gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-16200 | 57316d0605b4da19006bd13b | Muammar_Gaddafi | Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution." | From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast? | From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast? | [
"From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cairo"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16201 | 57316d0605b4da19006bd13c | Muammar_Gaddafi | Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution." | What notable event occurred in 1952? | What notable event occurred in 1952? | [
"What notable event occurred in 1952?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egyptian Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
285
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16202 | 57316d0605b4da19006bd13d | Muammar_Gaddafi | Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution." | When did the United Arab Republic end? | When did the United Arab Republic end? | [
"When did the United Arab Republic end?"
] | {
"text": [
"1961"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16203 | 57316d0605b4da19006bd13e | Muammar_Gaddafi | Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution." | What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire? | What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire? | [
"What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nasser"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16204 | 572ebf5303f98919007569eb | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s? | What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s? | [
"What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?"
] | {
"text": [
"Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16205 | 572ebf5303f98919007569ec | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government? | What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government? | [
"What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?"
] | {
"text": [
"the oil industry"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16206 | 572ebf5303f98919007569ed | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya? | What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya? | [
"What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16207 | 572ebf5303f98919007569ee | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt? | What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt? | [
"What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?"
] | {
"text": [
"Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16208 | 572ebf5303f98919007569ef | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?: | Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?: | [
"Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:"
] | {
"text": [
"they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group."
],
"answer_start": [
858
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16209 | 57316f0c05b4da19006bd158 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | What country won the Six-Day War? | What country won the Six-Day War? | [
"What country won the Six-Day War?"
] | {
"text": [
"Israel"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16210 | 57316f0c05b4da19006bd159 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967? | In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967? | [
"In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tripoli and Benghazi"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16211 | 57316f0c05b4da19006bd15a | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place? | On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place? | [
"On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egypt"
],
"answer_start": [
657
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16212 | 57316f0c05b4da19006bd15b | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya? | In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya? | [
"In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"1969"
],
"answer_start": [
667
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16213 | 57316f0c05b4da19006bd15c | Muammar_Gaddafi | Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group. | What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi? | What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi? | [
"What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Black Boots"
],
"answer_start": [
947
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16214 | 572ec021c246551400ce4600 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence? | When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence? | [
"When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?"
] | {
"text": [
"They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists."
],
"answer_start": [
613
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16215 | 572ec021c246551400ce4601 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup? | When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup? | [
"When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?"
] | {
"text": [
"In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece."
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16216 | 572ec021c246551400ce4602 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | What was Gaddafi's coup called? | What was Gaddafi's coup called? | [
"What was Gaddafi's coup called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Operation Jerusalem"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16217 | 572ec021c246551400ce4603 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | What did Gaddafi seize during the coup? | What did Gaddafi seize during the coup? | [
"What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16218 | 572ec021c246551400ce4604 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | What did Hameidi do during the coup? | What did Hameidi do during the coup? | [
"What did Hameidi do during the coup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne."
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16219 | 57316f8d05b4da19006bd162 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969? | What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969? | [
"What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?"
] | {
"text": [
"Turkey and Greece"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16220 | 57316f8d05b4da19006bd163 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy? | What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy? | [
"What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Operation Jerusalem"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16221 | 57316f8d05b4da19006bd164 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli? | What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli? | [
"What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?"
] | {
"text": [
"Omar Meheisha"
],
"answer_start": [
375
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16222 | 57316f8d05b4da19006bd165 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi? | Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi? | [
"Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Khweldi Hameidi"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16223 | 57316f8d05b4da19006bd166 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists. | What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli? | What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli? | [
"What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jalloud"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16224 | 572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1500 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?: | How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?: | [
"How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:"
] | {
"text": [
"Addressing the populace by radio"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16225 | 572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1501 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | List the two names of Gaddafi's coup. | List the two names of Gaddafi's coup. | [
"List the two names of Gaddafi's coup."
] | {
"text": [
"\"White Revolution\", although was later renamed the \"One September Revolution\""
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16226 | 572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1502 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented? | What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented? | [
"What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?"
] | {
"text": [
"freedom, socialism, and unity"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16227 | 572ec0e9cb0c0d14000f1503 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as? | What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as? | [
"What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?"
] | {
"text": [
"a revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16228 | 57316ff8e6313a140071cf38 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy? | What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy? | [
"What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Libyan Arab Republic"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16229 | 57316ff8e6313a140071cf39 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | What was the Libyan coup called at first? | What was the Libyan coup called at first? | [
"What was the Libyan coup called at first?"
] | {
"text": [
"White Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16230 | 57316ff8e6313a140071cf3a | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place? | What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place? | [
"What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?"
] | {
"text": [
"One September Revolution"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16231 | 57316ff8e6313a140071cf3b | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi? | What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi? | [
"What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?"
] | {
"text": [
"Free Officers"
],
"answer_start": [
466
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16232 | 57316ff8e6313a140071cf3c | Muammar_Gaddafi | Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this. | How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address? | How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address? | [
"How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?"
] | {
"text": [
"reactionary and corrupt"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16233 | 572ec189cb0c0d14000f1508 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members? | How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members? | [
"How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?"
] | {
"text": [
"All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16234 | 572ec189cb0c0d14000f1509 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members? | Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members? | [
"Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?"
] | {
"text": [
"they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country."
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16235 | 572ec189cb0c0d14000f150a | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government? | Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government? | [
"Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gaddafi"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16236 | 572ec189cb0c0d14000f150b | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | Did everyone endorse Gaddafi? | Did everyone endorse Gaddafi? | [
"Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?"
] | {
"text": [
"some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16237 | 5731710105b4da19006bd188 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | On what date were the members of the RCC announced? | On what date were the members of the RCC announced? | [
"On what date were the members of the RCC announced?"
] | {
"text": [
"10 January 1970"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16238 | 5731710105b4da19006bd189 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | How many members of the RCC had graduated from university? | How many members of the RCC had graduated from university? | [
"How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?"
] | {
"text": [
"none"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16239 | 5731710105b4da19006bd18a | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | What was the general age group of the members of the RCC? | What was the general age group of the members of the RCC? | [
"What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?"
] | {
"text": [
"young"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16240 | 5731710105b4da19006bd18b | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | What was the sex of all the members of the RCC? | What was the sex of all the members of the RCC? | [
"What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?"
] | {
"text": [
"men"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16241 | 5731710105b4da19006bd18c | Muammar_Gaddafi | Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country. | Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members? | Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members? | [
"Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?"
] | {
"text": [
"middle"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16242 | 572ec21cdfa6aa1500f8d34d | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy? | What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy? | [
"What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?"
] | {
"text": [
"They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16243 | 572ec21cdfa6aa1500f8d34e | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | What happened to Idris? | What happened to Idris? | [
"What happened to Idris?"
] | {
"text": [
"Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia."
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16244 | 572ec21cdfa6aa1500f8d34f | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | How did Gaddafi view the elite? | How did Gaddafi view the elite? | [
"How did Gaddafi view the elite?"
] | {
"text": [
"Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged."
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16245 | 572ec21cdfa6aa1500f8d350 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | What happened to the monarchists and and journalists? | What happened to the monarchists and and journalists? | [
"What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"People's Courts\" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed."
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16246 | 57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf6d | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | What clan was King Idris part of? | What clan was King Idris part of? | [
"What clan was King Idris part of?"
] | {
"text": [
"Senussi"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16247 | 57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf6e | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts? | Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts? | [
"Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?"
] | {
"text": [
"monarchist politicians"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16248 | 57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf6f | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | How many people were executed by the People's Courts? | How many people were executed by the People's Courts? | [
"How many people were executed by the People's Courts?"
] | {
"text": [
"none"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16249 | 57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf70 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | What sentence was given to the absent King Idris? | What sentence was given to the absent King Idris? | [
"What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?"
] | {
"text": [
"execution"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16250 | 57317177a5e9cc1400cdbf71 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia. | Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military? | Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military? | [
"Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?"
] | {
"text": [
"monarchists"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16251 | 572ec2cedfa6aa1500f8d355 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | What was the RCC's view of political parties? | What was the RCC's view of political parties? | [
"What was the RCC's view of political parties?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,"
],
"answer_start": [
247
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16252 | 572ec2cedfa6aa1500f8d356 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | What did Gaddafi do in 1971? | What did Gaddafi do in 1971? | [
"What did Gaddafi do in 1971?"
] | {
"text": [
"In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month."
],
"answer_start": [
422
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16253 | 572ec2cedfa6aa1500f8d357 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | What did Gaddafi do in 1973? | What did Gaddafi do in 1973? | [
"What did Gaddafi do in 1973?"
] | {
"text": [
"In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month."
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16254 | 572ec2cedfa6aa1500f8d358 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system? | What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system? | [
"What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?"
] | {
"text": [
"united secular and religious law codes"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16255 | 573171d105b4da19006bd19c | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur? | In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur? | [
"In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"1970"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16256 | 573171d105b4da19006bd19d | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | What did the RCC outlaw in 1970? | What did the RCC outlaw in 1970? | [
"What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?"
] | {
"text": [
"trade unions"
],
"answer_start": [
344
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16257 | 573171d105b4da19006bd19e | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | What publications were shut down 1972? | What publications were shut down 1972? | [
"What publications were shut down 1972?"
] | {
"text": [
"newspapers"
],
"answer_start": [
410
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16258 | 573171d105b4da19006bd19f | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign? | In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign? | [
"In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 1971"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16259 | 573171d105b4da19006bd1a0 | Muammar_Gaddafi | In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month. | In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur? | In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur? | [
"In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"1973"
],
"answer_start": [
569
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16260 | 572ec348c246551400ce462e | Muammar_Gaddafi | With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year. | What was Libya's main export? | What was Libya's main export? | [
"What was Libya's main export?"
] | {
"text": [
"crude oil"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16261 | 572ec348c246551400ce462f | Muammar_Gaddafi | With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year. | How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states? | How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states? | [
"How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?"
] | {
"text": [
"In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil."
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16262 | 5731723805b4da19006bd1a6 | Muammar_Gaddafi | With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year. | What was the main export of Libya? | What was the main export of Libya? | [
"What was the main export of Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"crude oil"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16263 | 5731723805b4da19006bd1a7 | Muammar_Gaddafi | With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year. | How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement? | How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement? | [
"How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?"
] | {
"text": [
"$1 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
605
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16264 | 5731723805b4da19006bd1a8 | Muammar_Gaddafi | With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year. | What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of? | What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of? | [
"What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?"
] | {
"text": [
"OPEC"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16265 | 5731723805b4da19006bd1a9 | Muammar_Gaddafi | With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year. | Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969? | Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969? | [
"Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jalloud"
],
"answer_start": [
270
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16266 | 572ec488cb0c0d14000f1524 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans? | In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans? | [
"In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?"
] | {
"text": [
"by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951"
],
"answer_start": [
651
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16267 | 572ec488cb0c0d14000f1525 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism? | What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism? | [
"What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?"
] | {
"text": [
"In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized."
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16268 | 572ec488cb0c0d14000f1526 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979? | How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979? | [
"How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?"
] | {
"text": [
"while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979."
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16269 | 572ec488cb0c0d14000f1527 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization? | How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization? | [
"How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?"
] | {
"text": [
"starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971."
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16270 | 57317297497a881900248ef7 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971? | What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971? | [
"What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?"
] | {
"text": [
"British Petroleum"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16271 | 57317297497a881900248ef8 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed? | In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed? | [
"In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 1973"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16272 | 57317297497a881900248ef9 | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | What was Libya's GDP in 1969? | What was Libya's GDP in 1969? | [
"What was Libya's GDP in 1969?"
] | {
"text": [
"$3.8 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
452
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16273 | 57317297497a881900248efa | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion? | In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion? | [
"In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?"
] | {
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16274 | 57317297497a881900248efb | Muammar_Gaddafi | Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K. | What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951? | What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951? | [
"What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?"
] | {
"text": [
"$40"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16275 | 5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf77 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country. | What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC? | What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC? | [
"What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?"
] | {
"text": [
"pan-Libyan"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16276 | 5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf78 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country. | What identities did the RCC try to dissuade? | What identities did the RCC try to dissuade? | [
"What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?"
] | {
"text": [
"regional and tribal"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16277 | 5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf79 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country. | What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971? | What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971? | [
"What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?"
] | {
"text": [
"counter-revolutionary activity"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16278 | 5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf7a | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country. | Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971? | Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971? | [
"Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sabha"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16279 | 5731735ba5e9cc1400cdbf7b | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country. | Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period? | Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period? | [
"Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arab Socialist Union"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16280 | 573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf81 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands. | On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based? | On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based? | [
"On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?"
] | {
"text": [
"sharia"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16281 | 573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf82 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands. | What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya? | What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya? | [
"What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arabic"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16282 | 573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf83 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands. | During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created? | During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created? | [
"During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1969 to 1973"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16283 | 573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf84 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands. | What religion was suppressed in Libya? | What religion was suppressed in Libya? | [
"What religion was suppressed in Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christian"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16284 | 573173bea5e9cc1400cdbf85 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands. | What beverage did the Libyan government ban? | What beverage did the Libyan government ban? | [
"What beverage did the Libyan government ban?"
] | {
"text": [
"alcohol"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16285 | 5731744305b4da19006bd1b6 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join. | What philosophy influenced the RCC? | What philosophy influenced the RCC? | [
"What philosophy influenced the RCC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Arab nationalism"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16286 | 5731744305b4da19006bd1b7 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join. | Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government? | Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government? | [
"Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?"
] | {
"text": [
"Syria"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16287 | 5731744305b4da19006bd1b8 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join. | What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC? | What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC? | [
"What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nasser"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16288 | 5731744305b4da19006bd1b9 | Muammar_Gaddafi | The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join. | What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya? | What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya? | [
"What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egypt and Sudan"
],
"answer_start": [
459
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16289 | 5731744305b4da19006bd1ba | Muammar_Gaddafi | The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join. | In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded? | In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded? | [
"In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1969"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16290 | 573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8b | Muammar_Gaddafi | After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken. | Who did Anwar Sadat succeed? | Who did Anwar Sadat succeed? | [
"Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nasser"
],
"answer_start": [
6
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16291 | 573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8c | Muammar_Gaddafi | After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken. | What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation? | What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation? | [
"What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?"
] | {
"text": [
"unified state"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16292 | 573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8d | Muammar_Gaddafi | After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken. | Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation? | Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation? | [
"Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?"
] | {
"text": [
"Egypt, Syria and Sudan"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16293 | 573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8e | Muammar_Gaddafi | After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken. | In what year was the merger charter signed? | In what year was the merger charter signed? | [
"In what year was the merger charter signed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1972"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16294 | 573176cba5e9cc1400cdbf8f | Muammar_Gaddafi | After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken. | When did the federation have to be implemented by? | When did the federation have to be implemented by? | [
"When did the federation have to be implemented by?"
] | {
"text": [
"September 1973"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16295 | 5731773c497a881900248f25 | Muammar_Gaddafi | After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970. | What nations comprised the Four Powers? | What nations comprised the Four Powers? | [
"What nations comprised the Four Powers?"
] | {
"text": [
"France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16296 | 5731773c497a881900248f26 | Muammar_Gaddafi | After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970. | Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970? | Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970? | [
"Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?"
] | {
"text": [
"U.S."
],
"answer_start": [
381
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16297 | 5731773c497a881900248f27 | Muammar_Gaddafi | After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970. | Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date? | Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date? | [
"Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?"
] | {
"text": [
"U.K."
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16298 | 5731773c497a881900248f28 | Muammar_Gaddafi | After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970. | In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya? | In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya? | [
"In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?"
] | {
"text": [
"June 1970"
],
"answer_start": [
971
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-16299 | 5731773c497a881900248f29 | Muammar_Gaddafi | After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970. | Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970? | Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970? | [
"Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?"
] | {
"text": [
"British"
],
"answer_start": [
928
]
} |
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