gem_id
stringlengths 20
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| id
stringlengths 24
24
| title
stringlengths 3
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| context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
270
| target
stringlengths 1
270
| references
list | answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-109700
|
5728fb0daf94a219006a9eb7
|
Samurai
|
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.
|
How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
|
How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
|
[
"How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?"
] |
{
"text": [
"drowned after his ship ran aground"
],
"answer_start": [
601
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109701
|
5728fb8a6aef05140015493c
|
Samurai
|
In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.
|
What nationality was Edward Schnell?
|
What nationality was Edward Schnell?
|
[
"What nationality was Edward Schnell?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Prussian"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109702
|
5728fb8a6aef05140015493d
|
Samurai
|
In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.
|
What duties did Edward Schnell have?
|
What duties did Edward Schnell have?
|
[
"What duties did Edward Schnell have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"military instructor and procurer of weapons"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109703
|
5728fb8a6aef05140015493e
|
Samurai
|
In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.
|
Who did Edward Schnell work for?
|
Who did Edward Schnell work for?
|
[
"Who did Edward Schnell work for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Aizu domain"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109704
|
5728fb8a6aef05140015493f
|
Samurai
|
In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.
|
What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?
|
What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?
|
[
"What was Edward Schnell's Japanese name?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Hiramatsu Buhei"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109705
|
5728fb8a6aef051400154940
|
Samurai
|
In the same war, the Prussian Edward Schnell served the Aizu domain as a military instructor and procurer of weapons. He was granted the Japanese name Hiramatsu Buhei (平松武兵衛), which inverted the characters of the daimyo's name Matsudaira. Hiramatsu (Schnell) was given the right to wear swords, as well as a residence in the castle town of Wakamatsu, a Japanese wife, and retainers. In many contemporary references, he is portrayed wearing a Japanese kimono, overcoat, and swords, with Western riding trousers and boots.
|
Where did Edward Schnell live?
|
Where did Edward Schnell live?
|
[
"Where did Edward Schnell live?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Wakamatsu"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109706
|
5728fbf83f37b31900477f05
|
Samurai
|
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).
|
What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?
|
What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?
|
[
"What type of armor did Japanese wear in the 7th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a form of lamellar armor"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109707
|
5728fbf83f37b31900477f06
|
Samurai
|
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).
|
What was the first samurai armor called?
|
What was the first samurai armor called?
|
[
"What was the first samurai armor called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"yoroi"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109708
|
5728fbf83f37b31900477f07
|
Samurai
|
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).
|
What were the small scales in yoroi called?
|
What were the small scales in yoroi called?
|
[
"What were the small scales in yoroi called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"kozane"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109709
|
5728fbf83f37b31900477f08
|
Samurai
|
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).
|
What were kozane made of?
|
What were kozane made of?
|
[
"What were kozane made of?"
] |
{
"text": [
"iron or leather"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109710
|
5728fbf83f37b31900477f09
|
Samurai
|
As far back as the seventh century Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armor, this armor eventually evolved into the armor worn by the samurai. The first types of Japanese armors identified as samurai armor were known as yoroi. These early samurai armors were made from small individual scales known as kozane. The kozane were made from either iron or leather and were bound together into small strips, the strips were coated with lacquer to protect the kozane from water. A series of strips of kozane were then laced together with silk or leather lace and formed into a complete chest armor (dou or dō).
|
What was a full chest armor called?
|
What was a full chest armor called?
|
[
"What was a full chest armor called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"dou"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109711
|
5728fc671d04691400778f07
|
Samurai
|
In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.
|
Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?
|
Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?
|
[
"Why were there armor changes in the 1500s?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109712
|
5728fc671d04691400778f08
|
Samurai
|
In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.
|
What type of armor was replaced?
|
What type of armor was replaced?
|
[
"What type of armor was replaced?"
] |
{
"text": [
"kozane dou"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109713
|
5728fc671d04691400778f09
|
Samurai
|
In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.
|
What new type of armor replaced the old?
|
What new type of armor replaced the old?
|
[
"What new type of armor replaced the old?"
] |
{
"text": [
"plate armor"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109714
|
5728fc671d04691400778f0a
|
Samurai
|
In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.
|
What was the new armor called?
|
What was the new armor called?
|
[
"What was the new armor called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Tosei-gusoku"
],
"answer_start": [
291
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109715
|
5728fc671d04691400778f0b
|
Samurai
|
In the 1500s a new type of armor started to become popular due to the advent of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for additional protection. The kozane dou made from individual scales was replaced by plate armor. This new armor, which used iron plated dou (dō), was referred to as Tosei-gusoku, or modern armor. Various other components of armor protected the samurai's body. The helmet kabuto was an important part of the samurai's armor. Samurai armor changed and developed as the methods of samurai warfare changed over the centuries. The known last use of samurai armor occurring in 1877 during the satsuma rebellion. As the last samurai rebellion was crushed, Japan modernized its defenses and turned to a national conscription army that used uniforms.
|
When was samurai armor last used?
|
When was samurai armor last used?
|
[
"When was samurai armor last used?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1877"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109716
|
5728fce01d04691400778f1b
|
Samurai
|
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):
|
What did 'samurai' mean at first?
|
What did 'samurai' mean at first?
|
[
"What did 'samurai' mean at first?"
] |
{
"text": [
"those who serve in close attendance to nobility"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109717
|
5728fce01d04691400778f1c
|
Samurai
|
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):
|
What did 'samorapu' mean?
|
What did 'samorapu' mean?
|
[
"What did 'samorapu' mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109718
|
5728fce01d04691400778f1d
|
Samurai
|
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):
|
What did 'saburahu' mean?
|
What did 'saburahu' mean?
|
[
"What did 'saburahu' mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to serve, to attend"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109719
|
5728fce01d04691400778f1e
|
Samurai
|
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):
|
What did 'saburahi' mean?
|
What did 'saburahi' mean?
|
[
"What did 'saburahi' mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"servant, attendant"
],
"answer_start": [
706
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109720
|
5728fce01d04691400778f1f
|
Samurai
|
The term samurai originally meant "those who serve in close attendance to nobility", and was written with a Chinese character (or kanji) that had the same meaning. In Japanese, it was originally recorded in the Nara Period as a verb *samorapu ("to watch, to keep watch, to observe, to be on the lookout for something; to serve, to attend"), which is believed to be derived from the frequentative form (*morapu 守らふ) of the verb moru (守る, "to watch, to guard, to be on the lookout; to keep, to protect, to take care of, to be in charge of, to have as one's ward"). By the Heian period, this word had developed into the verb saburahu (さぶらふ, "to serve, to attend"), from which a deverbal noun saburahi (さぶらひ, "servant, attendant") was later derived, and this noun then yielded samurahi (さむらひ) in the Edo period. In Japanese literature, there is an early reference to samurai in the Kokinshū (古今集, early 10th century):
|
When was the word 'samurahi' used?
|
When was the word 'samurahi' used?
|
[
"When was the word 'samurahi' used?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Edo period"
],
"answer_start": [
792
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109721
|
5728fd38af94a219006a9edb
|
Samurai
|
Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushidō, the "way of the warrior", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.
|
Who were the bushi class?
|
Who were the bushi class?
|
[
"Who were the bushi class?"
] |
{
"text": [
"ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109722
|
5728fd38af94a219006a9edc
|
Samurai
|
Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushidō, the "way of the warrior", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.
|
Where did the bushi live?
|
Where did the bushi live?
|
[
"Where did the bushi live?"
] |
{
"text": [
"mainly in the north of Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109723
|
5728fd38af94a219006a9edd
|
Samurai
|
Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushidō, the "way of the warrior", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.
|
Where did the imperial family live?
|
Where did the imperial family live?
|
[
"Where did the imperial family live?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kyoto"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109724
|
5728fd38af94a219006a9ede
|
Samurai
|
Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushidō, the "way of the warrior", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.
|
What does Bushido mean?
|
What does Bushido mean?
|
[
"What does Bushido mean?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the \"way of the warrior\""
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109725
|
5728fd38af94a219006a9edf
|
Samurai
|
Bushi was the name given to the ancient Japanese soldiers from traditional warrior families. The bushi class was developed mainly in the north of Japan. They formed powerful clans, which in the 12th century were against the noble families who were grouping themselves to support the imperial family who lived in Kyoto. Samurai was a word used by the Kuge aristocratic class with warriors themselves preferring the word bushi. The term Bushidō, the "way of the warrior", is derived from this term and the mansion of a warrior was called bukeyashiki.
|
What was a bukeyashiki?
|
What was a bukeyashiki?
|
[
"What was a bukeyashiki?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the mansion of a warrior"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109726
|
5728fd971d04691400778f25
|
Samurai
|
Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (切腹, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (武士道, Bushidō?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.
|
What was a synonym for seppuku?
|
What was a synonym for seppuku?
|
[
"What was a synonym for seppuku?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hara kiri"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109727
|
5728fd971d04691400778f26
|
Samurai
|
Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (切腹, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (武士道, Bushidō?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.
|
What was the reason for seppuku?
|
What was the reason for seppuku?
|
[
"What was the reason for seppuku?"
] |
{
"text": [
"allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109728
|
5728fd971d04691400778f27
|
Samurai
|
Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (切腹, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (武士道, Bushidō?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.
|
How idealistic were samurai?
|
How idealistic were samurai?
|
[
"How idealistic were samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109729
|
5728fd971d04691400778f28
|
Samurai
|
Most samurai were bound by a code of honor and were expected to set an example for those below them. A notable part of their code is seppuku (切腹, seppuku?) or hara kiri, which allowed a disgraced samurai to regain his honor by passing into death, where samurai were still beholden to social rules. Whilst there are many romanticized characterizations of samurai behavior such as the writing of Bushido (武士道, Bushidō?) in 1905, studies of Kobudo and traditional Budō indicate that the samurai were as practical on the battlefield as were any other warrior.
|
How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?
|
How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?
|
[
"How were samurai unrealistically portrayed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"romanticized"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109730
|
5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee5
|
Samurai
|
Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.
|
Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?
|
Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?
|
[
"Who was an example of a disloyal samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Akechi Mitsuhide"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109731
|
5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee6
|
Samurai
|
Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.
|
Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?
|
Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?
|
[
"Who was an example of an excessively loyal samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Kusunoki Masashige)"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109732
|
5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee7
|
Samurai
|
Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.
|
Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?
|
Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?
|
[
"Some feudal lords shifted loyalties from Toyotomi to whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Tokugawa"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109733
|
5728fdf9af94a219006a9ee8
|
Samurai
|
Despite the rampant romanticism of the 20th century, samurai could be disloyal and treacherous (e.g., Akechi Mitsuhide), cowardly, brave, or overly loyal (e.g., Kusunoki Masashige). Samurai were usually loyal to their immediate superiors, who in turn allied themselves with higher lords. These loyalties to the higher lords often shifted; for example, the high lords allied under Toyotomi Hideyoshi (豊臣秀吉) were served by loyal samurai, but the feudal lords under them could shift their support to Tokugawa, taking their samurai with them. There were, however, also notable instances where samurai would be disloyal to their lord or daimyo, when loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy.
|
What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?
|
What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?
|
[
"What sometimes overrode samurais' loyalty to the daimyo?"
] |
{
"text": [
"loyalty to the Emperor was seen to have supremacy"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109734
|
5728fe6d3f37b31900477f41
|
Samurai
|
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.
|
What is Jidaigeki?
|
What is Jidaigeki?
|
[
"What is Jidaigeki?"
] |
{
"text": [
"historical drama"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109735
|
5728fe6d3f37b31900477f42
|
Samurai
|
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.
|
Who is Akira Kurosawa?
|
Who is Akira Kurosawa?
|
[
"Who is Akira Kurosawa? "
] |
{
"text": [
"One of Japan’s most renowned directors"
],
"answer_start": [
262
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109736
|
5728fe6d3f37b31900477f43
|
Samurai
|
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.
|
Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?
|
Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?
|
[
"Who directed 'Seven Samurai'?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Akira Kurosawa"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109737
|
5728fe6d3f37b31900477f44
|
Samurai
|
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.
|
What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?
|
What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?
|
[
"What Japanese movie is 'Star Wars: A New Hope' said to be similar to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Seven Samurai"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109738
|
5728fe6d3f37b31900477f45
|
Samurai
|
Jidaigeki (literally historical drama) has always been a staple program on Japanese movies and television. The programs typically feature a samurai. Samurai films and westerns share a number of similarities and the two have influenced each other over the years. One of Japan’s most renowned directors, Akira Kurosawa, greatly influenced the samurai aspect in western film-making.[citation needed] George Lucas’ Star Wars series incorporated many aspects from the Seven Samurai film. One example is that in the Japanese film, seven samurai warriors are hired by local farmers to protect their land from being overrun by bandits; In George Lucas’ Star Wars: A New Hope, a similar situation arises. Kurosawa was inspired by the works of director John Ford and in turn Kurosawa's works have been remade into westerns such as The Seven Samurai into The Magnificent Seven and Yojimbo into A Fistful of Dollars. There is also a 26 episode anime adaptation (Samurai 7) of The Seven Samurai. Along with film, literature containing samurai influences are seen as well.
|
What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?
|
What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?
|
[
"What western was inspired by 'Seven Samurai'?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Magnificent Seven"
],
"answer_start": [
844
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109739
|
5728ff866aef05140015495c
|
Samurai
|
Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.
|
Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?
|
Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?
|
[
"Who is Eiji Yoshikawa?"
] |
{
"text": [
"one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists"
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109740
|
5728ff866aef05140015495d
|
Samurai
|
Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.
|
Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?
|
Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?
|
[
"Why are Eiji Yoshikawa's books popular?"
] |
{
"text": [
"for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109741
|
5728ff866aef05140015495e
|
Samurai
|
Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.
|
What are Japanese comic books called?
|
What are Japanese comic books called?
|
[
"What are Japanese comic books called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"manga"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109742
|
5728ff866aef05140015495f
|
Samurai
|
Most common are historical works where the protagonist is either a samurai or former samurai (or another rank or position) who possesses considerable martial skill. Eiji Yoshikawa is one of the most famous Japanese historical novelists. His retellings of popular works, including Taiko, Musashi and Heike Tale, are popular among readers for their epic narratives and rich realism in depicting samurai and warrior culture.[citation needed] The samurai have also appeared frequently in Japanese comics (manga) and animation (anime). Samurai-like characters are not just restricted to historical settings and a number of works set in the modern age, and even the future, include characters who live, train and fight like samurai. Examples are Samurai Champloo, Requiem from the Darkness, Muramasa: The Demon Blade, and Afro Samurai. Some of these works have made their way to the west, where it has been increasing in popularity with America.
|
What are Japanese animation called?
|
What are Japanese animation called?
|
[
"What are Japanese animation called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"anime"
],
"answer_start": [
523
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109743
|
5728ffd73f37b31900477f4b
|
Samurai
|
Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. “Hyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits” (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series, Afro Samurai, became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music.
|
Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?
|
Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?
|
[
"Who said America hyperbolizes the samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Moscardi, N.D."
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109744
|
5728ffd73f37b31900477f4c
|
Samurai
|
Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. “Hyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits” (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series, Afro Samurai, became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music.
|
What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?
|
What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?
|
[
"What kind of animation did Afro Samurai have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hack-and-slash"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109745
|
5728ffd73f37b31900477f4d
|
Samurai
|
Just in the last two decades,[when?] samurai have become more popular in America. “Hyperbolizing the samurai in such a way that they appear as a whole to be a loyal body of master warriors provides international interest in certain characters due to admirable traits” (Moscardi, N.D.). Through various medium, producers and writers have been capitalizing on the notion that Americans admire the samurai lifestyle. The animated series, Afro Samurai, became well-liked in American popular culture due to its blend of hack-and-slash animation and gritty urban music.
|
What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?
|
What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?
|
[
"What kind of music did Afro Samurai have?"
] |
{
"text": [
"gritty urban"
],
"answer_start": [
544
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109746
|
572900303f37b31900477f51
|
Samurai
|
Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, “Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father” (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.
|
Who created Afro Samurai?
|
Who created Afro Samurai?
|
[
"Who created Afro Samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Takashi Okazaki"
],
"answer_start": [
11
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109747
|
572900303f37b31900477f52
|
Samurai
|
Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, “Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father” (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.
|
Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?
|
Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?
|
[
"Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Studio Gonzo"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109748
|
572900303f37b31900477f53
|
Samurai
|
Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, “Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father” (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.
|
When did Afro Samurai first air?
|
When did Afro Samurai first air?
|
[
"When did Afro Samurai first air?"
] |
{
"text": [
"2007"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109749
|
572900303f37b31900477f54
|
Samurai
|
Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, “Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father” (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.
|
On what channel did Afro Samurai air?
|
On what channel did Afro Samurai air?
|
[
"On what channel did Afro Samurai air?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Spike TV"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109750
|
572900303f37b31900477f55
|
Samurai
|
Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, “Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father” (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.
|
Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?
|
Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?
|
[
"Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Samuel L. Jackson"
],
"answer_start": [
598
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109751
|
5729009aaf94a219006a9f0d
|
Samurai
|
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)
|
In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?
|
In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?
|
[
"In what company's comics did Silver Samurai appear?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Marvel"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109752
|
5729009aaf94a219006a9f0e
|
Samurai
|
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)
|
What is Silver Samurai's weapon?
|
What is Silver Samurai's weapon?
|
[
"What is Silver Samurai's weapon?"
] |
{
"text": [
"an energy charged katana"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109753
|
5729009aaf94a219006a9f0f
|
Samurai
|
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)
|
How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?
|
How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?
|
[
"How many comic books has Silver Samurai appeared in?"
] |
{
"text": [
"over 350"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109754
|
5729009aaf94a219006a9f10
|
Samurai
|
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)
|
Who starred in The Last Samurai?
|
Who starred in The Last Samurai?
|
[
"Who starred in The Last Samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Tom Cruise"
],
"answer_start": [
738
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109755
|
5729009aaf94a219006a9f11
|
Samurai
|
American comic books have adopted the character type for stories of their own like the mutant-villain Silver Samurai of Marvel Comics. The design of this character preserves the samurai appearance; the villain is “Clad in traditional gleaming samurai armor and wielding an energy charged katana” (Buxton, 2013). Not only does the Silver Samurai make over 350 comic book appearances, the character is playable in several video games, such as Marvel Vs. Capcom 1 and 2. In 2013, the samurai villain was depicted in James Mangold’s film The Wolverine. Ten years before the Wolverine debuted, another film helped pave the way to ensure the samurai were made known to American cinema: A film released in 2003 titled The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise, is inspired by the samurai way of life. In the film, Cruise’s character finds himself deeply immersed in samurai culture. The character in the film, “Nathan Algren, is a fictional contrivance to make nineteenth-century Japanese history less foreign to American viewers”.(Ravina, 2010) After being captured by a group of samurai rebels, he becomes empathetic towards the cause they fight for. Taking place during the Meiji Period, Tom Cruise plays the role of US Army Captain Nathan Algren, who travels to Japan to train a rookie army in fighting off samurai rebel groups. Becoming a product of his environment, Algren joins the samurai clan in an attempt to rescue a captured samurai leader. “By the end of the film, he has clearly taken on many of the samurai traits, such as zen-like mastery of the sword, and a budding understanding of spirituality”. (Manion, 2006)
|
Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?
|
Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?
|
[
"Who did Tom Cruise play in The Last Samurai?"
] |
{
"text": [
"US Army Captain Nathan Algren"
],
"answer_start": [
1209
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109756
|
570fd72880d9841400ab36b5
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?
|
What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?
|
[
"What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?"
] |
{
"text": [
"direct review"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109757
|
570fd72880d9841400ab36b6
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?
|
In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?
|
[
"In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?"
] |
{
"text": [
"appellate"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109758
|
570fd72880d9841400ab36b7
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?
|
How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?
|
[
"How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?"
] |
{
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109759
|
570fd72880d9841400ab36b8
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
What percentage of convictions survive direct review?
|
What percentage of convictions survive direct review?
|
[
"What percentage of convictions survive direct review?"
] |
{
"text": [
"60"
],
"answer_start": [
1114
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109760
|
570fd72880d9841400ab36b9
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?
|
In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?
|
[
"In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?"
] |
{
"text": [
"trial"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109761
|
5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9cf
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
What process begins before a death sentence is handed down at trial?
|
What process begins before a death sentence is handed down at trial?
|
[
"What process begins before a death sentence is handed down at trial?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109762
|
5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9d0
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
In an indirect review, what type of court looks at the record?
|
In an indirect review, what type of court looks at the record?
|
[
" In an indirect review, what type of court looks at the record?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109763
|
5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9d1
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing indirect review?
|
How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing indirect review?
|
[
" How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing indirect review?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109764
|
5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9d2
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
What percentage of convictions don't survive direct review?
|
What percentage of convictions don't survive direct review?
|
[
"What percentage of convictions don't survive direct review?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109765
|
5ad3f63e604f3c001a3ff9d3
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.
|
In a direct review, what court has its record not reviewed by the appellate court?
|
In a direct review, what court has its record not reviewed by the appellate court?
|
[
"In a direct review, what court has its record not reviewed by the appellate court?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109766
|
570fd7d85ab6b8190039106d
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.
|
In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?
|
In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?
|
[
"In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1996"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109767
|
570fd7d85ab6b8190039106e
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.
|
How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?
|
How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?
|
[
"How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?"
] |
{
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109768
|
570fd7d85ab6b8190039106f
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.
|
What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
|
What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
|
[
"What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?"
] |
{
"text": [
"42 U.S.C. § 1983"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109769
|
570fd7d85ab6b81900391070
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.
|
Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
|
Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
|
[
"Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights"
],
"answer_start": [
479
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109770
|
5ad3f803604f3c001a3ffa4b
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.
|
In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act rejected?
|
In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act rejected?
|
[
"In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act rejected?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109771
|
5ad3f803604f3c001a3ffa4c
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.
|
How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act never allow in federal court?
|
How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act never allow in federal court?
|
[
"How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act never allow in federal court?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109772
|
5ad3f803604f3c001a3ffa4d
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.
|
What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1971?
|
What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1971?
|
[
" What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1971?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109773
|
5ad3f803604f3c001a3ffa4e
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.
|
Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1801?
|
Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1801?
|
[
"Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1801?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109774
|
570fd84d80d9841400ab36c9
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?
|
Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?
|
[
"Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1977?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Gary Gilmore"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109775
|
570fd84d80d9841400ab36ca
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?
|
In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?
|
[
"In what state was Gary Gilmore executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Utah"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109776
|
570fd84d80d9841400ab36cb
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
On what date was John Spenkelink executed?
|
On what date was John Spenkelink executed?
|
[
"On what date was John Spenkelink executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"May 25, 1979"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109777
|
570fd84d80d9841400ab36cc
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?
|
In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?
|
[
"In what state did Jesse Bishop's execution occur?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Nevada"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109778
|
570fd84d80d9841400ab36cd
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?
|
How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?
|
[
"How was Charles Brooks, Jr. executed?"
] |
{
"text": [
"lethal injection"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109779
|
5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac3
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1927?
|
Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1927?
|
[
"Who was executed by firing squad on January 17, 1927?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109780
|
5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac4
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
In what state was Gary Gilmore freed?
|
In what state was Gary Gilmore freed?
|
[
" In what state was Gary Gilmore freed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109781
|
5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac5
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
On what date was John Spenkelink freed?
|
On what date was John Spenkelink freed?
|
[
" On what date was John Spenkelink freed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109782
|
5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac6
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
In what state did Jesse Bishop's freedom ruling occur?
|
In what state did Jesse Bishop's freedom ruling occur?
|
[
" In what state did Jesse Bishop's freedom ruling occur?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109783
|
5ad3f96e604f3c001a3ffac7
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
The moratorium ended on January 17, 1977 with the shooting of Gary Gilmore by firing squad in Utah. The first use of the electric chair after the moratorium was the electrocution of John Spenkelink in Florida on May 25, 1979. The first use of the gas chamber after the moratorium was the gassing of Jesse Bishop in Nevada on October 22, 1979. The first use of the gallows after the moratorium was the hanging of Westley Allan Dodd in Washington on January 5, 1993. The first use of lethal injection was on December 7, 1982, when Charles Brooks, Jr., was executed in Texas.
|
How was Charles Brooks, Jr. freed?
|
How was Charles Brooks, Jr. freed?
|
[
" How was Charles Brooks, Jr. freed?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109784
|
570fd8a15ab6b81900391075
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
What was a common nickname for the electric chair?
|
What was a common nickname for the electric chair?
|
[
"What was a common nickname for the electric chair?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Old Sparky"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109785
|
570fd8a15ab6b81900391076
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
What color was Alabama's electric chair?
|
What color was Alabama's electric chair?
|
[
"What color was Alabama's electric chair?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Yellow"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109786
|
570fd8a15ab6b81900391077
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?
|
What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?
|
[
"What state notably had electric chair malfunctions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Florida"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109787
|
570fd8a15ab6b81900391078
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?
|
Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?
|
[
"Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution became preferred?"
] |
{
"text": [
"lethal injection"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109788
|
570fd8a15ab6b81900391079
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?
|
Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?
|
[
"Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in America?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Electrocution"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109789
|
5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf5
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
What was an uncommon nickname for the electric chair?
|
What was an uncommon nickname for the electric chair?
|
[
"What was an uncommon nickname for the electric chair?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109790
|
5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf6
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
What color was Arkansas's electric chair?
|
What color was Arkansas's electric chair?
|
[
" What color was Arkansas's electric chair?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109791
|
5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf7
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
What state never notably had electric chair malfunctions?
|
What state never notably had electric chair malfunctions?
|
[
" What state never notably had electric chair malfunctions?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109792
|
5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf8
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution was not preferred?
|
Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution was not preferred?
|
[
"Due to electric chair malfunctions, what method of execution was not preferred?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109793
|
5ad3fa36604f3c001a3ffaf9
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Electrocution was the preferred method of execution during the 20th century. Electric chairs have commonly been nicknamed Old Sparky; however, Alabama's electric chair became known as the "Yellow Mama" due to its unique color. Some, particularly in Florida, were noted for malfunctions, which caused discussion of their cruelty and resulted in a shift to lethal injection as the preferred method of execution. Although lethal injection dominates as a method of execution, some states allow prisoners on death row to choose the method used to execute them.
|
Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in South America?
|
Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in South America?
|
[
"Prior to the popularity of lethal injection, what was the preferred method of executing criminals in South America?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109794
|
570fe7425ab6b819003910b3
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.
|
What state has had only a single execution?
|
What state has had only a single execution?
|
[
"What state has had only a single execution?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Wisconsin"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109795
|
570fe7425ab6b819003910b4
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.
|
When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?
|
When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?
|
[
"When was the last person executed in the District of Columbia?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1957"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109796
|
570fe7425ab6b819003910b5
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.
|
When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?
|
When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?
|
[
"When did Oregon reinstate the death penalty?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1984"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109797
|
570fe7425ab6b819003910b6
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.
|
In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?
|
In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?
|
[
"In what year did an Oregon referendum succeed in restoring the death penalty, only to be shot down due to a court ruling?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1978"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109798
|
570fe7425ab6b819003910b7
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.
|
What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?
|
What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?
|
[
"What state notably abolished the death penalty and then reintroduced it, but didn't use it again?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Rhode Island"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-109799
|
5ad3f120604f3c001a3ff85b
|
Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
|
Other states with long histories of no death penalty include Wisconsin (the only state with only one execution), Rhode Island (although later reintroduced, it was unused and abolished again), Maine, North Dakota, Minnesota, West Virginia, Iowa, and Vermont. The District of Columbia has also abolished the death penalty; it was last used in 1957. Oregon abolished the death penalty through an overwhelming majority in a 1964 public referendum but reinstated it in a 1984 joint death penalty/life imprisonment referendum by an even higher margin after a similar 1978 referendum succeeded but was not implemented due to judicial rulings.
|
What state has had only a double execution?
|
What state has had only a double execution?
|
[
"What state has had only a double execution?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
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