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until it was renewed by singularity theory and computational algebraic geometry. 20th century b. l. van der waerden, oscar zariski and andre weil developed a foundation for algebraic geometry based on contemporary commutative algebra, including valuation theory and the theory of ideals. one of the goals was to give a r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20geometry | [
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: derived algebraic geometry. analytic geometry an analytic variety is defined locally as the set of common solutions of several equations involving analytic functions. it is analogous to the included concept of real or complex algebraic variety. any complex manifold is an analytic variety. since analytic varieties may... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic%20geometry | [
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from being overrun by large corporations. since the late 19th century, austin has also been known as the " city of the violet crown ", because of the colorful glow of light across the hills just after sunset. in 1987, austin originated and remains the site for south by southwest ( stylized as sxsw and colloquially refe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%2C%20Texas | [
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by the ahl texas stars. austin has hosted a number of other professional teams, including the austin spurs of the nba g league, the austin aztex of the united soccer league, the austin outlaws in wfa football, and the austin aces in wtt tennis. natural features like the bicycle - friendly texas hill country and general... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%2C%20Texas | [
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referred to as a " crazy - quilt vitality, that embraces everything from country music to environmental protests and high - tech swagger. " the new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage. the city hall, at 301 west second street, opened in november 2004. kirk watson is the current mayo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%2C%20Texas | [
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produces the majority of its content locally. koop ( fm ) is a volunteer - run radio station with more than 60 locally produced programs. kvrx is the student - run college radio station of the university of texas at austin with a focus on local and non - mainstream music and community programming. other listener - supp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%2C%20Texas | [
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rail services to its network. despite support from the city council, voters rejected light rail proposals in 2000 and 2014. however, in 2020, voters approved capital metro's transit expansion plan, project connect, by a comfortable margin. the plan proposes 2 new light rail lines, an additional bus rapid transit line (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%2C%20Texas | [
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bonne - nouvelle, a district of rouen, from february to may, that weil completed the work that made his reputation. he was tried on 3 may 1940. sentenced to five years, he requested to be attached to a military unit instead, and was given the chance to join a regiment in cherbourg. after the fall of france in june 1940... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Weil | [
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the mordell – weil theorem ( 1928, and shortly applied in siegel's theorem on integral points ). mordell's theorem had an ad hoc proof ; weil began the separation of the infinite descent argument into two types of structural approach, by means of height functions for sizing rational points, and by means of galois cohom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Weil | [
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was that one should not dignify a guess as a conjecture lightly, and in the taniyama case, the evidence was only there after extensive computational work carried out from the late 1960s. other significant results were on pontryagin duality and differential geometry. he introduced the concept of a uniform space in gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Weil | [
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. the official was published by the minor planet center on 14 february 2014 ( ). books mathematical works : arithmetique et geometrie sur les varietes algebriques ( 1935 ) sur les espaces a structure uniforme et sur la topologie generale ( 1937 ) l'integration dans les groupes topologiques et ses applications ( 1940 ) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Weil | [
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avionics ( a blend of aviation and electronics ) are the electronic systems used on aircraft. avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to perform individual functions. these can be as simple as a searchlig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics | [
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b out approach. aircraft avionics the cockpit of an aircraft is a typical location for avionic equipment, including control, monitoring, communication, navigation, weather, and anti - collision systems. the majority of aircraft power their avionics using 14 - or 28 ‑ volt dc electrical systems ; however, larger, more s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics | [
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and usage monitoring systems ( hums ) are integrated with aircraft management computers to give maintainers early warnings of parts that will need replacement. the integrated modular avionics concept proposes an integrated architecture with application software portable across an assembly of common hardware modules. it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics | [
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sonobuoys ) and these are also used to determine the location of enemy submarines. electro - optics electro - optic systems include devices such as the head - up display ( hud ), forward looking infrared ( flir ), infrared search and track and other passive infrared devices ( passive infrared sensor ). these are all us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avionics | [
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##hes years in 1958, grothendieck was installed at the institut des hautes etudes scientifiques ( ihes ), a new privately funded research institute that, in effect, had been created for jean dieudonne and grothendieck. grothendieck attracted attention by an intense and highly productive activity of seminars there ( de ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Grothendieck | [
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borel with serre. this result was his first work in algebraic geometry. grothendieck went on to plan and execute a programme for rebuilding the foundations of algebraic geometry, which at the time were in a state of flux and under discussion in claude chevalley's seminar. he outlined his programme in his talk at the 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Grothendieck | [
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##a ). the collection, fondements de la geometrie algebrique ( fga ), which gathers together talks given in the seminaire bourbaki, also contains important material. grothendieck's work includes the invention of the etale and l - adic cohomology theories, which explain an observation made by andre weil that argued for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Grothendieck | [
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as inspiration for a new homotopical algebra tame topology yoga of anabelian algebraic geometry, galois – teichmuller theory " schematic " or " arithmetic " point of view for regular polyhedra and regular configurations of all kinds here the term yoga denotes a kind of " meta - theory " that may be used heuristically ;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Grothendieck | [
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' s work was seen as influential, not only in algebraic geometry and the allied fields of sheaf theory and homological algebra, but influenced logic, in the field of categorical logic. geometry grothendieck approached algebraic geometry by clarifying the foundations of the field, and by developing mathematical tools in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Grothendieck | [
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##rzebruch. cohomology theories grothendieck's construction of new cohomology theories, which use algebraic techniques to study topological objects, has influenced the development of algebraic number theory, algebraic topology, and representation theory. as part of this project, his creation of topos theory, a category... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Grothendieck | [
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effective than no treatment whatsoever. membership retention in 2001 – 2002, the national institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism ( niaaa ) conducted the national epidemiological survey on alcoholism and related conditions ( nesarc ). similarly structured to the nlaes, the survey conducted in - person interviews with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholics%20Anonymous | [
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in computer graphics, alpha compositing or alpha blending is the process of combining one image with a background to create the appearance of partial or full transparency. it is often useful to render picture elements ( pixels ) in separate passes or layers and then combine the resulting 2d images into a single, final ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20compositing | [
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in computer science, an array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements ( values or variables ), of same memory size, each identified by at least one array index or key. an array is stored such that the position of each element can be computed from its index tuple by a mathematical formula. the simples... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array%20%28data%20structure%29 | [
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at run time. among other things, this feature allows a single iterative statement to process arbitrarily many elements of an array. for that reason, the elements of an array data structure are required to have the same size and should use the same data representation. the set of valid index tuples and the addresses of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array%20%28data%20structure%29 | [
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indexing ) the first element of the array is indexed by subscript of 0. 1 ( one - based indexing ) the first element of the array is indexed by subscript of 1. n ( n - based indexing ) the base index of an array can be freely chosen. usually programming languages allowing n - based indexing also allow negative index va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array%20%28data%20structure%29 | [
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. even if arrays are always created with contiguous elements, some array slicing operations may create non - contiguous sub - arrays from them. there are two systematic compact layouts for a two - dimensional array. for example, consider the matrix in the row - major order layout ( adopted by c for statically declared ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array%20%28data%20structure%29 | [
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in the city. automobile manufacturers, such as general motors and visteon, also employ residents. high tech companies have located in the area since the 1930s, when international radio corporation introduced the first mass - produced ac / dc radio ( the kadette, in 1931 ) as well as the first pocket radio ( the kadette... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Arbor%2C%20Michigan | [
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the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to ann arbor as " the people's republic of ann arbor " or " 25 square miles surrounded by reality ", the latter phrase being adapted from wisconsin governor lee dreyfus's description of madison, wisconsin. in a prairie home companion broadcast from ann arbo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Arbor%2C%20Michigan | [
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news, including meetings of the library board, county commission, and dda until september 3, 2014. current publications in the city include the ann arbor journal ( a2 journal ), a weekly community newspaper ; the ann arbor observer, a free monthly local magazine ; and current, a free entertainment - focused alt - weekl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Arbor%2C%20Michigan | [
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the acorn electron ( nicknamed the elk inside acorn and beyond ) was a lower - cost alternative to the bbc micro educational / home computer, also developed by acorn computers ltd, to provide many of the features of that more expensive machine at a price more competitive with that of the zx spectrum. it had 32 kilobyte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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electron before christmas, and sell 100, 000 by february 1984. the price at launch - £199 - remained unchanged from that stated in an announcement earlier in the year, with the machine's nickname within acorn - the " elk " - also being reported publicly for perhaps the first time. reviews were generally favourable, sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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electron at a later time, with chris curry having indicated " a very heavy push overseas " involving both the bbc micro and electron. a model for the us market was described in an official book, the acorn guide to the electron, but this model was never produced. production difficulties at astec in malaysia delayed the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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system cartridge had an edge connector that would not physically fit inside the slot in the rombox plus unit ; this along with a perceived lack of robustness of the case being their only major reservations about the product. the product's support for utilising 8 kb ram devices as a printer buffer, with buffer managemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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##ogger electron disc system and pegasus 400 slogger, an established producer of expansions and a reseller of other disc systems, introduced the electron disc system in early 1987, priced at £74. 95, featuring the cumana floppy disc system interface, which was combined with an acorn - compatible dfs, sedfs, having the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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appear to be a board designed by andyk limited, announced as the fast electron board in late 1985 with a price of £29. 99, whereas the elektuur modification was described in an article in dutch electronics magazine elektuur and intended for users to perform at home. the slogger and elektuur turbo boards were born out o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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. jafa systems released in 1987 at a price of £89, the mode 7 mark 1 display unit was a separate unit " about the size, shape and colour of the plus one or a slogger rombox " that connected to the electron's expansion connector and featured a motorola 6845 display controller and mullard saa5050 character generator to r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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simulator was published by electron user in early 1987, offering a monochrome mode 4 simulation of the teletext display, using the lower 25 character lines of the screen to show the teletext output, reserving several lines at the top of the screen for a representation of mode 7 used to prepare the eventual visual outpu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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full graphics display. a software rom worked around this by duplicating the data intended for a mode 7 display in memory. although this produced a mode 7 that had less of an impact upon cpu performance than a software solution, gave the same visual quality as the bbc micro, and supported direct access to mode 7 screen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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the sound expansion cartridge could be fitted in a plus 1 ( or compatible ) slot and provide sound output equivalent to that of the bbc micro, with superior software's speech bundled as a " limited offer ". a product of the same name and with similar functionality was subsequently sold by complex software for around £5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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of interrupts that were provided, permitting palette changes after the top 100 lines of each display frame, thus facilitating the blanking of either the top 100 or bottom 156 lines of the display. many games took advantage of this, gaining storage by leaving non - graphical data in the disabled area. other games would ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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mode it can shift the continuous graphics at the bottom of the display down in two pixel increments because the internal display counter is not incremented on blank scanlines during non - continuous graphics modes. exile : sampled speech exile turns the electron's one channel output into a digital speaker for pcm outpu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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. of the acornsoft languages, the existing forth and lisp language releases worked on the electron ( these being re - released specially for the machine ), together with bcpl and microtext ( which remained bbc - only releases ). games such as chess and snooker, plus a number of other titles were also established as bei... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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##ecutables being subject to various licensing restrictions. acornsoft forth, aiming for compliance with the forth - 79 standard, was regarded as " an excellent implementation of the language ". it saw competition from skywave software's multi - forth 83 which was delivered on a rom chip, supported the forth - 83 stand... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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be " around ten seconds for quite a large model ". reviewers considered the view and viewsheet applications to be " professional " and to " compare well with similar software sold for much more expensive machines " such as the ibm pc, with wordstar being noted as a broadly similar package to view. compatibility with th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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, provided a database management suite primarily aimed at users of cassette storage, with databases being entirely resident in ram. it supported database definition, data editing, searching, sorting and printing activities. various features complemented starword, such as mail merge integration. starstore ii followed on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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shelving the electron in 1985, games continued to be developed and released by professional software houses until the early 1990s. there were around 1, 400 games released for the acorn electron, several thousand extra public domain titles were released on disc through public domain libraries. notable enterprises which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn%20Electron | [
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would likely do so — they would be rendered incapable of even human intelligence, leaving them unable to operate their ship in any meaningful way. surrounding the depths is the slow zone. the earth ( called " old earth " ) is located in this zone, and humanity is said to have originated there, although earth plays no s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fire%20Upon%20the%20Deep | [
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beyond ( presumably at sub - light speeds ) and thence spread using ftl travel. the original settlement of this group is known as nyjora ; other human settlements in the beyond include straumli realm and sjandra kei. in the beyond, ftl travel is accomplished by making many small " jumps " across intervening space, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Fire%20Upon%20the%20Deep | [
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aeronautics is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight – capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. the british royal aeronautical society identifies the aspects of " aeronautical art, science and engineering " and " the prof... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics | [
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he had used for his first glider. he also identified and described the importance of dihedral, diagonal bracing and drag reduction, and contributed to the understanding and design of ornithopters and parachutes. another significant invention was the tension - spoked wheel, which he devised in order to create a light, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics | [
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of passing through the air. with the increasing activity in space flight, nowadays aeronautics and astronautics are often combined as aerospace engineering. aerodynamics the science of aerodynamics deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. the study of aerod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics | [
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- ashur i. assur was under the puzur - ashur dynasty home to less than 10, 000 people and likely held very limited military power ; no military institutions at all are known from this time and no political influence was exerted on neighboring cities. the city was still influential in other ways ; under erishum i ( 1974... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria | [
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andrew " tridge " tridgell ( born 28 february 1967 ) is an australian computer programmer. he is the author of and a contributor to the samba file server, and co - inventor of the rsync algorithm. he has analysed complex proprietary protocols and algorithms, to allow compatible free and open source software implementat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Tridgell | [
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applesoft basic is a dialect of microsoft basic, developed by marc mcdonald and ric weiland, supplied with the apple ii series of computers. it supersedes integer basic and is the basic in rom in all apple ii series computers after the original apple ii model. it is also referred to as fp basic ( from floating point ) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applesoft%20BASIC | [
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point math. making things more problematic was that the rival commodore pet personal computer had a floating point - capable basic interpreter from the beginning. as wozniak — the only person who understood integer basic well enough to add floating point features — was busy with the disk ii drive and controller and wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applesoft%20BASIC | [
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of variables names are significant. for example, " low " and " loss " are treated as the same variable, and attempting to assign a value to " loss " overwrites any value assigned to " low ". a programmer also has to avoid consecutive letters that are applesoft commands or operations. the name " score " for a variable i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applesoft%20BASIC | [
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in without " # " is listed among reserved words ) memory range control : himem : and lomem : execution tracking for debugging : trace and notrace screen - positioning : htab and vtab subroutine aborting pop functions pdl ( ) to read the analog controllers, and scrn ( ) to read the low - resolution graphics screen ( bot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applesoft%20BASIC | [
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calculate the value returned by the function itself ; the function is always shown being assigned to " dummy " variables, which, without action to set a value by user - code, just receive a meaningless value handed back to them. even accessed rom routines that return values ( in examples, those that provide the service... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applesoft%20BASIC | [
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in mathematics, an associative algebra a over a commutative ring ( often a field ) k is a ring a together with a ring homomorphism from k into the center of a. this is thus an algebraic structure with an addition, a multiplication, and a scalar multiplication ( the multiplication by the image by the ring homomorphism o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra | [
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##mutative ring is an algebra over any of its subrings. other examples abound both from algebra and other fields of mathematics. algebra any ring a can be considered as a z - algebra. the unique ring homomorphism from z to a is determined by the fact that it must send 1 to the identity in a. therefore, rings and z - al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra | [
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coordinate ring of g is the hopf algebra a corresponding to g. many structures of g translate to those of a. a quiver algebra ( or a path algebra ) of a directed graph is the free associative algebra over a field generated by the paths in the graph. analysis given any banach space x, the continuous linear operators for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra | [
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and is, philosophically speaking, the ( quantized ) coordinate ring of a quantum group. gerstenhaber algebra constructions subalgebras a subalgebra of an r - algebra a is a subset of a which is both a subring and a submodule of a. that is, it must be closed under addition, ring multiplication, scalar multiplication, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra | [
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commutative case as a is artinian, if it is commutative, then it is a finite product of artinian local rings whose residue fields are algebras over the base field k. now, a reduced artinian local ring is a field and thus the following are equivalent is separable. is reduced, where is some algebraic closure of k. for so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra | [
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is complemented by a semisimple algebra. the theorem is an analog of levi's theorem for lie algebras. lattices and orders let r be a noetherian integral domain with field of fractions k ( for example, they can be z, q ). a lattice l in a finite - dimensional k - vector space v is a finitely generated r - submodule of v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra | [
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where f is a functor. this is vaguely related to the notion of coalgebra discussed above. representations a representation of an algebra a is an algebra homomorphism from a to the endomorphism algebra of some vector space ( or module ) v. the property of ρ being an algebra homomorphism means that ρ preserves the multip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra | [
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- associative, and, if the algebra is unital, then the co - algebra must be co - unital as well. a hopf algebra is a bialgebra with an additional piece of structure ( the so - called antipode ), which allows not only to define the tensor product of two representations, but also the hom module of two representations ( a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associative%20algebra | [
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aix ( advanced interactive executive, pronounced, ) is a series of proprietary unix operating systems developed and sold by ibm for several of its computer platforms. background originally released for the ibm rt pc risc workstation in 1986, aix has supported a wide variety of hardware platforms, including the ibm rs /... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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took until 1985 for ibm to offer its own unix on the s / 370 platform, ix / 370, which was developed by interactive systems corporation and intended by ibm to compete with amdahl uts. the operating system offered special facilities for interoperating with pc / ix, interactive / ibm's version of unix for ibm pc compatib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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before the project was terminated in 2002. in 2003, the sco group alleged that ( among other infractions ) ibm had misappropriated licensed source code from unix system v release 4 for incorporation into aix ; sco subsequently withdrew ibm's license to develop and distribute aix. ibm maintains that their license was ir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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global petabyte shared memory space for aix power7 clusters so that software developers can program a cluster as if it were a single system, without using message passing ( i. e. semaphore - controlled inter - process communication ). aix administrators can use this new capability to cluster a pool of aix nodes. by def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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). one of the novel aspects of the rt design was the use of a microkernel, called virtual resource manager ( vrm ). the keyboard, mouse, display, disk drives and network were all controlled by a microkernel. one could " hotkey " from one operating system to the next using the alt - tab key combination. each os in turn ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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window system package was priced at $ 195, and featured a graphical environment called the aixwindows desktop, based on ixi's x. desktop. the c and fortran compilers each had a price tag of $ 275. locus also made available their dos merge virtual machine environment for aix, which could run ms dos 3. 3 applications ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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as a guest under vm. aix / esa, while technically advanced, had little commercial success, partially because unix functionality was added as an option to the existing mainframe operating system, mvs, as mvs / esa sp version 4 release 3 openedition in 1994, and continued as an integral part of mvs / esa sp version 5, os... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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fast boot times by avoiding the need to ensure the consistency of the file systems on disks ( see fsck ) on every reboot. another innovation was shared libraries which avoid the need for static linking from an application to the libraries it used. the resulting smaller binaries used less of the hardware ram to run, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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the x11 + motif combination failed in the marketplace. however, it was highly proprietary, supported only by sun, next, and ibm. this cemented its failure in the marketplace in the face of the open systems challenge of x11 + motif and its lack of 3d capability. in addition, aix applications can run in the pase subsyste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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or v5. 3 inside of a workload partition an xml profile based system configuration management utility support for export of fibre channel adapters to wpars vios disk support in a wpar cluster aware aix aix event infrastructure role - based access control ( rbac ) with domain support for multi - tenant environments requi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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a menu hierarchy of commands, rather than using the command line. invocation is typically achieved with the command smit. experienced system administrators make use of the f6 function key which generates the command line that smit will invoke to complete it. smit also generates a log of commands that are performed in t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20AIX | [
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universal serial bus. applebus networking the macintosh team had already begun work on what would become the laserwriter and had considered a number of other options to answer the question of how to share these expensive machines and other resources. a series of memos from bob belleville clarified these concepts, outli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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. initially marketed as appletalk personal network, it comprised a family of network protocols and a physical layer. the physical layer had a number of limitations, including a speed of only 230. 4 kbit / s, a maximum distance of from end to end, and only 32 nodes per lan. but as the basic hardware was built into the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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maintenance - free. to join a device to a network, a user simply plugged the adaptor into the machine, then connected a cable from it to any free port on any other adaptor. the appletalk network stack negotiated a network address, assigned the computer a human - readable name, and compiled a list of the names and types... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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7 mbit / s when talking to other dayna pc cards. several other systems also existed with even higher performance, but these often required special cabling that was incompatible with localtalk / phonenet, and also required patches to the networking stack that often caused problems. appletalk over ethernet as apple expan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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same network control panel and underlying software. over time, many third - party companies would introduce compatible ethernet and token ring cards that used these same drivers. the appearance of a macintosh with a direct ethernet connection also magnified the ethernet and localtalk compatibility problem : networks wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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ii also included changes to the underlying inter - networking protocols to make them less " chatty ", which had previously been a serious problem on networks that bridged over wide - area networks. by this point, apple had a wide variety of communications products under development, and many of these were announced alo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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the powerpc based machines. this led to the open transport efforts, which re - implemented both mactcp and appletalk on an entirely new code base adapted from the unix standard streams. early versions had problems and did not become stable for some time. by that point, apple was deep in their ultimately doomed copland ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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, and the name binding protocol ( nbp ) was a dynamic system for mapping network addresses to user - readable names. although systems similar to aarp existed in other systems, banyan vines for instance. beginning about 2002 multicast dns provided capabilities similar to nbp. both aarp and nbp had defined ways to allow ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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by specifying their address. instead, all services had names which, being chosen by humans, could be expected to be meaningful to users, and also could be sufficiently long to minimize the chance of conflicts. as nbp names translated to an address, which included a socket number as well as a node number, a name in appl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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" base subnet ", 0. it then broadcasts another packet saying " i am selecting this address ", and then waits to see if anyone else on the network complains. if another machine has that address, it will pick another address, and keep trying until it finds a free one. on a network with many machines it may take several t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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to the macintosh hfs filesystem. afp is still in use in macos, even though most other appletalk protocols have been deprecated. appletalk session protocol asp was an intermediate protocol, built on top of atp, which in turn was the foundation of afp. it provided basic services for requesting responses to arbitrary comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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after it is identified as an aep packet, it is forwarded to the node where the packet is examined by the ddp at the destination. after the packet is identified as an aep packet, the packet is then copied and a field in the packet is altered to create an aep reply packet, and is then returned to the source node. printer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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for example, " accounting department " ) ; but while a network number had to be assigned to a topologically - contiguous section of the network, a zone could include several different discontiguous portions of the network. physical implementation the initial default hardware implementation for appletalk was a high - sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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##s could easily come loose, and the bus configuration resulted in any loose connector bringing down the whole network, and being hard to track down. phonenet rj - 11 connectors, on the other hand, snapped into place, and in a star configuration any wiring issue only affected one device, and problems were easy to pinpo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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but the dos software was relatively simple to use in dos terms, and was robust. the bsd and linux operating systems support appletalk through an open source project called netatalk, which implements the complete protocol suite and allows them to both act as native file or print servers for macintosh computers, and prin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk | [
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the apple ii series ( trademarked with square brackets as " apple ] [ " and rendered on later models as " apple / / " ) is a family of home computers, one of the first highly successful mass - produced microcomputer products, designed primarily by steve wozniak, manufactured by apple computer ( now apple inc. ), and la... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20II%20series | [
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motorola 68000 - based macintosh in 1984, the apple ii series still reportedly accounted for 85 % of the company's hardware sales in the first quarter of fiscal 1985. apple continued to sell apple ii systems alongside the macintosh until terminating the iigs in december 1992 and the iie in november 1993. the last ii - ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20II%20series | [
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##mbled or preassembled ). the apple ii series eventually supported over 1, 500 software programs. apple marketed the machine as a durable product, including a 1981 ad in which an apple ii survived a fire started when a cat belonging to one early user knocked over a lamp. software the original apple ii provided an oper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20II%20series | [
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ascii characters 0x20 to 0x5f ) text on the screen, with ntsc composite video output suitable for display on a tv monitor, or on a regular tv set by way of a separate rf modulator. the original retail price of the computer was us $ 1298 ( with 4 kb of ram ) and us $ 2638 ( with the maximum 48 kb of ram ). to reflect th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20II%20series | [
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##tar word processor. there was also a third - party 6809 card that would allow os - 9 level one to be run. third - party sound cards greatly improved audio capabilities, allowing simple music synthesis and text - to - speech functions. eventually, apple ii accelerator cards were created to double or quadruple the comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20II%20series | [
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thanks to a minor firmware change on the disk controller that allowed it to store 16 sectors per track. ( this upgrade was user - installable as two proms on older controllers. ) after the release of dos 3. 3, the user community discontinued use of except for running legacy software. programs that required dos 3. 2 wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20II%20series | [
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peripherals for the apple ii. specialty peripherals kept the apple ii in use in industry and education environments for many years after apple computer stopped supporting the apple ii. well into the 1990s every clean - room ( the super - clean facility where spacecraft are prepared for flight ) at the kennedy space cen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20II%20series | [
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