gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-111800 | 5acd84fe07355d001abf4547 | Education | Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be calle... | What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance? | What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance? | [
"What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111801 | 5acd84fe07355d001abf4548 | Education | Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be calle... | Teachers don't have to be qualified because of what movement in the US? | Teachers don't have to be qualified because of what movement in the US? | [
"Teachers don't have to be qualified because of what movement in the US?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111802 | 572bc28a111d821400f38f76 | Education | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | What is the theory behind Empirical analyses? | What is the theory behind Empirical analyses? | [
"What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?"
] | {
"text": [
"poor countries should grow faster than rich countries"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111803 | 572bc28a111d821400f38f77 | Education | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | What has been argued about high rates in education? | What has been argued about high rates in education? | [
"What has been argued about high rates in education?"
] | {
"text": [
"essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111804 | 572bc28a111d821400f38f78 | Education | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education? | What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education? | [
"What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?"
] | {
"text": [
"requires knowledgeable managers and engineers"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111805 | 5acd857607355d001abf4560 | Education | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses? | What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses? | [
"What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111806 | 5acd857607355d001abf4561 | Education | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | What countries grow slower than rich countries? | What countries grow slower than rich countries? | [
"What countries grow slower than rich countries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111807 | 5acd857607355d001abf4562 | Education | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | Why don't poor countries go quickly? | Why don't poor countries go quickly? | [
"Why don't poor countries go quickly?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111808 | 5acd857607355d001abf4563 | Education | It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and te... | What is never needed with technology transfer? | What is never needed with technology transfer? | [
"What is never needed with technology transfer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111809 | 572bc3cf111d821400f38f7c | Education | At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impa... | Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who? | Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who? | [
"Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jacob Mincer"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111810 | 572bc3cf111d821400f38f7d | Education | At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impa... | This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up? | This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up? | [
"This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?"
] | {
"text": [
"is also controversial"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111811 | 572bc3cf111d821400f38f7e | Education | At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impa... | What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings? | What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings? | [
"What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?"
] | {
"text": [
"not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111812 | 5acd85d807355d001abf4572 | Education | At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impa... | Who did not influence earnings related to school? | Who did not influence earnings related to school? | [
"Who did not influence earnings related to school?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111813 | 5acd85d807355d001abf4573 | Education | At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impa... | What view is not controversial? | What view is not controversial? | [
"What view is not controversial? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111814 | 5acd85d807355d001abf4574 | Education | At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impa... | Why do some kids achieve their full academic potential easily? | Why do some kids achieve their full academic potential easily? | [
"Why do some kids achieve their full academic potential easily?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111815 | 5acd85d807355d001abf4575 | Education | At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impa... | Students who face financial difficulties might also do what? | Students who face financial difficulties might also do what? | [
"Students who face financial difficulties might also do what?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111816 | 5acd71d807355d001abf428e | Education | The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of educati... | What did the Renaissance in Asia usher in? | What did the Renaissance in Asia usher in? | [
"What did the Renaissance in Asia usher in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111817 | 5acd71d807355d001abf428f | Education | The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of educati... | What happened in 1460? | What happened in 1460? | [
"What happened in 1460?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111818 | 5acd71d807355d001abf4290 | Education | The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of educati... | Who did not develop the printing press? | Who did not develop the printing press? | [
"Who did not develop the printing press?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111819 | 5acd71d807355d001abf4291 | Education | The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of educati... | What education did not spread across the globe? | What education did not spread across the globe? | [
"What education did not spread across the globe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111820 | 5acd71d807355d001abf4292 | Education | The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of educati... | Who delivered new ideas to other civilizations? | Who delivered new ideas to other civilizations? | [
"Who delivered new ideas to other civilizations?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111821 | 57276da85951b619008f89b9 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | When was the Origin of Species published? | When was the Origin of Species published? | [
"When was the Origin of Species published?"
] | {
"text": [
"24 November 1859"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111822 | 57276da85951b619008f89ba | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | Who wrote The Origin of Species? | Who wrote The Origin of Species? | [
"Who wrote The Origin of Species?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111823 | 57276da85951b619008f89bb | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on? | What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on? | [
"What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?"
] | {
"text": [
"evolutionary biology"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111824 | 57276da85951b619008f89bc | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence? | What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence? | [
"What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?"
] | {
"text": [
"Beagle expedition"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111825 | 57276da85951b619008f89bd | On_the_Origin_of_Species | On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It... | How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory? | How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory? | [
"How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"through a process of natural selection"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111826 | 57276f32708984140094dd6d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas? | Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas? | [
"Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?"
] | {
"text": [
"dissident anatomists"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111827 | 57276f32708984140094dd6e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century? | Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century? | [
"Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Church of England"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111828 | 57276f32708984140094dd6f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century? | What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century? | [
"What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111829 | 57276f32708984140094dd70 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century? | How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century? | [
"How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals."
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111830 | 57276f32708984140094dd71 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science... | Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century? | Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century? | [
"Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"natural theology"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111831 | 5727707df1498d1400e8f822 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | What section of the population was Darwin's book written for? | What section of the population was Darwin's book written for? | [
"What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-specialist readers"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111832 | 5727707df1498d1400e8f823 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book? | Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book? | [
"Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?"
] | {
"text": [
"T. H. Huxley"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111833 | 5727707df1498d1400e8f824 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | What was T.H. Huxley promoting? | What was T.H. Huxley promoting? | [
"What was T.H. Huxley promoting?"
] | {
"text": [
"scientific naturalism"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111834 | 5727707df1498d1400e8f825 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called? | What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called? | [
"What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"the eclipse of Darwinism\""
],
"answer_start": [
674
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111835 | 5727707df1498d1400e8f826 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign ... | When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution? | When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution? | [
"When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the 1930s and 1940s"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111836 | 572771fcdd62a815002e9cfc | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas? | To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas? | [
"To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aristotle"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111837 | 572771fcdd62a815002e9cfd | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied? | Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied? | [
"Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek philosopher Empedocles"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111838 | 572771fcdd62a815002e9cfe | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story? | How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story? | [
"How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?"
] | {
"text": [
"allegorically"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111839 | 572771fcdd62a815002e9cff | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather th... | What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature? | What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature? | [
"What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?"
] | {
"text": [
"monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life."
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111840 | 5727740ff1498d1400e8f88c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability? | Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability? | [
"Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Royal Society"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111841 | 5727740ff1498d1400e8f88d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God? | Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God? | [
"Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Ray"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111842 | 5727740ff1498d1400e8f88e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | Who created a biological classification in 1735? | Who created a biological classification in 1735? | [
"Who created a biological classification in 1735?"
] | {
"text": [
"Carl Linnaeus"
],
"answer_start": [
834
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111843 | 5727740ff1498d1400e8f88f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began? | When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began? | [
"When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?"
] | {
"text": [
"4004 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
1149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111844 | 5727740ff1498d1400e8f890 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil ... | Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle? | Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle? | [
"Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?"
] | {
"text": [
"James Hutton"
],
"answer_start": [
1279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111845 | 5727758f5951b619008f8a65 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather? | What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather? | [
"What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?"
] | {
"text": [
"Erasmus Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111846 | 5727758f5951b619008f8a66 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s? | What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s? | [
"What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?"
] | {
"text": [
"hypothesis of transmutation of species"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111847 | 5727758f5951b619008f8a67 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809? | What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809? | [
"What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111848 | 5727758f5951b619008f8a68 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called? | What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called? | [
"What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lamarckism"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111849 | 5727758f5951b619008f8a69 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the envir... | Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction? | Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction? | [
"Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?"
] | {
"text": [
"Georges Cuvier"
],
"answer_start": [
832
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111850 | 5727774b5951b619008f8a89 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design? | Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design? | [
"Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?"
] | {
"text": [
"William Paley's"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111851 | 5727774b5951b619008f8a8a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? | What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? | [
"What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? "
] | {
"text": [
"Natural Theology"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111852 | 5727774b5951b619008f8a8b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities? | What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities? | [
"What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?"
] | {
"text": [
"Church of England"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111853 | 5727774b5951b619008f8a8c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species? | How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species? | [
"How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?"
] | {
"text": [
"a threat to divinely appointed social order."
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111854 | 5727774b5951b619008f8a8d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism... | How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation? | How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation? | [
"How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?"
] | {
"text": [
"adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111855 | 572777f5708984140094de71 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | When did Darwin begin attending university? | When did Darwin begin attending university? | [
"When did Darwin begin attending university?"
] | {
"text": [
"1825"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111856 | 572777f5708984140094de72 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | What university did Darwin attend? | What university did Darwin attend? | [
"What university did Darwin attend?"
] | {
"text": [
"Edinburgh University"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111857 | 572777f5708984140094de73 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | What was Darwin originally studying at university? | What was Darwin originally studying at university? | [
"What was Darwin originally studying at university?"
] | {
"text": [
"medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111858 | 572777f5708984140094de74 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates? | Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates? | [
"Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Grant"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111859 | 572777f5708984140094de75 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 18... | With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology? | With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology? | [
"With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?"
] | {
"text": [
"Adam Sedgwick"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111860 | 5727790a708984140094de93 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | What expedition did Darwin join in 1831? | What expedition did Darwin join in 1831? | [
"What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?"
] | {
"text": [
"Beagle expedition"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111861 | 5727790a708984140094de94 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | Who wrote The Principles of Geology? | Who wrote The Principles of Geology? | [
"Who wrote The Principles of Geology?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111862 | 5727790a708984140094de95 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition? | Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition? | [
"Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?"
] | {
"text": [
"St. Jago"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111863 | 5727790a708984140094de96 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble? | What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble? | [
"What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?"
] | {
"text": [
"huge armadillos"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111864 | 5727790a708984140094de97 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and n... | What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans? | What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans? | [
"What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?"
] | {
"text": [
"their relatives on the island seemed \"miserable, degraded savages\""
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111865 | 57277a07f1498d1400e8f918 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species? | Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species? | [
"Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?"
] | {
"text": [
"Richard Owen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111866 | 57277a07f1498d1400e8f919 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | What did John Gould announce in 1837? | What did John Gould announce in 1837? | [
"What did John Gould announce in 1837?"
] | {
"text": [
"Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111867 | 57277a07f1498d1400e8f91a | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands? | How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands? | [
"How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?"
] | {
"text": [
"three separate species"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111868 | 57277a07f1498d1400e8f91b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | What type of scientist was John Gould? | What type of scientist was John Gould? | [
"What type of scientist was John Gould?"
] | {
"text": [
"ornithologist"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111869 | 57277a07f1498d1400e8f91c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds c... | Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution? | Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution? | [
"Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"an ape"
],
"answer_start": [
951
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111870 | 57277dec708984140094df1d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838? | Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838? | [
"Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?"
] | {
"text": [
"An Essay on the Principle of Population"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111871 | 57277dec708984140094df1e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained? | What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained? | [
"What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?"
] | {
"text": [
"breed beyond their means and struggle to survive"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111872 | 57277dec708984140094df1f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive? | Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive? | [
"Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?"
] | {
"text": [
"plants"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111873 | 57277dec708984140094df20 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warrin... | What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants? | What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants? | [
"What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"warring of the species\""
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111874 | 57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9ce | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory? | What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory? | [
"What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Pencil Sketch\""
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111875 | 57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9cf | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories? | Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories? | [
"Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?"
] | {
"text": [
"Joseph Dalton Hooker"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111876 | 57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d0 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844? | How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844? | [
"How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?"
] | {
"text": [
"230-page"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111877 | 57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d1 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | What information was Darwin's essay based on? | What information was Darwin's essay based on? | [
"What information was Darwin's essay based on?"
] | {
"text": [
"scientific results of the Beagle voyage"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111878 | 57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d2 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his... | Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842? | Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842? | [
"Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lyell"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111879 | 57277fec5951b619008f8b71 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | What was the name of the anonymously published science book? | What was the name of the anonymously published science book? | [
"What was the name of the anonymously published science book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111880 | 57277fec5951b619008f8b72 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose? | What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose? | [
"What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?"
] | {
"text": [
"a linear progression"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111881 | 57277fec5951b619008f8b73 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation? | Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation? | [
"Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Robert Chambers"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111882 | 57277fec5951b619008f8b74 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support? | What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support? | [
"What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?"
] | {
"text": [
"that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time."
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111883 | 57277fec5951b619008f8b75 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living ... | Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s? | Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s? | [
"Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Herbert Spencer"
],
"answer_start": [
1047
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111884 | 57278126708984140094df5b | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly? | What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly? | [
"What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?"
] | {
"text": [
"barnacle"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111885 | 57278126708984140094df5c | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time? | In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time? | [
"In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?"
] | {
"text": [
"1854"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111886 | 57278126708984140094df5d | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying? | Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying? | [
"Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?"
] | {
"text": [
"fancy pigeon"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111887 | 57278126708984140094df5e | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence? | By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence? | [
"By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?"
] | {
"text": [
"1856"
],
"answer_start": [
885
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111888 | 57278127708984140094df5f | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as o... | What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans> | What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans> | [
"What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>"
] | {
"text": [
"plant seeds and animals"
],
"answer_start": [
800
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111889 | 5727825e5951b619008f8ba3 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | When was the "Introduction of Species" paper written? | When was the "Introduction of Species" paper written? | [
"When was the \"Introduction of Species\" paper written?"
] | {
"text": [
"1855"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111890 | 5727825e5951b619008f8ba4 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | Who wrote the "Introduction of Species" paper? | Who wrote the "Introduction of Species" paper? | [
"Who wrote the \"Introduction of Species\" paper?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alfred Russel Wallace"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111891 | 5727825e5951b619008f8ba5 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained? | How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained? | [
"How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?"
] | {
"text": [
"if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111892 | 5727825e5951b619008f8ba6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper? | Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper? | [
"Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111893 | 5727825e5951b619008f8ba7 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implica... | When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority? | When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority? | [
"When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?"
] | {
"text": [
"1–2 May 1856"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111894 | 5727839a5951b619008f8be5 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace? | Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace? | [
"Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"big book\" on Natural Selection,"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111895 | 5727839a5951b619008f8be6 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace? | What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace? | [
"What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?"
] | {
"text": [
"twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111896 | 5727839a5951b619008f8be8 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties? | Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties? | [
"Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?"
] | {
"text": [
"Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
1043
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111897 | 5727839a5951b619008f8be9 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell... | What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's? | What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's? | [
"What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?"
] | {
"text": [
"Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation."
],
"answer_start": [
1542
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111898 | 5727842bdd62a815002e9f52 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31... | What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858? | What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858? | [
"What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"an abstract of my whole work\"."
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-111899 | 5727842bdd62a815002e9f53 | On_the_Origin_of_Species | After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31... | Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work? | Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work? | [
"Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Murray III"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
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