gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-109500 | 56ddef259a695914005b96e5 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe? | What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe? | [
"What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"personal freedom of religion"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109501 | 5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f61 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office? | What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office? | [
"What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109502 | 5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f62 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century? | What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century? | [
"What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109503 | 5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f63 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services? | What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services? | [
"What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109504 | 5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f64 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden? | What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden? | [
"What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109505 | 5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f65 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning? | Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning? | [
"Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109506 | 56ddf1189a695914005b96fc | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic? | What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic? | [
"What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?"
] | {
"text": [
"predestination"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109507 | 56ddf1189a695914005b96fd | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what? | The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what? | [
"The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?"
] | {
"text": [
"the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109508 | 56ddf1189a695914005b96fe | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618? | What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618? | [
"What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Synod of Dort"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109509 | 5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6b | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort? | When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort? | [
"When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109510 | 5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6c | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith? | Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith? | [
"Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109511 | 5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6d | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination? | What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination? | [
"What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109512 | 5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6e | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as? | What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as? | [
"What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109513 | 5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6f | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy? | In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy? | [
"In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109514 | 56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance? | When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance? | [
"When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109515 | 56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4c | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule? | Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule? | [
"Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?"
] | {
"text": [
"as long as their services took place secretly in private churches"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109516 | 5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f75 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches? | When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches? | [
"When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109517 | 5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f76 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | During what period did services move to a state of tolerance? | During what period did services move to a state of tolerance? | [
"During what period did services move to a state of tolerance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109518 | 5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f77 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | What changed from religious services to private churches? | What changed from religious services to private churches? | [
"What changed from religious services to private churches?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109519 | 5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f78 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches? | What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches? | [
"What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109520 | 5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f79 | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | Where was active persecution taking place? | Where was active persecution taking place? | [
"Where was active persecution taking place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109521 | 5728ea364b864d1900165084 | Samurai | In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. ... | What was William Scott Wilson's occupation? | What was William Scott Wilson's occupation? | [
"What was William Scott Wilson's occupation?"
] | {
"text": [
"translator"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109522 | 5728ea364b864d1900165085 | Samurai | In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. ... | What are samurai usually called in Japanse? | What are samurai usually called in Japanse? | [
"What are samurai usually called in Japanse?"
] | {
"text": [
"bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?)"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109523 | 5728ea364b864d1900165086 | Samurai | In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. ... | Where is the first known use of 'samurai'? | Where is the first known use of 'samurai'? | [
"Where is the first known use of 'samurai'?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kokin Wakashū"
],
"answer_start": [
556
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109524 | 5728ea364b864d1900165087 | Samurai | In Japanese, they are usually referred to as bushi (武士?, [bu.ɕi]) or buke (武家?). According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character 侍 was originally a verb meaning "to wait upon" or "accompany persons" in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau. ... | When is the first known use of 'samurai'? | When is the first known use of 'samurai'? | [
"When is the first known use of 'samurai'?"
] | {
"text": [
"905–914"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109525 | 5728eae64b864d190016508c | Samurai | By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they fol... | What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as? | What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as? | [
"What did samurai mean nearly the same thing as?"
] | {
"text": [
"bushi"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109526 | 5728eae64b864d190016508d | Samurai | By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they fol... | What were samurai affiliated with? | What were samurai affiliated with? | [
"What were samurai affiliated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"a clan"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109527 | 5728eae64b864d190016508e | Samurai | By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they fol... | How much of Japan were samurais? | How much of Japan were samurais? | [
"How much of Japan were samurais?"
] | {
"text": [
"less than 10%"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109528 | 5728eae64b864d190016508f | Samurai | By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they fol... | Where do samurais' teachings live on? | Where do samurais' teachings live on? | [
"Where do samurais' teachings live on?"
] | {
"text": [
"everyday life and in modern Japanese martial arts"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109529 | 5728eae64b864d1900165090 | Samurai | By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, and the word was closely associated with the middle and upper echelons of the warrior class. The samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy, and they fol... | What class were samurais? | What class were samurais? | [
"What class were samurais?"
] | {
"text": [
"middle and upper echelons of the warrior class"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109530 | 5728eb743acd2414000e01cf | Samurai | Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to ... | When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe? | When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe? | [
"When was the Battle of Hakusukinoe?"
] | {
"text": [
"663 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109531 | 5728eb743acd2414000e01d0 | Samurai | Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to ... | Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against? | Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against? | [
"Who was the Battle of Hakusukinoe against?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tang China and Silla"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109532 | 5728eb743acd2414000e01d1 | Samurai | Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to ... | What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe? | What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe? | [
"What was the effect of the Battle of Hakusukinoe?"
] | {
"text": [
"a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109533 | 5728eb743acd2414000e01d2 | Samurai | Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to ... | Who led the Taika Reform? | Who led the Taika Reform? | [
"Who led the Taika Reform?"
] | {
"text": [
"Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji)"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109534 | 5728eb743acd2414000e01d3 | Samurai | Following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD that led to a Japanese retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform, issued by Prince Naka no Ōe (Emperor Tenji) in 646 AD. This edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to ... | When was the Taika Reform? | When was the Taika Reform? | [
"When was the Taika Reform?"
] | {
"text": [
"646 AD"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109535 | 5728ec04ff5b5019007da956 | Samurai | In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of s... | In what period did Emperor Kammu rule? | In what period did Emperor Kammu rule? | [
"In what period did Emperor Kammu rule?"
] | {
"text": [
"early Heian period"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109536 | 5728ec04ff5b5019007da957 | Samurai | In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of s... | When was the early Heian? | When was the early Heian? | [
"When was the early Heian?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late 8th and early 9th centuries"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109537 | 5728ec04ff5b5019007da958 | Samurai | In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of s... | Who did Kammu fail to conquer? | Who did Kammu fail to conquer? | [
"Who did Kammu fail to conquer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Emishi"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109538 | 5728ec04ff5b5019007da959 | Samurai | In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of s... | What was the full title for Shogun? | What was the full title for Shogun? | [
"What was the full title for Shogun?"
] | {
"text": [
"sei'i-taishōgun"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109539 | 5728ec04ff5b5019007da95a | Samurai | In the early Heian period, the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Emperor Kammu sought to consolidate and expand his rule in northern Honshū, but the armies he sent to conquer the rebellious Emishi people lacked motivation and discipline, and failed in their task.[citation needed] Emperor Kammu introduced the title of s... | Who introduced the Shogun concept? | Who introduced the Shogun concept? | [
"Who introduced the Shogun concept?"
] | {
"text": [
"Emperor Kammu"
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109540 | 5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa0 | Samurai | After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provision... | When was the Genpei war? | When was the Genpei war? | [
"When was the Genpei war?"
] | {
"text": [
"late 12th century"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109541 | 5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa1 | Samurai | After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provision... | Who was given the right to appoint shugo? | Who was given the right to appoint shugo? | [
"Who was given the right to appoint shugo?"
] | {
"text": [
"Minamoto no Yoritomo"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109542 | 5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa2 | Samurai | After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provision... | What was Minamoto's position? | What was Minamoto's position? | [
"What was Minamoto's position?"
] | {
"text": [
"clan leader"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109543 | 5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa3 | Samurai | After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provision... | Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate? | Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate? | [
"Who opened the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate?"
] | {
"text": [
"Minamoto no Yoritomo"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109544 | 5728ec9d2ca10214002daaa4 | Samurai | After the Genpei war of the late 12th century, a clan leader Minamoto no Yoritomo obtained the right to appoint shugo and jito, and was allowed to organize soldiers and police, and to collect a certain amount of tax. Initially, their responsibility was restricted to arresting rebels and collecting needed army provision... | When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open? | When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open? | [
"When did the Kamakura Bakufu Shogunate open?"
] | {
"text": [
"1192"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109545 | 5728ed49ff5b5019007da974 | Samurai | Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a dis... | What rebellion happened in 1160? | What rebellion happened in 1160? | [
"What rebellion happened in 1160?"
] | {
"text": [
"Heiji Rebellion"
],
"answer_start": [
1022
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109546 | 5728ed49ff5b5019007da975 | Samurai | Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a dis... | Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion? | Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion? | [
"Who fought in the Heiji Rebellion?"
] | {
"text": [
"the rival Minamoto and Taira clans"
],
"answer_start": [
961
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109547 | 5728ed49ff5b5019007da976 | Samurai | Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a dis... | How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be? | How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be? | [
"How long were the toryos' terms supposed to be?"
] | {
"text": [
"four-year"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109548 | 5728ed49ff5b5019007da977 | Samurai | Originally the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these warrior nobles. In time, they amassed enough manpower, resources and political backing in the form of alliances with one another, to establish the first samurai-dominated government. As the power of these regional clans grew, their chief was typically a dis... | What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of? | What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of? | [
"What clans were most regional clans' chiefs also a member of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fujiwara, Minamoto, or Taira clans"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109549 | 5728edc03acd2414000e01eb | Samurai | The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative... | Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor? | Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor? | [
"Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taira no Kiyomori"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109550 | 5728edc03acd2414000e01ec | Samurai | The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative... | Who established the first samurai-led administration? | Who established the first samurai-led administration? | [
"Who established the first samurai-led administration?"
] | {
"text": [
"Taira no Kiyomori"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109551 | 5728edc03acd2414000e01ed | Samurai | The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative... | What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government? | What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government? | [
"What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?"
] | {
"text": [
"figurehead"
],
"answer_start": [
250
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109552 | 5728edc03acd2414000e01ee | Samurai | The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative... | Who succeeded the Taira clan? | Who succeeded the Taira clan? | [
"Who succeeded the Taira clan?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Minamoto"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109553 | 5728edc03acd2414000e01ef | Samurai | The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative... | How did the Taira clan expand power? | How did the Taira clan expand power? | [
"How did the Taira clan expand power?"
] | {
"text": [
"had its women marry Emperors"
],
"answer_start": [
447
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109554 | 5728ee173acd2414000e01fb | Samurai | The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In ... | When did the Gempei War begin? | When did the Gempei War begin? | [
"When did the Gempei War begin?"
] | {
"text": [
"1180"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109555 | 5728ee173acd2414000e01fc | Samurai | The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In ... | When did the Gempei War end? | When did the Gempei War end? | [
"When did the Gempei War end?"
] | {
"text": [
"1185"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109556 | 5728ee173acd2414000e01fd | Samurai | The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In ... | Which clans fought in the Gempei War? | Which clans fought in the Gempei War? | [
"Which clans fought in the Gempei War?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Taira and the Minamoto"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109557 | 5728ee173acd2414000e01fe | Samurai | The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In ... | What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide? | What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide? | [
"What does the Shimonoseki Strait divide?"
] | {
"text": [
"Honshu and Kyushu"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109558 | 5728ee173acd2414000e01ff | Samurai | The Taira and the Minamoto clashed again in 1180, beginning the Gempei War, which ended in 1185. Samurai fought at the naval battle of Dan-no-ura, at the Shimonoseki Strait which separates Honshu and Kyushu in 1185. The victorious Minamoto no Yoritomo established the superiority of the samurai over the aristocracy. In ... | When was the Kamakura Shogunate established? | When was the Kamakura Shogunate established? | [
"When was the Kamakura Shogunate established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1192"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109559 | 5728ee664b864d19001650b4 | Samurai | In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casua... | Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols? | Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols? | [
"Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yuan"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109560 | 5728ee664b864d19001650b5 | Samurai | In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casua... | How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan? | How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan? | [
"How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"40,000"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109561 | 5728ee664b864d19001650b6 | Samurai | In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casua... | How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan? | How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan? | [
"How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"900"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109562 | 5728ee664b864d19001650b7 | Samurai | In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casua... | Where did the Yuan invade Japan? | Where did the Yuan invade Japan? | [
"Where did the Yuan invade Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"northern Kyūshū"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109563 | 5728ee664b864d19001650b8 | Samurai | In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casua... | How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with? | How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with? | [
"How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?"
] | {
"text": [
"10,000"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109564 | 5728eeca4b864d19001650be | Samurai | The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols a... | What was built around Hakata Bay? | What was built around Hakata Bay? | [
"What was built around Hakata Bay?"
] | {
"text": [
"a great stone barrier"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109565 | 5728eeca4b864d19001650bf | Samurai | The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols a... | When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier? | When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier? | [
"When did Japan begin building the Hakata Bay barrier?"
] | {
"text": [
"1276"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109566 | 5728eeca4b864d19001650c0 | Samurai | The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols a... | When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier? | When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier? | [
"When did Japan finish building the Hakata Bay barrier?"
] | {
"text": [
"1277"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109567 | 5728eeca4b864d19001650c1 | Samurai | The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols a... | How long was the Hakata Bay barrier? | How long was the Hakata Bay barrier? | [
"How long was the Hakata Bay barrier?"
] | {
"text": [
"20 kilometers"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109568 | 5728eeca4b864d19001650c2 | Samurai | The Japanese defenders recognized the possibility of a renewed invasion, and began construction of a great stone barrier around Hakata Bay in 1276. Completed in 1277, this wall stretched for 20 kilometers around the border of the bay. This would later serve as a strong defensive point against the Mongols. The Mongols a... | What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan? | What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan? | [
"What happened to diplomatic envoys the Mongols sent to Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"executed"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109569 | 5728ef234b864d19001650c8 | Samurai | In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (唐入り) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Chōsen-seibatsu (朝鮮征伐?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku p... | When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea? | When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea? | [
"When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?"
] | {
"text": [
"1592"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109570 | 5728ef234b864d19001650c9 | Samurai | In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (唐入り) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Chōsen-seibatsu (朝鮮征伐?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku p... | When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time? | When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time? | [
"When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?"
] | {
"text": [
"1597"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109571 | 5728ef234b864d19001650ca | Samurai | In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (唐入り) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Chōsen-seibatsu (朝鮮征伐?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku p... | How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea? | How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea? | [
"How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?"
] | {
"text": [
"160,000"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109572 | 5728ef234b864d19001650cb | Samurai | In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (唐入り) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Chōsen-seibatsu (朝鮮征伐?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku p... | When was the Battle of Sacheon? | When was the Battle of Sacheon? | [
"When was the Battle of Sacheon?"
] | {
"text": [
"1598"
],
"answer_start": [
937
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109573 | 5728ef234b864d19001650cc | Samurai | In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (唐入り) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Chōsen-seibatsu (朝鮮征伐?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku p... | When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die? | When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die? | [
"When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1598"
],
"answer_start": [
2215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109574 | 5728efe24b864d19001650d2 | Samurai | It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled... | Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea? | Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea? | [
"Which military leader avoided sending his soldiers to Korea?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tokugawa Ieyasu"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109575 | 5728efe24b864d19001650d3 | Samurai | It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled... | What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of? | What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of? | [
"What force were most commanders opposed to the Korea invasion part of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eastern Army"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109576 | 5728efe24b864d19001650d4 | Samurai | It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled... | Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army? | Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army? | [
"Which commander loyal to Hideyoshi was in the Eastern Army?"
] | {
"text": [
"Katō Kiyomasa"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109577 | 5728efe24b864d19001650d5 | Samurai | It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled... | Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle? | Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle? | [
"Where did the Eastern and Western armies battle?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of Sekigahara"
],
"answer_start": [
859
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109578 | 5728efe24b864d19001650d6 | Samurai | It should be noted that many samurai forces that were active throughout this period were not deployed to Korea; most importantly, the daimyo Tokugawa Ieyasu carefully kept forces under his command out of the Korean campaigns, and other samurai commanders who were opposed to Hideyoshi's domination of Japan either mulled... | Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara? | Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara? | [
"Which army won the Battle of Sekigahara?"
] | {
"text": [
"Eastern Forces"
],
"answer_start": [
922
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109579 | 5728f03bff5b5019007da99e | Samurai | Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had ... | Who used arquebuses a lot? | Who used arquebuses a lot? | [
"Who used arquebuses a lot?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oda Nobunaga"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109580 | 5728f03bff5b5019007da99f | Samurai | Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had ... | What did Oda Nobunaga value? | What did Oda Nobunaga value? | [
"What did Oda Nobunaga value?"
] | {
"text": [
"innovation"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109581 | 5728f03bff5b5019007da9a0 | Samurai | Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had ... | Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks? | Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks? | [
"Who disarmed Japan's Buddhist monks?"
] | {
"text": [
"Oda Nobunaga"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109582 | 5728f03bff5b5019007da9a1 | Samurai | Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had ... | When did Oda Nobunaga die? | When did Oda Nobunaga die? | [
"When did Oda Nobunaga die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1582"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109583 | 5728f03bff5b5019007da9a2 | Samurai | Oda Nobunaga made innovations in the fields of organization and war tactics, heavily used arquebuses, developed commerce and industry and treasured innovation. Consecutive victories enabled him to realize the termination of the Ashikaga Bakufu and the disarmament of the military powers of the Buddhist monks, which had ... | Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death? | Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death? | [
"Who caused Oda Nobunaga's death?"
] | {
"text": [
"Akechi Mitsuhide"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109584 | 5728f0992ca10214002daae4 | Samurai | During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aris... | When were samurai becoming less warrior-like? | When were samurai becoming less warrior-like? | [
"When were samurai becoming less warrior-like?"
] | {
"text": [
"During the Tokugawa shogunate"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109585 | 5728f0992ca10214002daae5 | Samurai | During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aris... | When had samurai last been used in battle? | When had samurai last been used in battle? | [
"When had samurai last been used in battle?"
] | {
"text": [
"the early 17th century"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109586 | 5728f0992ca10214002daae6 | Samurai | During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aris... | What was another name for the Tokugawa era? | What was another name for the Tokugawa era? | [
"What was another name for the Tokugawa era?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Edo period"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109587 | 5728f0992ca10214002daae7 | Samurai | During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aris... | What was the samurai's long sword called? | What was the samurai's long sword called? | [
"What was the samurai's long sword called?"
] | {
"text": [
"katana"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109588 | 5728f0992ca10214002daae8 | Samurai | During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function during the Tokugawa era (also called the Edo period). By the end of the Tokugawa era, samurai were aris... | What was the samurai's short sword called? | What was the samurai's short sword called? | [
"What was the samurai's short sword called?"
] | {
"text": [
"wakizashi"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109589 | 5728f0f74b864d19001650e6 | Samurai | Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders a... | Who were most samurais' lords? | Who were most samurais' lords? | [
"Who were most samurais' lords?"
] | {
"text": [
"daimyo"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109590 | 5728f0f74b864d19001650e7 | Samurai | Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders a... | Whose teachings did all samurai read? | Whose teachings did all samurai read? | [
"Whose teachings did all samurai read?"
] | {
"text": [
"Confucius and Mencius"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109591 | 5728f0f74b864d19001650e8 | Samurai | Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders a... | What did Bushido transcend? | What did Bushido transcend? | [
"What did Bushido transcend?"
] | {
"text": [
"social class, time and geographic location"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109592 | 5728f0f74b864d19001650e9 | Samurai | Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders a... | When was Bushido formalized? | When was Bushido formalized? | [
"When was Bushido formalized?"
] | {
"text": [
"before the Edo Period"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109593 | 5728f0f74b864d19001650ea | Samurai | Theoretical obligations between a samurai and his lord (usually a daimyo) increased from the Genpei era to the Edo era. They were strongly emphasized by the teachings of Confucius and Mencius (ca 550 BC), which were required reading for the educated samurai class. Bushido was formalized by several influential leaders a... | Who formalized Bushido? | Who formalized Bushido? | [
"Who formalized Bushido?"
] | {
"text": [
"several influential leaders and families"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109594 | 5728f14c2ca10214002daaf8 | Samurai | The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to particip... | Which force invaded Japan in 1853? | Which force invaded Japan in 1853? | [
"Which force invaded Japan in 1853?"
] | {
"text": [
"U.S. Navy"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109595 | 5728f14c2ca10214002daaf9 | Samurai | The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to particip... | Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan? | Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan? | [
"Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Commodore Matthew Perry"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109596 | 5728f14c2ca10214002daafa | Samurai | The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to particip... | What was Perry's goal in Japan? | What was Perry's goal in Japan? | [
"What was Perry's goal in Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"force Japan to open its borders to trade"
],
"answer_start": [
174
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109597 | 5728f14c2ca10214002daafb | Samurai | The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to particip... | What technology helped the downfall of samurai? | What technology helped the downfall of samurai? | [
"What technology helped the downfall of samurai?"
] | {
"text": [
"arquebus"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109598 | 5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1d | Samurai | From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to buil... | When was the samurai military modernized? | When was the samurai military modernized? | [
"When was the samurai military modernized?"
] | {
"text": [
"1854"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-109599 | 5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1e | Samurai | From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to buil... | Where did Japan open a military school in 1855? | Where did Japan open a military school in 1855? | [
"Where did Japan open a military school in 1855?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nagasaki"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
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