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| question
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-111800
|
5acd84fe07355d001abf4547
|
Education
|
Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.
|
What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance?
|
What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance?
|
[
"What is an unpopular way to gauge teaching performance? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111801
|
5acd84fe07355d001abf4548
|
Education
|
Instruction is the facilitation of another's learning. Instructors in primary and secondary institutions are often called teachers, and they direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects like reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. Instructors in post-secondary institutions might be called teachers, instructors, or professors, depending on the type of institution; and they primarily teach only their specific discipline. Studies from the United States suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible. With the passing of NCLB in the United States (No Child Left Behind), teachers must be highly qualified. A popular way to gauge teaching performance is to use student evaluations of teachers (SETS), but these evaluations have been criticized for being counterproductive to learning and inaccurate due to student bias.
|
Teachers don't have to be qualified because of what movement in the US?
|
Teachers don't have to be qualified because of what movement in the US?
|
[
"Teachers don't have to be qualified because of what movement in the US?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111802
|
572bc28a111d821400f38f76
|
Education
|
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.
|
What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?
|
What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?
|
[
"What is the theory behind Empirical analyses?"
] |
{
"text": [
"poor countries should grow faster than rich countries"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111803
|
572bc28a111d821400f38f77
|
Education
|
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.
|
What has been argued about high rates in education?
|
What has been argued about high rates in education?
|
[
"What has been argued about high rates in education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111804
|
572bc28a111d821400f38f78
|
Education
|
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.
|
What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?
|
What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?
|
[
"What is greatly needed with technology transfer when it relates to education?"
] |
{
"text": [
"requires knowledgeable managers and engineers"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111805
|
5acd857607355d001abf4560
|
Education
|
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.
|
What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses?
|
What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses?
|
[
"What is the theory not behind Empirical analyses?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111806
|
5acd857607355d001abf4561
|
Education
|
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.
|
What countries grow slower than rich countries?
|
What countries grow slower than rich countries?
|
[
"What countries grow slower than rich countries?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111807
|
5acd857607355d001abf4562
|
Education
|
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.
|
Why don't poor countries go quickly?
|
Why don't poor countries go quickly?
|
[
"Why don't poor countries go quickly?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111808
|
5acd857607355d001abf4563
|
Education
|
It has been argued that high rates of education are essential for countries to be able to achieve high levels of economic growth. Empirical analyses tend to support the theoretical prediction that poor countries should grow faster than rich countries because they can adopt cutting edge technologies already tried and tested by rich countries. However, technology transfer requires knowledgeable managers and engineers who are able to operate new machines or production practices borrowed from the leader in order to close the gap through imitation. Therefore, a country's ability to learn from the leader is a function of its stock of "human capital". Recent study of the determinants of aggregate economic growth have stressed the importance of fundamental economic institutions and the role of cognitive skills.
|
What is never needed with technology transfer?
|
What is never needed with technology transfer?
|
[
"What is never needed with technology transfer?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111809
|
572bc3cf111d821400f38f7c
|
Education
|
At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]
|
Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?
|
Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?
|
[
"Literature on how earnings and how it relates to schooling was greatly influenced by who?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jacob Mincer"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111810
|
572bc3cf111d821400f38f7d
|
Education
|
At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]
|
This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?
|
This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?
|
[
"This view of how schooling and earnings has sparked a lot of studies, but what else has it brought up?"
] |
{
"text": [
"is also controversial"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111811
|
572bc3cf111d821400f38f7e
|
Education
|
At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]
|
What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?
|
What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?
|
[
"What was one of the main concerns of this literature on how schooling and earnings?"
] |
{
"text": [
"not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111812
|
5acd85d807355d001abf4572
|
Education
|
At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]
|
Who did not influence earnings related to school?
|
Who did not influence earnings related to school?
|
[
"Who did not influence earnings related to school?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111813
|
5acd85d807355d001abf4573
|
Education
|
At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]
|
What view is not controversial?
|
What view is not controversial?
|
[
"What view is not controversial? "
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111814
|
5acd85d807355d001abf4574
|
Education
|
At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]
|
Why do some kids achieve their full academic potential easily?
|
Why do some kids achieve their full academic potential easily?
|
[
"Why do some kids achieve their full academic potential easily?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111815
|
5acd85d807355d001abf4575
|
Education
|
At the level of the individual, there is a large literature, generally related to the work of Jacob Mincer, on how earnings are related to the schooling and other human capital. This work has motivated a large number of studies, but is also controversial. The chief controversies revolve around how to interpret the impact of schooling. Some students who have indicated a high potential for learning, by testing with a high intelligence quotient, may not achieve their full academic potential, due to financial difficulties.[citation needed]
|
Students who face financial difficulties might also do what?
|
Students who face financial difficulties might also do what?
|
[
"Students who face financial difficulties might also do what?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111816
|
5acd71d807355d001abf428e
|
Education
|
The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. Missionaries and scholars also brought back new ideas from other civilisations — as with the Jesuit China missions who played a significant role in the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and Europe, translating works from Europe like Euclid's Elements for Chinese scholars and the thoughts of Confucius for European audiences. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.
|
What did the Renaissance in Asia usher in?
|
What did the Renaissance in Asia usher in?
|
[
"What did the Renaissance in Asia usher in?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111817
|
5acd71d807355d001abf428f
|
Education
|
The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. Missionaries and scholars also brought back new ideas from other civilisations — as with the Jesuit China missions who played a significant role in the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and Europe, translating works from Europe like Euclid's Elements for Chinese scholars and the thoughts of Confucius for European audiences. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.
|
What happened in 1460?
|
What happened in 1460?
|
[
"What happened in 1460?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111818
|
5acd71d807355d001abf4290
|
Education
|
The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. Missionaries and scholars also brought back new ideas from other civilisations — as with the Jesuit China missions who played a significant role in the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and Europe, translating works from Europe like Euclid's Elements for Chinese scholars and the thoughts of Confucius for European audiences. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.
|
Who did not develop the printing press?
|
Who did not develop the printing press?
|
[
"Who did not develop the printing press?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111819
|
5acd71d807355d001abf4291
|
Education
|
The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. Missionaries and scholars also brought back new ideas from other civilisations — as with the Jesuit China missions who played a significant role in the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and Europe, translating works from Europe like Euclid's Elements for Chinese scholars and the thoughts of Confucius for European audiences. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.
|
What education did not spread across the globe?
|
What education did not spread across the globe?
|
[
"What education did not spread across the globe?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111820
|
5acd71d807355d001abf4292
|
Education
|
The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. Missionaries and scholars also brought back new ideas from other civilisations — as with the Jesuit China missions who played a significant role in the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and Europe, translating works from Europe like Euclid's Elements for Chinese scholars and the thoughts of Confucius for European audiences. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.
|
Who delivered new ideas to other civilizations?
|
Who delivered new ideas to other civilizations?
|
[
"Who delivered new ideas to other civilizations?"
] |
{
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111821
|
57276da85951b619008f89b9
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.
|
When was the Origin of Species published?
|
When was the Origin of Species published?
|
[
"When was the Origin of Species published?"
] |
{
"text": [
"24 November 1859"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111822
|
57276da85951b619008f89ba
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.
|
Who wrote The Origin of Species?
|
Who wrote The Origin of Species?
|
[
"Who wrote The Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Charles Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111823
|
57276da85951b619008f89bb
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.
|
What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?
|
What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?
|
[
"What branch of biology was The Origin of Species founded on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"evolutionary biology"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111824
|
57276da85951b619008f89bc
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.
|
What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?
|
What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?
|
[
"What was the expedition called that Charles Darwin discovered some of his evidence?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Beagle expedition"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111825
|
57276da85951b619008f89bd
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
On the Origin of Species, published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research, correspondence, and experimentation.
|
How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?
|
How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?
|
[
"How do populations evolve according to Charles Darwin's theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"through a process of natural selection"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111826
|
57276f32708984140094dd6d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.
|
Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?
|
Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?
|
[
"Which group of scientists began to support evolutionary ideas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"dissident anatomists"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111827
|
57276f32708984140094dd6e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.
|
Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?
|
Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?
|
[
"Which powerful religious institution was a big part of scientific study in the 19th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Church of England"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111828
|
57276f32708984140094dd6f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.
|
What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?
|
What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?
|
[
"What was the general opinion about transmutation of species in the 19th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111829
|
57276f32708984140094dd70
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.
|
How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?
|
How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?
|
[
"How did the majority of science see humanity in relation to animals in the 19th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals."
],
"answer_start": [
510
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111830
|
57276f32708984140094dd71
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology. There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public, but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England, while science was part of natural theology. Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream.
|
Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?
|
Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?
|
[
"Which theology did everyone agree science was a part of in the 19th century?"
] |
{
"text": [
"natural theology"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111831
|
5727707df1498d1400e8f822
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.
|
What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?
|
What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?
|
[
"What section of the population was Darwin's book written for?"
] |
{
"text": [
"non-specialist readers"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111832
|
5727707df1498d1400e8f823
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.
|
Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?
|
Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?
|
[
"Who attempted to secularize science during the debate over Darwin's book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"T. H. Huxley"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111833
|
5727707df1498d1400e8f824
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.
|
What was T.H. Huxley promoting?
|
What was T.H. Huxley promoting?
|
[
"What was T.H. Huxley promoting?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scientific naturalism"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111834
|
5727707df1498d1400e8f825
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.
|
What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?
|
What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?
|
[
"What was the growing change in opinion about evolution called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"the eclipse of Darwinism\""
],
"answer_start": [
674
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111835
|
5727707df1498d1400e8f826
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution, with a branching pattern of common descent, had occurred, but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate. During "the eclipse of Darwinism" from the 1880s to the 1930s, various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit. With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s, Darwin's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory, and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences.
|
When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?
|
When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?
|
[
"When did Darwin's concept of evolution become widely believed and central to the modern theory of evolution?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in the 1930s and 1940s"
],
"answer_start": [
850
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111836
|
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfc
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.
|
To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?
|
To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?
|
[
"To what ancient philosopher did Darwin trace some of his evolutionary ideas?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Aristotle"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111837
|
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfd
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.
|
Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?
|
Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?
|
[
"Whose ideas were summarized by Aristotle in the work Darwin studied?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Greek philosopher Empedocles"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111838
|
572771fcdd62a815002e9cfe
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.
|
How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?
|
How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?
|
[
"How did medieval scholars view the Genesis creation story?"
] |
{
"text": [
"allegorically"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111839
|
572771fcdd62a815002e9cff
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life.
|
What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?
|
What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?
|
[
"What kind of births did the Christian Church fathers believe occurred in nature?"
] |
{
"text": [
"monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life."
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111840
|
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.
|
Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?
|
Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?
|
[
"Which group wanted to assuage fears that science was a threat to religious stability?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Royal Society"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111841
|
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.
|
Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?
|
Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?
|
[
"Whose theory claimed that species were unchanging and designed by God?"
] |
{
"text": [
"John Ray"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111842
|
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.
|
Who created a biological classification in 1735?
|
Who created a biological classification in 1735?
|
[
"Who created a biological classification in 1735?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Carl Linnaeus"
],
"answer_start": [
834
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111843
|
5727740ff1498d1400e8f88f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.
|
When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?
|
When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?
|
[
"When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?"
] |
{
"text": [
"4004 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
1149
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111844
|
5727740ff1498d1400e8f890
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible, with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of René Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method. After the turmoil of the English Civil War, the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability. John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order; in his taxonomy, species were static and fixed, their adaptation and complexity designed by God, and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions. In God's benevolent design, carnivores caused mercifully swift death, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism.
|
Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?
|
Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?
|
[
"Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?"
] |
{
"text": [
"James Hutton"
],
"answer_start": [
1279
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111845
|
5727758f5951b619008f8a65
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His palæontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.
|
What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?
|
What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?
|
[
"What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Erasmus Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111846
|
5727758f5951b619008f8a66
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His palæontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.
|
What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?
|
What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?
|
[
"What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?"
] |
{
"text": [
"hypothesis of transmutation of species"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111847
|
5727758f5951b619008f8a67
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His palæontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.
|
What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?
|
What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?
|
[
"What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111848
|
5727758f5951b619008f8a68
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His palæontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.
|
What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?
|
What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?
|
[
"What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Lamarckism"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111849
|
5727758f5951b619008f8a69
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His palæontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.
|
Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?
|
Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?
|
[
"Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Georges Cuvier"
],
"answer_start": [
832
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111850
|
5727774b5951b619008f8a89
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.
|
Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?
|
Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?
|
[
"Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?"
] |
{
"text": [
"William Paley's"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111851
|
5727774b5951b619008f8a8a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.
|
What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design?
|
What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design?
|
[
"What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? "
] |
{
"text": [
"Natural Theology"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111852
|
5727774b5951b619008f8a8b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.
|
What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?
|
What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?
|
[
"What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Church of England"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111853
|
5727774b5951b619008f8a8c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.
|
How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?
|
How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?
|
[
"How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a threat to divinely appointed social order."
],
"answer_start": [
642
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111854
|
5727774b5951b619008f8a8d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In Britain, William Paley's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial "design" by the Creator acting through natural laws. All naturalists in the two English universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were Church of England clergymen, and science became a search for these laws. Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood. Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy, but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order.
|
How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?
|
How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?
|
[
"How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111855
|
572777f5708984140094de71
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.
|
When did Darwin begin attending university?
|
When did Darwin begin attending university?
|
[
"When did Darwin begin attending university?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1825"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111856
|
572777f5708984140094de72
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.
|
What university did Darwin attend?
|
What university did Darwin attend?
|
[
"What university did Darwin attend?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Edinburgh University"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111857
|
572777f5708984140094de73
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.
|
What was Darwin originally studying at university?
|
What was Darwin originally studying at university?
|
[
"What was Darwin originally studying at university?"
] |
{
"text": [
"medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111858
|
572777f5708984140094de74
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.
|
Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?
|
Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?
|
[
"Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Robert Grant"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111859
|
572777f5708984140094de75
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.
|
With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?
|
With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?
|
[
"With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Adam Sedgwick"
],
"answer_start": [
553
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111860
|
5727790a708984140094de93
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their "centre of creation". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.
|
What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?
|
What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?
|
[
"What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Beagle expedition"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111861
|
5727790a708984140094de94
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their "centre of creation". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.
|
Who wrote The Principles of Geology?
|
Who wrote The Principles of Geology?
|
[
"Who wrote The Principles of Geology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111862
|
5727790a708984140094de95
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their "centre of creation". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.
|
Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?
|
Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?
|
[
"Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?"
] |
{
"text": [
"St. Jago"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111863
|
5727790a708984140094de96
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their "centre of creation". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.
|
What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?
|
What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?
|
[
"What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?"
] |
{
"text": [
"huge armadillos"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111864
|
5727790a708984140094de97
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In December 1831, he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their "centre of creation". The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised, yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages", and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. As the Beagle neared England in 1836, he noted that species might not be fixed.
|
What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?
|
What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?
|
[
"What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?"
] |
{
"text": [
"their relatives on the island seemed \"miserable, degraded savages\""
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111865
|
57277a07f1498d1400e8f918
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches. Darwin began speculating, in a series of notebooks, on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain these findings, and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Unconventionally, Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists. At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed.
|
Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?
|
Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?
|
[
"Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Richard Owen"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111866
|
57277a07f1498d1400e8f919
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches. Darwin began speculating, in a series of notebooks, on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain these findings, and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Unconventionally, Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists. At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed.
|
What did John Gould announce in 1837?
|
What did John Gould announce in 1837?
|
[
"What did John Gould announce in 1837?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111867
|
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches. Darwin began speculating, in a series of notebooks, on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain these findings, and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Unconventionally, Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists. At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed.
|
How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?
|
How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?
|
[
"How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?"
] |
{
"text": [
"three separate species"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111868
|
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches. Darwin began speculating, in a series of notebooks, on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain these findings, and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Unconventionally, Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists. At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed.
|
What type of scientist was John Gould?
|
What type of scientist was John Gould?
|
[
"What type of scientist was John Gould?"
] |
{
"text": [
"ornithologist"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111869
|
57277a07f1498d1400e8f91c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent. In March 1837, ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea (though their territories overlapped), that mockingbirds collected on the Galápagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island, and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches. Darwin began speculating, in a series of notebooks, on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain these findings, and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Unconventionally, Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists. At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape, and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed.
|
Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?
|
Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?
|
[
"Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?"
] |
{
"text": [
"an ape"
],
"answer_start": [
951
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111870
|
57277dec708984140094df1d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warring of the species" in plants; he immediately envisioned "a force like a hundred thousand wedges" pushing well-adapted variations into "gaps in the economy of nature", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed. By December 1838, he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by "chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected".
|
Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?
|
Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?
|
[
"Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?"
] |
{
"text": [
"An Essay on the Principle of Population"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111871
|
57277dec708984140094df1e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warring of the species" in plants; he immediately envisioned "a force like a hundred thousand wedges" pushing well-adapted variations into "gaps in the economy of nature", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed. By December 1838, he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by "chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected".
|
What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?
|
What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?
|
[
"What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?"
] |
{
"text": [
"breed beyond their means and struggle to survive"
],
"answer_start": [
171
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111872
|
57277dec708984140094df1f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warring of the species" in plants; he immediately envisioned "a force like a hundred thousand wedges" pushing well-adapted variations into "gaps in the economy of nature", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed. By December 1838, he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by "chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected".
|
Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?
|
Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?
|
[
"Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?"
] |
{
"text": [
"plants"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111873
|
57277dec708984140094df20
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In late September 1838, he started reading Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations, if unrestrained, breed beyond their means and struggle to survive. Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle's "warring of the species" in plants; he immediately envisioned "a force like a hundred thousand wedges" pushing well-adapted variations into "gaps in the economy of nature", so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities, and unfavourable variations would be destroyed. By December 1838, he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by "chance" so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected".
|
What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?
|
What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?
|
[
"What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"warring of the species\""
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111874
|
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9ce
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.
|
What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?
|
What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?
|
[
"What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"Pencil Sketch\""
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111875
|
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9cf
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.
|
Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?
|
Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?
|
[
"Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Joseph Dalton Hooker"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111876
|
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d0
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.
|
How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?
|
How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?
|
[
"How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?"
] |
{
"text": [
"230-page"
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111877
|
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d1
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.
|
What information was Darwin's essay based on?
|
What information was Darwin's essay based on?
|
[
"What information was Darwin's essay based on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scientific results of the Beagle voyage"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111878
|
57277ee9f1498d1400e8f9d2
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.
|
Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?
|
Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?
|
[
"Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Lyell"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111879
|
57277fec5951b619008f8b71
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication, and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.
|
What was the name of the anonymously published science book?
|
What was the name of the anonymously published science book?
|
[
"What was the name of the anonymously published science book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"
],
"answer_start": [
65
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111880
|
57277fec5951b619008f8b72
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication, and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.
|
What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?
|
What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?
|
[
"What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a linear progression"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111881
|
57277fec5951b619008f8b73
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication, and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.
|
Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?
|
Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?
|
[
"Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Robert Chambers"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111882
|
57277fec5951b619008f8b74
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication, and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.
|
What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?
|
What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?
|
[
"What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time."
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111883
|
57277fec5951b619008f8b75
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication, and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s.
|
Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?
|
Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?
|
[
"Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Herbert Spencer"
],
"answer_start": [
1047
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111884
|
57278126708984140094df5b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.
|
What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?
|
What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?
|
[
"What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?"
] |
{
"text": [
"barnacle"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111885
|
57278126708984140094df5c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.
|
In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?
|
In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?
|
[
"In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1854"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111886
|
57278126708984140094df5d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.
|
Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?
|
Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?
|
[
"Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?"
] |
{
"text": [
"fancy pigeon"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111887
|
57278126708984140094df5e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.
|
By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?
|
By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?
|
[
"By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1856"
],
"answer_start": [
885
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111888
|
57278127708984140094df5f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.
|
What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>
|
What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>
|
[
"What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>"
] |
{
"text": [
"plant seeds and animals"
],
"answer_start": [
800
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111889
|
5727825e5951b619008f8ba3
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1–2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a "sketch" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.
|
When was the "Introduction of Species" paper written?
|
When was the "Introduction of Species" paper written?
|
[
"When was the \"Introduction of Species\" paper written?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1855"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111890
|
5727825e5951b619008f8ba4
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1–2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a "sketch" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.
|
Who wrote the "Introduction of Species" paper?
|
Who wrote the "Introduction of Species" paper?
|
[
"Who wrote the \"Introduction of Species\" paper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Alfred Russel Wallace"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111891
|
5727825e5951b619008f8ba5
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1–2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a "sketch" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.
|
How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?
|
How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?
|
[
"How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?"
] |
{
"text": [
"if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111892
|
5727825e5951b619008f8ba6
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1–2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a "sketch" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.
|
Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?
|
Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?
|
[
"Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Charles Lyell"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111893
|
5727825e5951b619008f8ba7
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
An 1855 paper on the "introduction" of species, written by Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species. Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace's paper and its possible connection to Darwin's work, although Darwin did not, and in a letter written on 1–2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority. Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper. He met Lyell, and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal. He began a "sketch" account on 14 May 1856, and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species. His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas.
|
When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?
|
When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?
|
[
"When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?"
] |
{
"text": [
"1–2 May 1856"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111894
|
5727839a5951b619008f8be5
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.
|
Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?
|
Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?
|
[
"Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"big book\" on Natural Selection,"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111895
|
5727839a5951b619008f8be6
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.
|
What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?
|
What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?
|
[
"What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?"
] |
{
"text": [
"twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111896
|
5727839a5951b619008f8be8
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.
|
Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?
|
Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?
|
[
"Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin"
],
"answer_start": [
1043
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111897
|
5727839a5951b619008f8be9
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.
|
What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?
|
What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?
|
[
"What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation."
],
"answer_start": [
1542
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111898
|
5727842bdd62a815002e9f52
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript, and an offer to Darwin of 2⁄3 of the profits. (eventually Murray paid £180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition, earning Darwin nearly £3000.)
|
What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?
|
What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?
|
[
"What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?"
] |
{
"text": [
"\"an abstract of my whole work\"."
],
"answer_start": [
43
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-111899
|
5727842bdd62a815002e9f53
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
After the meeting, Darwin decided to write "an abstract of my whole work". He started work on 20 July 1858, while on holiday at Sandown, and wrote parts of it from memory. Lyell discussed arrangements with publisher John Murray III, of the publishing house John Murray, who responded immediately to Darwin's letter of 31 March 1859 with an agreement to publish the book without even seeing the manuscript, and an offer to Darwin of 2⁄3 of the profits. (eventually Murray paid £180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition, earning Darwin nearly £3000.)
|
Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?
|
Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?
|
[
"Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"John Murray III"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
}
|
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