ali?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107814
|
571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab98
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?
|
When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?
|
[
"When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"711"
],
"answer_start": [
200
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107815
|
571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab99
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?
|
What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?
|
[
"What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?"
] |
{
"text": [
"759"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107816
|
571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9a
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?
|
Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?
|
[
"Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Franks"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107817
|
571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9b
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?
|
In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?
|
[
"In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?"
] |
{
"text": [
"739"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107818
|
571aa4be4faf5e1900b8ab9c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?
|
What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?
|
[
"What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Marwan ibn Muhammad"
],
"answer_start": [
1112
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107819
|
5acfb19477cf76001a6858e2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
What paved the way towards an occupation of the Umayyads by the Iberians?
|
What paved the way towards an occupation of the Umayyads by the Iberians?
|
[
"What paved the way towards an occupation of the Umayyads by the Iberians?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107820
|
5acfb19477cf76001a6858e3
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
When did the occupation of Iberia end?
|
When did the occupation of Iberia end?
|
[
"When did the occupation of Iberia end?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107821
|
5acfb19477cf76001a6858e4
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
What year did the caliphate's expansion in the west start?
|
What year did the caliphate's expansion in the west start?
|
[
"What year did the caliphate's expansion in the west start?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107822
|
5acfb19477cf76001a6858e5
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
At what battle did the Arabs defeat the Franks?
|
At what battle did the Arabs defeat the Franks?
|
[
"At what battle did the Arabs defeat the Franks?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107823
|
5acfb19477cf76001a6858e6
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.
|
When did the Arab army win a major victory at the Battle of Marj Ardabil?
|
When did the Arab army win a major victory at the Battle of Marj Ardabil?
|
[
"When did the Arab army win a major victory at the Battle of Marj Ardabil?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107824
|
571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
Who was the father of Hisham?
|
Who was the father of Hisham?
|
[
"Who was the father of Hisham?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Abd al-Malik"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107825
|
571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba3
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
When did Hisham's reign start?
|
When did Hisham's reign start?
|
[
"When did Hisham's reign start?"
] |
{
"text": [
"724"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107826
|
571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba4
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
Where did Hisham base his court?
|
Where did Hisham base his court?
|
[
"Where did Hisham base his court?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Resafa"
],
"answer_start": [
193
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107827
|
571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba5
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?
|
What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?
|
[
"What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Battle of Akroinon"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107828
|
571aa4fa4faf5e1900b8aba6
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
In what part of Syria was Resafa located?
|
In what part of Syria was Resafa located?
|
[
"In what part of Syria was Resafa located?"
] |
{
"text": [
"northern"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107829
|
5acfb08277cf76001a68589a
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
Who was the first son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph?
|
Who was the first son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph?
|
[
"Who was the first son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107830
|
5acfb08277cf76001a68589b
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
What years did the first son of Abd al-Malik rule?
|
What years did the first son of Abd al-Malik rule?
|
[
"What years did the first son of Abd al-Malik rule?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107831
|
5acfb08277cf76001a68589c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
Whose reign was marked by the acceleration of military expansion?
|
Whose reign was marked by the acceleration of military expansion?
|
[
"Whose reign was marked by the acceleration of military expansion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107832
|
5acfb08277cf76001a68589d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
Who stopped hostilities against the Byzantines?
|
Who stopped hostilities against the Byzantines?
|
[
"Who stopped hostilities against the Byzantines?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107833
|
5acfb08277cf76001a68589e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The final son of Abd al-Malik to become caliph was Hisham (724–43), whose long and eventful reign was above all marked by the curtailment of military expansion. Hisham established his court at Resafa in northern Syria, which was closer to the Byzantine border than Damascus, and resumed hostilities against the Byzantines, which had lapsed following the failure of the last siege of Constantinople. The new campaigns resulted in a number of successful raids into Anatolia, but also in a major defeat (the Battle of Akroinon), and did not lead to any significant territorial expansion.
|
Who was the final son of Hirsham?
|
Who was the final son of Hirsham?
|
[
"Who was the final son of Hirsham?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107834
|
571aa54410f8ca1400305245
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?
|
What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?
|
[
"What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Maysum"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107835
|
571aa54410f8ca1400305246
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?
|
What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?
|
[
"What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kalb"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107836
|
571aa54410f8ca1400305247
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?
|
What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?
|
[
"What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107837
|
571aa54410f8ca1400305248
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?
|
What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?
|
[
"What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Arab"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107838
|
571aa54410f8ca1400305249
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
Where was the Kalb tribe based?
|
Where was the Kalb tribe based?
|
[
"Where was the Kalb tribe based?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Syria"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107839
|
5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
Who was the chief of the Kalb tribe?
|
Who was the chief of the Kalb tribe?
|
[
"Who was the chief of the Kalb tribe?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107840
|
5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac3
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
Who did the chief of the Kalb tribe marry?
|
Who did the chief of the Kalb tribe marry?
|
[
"Who did the chief of the Kalb tribe marry?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107841
|
5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac4
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
Whose marriage was motivated by love?
|
Whose marriage was motivated by love?
|
[
"Whose marriage was motivated by love?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107842
|
5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac5
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
Who used the Jacobite Christians against the Muslims?
|
Who used the Jacobite Christians against the Muslims?
|
[
"Who used the Jacobite Christians against the Muslims?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107843
|
5acfba2d77cf76001a685ac6
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.
|
When did Muawiyah dissolve the navy?
|
When did Muawiyah dissolve the navy?
|
[
"When did Muawiyah dissolve the navy?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107844
|
571aa5ad10f8ca140030524f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?
|
What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?
|
[
"What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107845
|
571aa5ad10f8ca1400305250
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
For whom did Umar end the jizya?
|
For whom did Umar end the jizya?
|
[
"For whom did Umar end the jizya?"
] |
{
"text": [
"converts to Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107846
|
571aa5ad10f8ca1400305251
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?
|
In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?
|
[
"In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"720"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107847
|
571aa5ad10f8ca1400305252
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?
|
What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?
|
[
"What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?"
] |
{
"text": [
"poisoned"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107848
|
571aa5ad10f8ca1400305253
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?
|
What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?
|
[
"What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mawali"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107849
|
5acfc09f77cf76001a685ca6
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
What Umayyad ruler is hated by Sunni sources?
|
What Umayyad ruler is hated by Sunni sources?
|
[
"What Umayyad ruler is hated by Sunni sources?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107850
|
5acfc09f77cf76001a685ca7
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
When was Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz born?
|
When was Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz born?
|
[
"When was Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz born?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107851
|
5acfc09f77cf76001a685ca8
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
What happened when later governments tried to continue Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies?
|
What happened when later governments tried to continue Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies?
|
[
"What happened when later governments tried to continue Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107852
|
5acfc09f77cf76001a685ca9
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
What unanimously praised most of the Umayyad rulers?
|
What unanimously praised most of the Umayyad rulers?
|
[
"What unanimously praised most of the Umayyad rulers?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107853
|
5acfc09f77cf76001a685caa
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Only Umayyad ruler (Caliphs of Damascus), Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, is unanimously praised by Sunni sources for his devout piety and justice. In his efforts to spread Islam he established liberties for the Mawali by abolishing the jizya tax for converts to Islam. Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam stated that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz also stopped the personal allowance offered to his relatives stating that he could only give them an allowance if he gave an allowance to everyone else in the empire. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was later poisoned in the year 720. When successive governments tried to reverse Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz's tax policies it created rebellion.
|
Who established the jizya tax?
|
Who established the jizya tax?
|
[
"Who established the jizya tax?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107854
|
571aa61910f8ca1400305263
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?
|
Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?
|
[
"Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Abu Muslim"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107855
|
571aa61910f8ca1400305264
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?
|
What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?
|
[
"What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?"
] |
{
"text": [
"black flag"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107856
|
571aa61910f8ca1400305265
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?
|
Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?
|
[
"Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Nasr ibn Sayyar"
],
"answer_start": [
273
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107857
|
571aa61910f8ca1400305266
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?
|
When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?
|
[
"When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"749"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107858
|
571aa61910f8ca1400305267
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
Where did Marwan die?
|
Where did Marwan die?
|
[
"Where did Marwan die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
795
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107859
|
5acfb4c977cf76001a6859a8
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
Who carried out a revolt under the sign of the white flag?
|
Who carried out a revolt under the sign of the white flag?
|
[
"Who carried out a revolt under the sign of the white flag?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107860
|
5acfb4c977cf76001a6859a9
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
What year was control of Khurasan established?
|
What year was control of Khurasan established?
|
[
"What year was control of Khurasan established?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107861
|
5acfb4c977cf76001a6859aa
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
What was the first Umayyad stronghold in Iraq?
|
What was the first Umayyad stronghold in Iraq?
|
[
"What was the first Umayyad stronghold in Iraq?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107862
|
5acfb4c977cf76001a6859ab
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
When was Marwan recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa?
|
When was Marwan recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa?
|
[
"When was Marwan recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107863
|
5acfb4c977cf76001a6859ac
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. In 747, he successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the black flag. He soon established control of Khurasan, expelling its Umayyad governor, Nasr ibn Sayyar, and dispatched an army westwards. Kufa fell to the Hashimiyya in 749, the last Umayyad stronghold in Iraq, Wasit, was placed under siege, and in November of the same year Abu al-Abbas was recognized as the new caliph in the mosque at Kufa.[citation needed] At this point Marwan mobilized his troops from Harran and advanced toward Iraq. In January 750 the two forces met in the Battle of the Zab, and the Umayyads were defeated. Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April, and in August, Marwan was killed in Egypt.
|
What month was Abu Muslim killed in Egypt?
|
What month was Abu Muslim killed in Egypt?
|
[
"What month was Abu Muslim killed in Egypt?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107864
|
571aa66210f8ca140030526d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
|
In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?
|
In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?
|
[
"In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Sunni"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107865
|
571aa66210f8ca140030526e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
|
What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?
|
What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?
|
[
"What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Al-Tabri"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107866
|
571aa66210f8ca140030526f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
|
What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?
|
What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?
|
[
"What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Arab"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107867
|
5acfc16877cf76001a685ce0
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
|
What are the books written early in the Abbasid period like?
|
What are the books written early in the Abbasid period like?
|
[
"What are the books written early in the Abbasid period like?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107868
|
5acfc16877cf76001a685ce1
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
|
When was there not much anti Arab feeling in Iran?
|
When was there not much anti Arab feeling in Iran?
|
[
"When was there not much anti Arab feeling in Iran?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107869
|
5acfc16877cf76001a685ce2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
|
What did this anti Arab feeling fail to influence?
|
What did this anti Arab feeling fail to influence?
|
[
"What did this anti Arab feeling fail to influence?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107870
|
5acfc16877cf76001a685ce3
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
|
What was a small collection of texts?
|
What was a small collection of texts?
|
[
"What was a small collection of texts?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107871
|
5acfc16877cf76001a685ce4
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.
|
What was a collection meant only for current generations?
|
What was a collection meant only for current generations?
|
[
"What was a collection meant only for current generations?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107872
|
571aa6ba10f8ca1400305273
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?
|
What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?
|
[
"What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cohort"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107873
|
571aa6ba10f8ca1400305274
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?
|
What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?
|
[
"What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Marwan II"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107874
|
571aa6ba10f8ca1400305275
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?
|
What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?
|
[
"What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
825
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107875
|
571aa6ba10f8ca1400305276
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?
|
Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?
|
[
"Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?"
] |
{
"text": [
"cavalry"
],
"answer_start": [
764
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107876
|
571aa6ba10f8ca1400305277
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?
|
What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?
|
[
"What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?"
] |
{
"text": [
"manjaniq"
],
"answer_start": [
929
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107877
|
5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2a
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar?
|
Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar?
|
[
"Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107878
|
5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2b
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
What did the Byzantines pattern their army organization on?
|
What did the Byzantines pattern their army organization on?
|
[
"What did the Byzantines pattern their army organization on?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107879
|
5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
How many corps did the Byzantines have?
|
How many corps did the Byzantines have?
|
[
"How many corps did the Byzantines have?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107880
|
5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
Who reintroduced the old division?
|
Who reintroduced the old division?
|
[
"Who reintroduced the old division?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107881
|
5acfb7a577cf76001a685a2e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.
|
In what fashion were Greek troops armed?
|
In what fashion were Greek troops armed?
|
[
"In what fashion were Greek troops armed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107882
|
571aa72d10f8ca140030527d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?
|
Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?
|
[
"Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mu'awiyah"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107883
|
571aa72d10f8ca140030527e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?
|
Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?
|
[
"Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Khurasan"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107884
|
571aa72d10f8ca140030527f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?
|
Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?
|
[
"Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?"
] |
{
"text": [
"donkeys"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107885
|
571aa72d10f8ca1400305280
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?
|
In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?
|
[
"In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?"
] |
{
"text": [
"4,000,000"
],
"answer_start": [
898
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107886
|
571aa72d10f8ca1400305281
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?
|
In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?
|
[
"In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?"
] |
{
"text": [
"19"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107887
|
5acfb6c277cf76001a685a04
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
Who ended the postal service?
|
Who ended the postal service?
|
[
"Who ended the postal service?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107888
|
5acfb6c277cf76001a685a05
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire?
|
Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire?
|
[
"Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107889
|
5acfb6c277cf76001a685a06
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
Who stopped the use of horses in the postal service?
|
Who stopped the use of horses in the postal service?
|
[
"Who stopped the use of horses in the postal service?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107890
|
5acfb6c277cf76001a685a07
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
What service primarily met the needs of private citizens?
|
What service primarily met the needs of private citizens?
|
[
"What service primarily met the needs of private citizens? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107891
|
5acfb6c277cf76001a685a08
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.
|
What did the postal department of Iraq cost per year under Abd al-Malik?
|
What did the postal department of Iraq cost per year under Abd al-Malik?
|
[
"What did the postal department of Iraq cost per year under Abd al-Malik?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107892
|
571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc0
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?
|
What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?
|
[
"What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Byzantine"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107893
|
571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc1
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?
|
Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?
|
[
"Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Heraclius"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107894
|
571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?
|
Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?
|
[
"Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jerusalem"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107895
|
571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc3
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?
|
Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?
|
[
"Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Abu Sufyan ibn Harb"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107896
|
571aa7d54faf5e1900b8abc4
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?
|
Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?
|
[
"Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hind bint Utbah"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107897
|
5acfb96c77cf76001a685a94
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
What is an example of a late history book?
|
What is an example of a late history book?
|
[
"What is an example of a late history book?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107898
|
5acfb96c77cf76001a685a95
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
What were Muawiyah's father and brothers appointed as before they converted to Islam?
|
What were Muawiyah's father and brothers appointed as before they converted to Islam?
|
[
"What were Muawiyah's father and brothers appointed as before they converted to Islam?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107899
|
5acfb96c77cf76001a685a96
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
Who appointed Muhammad as a commander?
|
Who appointed Muhammad as a commander?
|
[
"Who appointed Muhammad as a commander?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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