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there, he worked with " fathers of computer graphics " david c. evans ( who had recently been recruited from the university of california, berkeley to start utah's computer science department ) and ivan sutherland ( best known for writing such pioneering programs as sketchpad ). kay credits sutherland's 1963 thesis for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Kay | [
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. tweak in 2001, it became clear that the etoy architecture in squeak had reached its limits in what the morphic interface infrastructure could do. andreas raab, a researcher in kay's group then at hewlett - packard, proposed defining a " script process " and providing a default scheduling mechanism that avoided severa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Kay | [
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. the proposal title was " steps toward the reinvention of programming : a compact and practical model of personal computing as a self - exploratorium ". a sense of what kay is trying to do comes from this quote, from the abstract of a seminar at intel research labs, berkeley : " the conglomeration of commercial and mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Kay | [
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of edinburgh ( 2017 ) honorary professor, berlin university of the arts elected fellow of : – american academy of arts and sciences – national academy of engineering for inventing the concept of portable personal computing. ( 1997 ) – royal society of arts – computer history museum " for his fundamental contributions t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Kay | [
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apl ( named after the book a programming language ) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by kenneth e. iverson. its central datatype is the multidimensional array. it uses a large range of special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. it has been an importa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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##l gained its foothold on mainframe timesharing systems from the late 1960s through the early 1980s, in part because it would support multiple users on lower - specification systems that had no dynamic address translation hardware. additional improvements in performance for selected ibm system / 370 mainframe systems ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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, and solaris ) followed later. as other vendors were busy developing apl interpreters for new hardware, notably unix - based microcomputers, apl2 was almost always the standard chosen for new apl interpreter developments. even today, most apl vendors or their users cite apl2 compatibility as a selling point for those ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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speakeasy, a numerical computing interactive environment. wolfram language, the programming language of mathematica. language characteristics character set apl has been criticized and praised for its choice of a unique, non - standard character set. in the 1960s and 1970s, few terminal devices or even displays could re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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dyadic functions, and operators acting on arrays. apl has many nonstandard primitives ( functions and operators ) that are indicated by a single symbol or a combination of a few symbols. all primitives are defined to have the same precedence, and always associate to the right. thus, apl is read or best understood from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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possible to express any computable function in one expression, that is, in one line of code. because of the unusual character set, many programmers use special keyboards with apl keytops to write apl code. although there are various ways to write apl code using only ascii characters, in practice it is almost never done... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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derived by applying the reduction operator to the addition function. applying the same reduction operator to the maximum function ( which returns the larger of two numbers ) derives a function which returns the largest of a group ( vector ) of numbers. in the j language, iverson substituted the terms verb for function ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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this vector is then sorted in ascending order by a monadic function, which has as its right argument everything to the right of it up to the next unbalanced close - bracket or close - parenthesis. the result of is the indices that will put its argument into ascending order. then the output of is used to index the varia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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vector the same length as r with 1 in each place where the corresponding number in r is in the outer product matrix ( ∈, set inclusion or element of or epsilon operator ), i. e., 0 0 1 0 1 logically negate ( not ) values in the vector ( change zeros to ones and ones to zeros ) (, logical not or tilde operator ), i. e.,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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}'< >'} txt this is emphasized text. naming apl derives its name from the initials of iverson's book a programming language, even though the book describes iverson's mathematical notation, rather than the implemented programming language described in this article. the name is used only for actual implementations, start... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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one of the first commercial computer graphics houses, digital effects, produced an apl graphics product named visions, which was used to create television commercials and animation for the 1982 film tron. latterly, the stormwind boating simulator uses apl to implement its core logic, its interfacing to the rendering pi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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library software that ibm released. apl * plus and sharp apl apl * plus and sharp apl are versions of apl \ 360 with added business - oriented extensions such as data formatting and facilities to store apl arrays in external files. they were jointly developed by two companies, employing various members of the original ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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in 1972, aplgol was released as an experimental version of apl that added structured programming language constructs to the language framework. new statements were added for interstatement control, conditional statement execution, and statement structuring, as well as statements to clarify the intent of the algorithm. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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" shape " ( ρ ) of a scalar as 1 whereas apl \ 360 defined it as the more mathematically correct 0 — this made it easier to write functions that acted the same with scalars and vectors. gnu apl gnu apl is a free implementation of extended apl as specified in iso / iec 13751 : 2001 and is thus an implementation of apl2.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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bytecode weak typing in apl means that a name may reference an array ( of any datatype ), a function or an operator. in general, the interpreter cannot know in advance which form it will be and must therefore perform analysis, syntax checking etc. at run - time. however, in certain circumstances, it is possible to dedu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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1970 stanford doctoral dissertation by philip abrams ) a personal history of apl ( 1982 article by michael s. montalbano ) a programming language by kenneth e. iverson apl in exposition by kenneth e. iverson brooks, frederick p. ; kenneth iverson ( 1965 ). automatic data processing, system / 360 edition.. video – a 197... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APL%20%28programming%20language%29 | [
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algol ( ; short for " algorithmic language " ) is a family of imperative computer programming languages originally developed in 1958. algol heavily influenced many other languages and was the standard method for algorithm description used by the association for computing machinery ( acm ) in textbooks and academic sour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL | [
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permitted it to use different keyword names and conventions for decimal points ( commas vs periods ) for different languages. algol was used mostly by research computer scientists in the united states and in europe. its use in commercial applications was hindered by the absence of standard input / output facilities in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL | [
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is a language so far ahead of its time that it was not only an improvement on its predecessors but also on nearly all its successors. " the scheme programming language, a variant of lisp that adopted the block structure and lexical scope of algol, also adopted the wording " revised report on the algorithmic language sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL | [
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impossible to develop a procedure that will swap the values of two parameters if the actual parameters that are passed in are an integer variable and an array that is indexed by that same integer variable. think of passing a pointer to swap ( i, a [ i ] ) in to a function. now that every time swap is referenced, it is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL | [
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( i, k ) ; value n, m ; array a ; integer n, m, i, k ; real y ; comment the absolute greatest element of the matrix a, of size n by m, is copied to y, and the subscripts of this element to i and k ; begin integer p, q ; y : = 0 ; i : = k : = 1 ; for p : = 1 step 1 until n do for q : = 1 step 1 until m do if abs ( a [ p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL | [
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added to unicode 5. 2 for backward compatibility with historic buran programme algol software. see also references further reading brian randell and l. j. russell, algol 60 implementation : the translation and use of algol 60 programs on a computer. academic press, 1964. the design of the whetstone compiler. one of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL | [
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awk ( awk ) is a domain - specific language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool. like sed and grep, it is a filter, and is a standard feature of most unix - like operating systems. the awk language is a data - driven scripting language consisting of a set of actions t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK | [
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robbins are the main contributors to a source repository for nawk :. gawk ( gnu awk ) is another free - software implementation and the only implementation that makes serious progress implementing internationalization and localization and tcp / ip networking. it was written before the original implementation became fre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK | [
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to provide access to java features within awk scripts ( i. e., java threads, sockets, collections, etc. ). xgawk is a fork of gawk that extends gawk with dynamically loadable libraries. the xmlgawk extension was integrated into the official gnu awk release 4. 1. 0. qseawk is an embedded awk interpreter implementation i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK | [
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wales. the natural history of his surroundings aroused his interest ; from 1841 he collected flowers and plants as an amateur botanist. one result of wallace's early travels is a modern controversy about his nationality. since he was born in monmouthshire, some sources have considered him to be welsh. other historians ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Russel%20Wallace | [
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wallace said birds from bali and lombok, divided by a narrow strait, " belong to two quite distinct zoological provinces, of which they form the extreme limits ", java, borneo, sumatra and malacca, and australia and the moluccas. stevens arranged publication of relevant paragraphs in the january 1857 issue of the zoolo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Russel%20Wallace | [
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early 1880s, wallace joined the debate over mandatory smallpox vaccination. wallace originally saw the issue as a matter of personal liberty ; but, after studying statistics provided by anti - vaccination activists, he began to question the efficacy of vaccination. at the time, the germ theory of disease was new and fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Russel%20Wallace | [
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the house tony burke, former special minister of state senator john faulkner, former australian workers union national secretary, current member for maribyrnong and former federal labor leader bill shorten as well as dozens of state ministers and mps. the current national president is jason byrne from south australia. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Labor%20Party | [
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in the records of the aachen minster ( today's cathedral ). in 1486, the jews of aachen offered gifts to maximilian i during his coronation ceremony. in 1629, the aachen jewish community was expelled from the city. in 1667, six jews were allowed to return. most of the aachen jews settled in the nearby town of burtschei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen | [
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, and about north of the high fens, which form the northern edge of the eifel uplands of the rhenish massif. the maximum dimensions of the city's territory are from north to south, and from east to west. the city limits are long, of which border belgium and the netherlands. the highest point in aachen, located in the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen | [
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pont gate ), northwest of the cathedral, and the marschiertor ( marching gate ), close to the central railway station. there are also a few parts of both medieval city walls left, most of them integrated into more recent buildings, but some others still visible. there are even five towers left, some of which are used f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen | [
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, cosmetics, and needles and pins are produced. though once a major player in aachen's economy, today glassware and textile production make up only 10 % of total manufacturing jobs in the city. there have been a number of spin - offs from the university's it technology department. electric vehicle manufacturing in june... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen | [
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##chen. the scotch club in aachen was the first discotheque in germany, opened from 19 october 1959 until 1992. klaus quirini as dj heinrich was the first dj ever. the thriving aachen black metal scene is among the most notable in germany, with such bands as nagelfar, the ruins of beverast, graupel and verdunkeln. the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen | [
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to balancing yin and yang energies as well. according to david ramey, no single " method or theory " was ever predominantly adopted as the standard. at the time, scientific knowledge of medicine was not yet developed, especially because in china dissection of the deceased was forbidden, preventing the development of ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture | [
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as the inn at castle hill. he was a member of the scientific - expedition to south america in 1875, where he inspected the copper mines of peru and chile, and made extended surveys of lake titicaca, besides collecting invaluable peruvian antiquities, which he gave to the museum of comparative zoology ( mcz ), of which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Agassiz | [
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1861 – 1951 ), maximilian agassiz ( 1866 – 1943 ) and rodolphe louis agassiz ( 1871 – 1933 ). legacy alexander agassiz is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard, anolis agassizi, and a fish, leptochilichthys agassizii. a statue of alexander agassiz erected in 1923 is located in calumet, michigan, ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Agassiz | [
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. 9 : 1 – 321. agassiz, alexander ( 1903 ). " three cruises of the united states coast and geodetic survey steamer'blake'in the gulf of mexico, in the caribbean sea, and along the atlantic coast of the united states, from 1877 to 1880. vol i ". bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 14 : 1 – 314. agassiz, alexan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Agassiz | [
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the exhumation in 1483 only a skeleton remained. albert was beatified in 1622. he was canonized and proclaimed a doctor of the church on 16 december 1931 by pope pius xi and the patron saint of natural scientists in 1941. st. albert's feast day is november 15. writings albert's writings collected in 1899 went to thirty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus%20Magnus | [
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but albert also added to and improved upon them. his books on topics like botany, zoology, and minerals included information from ancient sources, but also results of his own empirical investigations. these investigations pushed several of the special sciences forward, beyond the reliance on classical texts. in the cas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus%20Magnus | [
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in the generations following albert's death that he had mastered alchemy, one of the fundamental sciences of the middle ages. these include metals and materials ; the secrets of chemistry ; the origin of metals ; the origins of compounds, and a concordance which is a collection of observations on the philosopher's ston... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus%20Magnus | [
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alexander of aphrodisias ( ; ad ) was a peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the ancient greek commentators on the writings of aristotle. he was a native of aphrodisias in caria and lived and taught in athens at the beginning of the 3rd century, where he held a position as head of the peripatetic school. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20of%20Aphrodisias | [
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is no man living to whom the americans and whigs have as much antipathy as johnson. " the governor spoke widely in the campaign, and his party won the gubernatorial race and control of the legislature. johnson's final address as governor gave him the chance to influence his electors, and he made proposals popular among... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Johnson | [
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not including those of president - elect grant, who did not allow his to go. on christmas day 1868, johnson issued a final amnesty, this one covering everyone, including davis. he also issued, in his final months in office, pardons for crimes, including one for dr. samuel mudd, controversially convicted of involvement ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Johnson | [
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first string can be said to have " less complexity " than writing the second. more formally, the complexity of a string is the length of the shortest possible description of the string in some fixed universal description language ( the sensitivity of complexity relative to the choice of description language is discusse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20complexity | [
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1960, describing it in " a preliminary report on a general theory of inductive inference " as part of his invention of algorithmic probability. he gave a more complete description in his 1964 publications, " a formal theory of inductive inference, " part 1 and part 2 in information and control. andrey kolmogorov later ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20complexity | [
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##string can always be changed appropriately. ) the above proof uses a contradiction similar to that of the berry paradox : " the smallest positive integer that cannot be defined in fewer than twenty english words ". it is also possible to show the non - computability of k by reduction from the non - computability of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20complexity | [
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string, incompressible strings must exist, since there are 2n bit strings of length n, but only 2n − 1 shorter strings, that is, strings of length less than n, ( i. e. with length 0, 1,..., n − 1 ). for the same reason, most strings are complex in the sense that they cannot be significantly compressed – their k ( s ) i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20complexity | [
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s, as can be seen by an indirect argument : if complexitylowerboundnthproof ( i ) could return a value ≥n0, then the loop inside generateprovablycomplexstring would eventually terminate, and that procedure would return a string s such that this is a contradiction, q. e. d. as a consequence, the above program, with the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov%20complexity | [
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hasan ibn al - haytham ( latinized as alhazen ; ; full name ; ) was a medieval mathematician, astronomer, and physicist of the islamic golden age from present - day iraq. referred to as " the father of modern optics ", he made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception in particular. hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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##haqi and " the physicist " by john peckham. ibn al - haytham paved the way for the modern science of physical optics. biography ibn al - haytham ( alhazen ) was born c. 965 to a family of arab or persian origin in basra, iraq, which was at the time part of the buyid emirate. his initial influences were in the study o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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fob., dated safar 415 a. h. [ 1024 ] ). ) among his students were sorkhab ( sohrab ), a persian from semnan, and abu al - wafa mubashir ibn fatek, an egyptian prince. book of optics alhazen's most famous work is his seven - volume treatise on optics kitab al - manazir ( book of optics ), written from 1011 to 1021. in i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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14 locations, including one in the bodleian library at oxford, and one in the library of bruges. theory of optics two major theories on vision prevailed in classical antiquity. the first theory, the emission theory, was supported by such thinkers as euclid and ptolemy, who believed that sight worked by the eye emitting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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at a board might break the board, whereas a ball thrown obliquely at the board would glance off, perpendicular rays were stronger than refracted rays, and it was only perpendicular rays which were perceived by the eye. as there was only one perpendicular ray that would enter the eye at any one point, and all these rays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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attributed to western europeans writing centuries later. for example, he described what became in the 19th century hering's law of equal innervation. he wrote a description of vertical horopters 600 years before aguilonius that is actually closer to the modern definition than aguilonius's — and his work on binocular di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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his experiments appears to have influenced his consideration of image inversion in the eye, which he sought to avoid. he maintained that the rays that fell perpendicularly on the lens ( or glacial humor as he called it ) were further refracted outward as they left the glacial humor and the resulting image thus passed u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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light source and a spherical mirror, find the point on the mirror where the light will be reflected to the eye of an observer. " this leads to an equation of the fourth degree. this eventually led alhazen to derive a formula for the sum of fourth powers, where previously only the formulas for the sums of squares and cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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a camera obscura mainly to observe a partial solar eclipse. in his essay, ibn al - haytham writes that he observed the sickle - like shape of the sun at the time of an eclipse. the introduction reads as follows : " the image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light pas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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why alhazen received the credit. scientific method an aspect associated with alhazen's optical research is related to systemic and methodological reliance on experimentation ( i'tibar ) ( arabic : اختبار ) and controlled testing in his scientific inquiries. moreover, his experimental directives rested on combining clas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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optical treatises besides the book of optics, alhazen wrote several other treatises on the same subject, including his risala fi l - daw ( treatise on light ). he investigated the properties of luminance, the rainbow, eclipses, twilight, and moonlight. experiments with mirrors and the refractive interfaces between air,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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almagest, which was eventually translated into hebrew and latin in the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently had an influence on astronomers such as georg von peuerbach during the european middle ages and renaissance. doubts concerning ptolemy in his al - shukuk ala batlamyus, variously translated as doubts concerni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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he developed a formula for summing the first 100 natural numbers, using a geometric proof to prove the formula. geometry alhazen explored what is now known as the euclidean parallel postulate, the fifth postulate in euclid's elements, using a proof by contradiction, and in effect introducing the concept of motion into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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alhazen discovered the sum formula for the fourth power, using a method that could be generally used to determine the sum for any integral power. he used this to find the volume of a paraboloid. he could find the integral formula for any polynomial without having developed a general formula. other works influence of me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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experience, alhazen unequivocally rejected the intuitiveness of spatial perception and, therefore, the autonomy of vision. without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things. " alhazen came up with many theories that shattered what was known of reality at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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in his time. he also wrote a treatise entitled finding the direction of qibla by calculation in which he discussed finding the qibla, where prayers ( salat ) are directed towards, mathematically. there are occasional references to theology or religious sentiment in his technical works, e. g. in doubts concerning ptolem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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al - haytham's ] optics ). alhazen wrote as many as 200 books, although only 55 have survived. some of his treatises on optics survived only through latin translation. during the middle ages his books on cosmology were translated into latin, hebrew and other languages. although only one commentary on alhazen's optics h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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##bniz. h. j. j. winter, a british historian of science, summing up the importance of ibn al - haytham in the history of physics wrote : after the death of archimedes no really great physicist appeared until ibn al - haytham. if, therefore, we confine our interest only to the history of physics, there is a long period ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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##ل الهندسية ( a book in engineering analysis ) الجامع في اصول الحساب ( the whole in the assets of the account ) قول فی مساحة الکرة ( say in the sphere ) القول المعروف بالغریب فی حساب المعاملات ( saying the unknown in the calculation of transactions ) خواص المثلث من جهة العمود ( triangle properties from the side of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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1 – 5, al - furqan islamic heritage foundation, london, 1993 – 2006 siegfried zielinski & franziska latell, how one sees'', in : variantology 4. on deep time relations of arts, sciences and technologies in the arabic - islamic world and beyond, ed. by siegfried zielinski and eckhard furlus in cooperation with daniel ir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20al-Haytham | [
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there is ample evidence that the areas surrounding the amazon river were home to complex and large - scale indigenous societies, mainly chiefdoms who developed towns and cities. archaeologists estimate that by the time the spanish conquistador de orellana traveled across the amazon in 1541, more than 3 million indigeno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20River | [
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with the nile being the longest. however, the amazon has been reported as being anywhere between and long. it is often said to be " at least " long. the nile is reported to be anywhere from. often it is said to be " about " long. there are several factors that can affect these measurements, such as the position of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20River | [
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##ke slayton as the second apollo crew. their initial job was as backup to the first apollo crew to be chosen, gus grissom, ed white, and roger chaffee, for the first crewed earth orbital test flight of the block i command and service module, designated as - 204. delays in the block i csm development pushed as - 204 in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%209 | [
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of the command and lunar modules in earth orbit. seeking to keep kennedy's goal on schedule, in august 1968, apollo program manager george m. low proposed that if apollo7 in october went well, apollo8 would go to lunar orbit without a lm. until then, apollo8 was the dmission with apollo9 the " e mission ", testing in m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%209 | [
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together and using film sensitive to different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. such photography allowed different features of the earth's surface to appear, for example, tracking of water pollution as it exits mouths of rivers into the sea, and the highlighting of agricultural areas using infrared. the camera sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%209 | [
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sdi experiments in the 1980s the reagan - era strategic defense initiative ( often referred to as " star wars " ), along with research into various energy - beam weaponry, brought new interest in the area of abm technologies. sdi was an extremely ambitious program to provide a total shield against a massive soviet icbm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic%20missile | [
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totally new missile. the improved guidance, radar and missile performance improves the probability of kill over the earlier pac - 2. during operation iraqi freedom, patriot batteries engaged 100 % of enemy tbm's within their engagement territory. of these engagements, 8 of them were verified as kills by multiple indepe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ballistic%20missile | [
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in the synthesis of 2 – 3 equivalents of atp, and the oxidation of one fadh2 yields between 1 – 2 equivalents of atp. the majority of cellular atp is generated by this process. although the citric acid cycle itself does not involve molecular oxygen, it is an obligately aerobic process because o2 is used to recycle the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%20triphosphate | [
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the event of oxygen shortage ( hypoxia ), intracellular acidosis ( mediated by enhanced glycolytic rates and atp hydrolysis ), contributes to mitochondrial membrane potential and directly drives atp synthesis. most of the atp synthesized in the mitochondria will be used for cellular processes in the cytosol ; thus it m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine%20triphosphate | [
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' s home, schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol reg park, who became his friend and mentor. the training paid off and, in 1967, schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever mr. universe at age 20. he would go on to win the title another three times. he then returned to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Schwarzenegger | [
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in 2017, schwarzenegger acquired a mercedes g - class modified for all - electric drive. the hummers that schwarzenegger bought in 1992 are so large — each weighs and is wide — that they are classified as large trucks, and u. s. fuel economy regulations do not apply to them. during the gubernatorial recall campaign, he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Schwarzenegger | [
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nutrilite distributorship instead. in addition to profits on each product sold, nutrilite offered commissions on sales made by new distributors introduced to the company by existing distributors — a system known as multi - level marketing or network marketing. by 1958, devos and van andel had built an organization of m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway | [
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privately held company in the united states in 2018, and as the number one largest company on the direct selling news global 100 list in 2018. quixtar the founders of the amway corporation established a new holding company in 1999, named alticor, and launched three new companies : a sister ( and separate ) internet - f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway | [
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ban on all direct selling companies, including amway. after the negotiations, some companies like amway, avon, and mary kay continued to operate through a network of retail stores promoted by an independent sales force. china introduced new direct selling laws in december 2005, and in december 2006, amway was one of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway | [
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provisions from h. r. 3409, the so - called " anti - pyramid scheme promotion act of 2016 ", which would blur the lines between legitimate mlm activity and pyramid schemes established under the original 1979 ftc case by deeming sales made to people inside the company as sales to an " ultimate user, " thus erasing the k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway | [
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the case out of court for $ 9 million. amway uk in 2007, amway's operations were halted in the united kingdom and ireland following a yearlong investigation by the uk department of trade and industry, which moved to have amway banned on the basis that the company had employed deceptive marketing, presented inflated ear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amway | [
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##voisier began his schooling at the college des quatre - nations, university of paris ( also known as the college mazarin ) in paris in 1754 at the age of 11. in his last two years ( 1760 – 1761 ) at the school, his scientific interests were aroused, and he studied chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20Lavoisier | [
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work was only partially completed and published because of the revolution's disruption, but lavoisier's pioneering work in this field inspired similar research on physiological processes for generations. legacy lavoisier's fundamental contributions to chemistry were a result of a conscious effort to fit all experiments... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine%20Lavoisier | [
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the economy of alberta is the sum of all economic activity in alberta, canada's fourth largest province by population. alberta's gdp in 2018 was cdn $ 338. 2 billion. although alberta has a presence in many industries such as agriculture, forestry, education, tourism, finance, and manufacturing, the politics and cultur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Alberta | [
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2017, alberta's real per capita gdp — the economic output per person — was $ 71, 092 compared to the canadian average output per person of $ 47, 417 and prince edward island at $ 32, 123 per person. since at least 1997, alberta's per capita gdp has been higher than that of any other province. in 2014, alberta's reached... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Alberta | [
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) but which require large labour forces, and large internal markets or easy transportation to export markets, namely textiles, metallurgy, or transportation - related manufacturing ( automotives, ships, or train cars ). agriculture has been a key industry since the 1870s. the climate is dry, temperate, and continental,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Alberta | [
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, 800 jobs and new brunswick lost 5, 700 jobs. the unemployment rate in spring 2019 in alberta was 6. 7 % with 21, 000 jobs added in april ; in calgary it was 7. 4 %, in edmonton it was 6. 9 %, in northern alberta it was 11. 2 %, and in southern alberta it was 7. 8 %. by july 2019, the seasonally adjusted unemployment ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Alberta | [
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crude oil can be produced at costs close to those of conventional crude. many companies employ both conventional strip mining and non - conventional in situ methods to extract the bitumen from the oil sands. with current technology and at current prices, about of bitumen are recoverable. fort mcmurray, one of canada's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Alberta | [
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power by 2023, ahead of 2030 provincial deadline. alberta has vast coal resources and 70 per cent of canada's coal reserves are located in alberta. this amounts to 33. 6 gigatonnes. vast beds of coal are found extending for hundreds of miles, a short distance below the surface of the plains. the coal belongs to the cre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Alberta | [
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baron augustin - louis cauchy (,, ; 21 august 178923 may 1857 ) was a french mathematician, engineer, and physicist who made pioneering contributions to several branches of mathematics, including mathematical analysis and continuum mechanics. he was one of the first to state and rigorously prove theorems of calculus, r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Louis%20Cauchy | [
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students of the ecole polytechnique took an active part, raged close to cauchy's home in paris. these events marked a turning point in cauchy's life, and a break in his mathematical productivity. cauchy, shaken by the fall of the government and moved by a deep hatred of the liberals who were taking power, left paris to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Louis%20Cauchy | [
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after political turmoil all through 1848, france chose to become a republic, under the presidency of louis napoleon bonaparte, nephew of napoleon bonaparte and son of napoleon's brother, who had been installed as the first king of holland. soon ( early 1852 ) the president made himself emperor of france, and took the n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin-Louis%20Cauchy | [
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