id string | dataset string | question string | options list | answer string | explanation string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mmlu_aux_7274 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
, eds. ( 2003 ). keywords and concepts in evolutionary biology. cambridge, massachusetts : harvard university press. and. david jablonski, douglas h. erwin, and jere h. lipps ( 1996 ). evolutionary paleobiology. chicago : university of chicago press, 492 pages. and. a fine american textbook. masatoshi nei and sud... | [
"Stars",
"Grass",
"Old Animal Feces",
"Cats"
] | C | null |
medmcqa_5956 | medmcqa | <ctx>
( 1990 ) distinguish three cell types from osteoblast to mature osteocyte : type i preosteocyte ( osteoblastic osteocyte ), type ii preosteocyte ( osteoid osteocyte ), and type iii preosteocyte ( partially surrounded by mineral matrix ). the embedded " osteoid - osteocyte " must do two functions simultaneously : ... | [
"Burning pain",
"Stiffness & swelling",
"Erythematous & cyanotic discolouration",
"Self limiting & good prognosis"
] | D | D i.e. Self limiting & good prognosis - International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) has advocated the term complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1) for reflex sympathetic dystrophy and term complex regional pain syndrome type 2 (CRPS-2) to describe causalgia or similar signs and symptoms associated wit... |
aquarat_38389 | aquarat | <ctx>
stock under different stock valuation methods can be confusing. another example is modelling labour variances with learning curve corrections and stock level changes. with the absence of a basic profit model in an algebraic form, confident development of such models is difficult. the development of spreadsheets h... | [
"A)4000",
"B)3778",
"C)2667",
"D)2887"
] | A | Explanation:
A : B : C = 500 : 300 : 200 = 5 : 3 : 2.
Let their capitals be 5x, 3x and 2x respectively.
Then, 5x = 10000
=> x = 2000.
C's capital = 2x = Rs. 4000.
Answer: A) 4000 |
medmcqa_6434 | medmcqa | <ctx>
14. 7 β’ acid - base titrations 731 ( d ) 37. 50 ml solution ( a ) the initial ph is computed for the acetic acid solution in the usual ice approach : and ( b ) the acid and titrant are both monoprotic and the sample and titrant solutions are equally concentrated ; thus, this volume of titrant represents the equiv... | [
"4.1",
"3.9",
"3.5",
"3.1"
] | C | Buffers consist of solutions of acid-base conjugate pairs, such as acetic acid and acetate.a. Near its pK, a buffer maintains the pH of a solution, resisting changes due to addition of acids or bases. For a weak acid, the pK is often designated as pKa .b. At the pKa , and are equal, and the buffer has its maximal capac... |
arc_easy_1121 | arc_easy | <ctx>
( helios " sun " and kentron " center " ). the notion that the earth revolves around the sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century bc by aristarchus of samos, but had received no support from most other ancient astronomers. nicolaus copernicus'major theory of a heliocentric model was published in de revol... | [
"the life cycle.",
"the water cycle.",
"the solar system.",
"the immune system."
] | C | |
qasc_7262 | qasc | <ctx>
, and often the thyroid gland ( depending on local referral patterns ). they also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft tissue, trauma, peripheral artery disease and hernias and perform endoscopic procedures such as gastroscopy and colonoscopy. genetics β is a branch of biology concerned with the st... | [
"flowers",
"Conifers",
"apples",
"bushes"
] | D | |
openbookqa_3262 | openbookqa | <ctx>
in the same - different discrimination task. two arrays of items were presented simultaneously in which the two sets of items were either identical or different from one another. pigeons were required to distinguish between the two arrays of items in which the level of difficulty was varied. pigeons were provided... | [
"squinting in bright light",
"nailing up a picture frame",
"blinking and gulping air",
"inhaling and exhaling during sleep"
] | B | |
aquarat_12645 | aquarat | <ctx>
4. 1 β’ statistical inference and confidence intervals 159 example 4. 7 problem political candidate smith is planning a survey to determine a 95 % confidence interval for the proportion of voters who plan to vote for smith. how many people should be surveyed? assume a margin of error is 3 %. a. assume there is no ... | [
"A)true",
"B)neutral",
"C)false",
"D)not sure"
] | A | 19/38= 4/8 cross multiplication: 19 *8 = 152, 4* 38 = 152,
we see that 152 are not equal to 81. so there is proportion. corrcet answer: (A) |
aquarat_27562 | aquarat | <ctx>
of these interest and principal payments must equal the cumulative fixed payments at time t i. e. mat. evaluating the first integral on the right we obtain an expression for i ( t ), the interest paid : unsurprisingly the second integral evaluates to p0 β p ( t ) and therefore : the reader may easily verify that ... | [
"A)x=$15,000, y =$30,000",
"B)x=$16,000, y =$32,000",
"C)x=$12,000, y =$24,000",
"D)x=$5,000, y =$10,000"
] | C | I approached this question like a mixture problem.
I don't like the wordingpartat 5% andpartat 8% because we have variables x and y in the answer choices and I have no idea which one is x or y.
Anyway here's how I did it.
0.05(x) + 0.08(y) = 0.07(x+y)
0.01(y) = 0.02(x)
y = 2x
Note: 0.07(x+y) because $2,520 is 7% of 36,... |
medmcqa_1680 | medmcqa | <ctx>
declines with age due to the increase meiotic non - disjunction. after age 31 years, fecundity decreases and the probability of aneuploidy rate increases in the early embryo. the regular menstrual cycle is associated with the hormonal regulation from hypothalamic, pituitary, and ovarian axis. gonadotropin - relea... | [
"Absence of oocytes in the ovaries (streak ovaries)",
"Mucinous cystadenoma",
"Psamomma bodies",
"Hemorrhagic Corpus Leuteum"
] | A | Ans. (a) Absence of oocytes in the ovaries (streak ovaries)(Ref: Robbins 9th/pg 166-167; 8th/pg 165-166)In this question, the patient is presenting with primary amenorrhea and raised FSH, along with short stature(Given Height =58 inches, which is less than 5th percentile of expected at 16 years age). All these features... |
mmlu_aux_1939 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
species. the red list index also identifies 44 tree species in central asia as under threat of extinction due to over - exploitation and human development and threatening the region's forests which are home to more than 300 wild ancestors of modern domesticated fruit and nut cultivars. biological invasions in man... | [
"if farmland could be moved to colder places thanks to global warming",
"if diseases and insects harmful to crops were going towards colder areas",
"if organisms were moving to the north and south poles",
"if the number of crop pests was increasing"
] | B | null |
pubmedqa_497 | pubmedqa | <ctx>
4 ) : 674 - 701. moffitt te. the neuropsychology of conduct disorder. dev psychopathol. win - spr 1993 ; 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 135 - 151. moffitt te, caspi a, dickson n, silva p, stanton w. childhood - onset versus adolescent - onset antisocial conduct problems in males : natural history from ages 3 to 18 years. dev psyc... | [
"yes",
"no",
"maybe"
] | B | |
aquarat_25803 | aquarat | <ctx>
4. 5 normal, tension, and other examples of forces 17. two teams of nine members each engage in a tug of war. each of the first team β s members has an average mass of 68 kg and exerts an average force of 1350 n horizontally. each of the second team β s members has an average mass of 73 kg and exerts an average f... | [
"A)Mary",
"B)Mike",
"C)Michelle",
"D)Alan"
] | B | Mary < Michelle < Mike
Alan < Charlie
Let x be Mary's weight.
Mike's weight is 2x and Charlie's weight is 1.8x.
The answer is B. |
pubmedqa_578 | pubmedqa | <ctx>
providing clinicians with skills in improvement methodology and root cause analysis. in 2022 an extra Β£82. 6million was announced to bolster pharmacy support for repeat prescriptions and medication reviews in gp practices. the same year, nhs scotland recruited 191 nurses from overseas. the nurses were recruited f... | [
"yes",
"no",
"maybe"
] | A | |
openbookqa_917 | openbookqa | <ctx>
the evolution of photosynthesis refers to the origin and subsequent evolution of photosynthesis, the process by which light energy is used to assemble sugars from carbon dioxide and a hydrogen and electron source such as water. the process of photosynthesis was discovered by jan ingenhousz, a dutch - born british... | [
"animals",
"people",
"water",
"shrubs"
] | D | |
qasc_5397 | qasc | <ctx>
low sun angle or high sun angle ). absorption water with large amounts of dissolved substances, such as lakes with large amounts of colored dissolved organic matter ( cdom ), experience high light absorption. phytoplankton and other particles also absorb light. scattering areas with sea ice, estuaries with large ... | [
"flooding",
"symptoms",
"rainbow",
"erosion"
] | C | |
qasc_2303 | qasc | <ctx>
of goes - 12 satellite images shows the distribution of atmospheric water vapor relative to the oceans, clouds and continents of the earth. vapor surrounds the planet but is unevenly distributed. the image loop on the right shows monthly average of water vapor content with the units are given in centimeters, whic... | [
"liquid precipitation",
"Greenhouse gases",
"Exfoliation",
"Heat energy"
] | A | |
qasc_1962 | qasc | <ctx>
thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different. a thermoconforming organism, by contrast, simply adopts the surrounding temperature as its own body temperature, thus avoiding the need for internal therm... | [
"NaCl",
"sweat",
"urine",
"warts"
] | B | |
openbookqa_554 | openbookqa | <ctx>
##ham and gnirk. test using compression and tension show necking of rock specimens while tests using wedge penetration show lip formation. the tests carried out by robertson show plasticity occurring at high confining pressures. similar results are observable in the experimental work carried out by handin and hag... | [
"Get smooth",
"Become butterflies",
"Become art",
"Make a chair"
] | A | |
aquarat_34654 | aquarat | <ctx>
as β o ( n ) with respect to n, the size of the problem. β big o notation formalizes the concept of a prediction. given the size of the problem, n, calculate how long it takes to run the algorithm on a problem of that size. for large lists, in order to double the worst - case runtime of sequential search, we woul... | [
"A)-24(5^12)",
"B)-23(5^12)",
"C)-24(5^6)",
"D)23(5^12)"
] | D | Ans : D
Assume that the numbers appear as shown below on the number line
A-----B-----C-----D-----E-----F-----G-----H
(5^12) (5^13)
As the values for G and H are given , we can calculate the difference between any two terms of the series .
Common Difference ,d = (5^13) - (5^12)
= (5^12) *[ 5-1 ]
= (5^12)*(4)
Also F + d ... |
arc_challenge_869 | arc_challenge | <ctx>
chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, called chemical synthesis or, alternatively, chemical decomposition into two or more different substances. these processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not reversible except by further chemical reactions. ... | [
"Element 1 is hammered into a thin sheet.",
"Element 2 is heated and turns into a liquid.",
"Element 3 turns a greenish color as it sits in air.",
"Element 4 is ground up into a fine, slippery powder."
] | C | |
arc_easy_79 | arc_easy | <ctx>
plant genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity specifically in plants. it is generally considered a field of biology and botany, but intersects frequently with many other life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems. plant genetics is similar in many ways to an... | [
"the shape of its leaves",
"the amount of water it receives",
"the number of minerals it absorbs from soil",
"the level of sunlight to which it is exposed"
] | A | |
mmlu_aux_3331 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
polunin, and t. r. mcclanahan. in press. effects of climate - induces coral bleaching on coral - reef fishes : ecological and economic consequences. oceanography and marine biology : an annual review. cinner, j. e., and t. r. mcclanahan. 2006. socioeconomic factors that lead to overfishing in small - scale coral ... | [
"what the recent report says is wrong",
"there are millions of yellow tang off Hawaii's Big Island",
"the yellow tang's population off Hawaii coast is large",
"the yellow tang is sold merely for both food and the aquarium industry"
] | A | null |
aquarat_42292 | aquarat | <ctx>
1. 5 mol ethanol mass - volume percentage β mixed β percentage units, derived from the mass of solute and the volume of solution, are popular for certain biochemical and medical applications. a mass - volume percent is a ratio of a solute β s mass to the solution β s volume expressed as a percentage. the specific... | [
"A)300",
"B)75",
"C)100",
"D)150"
] | A | Nope, 150. I can only get it by following PR's backsolving explanation. I hate that.
Original mixture has 20% salt and 80% water.
Total = x
Out of which Salt = 0.2x and water = 0.8x
Now, 1/4 water evaporates and all salt remains.
So what remains is 0.2x salt and 0.6x water.
Now 40 gallons salt is added and 20 gallons o... |
medmcqa_1930 | medmcqa | <ctx>
of the content of radionuclides in environmental media. the methodological and technical details of the design and operation of monitoring programmes and systems for different radionuclides, environmental media and types of facility are given in iaea safety guide rs β g - 1. 8 and in iaea safety report no. 64. ra... | [
"Streptococci",
"Staphalococci",
"Clastridium pertringes",
"Nibrio"
] | C | |
openbookqa_352 | openbookqa | <ctx>
in forestry, windthrow refers to trees uprooted by wind. breakage of the tree bole ( trunk ) instead of uprooting is called windsnap. blowdown refers to both windthrow and windsnap. causes windthrow is common in all forested parts of the world that experience storms or high wind speeds. the risk of windthrow to a... | [
"plant another",
"Draw one",
"climb one",
"do nothing"
] | A | |
arc_challenge_452 | arc_challenge | <ctx>
sources in a stationary air mass. each disturbance spreads out spherically from the point where the sound was emitted. if the source is stationary, then all of the spheres representing the air compressions in the sound wave centered on the same point, and the stationary observers on either side see the same wavel... | [
"vibrations on the ground",
"vibrations of the air",
"seismic waves",
"light waves"
] | B | |
medmcqa_4790 | medmcqa | <ctx>
overall. moreover, there is no one reason why some cp cases come from prenatal brain damage, and it is not known if those cases have a genetic basis. cerebellar hypoplasia is sometimes genetic and can cause ataxic cerebral palsy. early childhood after birth, other causes include toxins, severe jaundice, lead pois... | [
"Congenital dislocation of hip",
"Infantile coxa vara",
"Poliomyelitis",
"All of the above"
] | D | Painless Limp Painful Limp 1-3 years age group: DDH Cerebral palsy Muscular dystrophy Infantile coxa vara 4-10 years age: Limb length discrepancy Poliomyelitis Legg Calve Pehes disease Slipped capital femoral epiphysis Osteochondritis dissecans -Lateral surface of medial femoral condyle Ahritis/Synovitis/Osteomyelitis |
arc_easy_1449 | arc_easy | <ctx>
vibration ( ) is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. vibration may be deterministic if the oscillations can be characterised precisely ( e. g. the periodic motion of a pendulum ), or random if the oscillations can only be analysed statistically ( e. g. the movement of a ... | [
"friction",
"interference",
"sound waves",
"ultrasonic waves"
] | C | |
medmcqa_5178 | medmcqa | <ctx>
broad ligament of the uterus. for a short part, the uterine arteries travel on top for a short ( ) period. they then pass by the cervix, traveling inward towards the bladder. blood and lymphatic supply the arteries which supply the ureter vary along its course. the upper third of the ureter, closest to the kidney... | [
"Hilum of spleen",
"Greater omentum",
"Lesser omentum",
"Duodenum"
] | A | Accessory spleen, in other words supernumerary spleens, splenunculi, or splenules, results from the failure of fusion of the primordial splenic buds in the dorsal mesogastrium during the fifth week of fetal life. Incidence of accessory spleen in the population is 10%-30% of patients in autopsy series and 16% of patient... |
mmlu_aux_1817 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
##e. the site also has numerous bird species. spencer road wetlands has since 1991 been managed by the london wildlife trust. the site has reed swamps with wetland vegetation, woodland, a sedge - bed and a pond. insects include the twin - spotted wainscot and crescent moths, and there are birds such as grey heron... | [
"where the parakeets live",
"how the parakeets breed",
"how they flew to London",
"when they started living in London"
] | C | null |
aquarat_889 | aquarat | <ctx>
in the sunpath. see also leaf area index panoramic photography view factor whole sky camera references anderson, m. c. 1964. studies of the woodland light climate i. the photographic computation of light condition. journal of ecology 52 : 27 - 41. anderson, m. c. 1971. radiation and crop structure. pp. 77 β 90. i... | [
"A)30ΒΊ",
"B)45ΒΊ",
"C)60ΒΊ",
"D)90ΒΊ"
] | A | shadow of the tree is β3 times the height of the tree.
shadow of a tree will be = β3x.
tan ΞΈ = AB/AC = x/β3x.
tan ΞΈ =1/β3.
tan ΞΈ = tan 1/β3.
tan ΞΈ = tan30Β°.
ΞΈ = 30Β° ANSWER : A |
aquarat_22642 | aquarat | <ctx>
a range depending on the size of the municipality : for municipalities with a population of 150, 000 or greater, wards must contain between 1, 000 and 4, 000 people. for municipalities with a population between 39, 000 and 149, 999, wards must contain between 800 and 3, 200 people. for municipalities with a popul... | [
"A)600",
"B)625",
"C)650",
"D)675"
] | C | P = Q+1150.
P=4(Q-200).
4(Q-200)=Q+1150.
3Q=1950.
Q=650.
The answer is C. |
arc_easy_380 | arc_easy | <ctx>
motor control is the regulation of movement in organisms that possess a nervous system. motor control includes reflexes as well as directed movement. to control movement, the nervous system must integrate multimodal sensory information ( both from the external world as well as proprioception ) and elicit the nece... | [
"immune and excretory",
"digestive and respiratory",
"nervous and skeletal",
"circulatory and integumentary"
] | C | |
qasc_2239 | qasc | <ctx>
is episodic. settled and deliberate anger is a reaction to perceived deliberate harm or unfair treatment by others. this form of anger is episodic. dispositional anger is related more to character traits than to instincts or cognitions. irritability, sullenness, and churlishness are examples of the last form of a... | [
"Harm",
"struck",
"reacts",
"Sleep"
] | A | |
mmlu_aux_1779 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
million. however, in certain situations the risk of a shark attack is higher. for example, in the southwest of western australia the chances of a surfer being fatally bitten by a shark in winter or spring are 1 in 40, 000 and for divers it is 1 in 16, 000. in comparison to the risk of a serious or fatal cycling a... | [
"went to Brazil",
"tried to catch a butterfly",
"entered the mountains",
"raised a net"
] | B | null |
openbookqa_3148 | openbookqa | <ctx>
in geology, rock ( or stone ) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. it is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. rocks form the earth's outer solid layer, the crust, and most of its interior, except for the ... | [
"Weathering",
"Climate",
"Weatherization",
"Weather"
] | A | |
openbookqa_1844 | openbookqa | <ctx>
optimize the game for better performance, there are no feasible ways to deal with it. perhaps the most common type of lag is caused by network performance problems. losses, corruption or jitter ( an outdated packet is in effect a loss ) may all cause problems, but these problems are relatively rare in a network w... | [
"a clear road path",
"a dry clear road",
"a road full of ice",
"a road without hills"
] | C | |
qasc_7791 | qasc | <ctx>
, and differences and similarities in memory impairments should be compared across eating disorders. currently many animal models have provided valuable information in regard to eating disorders, but because of the cognitive and physical differences, differences do still arise. using rodents to examine genetic et... | [
"parasites",
"contamination",
"cigarettes",
"Leptospirosis"
] | A | |
medmcqa_7648 | medmcqa | <ctx>
hemangioma is large it can cause abdominal pain, a sense of fullness in right upper abdominal area, heart problems, and coagulation dysfunction. cavernous hemangiomas are diagnosed with medical imaging ( do not usually need biopsy to confirm diagnosis ). given their benign course and often asymptomatic nature, ca... | [
"Lung cancer",
"Lymphoma",
"Metastasis",
"Thyroid cancer"
] | A | The superior vena cava syndrome usually is caused by neoplasms that compress or invade the superior vena cava, such as bronchogenic carcinoma or mediastinal lymphoma. -produces a characteristic clinical complex consisting of marked dilation of the veins of the head, neck, and arms associated with cyanosis. -Pulmonary v... |
qasc_2275 | qasc | <ctx>
the system. if the victim's device does not have password protection or authentication, an intruder can turn on the computer and immediately access the victim's information. however, if the device is password protected, as with full disk encryption, the firmware of the device needs to be compromised, usually done... | [
"animals",
"mussels",
"control boxes",
"heat energy"
] | C | |
openbookqa_1809 | openbookqa | <ctx>
north, in the western part of bushmanland. the " knersvlakte " is a region of white, quartz pebble - fields. therefore, in spite of the semi - arid climate and desiccating sun, the soil is typically quite cool ( due to the reflective white of the quartz pebble - fields ). the clove - scented flowers are pollinate... | [
"put them in a fire pit",
"put them in a glass pile",
"put them in an igloo",
"put them in a glass building"
] | D | |
aquarat_39226 | aquarat | <ctx>
##4995 2758588771223263308836649715112756731997946779608413232406934433532048898585 9176676580752231563884394807622076177586625973975236127522811136600110415063 0004691128152106812042872285697735145105026966830649540003659922618399694276 990464815739966698956947129133275233 rsa - 350 rsa - 350 has 350 decimal dig... | [
"A)362",
"B)482",
"C)551",
"D)344"
] | D | Explanation :
In all numbers except 344, the product of first and third digits is the middle digit. Answer : Option D |
medmcqa_1124 | medmcqa | <ctx>
structural analysis is a branch of solid mechanics which uses simplified models for solids like bars, beams and shells for engineering decision making. its main objective is to determine the effect of loads on the physical structures and their components. in contrast to theory of elasticity, the models used in st... | [
"Taste sensation of ant 2/3rd tongue",
"Lacrimal gland secretion",
"Parotid gland secretion",
"Platysma contraction"
] | C | The condition given here is Bell's palsy i.e. LMN (lower motor neuron) lesion of Facial nerve . In this the ipsilateral half of the face is affected. The facial nerve emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls: Muscles of facial expression, and Carries taste sensations from the anterior two-third of the tongue (c... |
openbookqa_1574 | openbookqa | <ctx>
according to the classical theories of elastic or plastic structures made from a material with non - random strength ( ft ), the nominal strength ( Οn ) of a structure is independent of the structure size ( d ) when geometrically similar structures are considered. any deviation from this property is called the si... | [
"sickly",
"objectively fit",
"malnourished",
"in poor health"
] | B | |
medmcqa_9061 | medmcqa | <ctx>
such as thiolated hyaluronic acid and thiolated chitosan were shown to exhibit wound healing properties. references carbohydrate chemistry drug delivery devices gels materials science organosulfur compounds polymers polymer chemistry polysaccharides
happens through the process of phagocytosis, where white blood ... | [
"Infected wound heal by primary intention",
"Deep dermal wound heal by scar formation",
"Wound contraction is found in healing by secondary intention",
"More intense inflammatory response in primary intention"
] | B | β’ Epidermal appendages do not regenerate
β’ There remains a connective tissue scar in place of the mechanically efficient meshwork of collagen in the unwounded dermis.
β’ Very superficial wounds: Little scar formation.
β’ In marked contrast with wound healing in adults, fetal cutaneous wounds heal without scar formation, ... |
qasc_7695 | qasc | <ctx>
intensified in china. 1, 740, 000 square kilometres of land is classified as " dry ", and desertification disrupts the lives of 400 million people and causes direct economic losses of 54 billion yuan ( $ 7 billion ) a year, sfa figures show. sulfur ( an acid rain component ), soot, ash, carbon monoxide, and other... | [
"piano",
"church organ",
"heart",
"harp"
] | C | |
openbookqa_3060 | openbookqa | <ctx>
, wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally generated power. throughout the 20th century parallel paths developed small wind stations suitable for farms or residences. from 1932 many isolated properties in australia ran their lighting and electric fans from batteries, charged b... | [
"power rangers",
"nothing",
"heat our homes",
"eat cookies"
] | C | |
arc_challenge_835 | arc_challenge | <ctx>
intervals. seeds can still mature even when the plant has been killed ; seed from plants cut in flower had germination levels of 35 %. groundsel seed numbers increased in soil during a two - year set - aside left fallow but not when there was a sown grass cover. the weed cannot live on grazed, trampled or mowed s... | [
"Weeds add fertilizer to the soil.",
"Weeds use nutrients the roses need to grow.",
"Weeds increase the bacteria in the soil.",
"Weeds consume most of the oxygen."
] | B | |
mmlu_aux_4495 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
balls in space ( instead of discs on the backs of turtles ). they decide to appoint rincewind, whom they dragged out of bed in the early hours of the morning, the egregious professor of cruel and unusual geography, and send him down ( against his will ) to investigate this strange world. the wizards create a seri... | [
"They exist everywhere on the earth.",
"They cause global warming.",
"They find new methods of growing crops.",
"They enjoy hunting and fishing."
] | B | null |
qasc_4505 | qasc | <ctx>
##e system pheromone - based communication is one of the most effective ways of communication which is widely observed in nature. pheromone is used by social insects such as bees, ants and termites ; both for inter - agent and agent - swarm communications. due to its feasibility, artificial pheromones have been a... | [
"trails",
"sound",
"nerves",
"waves"
] | A | |
medmcqa_9821 | medmcqa | <ctx>
the most widely reported neurological disorders. approximately 12, 000 infants each year are diagnosed with germinal matrix haemorrhage or intraventricular haemorrhage in the united states. research in 2002, a dutch retrospective study analysed cases where neonatologists had intervened and drained csf by lumbar o... | [
"Hydrocephalus",
"Coical venous thrombosis",
"Cerebral Aery Thrombosis",
"Cranial Nerve Palsy"
] | B | harrison's textbook of internal medicine 17th edition . *paresis of cranial nerves(ocular nerve in paicular ) is a frequent finding ,and involvement of cerebral aeries may produce focal ischemia . *The ultimate evolution is towards coma ,with hydrocephalus and intracranial tension. |
qasc_5324 | qasc | <ctx>
##mous cell carcinoma of the bladder ) the liver flukes, opisthorchis viverrini and clonorchis sinensis ( cholangiocarcinoma ). radiation radiation exposure such as ultraviolet radiation and radioactive material is a risk factor for cancer. many non - melanoma skin cancers are due to ultraviolet radiation, mostly... | [
"Gene Rayburn",
"some types of light bulbs",
"bad thoughts",
"Deoxyribonucleicacid"
] | B | |
arc_challenge_1057 | arc_challenge | <ctx>
the factors that may affect their exposure to cosmic rays and the solar wind is critical to crewed space exploration. notes astronomers measure distances within the solar system in astronomical units ( au ). one au equals the average distance between the centers of earth and the sun, or. pluto is about 38 au from... | [
"0.4",
"0.7",
"1.0",
"1.5"
] | D | |
medmcqa_7117 | medmcqa | <ctx>
to be polyacrylic acid, which is applied to the tooth surface for 30 seconds before it is washed off. the tooth is then dried to ensure the surface is receptive to bond formation but care is taken to ensure desiccation does not occur. matrix techniques with glass ionomers, which are used to aid in proximal cavity... | [
"Novaseal",
"Newseal.",
"Selfseal",
"Highseal"
] | A | |
medmcqa_543 | medmcqa | <ctx>
. classic characteristics of " tendinosis " include degenerative changes in the collagenous matrix, hypercellularity, hypervascularity, and a lack of inflammatory cells which has challenged the original misnomer " tendinitis ". histological findings include granulation tissue, microrupture, degenerative changes, ... | [
"Bacterial endocarditis is common etiology",
"Commonly it is fusiform aneurysm",
"Aorta and visceral vessels affected commonly",
"Multilobed aneurysm with narrow neck"
] | B | Mycotic aneursm is commonly saccular. |
medmcqa_1910 | medmcqa | <ctx>
an acetylcholine receptor ( abbreviated achr ) is an integral membrane protein that responds to the binding of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. classification like other transmembrane receptors, acetylcholine receptors are classified according to their " pharmacology, " or according to their relative affinities... | [
"Nicotinic",
"Muscarinic",
"Alpha 1 and 2",
"Beta 1 and 2"
] | B | |
aquarat_40763 | aquarat | <ctx>
in geometry, a diagonal is a line segment joining two vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, when those vertices are not on the same edge. informally, any sloping line is called diagonal. the word diagonal derives from the ancient greek διαγΟΞ½ΞΉΞΏΟ diagonios, " from angle to angle " ( from δια - dia -, " through ", "... | [
"A)30",
"B)45",
"C)60",
"D)75"
] | C | C.. 60 degrees
All the diagonals are equal. If we take 3 touching sides and connect their diagonals, we form an equilateral Triangle. Therefore, each angle would be 60.C |
aquarat_10709 | aquarat | <ctx>
your other path. 18. you drive in a straight line in a direction east of north. ( a ) find the distances you would have to drive straight east and then straight north to arrive at the same point. ( this determination is equivalent to find the components of the displacement along the east and north directions. ) (... | [
"A)Rs.700",
"B)Rs.708.50",
"C)Rs.732.50",
"D)Rs.742.50"
] | D | Explanation:
Area of the plot = (100 x 70) m2 = 7000 m2
Area of the plot excluding the path = [(100 - 5) * (70 - 5)] m2 = 6175 m2.
Area of the path = (7000 - 6175) m2 = 825 m2.
Cost of gravelling the path = Rs.825 * (90/100)= Rs.742.50
Answer: Option D |
aquarat_26176 | aquarat | <ctx>
in graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the handshaking lemma is the statement that, in every finite undirected graph, the number of vertices that touch an odd number of edges is even. for example, if there is a party of people who shake hands, the number of people who shake an odd number of other people's hand... | [
"A)8",
"B)7",
"C)2",
"D)6"
] | A | Suppose there are nn persons present in a function and every person shakes hand with every other person. Then, total number of handshakes
= nC2=n(nβ1)/2
n(nβ1)=28Γ2n(nβ1)=56
n=8
ANSWER A 8 |
aquarat_38512 | aquarat | <ctx>
" right " | | | robert j. setti | - | august 7, 2015 | | align = " right " | | | ron watkins | - | december 21, 2015 | | align = " right " | | | dipanjan nag | - | august 13, 2017 | | align = " right " | | | ron watkins | - | may 26, 2019 | | align = " right " | | | ian cutress | - | july 26, 2020 | | align = " r... | [
"A)7/13",
"B)11/12",
"C)12/10",
"D)23/50"
] | C | 12/10 it is
6/5=(1/2) + (1/5)
Answer - C |
openbookqa_874 | openbookqa | <ctx>
solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter along with liquid, gas, and plasma. the molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. a solid is characterized by structural rigidity ( as in rigid bodies ) and resistance to a force applied to the surface. un... | [
"smoothness",
"water fluid",
"liquidity",
"fluid transport"
] | C | |
arc_easy_1372 | arc_easy | <ctx>
a heavily used bicycle - sharing system run by their transit authority. originally, it required users to have a membership. they changed it to not require a membership after a while, and analyzed data of when and where bikes were rented and returned, to see what areas were active and what trends changed. they fou... | [
"by absorbing nutrients",
"by producing oxygen",
"by producing sugar",
"by absorbing water"
] | B | |
medmcqa_5255 | medmcqa | <ctx>
broad ligament of the uterus. for a short part, the uterine arteries travel on top for a short ( ) period. they then pass by the cervix, traveling inward towards the bladder. blood and lymphatic supply the arteries which supply the ureter vary along its course. the upper third of the ureter, closest to the kidney... | [
"Coeliac aery",
"Superior mesenteric aery",
"Anterior division of internal iliac aery",
"Posterior division of internal iliac aery"
] | C | Anterior division of internal iliac aeryA pa of Umbilical aery persists as superior vesical aery and remaining aery becomes obliterated forming medial umbilical ligament. |
qasc_6105 | qasc | <ctx>
##rika, midnight ) are lost but can be partly reconstructed from the discussion in brahmagupta's khandakhadyaka. in some texts, he seems to ascribe the apparent motions of the heavens to the earth's rotation. he may have believed that the planet's orbits as elliptical rather than circular. motions of the solar sy... | [
"bushes",
"Mars",
"wind",
"Winter"
] | B | |
mmlu_aux_2444 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
more about how the elephants, who have poor night vision, negotiate their environment using only their hearing and olfactory senses. they also appeared to be much more active sexually during the night compared to the day, which was unexpected. references notes further reading yasuko ishida et al. ( 2018 ). evolut... | [
"showing the effect and then explaining the causes",
"pointing out similarities and differences",
"describing the changes in space order",
"giving examples"
] | A | null |
aquarat_44797 | aquarat | <ctx>
project euler ( named after leonhard euler ) is a website dedicated to a series of computational problems intended to be solved with computer programs. the project attracts graduates and students interested in mathematics and computer programming. since its creation in 2001 by colin hughes, project euler has gain... | [
"A)85",
"B)87",
"C)89",
"D)93"
] | A | a1=1
a2=1
a3=1*4+1=5
a4=5*4+1=21
a5=21*4+1=84+1=85
85 |
medmcqa_866 | medmcqa | <ctx>
arches 3, 4 and 6. cells leading this migration maintain contact with the extracellular matrix and contain filopodia which act as extensions towards the ectodermal pharyngeal arches. a range of secreted factors ensure appropriate directionality of the cells. fgf8 acts as a chemotactic attraction in directing cell... | [
"Superior thyroid",
"Ophthalmic",
"Lingual",
"Ascending pharyngeal"
] | B | Branch of ECA: - Superior thyroid aery Lingual aery Facial aery Anteriorly Ascending pharyngeal aery medially Occipital aery Posteriorly Posterior auricular aery Superficial temporal aery Maxillary aery Terminal aery Branches of ICA Ophthalmic aery Anterior choroidal aery Anterior cerebral Middle cerebral Posterior com... |
medmcqa_6410 | medmcqa | <ctx>
to be below 18 weeks, or " wait for the pregnancy to complete its full term if they feel the unborn child has surpassed the age cap ". following this, the board decided to go ahead with the abortion. in may 2017, a 16 - year - old rape survivor and her father approached the gujarat high court seeking permission t... | [
"Rigor mois at bih",
"Adipocere formation",
"Maceration",
"Mummification"
] | B | Ans. Adipocere formation |
aquarat_37502 | aquarat | <ctx>
and a handmill to grind grainas that part of the ration was issued ungroundtools and cooking implements. together with five days'rations, this weighed about, which was easily within the carrying capacity of eight men and a mule. adding a second mule would allow the to carry an additional 11 to 13 days'rations. th... | [
"A)32",
"B)37\t1/4",
"C)42",
"D)54"
] | A | we have food for 150 men for 45 days.
After 15 days food left for 150 men for 30 days.
so
150 : 30
now we have 140 men and x days
140 : 150 :: 30 : x
x = (150*30)/140 = 32 days.
ANSWER:A |
mmlu_aux_4582 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
, therefore, one could expect changes in the mental representation of objects β shape and distance during spaceflight. the rare investigations carried out in space so far have not demonstrated drastic changes, probably because the cns continues to use an internal model of gravity, at least for a short while. it c... | [
"move downwards",
"move upwards",
"go out of the window",
"stick to their eyes"
] | D | null |
aquarat_43233 | aquarat | <ctx>
)? 11. a student drove to the university from their home and noted that the odometer reading of their car increased by 12. 0 km. the trip took 18. 0 min. ( a ) what was their average speed? ( b ) if the straight - line distance from their home to the university is
per hour. one can ask whether the vehicles are g... | [
"A)5 min",
"B)6 min",
"C)7 and 1/2 min",
"D)8 min"
] | C | Since the question states βafter 15 minutesβ, we can say Tom traveled 15/4km for 15 minutes as he can travel 15km per hour. Hence, using the same logic, we can say John traveled 10/4km as he travels 10km per hour. So, John has to travel (15/4)-(10/4)km=5/4km more. Since Johnβs speed is 10km/hour, which means 1km/6minut... |
mmlu_aux_2244 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
##charging for long enough can damage a battery and suggests limiting the total charging time to 10 β 20 hours. duracell further suggests that a trickle charge at c / 300 can be used for batteries that must be kept in a fully charged state. some chargers do this after the charge cycle, to offset natural self - di... | [
"It is built in an iPhone.",
"It is the smallest of its kind.",
"It can also be used as a charger.",
"It keeps power for about 30days."
] | C | null |
aquarat_20394 | aquarat | <ctx>
those of c. this is incorrect, however, because b has changed value from 2 to 3, making the actual results differ. using the ssa representation resolves this disparity. using mathematical identities a simple implementation might also be unable to catch all equivalent expressions, even when they only differ by the... | [
"A)a=-1 or b=0",
"B)a=0 or b=0",
"C)a=1 or b=1",
"D)a=-1 or b=-1"
] | B | By only having ab=0, we cannot say answer is B as A and E options also satisfy the condition ab=0. ans B |
aquarat_12312 | aquarat | <ctx>
area is the measure of a region's size on a surface. the area of a plane region or plane area refers to the area of a shape or planar lamina, while surface area refers to the area of an open surface or the boundary of a three - dimensional object. area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thic... | [
"A)238",
"B)379",
"C)200",
"D)328"
] | C | d2/2 = (20 * 20)/2
= 200
Answer:C |
arc_easy_967 | arc_easy | <ctx>
0. 47 table 1. 1 18 1 β’ essential ideas access for free at openstax. org atoms and molecules an atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element and can enter into a chemical combination. consider the element gold, for example. imagine cutting a gold nugget in half, then cutting... | [
"an atom.",
"a mixture.",
"a molecule.",
"a compound."
] | A | |
aquarat_26236 | aquarat | <ctx>
challenge, in which he nearly rolled the car, is repeatedly splashed, losing and, in the confessional, admits he had one of the most destructive runs of the day. despite understanding the intent, mike nevertheless loses. in deliberation, it is recognized that everyone did poorly in the donuts and water tank chall... | [
"A) 600",
"B) 300",
"C) 350",
"D) 400"
] | A | Let D = total distance
Traci traveled 1/3 = D/3
i.e. remaining distance = 2D/3
She traveled 1/4 th of 2D/3 = D/6
Thus:
D = (D/3) + (D/6) + 300
D = 600
ANSWER: A |
mmlu_aux_4069 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
##i's group reported a hybrid cell combining a silicon solar cell with a water - droplet - harvesting triboelectric nanogenerator. this hybrid cell had the capacity to harvest both solar and raindrop energies. harvesting energy from human body motion since there is abundant mechanical energy generated on human bo... | [
"It is too heavy for the walker to bear",
"It is too complex for people to use",
"It is too expensive for most people to afford",
"It will slow down one's walking speed."
] | C | null |
openbookqa_870 | openbookqa | <ctx>
motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48 % and 116 %. partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28 % greater between to downwind of cities, compared with upwind. some cities show a total precipitation incre... | [
"solar light",
"water",
"rivers",
"hydration"
] | A | |
aquarat_3847 | aquarat | <ctx>
on x is known, it may be used to compute x, y data pairs that may subsequently be plotted. example b12 plotting data pairs if we know that y = x2 + 2, we can produce a table of a few ( x, y ) values and then plot the line based on the data shown here. x y = x2 + 2 1 3 2 6 1084 b β’ essential mathematics access for... | [
"A)5.2",
"B)7.4",
"C)13.7",
"D)21.2"
] | C | X inches necessary to represent a distance of 383.6 miles = 383.6/28
= 13.7
Answer C |
qasc_1538 | qasc | <ctx>
motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48 % and 116 %. partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28 % greater between to downwind of cities, compared with upwind. some cities show a total precipitation incre... | [
"Pests",
"Winter",
"Food",
"loss"
] | C | |
arc_easy_828 | arc_easy | <ctx>
by utilizing a network of approximately 500 stream gages collecting real time data from all across the state. this then contributes to the 8, 000 stream gage stations that are overseen by the usgs national stream gage record. this in turn has provided to date records and documents of water data over the years. ma... | [
"It causes evaporation.",
"It allows plants to grow.",
"It provides heat for organisms.",
"It transmits light."
] | A | |
aquarat_908 | aquarat | <ctx>
the relative velocity ( also or ) is the velocity of an object or observer b in the rest frame of another object or observer a. classical mechanics in one dimension ( non - relativistic ) we begin with relative motion in the classical, ( or non - relativistic, or the newtonian approximation ) that all speeds are ... | [
"A)445 km",
"B)415 km",
"C)420 km",
"D)480 km"
] | C | 1h ----- 5
? ------ 60
12 h
RS = 14 + 21 = 35
T = 12
D = 35 * 12 = 420
ANSWER:C |
arc_easy_523 | arc_easy | <ctx>
in ancestral wheat. while initially selection may have happened unintentionally, it is very likely that by 5, 000 years ago farmers had a basic understanding of heredity and inheritance, the foundation of genetics. this selection over time gave rise to new crop species and varieties that are the basis of the crop... | [
"The offspring had heterozygous alleles.",
"The offspring had a recessive allele.",
"The offspring were pink.",
"The offspring were red."
] | C | |
aquarat_31761 | aquarat | <ctx>
β 1 + 2 β 3 + 2 β 4 = 1. 6875. β’ this makes the whole number = β 1. 6875 Γ 2 β 9. before we finish our discussion about floating points, there is the question of 0. how to present the 0? even if we make all bits 0, the hidden 1 makes the final value a non - zero one. how can we deal with this problem? the represe... | [
"A)4455",
"B)4955",
"C)4995",
"D)4890"
] | C | (Local value of 5) - (Face value of 5)
= (5000 - 5) = 4995
C |
arc_challenge_82 | arc_challenge | <ctx>
acids, and nucleotides. carbohydrates include monomers and polymers of sugars. lipids are the only class of macromolecules that are not made up of polymers. they include steroids, phospholipids, and fats, largely nonpolar and hydrophobic ( water - repelling ) substances. proteins are the most diverse of the macro... | [
"cell membrane",
"ribosome",
"cell wall",
"nucleus"
] | D | |
openbookqa_3160 | openbookqa | <ctx>
the ecologist leena lindstrom, in nature, calls dazzled and deceived an " excellent and wide - ranging book ", praising forbes for showing both how developments in the theory of evolution, genetics, and developmental biology influenced research on protective coloration, and in turn the influence of research on co... | [
"clouds",
"local flora",
"buildings",
"oceans"
] | B | |
mmlu_aux_3646 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
geographic scales has been possible. these citizen science projects include nationwide projects such as the christmas bird count, backyard bird count, the north american breeding bird survey, the canadian epoq or regional projects such as the asian waterfowl census and spring alive in europe. these projects help ... | [
"The descriptions in Shakespeare's poems.",
"The intention to protect local environment.",
"The scientists'concern about the worsening environment.",
"The park visitors'curiosity about a new bird species."
] | A | null |
arc_easy_1073 | arc_easy | <ctx>
earth β s surface, a high tide is created on the side of earth nearest to the moon, where the moon β s gravitational pull is strongest. why is there also a high tide on the opposite side of earth? the answer is that earth is pulled toward the moon more than the water on the far side, because earth is closer to th... | [
"year",
"seasons",
"ocean tides",
"daylight hours"
] | D | |
openbookqa_1689 | openbookqa | <ctx>
the increase in weight.
, if you oiled the concrete you would find it to be easier to get the crate started and keep it going ( as you might expect ). figure 5. 2 is a crude pictorial representation of how friction occurs at the interface between two objects. close - up inspection of these surfaces shows them to... | [
"The box is a lot lighter than it was earlier",
"the box being grey",
"his box being more voluminous",
"the ramp is more high angle then it was earlier"
] | D | |
qasc_2698 | qasc | <ctx>
figure 10 and the tiny granada crater ( on the right side ) of figure 9. most of the initial sediment blocks project above the surrounding material ( by a few centimeters or more ) and are exposed to saltating sand ( i. e., wind - driven, bouncing sand ). the saltating sand erodes the soft, easy - to - erode part... | [
"rainfall",
"the Moon",
"precipitation",
"vehicles"
] | C | |
aquarat_17039 | aquarat | <ctx>
100, which immediately proves that 100 is not prime. every positive integer except 1 is divisible by at least one prime number by the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. therefore the algorithm need only search for prime divisors less than / equal to. for another example, consider how this algorithm determines the... | [
"A) None",
"B) I only",
"C) II only",
"D) I and II"
] | C | Another crude way to answer this, if you did not know the properties above would be to consider that that 20! will have the number ending in 00 due to 10 and 20 being included.
So e!+17 = xxxx00 +17 = xxxx17 which is only possibly divisible by 17. Hence Option C is the answer. |
arc_easy_956 | arc_easy | <ctx>
. the artificial skin is anticipated to augment robotics in conducting rudimentary jobs that would be considered delicate and require sensitive " touch ". scientists found that by applying a layer of rubber with two parallel electrodes that stored electrical charges inside of the artificial skin, tiny amounts of ... | [
"releasing of hormones in skin",
"changing in volume of fat and muscle cells",
"signaling by sensory neurons",
"changing of voltage in interneurons"
] | C | |
qasc_5426 | qasc | <ctx>
but they are quite specific to the materials system from which they were derived. for most applications where freeze - casts will be used after freezing, binders are needed to supply strength in the green state. the addition of binder can significantly alter the chemistry within the frozen environment, depressing... | [
"h2o",
"dams",
"oxygen",
"clouds"
] | A | |
arc_easy_300 | arc_easy | <ctx>
2. 4 β’ data cleaning and preprocessing 85 through a variety of techniques, including manual checks, automated scripts, and statistical analysis. some common inspections in data validation include checking for duplicates, checking for mislaid values, and verifying data against external sources or references. befor... | [
"using a computer to graph results",
"verifying that results match the original hypothesis",
"comparing the results with those of other scientists",
"eliminating any results that appear to be abnormal"
] | C | |
medmcqa_8102 | medmcqa | <ctx>
hydroxethylruticide on intestinal toxicity induced by adriamycin. physiol chem phys med nmr. 1986 ; 18 ( 1 ) : 17 - 24. mcginness j. a new view of pigmented neurons. j theor biol. 1985 aug 7 ; 115 ( 3 ) : 475 - 6. gulati op, nordmann h, aellig a, maignan mf, mcginness j. protective effects of o - ( beta - hydroxy... | [
"Hyperventilation",
"Hypoprothrombinemia",
"Hypothermia",
"Metabolic acidosis"
] | C | Salicylate intoxication is associated with hypehermia and not hypothermia, as the drug causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in increased metabolism. Mild chronic salicylate intoxication is called salicylism. When fully developed, the syndrome includes headache, dizziness, tinnitus, difficulty heari... |
arc_easy_1031 | arc_easy | <ctx>
animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the evaluation ( using best linear unbiased prediction and other methods ) of the genetic value ( estimated breeding value, ebv ) of livestock. selecting for breeding animals with superior ebv in growth rate, egg, meat, milk, or wool production, or with... | [
"extinction",
"mutation",
"selective breeding",
"natural selection"
] | D | |
medmcqa_2686 | medmcqa | <ctx>
##cleation, severing and end blocking. biochemistry. 1985 ; 24 : 3714 - 3723. 85. weitzman sa, weitberg ab, clark ep, stossel tp. phagocytes as carcinogens. science. 1985 ; 227 : 1231 - 1233. 86. weitzman sa, weitberg ab, niederman r, stossel tp. chronic treatment with hydrogen peroxide. is it safe? j periodontol... | [
"Alveolar collapse",
"Hypeension",
"Aspiration of Gastric content",
"Bradycardia"
] | C | C i.e. Aspiration of Gastric content |
arc_easy_1335 | arc_easy | <ctx>
prevention of non - specific binding is particularly important, as it increases the efficiency of the absorption process by filtering out undigested material which would otherwise block access to the midgut epithelium. due to the small pore size of the matrix, only small molecules which have been broken down by e... | [
"bile.",
"mucus.",
"muscle.",
"white blood cells."
] | B | |
mmlu_aux_2757 | mmlu_auxiliary | <ctx>
there would need to be a supply of water that was present for a substantial amount of time. therefore, a prominent goal of the mep is to look for places where water is, was, or could possibly be, such as dried up riverbeds, under the planetary surface, and in mars'polar ice caps. aside from water, life also needs... | [
"animals",
"mountains",
"dust",
"winds"
] | A | null |
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