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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-112000
|
5727c1064b864d1900163c84
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?" He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos. Darwin discusses rudimentary organs, such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes. He remarks that some rudimentary organs, such as teeth in baleen whales, are found only in embryonic stages.
|
What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?
|
What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?
|
[
"What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?"
] |
{
"text": [
"morphology"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112001
|
5727c1064b864d1900163c85
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?" He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos. Darwin discusses rudimentary organs, such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes. He remarks that some rudimentary organs, such as teeth in baleen whales, are found only in embryonic stages.
|
What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?
|
What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?
|
[
"What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112002
|
5727c1064b864d1900163c86
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?" He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos. Darwin discusses rudimentary organs, such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes. He remarks that some rudimentary organs, such as teeth in baleen whales, are found only in embryonic stages.
|
What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?
|
What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?
|
[
"What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?"
] |
{
"text": [
"animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112003
|
5727c1064b864d1900163c87
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?" He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos. Darwin discusses rudimentary organs, such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes. He remarks that some rudimentary organs, such as teeth in baleen whales, are found only in embryonic stages.
|
What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?
|
What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?
|
[
"What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?"
] |
{
"text": [
"e wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112004
|
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9480
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ventures a cautious hint that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that "Light will be thrown on the origin of man". Darwin ends with a passage that became well known and much quoted:
|
What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?
|
What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?
|
[
"What hopes does Darwin have for his theory in the natural history fields?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that his theory might produce revolutionary changes"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112005
|
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9481
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ventures a cautious hint that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that "Light will be thrown on the origin of man". Darwin ends with a passage that became well known and much quoted:
|
Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?
|
Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?
|
[
"Why did Darwin avoid the topic of the origins of humans in most of his book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"so as not to prejudice readers against his theory"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112006
|
5727c1aeff5b5019007d9482
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The final chapter reviews points from earlier chapters, and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history. Although he avoids the controversial topic of human origins in the rest of the book so as not to prejudice readers against his theory, here he ventures a cautious hint that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that "Light will be thrown on the origin of man". Darwin ends with a passage that became well known and much quoted:
|
What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?
|
What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?
|
[
"What does Darwin allude to hoping in the final chapter of On the Origin of Species about humans?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that psychology would be put on a new foundation and that \"Light will be thrown on the origin of man\""
],
"answer_start": [
342
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112007
|
5727c29e2ca10214002d959c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.
|
What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?
|
What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?
|
[
"What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112008
|
5727c29e2ca10214002d959d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.
|
What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?
|
What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?
|
[
"What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the concept of transmutation of species"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112009
|
5727c29e2ca10214002d959e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.
|
How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?
|
How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism."
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112010
|
5727c29e2ca10214002d959f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.
|
What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?
|
What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?
|
[
"What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation."
],
"answer_start": [
533
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112011
|
5727c69b4b864d1900163cec
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.
|
What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?
|
What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?
|
[
"What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112012
|
5727c69b4b864d1900163ced
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.
|
Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?
|
Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?
|
[
"Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?"
] |
{
"text": [
"John Herschel"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112013
|
5727c69b4b864d1900163cee
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.
|
What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?
|
What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?
|
[
"What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?"
] |
{
"text": [
"its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations"
],
"answer_start": [
639
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112014
|
5727c82c3acd2414000dec3f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.
|
What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?
|
What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?
|
[
"What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?"
] |
{
"text": [
"its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction."
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112015
|
5727c82c3acd2414000dec40
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.
|
What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?
|
What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?
|
[
"What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?"
] |
{
"text": [
"it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112016
|
5727c82c3acd2414000dec41
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.
|
What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?
|
What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?
|
[
"What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics"
],
"answer_start": [
838
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112017
|
5727c82c3acd2414000dec42
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.
|
Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?
|
Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?
|
[
"Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?"
] |
{
"text": [
"because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay"
],
"answer_start": [
967
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112018
|
5727c82c3acd2414000dec43
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.
|
Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?
|
Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?
|
[
"Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?"
] |
{
"text": [
"would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail"
],
"answer_start": [
1148
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112019
|
5727c9733acd2414000dec61
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.
|
Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?
|
Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?
|
[
"Why did On the Origin of Species likely raise so much interest and debate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112020
|
5727c9733acd2414000dec62
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.
|
Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?
|
Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?
|
[
"Why was the book taken seriously even though much of the response was hostile?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112021
|
5727c9733acd2414000dec63
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.
|
What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?
|
What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?
|
[
"What field of ideas latched onto On the Origin of Species when it became a widespread success?"
] |
{
"text": [
"social reform"
],
"answer_start": [
627
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112022
|
5727c9733acd2414000dec64
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.
|
What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?
|
What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?
|
[
"What did Darwin's book do for the field of scientific study of evolution?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms"
],
"answer_start": [
860
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112023
|
5727c9733acd2414000dec65
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate, with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological, social and religious implications. Much of the initial reaction was hostile, but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science. There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation, which had been rejected by scientists, but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws. The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform. Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals, and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work, though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges. Darwin's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms, and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism, not just his own ideas. By the mid-1870s, evolutionism was triumphant.
|
What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?
|
What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?
|
[
"What was the term used to not only describe Darwin's theories, but the whole spectrum of evolution-ism after his book met with success?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwinism"
],
"answer_start": [
962
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112024
|
5727ccc72ca10214002d96a8
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.
|
What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?
|
What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?
|
[
"What was the general response from scientific readers to Lamarck's written work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague \"law of development\" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112025
|
5727ccc72ca10214002d96a9
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.
|
What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?
|
What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?
|
[
"What was the likely reason that Darwin's ideas were accepted more readily than Lamarck's?"
] |
{
"text": [
"natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible."
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112026
|
5727ccc72ca10214002d96aa
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.
|
Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?
|
Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?
|
[
"Which school did opponents to Darwin's method support?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences"
],
"answer_start": [
780
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112027
|
5727ccc72ca10214002d96ab
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.
|
Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?
|
Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?
|
[
"Where did early support for Darwin's findings come from?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862"
],
"answer_start": [
1013
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112028
|
5727ccc72ca10214002d96ac
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature, but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague "law of development" of Vestiges had not found scientific favour. Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible. His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study, and by 1875, most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant. Darwin's scientific method was also disputed, with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic, while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design. Early support for Darwin's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology, including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860, and Asa Gray in 1862. Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection. Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research, including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line.
|
Who authored research supporting insect mimicry using natural selection?
|
Who authored research supporting insect mimicry using natural selection?
|
[
"Who authored research supporting insect mimicry using natural selection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Henry Walter Bates"
],
"answer_start": [
1144
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112029
|
5727ce204b864d1900163d88
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.
|
Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?
|
Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?
|
[
"Who supported Darwin's theories on evolution despite it having little impact on his own research?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Thomas Henry Huxley"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112030
|
5727ce204b864d1900163d89
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.
|
What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?
|
What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?
|
[
"What did Huxley's 1860 article in the Westminster Review promote?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scientific naturalism over natural theology"
],
"answer_start": [
530
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112031
|
5727ce204b864d1900163d8a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.
|
Why did Huxley coin the name "Darwinism?"
|
Why did Huxley coin the name "Darwinism?"
|
[
"Why did Huxley coin the name \"Darwinism?\""
] |
{
"text": [
"as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science"
],
"answer_start": [
736
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112032
|
5727ce204b864d1900163d8b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology, and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Despite this, Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species, and questioned if Darwin's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation. Huxley wanted science to be secular, without religious interference, and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology, praising Darwin for "extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has, as yet, hardly penetrated" and coining the term "Darwinism" as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science. Huxley gained influence, and initiated the X Club, which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism, shaping much of late Victorian science. Later, the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies.
|
What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?
|
What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?
|
[
"What did the morphologist Ernst Haeckel convince Huxley of about comparative anatomy and paleontology?"
] |
{
"text": [
"that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies"
],
"answer_start": [
1027
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112033
|
5727cf924b864d1900163dae
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).
|
Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?
|
Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?
|
[
"Who was the leading naturalist in Britain?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Richard Owen,"
],
"answer_start": [
52
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112034
|
5727cf924b864d1900163daf
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).
|
How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?
|
How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?
|
[
"How did Owen respond to On the Origin of Species with his review?"
] |
{
"text": [
"bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous \"ordained becoming\""
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112035
|
5727cf924b864d1900163db0
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).
|
What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?
|
What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?
|
[
"What was the debate between Huxley and Owen concerning humans and apes?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class"
],
"answer_start": [
612
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112036
|
5727cf924b864d1900163db1
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).
|
What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?
|
What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?
|
[
"What was the primary debate at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting of 1860?"
] |
{
"text": [
"legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate"
],
"answer_start": [
880
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112037
|
5727cf924b864d1900163db2
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen, an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan. Owen's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley, Hooker and Darwin, but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous "ordained becoming", with new species appearing by natural birth. Others that rejected natural selection, but supported "creation by birth", included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design. Since 1858, Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans, contesting Owen's view that humans were a separate sub-class. Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate. In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the "Great Hippocampus Question" and parodied in The Water-Babies as the "great hippopotamus test", Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871).
|
When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?
|
When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?
|
[
"When did Darwin publish his own explanation of the question of the evolution of man and ape?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man (1871)"
],
"answer_start": [
1410
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112038
|
5727d08a2ca10214002d9734
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.
|
While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?
|
While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?
|
[
"While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?"
] |
{
"text": [
"natural selection"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112039
|
5727d08a2ca10214002d9735
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.
|
What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?
|
What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?
|
[
"What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112040
|
5727d08a2ca10214002d9736
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.
|
Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?
|
Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"political radicals"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112041
|
5727d08a2ca10214002d9737
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.
|
Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?
|
Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112042
|
5727d1caff5b5019007d960a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.
|
What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?
|
What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?
|
[
"What was the general feeling toward Darwin's ideas in France?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112043
|
5727d1caff5b5019007d960b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.
|
What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?
|
What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?
|
[
"What people in what country had embraced the idea of evolution for many years before Darwin published his theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The intelligentsia in Russia"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112044
|
5727d1caff5b5019007d960c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.
|
Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?
|
Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?
|
[
"Which aspects of evolution theory were thought to be unimportant by many who read Darwin's work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the Malthusian aspects"
],
"answer_start": [
455
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112045
|
5727d1caff5b5019007d960d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
French-speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Clémence Royer, but Darwin's ideas had little impact in France, where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism. The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory, and scientists were quick to take it into account, although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views.
|
Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?
|
Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?
|
[
"Which author voiced his displeasure of the morality of Darwin's views in a novel?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Leo Tolstoy"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112046
|
5727d5053acd2414000ded97
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.
|
What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give?
|
What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give?
|
[
"What justification for his objections to the process of natural selection did Karl von Nägel give?"
] |
{
"text": [
"insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112047
|
5727d5053acd2414000ded98
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.
|
What was Darwin's concession to Karl von Nägel's objections?
|
What was Darwin's concession to Karl von Nägel's objections?
|
[
"What was Darwin's concession to Karl von Nägel's objections?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112048
|
5727d5053acd2414000ded99
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.
|
Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?
|
Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?
|
[
"Who disputed Darwin's estimate that the age of the earth allowed gradual evolution of species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"William Thomson"
],
"answer_start": [
398
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112049
|
5727d5053acd2414000ded9a
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.
|
What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?
|
What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?
|
[
"What were William Thomson's reasons for disputing Darwin's estimate?"
] |
{
"text": [
"calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112050
|
5727d5053acd2414000ded9b
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson (later awarded the title Lord Kelvin), who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years. Darwin accepted blending inheritance, but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits, natural selection could not accumulate useful traits. Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition. Mivart supported directed evolution, and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection. In response, Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition. The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century.
|
When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?
|
When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?
|
[
"When were the problems of the earth and heredity resolved?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in the 20th century"
],
"answer_start": [
970
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112051
|
5727d633ff5b5019007d967c
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.
|
Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?
|
Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?
|
[
"Why did most scientists accept the validity of evolution by the 1870s, but considered natural selection a minor part of it?"
] |
{
"text": [
"they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive."
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112052
|
5727d633ff5b5019007d967d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.
|
What was meant by the term saltationism?
|
What was meant by the term saltationism?
|
[
"What was meant by the term saltationism?"
] |
{
"text": [
"new species were thought to arise through \"jumps\" rather than gradual adaptation"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112053
|
5727d633ff5b5019007d967e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.
|
What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?
|
What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?
|
[
"What is the term for the belief that species have a tendency to change and adapt in a certain direction?"
] |
{
"text": [
"orthogenesis"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112054
|
5727d633ff5b5019007d967f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.
|
What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?
|
What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?
|
[
"What was the minority view on evolution that was believed by August Weismann?"
] |
{
"text": [
"neo-Darwinism"
],
"answer_start": [
650
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112055
|
5727d633ff5b5019007d9680
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
By the mid-1870s, most scientists accepted evolution, but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive. The range of evolutionary theories during "the eclipse of Darwinism" included forms of "saltationism" in which new species were thought to arise through "jumps" rather than gradual adaptation, forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction, and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress. The minority view of August Weismann, that natural selection was the only mechanism, was called neo-Darwinism. It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin's views.
|
What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?
|
What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?
|
[
"What rediscovered inheritance was thought to invalidate Darwin's views on evolution?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Mendelian inheritance"
],
"answer_start": [
704
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112056
|
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b6
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further. Some political commentaries, including Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872), attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races. Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism. Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.
|
Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?
|
Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?
|
[
"Who believed that action needed to be taken to level out the social and economic playing field before natural selection could occur to improve humanity?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Alfred Russel Wallace"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112057
|
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b7
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further. Some political commentaries, including Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872), attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races. Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism. Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.
|
Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?
|
Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?
|
[
"Which political commentary attempted to widen the idea of natural selection to include competition between different races of people and countries?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872)"
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112058
|
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b8
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further. Some political commentaries, including Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872), attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races. Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism. Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.
|
Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?
|
Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?
|
[
"Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism"
],
"answer_start": [
634
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112059
|
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96b9
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further. Some political commentaries, including Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872), attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races. Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism. Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.
|
What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?
|
What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?
|
[
"What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?"
] |
{
"text": [
"to justify military aggression and unethical business practices"
],
"answer_start": [
1101
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112060
|
5727d7e3ff5b5019007d96ba
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
While some, like Spencer, used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor, others, including Alfred Russel Wallace, argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further. Some political commentaries, including Walter Bagehot's Physics and Politics (1872), attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races. Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism. Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin's scientific theory, and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution, such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel, as they were by Darwin's work. Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans, and he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.
|
What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?
|
What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?
|
[
"What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?"
] |
{
"text": [
"he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry."
],
"answer_start": [
1224
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112061
|
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f2
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as "just as noble a conception of Deity". In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as "a celebrated cleric", and added the phrase "by the Creator" to the closing sentence, which from then on read "life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one". While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted, Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature, and even in the first edition there are several references to "creation".
|
What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?
|
What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"strongly opposed to the ideas in the book"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112062
|
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f3
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as "just as noble a conception of Deity". In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as "a celebrated cleric", and added the phrase "by the Creator" to the closing sentence, which from then on read "life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one". While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted, Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature, and even in the first edition there are several references to "creation".
|
What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?
|
What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?
|
[
"What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design"
],
"answer_start": [
253
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112063
|
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f4
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as "just as noble a conception of Deity". In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as "a celebrated cleric", and added the phrase "by the Creator" to the closing sentence, which from then on read "life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one". While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted, Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature, and even in the first edition there are several references to "creation".
|
What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley?
|
What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley?
|
[
"What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley? "
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin quoted Kingsley as \"a celebrated cleric\", and added the phrase \"by the Creator\" to the closing sentence,"
],
"answer_start": [
441
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112064
|
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f5
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as "just as noble a conception of Deity". In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as "a celebrated cleric", and added the phrase "by the Creator" to the closing sentence, which from then on read "life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one". While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted, Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature, and even in the first edition there are several references to "creation".
|
What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?
|
What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?
|
[
"What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted"
],
"answer_start": [
693
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112065
|
5727db08ff5b5019007d96f6
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful. In the Church of England, some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as "just as noble a conception of Deity". In the second edition of January 1860, Darwin quoted Kingsley as "a celebrated cleric", and added the phrase "by the Creator" to the closing sentence, which from then on read "life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one". While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted, Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature, and even in the first edition there are several references to "creation".
|
What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?
|
What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?
|
[
"What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature"
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112066
|
5727dc042ca10214002d982e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology. Theistic evolution became a popular compromise, and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose.
|
What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?
|
What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Baden Powell praised \"Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature\""
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112067
|
5727dc042ca10214002d982f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology. Theistic evolution became a popular compromise, and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose.
|
What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?
|
What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?
|
[
"What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?"
] |
{
"text": [
"defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology."
],
"answer_start": [
263
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112068
|
5727dc042ca10214002d9830
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology. Theistic evolution became a popular compromise, and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose.
|
What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?
|
What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?
|
[
"What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Theistic evolution became a popular compromise"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112069
|
5727dc042ca10214002d9831
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology. Theistic evolution became a popular compromise, and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose.
|
What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?
|
What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?
|
[
"What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?"
] |
{
"text": [
"supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation"
],
"answer_start": [
568
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112070
|
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5d
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans, or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind's position at the head of nature. While many conservative theologians accepted evolution, Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique "What is Darwinism?" that "Darwinism", defined narrowly as including rejection of design, was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design. Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin's text. By the early 20th century, four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution, but fundamentalism inspired the American creation–evolution controversy that began in the 1920s. Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century, but other Catholic writers, starting with Mivart, pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area. The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.
|
How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?
|
How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?
|
[
"How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?"
] |
{
"text": [
"by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112071
|
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5e
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans, or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind's position at the head of nature. While many conservative theologians accepted evolution, Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique "What is Darwinism?" that "Darwinism", defined narrowly as including rejection of design, was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design. Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin's text. By the early 20th century, four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution, but fundamentalism inspired the American creation–evolution controversy that began in the 1920s. Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century, but other Catholic writers, starting with Mivart, pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area. The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.
|
Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?
|
Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?
|
[
"Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Charles Hodge"
],
"answer_start": [
531
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112072
|
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee5f
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans, or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind's position at the head of nature. While many conservative theologians accepted evolution, Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique "What is Darwinism?" that "Darwinism", defined narrowly as including rejection of design, was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design. Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin's text. By the early 20th century, four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution, but fundamentalism inspired the American creation–evolution controversy that began in the 1920s. Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century, but other Catholic writers, starting with Mivart, pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area. The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.
|
What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?
|
What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?
|
[
"What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the American creation–evolution controversy"
],
"answer_start": [
967
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112073
|
5727dd4d3acd2414000dee60
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Even though the book had barely hinted at human evolution, it quickly became central to the debate as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul, and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities. This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans, or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind's position at the head of nature. While many conservative theologians accepted evolution, Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique "What is Darwinism?" that "Darwinism", defined narrowly as including rejection of design, was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design. Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin's text. By the early 20th century, four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution, but fundamentalism inspired the American creation–evolution controversy that began in the 1920s. Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century, but other Catholic writers, starting with Mivart, pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area. The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.
|
What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?
|
What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?
|
[
"What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching."
],
"answer_start": [
1300
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112074
|
5727de2c4b864d1900163edc
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States.
|
What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?
|
What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?
|
[
"What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Darwin's theory of evolution"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112075
|
5727de2c4b864d1900163edd
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States.
|
What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?
|
What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?
|
[
"What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?"
] |
{
"text": [
"The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment."
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112076
|
5727de2c4b864d1900163ede
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States.
|
In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?
|
In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?
|
[
"In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?"
] |
{
"text": [
"medicine and agriculture"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112077
|
5727de2c4b864d1900163edf
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, with its tree-like model of branching common descent, has become the unifying theory of the life sciences. The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment. It makes sense of the geologic record, biogeography, parallels in embryonic development, biological homologies, vestigiality, cladistics, phylogenetics and other fields, with unrivalled explanatory power; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture. Despite the scientific consensus, a religion-based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools, especially in the United States.
|
What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?
|
What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?
|
[
"What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a religion-based political controversy"
],
"answer_start": [
624
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112078
|
5727df293acd2414000dee91
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".
|
What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?
|
What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?
|
[
"What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?"
] |
{
"text": [
"scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work."
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112079
|
5727df293acd2414000dee92
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".
|
What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?
|
What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"a variorum"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112080
|
5727df293acd2414000dee93
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".
|
What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?
|
What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?
|
[
"What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Worldwide commemorations"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112081
|
5727df293acd2414000dee94
|
On_the_Origin_of_Species
|
Interest in Darwin's writings continues, and scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work. The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum, detailing the changes made in every edition, first published in 1959, and a concordance, an exhaustive external index published in 1981. Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".
|
What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?
|
What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?
|
[
"What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"They celebrated the ideas which \"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\"."
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112082
|
5728ad892ca10214002da5a6
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.
|
What do all living humans belong to?
|
What do all living humans belong to?
|
[
"What do all living humans belong to?"
] |
{
"text": [
"the same species"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112083
|
5728ad892ca10214002da5a7
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.
|
What species are all humans?
|
What species are all humans?
|
[
"What species are all humans?"
] |
{
"text": [
"Homo sapiens"
],
"answer_start": [
617
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112084
|
5728ad892ca10214002da5a8
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.
|
Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?
|
Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?
|
[
"Race has no taxonomic significance among whom?"
] |
{
"text": [
"humans"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112085
|
5728ad892ca10214002da5a9
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.
|
What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?
|
What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?
|
[
"What set of traits do some scientists use race to make distinctions among?"
] |
{
"text": [
"fuzzy"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112086
|
5728ad892ca10214002da5aa
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
Even though there is a broad scientific agreement that essentialist and typological conceptualizations of race are untenable, scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race in widely differing ways, some of which have essentialist implications. While some researchers sometimes use the concept of race to make distinctions among fuzzy sets of traits, others in the scientific community suggest that the idea of race often is used in a naive or simplistic way,[page needed] and argue that, among humans, race has no taxonomic significance by pointing out that all living humans belong to the same species, Homo sapiens, and subspecies, Homo sapiens sapiens.
|
How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?
|
How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?
|
[
"How do scientists around the world continue to conceptualize race?"
] |
{
"text": [
"in widely differing ways"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112087
|
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c6
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.
|
What type of group can't be biologically defined?
|
What type of group can't be biologically defined?
|
[
"What type of group can't be biologically defined?"
] |
{
"text": [
"racial"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112088
|
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c7
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.
|
What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?
|
What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?
|
[
"What type of categorization in every day usage is there wide agreement it is only a social construct?"
] |
{
"text": [
"racial"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112089
|
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c8
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.
|
What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?
|
What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?
|
[
"What do some people contend racial categories are obviously correlated with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"biological traits"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112090
|
5728c94a2ca10214002da7c9
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.
|
Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?
|
Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?
|
[
"Some genetic markers have varying frequencies among what populations?"
] |
{
"text": [
"human"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112091
|
5728c94a2ca10214002da7ca
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
There is a wide consensus that the racial categories that are common in everyday usage are socially constructed, and that racial groups cannot be biologically defined. Nonetheless, some scholars argue that racial categories obviously correlate with biological traits (e.g. phenotype) to some degree, and that certain genetic markers have varying frequencies among human populations, some of which correspond more or less to traditional racial groupings. For this reason, there is no current consensus about whether racial categories can be considered to have significance for understanding human genetic variation.
|
What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation?
|
What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation?
|
[
"What is the majority opinion on whether racial categories can be considered to have impact on human genetic variation? "
] |
{
"text": [
"no current consensus"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112092
|
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e68
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.
|
How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?
|
How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?
|
[
"How do people create a social reality in which social categorization is achieved?"
] |
{
"text": [
"define and talk about a particular conception of race"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112093
|
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e69
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.
|
What can be said to be a social construct?
|
What can be said to be a social construct?
|
[
"What can be said to be a social construct?"
] |
{
"text": [
"races"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112094
|
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6a
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.
|
What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?
|
What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?
|
[
"What contexts do racial social constructs develop within?"
] |
{
"text": [
"legal, economic, and sociopolitical"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112095
|
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6b
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.
|
Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?
|
Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?
|
[
"Constructs may be the result rather than the inciter of what?"
] |
{
"text": [
"major social situations"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112096
|
5728cd6b4b864d1900164e6c
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
When people define and talk about a particular conception of race, they create a social reality through which social categorization is achieved. In this sense, races are said to be social constructs. These constructs develop within various legal, economic, and sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations. While race is understood to be a social construct by many, most scholars agree that race has real material effects in the lives of people through institutionalized practices of preference and discrimination.
|
What effect does race have in the lives of people?
|
What effect does race have in the lives of people?
|
[
"What effect does race have in the lives of people?"
] |
{
"text": [
"real material"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112097
|
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e86
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.
|
Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?
|
Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?
|
[
"Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?"
] |
{
"text": [
"considerable suffering"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112098
|
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e87
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.
|
What is discrimination often paired with?
|
What is discrimination often paired with?
|
[
"What is discrimination often paired with?"
] |
{
"text": [
"racist mindsets"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
}
|
gem-squad_v2-train-112099
|
5728ce6b4b864d1900164e88
|
Race_(human_categorization)
|
Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.
|
What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?
|
What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?
|
[
"What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?"
] |
{
"text": [
"inferior"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
}
|
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