gem_id
stringlengths 20
25
| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
59
| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-107900
|
5acfb96c77cf76001a685a97
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
Who never fought at the battle of Yarmouk?
|
Who never fought at the battle of Yarmouk?
|
[
"Who never fought at the battle of Yarmouk?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107901
|
5acfb96c77cf76001a685a98
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.
|
What battle did the Byzantines win?
|
What battle did the Byzantines win?
|
[
"What battle did the Byzantines win?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107902
|
571aa83110f8ca1400305291
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.
|
What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?
|
What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?
|
[
"What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"dhimmis"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107903
|
571aa83110f8ca1400305292
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.
|
Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?
|
Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?
|
[
"Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jews"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107904
|
571aa83110f8ca1400305293
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.
|
Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?
|
Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?
|
[
"Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107905
|
5acfb87077cf76001a685a5a
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.
|
What were Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate called?
|
What were Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate called?
|
[
"What were Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate called?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107906
|
5acfb87077cf76001a685a5b
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.
|
Who was given a legally protected status as first class citizens?
|
Who was given a legally protected status as first class citizens?
|
[
"Who was given a legally protected status as first class citizens?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107907
|
5acfb87077cf76001a685a5c
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.
|
What were Muslims banned from holding in the empire?
|
What were Muslims banned from holding in the empire?
|
[
"What were Muslims banned from holding in the empire?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107908
|
5acfb87077cf76001a685a5d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.
|
What led to a lack of great thinkers in Muslim communities?
|
What led to a lack of great thinkers in Muslim communities?
|
[
"What led to a lack of great thinkers in Muslim communities?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107909
|
5acfb87077cf76001a685a5e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.
|
What were non-Muslims not required to acknowledge?
|
What were non-Muslims not required to acknowledge?
|
[
"What were non-Muslims not required to acknowledge? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107910
|
571aa87e10f8ca1400305297
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."
|
What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?
|
What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?
|
[
"What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mawali"
],
"answer_start": [
307
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107911
|
571aa87e10f8ca1400305298
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."
|
Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?
|
Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?
|
[
"Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?"
] |
{
"text": [
"G.R. Hawting"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107912
|
571aa87e10f8ca1400305299
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."
|
What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?
|
What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?
|
[
"What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"old Arab"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107913
|
5acfbb1177cf76001a685ae6
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."
|
Which caliphate was not marked by territorial expansion?
|
Which caliphate was not marked by territorial expansion?
|
[
"Which caliphate was not marked by territorial expansion?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107914
|
5acfbb1177cf76001a685ae7
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."
|
Who favored the rights of newly converted Muslims?
|
Who favored the rights of newly converted Muslims?
|
[
"Who favored the rights of newly converted Muslims?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107915
|
5acfbb1177cf76001a685ae8
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."
|
Who did the mawali show favor to?
|
Who did the mawali show favor to?
|
[
"Who did the mawali show favor to?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107916
|
5acfbb1177cf76001a685ae9
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."
|
Who had a more universalist conception of Islam than their rivals?
|
Who had a more universalist conception of Islam than their rivals?
|
[
"Who had a more universalist conception of Islam than their rivals?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107917
|
571aa92010f8ca140030529d
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.
|
What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?
|
What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?
|
[
"What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?"
] |
{
"text": [
"John of Damascus"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107918
|
571aa92010f8ca140030529e
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.
|
What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?
|
What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?
|
[
"What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107919
|
571aa92010f8ca140030529f
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.
|
In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?
|
In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?
|
[
"In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?"
] |
{
"text": [
"not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam"
],
"answer_start": [
737
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107920
|
5acfbdb277cf76001a685bce
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.
|
What did many Muslims praise the Umayyads for?
|
What did many Muslims praise the Umayyads for?
|
[
"What did many Muslims praise the Umayyads for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107921
|
5acfbdb277cf76001a685bcf
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.
|
Who removed the people's political representatives as they took over?
|
Who removed the people's political representatives as they took over?
|
[
"Who removed the people's political representatives as they took over?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107922
|
5acfbdb277cf76001a685bd0
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.
|
What was the Central government not paid for?
|
What was the Central government not paid for?
|
[
"What was the Central government not paid for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107923
|
5acfbdb277cf76001a685bd1
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.
|
What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for?
|
What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for?
|
[
"What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107924
|
5acfbdb277cf76001a685bd2
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.
|
Who reduced the taxes of the people who converted to Islam?
|
Who reduced the taxes of the people who converted to Islam?
|
[
"Who reduced the taxes of the people who converted to Islam?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107925
|
571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd4
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
|
What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
|
[
"What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?"
] |
{
"text": [
"khalifat Allah"
],
"answer_start": [
413
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107926
|
571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd5
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
Where was the Abbasid court based?
|
Where was the Abbasid court based?
|
[
"Where was the Abbasid court based?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Baghdad"
],
"answer_start": [
1079
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107927
|
571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd6
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
What is the Arabic term for kingship?
|
What is the Arabic term for kingship?
|
[
"What is the Arabic term for kingship?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mulk"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107928
|
571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd7
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
|
What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
|
[
"What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?"
] |
{
"text": [
"khalifat rasul Allah"
],
"answer_start": [
301
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107929
|
571aa99d4faf5e1900b8abd8
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
|
What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
|
[
"What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?"
] |
{
"text": [
"deputy of God"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107930
|
5acfbce377cf76001a685b84
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians?
|
Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians?
|
[
"Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107931
|
5acfbce377cf76001a685b85
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
What is a term for kingship that has connotations of freedom?
|
What is a term for kingship that has connotations of freedom?
|
[
"What is a term for kingship that has connotations of freedom?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107932
|
5acfbce377cf76001a685b86
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
Who calls the Umayyads a true caliphate?
|
Who calls the Umayyads a true caliphate?
|
[
"Who calls the Umayyads a true caliphate?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107933
|
5acfbce377cf76001a685b87
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
Who saw a need to share religious power with the religious scholars?
|
Who saw a need to share religious power with the religious scholars?
|
[
"Who saw a need to share religious power with the religious scholars?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107934
|
5acfbce377cf76001a685b88
|
Umayyad_Caliphate
|
The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
|
What histories were written outside the Abbasid court?
|
What histories were written outside the Abbasid court?
|
[
"What histories were written outside the Abbasid court?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107935
|
56e3a635e375b8140053a3cc
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.
|
What country has Estonian as its official language?
|
What country has Estonian as its official language?
|
[
"What country has Estonian as its official language?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Estonian"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107936
|
56e3a636e375b8140053a3cd
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.
|
In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language
|
In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language
|
[
"In Estonia how many people speak Estonian as their native language"
] |
{
"text": [
"1.1 million"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107937
|
56e3a636e375b8140053a3ce
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.
|
Of what language family is Estonian a part of?
|
Of what language family is Estonian a part of?
|
[
"Of what language family is Estonian a part of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Uralic"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107938
|
56e3a636e375b8140053a3cf
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.
|
On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?
|
On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?
|
[
"On which branch of Uralic language family can Estonian be found?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Finnic"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107939
|
56e3a636e375b8140053a3d0
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian (eesti keel [ˈeːsti ˈkeːl] ( listen)) is the official language of Estonia, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people in Estonia and tens of thousands in various migrant communities. It belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family.
|
How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?
|
How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?
|
[
"How many estimated non native speakers of Estonian are there in Estonia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"tens of thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107940
|
56e3a745d654871900275377
|
Estonian_language
|
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]
|
Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
|
Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
|
[
"Who is interested in the degrees of phonemic length?"
] |
{
"text": [
"linguists"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107941
|
56e3a745d654871900275378
|
Estonian_language
|
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]
|
What are the phonemic length's three degrees?
|
What are the phonemic length's three degrees?
|
[
"What are the phonemic length's three degrees?"
] |
{
"text": [
"short, long, and \"overlong\""
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107942
|
56e3a745d654871900275379
|
Estonian_language
|
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]
|
What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?
|
What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?
|
[
"What is a matter of dispute among linguists regarding the distinction?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the underlying phonological mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107943
|
5acd272207355d001abf36f4
|
Estonian_language
|
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]
|
Who isn't interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
|
Who isn't interested in the degrees of phonemic length?
|
[
"Who isn't interested in the degrees of phonemic length?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107944
|
5acd272207355d001abf36f5
|
Estonian_language
|
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]
|
What is not a distinctive feature?
|
What is not a distinctive feature?
|
[
"What is not a distinctive feature? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107945
|
5acd272207355d001abf36f6
|
Estonian_language
|
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]
|
Underlong is a degree of what length?
|
Underlong is a degree of what length?
|
[
"Underlong is a degree of what length? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107946
|
5acd272207355d001abf36f7
|
Estonian_language
|
One distinctive feature that has caused a great amount of interest among linguists is what is traditionally seen as three degrees of phonemic length: short, long, and "overlong", such that /sɑdɑ/, /sɑˑdɑ/ and /sɑːdɑ/ are distinct. In actuality, the distinction is not purely in the phonemic length, and the underlying phonological mechanism is still disputed.[citation needed]
|
What are the three degrees of phonemic width?
|
What are the three degrees of phonemic width?
|
[
"What are the three degrees of phonemic width? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107947
|
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d6
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?
|
What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?
|
[
"What Uralic language branch contains Estonian?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Finnic"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107948
|
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d7
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?
|
What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?
|
[
"What are two other languages in the Finnic branch?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Finnish, Karelian"
],
"answer_start": [
74
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107949
|
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d8
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What language group is Estonian not a part of?
|
What language group is Estonian not a part of?
|
[
"What language group is Estonian not a part of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Indo-European languages"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107950
|
56e3a830e375b8140053a3d9
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?
|
What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?
|
[
"What languages are related to Estonian but not closely?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hungarian and to the Sami languages"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107951
|
5acd277607355d001abf371a
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What Uralic language branch does not contain Estonian?
|
What Uralic language branch does not contain Estonian?
|
[
"What Uralic language branch does not contain Estonian?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107952
|
5acd277607355d001abf371b
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What Uralic language branch does not contain Finnish?
|
What Uralic language branch does not contain Finnish?
|
[
"What Uralic language branch does not contain Finnish?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107953
|
5acd277607355d001abf371c
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What Uralic language branch does not contain Karelian?
|
What Uralic language branch does not contain Karelian?
|
[
"What Uralic language branch does not contain Karelian? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107954
|
5acd277607355d001abf371d
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What languages are very close to Estonian?
|
What languages are very close to Estonian?
|
[
" What languages are very close to Estonian?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107955
|
5acd277607355d001abf371e
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages. The Uralic languages do not belong to the Indo-European languages. Estonian is distantly related to Hungarian and to the Sami languages.
|
What languages are not related to Estonian?
|
What languages are not related to Estonian?
|
[
"What languages are not related to Estonian?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107956
|
56e3a927e375b8140053a3df
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.
|
Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?
|
Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?
|
[
"Who spoke German in what came to be known as Estonia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Baltic Germans"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107957
|
56e3a927e375b8140053a3e0
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.
|
Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?
|
Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?
|
[
"Aside from standard German what German language influenced Estonian?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Middle Low German"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107958
|
5acd27f807355d001abf372e
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.
|
Baltic Germans spoke which language?
|
Baltic Germans spoke which language?
|
[
"Baltic Germans spoke which language? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107959
|
5acd27f807355d001abf372f
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.
|
What German language did not influence Estonian?
|
What German language did not influence Estonian?
|
[
"What German language did not influence Estonian?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107960
|
5acd27f807355d001abf3730
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.
|
Where is Middle Low German spoken today?
|
Where is Middle Low German spoken today?
|
[
"Where is Middle Low German spoken today? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107961
|
5acd27f807355d001abf3731
|
Estonian_language
|
Estonian has been influenced by Swedish, German (initially Middle Low German, which was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League and spoken natively in the territories of what is today known as Estonia by a sizeable burgher community of Baltic Germans, later Estonian was also influenced by standard German), and Russian, though it is not related to them genetically.
|
Which language did Russian not influence?
|
Which language did Russian not influence?
|
[
"Which language did Russian not influence? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107962
|
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed5
|
Estonian_language
|
Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.
|
What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?
|
What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?
|
[
"What kind of harmony has Estonian lost?"
] |
{
"text": [
"vowel"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107963
|
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed6
|
Estonian_language
|
Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.
|
What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share?
|
What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share?
|
[
"What language feature does Estonian, Finish and Hungarian share? "
] |
{
"text": [
"agglutinative"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107964
|
56e3b0128c00841900fbaed7
|
Estonian_language
|
Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.
|
In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?
|
In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?
|
[
"In what order are words put in sentences in the Estonian language?"
] |
{
"text": [
"subject–verb–object"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107965
|
5acd289107355d001abf3740
|
Estonian_language
|
Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.
|
What kind of harmony has Estonian not lost?
|
What kind of harmony has Estonian not lost?
|
[
" What kind of harmony has Estonian not lost?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107966
|
5acd289107355d001abf3741
|
Estonian_language
|
Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.
|
What language features do Estonian, Finish and Hungarian differ?
|
What language features do Estonian, Finish and Hungarian differ?
|
[
" What language features do Estonian, Finish and Hungarian differ?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107967
|
5acd289107355d001abf3742
|
Estonian_language
|
Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.
|
In what order are words put in sentences in the Finnish language?
|
In what order are words put in sentences in the Finnish language?
|
[
" In what order are words put in sentences in the Finnish language?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107968
|
5acd289107355d001abf3743
|
Estonian_language
|
Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.
|
In what order are words put in sentences in the Hungarian language?
|
In what order are words put in sentences in the Hungarian language?
|
[
"In what order are words put in sentences in the Hungarian language?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107969
|
5acd289107355d001abf3744
|
Estonian_language
|
Like Finnish and Hungarian, Estonian is a somewhat agglutinative language, but unlike them, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the apocope of word-final sounds is extensive and has contributed to a shift from a purely agglutinative to a fusional language.[citation needed] The basic word order is subject–verb–object.
|
What made it shift from a fusional language to an agglutinative one?
|
What made it shift from a fusional language to an agglutinative one?
|
[
"What made it shift from a fusional language to an agglutinative one?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107970
|
56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d4
|
Estonian_language
|
The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.
|
What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
|
What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
|
[
"What was the minimum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107971
|
56e3bb5d39bdeb14003478d5
|
Estonian_language
|
The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.
|
What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?
|
What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?
|
[
"What are the names of the two separate Estonian languages?"
] |
{
"text": [
"North and South Estonian languages"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107972
|
5acd2d3c07355d001abf37ec
|
Estonian_language
|
The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.
|
What are East and West Estonian languages based on?
|
What are East and West Estonian languages based on?
|
[
"What are East and West Estonian languages based on?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107973
|
5acd2d3c07355d001abf37ed
|
Estonian_language
|
The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.
|
What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect?
|
What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect?
|
[
"What evolved from Eastern Estonian dialect?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107974
|
5acd2d3c07355d001abf37ee
|
Estonian_language
|
The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.
|
The two waves of migration into Estonian spoke the exact same type of what language?
|
The two waves of migration into Estonian spoke the exact same type of what language?
|
[
"The two waves of migration into Estonian spoke the exact same type of what language? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107975
|
5acd2d3c07355d001abf37ef
|
Estonian_language
|
The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.
|
What was the maximum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
|
What was the maximum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?
|
[
"What was the maximum number of waves through which modern Estonians migrated into Estonia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107976
|
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478da
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
When did the Northern Crusades happen?
|
When did the Northern Crusades happen?
|
[
"When did the Northern Crusades happen?"
] |
{
"text": [
"13th century to 1918"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107977
|
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478db
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
|
Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
|
[
"Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107978
|
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dc
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
Following the crusades which country was dominated?
|
Following the crusades which country was dominated?
|
[
"Following the crusades which country was dominated?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Estonia"
],
"answer_start": [
18
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107979
|
56e3bbe839bdeb14003478dd
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
|
What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
|
[
"What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"indigenous literacy"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107980
|
5acd2d8207355d001abf37fe
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
When didn't the Northern Crusades happen?
|
When didn't the Northern Crusades happen?
|
[
"When didn't the Northern Crusades happen?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107981
|
5acd2d8207355d001abf37ff
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
Which countries didn't take part in the Northern Crusades?
|
Which countries didn't take part in the Northern Crusades?
|
[
" Which countries didn't take part in the Northern Crusades?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107982
|
5acd2d8207355d001abf3800
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
Following the crusades which country was not dominated?
|
Following the crusades which country was not dominated?
|
[
" Following the crusades which country was not dominated?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107983
|
5acd2d8207355d001abf3801
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
What did the aftermath of the crusades end up beginning in Estonia?
|
What did the aftermath of the crusades end up beginning in Estonia?
|
[
"What did the aftermath of the crusades end up beginning in Estonia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107984
|
5acd2d8207355d001abf3802
|
Estonian_language
|
The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]
|
What country was involved in the Eastern Crusades?
|
What country was involved in the Eastern Crusades?
|
[
"What country was involved in the Eastern Crusades?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107985
|
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e2
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
|
How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?
|
[
"How far back do the first written records of Estonia's Finnic languages go?"
] |
{
"text": [
"13th century"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107986
|
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e3
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
Where can records of Estonian place names be found?
|
Where can records of Estonian place names be found?
|
[
"Where can records of Estonian place names be found?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Originates Livoniae"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107987
|
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e4
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?
|
Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?
|
[
"Which Chronicle contains the Originates Livoniae?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Chronicle of Henry of Livonia"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107988
|
56e3bca239bdeb14003478e5
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
|
Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?
|
[
"Aside from place names what else from the Estonian language can be found in the Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"words and fragments of sentences."
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107989
|
5acd2dff07355d001abf3808
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
Where can records of Estonian place names not be found?
|
Where can records of Estonian place names not be found?
|
[
" Where can records of Estonian place names not be found?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107990
|
5acd2dff07355d001abf3809
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
Which Chronicle does not contain the Originates Livoniae?
|
Which Chronicle does not contain the Originates Livoniae?
|
[
"Which Chronicle does not contain the Originates Livoniae?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107991
|
5acd2dff07355d001abf380a
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
What was the last century fo Estonia's Finnic language?
|
What was the last century fo Estonia's Finnic language?
|
[
"What was the last century fo Estonia's Finnic language? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107992
|
5acd2dff07355d001abf380b
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
When is the most recent written records of Finnic Languages of Estonia?
|
When is the most recent written records of Finnic Languages of Estonia?
|
[
"When is the most recent written records of Finnic Languages of Estonia?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107993
|
5acd2dff07355d001abf380c
|
Estonian_language
|
The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.
|
In what book were place names, words and fragments of sentences were not included?
|
In what book were place names, words and fragments of sentences were not included?
|
[
"In what book were place names, words and fragments of sentences were not included?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107994
|
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedb
|
Estonian_language
|
The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.
|
What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
|
What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
|
[
"What was the first Estonian language book to be published?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a Lutheran manuscript"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107995
|
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedc
|
Estonian_language
|
The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.
|
When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
|
When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
|
[
"When were the Kallamaa prayers written?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1524 and 1528"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107996
|
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaedd
|
Estonian_language
|
The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.
|
What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
|
What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
|
[
"What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?"
] |
{
"text": [
"destroyed"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107997
|
56e3bd8e8c00841900fbaede
|
Estonian_language
|
The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.
|
At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
|
At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
|
[
"At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"immediately after publication"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107998
|
5acd2f5507355d001abf3848
|
Estonian_language
|
The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.
|
What was the last Estonian language book to be published?
|
What was the last Estonian language book to be published?
|
[
" What was the last Estonian language book to be published?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-107999
|
5acd2f5507355d001abf3849
|
Estonian_language
|
The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.
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Who wrote the first prayers?
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Who wrote the first prayers?
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[
"Who wrote the first prayers? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
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