gem_id
stringlengths 20
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stringlengths 24
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| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
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| target
stringlengths 1
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| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-109600
|
5728f1a1af94a219006a9e1f
|
Samurai
|
From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.
|
What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?
|
What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?
|
[
"What kind of military school did Japan open in 1855?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Naval"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109601
|
5728f1a1af94a219006a9e20
|
Samurai
|
From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.
|
What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?
|
What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?
|
[
"What nationality of engineers did Japan hire to build naval arsenals?"
] |
{
"text": [
"tradition"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109602
|
5728f1a1af94a219006a9e21
|
Samurai
|
From 1854, the samurai army and the navy were modernized. A Naval training school was established in Nagasaki in 1855. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto. French naval engineers were hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki. By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1867, the Japanese navy of the shogun already possessed eight western-style steam warships around the flagship Kaiyō Maru, which were used against pro-imperial forces during the Boshin war, under the command of Admiral Enomoto. A French Military Mission to Japan (1867) was established to help modernize the armies of the Bakufu.
|
How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?
|
How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?
|
[
"How many steam warships did Japan have in 1867?"
] |
{
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109603
|
5728f2282ca10214002dab00
|
Samurai
|
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.
|
Who established a western-style army in Japan?
|
Who established a western-style army in Japan?
|
[
"Who established a western-style army in Japan?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Emperor Meiji"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109604
|
5728f2282ca10214002dab01
|
Samurai
|
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.
|
When was a western-style army established in Japan?
|
When was a western-style army established in Japan?
|
[
"When was a western-style army established in Japan?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109605
|
5728f2282ca10214002dab02
|
Samurai
|
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.
|
What did samurai become in 1873?
|
What did samurai become in 1873?
|
[
"What did samurai become in 1873?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Shizoku"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109606
|
5728f2282ca10214002dab03
|
Samurai
|
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.
|
Who had samurai been allowed to kill?
|
Who had samurai been allowed to kill?
|
[
"Who had samurai been allowed to kill?"
] |
{
"text": [
"commoners who paid them disrespect"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109607
|
5728f2282ca10214002dab04
|
Samurai
|
Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became Shizoku (士族) who retained some of their salaries, but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. However, the rule of the state by the military class was not yet over. In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of noblesse oblige. Samurai were not a political force under the new order. With the Meiji reforms in the late 19th century, the samurai class was abolished, and a western-style national army was established. The Imperial Japanese Armies were conscripted, but many samurai volunteered as soldiers, and many advanced to be trained as officers. Much of the Imperial Army officer class was of samurai origin, and were highly motivated, disciplined, and exceptionally trained.
|
In what century were the Meiji reforms?
|
In what century were the Meiji reforms?
|
[
"In what century were the Meiji reforms?"
] |
{
"text": [
"19th"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109608
|
5728f2a34b864d1900165102
|
Samurai
|
Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatarō, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.
|
What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?
|
What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?
|
[
"What group made up most of Japan's first exchange students?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Samurai"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109609
|
5728f2a34b864d1900165103
|
Samurai
|
Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatarō, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.
|
Who started Mitsubishi?
|
Who started Mitsubishi?
|
[
"Who started Mitsubishi?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Iwasaki Yatarō"
],
"answer_start": [
434
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109610
|
5728f2a34b864d1900165104
|
Samurai
|
Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatarō, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.
|
What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?
|
What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?
|
[
"What was Iwasaki's relationship to samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"great-grandson of a samurai"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109611
|
5728f2a34b864d1900165105
|
Samurai
|
Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatarō, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.
|
What kind of schools did samurai start?
|
What kind of schools did samurai start?
|
[
"What kind of schools did samurai start?"
] |
{
"text": [
"private schools for higher educations"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109612
|
5728f2a34b864d1900165106
|
Samurai
|
Samurai were many of the early exchange students, not directly because they were samurai, but because many samurai were literate and well-educated scholars. Some of these exchange students started private schools for higher educations, while many samurai took pens instead of guns and became reporters and writers, setting up newspaper companies, and others entered governmental service. Some samurai became businessmen. For example, Iwasaki Yatarō, who was the great-grandson of a samurai, established Mitsubishi.
|
Who did samurai write for?
|
Who did samurai write for?
|
[
"Who did samurai write for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"newspaper companies"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109613
|
5728f3026aef05140015489e
|
Samurai
|
The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship—the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.
|
What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?
|
What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?
|
[
"What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto"
],
"answer_start": [
20
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109614
|
5728f3026aef05140015489f
|
Samurai
|
The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship—the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.
|
What type of meditation did samurai do?
|
What type of meditation did samurai do?
|
[
"What type of meditation did samurai do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Zen"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109615
|
5728f3026aef0514001548a0
|
Samurai
|
The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship—the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.
|
What caused some samurai to stop fighting?
|
What caused some samurai to stop fighting?
|
[
"What caused some samurai to stop fighting?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109616
|
5728f3026aef0514001548a1
|
Samurai
|
The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship—the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.
|
What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?
|
What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?
|
[
"What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship"
],
"answer_start": [
600
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109617
|
5728f34c4b864d190016510c
|
Samurai
|
In the 13th century, Hōjō Shigetoki (1198–1261 AD) wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master." Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) "portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: "It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants."
|
When was Hojo Shigetoki born?
|
When was Hojo Shigetoki born?
|
[
"When was Hojo Shigetoki born?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1198"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109618
|
5728f34c4b864d190016510d
|
Samurai
|
In the 13th century, Hōjō Shigetoki (1198–1261 AD) wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master." Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) "portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: "It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants."
|
When did Hojo Shigetoki die?
|
When did Hojo Shigetoki die?
|
[
"When did Hojo Shigetoki die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1261"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109619
|
5728f34c4b864d190016510e
|
Samurai
|
In the 13th century, Hōjō Shigetoki (1198–1261 AD) wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master." Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) "portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: "It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants."
|
What were gunki?
|
What were gunki?
|
[
"What were gunki?"
] |
{
"text": [
"13th and 14th century warrior writings"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109620
|
5728f34c4b864d190016510f
|
Samurai
|
In the 13th century, Hōjō Shigetoki (1198–1261 AD) wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master." Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) "portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: "It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants."
|
When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?
|
When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?
|
[
"When was Shiba Yoshimasa born?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1350"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109621
|
5728f34c4b864d1900165110
|
Samurai
|
In the 13th century, Hōjō Shigetoki (1198–1261 AD) wrote: "When one is serving officially or in the master's court, he should not think of a hundred or a thousand people, but should consider only the importance of the master." Carl Steenstrup noted that 13th and 14th century warrior writings (gunki) "portrayed the bushi in their natural element, war, eulogizing such virtues as reckless bravery, fierce family pride, and selfless, at times senseless devotion of master and man". Feudal lords such as Shiba Yoshimasa (1350–1410 AD) stated that a warrior looked forward to a glorious death in the service of a military leader or the Emperor: "It is a matter of regret to let the moment when one should die pass by....First, a man whose profession is the use of arms should think and then act upon not only his own fame, but also that of his descendants. He should not scandalize his name forever by holding his one and only life too dear....One's main purpose in throwing away his life is to do so either for the sake of the Emperor or in some great undertaking of a military general. It is that exactly that will be the great fame of one's descendants."
|
When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?
|
When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?
|
[
"When did Shiba Yoshimasa die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1410"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109622
|
5728f3a54b864d190016511e
|
Samurai
|
"First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety....It is forbidden that one should...attach little importance to his duties to his master...There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments."
|
What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?
|
What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?
|
[
"What does a samurai has his heart in the wrong place dislike?"
] |
{
"text": [
"battle"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109623
|
5728f3a54b864d190016511f
|
Samurai
|
"First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety....It is forbidden that one should...attach little importance to his duties to his master...There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments."
|
What debt should samurai not forget?
|
What debt should samurai not forget?
|
[
"What debt should samurai not forget?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109624
|
5728f3a54b864d1900165120
|
Samurai
|
"First of all, a samurai who dislikes battle and has not put his heart in the right place even though he has been born in the house of the warrior, should not be reckoned among one's retainers....It is forbidden to forget the great debt of kindness one owes to his master and ancestors and thereby make light of the virtues of loyalty and filial piety....It is forbidden that one should...attach little importance to his duties to his master...There is a primary need to distinguish loyalty from disloyalty and to establish rewards and punishments."
|
What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?
|
What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?
|
[
"What virtues should samurai not be dismissive of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"loyalty and filial piety"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109625
|
5728f41daf94a219006a9e4b
|
Samurai
|
Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."
|
When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?
|
When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?
|
[
"When was Kato Kiyomasa in power?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Sengoku Era"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109626
|
5728f41daf94a219006a9e4c
|
Samurai
|
Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."
|
When did Japan begin invading Korea?
|
When did Japan begin invading Korea?
|
[
"When did Japan begin invading Korea?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1592"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109627
|
5728f41daf94a219006a9e4d
|
Samurai
|
Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."
|
When did Japan finish invading Korea?
|
When did Japan finish invading Korea?
|
[
"When did Japan finish invading Korea?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1598"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109628
|
5728f41daf94a219006a9e4e
|
Samurai
|
Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."
|
What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?
|
What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?
|
[
"What did Kato Kiyomasa think samurais' duty was?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to \"...grasp the long and the short swords and to die\""
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109629
|
5728f41daf94a219006a9e4f
|
Samurai
|
Katō Kiyomasa was one of the most powerful and well-known lords of the Sengoku Era. He commanded most of Japan's major clans during the invasion of Korea (1592–1598). In a handbook he addressed to "all samurai, regardless of rank" he told his followers that a warrior's only duty in life was to "...grasp the long and the short swords and to die". He also ordered his followers to put forth great effort in studying the military classics, especially those related to loyalty and filial piety. He is best known for his quote: "If a man does not investigate into the matter of Bushido daily, it will be difficult for him to die a brave and manly death. Thus it is essential to engrave this business of the warrior into one's mind well."
|
What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?
|
What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?
|
[
"What concept did Kato Kiyomasa think should be studied every day?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Bushido"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109630
|
5728f45c6aef0514001548b0
|
Samurai
|
Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:
|
Who did Torii Mototada serve?
|
Who did Torii Mototada serve?
|
[
"Who did Torii Mototada serve?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Tokugawa Ieyasu"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109631
|
5728f45c6aef0514001548b1
|
Samurai
|
Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:
|
When was Torii Mototada born?
|
When was Torii Mototada born?
|
[
"When was Torii Mototada born?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1539"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109632
|
5728f45c6aef0514001548b2
|
Samurai
|
Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:
|
When did Torii Mototada die?
|
When did Torii Mototada die?
|
[
"When did Torii Mototada die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1600"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109633
|
5728f45c6aef0514001548b3
|
Samurai
|
Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:
|
How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?
|
How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?
|
[
"How many people were in Ishida Mitsunari's army?"
] |
{
"text": [
"40,000"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109634
|
5728f45c6aef0514001548b4
|
Samurai
|
Torii Mototada (1539–1600) was a feudal lord in the service of Tokugawa Ieyasu. On the eve of the battle of Sekigahara, he volunteered to remain behind in the doomed Fushimi Castle while his lord advanced to the east. Torii and Tokugawa both agreed that the castle was indefensible. In an act of loyalty to his lord, Torii chose to remain behind, pledging that he and his men would fight to the finish. As was custom, Torii vowed that he would not be taken alive. In a dramatic last stand, the garrison of 2,000 men held out against overwhelming odds for ten days against the massive army of Ishida Mitsunari's 40,000 warriors. In a moving last statement to his son Tadamasa, he wrote:
|
How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?
|
How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?
|
[
"How many soldiers defended Torii's last stand?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2,000"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109635
|
5728f4a76aef0514001548ba
|
Samurai
|
The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."
|
Who was Takeda's rival?
|
Who was Takeda's rival?
|
[
"Who was Takeda's rival?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Uesugi Kenshin"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109636
|
5728f4a76aef0514001548bb
|
Samurai
|
The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."
|
What did Uesugi encourage?
|
What did Uesugi encourage?
|
[
"What did Uesugi encourage?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the \"way of the warrior as death\""
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109637
|
5728f4a76aef0514001548bc
|
Samurai
|
The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."
|
What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?
|
What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?
|
[
"What was Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's occupation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Japanese historian"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109638
|
5728f4a76aef0514001548bd
|
Samurai
|
The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."
|
When was Takeda born?
|
When was Takeda born?
|
[
"When was Takeda born?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1521"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109639
|
5728f4a76aef0514001548be
|
Samurai
|
The rival of Takeda Shingen (1521–1573) was Uesugi Kenshin (1530–1578), a legendary Sengoku warlord well-versed in the Chinese military classics and who advocated the "way of the warrior as death". Japanese historian Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki describes Uesugi's beliefs as: "Those who are reluctant to give up their lives and embrace death are not true warriors.... Go to the battlefield firmly confident of victory, and you will come home with no wounds whatever. Engage in combat fully determined to die and you will be alive; wish to survive in the battle and you will surely meet death. When you leave the house determined not to see it again you will come home safely; when you have any thought of returning you will not return. You may not be in the wrong to think that the world is always subject to change, but the warrior must not entertain this way of thinking, for his fate is always determined."
|
When was Uesugi born?
|
When was Uesugi born?
|
[
"When was Uesugi born?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1530"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109640
|
5728f514af94a219006a9e5f
|
Samurai
|
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."
|
What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?
|
What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?
|
[
"What religious order was St. Francis Xavier in?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jesuit"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109641
|
5728f514af94a219006a9e60
|
Samurai
|
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."
|
When was St. Francis Xavier born?
|
When was St. Francis Xavier born?
|
[
"When was St. Francis Xavier born?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1506"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109642
|
5728f514af94a219006a9e61
|
Samurai
|
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."
|
When did St. Francis Xavier die?
|
When did St. Francis Xavier die?
|
[
"When did St. Francis Xavier die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1552"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109643
|
5728f514af94a219006a9e62
|
Samurai
|
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."
|
When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?
|
When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?
|
[
"When did Xavier try to convert Japan to Christianity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1549–1551"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109644
|
5728f514af94a219006a9e63
|
Samurai
|
Historian H. Paul Varley notes the description of Japan given by Jesuit leader St. Francis Xavier (1506–1552): "There is no nation in the world which fears death less." Xavier further describes the honour and manners of the people: "I fancy that there are no people in the world more punctilious about their honour than the Japanese, for they will not put up with a single insult or even a word spoken in anger." Xavier spent the years 1549–1551 converting Japanese to Christianity. He also observed: "The Japanese are much braver and more warlike than the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines."
|
Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?
|
Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?
|
[
"Who were the Japanese regarded as braver than?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the people of China, Korea, Ternate and all of the other nations around the Philippines"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109645
|
5728f5716aef0514001548ca
|
Samurai
|
In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.
|
Where was Malacca?
|
Where was Malacca?
|
[
"Where was Malacca?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Malaysia"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109646
|
5728f5716aef0514001548cb
|
Samurai
|
In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.
|
Where was Goa?
|
Where was Goa?
|
[
"Where was Goa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109647
|
5728f5716aef0514001548cc
|
Samurai
|
In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.
|
Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?
|
Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?
|
[
"Who impressed Xavier by taking notes in church?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Anjiro"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109648
|
5728f5716aef0514001548cd
|
Samurai
|
In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.
|
In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?
|
In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?
|
[
"In what language did Anjiro speak to Xavier?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Portuguese"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109649
|
5728f5716aef0514001548ce
|
Samurai
|
In December 1547, Francis was in Malacca (Malaysia) waiting to return to Goa (India) when he met a low-ranked samurai named Anjiro (possibly spelled "Yajiro"). Anjiro was not an intellectual, but he impressed Xavier because he took careful notes of everything he said in church. Xavier made the decision to go to Japan in part because this low-ranking samurai convinced him in Portuguese that the Japanese people were highly educated and eager to learn. They were hard workers and respectful of authority. In their laws and customs they were led by reason, and, should the Christian faith convince them of its truth, they would accept it en masse.
|
How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?
|
How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?
|
[
"How did Anjiro think the Japanese would accept Christianity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"en masse"
],
"answer_start": [
638
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109650
|
5728f5e26aef0514001548d4
|
Samurai
|
In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.
|
Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?
|
Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?
|
[
"Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?"
] |
{
"text": [
"William Scott Wilson"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109651
|
5728f5e26aef0514001548d5
|
Samurai
|
In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.
|
Who were the models for future generations of samurai?
|
Who were the models for future generations of samurai?
|
[
"Who were the models for future generations of samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The warriors in the Heike Monogatari"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109652
|
5728f5e26aef0514001548d6
|
Samurai
|
In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.
|
Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?
|
Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?
|
[
"Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Heike Monogatari"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109653
|
5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7b
|
Samurai
|
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.
|
Whose culture included tea ceremonies?
|
Whose culture included tea ceremonies?
|
[
"Whose culture included tea ceremonies?"
] |
{
"text": [
"samurai"
],
"answer_start": [
144
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109654
|
5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7c
|
Samurai
|
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.
|
What kind of painting did samurai do?
|
What kind of painting did samurai do?
|
[
"What kind of painting did samurai do?"
] |
{
"text": [
"monochrome ink"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109655
|
5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7d
|
Samurai
|
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.
|
What was Japanese culture influenced by?
|
What was Japanese culture influenced by?
|
[
"What was Japanese culture influenced by?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Chinese arts"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109656
|
5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7e
|
Samurai
|
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.
|
Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?
|
Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?
|
[
"Who brought Chinese arts to Japan?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Zen monks"
],
"answer_start": [
347
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109657
|
5728f64eaf94a219006a9e7f
|
Samurai
|
As aristocrats for centuries, samurai developed their own cultures that influenced Japanese culture as a whole. The culture associated with the samurai such as the tea ceremony, monochrome ink painting, rock gardens and poetry were adopted by warrior patrons throughout the centuries 1200–1600. These practices were adapted from the Chinese arts. Zen monks introduced them to Japan and they were allowed to flourish due to the interest of powerful warrior elites. Musō Soseki (1275–1351) was a Zen monk who was advisor to both Emperor Go-Daigo and General Ashikaga Takauji (1304–58). Musō, as well as other monks, acted as political and cultural diplomat between Japan and China. Musō was particularly well known for his garden design. Another Ashikaga patron of the arts was Yoshimasa. His cultural advisor, the Zen monk Zeami, introduced tea ceremony to him. Previously, tea had been used primarily for Buddhist monks to stay awake during meditation.
|
When was Muso Soseki born?
|
When was Muso Soseki born?
|
[
"When was Muso Soseki born?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1275"
],
"answer_start": [
477
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109658
|
5728f6bc6aef0514001548ec
|
Samurai
|
For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.
|
What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?
|
What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?
|
[
"What was Oda Nobunaga's full name?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109659
|
5728f6bc6aef0514001548ed
|
Samurai
|
For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.
|
What did Oda mean?
|
What did Oda mean?
|
[
"What did Oda mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a clan or family name"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109660
|
5728f6bc6aef0514001548ee
|
Samurai
|
For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.
|
What did Kazusanosuke mean?
|
What did Kazusanosuke mean?
|
[
"What did Kazusanosuke mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109661
|
5728f6bc6aef0514001548ef
|
Samurai
|
For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.
|
What did Saburo mean?
|
What did Saburo mean?
|
[
"What did Saburo mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a formal nickname (yobina)"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109662
|
5728f6bc6aef0514001548f0
|
Samurai
|
For example, the full name of Oda Nobunaga would be "Oda Kazusanosuke Saburo Nobunaga" (織田上総介三郎信長), in which "Oda" is a clan or family name, "Kazusanosuke" is a title of vice-governor of Kazusa province, "Saburo" is a formal nickname (yobina), and "Nobunaga" is an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony. A man was addressed by his family name and his title, or by his yobina if he did not have a title. However, the nanori was a private name that could be used by only a very few, including the Emperor.
|
What did Nobunaga mean?
|
What did Nobunaga mean?
|
[
"What did Nobunaga mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"an adult name (nanori) given at genpuku, the coming of age ceremony"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109663
|
5728f761af94a219006a9e85
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.
|
How did the samurai treat concubines?
|
How did the samurai treat concubines?
|
[
"How did the samurai treat concubines?"
] |
{
"text": [
"akin to a marriage"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109664
|
5728f761af94a219006a9e86
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.
|
How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?
|
How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?
|
[
"How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?"
] |
{
"text": [
"shameful, if not criminal"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109665
|
5728f761af94a219006a9e87
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.
|
Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?
|
Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?
|
[
"Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?"
] |
{
"text": [
"many wealthy merchants"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109666
|
5728f761af94a219006a9e88
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.
|
Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?
|
Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?
|
[
"Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"her family's money erased the samurai's debts"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109667
|
5728f761af94a219006a9e89
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.
|
What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?
|
What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?
|
[
"What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the son could inherit his father's social status"
],
"answer_start": [
829
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109668
|
5728f7df4b864d1900165138
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.
|
How common was divorce for samurai?
|
How common was divorce for samurai?
|
[
"How common was divorce for samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"rare"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109669
|
5728f7df4b864d1900165139
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.
|
What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?
|
What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?
|
[
"What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?"
] |
{
"text": [
"adoption of a male heir"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109670
|
5728f7df4b864d190016513a
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.
|
Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?
|
Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?
|
[
"Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?"
] |
{
"text": [
"it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109671
|
5728f7df4b864d190016513b
|
Samurai
|
A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.
|
What financial concern prevented divorce?
|
What financial concern prevented divorce?
|
[
"What financial concern prevented divorce?"
] |
{
"text": [
"After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109672
|
5728f8484b864d1900165140
|
Samurai
|
Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.
|
What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?
|
What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?
|
[
"What did samurai wives spend most of their time on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Maintaining the household"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109673
|
5728f8484b864d1900165141
|
Samurai
|
Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.
|
What did okugatasama mean?
|
What did okugatasama mean?
|
[
"What did okugatasama mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"one who remains in the home"
],
"answer_start": [
230
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109674
|
5728f8484b864d1900165142
|
Samurai
|
Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.
|
What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?
|
What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?
|
[
"What did samurai wives' duties include when their husbands were away?"
] |
{
"text": [
"manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109675
|
5728f8484b864d1900165143
|
Samurai
|
Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.
|
What was a naginata?
|
What was a naginata?
|
[
"What was a naginata?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a polearm"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109676
|
5728f8484b864d1900165144
|
Samurai
|
Maintaining the household was the main duty of samurai women. This was especially crucial during early feudal Japan, when warrior husbands were often traveling abroad or engaged in clan battles. The wife, or okugatasama (meaning: one who remains in the home), was left to manage all household affairs, care for the children, and perhaps even defend the home forcibly. For this reason, many women of the samurai class were trained in wielding a polearm called a naginata or a special knife called the kaiken in an art called tantojutsu (lit. the skill of the knife), which they could use to protect their household, family, and honor if the need arose.
|
What was tantojutsu?
|
What was tantojutsu?
|
[
"What was tantojutsu?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the skill of the knife"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109677
|
5728f95d6aef051400154908
|
Samurai
|
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.
|
What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?
|
What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?
|
[
"What characteristics did samurais want their wives to have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109678
|
5728f95d6aef051400154909
|
Samurai
|
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.
|
Who did samurai wives have to teach?
|
Who did samurai wives have to teach?
|
[
"Who did samurai wives have to teach?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the children (and perhaps servants, too)"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109679
|
5728f95d6aef05140015490a
|
Samurai
|
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.
|
Who did samurai wives have to take care of?
|
Who did samurai wives have to take care of?
|
[
"Who did samurai wives have to take care of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109680
|
5728f95d6aef05140015490b
|
Samurai
|
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.
|
Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?
|
Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?
|
[
"Who was a woman supposed to be subservient to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"her husband"
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109681
|
5728f95d6aef05140015490c
|
Samurai
|
Traits valued in women of the samurai class were humility, obedience, self-control, strength, and loyalty. Ideally, a samurai wife would be skilled at managing property, keeping records, dealing with financial matters, educating the children (and perhaps servants, too), and caring for elderly parents or in-laws that may be living under her roof. Confucian law, which helped define personal relationships and the code of ethics of the warrior class required that a woman show subservience to her husband, filial piety to her parents, and care to the children. Too much love and affection was also said to indulge and spoil the youngsters. Thus, a woman was also to exercise discipline.
|
What defined the samurais' code?
|
What defined the samurais' code?
|
[
"What defined the samurais' code?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Confucian law"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109682
|
5728f9abaf94a219006a9e8f
|
Samurai
|
This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.
|
Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?
|
Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?
|
[
"Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109683
|
5728f9abaf94a219006a9e90
|
Samurai
|
This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.
|
Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?
|
Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?
|
[
"Who was Ashikaga Yoshimasa's wife?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hino Tomiko"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109684
|
5728f9abaf94a219006a9e91
|
Samurai
|
This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.
|
Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?
|
Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?
|
[
"Why did Ashikaga let his wife take over?"
] |
{
"text": [
"lost interest in politics"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109685
|
5728f9abaf94a219006a9e92
|
Samurai
|
This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.
|
Who was Nene?
|
Who was Nene?
|
[
"Who was Nene?"
] |
{
"text": [
"wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109686
|
5728f9abaf94a219006a9e93
|
Samurai
|
This does not mean that samurai women were always powerless. Powerful women both wisely and unwisely wielded power at various occasions. After Ashikaga Yoshimasa, 8th shogun of the Muromachi shogunate, lost interest in politics, his wife Hino Tomiko largely ruled in his place. Nene, wife of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, was known to overrule her husband's decisions at times and Yodo-dono, his concubine, became the de facto master of Osaka castle and the Toyotomi clan after Hideyoshi's death. Tachibana Ginchiyo was chosen to lead the Tachibana clan after her father's death. Chiyo, wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo, has long been considered the ideal samurai wife. According to legend, she made her kimono out of a quilted patchwork of bits of old cloth and saved pennies to buy her husband a magnificent horse, on which he rode to many victories. The fact that Chiyo (though she is better known as "Wife of Yamauchi Kazutoyo") is held in such high esteem for her economic sense is illuminating in the light of the fact that she never produced an heir and the Yamauchi clan was succeeded by Kazutoyo's younger brother. The source of power for women may have been that samurai left their finances to their wives.
|
Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?
|
Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?
|
[
"Who was Yodo-dono the concubine of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Toyotomi Hideyoshi"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109687
|
5728fa232ca10214002dab62
|
Samurai
|
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.
|
In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?
|
In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?
|
[
"In what period did Japanese women begin being more educated?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Tokugawa"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109688
|
5728fa232ca10214002dab63
|
Samurai
|
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.
|
What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?
|
What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?
|
[
"What were added to marriage criteria in the Tokugawa period?"
] |
{
"text": [
"intelligence and education as desirable attributes"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109689
|
5728fa232ca10214002dab64
|
Samurai
|
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.
|
What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?
|
What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?
|
[
"What types of advanced books did some Japanese women read?"
] |
{
"text": [
"philosophical and literary classics"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109690
|
5728fa232ca10214002dab65
|
Samurai
|
As the Tokugawa period progressed more value became placed on education, and the education of females beginning at a young age became important to families and society as a whole. Marriage criteria began to weigh intelligence and education as desirable attributes in a wife, right along with physical attractiveness. Though many of the texts written for women during the Tokugawa period only pertained to how a woman could become a successful wife and household manager, there were those that undertook the challenge of learning to read, and also tackled philosophical and literary classics. Nearly all women of the samurai class were literate by the end of the Tokugawa period.
|
When had most samurai wives learned to read?
|
When had most samurai wives learned to read?
|
[
"When had most samurai wives learned to read?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the end of the Tokugawa period"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109691
|
5728fab36aef05140015492a
|
Samurai
|
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.
|
Who was the first Western samurai?
|
Who was the first Western samurai?
|
[
"Who was the first Western samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"William Adams"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109692
|
5728fab36aef05140015492b
|
Samurai
|
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.
|
Who made William Adams a samurai?
|
Who made William Adams a samurai?
|
[
"Who made William Adams a samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109693
|
5728fab36aef05140015492c
|
Samurai
|
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.
|
What was William Adams's Japanese name?
|
What was William Adams's Japanese name?
|
[
"What was William Adams's Japanese name?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Anjin Miura"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109694
|
5728fab36aef05140015492d
|
Samurai
|
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.
|
What did hatamoto mean?
|
What did hatamoto mean?
|
[
"What did hatamoto mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bannerman"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109695
|
5728fab36aef05140015492e
|
Samurai
|
The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.
|
How many servants did William Adams have?
|
How many servants did William Adams have?
|
[
"How many servants did William Adams have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"eighty or ninety"
],
"answer_start": [
711
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109696
|
5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb3
|
Samurai
|
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.
|
What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
|
What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
|
[
"What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Dutch"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109697
|
5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb4
|
Samurai
|
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.
|
Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
|
Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
|
[
"Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1556"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109698
|
5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb5
|
Samurai
|
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.
|
What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
|
What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
|
[
"What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Yayousu"
],
"answer_start": [
424
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109699
|
5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb6
|
Samurai
|
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.
|
What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
|
What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
|
[
"What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a Red Seal Ship"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
}
|
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