gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-15900 | 5a830244e60761001a2eb2f0 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly. | What do virtually no culture techniques rely on at some point? | What do virtually no culture techniques rely on at some point? | [
"What do virtually no culture techniques rely on at some point?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15901 | 5a830244e60761001a2eb2f1 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly. | What can samples obtained from patients be viewed by from far away? | What can samples obtained from patients be viewed by from far away? | [
"What can samples obtained from patients be viewed by from far away?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15902 | 5a830244e60761001a2eb2f2 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly. | When is microscopy exquisitely useless? | When is microscopy exquisitely useless? | [
"When is microscopy exquisitely useless?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15903 | 5a830244e60761001a2eb2f3 | Infection | Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with simple instruments, such as the compound light microscope, or with instruments as complex as an electron microscope. Samples obtained from patients may be viewed directly under the light microscope, and can often rapidly lead to identification. Microscopy is often also used in conjunction with biochemical staining techniques, and can be made exquisitely specific when used in combination with antibody based techniques. For example, the use of antibodies made artificially fluorescent (fluorescently labeled antibodies) can be directed to bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen. A fluorescence microscope is then used to detect fluorescently labeled antibodies bound to internalized antigens within clinical samples or cultured cells. This technique is especially useful in the diagnosis of viral diseases, where the light microscope is incapable of identifying a virus directly. | What are antibodies with artificial fluorescence unable to do? | What are antibodies with artificial fluorescence unable to do? | [
"What are antibodies with artificial fluorescence unable to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15904 | 57342435d058e614000b69e4 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | What do almost all cells readily stain with? | What do almost all cells readily stain with? | [
"What do almost all cells readily stain with?"
] | {
"text": [
"a number of basic dyes"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15905 | 57342435d058e614000b69e5 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | Why do cells easily stain with dyes? | Why do cells easily stain with dyes? | [
"Why do cells easily stain with dyes?"
] | {
"text": [
"electrostatic attraction"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15906 | 57342435d058e614000b69e6 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | What electronic charge do cellular molecules have? | What electronic charge do cellular molecules have? | [
"What electronic charge do cellular molecules have?"
] | {
"text": [
"negatively charged"
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15907 | 57342435d058e614000b69e7 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | What is Geimsa stain? | What is Geimsa stain? | [
"What is Geimsa stain?"
] | {
"text": [
"a dye"
],
"answer_start": [
397
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15908 | 57342435d058e614000b69e8 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease? | How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease? | [
"How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"Two"
],
"answer_start": [
684
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15909 | 5a830323e60761001a2eb2f9 | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | What do few cells readily stain with? | What do few cells readily stain with? | [
"What do few cells readily stain with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15910 | 5a830323e60761001a2eb2fa | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | Why do cells have difficulty staining with dyes? | Why do cells have difficulty staining with dyes? | [
"Why do cells have difficulty staining with dyes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15911 | 5a830323e60761001a2eb2fb | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | What electronic charge do cellular molecules destroy? | What electronic charge do cellular molecules destroy? | [
"What electronic charge do cellular molecules destroy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15912 | 5a830323e60761001a2eb2fc | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | How many methods comprise unorthodox approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease? | How many methods comprise unorthodox approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease? | [
"How many methods comprise unorthodox approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15913 | 5a830323e60761001a2eb2fd | Infection | Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. | What is the rarest method used to classify bacteria and to diagnose a disease? | What is the rarest method used to classify bacteria and to diagnose a disease? | [
"What is the rarest method used to classify bacteria and to diagnose a disease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15914 | 5734257c4776f41900661961 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function. | What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease? | What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease? | [
"What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"enzymes"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15915 | 5734257c4776f41900661962 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function. | What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections? | What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections? | [
"What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?"
] | {
"text": [
"RNA replicases"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15916 | 5734257c4776f41900661963 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function. | What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together? | What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together? | [
"What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?"
] | {
"text": [
"red blood cells"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15917 | 5734257c4776f41900661964 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function. | Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus? | Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus? | [
"Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?"
] | {
"text": [
"humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15918 | 5a830437e60761001a2eb303 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function. | What needs to be combined with infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease? | What needs to be combined with infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease? | [
"What needs to be combined with infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15919 | 5a830437e60761001a2eb304 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function. | What enzyme's absence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections? | What enzyme's absence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections? | [
"What enzyme's absence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15920 | 5a830437e60761001a2eb305 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function. | What does the protein hemagglutinin pull apart? | What does the protein hemagglutinin pull apart? | [
"What does the protein hemagglutinin pull apart?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15921 | 5a830437e60761001a2eb306 | Infection | The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are characteristic of specific types of viral infections. The ability of the viral protein hemagglutinin to bind red blood cells together into a detectable matrix may also be characterized as a biochemical test for viral infection, although strictly speaking hemagglutinin is not an enzyme and has no metabolic function. | Why are the presence of certain enzymes a sign of good health? | Why are the presence of certain enzymes a sign of good health? | [
"Why are the presence of certain enzymes a sign of good health?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15922 | 57342628d058e614000b6a0c | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms? | What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms? | [
"What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Serological"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15923 | 57342628d058e614000b6a0d | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do? | What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do? | [
"What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"bind specifically to an antigen"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15924 | 57342628d058e614000b6a0e | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually? | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually? | [
"What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually?"
] | {
"text": [
"a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15925 | 57342628d058e614000b6a0f | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways? | What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways? | [
"What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways?"
] | {
"text": [
"a chain of events"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15926 | 57342628d058e614000b6a10 | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What is the causative agent of "strep throat"? | What is the causative agent of "strep throat"? | [
"What is the causative agent of \"strep throat\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"S. pyogenes"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15927 | 5a83060be60761001a2eb30b | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What methods are highly sensitive, general and slow tests used to identify microorganisms? | What methods are highly sensitive, general and slow tests used to identify microorganisms? | [
"What methods are highly sensitive, general and slow tests used to identify microorganisms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15928 | 5a83060be60761001a2eb30c | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to avoid? | What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to avoid? | [
"What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to avoid?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15929 | 5a83060be60761001a2eb30d | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually not part of? | What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually not part of? | [
"What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually not part of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15930 | 5a83060be60761001a2eb30e | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What does the binding set off that will result in something invisible in various ways? | What does the binding set off that will result in something invisible in various ways? | [
"What does the binding set off that will result in something invisible in various ways?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15931 | 5a83060be60761001a2eb30f | Infection | Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then sets off a chain of events that can be visibly obvious in various ways, dependent upon the test. For example, "Strep throat" is often diagnosed within minutes, and is based on the appearance of antigens made by the causative agent, S. pyogenes, that is retrieved from a patients throat with a cotton swab. Serological tests, if available, are usually the preferred route of identification, however the tests are costly to develop and the reagents used in the test often require refrigeration. Some serological methods are extremely costly, although when commonly used, such as with the "strep test", they can be inexpensive. | What is the special agent of "strep throat"? | What is the special agent of "strep throat"? | [
"What is the special agent of \"strep throat\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15932 | 57342720d058e614000b6a26 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus. | What are immunoassays? | What are immunoassays? | [
"What are immunoassays?"
] | {
"text": [
"Complex serological techniques"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15933 | 57342720d058e614000b6a27 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus. | What type of signal do immunoassays produce? | What type of signal do immunoassays produce? | [
"What type of signal do immunoassays produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"electro - magnetic or particle radiation"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15934 | 57342720d058e614000b6a28 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus. | What allows quantitation of the target antigen? | What allows quantitation of the target antigen? | [
"What allows quantitation of the target antigen?"
] | {
"text": [
"unknowns can be compared to that of standards"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15935 | 57342720d058e614000b6a29 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus. | Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins? | Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins? | [
"Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins?"
] | {
"text": [
"generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15936 | 5a8306fae60761001a2eb315 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus. | What are immunoassays banned from being? | What are immunoassays banned from being? | [
"What are immunoassays banned from being?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15937 | 5a8306fae60761001a2eb316 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus. | What type of signal do immunoassays absorb? | What type of signal do immunoassays absorb? | [
"What type of signal do immunoassays absorb?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15938 | 5a8306fae60761001a2eb317 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus. | What stops quantitation of the target antigen? | What stops quantitation of the target antigen? | [
"What stops quantitation of the target antigen?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15939 | 5a8306fae60761001a2eb318 | Infection | Complex serological techniques have been developed into what are known as Immunoassays. Immunoassays can use the basic antibody – antigen binding as the basis to produce an electro - magnetic or particle radiation signal, which can be detected by some form of instrumentation. Signal of unknowns can be compared to that of standards allowing quantitation of the target antigen. To aid in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, immunoassays can detect or measure antigens from either infectious agents or proteins generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent. For example, immunoassay A may detect the presence of a surface protein from a virus particle. Immunoassay B on the other hand may detect or measure antibodies produced by an organism's immune system that are made to neutralize and allow the destruction of the virus. | What type of proteins are undetectable by Immunoassays? | What type of proteins are undetectable by Immunoassays? | [
"What type of proteins are undetectable by Immunoassays?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15940 | 573427ac4776f419006619a5 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What does the acronym PCR expand to? | What does the acronym PCR expand to? | [
"What does the acronym PCR expand to?"
] | {
"text": [
"polymerase chain reaction"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15941 | 573427ac4776f419006619a6 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future? | What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future? | [
"What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?"
] | {
"text": [
"PCR"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15942 | 573427ac4776f419006619a7 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of? | What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of? | [
"What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?"
] | {
"text": [
"virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15943 | 573427ac4776f419006619a8 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What must an infectious agent do to cause disease? | What must an infectious agent do to cause disease? | [
"What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"grow within the human body"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15944 | 573427ac4776f419006619a9 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What are primers derived from the genomes of? | What are primers derived from the genomes of? | [
"What are primers derived from the genomes of?"
] | {
"text": [
"infectious agents"
],
"answer_start": [
698
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15945 | 5a8308fde60761001a2eb31d | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What does the acronym PCR abbreviate to? | What does the acronym PCR abbreviate to? | [
"What does the acronym PCR abbreviate to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15946 | 5a8308fde60761001a2eb31e | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What be the silver standards of diagnostics in the distant future? | What be the silver standards of diagnostics in the distant future? | [
"What be the silver standards of diagnostics in the distant future?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15947 | 5a8308fde60761001a2eb31f | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What has the catalog of infectious agents decreased to the point of? | What has the catalog of infectious agents decreased to the point of? | [
"What has the catalog of infectious agents decreased to the point of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15948 | 5a8308fde60761001a2eb320 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What must an infectious agent prevent to cause disease? | What must an infectious agent prevent to cause disease? | [
"What must an infectious agent prevent to cause disease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15949 | 5a8308fde60761001a2eb321 | Infection | Technologies based upon the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method will become nearly ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics of the near future, for several reasons. First, the catalog of infectious agents has grown to the point that virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified. Second, an infectious agent must grow within the human body to cause disease; essentially it must amplify its own nucleic acids in order to cause a disease. This amplification of nucleic acid in infected tissue offers an opportunity to detect the infectious agent by using PCR. Third, the essential tools for directing PCR, primers, are derived from the genomes of infectious agents, and with time those genomes will be known, if they are not already. | What are primers excluded by gnomes? | What are primers excluded by gnomes? | [
"What are primers excluded by gnomes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15950 | 5734284ad058e614000b6a48 | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? | What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? | [
"What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? "
] | {
"text": [
"ability to detect any infectious agent"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15951 | 5734284ad058e614000b6a49 | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis? | What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis? | [
"What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?"
] | {
"text": [
"cost and application"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15952 | 5734284ad058e614000b6a4a | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods? | What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods? | [
"What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?"
] | {
"text": [
"clostridial diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15953 | 5734284ad058e614000b6a4b | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur? | PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur? | [
"PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"significant proliferation of the infectious agent"
],
"answer_start": [
563
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15954 | 5a830a2ae60761001a2eb327 | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | What supernatural ability with regards to detection is currently available? | What supernatural ability with regards to detection is currently available? | [
"What supernatural ability with regards to detection is currently available?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15955 | 5a830a2ae60761001a2eb328 | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | What are the remaining blockades to the removal of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis? | What are the remaining blockades to the removal of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis? | [
"What are the remaining blockades to the removal of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15956 | 5a830a2ae60761001a2eb329 | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | What are some diseases which help improve PCR methods? | What are some diseases which help improve PCR methods? | [
"What are some diseases which help improve PCR methods?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15957 | 5a830a2ae60761001a2eb32a | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | Which blockades to use PCR are currently insurmountable? | Which blockades to use PCR are currently insurmountable? | [
"Which blockades to use PCR are currently insurmountable?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15958 | 5a830a2ae60761001a2eb32b | Infection | Thus, the technological ability to detect any infectious agent rapidly and specifically are currently available. The only remaining blockades to the use of PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis are in its cost and application, neither of which is insurmountable. The diagnosis of a few diseases will not benefit from the development of PCR methods, such as some of the clostridial diseases (tetanus and botulism). These diseases are fundamentally biological poisonings by relatively small numbers of infectious bacteria that produce extremely potent neurotoxins. A significant proliferation of the infectious agent does not occur, this limits the ability of PCR to detect the presence of any bacteria. | What diseases are considered fundamentally biological healing? | What diseases are considered fundamentally biological healing? | [
"What diseases are considered fundamentally biological healing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15959 | 57342ac5d058e614000b6a88 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | What is used in the treatment of AIDS? | What is used in the treatment of AIDS? | [
"What is used in the treatment of AIDS?"
] | {
"text": [
"AZT"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15960 | 57342ac5d058e614000b6a89 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | How was the course of AIDS followed? | How was the course of AIDS followed? | [
"How was the course of AIDS followed?"
] | {
"text": [
"monitoring the composition of patient blood samples"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15961 | 57342ac5d058e614000b6a8a | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted? | What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted? | [
"What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?"
] | {
"text": [
"resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk"
],
"answer_start": [
782
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15962 | 57342ac5d058e614000b6a8b | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable? | What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable? | [
"What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?"
] | {
"text": [
"geographical origins of the virus"
],
"answer_start": [
1081
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15963 | 57342ac5d058e614000b6a8c | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes? | What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes? | [
"What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Molecular diagnostics"
],
"answer_start": [
1308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15964 | 5a830e00e60761001a2eb331 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | What is used as a punishment for AIDS? | What is used as a punishment for AIDS? | [
"What is used as a punishment for AIDS?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15965 | 5a830e00e60761001a2eb332 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | How was the course of AIDS hidden? | How was the course of AIDS hidden? | [
"How was the course of AIDS hidden?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15966 | 5a830e00e60761001a2eb333 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | What could be in danger by understanding how the disease was transmitted? | What could be in danger by understanding how the disease was transmitted? | [
"What could be in danger by understanding how the disease was transmitted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15967 | 5a830e00e60761001a2eb334 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | What did the genotypic identification of HIV later prevent? | What did the genotypic identification of HIV later prevent? | [
"What did the genotypic identification of HIV later prevent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15968 | 5a830e00e60761001a2eb335 | Infection | There is usually an indication for a specific identification of an infectious agent only when such identification can aid in the treatment or prevention of the disease, or to advance knowledge of the course of an illness prior to the development of effective therapeutic or preventative measures. For example, in the early 1980s, prior to the appearance of AZT for the treatment of AIDS, the course of the disease was closely followed by monitoring the composition of patient blood samples, even though the outcome would not offer the patient any further treatment options. In part, these studies on the appearance of HIV in specific communities permitted the advancement of hypotheses as to the route of transmission of the virus. By understanding how the disease was transmitted, resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk in campaigns aimed at reducing the number of new infections. The specific serological diagnostic identification, and later genotypic or molecular identification, of HIV also enabled the development of hypotheses as to the temporal and geographical origins of the virus, as well as a myriad of other hypothesis. The development of molecular diagnostic tools have enabled physicians and researchers to monitor the efficacy of treatment with anti-retroviral drugs. Molecular diagnostics are now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people long before the onset of illness and have been used to demonstrate the existence of people who are genetically resistant to HIV infection. Thus, while there still is no cure for AIDS, there is great therapeutic and predictive benefit to identifying the virus and monitoring the virus levels within the blood of infected individuals, both for the patient and for the community at large. | What is now rarely used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illness? | What is now rarely used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illness? | [
"What is now rarely used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illness?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15969 | 57342b4c4776f419006619e7 | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent? | What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent? | [
"What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?"
] | {
"text": [
"infections from being passed from one person to another"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15970 | 57342b4c4776f419006619e8 | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms? | What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms? | [
"What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frequent hand washing"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15971 | 57342b4c4776f419006619e9 | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what? | Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what? | [
"Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"prevention"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15972 | 57342b4c4776f419006619ea | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | Why is it important to cook foods well? | Why is it important to cook foods well? | [
"Why is it important to cook foods well?"
] | {
"text": [
"prevention"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15973 | 57342b4c4776f419006619eb | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time? | What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time? | [
"What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time?"
] | {
"text": [
"avoiding"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15974 | 5a830ed5e60761001a2eb33b | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | What can wearing gowns and face masks help facilitate? | What can wearing gowns and face masks help facilitate? | [
"What can wearing gowns and face masks help facilitate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15975 | 5a830ed5e60761001a2eb33c | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | What is the least important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms? | What is the least important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms? | [
"What is the least important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15976 | 5a830ed5e60761001a2eb33d | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | What are consuming drugs and avoiding condoms considered a form of? | What are consuming drugs and avoiding condoms considered a form of? | [
"What are consuming drugs and avoiding condoms considered a form of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15977 | 5a830ed5e60761001a2eb33e | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | What does a balanced diet and regular exercise make impossible? | What does a balanced diet and regular exercise make impossible? | [
"What does a balanced diet and regular exercise make impossible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15978 | 5a830ed5e60761001a2eb33f | Infection | Techniques like hand washing, wearing gowns, and wearing face masks can help prevent infections from being passed from one person to another. Frequent hand washing remains the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms. There are other forms of prevention such as avoiding the use of illicit drugs, using a condom, and having a healthy lifestyle with a balanced diet and regular exercise. Cooking foods well and avoiding foods that have been left outside for a long time is also important. | What should one do with foods that have not been left outside for a long time? | What should one do with foods that have not been left outside for a long time? | [
"What should one do with foods that have not been left outside for a long time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15979 | 57342c544776f419006619f9 | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what? | Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what? | [
"Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?"
] | {
"text": [
"prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15980 | 57342c544776f419006619fa | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated? | What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated? | [
"What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?"
] | {
"text": [
"virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15981 | 57342c544776f419006619fb | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them? | What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them? | [
"What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ebola"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15982 | 57342c544776f419006619fc | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious? | Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious? | [
"Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?"
] | {
"text": [
"victims experience only internal hemorrhaging"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15983 | 57342c544776f419006619fd | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do? | What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do? | [
"What does the low virulence of HIV allow victims to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"travel long distances"
],
"answer_start": [
1169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15984 | 5a830f90e60761001a2eb345 | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | What does recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases allow someone to increase? | What does recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases allow someone to increase? | [
"What does recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases allow someone to increase?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15985 | 5a830f90e60761001a2eb346 | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | What are some critical disease characteristics that should not be evaluated? | What are some critical disease characteristics that should not be evaluated? | [
"What are some critical disease characteristics that should not be evaluated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15986 | 5a830f90e60761001a2eb347 | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | What virus' strains strengthen their victims extremely quickly before killing them? | What virus' strains strengthen their victims extremely quickly before killing them? | [
"What virus' strains strengthen their victims extremely quickly before killing them?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15987 | 5a830f90e60761001a2eb348 | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | Why is the initial stage of Ebola so contagious? | Why is the initial stage of Ebola so contagious? | [
"Why is the initial stage of Ebola so contagious?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15988 | 5a830f90e60761001a2eb349 | Infection | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate their victims extremely quickly and kill them soon after. As a result, the victims of this disease do not have the opportunity to travel very far from the initial infection zone. Also, this virus must spread through skin lesions or permeable membranes such as the eye. Thus, the initial stage of Ebola is not very contagious since its victims experience only internal hemorrhaging. As a result of the above features, the spread of Ebola is very rapid and usually stays within a relatively confined geographical area. In contrast, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) kills its victims very slowly by attacking their immune system. As a result, many of its victims transmit the virus to other individuals before even realizing that they are carrying the disease. Also, the relatively low virulence allows its victims to travel long distances, increasing the likelihood of an epidemic. | What does the extreme virulence of HIV allow victims to do? | What does the extreme virulence of HIV allow victims to do? | [
"What does the extreme virulence of HIV allow victims to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15989 | 57342d2b4776f41900661a0d | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what? | Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what? | [
"Recognizing the effects of small-world networks allows one to decrease what?"
] | {
"text": [
"transmission rate of infectious diseases"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15990 | 57342d2b4776f41900661a0e | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics? | What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics? | [
"What type of interactions happen within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?"
] | {
"text": [
"extensive interactions"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15991 | 57342d2b4776f41900661a0f | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates? | What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates? | [
"What is a way of drastically reducing infection rates?"
] | {
"text": [
"focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15992 | 57342d2b4776f41900661a10 | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps? | What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps? | [
"What is an example of a success implementation of preventing transmission jumps?"
] | {
"text": [
"needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users"
],
"answer_start": [
757
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15993 | 57342d2b4776f41900661a11 | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus? | When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus? | [
"When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus?"
] | {
"text": [
"2001"
],
"answer_start": [
1074
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15994 | 5a83104ce60761001a2eb34f | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | What does recognizing the effects of small-world networks allow one to increase? | What does recognizing the effects of small-world networks allow one to increase? | [
"What does recognizing the effects of small-world networks allow one to increase?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15995 | 5a83104ce60761001a2eb350 | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | What type of interactions stop within groups of infected individuals in epidemics? | What type of interactions stop within groups of infected individuals in epidemics? | [
"What type of interactions stop within groups of infected individuals in epidemics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15996 | 5a83104ce60761001a2eb351 | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | What is a way of drastically harming infection rates? | What is a way of drastically harming infection rates? | [
"What is a way of drastically harming infection rates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15997 | 5a83104ce60761001a2eb352 | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | What is an example of a successful implementation of increasing transmission jumps? | What is an example of a successful implementation of increasing transmission jumps? | [
"What is an example of a successful implementation of increasing transmission jumps?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15998 | 5a83104ce60761001a2eb353 | Infection | Another effective way to decrease the transmission rate of infectious diseases is to recognize the effects of small-world networks. In epidemics, there are often extensive interactions within hubs or groups of infected individuals and other interactions within discrete hubs of susceptible individuals. Despite the low interaction between discrete hubs, the disease can jump to and spread in a susceptible hub via a single or few interactions with an infected hub. Thus, infection rates in small-world networks can be reduced somewhat if interactions between individuals within infected hubs are eliminated (Figure 1). However, infection rates can be drastically reduced if the main focus is on the prevention of transmission jumps between hubs. The use of needle exchange programs in areas with a high density of drug users with HIV is an example of the successful implementation of this treatment method. Another example is the use of ring culling or vaccination of potentially susceptible livestock in adjacent farms to prevent the spread of the foot-and-mouth virus in 2001. | When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-neck virus? | When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-neck virus? | [
"When was vaccination used to prevent the spread of the foot-and-neck virus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15999 | 57342dcc4776f41900661a21 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | What is resistance to infection known technically as? | What is resistance to infection known technically as? | [
"What is resistance to infection known technically as?"
] | {
"text": [
"immunity"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
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