gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-27200 | 5a57b2f3770dc0001aeefce0 | Orthodox_Judaism | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | What practice proved unsuccessful to the adherents of Orthodox Judaism? | What practice proved unsuccessful to the adherents of Orthodox Judaism? | [
"What practice proved unsuccessful to the adherents of Orthodox Judaism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27201 | 5a57b2f3770dc0001aeefce1 | Orthodox_Judaism | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | Which communities have grown slowly? | Which communities have grown slowly? | [
"Which communities have grown slowly?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27202 | 5a57b2f3770dc0001aeefce2 | Orthodox_Judaism | In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the numbe... | Who estimate that less Jewish men are studying in Talmudic schools? | Who estimate that less Jewish men are studying in Talmudic schools? | [
"Who estimate that less Jewish men are studying in Talmudic schools?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27203 | 57098fc7ed30961900e84320 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition? | What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition? | [
"What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?"
] | {
"text": [
"Orthodox Judaism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27204 | 57098fc7ed30961900e84321 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments? | What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments? | [
"What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?"
] | {
"text": [
"unacceptable"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27205 | 57098fc7ed30961900e84322 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as? | What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as? | [
"What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?"
] | {
"text": [
"heretical"
],
"answer_start": [
464
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27206 | 57098fc7ed30961900e84323 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent? | Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent? | [
"Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?"
] | {
"text": [
"Halakhic"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27207 | 5a57d821770dc0001aeefe04 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What does Orthodox Judaism consider itself along with several other groups in the Jewish tradition? | What does Orthodox Judaism consider itself along with several other groups in the Jewish tradition? | [
"What does Orthodox Judaism consider itself along with several other groups in the Jewish tradition?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27208 | 5a57d821770dc0001aeefe05 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | Who do the Orthodox Jews consider to be acceptable deviations of Judaism? | Who do the Orthodox Jews consider to be acceptable deviations of Judaism? | [
"Who do the Orthodox Jews consider to be acceptable deviations of Judaism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27209 | 5a57d821770dc0001aeefe06 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What do the non-Orthodox Jews consider the Orthodox Jewish movement to be? | What do the non-Orthodox Jews consider the Orthodox Jewish movement to be? | [
"What do the non-Orthodox Jews consider the Orthodox Jewish movement to be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27210 | 5a57d821770dc0001aeefe07 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What is the acceptance of the Witten and Oral Torah considered to be? | What is the acceptance of the Witten and Oral Torah considered to be? | [
"What is the acceptance of the Witten and Oral Torah considered to be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27211 | 5a57d821770dc0001aeefe08 | Orthodox_Judaism | Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah,... | What do Non-Orthodox Jews characterize Orthodox Jewish groups to be? | What do Non-Orthodox Jews characterize Orthodox Jewish groups to be? | [
"What do Non-Orthodox Jews characterize Orthodox Jewish groups to be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27212 | 57099000200fba1400368191 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Where do many American Orthodox Jews live? | Where do many American Orthodox Jews live? | [
"Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?"
] | {
"text": [
"New York State"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27213 | 57099000200fba1400368192 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what? | Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what? | [
"Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?"
] | {
"text": [
"American Orthodox Jews"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27214 | 57099000200fba1400368193 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State? | Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State? | [
"Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?"
] | {
"text": [
"New Jersey"
],
"answer_start": [
752
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27215 | 57099000200fba1400368194 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located? | Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located? | [
"Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rockland County"
],
"answer_start": [
552
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27216 | 5a57e213770dc0001aeefe66 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Which country contains only a few small Jewish communities? | Which country contains only a few small Jewish communities? | [
"Which country contains only a few small Jewish communities?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27217 | 5a57e213770dc0001aeefe67 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | What area have many American Orthodox Jews left? | What area have many American Orthodox Jews left? | [
"What area have many American Orthodox Jews left?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27218 | 5a57e213770dc0001aeefe68 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities? | Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities? | [
"Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27219 | 5a57e213770dc0001aeefe69 | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | Where is an increasingly shrinking community of American Orthodox Jews located? | Where is an increasingly shrinking community of American Orthodox Jews located? | [
"Where is an increasingly shrinking community of American Orthodox Jews located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27220 | 5a57e213770dc0001aeefe6a | Orthodox_Judaism | Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, th... | What area besides New York are the Orthodox communities in decline? | What area besides New York are the Orthodox communities in decline? | [
"What area besides New York are the Orthodox communities in decline?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27221 | 5709909ded30961900e84332 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from? | Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from? | [
"Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Western European Jewry"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27222 | 5709909ded30961900e84333 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today? | What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today? | [
"What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?"
] | {
"text": [
"traditional"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27223 | 5709909ded30961900e84334 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy? | the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy? | [
"the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hirsch's"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27224 | 5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc94 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | Who believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from Eastern European Jewry? | Who believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from Eastern European Jewry? | [
"Who believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from Eastern European Jewry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27225 | 5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc95 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | What is not considered traditional today by most Jews? | What is not considered traditional today by most Jews? | [
"What is not considered traditional today by most Jews?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27226 | 5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc96 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | Who considers modern orthodoxy to have completely valid elements? | Who considers modern orthodoxy to have completely valid elements? | [
"Who considers modern orthodoxy to have completely valid elements?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27227 | 5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc97 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | Who holds that Hirsch's views are accurate? | Who holds that Hirsch's views are accurate? | [
"Who holds that Hirsch's views are accurate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27228 | 5a5790b5770dc0001aeefc98 | Orthodox_Judaism | Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox mo... | What is classical Orthodoxy considered by the Western European Jewry? | What is classical Orthodoxy considered by the Western European Jewry? | [
"What is classical Orthodoxy considered by the Western European Jewry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27229 | 570990a2200fba14003681a3 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law? | What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law? | [
"What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?"
] | {
"text": [
"Shulchan Aruch"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27230 | 570990a2200fba14003681a4 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews? | there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews? | [
"there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?"
] | {
"text": [
"uniformity"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27231 | 570990a2200fba14003681a5 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | What is the differences among regions in practices known as? | What is the differences among regions in practices known as? | [
"What is the differences among regions in practices known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"minhag"
],
"answer_start": [
868
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27232 | 570990a2200fba14003681a6 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details? | Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details? | [
"Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?"
] | {
"text": [
"philosophical differences"
],
"answer_start": [
629
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27233 | 5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd5c | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | Who do the Orthodox Jews avoid for guidance in practical application of Jewish law? | Who do the Orthodox Jews avoid for guidance in practical application of Jewish law? | [
"Who do the Orthodox Jews avoid for guidance in practical application of Jewish law?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27234 | 5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd5d | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | Who created the code of Jewish law in the 12th century? | Who created the code of Jewish law in the 12th century? | [
"Who created the code of Jewish law in the 12th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27235 | 5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd5e | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | What causes a large degree of differences regarding all Orthodox Jews? | What causes a large degree of differences regarding all Orthodox Jews? | [
"What causes a large degree of differences regarding all Orthodox Jews?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27236 | 5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd5f | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | What is responsible for the common philosophy's of all Orthodox Jews? | What is responsible for the common philosophy's of all Orthodox Jews? | [
"What is responsible for the common philosophy's of all Orthodox Jews?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27237 | 5a57c4a8770dc0001aeefd60 | Orthodox_Judaism | For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. ... | What was developed recently to standardize codes? | What was developed recently to standardize codes? | [
"What was developed recently to standardize codes? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27238 | 57099130ed30961900e84342 | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience? | Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience? | [
"Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hirsch"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27239 | 57099130ed30961900e84343 | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | What was Hirsch's approach called? | What was Hirsch's approach called? | [
"What was Hirsch's approach called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Torah im Derech Eretz"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27240 | 57099130ed30961900e84344 | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as? | What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as? | [
"What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"neo-Orthodoxy"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27241 | 57099130ed30961900e84345 | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what? | The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what? | [
"The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?"
] | {
"text": [
"modern world"
],
"answer_start": [
363
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27242 | 5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8a | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | Who held that Judaism demands an application of the bible through human experience? | Who held that Judaism demands an application of the bible through human experience? | [
"Who held that Judaism demands an application of the bible through human experience?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27243 | 5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8b | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | What discipline is not included in Hirsch's opinion? | What discipline is not included in Hirsch's opinion? | [
"What discipline is not included in Hirsch's opinion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27244 | 5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8c | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | Where did Hirsch believe that Jewish beliefs had no influence? | Where did Hirsch believe that Jewish beliefs had no influence? | [
"Where did Hirsch believe that Jewish beliefs had no influence? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27245 | 5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8d | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | What studies were not encouraged by Hirsch? | What studies were not encouraged by Hirsch? | [
"What studies were not encouraged by Hirsch?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27246 | 5a578ae4770dc0001aeefc8e | Orthodox_Judaism | Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews ... | What two societies did the Jews refuse to engage with? | What two societies did the Jews refuse to engage with? | [
"What two societies did the Jews refuse to engage with?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27247 | 572ed956c246551400ce471c | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What is the use of a transistor? | What is the use of a transistor? | [
"What is the use of a transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27248 | 572ed956c246551400ce471d | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What is a transistor made of? | What is a transistor made of? | [
"What is a transistor made of?"
] | {
"text": [
"semiconductor material"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27249 | 572ed956c246551400ce471e | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor? | What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor? | [
"What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27250 | 572ed956c246551400ce471f | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | Why does a transistor increase a signal? | Why does a transistor increase a signal? | [
"Why does a transistor increase a signal?"
] | {
"text": [
"the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27251 | 572ed956c246551400ce4720 | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | Where are most transistors found? | Where are most transistors found? | [
"Where are most transistors found?"
] | {
"text": [
"embedded in integrated circuits"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27252 | 5a7b4e5d21c2de001afe9e96 | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What is an integrated circuit used for? | What is an integrated circuit used for? | [
"What is an integrated circuit used for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27253 | 5a7b4e5d21c2de001afe9e97 | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | Where are most semiconductor devices found? | Where are most semiconductor devices found? | [
"Where are most semiconductor devices found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27254 | 5a7b4e5d21c2de001afe9e98 | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What are integrated circuits made of? | What are integrated circuits made of? | [
"What are integrated circuits made of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27255 | 5a7b4e5d21c2de001afe9e99 | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | How many transistors are embedded in most integrated circuits? | How many transistors are embedded in most integrated circuits? | [
"How many transistors are embedded in most integrated circuits?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27256 | 5a7b4e5d21c2de001afe9e9a | Transistor | A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through anoth... | What controls how strong a signal is? | What controls how strong a signal is? | [
"What controls how strong a signal is?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27257 | 572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46b | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | When was the first transistor created? | When was the first transistor created? | [
"When was the first transistor created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1926"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27258 | 572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46c | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | Who invented the first transistor? | Who invented the first transistor? | [
"Who invented the first transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Julius Lilienfeld"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27259 | 572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46d | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | When was the first transistor implemented for practical use? | When was the first transistor implemented for practical use? | [
"When was the first transistor implemented for practical use?"
] | {
"text": [
"1947"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27260 | 572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46e | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor? | When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor? | [
"When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"1956"
],
"answer_start": [
550
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27261 | 572edac4dfa6aa1500f8d46f | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | What list is the transistor on? | What list is the transistor on? | [
"What list is the transistor on?"
] | {
"text": [
"list of IEEE milestones in electronics"
],
"answer_start": [
463
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27262 | 5a7b538421c2de001afe9ec6 | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | When were smaller, cheaper radios introduced? | When were smaller, cheaper radios introduced? | [
"When were smaller, cheaper radios introduced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27263 | 5a7b538421c2de001afe9ec7 | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | What besides the transistor is on the IEEE list of milestones in electronics? | What besides the transistor is on the IEEE list of milestones in electronics? | [
"What besides the transistor is on the IEEE list of milestones in electronics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27264 | 5a7b538421c2de001afe9ec8 | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | What did Julius Lilienfeld receive for inventing the transistor? | What did Julius Lilienfeld receive for inventing the transistor? | [
"What did Julius Lilienfeld receive for inventing the transistor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27265 | 5a7b538421c2de001afe9ec9 | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | Who was the first person to use transistors in calculators? | Who was the first person to use transistors in calculators? | [
"Who was the first person to use transistors in calculators? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27266 | 5a7b538421c2de001afe9eca | Transistor | The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the fi... | Why were transistors in 1947 easier to practically implement than transistors in 1926? | Why were transistors in 1947 easier to practically implement than transistors in 1926? | [
"Why were transistors in 1947 easier to practically implement than transistors in 1926?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27267 | 572edbc103f9891900756a95 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | When was the thermionic triode invented? | When was the thermionic triode invented? | [
"When was the thermionic triode invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"1907"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27268 | 572edbc103f9891900756a96 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | What was the purpose of the thermionic triode? | What was the purpose of the thermionic triode? | [
"What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?"
] | {
"text": [
"amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27269 | 572edbc103f9891900756a97 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor? | Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor? | [
"Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld"
],
"answer_start": [
191
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27270 | 572edbc103f9891900756a98 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | Where did Lilienfeld file his patent? | Where did Lilienfeld file his patent? | [
"Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?"
] | {
"text": [
"Canada"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27271 | 572edbc103f9891900756a99 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | What year did Lilienfeld file his patent? | What year did Lilienfeld file his patent? | [
"What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?"
] | {
"text": [
"1925"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27272 | 5a7b571321c2de001afe9f02 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | Where did Oskar Heil file a patent? | Where did Oskar Heil file a patent? | [
"Where did Oskar Heil file a patent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27273 | 5a7b571321c2de001afe9f03 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | How long would it take for a practical field-effect transistor be built? | How long would it take for a practical field-effect transistor be built? | [
"How long would it take for a practical field-effect transistor be built?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27274 | 5a7b571321c2de001afe9f04 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | Why did Oskar Heil invent a device similar to Lilienfeld's? | Why did Oskar Heil invent a device similar to Lilienfeld's? | [
"Why did Oskar Heil invent a device similar to Lilienfeld's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27275 | 5a7b571321c2de001afe9f05 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | Why were field-effect transistors not practical without high quality semiconductor materials? | Why were field-effect transistors not practical without high quality semiconductor materials? | [
"Why were field-effect transistors not practical without high quality semiconductor materials?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27276 | 5a7b571321c2de001afe9f06 | Transistor | The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be ... | Where was the thermionic triode invented? | Where was the thermionic triode invented? | [
"Where was the thermionic triode invented?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27277 | 572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1636 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output? | At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output? | [
"At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output?"
] | {
"text": [
"November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27278 | 572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1637 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output? | What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output? | [
"What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?"
] | {
"text": [
"germanium"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27279 | 572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1638 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader? | Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader? | [
"Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader?"
] | {
"text": [
"William Shockley"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27280 | 572edd9ecb0c0d14000f1639 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | Who came up with the term transistor? | Who came up with the term transistor? | [
"Who came up with the term transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"John R. Pierce"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27281 | 572edd9ecb0c0d14000f163a | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | Why was the term transistor used? | Why was the term transistor used? | [
"Why was the term transistor used?"
] | {
"text": [
"a contraction of the term transresistance"
],
"answer_start": [
512
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27282 | 5a7b5b9a21c2de001afe9f64 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | When did lawyers at Bell Labs find Lilienfeld's patents? | When did lawyers at Bell Labs find Lilienfeld's patents? | [
"When did lawyers at Bell Labs find Lilienfeld's patents?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27283 | 5a7b5b9a21c2de001afe9f65 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | Who thought of the term semiconductor? | Who thought of the term semiconductor? | [
"Who thought of the term semiconductor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27284 | 5a7b5b9a21c2de001afe9f66 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | How many patents did Lilienfeld file? | How many patents did Lilienfeld file? | [
"How many patents did Lilienfeld file?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27285 | 5a7b5b9a21c2de001afe9f67 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | When was the term transistor first used? | When was the term transistor first used? | [
"When was the term transistor first used?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27286 | 5a7b5b9a21c2de001afe9f68 | Transistor | From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Grou... | Where was the biography of John Bardeen written? | Where was the biography of John Bardeen written? | [
"Where was the biography of John Bardeen written?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27287 | 572edf1e03f9891900756a9f | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | In what year was the point-contact transistor invented? | In what year was the point-contact transistor invented? | [
"In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"1948"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27288 | 572edf1e03f9891900756aa0 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | Who invented the point-contact transistor? | Who invented the point-contact transistor? | [
"Who invented the point-contact transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27289 | 572edf1e03f9891900756aa1 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor? | Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor? | [
"Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"Compagnie des Freins et Signaux"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27290 | 572edf1e03f9891900756aa2 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor? | What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor? | [
"What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?"
] | {
"text": [
"transistron"
],
"answer_start": [
788
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27291 | 572edf1e03f9891900756aa3 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | What was the transistron used for? | What was the transistron used for? | [
"What was the transistron used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"amplified use in France's telephone network"
],
"answer_start": [
821
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27292 | 5a7b5edd21c2de001afe9f82 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | What were Matare and Welker's transistors made of? | What were Matare and Welker's transistors made of? | [
"What were Matare and Welker's transistors made of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27293 | 5a7b5edd21c2de001afe9f83 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | When did Heinrich Welker start researching electronics? | When did Heinrich Welker start researching electronics? | [
"When did Heinrich Welker start researching electronics?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27294 | 5a7b5edd21c2de001afe9f84 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | When did Matare and Welker realize that Bell Labs had invented a transistor? | When did Matare and Welker realize that Bell Labs had invented a transistor? | [
"When did Matare and Welker realize that Bell Labs had invented a transistor?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27295 | 5a7b5edd21c2de001afe9f85 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | Where were the "transistrons" produced? | Where were the "transistrons" produced? | [
"Where were the \"transistrons\" produced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27296 | 5a7b5edd21c2de001afe9f86 | Transistor | In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the Ger... | Who was in charge of France's telephone network? | Who was in charge of France's telephone network? | [
"Who was in charge of France's telephone network?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27297 | 572ee0cc03f9891900756ab3 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | How many transistors make up a logic gate? | How many transistors make up a logic gate? | [
"How many transistors make up a logic gate?"
] | {
"text": [
"up to about twenty transistors"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27298 | 572ee0cc03f9891900756ab4 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | How many transistors make up a microprocessor? | How many transistors make up a microprocessor? | [
"How many transistors make up a microprocessor?"
] | {
"text": [
"as many as 3 billion transistors"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-27299 | 572ee0cc03f9891900756ab5 | Transistor | Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components,... | How many transistors were made in 2002? | How many transistors were made in 2002? | [
"How many transistors were made in 2002?"
] | {
"text": [
"60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child"
],
"answer_start": [
525
]
} |
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