gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-16000 | 57342dcc4776f41900661a22 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | When may immunity be acquired? | When may immunity be acquired? | [
"When may immunity be acquired?"
] | {
"text": [
"following a disease"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16001 | 57342dcc4776f41900661a23 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for? | What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for? | [
"What is knowledge of protective antigens more complete for?"
] | {
"text": [
"primary pathogens"
],
"answer_start": [
300
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16002 | 57342dcc4776f41900661a24 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity? | What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity? | [
"What does herd immunity offer to vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity?"
] | {
"text": [
"a measure of protection"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16003 | 57342dcc4776f41900661a25 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired? | Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired? | [
"Vaccination is a way in which what may be acquired?"
] | {
"text": [
"immunity"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16004 | 5a8310fde60761001a2eb361 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | What is resistance to infection known informally as? | What is resistance to infection known informally as? | [
"What is resistance to infection known informally as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16005 | 5a8310fde60761001a2eb362 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | When may immunity be the best? | When may immunity be the best? | [
"When may immunity be the best?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16006 | 5a8310fde60761001a2eb363 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | What is knowledge of protective antigens forbidden for? | What is knowledge of protective antigens forbidden for? | [
"What is knowledge of protective antigens forbidden for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16007 | 5a8310fde60761001a2eb364 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | What does herd mentality offer to invulnerable people when a tiny proportion of the population has acquired immunity? | What does herd mentality offer to invulnerable people when a tiny proportion of the population has acquired immunity? | [
"What does herd mentality offer to invulnerable people when a tiny proportion of the population has acquired immunity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16008 | 5a8310fde60761001a2eb365 | Infection | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens than for opportunistic pathogens. There is also the phenomenon of herd immunity which offers a measure of protection to those otherwise vulnerable people when a large enough proportion of the population has acquired immunity from certain infections. | What is the only way to lose immunity? | What is the only way to lose immunity? | [
"What is the only way to lose immunity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16009 | 57342eb44776f41900661a2b | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. | What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual? | What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual? | [
"What can the clearance of pathogens be influenced by in an individual?"
] | {
"text": [
"genetic variants"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16010 | 57342eb44776f41900661a2c | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. | What is the brand name Pegasys for? | What is the brand name Pegasys for? | [
"What is the brand name Pegasys for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16011 | 57342eb44776f41900661a2d | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. | What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve? | What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve? | [
"What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene more likely to achieve?"
] | {
"text": [
"sustained virological response"
],
"answer_start": [
706
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16012 | 5a8311fbe60761001a2eb36b | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. | What can the increase of pathogens be stopped by in an individual? | What can the increase of pathogens be stopped by in an individual? | [
"What can the increase of pathogens be stopped by in an individual?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16013 | 5a8311fbe60761001a2eb36c | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. | What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene always going to achieve? | What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene always going to achieve? | [
"What are patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene always going to achieve?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16014 | 5a8311fbe60761001a2eb36d | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. | What disease has no known treatment? | What disease has no known treatment? | [
"What disease has no known treatment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16015 | 5a8311fbe60761001a2eb36e | Infection | The clearance of the pathogens, either treatment-induced or spontaneous, it can be influenced by the genetic variants carried by the individual patients. For instance, for genotype 1 hepatitis C treated with Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a or Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (brand names Pegasys or PEG-Intron) combined with ribavirin, it has been shown that genetic polymorphisms near the human IL28B gene, encoding interferon lambda 3, are associated with significant differences in the treatment-induced clearance of the virus. This finding, originally reported in Nature, showed that genotype 1 hepatitis C patients carrying certain genetic variant alleles near the IL28B gene are more possibly to achieve sustained virological response after the treatment than others. Later report from Nature demonstrated that the same genetic variants are also associated with the natural clearance of the genotype 1 hepatitis C virus. | What can only be induced by treatment and not spontaneously? | What can only be induced by treatment and not spontaneously? | [
"What can only be induced by treatment and not spontaneously?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16016 | 57342f81d058e614000b6ab8 | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body? | What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body? | [
"What type of drugs can suppress an infection when it attacks the body?"
] | {
"text": [
"anti-infective"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16017 | 57342f81d058e614000b6ab9 | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist? | How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist? | [
"How many broad types of anti-infective drugs exist?"
] | {
"text": [
"Several"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16018 | 57342f81d058e614000b6aba | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | What depends on the method an antibiotic is given? | What depends on the method an antibiotic is given? | [
"What depends on the method an antibiotic is given?"
] | {
"text": [
"severity and the type of infection"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16019 | 57342f81d058e614000b6abb | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | How are severe infections of the brain usually treated? | How are severe infections of the brain usually treated? | [
"How are severe infections of the brain usually treated?"
] | {
"text": [
"with intravenous antibiotics"
],
"answer_start": [
524
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16020 | 57342f81d058e614000b6abc | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | How do antibiotics work? | How do antibiotics work? | [
"How do antibiotics work?"
] | {
"text": [
"slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria"
],
"answer_start": [
724
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16021 | 5a83143fe60761001a2eb37f | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | What type of drugs can worsen an infection when it attacks the body? | What type of drugs can worsen an infection when it attacks the body? | [
"What type of drugs can worsen an infection when it attacks the body?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16022 | 5a83143fe60761001a2eb380 | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | How many broad types of anti-infective drugs no longer exist? | How many broad types of anti-infective drugs no longer exist? | [
"How many broad types of anti-infective drugs no longer exist?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16023 | 5a83143fe60761001a2eb381 | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | What has no influence on the method an antibiotic is given? | What has no influence on the method an antibiotic is given? | [
"What has no influence on the method an antibiotic is given?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16024 | 5a83143fe60761001a2eb382 | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | How are severe infections of the brain usually damaged? | How are severe infections of the brain usually damaged? | [
"How are severe infections of the brain usually damaged?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16025 | 5a83143fe60761001a2eb383 | Infection | When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[citation needed] | How do antibiotics harm the body? | How do antibiotics harm the body? | [
"How do antibiotics harm the body?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16026 | 57342fe6d058e614000b6ac2 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | What are the top three killer diseases? | What are the top three killer diseases? | [
"What are the top three killer diseases?"
] | {
"text": [
"HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16027 | 57342fe6d058e614000b6ac3 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased? | How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased? | [
"How much have deaths due to HIV/AIDS increased?"
] | {
"text": [
"fourfold"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16028 | 57342fe6d058e614000b6ac4 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | What are some popular childhood diseases? | What are some popular childhood diseases? | [
"What are some popular childhood diseases?"
] | {
"text": [
"pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16029 | 57342fe6d058e614000b6ac5 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths? | Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths? | [
"Who makes up a large percentage of diarrheal deaths?"
] | {
"text": [
"Children"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16030 | 57342fe6d058e614000b6ac6 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world? | What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world? | [
"What is the number 4 leading cause of death in the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"lower respiratory infections"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16031 | 5a83149ce60761001a2eb389 | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | What are the top three healing diseases? | What are the top three healing diseases? | [
"What are the top three healing diseases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16032 | 5a83149ce60761001a2eb38a | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | How much have births due to HIV/AIDS increased? | How much have births due to HIV/AIDS increased? | [
"How much have births due to HIV/AIDS increased?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16033 | 5a83149ce60761001a2eb38b | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | What are some recently cured childhood diseases? | What are some recently cured childhood diseases? | [
"What are some recently cured childhood diseases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16034 | 5a83149ce60761001a2eb38c | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | Who makes up no percentage of diarrheal deaths? | Who makes up no percentage of diarrheal deaths? | [
"Who makes up no percentage of diarrheal deaths?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16035 | 5a83149ce60761001a2eb38d | Infection | The top three single agent/disease killers are HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria. While the number of deaths due to nearly every disease have decreased, deaths due to HIV/AIDS have increased fourfold. Childhood diseases include pertussis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and tetanus. Children also make up a large percentage of lower respiratory and diarrheal deaths. In 2012, approximately 3.1 million people have died due to lower respiratory infections, making it the number 4 leading cause of death in the world. | What is the number 4 leading cause of life in the world? | What is the number 4 leading cause of life in the world? | [
"What is the number 4 leading cause of life in the world?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16036 | 57343074d058e614000b6acc | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into? | What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into? | [
"What medical field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?"
] | {
"text": [
"field of Infectious Disease"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16037 | 57343074d058e614000b6acd | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study? | Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study? | [
"Disease propagation can fall under the purview of what field of study?"
] | {
"text": [
"Epidemiology"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16038 | 57343074d058e614000b6ace | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | Who tends to initially diagnose an infection? | Who tends to initially diagnose an infection? | [
"Who tends to initially diagnose an infection?"
] | {
"text": [
"primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16039 | 57343074d058e614000b6acf | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist? | What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist? | [
"What is the non-medical mumbo jumbo term for pulmonologist?"
] | {
"text": [
"lung physician"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16040 | 57343074d058e614000b6ad0 | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease? | Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease? | [
"Who works with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"infectious diseases specialist"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16041 | 5a83153fe60761001a2eb39d | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | What psychological field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into? | What psychological field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into? | [
"What psychological field does the treatment of infectious diseases fall into?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16042 | 5a83153fe60761001a2eb39e | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | What field of war can disease propagation can fall under the purview of? | What field of war can disease propagation can fall under the purview of? | [
"What field of war can disease propagation can fall under the purview of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16043 | 5a83153fe60761001a2eb39f | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | Who tends to initially ignore an infection? | Who tends to initially ignore an infection? | [
"Who tends to initially ignore an infection?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16044 | 5a83153fe60761001a2eb3a0 | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | What is the imaginary term for a pulmonologist? | What is the imaginary term for a pulmonologist? | [
"What is the imaginary term for a pulmonologist?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16045 | 5a83153fe60761001a2eb3a1 | Infection | The medical treatment of infectious diseases falls into the medical field of Infectious Disease and in some cases the study of propagation pertains to the field of Epidemiology. Generally, infections are initially diagnosed by primary care physicians or internal medicine specialists. For example, an "uncomplicated" pneumonia will generally be treated by the internist or the pulmonologist (lung physician). The work of the infectious diseases specialist therefore entails working with both patients and general practitioners, as well as laboratory scientists, immunologists, bacteriologists and other specialists. | Who fights with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease? | Who fights with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease? | [
"Who fights with both patients and general practitioners to identify a disease?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16046 | 573431514776f41900661a3b | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What have a number of studies found a correlation between? | What have a number of studies found a correlation between? | [
"What have a number of studies found a correlation between?"
] | {
"text": [
"pathogen load in an area and human behavior"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16047 | 573431514776f41900661a3c | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What is higher pathogen load associated with? | What is higher pathogen load associated with? | [
"What is higher pathogen load associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16048 | 573431514776f41900661a3d | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What does avoidance of other groups reduce? | What does avoidance of other groups reduce? | [
"What does avoidance of other groups reduce?"
] | {
"text": [
"pathogen transmission"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16049 | 573431514776f41900661a3e | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What does more restricted sexual behavior result in? | What does more restricted sexual behavior result in? | [
"What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?"
] | {
"text": [
"Higher pathogen load"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16050 | 573431514776f41900661a3f | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to? | What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to? | [
"What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?"
] | {
"text": [
"high pathogen load preventing economic development."
],
"answer_start": [
1495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16051 | 5a831713e60761001a2eb3c5 | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What have a number of studies found no correlation between? | What have a number of studies found no correlation between? | [
"What have a number of studies found no correlation between?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16052 | 5a831713e60761001a2eb3c6 | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What is no pathogen load associated with? | What is no pathogen load associated with? | [
"What is no pathogen load associated with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16053 | 5a831713e60761001a2eb3c7 | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What does avoidance of other groups promote? | What does avoidance of other groups promote? | [
"What does avoidance of other groups promote?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16054 | 5a831713e60761001a2eb3c8 | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What does sexual behavior have no influence on? | What does sexual behavior have no influence on? | [
"What does sexual behavior have no influence on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16055 | 5a831713e60761001a2eb3c9 | Infection | A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development. | What is the only cause of poor socioeconomic factors? | What is the only cause of poor socioeconomic factors? | [
"What is the only cause of poor socioeconomic factors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16056 | 57343210d058e614000b6ae0 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting? | What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting? | [
"What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting?"
] | {
"text": [
"paleopathologists"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16057 | 57343210d058e614000b6ae1 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | What do paleopathologists study? | What do paleopathologists study? | [
"What do paleopathologists study?"
] | {
"text": [
"occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16058 | 57343210d058e614000b6ae2 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs? | What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs? | [
"What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Signs of infection"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16059 | 57343210d058e614000b6ae3 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? | What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? | [
"What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?"
] | {
"text": [
"Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16060 | 57343210d058e614000b6ae4 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | How did tyrannosaurs become infected? | How did tyrannosaurs become infected? | [
"How did tyrannosaurs become infected?"
] | {
"text": [
"being bitten during a fight"
],
"answer_start": [
955
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16061 | 5a8317ede60761001a2eb3d9 | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be pointless? | What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be pointless? | [
"What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be pointless?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16062 | 5a8317ede60761001a2eb3da | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | What do paleopathologists avoid researching? | What do paleopathologists avoid researching? | [
"What do paleopathologists avoid researching?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16063 | 5a8317ede60761001a2eb3db | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | What has been discovered in the blood of carnivorous dinosaurs? | What has been discovered in the blood of carnivorous dinosaurs? | [
"What has been discovered in the blood of carnivorous dinosaurs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16064 | 5a8317ede60761001a2eb3dc | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | What dinosaur's femur had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? | What dinosaur's femur had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? | [
"What dinosaur's femur had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16065 | 5a8317ede60761001a2eb3dd | Infection | Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen. | How did tyrannosaurs become invincible? | How did tyrannosaurs become invincible? | [
"How did tyrannosaurs become invincible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16066 | 572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f119c | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die? | When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die? | [
"When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1942 – 20 October 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16067 | 572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f119d | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint? | What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint? | [
"What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?"
] | {
"text": [
"Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16068 | 572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f119e | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What political philosophy did Gaddifi create? | What political philosophy did Gaddifi create? | [
"What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?"
] | {
"text": [
"his own Third International Theory"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16069 | 572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f119f | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What political philosophy did Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union? | What political philosophy did Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union? | [
"What political philosophy did Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pan-Africanism"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16070 | 572e7b4fcb0c0d14000f11a0 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"? | What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"? | [
"What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the \"Brotherly Leader\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
423
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16071 | 572eb94ac246551400ce457e | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"? | When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"? | [
"When did Gaddafi rule as the \"Brotherly Leader\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"from 1977 to 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16072 | 572eb94ac246551400ce457f | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union? | What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union? | [
"What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?"
] | {
"text": [
"Pan-Africanism"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16073 | 572eb94ac246551400ce4580 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | List Gaddafi's lifespan. | List Gaddafi's lifespan. | [
"List Gaddafi's lifespan."
] | {
"text": [
"1942 – 20 October 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16074 | 572eb94ac246551400ce4581 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | When did he first gain power in Libya? | When did he first gain power in Libya? | [
"When did he first gain power in Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"1969"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16075 | 572eb94ac246551400ce4582 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What political ideology did Gaddafi create? | What political ideology did Gaddafi create? | [
"What political ideology did Gaddafi create?"
] | {
"text": [
"Third International Theory"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16076 | 57316ae3e6313a140071cf06 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known? | By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known? | [
"By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?"
] | {
"text": [
"Colonel Gaddafi"
],
"answer_start": [
211
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16077 | 57316ae3e6313a140071cf07 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What was Gaddafi's nationality? | What was Gaddafi's nationality? | [
"What was Gaddafi's nationality?"
] | {
"text": [
"Libyan"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16078 | 57316ae3e6313a140071cf08 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977? | What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977? | [
"What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?"
] | {
"text": [
"Libyan Arab Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16079 | 57316ae3e6313a140071cf09 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title? | From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title? | [
"From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brotherly Leader"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16080 | 57316ae3e6313a140071cf0a | Muammar_Gaddafi | Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/; audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010. | What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death? | What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death? | [
"What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?"
] | {
"text": [
"20 October 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16081 | 572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d01f | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory? | What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory? | [
"What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Green Book"
],
"answer_start": [
1166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16082 | 572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d020 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | What was Gaddafi's first position in government? | What was Gaddafi's first position in government? | [
"What was Gaddafi's first position in government?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council"
],
"answer_start": [
322
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16083 | 572e7cbbdfa6aa1500f8d021 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished. | As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished. | [
"As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished."
] | {
"text": [
"abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16084 | 572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d321 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | How did Gaddafi change the legal system? | How did Gaddafi change the legal system? | [
"How did Gaddafi change the legal system?"
] | {
"text": [
"he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system"
],
"answer_start": [
665
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16085 | 572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d322 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry? | How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry? | [
"How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?"
] | {
"text": [
"to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world."
],
"answer_start": [
784
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16086 | 572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d323 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | Describe the Popular Revolution. | Describe the Popular Revolution. | [
"Describe the Popular Revolution."
] | {
"text": [
"formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions"
],
"answer_start": [
939
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16087 | 572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d324 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions? | When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions? | [
"When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?"
] | {
"text": [
"abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16088 | 572eb947dfa6aa1500f8d325 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to? | What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to? | [
"What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Islamic socialism"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16089 | 57316b37e6313a140071cf1a | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | What was the profession of Gaddafi's father? | What was the profession of Gaddafi's father? | [
"What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?"
] | {
"text": [
"goat herder"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16090 | 57316b37e6313a140071cf1b | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | What was Gaddafi's ethnicity? | What was Gaddafi's ethnicity? | [
"What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bedouin"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16091 | 57316b37e6313a140071cf1c | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | In what city was the Royal Military Academy located? | In what city was the Royal Military Academy located? | [
"In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Benghazi"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16092 | 57316b37e6313a140071cf1d | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya? | From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya? | [
"From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"Idris"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16093 | 57316b37e6313a140071cf1e | Muammar_Gaddafi | The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book. | What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution? | What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution? | [
"What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Revolutionary Command Council"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16094 | 572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11ba | Muammar_Gaddafi | In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants. | What does "Jamahiriya" mean? | What does "Jamahiriya" mean? | [
"What does \"Jamahiriya\" mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"state of the masses"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16095 | 572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11bb | Muammar_Gaddafi | In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants. | What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya? | What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya? | [
"What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?"
] | {
"text": [
"he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16096 | 572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11bc | Muammar_Gaddafi | In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants. | List two reasons why Libya become an "international pariah." | List two reasons why Libya become an "international pariah." | [
"List two reasons why Libya become an \"international pariah.\""
] | {
"text": [
"Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16097 | 572e7e6acb0c0d14000f11bd | Muammar_Gaddafi | In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants. | Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya. | Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya. | [
"Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya."
] | {
"text": [
"U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions"
],
"answer_start": [
622
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16098 | 572eb943c246551400ce4574 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants. | What was Libya's socialist government called? | What was Libya's socialist government called? | [
"What was Libya's socialist government called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jamahiriya (\"state of the masses\")"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16099 | 572eb943c246551400ce4575 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants. | Why did Libya become an "international pariah"? | Why did Libya become an "international pariah"? | [
"Why did Libya become an \"international pariah\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
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